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/wiki/John_Welsh_(English_footballer)#P54#4
|
Which team did the player John Welsh (English footballer) belong to between Aug 2016 and Sep 2017?
|
John Welsh ( English footballer ) John Joseph Welsh ( born 10 January 1984 in Liverpool ) is an English footballer who plays as midfielder for Stafford Rangers . Welsh notably played in the Premier League for Liverpool , where he began his career before playing for Hull City , Chester City , Carlisle United , Bury , Tranmere Rovers and Grimsby Town . In 2019 he dropped down to play at semi-professional level with Atherton Collieries . He was captain of the England under-20 team , and has been capped eight times for the under-21s . He represented England U20 at 2003 FIFA World Youth Championship . Career . Liverpool . Wavertree born Welsh , joined Liverpool at the age of 10 . He progressed through the ranks , becoming captain of the Reserve Team in the process . Welsh trained with the Liverpool first team squad at their Melwood training ground from the middle of the 2001–02 season . In the 2002–03 season John Welsh played only one game for the first team – his début match against Ipswich Town on 4 December 2002 in a League Cup fourth round tie at home – when he replaced Vladimír Šmicer in the 83rd minute . Also , he was amongst the substitutes for a number of European games . His first game in Premiership was against Arsenal on 4 October 2003 , when he replaced Salif Diao in the 82nd minute , but he couldnt help his team avoid defeat – they lost 2–1 , and unfortunately for Welsh , his first act was to be booked for a foul on Ray Parlour . Welsh featured in Liverpools run to the 2005 UEFA Champions League Final , coming on as a substitute in the round of 16 away tie against Bayer Leverkusen . Liverpool would go on to win the trophy but Welsh was left out of the final match day squad . Hull City . After three starts and seven substitute appearances in all competitions for Liverpool , in August 2005 , John went on a season-long loan to Championship side Hull City . The club were impressed , and in November 2005 agreed a deal which saw Liverpool take promising young winger Paul Anderson in exchange . The swap took place on 4 January 2006 . However , three minutes into a match against Preston North End on 10 March 2007 , Welsh dived into a tackle with Prestons Neil Mellor , a former Liverpool teammate . Welsh was carried off on a stretcher , and it later transpired that he had broken both the tibia and fibula in his right leg , ruling him out for many months . Loans away from Hull . On 31 December 2007 , Chester City announced they would be signing Welsh on loan when the transfer window reopened the following day . He made his Chester debut on 1 January 2008 , in a 2–0 home defeat to Grimsby Town , and spent the rest of the month in Chesters starting line-up before returning to Hull . He joined Carlisle United on 27 October 2008 for an initial one-month loan making his debut against Hartlepool United . In March 2009 , he joined Football League Two side Bury on loan and was released from Hull on 2 June 2009 . Tranmere Rovers . In July 2009 , Welsh signed a deal with League One side Tranmere Rovers . He had a very consistent season for Tranmere , playing the holding midfield role successfully . Welsh also scored four goals in his first season at Prenton Park , including a volley in the 4–2 victory over Gillingham and a 25-yard strike in a 2–1 home victory over Brighton . The club offered him contract terms for the 2012–13 season . Preston North End . In May 2012 , it was announced that Welsh had signed for Preston North End on a two-year contract . He was voted Player of the Year and Players Player of the Year of Preston North End for the season 2012/13 . On 17 December 2013 , Welsh extended his contract with Preston for a further twelve months , thus keeping him at the club until the summer of 2015 . Despite Tom Clarke taking over the captaincy for the 2014–15 season , Welsh still played a major part in getting the club promoted via the play-offs . This form was rewarded with a new two-year contract . At the end of the 2018 season he left Preston North End and was given an award for longest serving Preston player . Grimsby Town . Welsh signed a two-year contract with League Two club Grimsby Town on 25 June 2018 . He was firmly installed as club captain for the 2018–19 season . Welsh left the club by mutual consent on 20 March 2019 . This may have been in part due to his participation in a fracas at a bus stop in which he broke a woman’s leg . Non-League . In October 2019 he joined Atherton Collieries on a short-term contract . It was announced in August 2020 that he had signed for Stafford Rangers , on step 10 of the English football pyramid . Honours . Preston North End - Football League One play-offs : 2015 External links . - John Welsh profile at the Grimsby Town F.C . website - John Welsh profile at hullcityafc.net - John Welsh profile at liverpoolfc.tv
|
[
"Preston North End"
] |
[
{
"text": " John Joseph Welsh ( born 10 January 1984 in Liverpool ) is an English footballer who plays as midfielder for Stafford Rangers .",
"title": "John Welsh ( English footballer )"
},
{
"text": "Welsh notably played in the Premier League for Liverpool , where he began his career before playing for Hull City , Chester City , Carlisle United , Bury , Tranmere Rovers and Grimsby Town . In 2019 he dropped down to play at semi-professional level with Atherton Collieries . He was captain of the England under-20 team , and has been capped eight times for the under-21s . He represented England U20 at 2003 FIFA World Youth Championship .",
"title": "John Welsh ( English footballer )"
},
{
"text": " Wavertree born Welsh , joined Liverpool at the age of 10 . He progressed through the ranks , becoming captain of the Reserve Team in the process . Welsh trained with the Liverpool first team squad at their Melwood training ground from the middle of the 2001–02 season .",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": "In the 2002–03 season John Welsh played only one game for the first team – his début match against Ipswich Town on 4 December 2002 in a League Cup fourth round tie at home – when he replaced Vladimír Šmicer in the 83rd minute . Also , he was amongst the substitutes for a number of European games .",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": "His first game in Premiership was against Arsenal on 4 October 2003 , when he replaced Salif Diao in the 82nd minute , but he couldnt help his team avoid defeat – they lost 2–1 , and unfortunately for Welsh , his first act was to be booked for a foul on Ray Parlour . Welsh featured in Liverpools run to the 2005 UEFA Champions League Final , coming on as a substitute in the round of 16 away tie against Bayer Leverkusen . Liverpool would go on to win the trophy but Welsh was left out of the final",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": "match day squad .",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": " After three starts and seven substitute appearances in all competitions for Liverpool , in August 2005 , John went on a season-long loan to Championship side Hull City . The club were impressed , and in November 2005 agreed a deal which saw Liverpool take promising young winger Paul Anderson in exchange . The swap took place on 4 January 2006 .",
"title": "Hull City"
},
{
"text": "However , three minutes into a match against Preston North End on 10 March 2007 , Welsh dived into a tackle with Prestons Neil Mellor , a former Liverpool teammate . Welsh was carried off on a stretcher , and it later transpired that he had broken both the tibia and fibula in his right leg , ruling him out for many months .",
"title": "Hull City"
},
{
"text": " Loans away from Hull . On 31 December 2007 , Chester City announced they would be signing Welsh on loan when the transfer window reopened the following day . He made his Chester debut on 1 January 2008 , in a 2–0 home defeat to Grimsby Town , and spent the rest of the month in Chesters starting line-up before returning to Hull . He joined Carlisle United on 27 October 2008 for an initial one-month loan making his debut against Hartlepool United .",
"title": "Hull City"
},
{
"text": "In March 2009 , he joined Football League Two side Bury on loan and was released from Hull on 2 June 2009 .",
"title": "Hull City"
},
{
"text": " In July 2009 , Welsh signed a deal with League One side Tranmere Rovers . He had a very consistent season for Tranmere , playing the holding midfield role successfully . Welsh also scored four goals in his first season at Prenton Park , including a volley in the 4–2 victory over Gillingham and a 25-yard strike in a 2–1 home victory over Brighton . The club offered him contract terms for the 2012–13 season .",
"title": "Tranmere Rovers"
},
{
"text": " In May 2012 , it was announced that Welsh had signed for Preston North End on a two-year contract . He was voted Player of the Year and Players Player of the Year of Preston North End for the season 2012/13 . On 17 December 2013 , Welsh extended his contract with Preston for a further twelve months , thus keeping him at the club until the summer of 2015 .",
"title": "Preston North End"
},
{
"text": "Despite Tom Clarke taking over the captaincy for the 2014–15 season , Welsh still played a major part in getting the club promoted via the play-offs . This form was rewarded with a new two-year contract . At the end of the 2018 season he left Preston North End and was given an award for longest serving Preston player .",
"title": "Preston North End"
},
{
"text": " Welsh signed a two-year contract with League Two club Grimsby Town on 25 June 2018 . He was firmly installed as club captain for the 2018–19 season . Welsh left the club by mutual consent on 20 March 2019 . This may have been in part due to his participation in a fracas at a bus stop in which he broke a woman’s leg .",
"title": "Grimsby Town"
},
{
"text": " In October 2019 he joined Atherton Collieries on a short-term contract . It was announced in August 2020 that he had signed for Stafford Rangers , on step 10 of the English football pyramid .",
"title": "Non-League"
},
{
"text": " - John Welsh profile at the Grimsby Town F.C . website - John Welsh profile at hullcityafc.net - John Welsh profile at liverpoolfc.tv",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/John_Welsh_(English_footballer)#P54#5
|
Which team did the player John Welsh (English footballer) belong to after Oct 2018?
|
John Welsh ( English footballer ) John Joseph Welsh ( born 10 January 1984 in Liverpool ) is an English footballer who plays as midfielder for Stafford Rangers . Welsh notably played in the Premier League for Liverpool , where he began his career before playing for Hull City , Chester City , Carlisle United , Bury , Tranmere Rovers and Grimsby Town . In 2019 he dropped down to play at semi-professional level with Atherton Collieries . He was captain of the England under-20 team , and has been capped eight times for the under-21s . He represented England U20 at 2003 FIFA World Youth Championship . Career . Liverpool . Wavertree born Welsh , joined Liverpool at the age of 10 . He progressed through the ranks , becoming captain of the Reserve Team in the process . Welsh trained with the Liverpool first team squad at their Melwood training ground from the middle of the 2001–02 season . In the 2002–03 season John Welsh played only one game for the first team – his début match against Ipswich Town on 4 December 2002 in a League Cup fourth round tie at home – when he replaced Vladimír Šmicer in the 83rd minute . Also , he was amongst the substitutes for a number of European games . His first game in Premiership was against Arsenal on 4 October 2003 , when he replaced Salif Diao in the 82nd minute , but he couldnt help his team avoid defeat – they lost 2–1 , and unfortunately for Welsh , his first act was to be booked for a foul on Ray Parlour . Welsh featured in Liverpools run to the 2005 UEFA Champions League Final , coming on as a substitute in the round of 16 away tie against Bayer Leverkusen . Liverpool would go on to win the trophy but Welsh was left out of the final match day squad . Hull City . After three starts and seven substitute appearances in all competitions for Liverpool , in August 2005 , John went on a season-long loan to Championship side Hull City . The club were impressed , and in November 2005 agreed a deal which saw Liverpool take promising young winger Paul Anderson in exchange . The swap took place on 4 January 2006 . However , three minutes into a match against Preston North End on 10 March 2007 , Welsh dived into a tackle with Prestons Neil Mellor , a former Liverpool teammate . Welsh was carried off on a stretcher , and it later transpired that he had broken both the tibia and fibula in his right leg , ruling him out for many months . Loans away from Hull . On 31 December 2007 , Chester City announced they would be signing Welsh on loan when the transfer window reopened the following day . He made his Chester debut on 1 January 2008 , in a 2–0 home defeat to Grimsby Town , and spent the rest of the month in Chesters starting line-up before returning to Hull . He joined Carlisle United on 27 October 2008 for an initial one-month loan making his debut against Hartlepool United . In March 2009 , he joined Football League Two side Bury on loan and was released from Hull on 2 June 2009 . Tranmere Rovers . In July 2009 , Welsh signed a deal with League One side Tranmere Rovers . He had a very consistent season for Tranmere , playing the holding midfield role successfully . Welsh also scored four goals in his first season at Prenton Park , including a volley in the 4–2 victory over Gillingham and a 25-yard strike in a 2–1 home victory over Brighton . The club offered him contract terms for the 2012–13 season . Preston North End . In May 2012 , it was announced that Welsh had signed for Preston North End on a two-year contract . He was voted Player of the Year and Players Player of the Year of Preston North End for the season 2012/13 . On 17 December 2013 , Welsh extended his contract with Preston for a further twelve months , thus keeping him at the club until the summer of 2015 . Despite Tom Clarke taking over the captaincy for the 2014–15 season , Welsh still played a major part in getting the club promoted via the play-offs . This form was rewarded with a new two-year contract . At the end of the 2018 season he left Preston North End and was given an award for longest serving Preston player . Grimsby Town . Welsh signed a two-year contract with League Two club Grimsby Town on 25 June 2018 . He was firmly installed as club captain for the 2018–19 season . Welsh left the club by mutual consent on 20 March 2019 . This may have been in part due to his participation in a fracas at a bus stop in which he broke a woman’s leg . Non-League . In October 2019 he joined Atherton Collieries on a short-term contract . It was announced in August 2020 that he had signed for Stafford Rangers , on step 10 of the English football pyramid . Honours . Preston North End - Football League One play-offs : 2015 External links . - John Welsh profile at the Grimsby Town F.C . website - John Welsh profile at hullcityafc.net - John Welsh profile at liverpoolfc.tv
|
[
"Grimsby Town"
] |
[
{
"text": " John Joseph Welsh ( born 10 January 1984 in Liverpool ) is an English footballer who plays as midfielder for Stafford Rangers .",
"title": "John Welsh ( English footballer )"
},
{
"text": "Welsh notably played in the Premier League for Liverpool , where he began his career before playing for Hull City , Chester City , Carlisle United , Bury , Tranmere Rovers and Grimsby Town . In 2019 he dropped down to play at semi-professional level with Atherton Collieries . He was captain of the England under-20 team , and has been capped eight times for the under-21s . He represented England U20 at 2003 FIFA World Youth Championship .",
"title": "John Welsh ( English footballer )"
},
{
"text": " Wavertree born Welsh , joined Liverpool at the age of 10 . He progressed through the ranks , becoming captain of the Reserve Team in the process . Welsh trained with the Liverpool first team squad at their Melwood training ground from the middle of the 2001–02 season .",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": "In the 2002–03 season John Welsh played only one game for the first team – his début match against Ipswich Town on 4 December 2002 in a League Cup fourth round tie at home – when he replaced Vladimír Šmicer in the 83rd minute . Also , he was amongst the substitutes for a number of European games .",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": "His first game in Premiership was against Arsenal on 4 October 2003 , when he replaced Salif Diao in the 82nd minute , but he couldnt help his team avoid defeat – they lost 2–1 , and unfortunately for Welsh , his first act was to be booked for a foul on Ray Parlour . Welsh featured in Liverpools run to the 2005 UEFA Champions League Final , coming on as a substitute in the round of 16 away tie against Bayer Leverkusen . Liverpool would go on to win the trophy but Welsh was left out of the final",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": "match day squad .",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": " After three starts and seven substitute appearances in all competitions for Liverpool , in August 2005 , John went on a season-long loan to Championship side Hull City . The club were impressed , and in November 2005 agreed a deal which saw Liverpool take promising young winger Paul Anderson in exchange . The swap took place on 4 January 2006 .",
"title": "Hull City"
},
{
"text": "However , three minutes into a match against Preston North End on 10 March 2007 , Welsh dived into a tackle with Prestons Neil Mellor , a former Liverpool teammate . Welsh was carried off on a stretcher , and it later transpired that he had broken both the tibia and fibula in his right leg , ruling him out for many months .",
"title": "Hull City"
},
{
"text": " Loans away from Hull . On 31 December 2007 , Chester City announced they would be signing Welsh on loan when the transfer window reopened the following day . He made his Chester debut on 1 January 2008 , in a 2–0 home defeat to Grimsby Town , and spent the rest of the month in Chesters starting line-up before returning to Hull . He joined Carlisle United on 27 October 2008 for an initial one-month loan making his debut against Hartlepool United .",
"title": "Hull City"
},
{
"text": "In March 2009 , he joined Football League Two side Bury on loan and was released from Hull on 2 June 2009 .",
"title": "Hull City"
},
{
"text": " In July 2009 , Welsh signed a deal with League One side Tranmere Rovers . He had a very consistent season for Tranmere , playing the holding midfield role successfully . Welsh also scored four goals in his first season at Prenton Park , including a volley in the 4–2 victory over Gillingham and a 25-yard strike in a 2–1 home victory over Brighton . The club offered him contract terms for the 2012–13 season .",
"title": "Tranmere Rovers"
},
{
"text": " In May 2012 , it was announced that Welsh had signed for Preston North End on a two-year contract . He was voted Player of the Year and Players Player of the Year of Preston North End for the season 2012/13 . On 17 December 2013 , Welsh extended his contract with Preston for a further twelve months , thus keeping him at the club until the summer of 2015 .",
"title": "Preston North End"
},
{
"text": "Despite Tom Clarke taking over the captaincy for the 2014–15 season , Welsh still played a major part in getting the club promoted via the play-offs . This form was rewarded with a new two-year contract . At the end of the 2018 season he left Preston North End and was given an award for longest serving Preston player .",
"title": "Preston North End"
},
{
"text": " Welsh signed a two-year contract with League Two club Grimsby Town on 25 June 2018 . He was firmly installed as club captain for the 2018–19 season . Welsh left the club by mutual consent on 20 March 2019 . This may have been in part due to his participation in a fracas at a bus stop in which he broke a woman’s leg .",
"title": "Grimsby Town"
},
{
"text": " In October 2019 he joined Atherton Collieries on a short-term contract . It was announced in August 2020 that he had signed for Stafford Rangers , on step 10 of the English football pyramid .",
"title": "Non-League"
},
{
"text": " - John Welsh profile at the Grimsby Town F.C . website - John Welsh profile at hullcityafc.net - John Welsh profile at liverpoolfc.tv",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Anthony_Downs#P108#0
|
Anthony Downs was an employee for whom in Jan 1961?
|
Anthony Downs Anthony Downs ( ; born November 21 , 1930 ) is an American economist specializing in public policy and public administration . He has been a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution in Washington , D.C. , since 1977 . Before 1977 , Downs served for 18 years a member and then Chairman of Real Estate Research Corporation , a nationwide consultancy advising private and public decision-makers on real estate investment , housing policies , and urban affairs . He also served as a Senior Analyst at the RAND Corporation and a professor at the University of Chicago . Education . Downs received a B.A . in international relations and political theory from Carleton College in 1952 , and an M.A . and Ph.D . in economics from Stanford University in 1956 . In An Economic Theory of Democracy ( 1957 ) , an early work in rational choice theory , Downs posited the paradox of voting , which claimed that significant elements of political life could not be explained in terms of voter self-interest . Downs showed that in democracies the aggregate distribution of political opinion forms a bell-shaped curve , with most voters possessing moderate opinions ; he argued that this fact forces political parties in democracies to adopt centrist positions . Career . Downs has served as a consultant to many of the nations largest corporations and public institutions , including the U.S . Department of Housing and Urban Development ( HUD ) and the White House . President Lyndon B . Johnson appointed him to the National Commission on Urban Problems in 1967 , and HUD Secretary Jack Kemp appointed him to the Advisory Commission on Regulatory Barriers to Affordable Housing in 1989 . He is officer or trustee of the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund . He is the author or co-author of 24 books and over 500 articles . His most influential books are An Economic Theory of Democracy ( 1957 ) and Inside Bureaucracy ( 1967 ) ; widely translated , both are credited as major influences on the public choice school of political economy . Later , Downs concerned himself with housing policy , writing about rent control and affordable housing . The Revolution in Real Estate Finance ( 1985 ) predicted a long-term housing slowdown and decrease in housing prices . Downs has involved himself with transportation economics . In 1962 , Downs published his Downs Law of Peak-Hour Traffic Congestion . This Law states that on urban commuter expressways , peak-hour traffic congestion rises to meet maximum capacity . Therefore , expanding the expressway network does not help against traffic jams . A complex set of forces lie behind this Law , which were analyzed by presentation of a model of commuter decision-making and its underlying set of assumptions . By the same token , e.g . the 1965 Highway Capacity Manual stated that the capacity of a highway or motorway increases with decreasing traffic speed , till its maximum capacity is reached at about 50 km/h ( 30 mph ) . ( Cf . Braesss paradox. ) His book Stuck in Traffic ( 1992 ) , which detailed the economic disadvantages of traffic congestion and proposed road pricing as the only effective means of alleviating it , was denounced by traffic engineers for its insistence on the futility of congestion relief measures . However , enough of his gloomy predictions about congestion were proven right that he successfully published a second edition , Still Stuck in Traffic ( 2004 ) . Downs recommendations are starting to see implementation , largely in the form of high-occupancy toll ( HOT ) lanes in the medians of crowded American freeways , and through congestion pricing , already implemented in several cities around the world : Singapore ( see Area Licensing Scheme and Electronic Road Pricing ) ; London ( see London congestion charge ) ; Stockholm ( see Stockholm congestion tax ) ; Valletta , Malta ; and Milan , Italy . He was a Visiting Fellow at the Public Policy Institute of California in San Francisco , from June 2004 until March 2005 . Thought . The left–right continuum . In his seminal work An Economic Theory of Democracy ( 1957 ) , Downs introduced a left–right axis to economic theory . On the left he placed communist parties that want entirely state-planned economies , and on the right he placed conservative parties that demand an entirely deregulated economy . He claimed that most voters have incomplete information when voting for political candidates in a democracy , and therefore will resort to economic issues of how much government intervention in the economy there should be and how parties will control this . Downs borrowed the curve from Harold Hotelling , who developed it to explain how grocery stores targeted customers . Downs book has since become one of the most cited books in political science . His left–right axis model has been integrated into the median voter theory first articulated by Duncan Black .
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Anthony Downs ( ; born November 21 , 1930 ) is an American economist specializing in public policy and public administration . He has been a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution in Washington , D.C. , since 1977 . Before 1977 , Downs served for 18 years a member and then Chairman of Real Estate Research Corporation , a nationwide consultancy advising private and public decision-makers on real estate investment , housing policies , and urban affairs . He also served as a Senior Analyst at the RAND Corporation and a professor at the University of Chicago .",
"title": "Anthony Downs"
},
{
"text": " Downs received a B.A . in international relations and political theory from Carleton College in 1952 , and an M.A . and Ph.D . in economics from Stanford University in 1956 .",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"text": "In An Economic Theory of Democracy ( 1957 ) , an early work in rational choice theory , Downs posited the paradox of voting , which claimed that significant elements of political life could not be explained in terms of voter self-interest . Downs showed that in democracies the aggregate distribution of political opinion forms a bell-shaped curve , with most voters possessing moderate opinions ; he argued that this fact forces political parties in democracies to adopt centrist positions .",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"text": " Downs has served as a consultant to many of the nations largest corporations and public institutions , including the U.S . Department of Housing and Urban Development ( HUD ) and the White House . President Lyndon B . Johnson appointed him to the National Commission on Urban Problems in 1967 , and HUD Secretary Jack Kemp appointed him to the Advisory Commission on Regulatory Barriers to Affordable Housing in 1989 . He is officer or trustee of the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "He is the author or co-author of 24 books and over 500 articles . His most influential books are An Economic Theory of Democracy ( 1957 ) and Inside Bureaucracy ( 1967 ) ; widely translated , both are credited as major influences on the public choice school of political economy .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Later , Downs concerned himself with housing policy , writing about rent control and affordable housing . The Revolution in Real Estate Finance ( 1985 ) predicted a long-term housing slowdown and decrease in housing prices . Downs has involved himself with transportation economics . In 1962 , Downs published his Downs Law of Peak-Hour Traffic Congestion . This Law states that on urban commuter expressways , peak-hour traffic congestion rises to meet maximum capacity . Therefore , expanding the expressway network does not help against traffic jams . A complex set of forces lie behind this Law , which",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "were analyzed by presentation of a model of commuter decision-making and its underlying set of assumptions . By the same token , e.g . the 1965 Highway Capacity Manual stated that the capacity of a highway or motorway increases with decreasing traffic speed , till its maximum capacity is reached at about 50 km/h ( 30 mph ) . ( Cf . Braesss paradox. ) His book Stuck in Traffic ( 1992 ) , which detailed the economic disadvantages of traffic congestion and proposed road pricing as the only effective means of alleviating it , was denounced by traffic engineers",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "for its insistence on the futility of congestion relief measures . However , enough of his gloomy predictions about congestion were proven right that he successfully published a second edition , Still Stuck in Traffic ( 2004 ) .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Downs recommendations are starting to see implementation , largely in the form of high-occupancy toll ( HOT ) lanes in the medians of crowded American freeways , and through congestion pricing , already implemented in several cities around the world : Singapore ( see Area Licensing Scheme and Electronic Road Pricing ) ; London ( see London congestion charge ) ; Stockholm ( see Stockholm congestion tax ) ; Valletta , Malta ; and Milan , Italy .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "He was a Visiting Fellow at the Public Policy Institute of California in San Francisco , from June 2004 until March 2005 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In his seminal work An Economic Theory of Democracy ( 1957 ) , Downs introduced a left–right axis to economic theory . On the left he placed communist parties that want entirely state-planned economies , and on the right he placed conservative parties that demand an entirely deregulated economy . He claimed that most voters have incomplete information when voting for political candidates in a democracy , and therefore will resort to economic issues of how much government intervention in the economy there should be and how parties will control this . Downs borrowed the curve from Harold Hotelling ,",
"title": "The left–right continuum"
},
{
"text": "who developed it to explain how grocery stores targeted customers . Downs book has since become one of the most cited books in political science . His left–right axis model has been integrated into the median voter theory first articulated by Duncan Black .",
"title": "The left–right continuum"
}
] |
/wiki/Anthony_Downs#P108#1
|
Anthony Downs was an employee for whom in Aug 1964?
|
Anthony Downs Anthony Downs ( ; born November 21 , 1930 ) is an American economist specializing in public policy and public administration . He has been a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution in Washington , D.C. , since 1977 . Before 1977 , Downs served for 18 years a member and then Chairman of Real Estate Research Corporation , a nationwide consultancy advising private and public decision-makers on real estate investment , housing policies , and urban affairs . He also served as a Senior Analyst at the RAND Corporation and a professor at the University of Chicago . Education . Downs received a B.A . in international relations and political theory from Carleton College in 1952 , and an M.A . and Ph.D . in economics from Stanford University in 1956 . In An Economic Theory of Democracy ( 1957 ) , an early work in rational choice theory , Downs posited the paradox of voting , which claimed that significant elements of political life could not be explained in terms of voter self-interest . Downs showed that in democracies the aggregate distribution of political opinion forms a bell-shaped curve , with most voters possessing moderate opinions ; he argued that this fact forces political parties in democracies to adopt centrist positions . Career . Downs has served as a consultant to many of the nations largest corporations and public institutions , including the U.S . Department of Housing and Urban Development ( HUD ) and the White House . President Lyndon B . Johnson appointed him to the National Commission on Urban Problems in 1967 , and HUD Secretary Jack Kemp appointed him to the Advisory Commission on Regulatory Barriers to Affordable Housing in 1989 . He is officer or trustee of the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund . He is the author or co-author of 24 books and over 500 articles . His most influential books are An Economic Theory of Democracy ( 1957 ) and Inside Bureaucracy ( 1967 ) ; widely translated , both are credited as major influences on the public choice school of political economy . Later , Downs concerned himself with housing policy , writing about rent control and affordable housing . The Revolution in Real Estate Finance ( 1985 ) predicted a long-term housing slowdown and decrease in housing prices . Downs has involved himself with transportation economics . In 1962 , Downs published his Downs Law of Peak-Hour Traffic Congestion . This Law states that on urban commuter expressways , peak-hour traffic congestion rises to meet maximum capacity . Therefore , expanding the expressway network does not help against traffic jams . A complex set of forces lie behind this Law , which were analyzed by presentation of a model of commuter decision-making and its underlying set of assumptions . By the same token , e.g . the 1965 Highway Capacity Manual stated that the capacity of a highway or motorway increases with decreasing traffic speed , till its maximum capacity is reached at about 50 km/h ( 30 mph ) . ( Cf . Braesss paradox. ) His book Stuck in Traffic ( 1992 ) , which detailed the economic disadvantages of traffic congestion and proposed road pricing as the only effective means of alleviating it , was denounced by traffic engineers for its insistence on the futility of congestion relief measures . However , enough of his gloomy predictions about congestion were proven right that he successfully published a second edition , Still Stuck in Traffic ( 2004 ) . Downs recommendations are starting to see implementation , largely in the form of high-occupancy toll ( HOT ) lanes in the medians of crowded American freeways , and through congestion pricing , already implemented in several cities around the world : Singapore ( see Area Licensing Scheme and Electronic Road Pricing ) ; London ( see London congestion charge ) ; Stockholm ( see Stockholm congestion tax ) ; Valletta , Malta ; and Milan , Italy . He was a Visiting Fellow at the Public Policy Institute of California in San Francisco , from June 2004 until March 2005 . Thought . The left–right continuum . In his seminal work An Economic Theory of Democracy ( 1957 ) , Downs introduced a left–right axis to economic theory . On the left he placed communist parties that want entirely state-planned economies , and on the right he placed conservative parties that demand an entirely deregulated economy . He claimed that most voters have incomplete information when voting for political candidates in a democracy , and therefore will resort to economic issues of how much government intervention in the economy there should be and how parties will control this . Downs borrowed the curve from Harold Hotelling , who developed it to explain how grocery stores targeted customers . Downs book has since become one of the most cited books in political science . His left–right axis model has been integrated into the median voter theory first articulated by Duncan Black .
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Anthony Downs ( ; born November 21 , 1930 ) is an American economist specializing in public policy and public administration . He has been a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution in Washington , D.C. , since 1977 . Before 1977 , Downs served for 18 years a member and then Chairman of Real Estate Research Corporation , a nationwide consultancy advising private and public decision-makers on real estate investment , housing policies , and urban affairs . He also served as a Senior Analyst at the RAND Corporation and a professor at the University of Chicago .",
"title": "Anthony Downs"
},
{
"text": " Downs received a B.A . in international relations and political theory from Carleton College in 1952 , and an M.A . and Ph.D . in economics from Stanford University in 1956 .",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"text": "In An Economic Theory of Democracy ( 1957 ) , an early work in rational choice theory , Downs posited the paradox of voting , which claimed that significant elements of political life could not be explained in terms of voter self-interest . Downs showed that in democracies the aggregate distribution of political opinion forms a bell-shaped curve , with most voters possessing moderate opinions ; he argued that this fact forces political parties in democracies to adopt centrist positions .",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"text": " Downs has served as a consultant to many of the nations largest corporations and public institutions , including the U.S . Department of Housing and Urban Development ( HUD ) and the White House . President Lyndon B . Johnson appointed him to the National Commission on Urban Problems in 1967 , and HUD Secretary Jack Kemp appointed him to the Advisory Commission on Regulatory Barriers to Affordable Housing in 1989 . He is officer or trustee of the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "He is the author or co-author of 24 books and over 500 articles . His most influential books are An Economic Theory of Democracy ( 1957 ) and Inside Bureaucracy ( 1967 ) ; widely translated , both are credited as major influences on the public choice school of political economy .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Later , Downs concerned himself with housing policy , writing about rent control and affordable housing . The Revolution in Real Estate Finance ( 1985 ) predicted a long-term housing slowdown and decrease in housing prices . Downs has involved himself with transportation economics . In 1962 , Downs published his Downs Law of Peak-Hour Traffic Congestion . This Law states that on urban commuter expressways , peak-hour traffic congestion rises to meet maximum capacity . Therefore , expanding the expressway network does not help against traffic jams . A complex set of forces lie behind this Law , which",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "were analyzed by presentation of a model of commuter decision-making and its underlying set of assumptions . By the same token , e.g . the 1965 Highway Capacity Manual stated that the capacity of a highway or motorway increases with decreasing traffic speed , till its maximum capacity is reached at about 50 km/h ( 30 mph ) . ( Cf . Braesss paradox. ) His book Stuck in Traffic ( 1992 ) , which detailed the economic disadvantages of traffic congestion and proposed road pricing as the only effective means of alleviating it , was denounced by traffic engineers",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "for its insistence on the futility of congestion relief measures . However , enough of his gloomy predictions about congestion were proven right that he successfully published a second edition , Still Stuck in Traffic ( 2004 ) .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Downs recommendations are starting to see implementation , largely in the form of high-occupancy toll ( HOT ) lanes in the medians of crowded American freeways , and through congestion pricing , already implemented in several cities around the world : Singapore ( see Area Licensing Scheme and Electronic Road Pricing ) ; London ( see London congestion charge ) ; Stockholm ( see Stockholm congestion tax ) ; Valletta , Malta ; and Milan , Italy .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "He was a Visiting Fellow at the Public Policy Institute of California in San Francisco , from June 2004 until March 2005 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In his seminal work An Economic Theory of Democracy ( 1957 ) , Downs introduced a left–right axis to economic theory . On the left he placed communist parties that want entirely state-planned economies , and on the right he placed conservative parties that demand an entirely deregulated economy . He claimed that most voters have incomplete information when voting for political candidates in a democracy , and therefore will resort to economic issues of how much government intervention in the economy there should be and how parties will control this . Downs borrowed the curve from Harold Hotelling ,",
"title": "The left–right continuum"
},
{
"text": "who developed it to explain how grocery stores targeted customers . Downs book has since become one of the most cited books in political science . His left–right axis model has been integrated into the median voter theory first articulated by Duncan Black .",
"title": "The left–right continuum"
}
] |
/wiki/Anthony_Downs#P108#2
|
Anthony Downs was an employee for whom in Sep 1977?
|
Anthony Downs Anthony Downs ( ; born November 21 , 1930 ) is an American economist specializing in public policy and public administration . He has been a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution in Washington , D.C. , since 1977 . Before 1977 , Downs served for 18 years a member and then Chairman of Real Estate Research Corporation , a nationwide consultancy advising private and public decision-makers on real estate investment , housing policies , and urban affairs . He also served as a Senior Analyst at the RAND Corporation and a professor at the University of Chicago . Education . Downs received a B.A . in international relations and political theory from Carleton College in 1952 , and an M.A . and Ph.D . in economics from Stanford University in 1956 . In An Economic Theory of Democracy ( 1957 ) , an early work in rational choice theory , Downs posited the paradox of voting , which claimed that significant elements of political life could not be explained in terms of voter self-interest . Downs showed that in democracies the aggregate distribution of political opinion forms a bell-shaped curve , with most voters possessing moderate opinions ; he argued that this fact forces political parties in democracies to adopt centrist positions . Career . Downs has served as a consultant to many of the nations largest corporations and public institutions , including the U.S . Department of Housing and Urban Development ( HUD ) and the White House . President Lyndon B . Johnson appointed him to the National Commission on Urban Problems in 1967 , and HUD Secretary Jack Kemp appointed him to the Advisory Commission on Regulatory Barriers to Affordable Housing in 1989 . He is officer or trustee of the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund . He is the author or co-author of 24 books and over 500 articles . His most influential books are An Economic Theory of Democracy ( 1957 ) and Inside Bureaucracy ( 1967 ) ; widely translated , both are credited as major influences on the public choice school of political economy . Later , Downs concerned himself with housing policy , writing about rent control and affordable housing . The Revolution in Real Estate Finance ( 1985 ) predicted a long-term housing slowdown and decrease in housing prices . Downs has involved himself with transportation economics . In 1962 , Downs published his Downs Law of Peak-Hour Traffic Congestion . This Law states that on urban commuter expressways , peak-hour traffic congestion rises to meet maximum capacity . Therefore , expanding the expressway network does not help against traffic jams . A complex set of forces lie behind this Law , which were analyzed by presentation of a model of commuter decision-making and its underlying set of assumptions . By the same token , e.g . the 1965 Highway Capacity Manual stated that the capacity of a highway or motorway increases with decreasing traffic speed , till its maximum capacity is reached at about 50 km/h ( 30 mph ) . ( Cf . Braesss paradox. ) His book Stuck in Traffic ( 1992 ) , which detailed the economic disadvantages of traffic congestion and proposed road pricing as the only effective means of alleviating it , was denounced by traffic engineers for its insistence on the futility of congestion relief measures . However , enough of his gloomy predictions about congestion were proven right that he successfully published a second edition , Still Stuck in Traffic ( 2004 ) . Downs recommendations are starting to see implementation , largely in the form of high-occupancy toll ( HOT ) lanes in the medians of crowded American freeways , and through congestion pricing , already implemented in several cities around the world : Singapore ( see Area Licensing Scheme and Electronic Road Pricing ) ; London ( see London congestion charge ) ; Stockholm ( see Stockholm congestion tax ) ; Valletta , Malta ; and Milan , Italy . He was a Visiting Fellow at the Public Policy Institute of California in San Francisco , from June 2004 until March 2005 . Thought . The left–right continuum . In his seminal work An Economic Theory of Democracy ( 1957 ) , Downs introduced a left–right axis to economic theory . On the left he placed communist parties that want entirely state-planned economies , and on the right he placed conservative parties that demand an entirely deregulated economy . He claimed that most voters have incomplete information when voting for political candidates in a democracy , and therefore will resort to economic issues of how much government intervention in the economy there should be and how parties will control this . Downs borrowed the curve from Harold Hotelling , who developed it to explain how grocery stores targeted customers . Downs book has since become one of the most cited books in political science . His left–right axis model has been integrated into the median voter theory first articulated by Duncan Black .
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Anthony Downs ( ; born November 21 , 1930 ) is an American economist specializing in public policy and public administration . He has been a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution in Washington , D.C. , since 1977 . Before 1977 , Downs served for 18 years a member and then Chairman of Real Estate Research Corporation , a nationwide consultancy advising private and public decision-makers on real estate investment , housing policies , and urban affairs . He also served as a Senior Analyst at the RAND Corporation and a professor at the University of Chicago .",
"title": "Anthony Downs"
},
{
"text": " Downs received a B.A . in international relations and political theory from Carleton College in 1952 , and an M.A . and Ph.D . in economics from Stanford University in 1956 .",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"text": "In An Economic Theory of Democracy ( 1957 ) , an early work in rational choice theory , Downs posited the paradox of voting , which claimed that significant elements of political life could not be explained in terms of voter self-interest . Downs showed that in democracies the aggregate distribution of political opinion forms a bell-shaped curve , with most voters possessing moderate opinions ; he argued that this fact forces political parties in democracies to adopt centrist positions .",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"text": " Downs has served as a consultant to many of the nations largest corporations and public institutions , including the U.S . Department of Housing and Urban Development ( HUD ) and the White House . President Lyndon B . Johnson appointed him to the National Commission on Urban Problems in 1967 , and HUD Secretary Jack Kemp appointed him to the Advisory Commission on Regulatory Barriers to Affordable Housing in 1989 . He is officer or trustee of the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "He is the author or co-author of 24 books and over 500 articles . His most influential books are An Economic Theory of Democracy ( 1957 ) and Inside Bureaucracy ( 1967 ) ; widely translated , both are credited as major influences on the public choice school of political economy .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Later , Downs concerned himself with housing policy , writing about rent control and affordable housing . The Revolution in Real Estate Finance ( 1985 ) predicted a long-term housing slowdown and decrease in housing prices . Downs has involved himself with transportation economics . In 1962 , Downs published his Downs Law of Peak-Hour Traffic Congestion . This Law states that on urban commuter expressways , peak-hour traffic congestion rises to meet maximum capacity . Therefore , expanding the expressway network does not help against traffic jams . A complex set of forces lie behind this Law , which",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "were analyzed by presentation of a model of commuter decision-making and its underlying set of assumptions . By the same token , e.g . the 1965 Highway Capacity Manual stated that the capacity of a highway or motorway increases with decreasing traffic speed , till its maximum capacity is reached at about 50 km/h ( 30 mph ) . ( Cf . Braesss paradox. ) His book Stuck in Traffic ( 1992 ) , which detailed the economic disadvantages of traffic congestion and proposed road pricing as the only effective means of alleviating it , was denounced by traffic engineers",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "for its insistence on the futility of congestion relief measures . However , enough of his gloomy predictions about congestion were proven right that he successfully published a second edition , Still Stuck in Traffic ( 2004 ) .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Downs recommendations are starting to see implementation , largely in the form of high-occupancy toll ( HOT ) lanes in the medians of crowded American freeways , and through congestion pricing , already implemented in several cities around the world : Singapore ( see Area Licensing Scheme and Electronic Road Pricing ) ; London ( see London congestion charge ) ; Stockholm ( see Stockholm congestion tax ) ; Valletta , Malta ; and Milan , Italy .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "He was a Visiting Fellow at the Public Policy Institute of California in San Francisco , from June 2004 until March 2005 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In his seminal work An Economic Theory of Democracy ( 1957 ) , Downs introduced a left–right axis to economic theory . On the left he placed communist parties that want entirely state-planned economies , and on the right he placed conservative parties that demand an entirely deregulated economy . He claimed that most voters have incomplete information when voting for political candidates in a democracy , and therefore will resort to economic issues of how much government intervention in the economy there should be and how parties will control this . Downs borrowed the curve from Harold Hotelling ,",
"title": "The left–right continuum"
},
{
"text": "who developed it to explain how grocery stores targeted customers . Downs book has since become one of the most cited books in political science . His left–right axis model has been integrated into the median voter theory first articulated by Duncan Black .",
"title": "The left–right continuum"
}
] |
/wiki/Robert_E._Lee_Monument_(Richmond,_Virginia)#P1435#0
|
Which site was the heritage designation of Robert E. Lee Monument (Richmond, Virginia) in late 1970s?
|
Robert E . Lee Monument ( Richmond , Virginia ) The Robert E . Lee Monument in Richmond , Virginia , was the first installation on Monument Avenue in 1890 . Honoring Civil War General Robert E . Lee , it was the largest monument on the site for over a century , and remains the last Confederate monument on the Avenue today . The monument includes General Lee sitting on his horse atop a large marble base that stands over 60 feet tall . Constructed in France by Antonin Mercié and shipped to Virginia , the statue remains one of Merciés most outstanding pieces . It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 2007 and the Virginia Landmarks Register since 2006 . As the last Confederate monument on Monument Avenue , the statue is a source of controversy . After the murder of George Floyd , the monument was covered in graffiti , and many activists have called for its removal . Description and location . The bronze statue , sculpted by Antonin Mercié , depicts Confederate general Robert E . Lee atop a horse . The horse is not a representation of Robert E . Lees horse Traveller , whose modest scale Mercié believed would not suit the overall composition . Traveller was replaced by a stronger looking thoroughbred . Lee stands high atop his horse and the entire statue is tall including a stone base designed by Paul Pujol . The state-controlled land around the statue serves as a traffic circle at the intersection of Monument Avenue and Allen Avenue ( named after Otway Allen , the developer who donated the land to the association ) . The Lee Monument is a focal point for Richmond . ( Most popular online maps depict the Lee Circle as the center of Richmond ) . History . Background . Throughout the war , many American Southerners viewed Lee as a war hero and a master strategist . Following the death of Robert E . Lee in 1870 , several organizations formed with the goal of erecting a monument to Lee in Richmond . These included survivors of Lees Army of Northern Virginia , the Lee Monument Association led by Confederate general Jubal Early , and the Ladies Lee Monument Association . These organizations were merged into the Lee Monument Commission in 1886 , led by Lees nephew and Virginia governor Fitzhugh Lee and together the funds combined to $52,000 . The Sculptor : Antonin Mercié . Antonin Mercié , born on October 30 , 1845 in Toulouse , was an artist and sculptor known for his works in France before his Robert E . Lee Memorial earned him a reputation in the United States . He was a student under François Jouffroy and Alexandre Falguière , and he became a member of the Institut des Beaux-Arts as well as president of the Société des Artistes Français and Grand Officier de la Légion dHonneur . His style is know for being soberly realistic . Mercié won the Grand Prix de Rome in 1868 and awards such as an honorary medal at the Salon des Moins de 30 Ans . Although famous for his works in Paris , Mercié devoted particular attention to the construction of the Robert E . Lee Monument . Mercié constructed the monument in France and had it shipped to America . He constructed the monument in sections , which were sent to America in four separate shipping crates . Mercié wished to watch the unveiling of the monument , but due to stress from a previous ocean voyage , he stayed in France . After the unveiling of the monument , Mercié earned other commissions from the United States , including a monument representing Francis Scott Key and the creation of the American National Anthem in Baltimore , Maryland . Mercié dreamed of seeing the unveiling of the Key monument , but was reportedly unable to attend due to a domestic situation with his wife . Construction and dedication . When the construction of the monument was complete , the Lee Monument Association of Virginia sent a representative to France to inspect the work and issue the final payment of $20,000 . The journalist Lida McCabe reported on the transaction between the American business man and the French sculptor , observing that the transaction was forced and uneasy . The Monument Association representative seemed to have little interest in the monument itself and simply occupied himself with his financial duties . McCabes reporting focused on the dedication that Mercié put into the sculpture . After listening to Mercié , McCabe discovered that he had researched the Civil War and General Lee extensively . McCabe reported that had acquired different props such as saddles and stirrups , coats , and boots to make sure that the monument was as accurate as possible . The cornerstone for the monument was placed on October 27 , 1887 . The statue arrived in Richmond by rail on May 4 , 1890 . Newspaper accounts indicate that 10,000 people helped pull four wagons with the pieces of the monument . The completed statue was unveiled on May 29 , 1890 . Two of Lees daughters , Mary Custis Lee and Mildred Childe Lee , attended the dedication . The site for the statue originally was offered in 1886 . Richmond City annexed the land in 1892 , but economic difficulties meant that the Lee Monument stood alone for several years in the middle of a tobacco field before development resumed in the early 1900s . In 1992 , the iron fence around the monument was removed , in part because drivers unfamiliar with traffic circles would run into the fence from time to time and force costly repairs . After the fences came down , the stone base became a popular sunbathing spot . In December 2006 , the state completed an extensive cleaning and repair of the monument . It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 2007 , the Virginia Landmarks Register since 2006 , and is located in the Monument Avenue Historic District . Recent protests . Controversy and calls for removal . In August 2017 , after the violence that occurred at the Unite the Right rally , protestors called for the removal of the Lee statue in Charlottesville and Richmond . On June 4 , 2020 , Virginia governor Ralph Northam announced that the Richmond statue would be removed in response to the protests that followed the murder of George Floyd . On June 8 , a judge in Richmond Circuit Court issued a temporary injunction against the monuments removal , citing a lawsuit filed by William C . Gregory , who claims the Commonwealth promised to faithfully guard and affectionately protect the statue in the deed that originally annexed the property to the state . Subsequent legal proceedings led to a hearing on July 23 , which concluded without a ruling on the monuments future . A new 90-day injunction against the monuments removal began August 3 . After nearby residents filed a lawsuit to keep the statue in its place , Virginias Attorney General filed a motion to dismiss the suit ; circuit court Judge W . Reilly Marchant ruled August 25 , 2020 that the matter would proceed to trial . The October 19 trial resulted in a halted decision pending appeal . Historians have offered a range of opinions on the monument , often pointing out its problematic perpetuation of the Lost Cause mythology . Kudzu . Kudzu is an invasive vine introduced to the South in 1883 and became very difficult to control and tame . Artists have recently incorporated the vine into their responses to Confederate monuments , including Richmonds Lee Monument . A knitting collective known as the Kudzu Project has created knitted vines and tossed them on monuments . In 2019 , the artist Aaron McIntosh created a full-scale installation of the Lee Monument overtaken by kudzu . Also in 2019 , the Chicago-based artist Jenny Kendler , who grew up in Richmond , VA , displayed a proposal to bioremediate Confederate monuments with kudzu at the DePaul Art Museum . Protest actions . Following Black Lives Matter protests in June 2020 , the traffic circle where the statue stands was unofficially updated with a sign that reads Welcome to Beautiful Marcus-David Peters Circle , Liberated by the People MMXX : memorializing Marcus-David Peters , a Black man from Richmond who was shot and killed by the police in 2018 . The area contained signs that told the story of Peters and milestones he missed since his death . The location is often used as protest site to remember all who have died from police brutality . In the wake of protests , the graffiti-covered monument increasingly became a venue to portray images of racial justice and empowerment : from ballerinas dancing at the base of the plinth to video projections of George Floyd , Malcolm X , Angela Davis ( and others ) onto the statue itself . In October 2020 the graffiti-covered monument was deemed among the most influential American protest artworks since World War II by the New York Times . In January 2021 , a barrier fence was erected around the space .
|
[
"Richmond , Virginia"
] |
[
{
"text": "The Robert E . Lee Monument in Richmond , Virginia , was the first installation on Monument Avenue in 1890 . Honoring Civil War General Robert E . Lee , it was the largest monument on the site for over a century , and remains the last Confederate monument on the Avenue today . The monument includes General Lee sitting on his horse atop a large marble base that stands over 60 feet tall . Constructed in France by Antonin Mercié and shipped to Virginia , the statue remains one of Merciés most outstanding pieces . It has been listed",
"title": "Robert E . Lee Monument ( Richmond , Virginia )"
},
{
"text": "on the National Register of Historic Places since 2007 and the Virginia Landmarks Register since 2006 .",
"title": "Robert E . Lee Monument ( Richmond , Virginia )"
},
{
"text": " As the last Confederate monument on Monument Avenue , the statue is a source of controversy . After the murder of George Floyd , the monument was covered in graffiti , and many activists have called for its removal .",
"title": "Robert E . Lee Monument ( Richmond , Virginia )"
},
{
"text": " The bronze statue , sculpted by Antonin Mercié , depicts Confederate general Robert E . Lee atop a horse . The horse is not a representation of Robert E . Lees horse Traveller , whose modest scale Mercié believed would not suit the overall composition . Traveller was replaced by a stronger looking thoroughbred . Lee stands high atop his horse and the entire statue is tall including a stone base designed by Paul Pujol .",
"title": "Description and location"
},
{
"text": "The state-controlled land around the statue serves as a traffic circle at the intersection of Monument Avenue and Allen Avenue ( named after Otway Allen , the developer who donated the land to the association ) . The Lee Monument is a focal point for Richmond . ( Most popular online maps depict the Lee Circle as the center of Richmond ) .",
"title": "Description and location"
},
{
"text": "Throughout the war , many American Southerners viewed Lee as a war hero and a master strategist . Following the death of Robert E . Lee in 1870 , several organizations formed with the goal of erecting a monument to Lee in Richmond . These included survivors of Lees Army of Northern Virginia , the Lee Monument Association led by Confederate general Jubal Early , and the Ladies Lee Monument Association . These organizations were merged into the Lee Monument Commission in 1886 , led by Lees nephew and Virginia governor Fitzhugh Lee and together the funds combined to $52,000",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": "Antonin Mercié , born on October 30 , 1845 in Toulouse , was an artist and sculptor known for his works in France before his Robert E . Lee Memorial earned him a reputation in the United States . He was a student under François Jouffroy and Alexandre Falguière , and he became a member of the Institut des Beaux-Arts as well as president of the Société des Artistes Français and Grand Officier de la Légion dHonneur . His style is know for being soberly realistic . Mercié won the Grand Prix de Rome in 1868 and awards such as",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": "an honorary medal at the Salon des Moins de 30 Ans .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": "Although famous for his works in Paris , Mercié devoted particular attention to the construction of the Robert E . Lee Monument . Mercié constructed the monument in France and had it shipped to America . He constructed the monument in sections , which were sent to America in four separate shipping crates . Mercié wished to watch the unveiling of the monument , but due to stress from a previous ocean voyage , he stayed in France . After the unveiling of the monument , Mercié earned other commissions from the United States , including a monument representing Francis",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": "Scott Key and the creation of the American National Anthem in Baltimore , Maryland . Mercié dreamed of seeing the unveiling of the Key monument , but was reportedly unable to attend due to a domestic situation with his wife .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": "When the construction of the monument was complete , the Lee Monument Association of Virginia sent a representative to France to inspect the work and issue the final payment of $20,000 . The journalist Lida McCabe reported on the transaction between the American business man and the French sculptor , observing that the transaction was forced and uneasy . The Monument Association representative seemed to have little interest in the monument itself and simply occupied himself with his financial duties . McCabes reporting focused on the dedication that Mercié put into the sculpture . After listening to Mercié , McCabe",
"title": "Construction and dedication"
},
{
"text": "discovered that he had researched the Civil War and General Lee extensively . McCabe reported that had acquired different props such as saddles and stirrups , coats , and boots to make sure that the monument was as accurate as possible .",
"title": "Construction and dedication"
},
{
"text": " The cornerstone for the monument was placed on October 27 , 1887 . The statue arrived in Richmond by rail on May 4 , 1890 . Newspaper accounts indicate that 10,000 people helped pull four wagons with the pieces of the monument . The completed statue was unveiled on May 29 , 1890 . Two of Lees daughters , Mary Custis Lee and Mildred Childe Lee , attended the dedication .",
"title": "Construction and dedication"
},
{
"text": "The site for the statue originally was offered in 1886 . Richmond City annexed the land in 1892 , but economic difficulties meant that the Lee Monument stood alone for several years in the middle of a tobacco field before development resumed in the early 1900s .",
"title": "Construction and dedication"
},
{
"text": " In 1992 , the iron fence around the monument was removed , in part because drivers unfamiliar with traffic circles would run into the fence from time to time and force costly repairs . After the fences came down , the stone base became a popular sunbathing spot . In December 2006 , the state completed an extensive cleaning and repair of the monument . It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 2007 , the Virginia Landmarks Register since 2006 , and is located in the Monument Avenue Historic District .",
"title": "Construction and dedication"
},
{
"text": "In August 2017 , after the violence that occurred at the Unite the Right rally , protestors called for the removal of the Lee statue in Charlottesville and Richmond . On June 4 , 2020 , Virginia governor Ralph Northam announced that the Richmond statue would be removed in response to the protests that followed the murder of George Floyd . On June 8 , a judge in Richmond Circuit Court issued a temporary injunction against the monuments removal , citing a lawsuit filed by William C . Gregory , who claims the Commonwealth promised to faithfully guard and affectionately",
"title": "Recent protests"
},
{
"text": "protect the statue in the deed that originally annexed the property to the state . Subsequent legal proceedings led to a hearing on July 23 , which concluded without a ruling on the monuments future . A new 90-day injunction against the monuments removal began August 3 . After nearby residents filed a lawsuit to keep the statue in its place , Virginias Attorney General filed a motion to dismiss the suit ; circuit court Judge W . Reilly Marchant ruled August 25 , 2020 that the matter would proceed to trial . The October 19 trial resulted in a",
"title": "Recent protests"
},
{
"text": "halted decision pending appeal .",
"title": "Recent protests"
},
{
"text": " Historians have offered a range of opinions on the monument , often pointing out its problematic perpetuation of the Lost Cause mythology .",
"title": "Recent protests"
},
{
"text": "Kudzu is an invasive vine introduced to the South in 1883 and became very difficult to control and tame . Artists have recently incorporated the vine into their responses to Confederate monuments , including Richmonds Lee Monument . A knitting collective known as the Kudzu Project has created knitted vines and tossed them on monuments . In 2019 , the artist Aaron McIntosh created a full-scale installation of the Lee Monument overtaken by kudzu . Also in 2019 , the Chicago-based artist Jenny Kendler , who grew up in Richmond , VA , displayed a proposal to bioremediate Confederate monuments",
"title": "Kudzu"
},
{
"text": "with kudzu at the DePaul Art Museum .",
"title": "Kudzu"
},
{
"text": " Following Black Lives Matter protests in June 2020 , the traffic circle where the statue stands was unofficially updated with a sign that reads Welcome to Beautiful Marcus-David Peters Circle , Liberated by the People MMXX : memorializing Marcus-David Peters , a Black man from Richmond who was shot and killed by the police in 2018 . The area contained signs that told the story of Peters and milestones he missed since his death . The location is often used as protest site to remember all who have died from police brutality .",
"title": "Protest actions"
},
{
"text": "In the wake of protests , the graffiti-covered monument increasingly became a venue to portray images of racial justice and empowerment : from ballerinas dancing at the base of the plinth to video projections of George Floyd , Malcolm X , Angela Davis ( and others ) onto the statue itself . In October 2020 the graffiti-covered monument was deemed among the most influential American protest artworks since World War II by the New York Times .",
"title": "Protest actions"
},
{
"text": " In January 2021 , a barrier fence was erected around the space .",
"title": "Protest actions"
}
] |
/wiki/Robert_E._Lee_Monument_(Richmond,_Virginia)#P1435#1
|
Which site was the heritage designation of Robert E. Lee Monument (Richmond, Virginia) between Dec 2007 and 2008?
|
Robert E . Lee Monument ( Richmond , Virginia ) The Robert E . Lee Monument in Richmond , Virginia , was the first installation on Monument Avenue in 1890 . Honoring Civil War General Robert E . Lee , it was the largest monument on the site for over a century , and remains the last Confederate monument on the Avenue today . The monument includes General Lee sitting on his horse atop a large marble base that stands over 60 feet tall . Constructed in France by Antonin Mercié and shipped to Virginia , the statue remains one of Merciés most outstanding pieces . It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 2007 and the Virginia Landmarks Register since 2006 . As the last Confederate monument on Monument Avenue , the statue is a source of controversy . After the murder of George Floyd , the monument was covered in graffiti , and many activists have called for its removal . Description and location . The bronze statue , sculpted by Antonin Mercié , depicts Confederate general Robert E . Lee atop a horse . The horse is not a representation of Robert E . Lees horse Traveller , whose modest scale Mercié believed would not suit the overall composition . Traveller was replaced by a stronger looking thoroughbred . Lee stands high atop his horse and the entire statue is tall including a stone base designed by Paul Pujol . The state-controlled land around the statue serves as a traffic circle at the intersection of Monument Avenue and Allen Avenue ( named after Otway Allen , the developer who donated the land to the association ) . The Lee Monument is a focal point for Richmond . ( Most popular online maps depict the Lee Circle as the center of Richmond ) . History . Background . Throughout the war , many American Southerners viewed Lee as a war hero and a master strategist . Following the death of Robert E . Lee in 1870 , several organizations formed with the goal of erecting a monument to Lee in Richmond . These included survivors of Lees Army of Northern Virginia , the Lee Monument Association led by Confederate general Jubal Early , and the Ladies Lee Monument Association . These organizations were merged into the Lee Monument Commission in 1886 , led by Lees nephew and Virginia governor Fitzhugh Lee and together the funds combined to $52,000 . The Sculptor : Antonin Mercié . Antonin Mercié , born on October 30 , 1845 in Toulouse , was an artist and sculptor known for his works in France before his Robert E . Lee Memorial earned him a reputation in the United States . He was a student under François Jouffroy and Alexandre Falguière , and he became a member of the Institut des Beaux-Arts as well as president of the Société des Artistes Français and Grand Officier de la Légion dHonneur . His style is know for being soberly realistic . Mercié won the Grand Prix de Rome in 1868 and awards such as an honorary medal at the Salon des Moins de 30 Ans . Although famous for his works in Paris , Mercié devoted particular attention to the construction of the Robert E . Lee Monument . Mercié constructed the monument in France and had it shipped to America . He constructed the monument in sections , which were sent to America in four separate shipping crates . Mercié wished to watch the unveiling of the monument , but due to stress from a previous ocean voyage , he stayed in France . After the unveiling of the monument , Mercié earned other commissions from the United States , including a monument representing Francis Scott Key and the creation of the American National Anthem in Baltimore , Maryland . Mercié dreamed of seeing the unveiling of the Key monument , but was reportedly unable to attend due to a domestic situation with his wife . Construction and dedication . When the construction of the monument was complete , the Lee Monument Association of Virginia sent a representative to France to inspect the work and issue the final payment of $20,000 . The journalist Lida McCabe reported on the transaction between the American business man and the French sculptor , observing that the transaction was forced and uneasy . The Monument Association representative seemed to have little interest in the monument itself and simply occupied himself with his financial duties . McCabes reporting focused on the dedication that Mercié put into the sculpture . After listening to Mercié , McCabe discovered that he had researched the Civil War and General Lee extensively . McCabe reported that had acquired different props such as saddles and stirrups , coats , and boots to make sure that the monument was as accurate as possible . The cornerstone for the monument was placed on October 27 , 1887 . The statue arrived in Richmond by rail on May 4 , 1890 . Newspaper accounts indicate that 10,000 people helped pull four wagons with the pieces of the monument . The completed statue was unveiled on May 29 , 1890 . Two of Lees daughters , Mary Custis Lee and Mildred Childe Lee , attended the dedication . The site for the statue originally was offered in 1886 . Richmond City annexed the land in 1892 , but economic difficulties meant that the Lee Monument stood alone for several years in the middle of a tobacco field before development resumed in the early 1900s . In 1992 , the iron fence around the monument was removed , in part because drivers unfamiliar with traffic circles would run into the fence from time to time and force costly repairs . After the fences came down , the stone base became a popular sunbathing spot . In December 2006 , the state completed an extensive cleaning and repair of the monument . It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 2007 , the Virginia Landmarks Register since 2006 , and is located in the Monument Avenue Historic District . Recent protests . Controversy and calls for removal . In August 2017 , after the violence that occurred at the Unite the Right rally , protestors called for the removal of the Lee statue in Charlottesville and Richmond . On June 4 , 2020 , Virginia governor Ralph Northam announced that the Richmond statue would be removed in response to the protests that followed the murder of George Floyd . On June 8 , a judge in Richmond Circuit Court issued a temporary injunction against the monuments removal , citing a lawsuit filed by William C . Gregory , who claims the Commonwealth promised to faithfully guard and affectionately protect the statue in the deed that originally annexed the property to the state . Subsequent legal proceedings led to a hearing on July 23 , which concluded without a ruling on the monuments future . A new 90-day injunction against the monuments removal began August 3 . After nearby residents filed a lawsuit to keep the statue in its place , Virginias Attorney General filed a motion to dismiss the suit ; circuit court Judge W . Reilly Marchant ruled August 25 , 2020 that the matter would proceed to trial . The October 19 trial resulted in a halted decision pending appeal . Historians have offered a range of opinions on the monument , often pointing out its problematic perpetuation of the Lost Cause mythology . Kudzu . Kudzu is an invasive vine introduced to the South in 1883 and became very difficult to control and tame . Artists have recently incorporated the vine into their responses to Confederate monuments , including Richmonds Lee Monument . A knitting collective known as the Kudzu Project has created knitted vines and tossed them on monuments . In 2019 , the artist Aaron McIntosh created a full-scale installation of the Lee Monument overtaken by kudzu . Also in 2019 , the Chicago-based artist Jenny Kendler , who grew up in Richmond , VA , displayed a proposal to bioremediate Confederate monuments with kudzu at the DePaul Art Museum . Protest actions . Following Black Lives Matter protests in June 2020 , the traffic circle where the statue stands was unofficially updated with a sign that reads Welcome to Beautiful Marcus-David Peters Circle , Liberated by the People MMXX : memorializing Marcus-David Peters , a Black man from Richmond who was shot and killed by the police in 2018 . The area contained signs that told the story of Peters and milestones he missed since his death . The location is often used as protest site to remember all who have died from police brutality . In the wake of protests , the graffiti-covered monument increasingly became a venue to portray images of racial justice and empowerment : from ballerinas dancing at the base of the plinth to video projections of George Floyd , Malcolm X , Angela Davis ( and others ) onto the statue itself . In October 2020 the graffiti-covered monument was deemed among the most influential American protest artworks since World War II by the New York Times . In January 2021 , a barrier fence was erected around the space .
|
[
"Monument Avenue Historic District"
] |
[
{
"text": "The Robert E . Lee Monument in Richmond , Virginia , was the first installation on Monument Avenue in 1890 . Honoring Civil War General Robert E . Lee , it was the largest monument on the site for over a century , and remains the last Confederate monument on the Avenue today . The monument includes General Lee sitting on his horse atop a large marble base that stands over 60 feet tall . Constructed in France by Antonin Mercié and shipped to Virginia , the statue remains one of Merciés most outstanding pieces . It has been listed",
"title": "Robert E . Lee Monument ( Richmond , Virginia )"
},
{
"text": "on the National Register of Historic Places since 2007 and the Virginia Landmarks Register since 2006 .",
"title": "Robert E . Lee Monument ( Richmond , Virginia )"
},
{
"text": " As the last Confederate monument on Monument Avenue , the statue is a source of controversy . After the murder of George Floyd , the monument was covered in graffiti , and many activists have called for its removal .",
"title": "Robert E . Lee Monument ( Richmond , Virginia )"
},
{
"text": " The bronze statue , sculpted by Antonin Mercié , depicts Confederate general Robert E . Lee atop a horse . The horse is not a representation of Robert E . Lees horse Traveller , whose modest scale Mercié believed would not suit the overall composition . Traveller was replaced by a stronger looking thoroughbred . Lee stands high atop his horse and the entire statue is tall including a stone base designed by Paul Pujol .",
"title": "Description and location"
},
{
"text": "The state-controlled land around the statue serves as a traffic circle at the intersection of Monument Avenue and Allen Avenue ( named after Otway Allen , the developer who donated the land to the association ) . The Lee Monument is a focal point for Richmond . ( Most popular online maps depict the Lee Circle as the center of Richmond ) .",
"title": "Description and location"
},
{
"text": "Throughout the war , many American Southerners viewed Lee as a war hero and a master strategist . Following the death of Robert E . Lee in 1870 , several organizations formed with the goal of erecting a monument to Lee in Richmond . These included survivors of Lees Army of Northern Virginia , the Lee Monument Association led by Confederate general Jubal Early , and the Ladies Lee Monument Association . These organizations were merged into the Lee Monument Commission in 1886 , led by Lees nephew and Virginia governor Fitzhugh Lee and together the funds combined to $52,000",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": "Antonin Mercié , born on October 30 , 1845 in Toulouse , was an artist and sculptor known for his works in France before his Robert E . Lee Memorial earned him a reputation in the United States . He was a student under François Jouffroy and Alexandre Falguière , and he became a member of the Institut des Beaux-Arts as well as president of the Société des Artistes Français and Grand Officier de la Légion dHonneur . His style is know for being soberly realistic . Mercié won the Grand Prix de Rome in 1868 and awards such as",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": "an honorary medal at the Salon des Moins de 30 Ans .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": "Although famous for his works in Paris , Mercié devoted particular attention to the construction of the Robert E . Lee Monument . Mercié constructed the monument in France and had it shipped to America . He constructed the monument in sections , which were sent to America in four separate shipping crates . Mercié wished to watch the unveiling of the monument , but due to stress from a previous ocean voyage , he stayed in France . After the unveiling of the monument , Mercié earned other commissions from the United States , including a monument representing Francis",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": "Scott Key and the creation of the American National Anthem in Baltimore , Maryland . Mercié dreamed of seeing the unveiling of the Key monument , but was reportedly unable to attend due to a domestic situation with his wife .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": "When the construction of the monument was complete , the Lee Monument Association of Virginia sent a representative to France to inspect the work and issue the final payment of $20,000 . The journalist Lida McCabe reported on the transaction between the American business man and the French sculptor , observing that the transaction was forced and uneasy . The Monument Association representative seemed to have little interest in the monument itself and simply occupied himself with his financial duties . McCabes reporting focused on the dedication that Mercié put into the sculpture . After listening to Mercié , McCabe",
"title": "Construction and dedication"
},
{
"text": "discovered that he had researched the Civil War and General Lee extensively . McCabe reported that had acquired different props such as saddles and stirrups , coats , and boots to make sure that the monument was as accurate as possible .",
"title": "Construction and dedication"
},
{
"text": " The cornerstone for the monument was placed on October 27 , 1887 . The statue arrived in Richmond by rail on May 4 , 1890 . Newspaper accounts indicate that 10,000 people helped pull four wagons with the pieces of the monument . The completed statue was unveiled on May 29 , 1890 . Two of Lees daughters , Mary Custis Lee and Mildred Childe Lee , attended the dedication .",
"title": "Construction and dedication"
},
{
"text": "The site for the statue originally was offered in 1886 . Richmond City annexed the land in 1892 , but economic difficulties meant that the Lee Monument stood alone for several years in the middle of a tobacco field before development resumed in the early 1900s .",
"title": "Construction and dedication"
},
{
"text": " In 1992 , the iron fence around the monument was removed , in part because drivers unfamiliar with traffic circles would run into the fence from time to time and force costly repairs . After the fences came down , the stone base became a popular sunbathing spot . In December 2006 , the state completed an extensive cleaning and repair of the monument . It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 2007 , the Virginia Landmarks Register since 2006 , and is located in the Monument Avenue Historic District .",
"title": "Construction and dedication"
},
{
"text": "In August 2017 , after the violence that occurred at the Unite the Right rally , protestors called for the removal of the Lee statue in Charlottesville and Richmond . On June 4 , 2020 , Virginia governor Ralph Northam announced that the Richmond statue would be removed in response to the protests that followed the murder of George Floyd . On June 8 , a judge in Richmond Circuit Court issued a temporary injunction against the monuments removal , citing a lawsuit filed by William C . Gregory , who claims the Commonwealth promised to faithfully guard and affectionately",
"title": "Recent protests"
},
{
"text": "protect the statue in the deed that originally annexed the property to the state . Subsequent legal proceedings led to a hearing on July 23 , which concluded without a ruling on the monuments future . A new 90-day injunction against the monuments removal began August 3 . After nearby residents filed a lawsuit to keep the statue in its place , Virginias Attorney General filed a motion to dismiss the suit ; circuit court Judge W . Reilly Marchant ruled August 25 , 2020 that the matter would proceed to trial . The October 19 trial resulted in a",
"title": "Recent protests"
},
{
"text": "halted decision pending appeal .",
"title": "Recent protests"
},
{
"text": " Historians have offered a range of opinions on the monument , often pointing out its problematic perpetuation of the Lost Cause mythology .",
"title": "Recent protests"
},
{
"text": "Kudzu is an invasive vine introduced to the South in 1883 and became very difficult to control and tame . Artists have recently incorporated the vine into their responses to Confederate monuments , including Richmonds Lee Monument . A knitting collective known as the Kudzu Project has created knitted vines and tossed them on monuments . In 2019 , the artist Aaron McIntosh created a full-scale installation of the Lee Monument overtaken by kudzu . Also in 2019 , the Chicago-based artist Jenny Kendler , who grew up in Richmond , VA , displayed a proposal to bioremediate Confederate monuments",
"title": "Kudzu"
},
{
"text": "with kudzu at the DePaul Art Museum .",
"title": "Kudzu"
},
{
"text": " Following Black Lives Matter protests in June 2020 , the traffic circle where the statue stands was unofficially updated with a sign that reads Welcome to Beautiful Marcus-David Peters Circle , Liberated by the People MMXX : memorializing Marcus-David Peters , a Black man from Richmond who was shot and killed by the police in 2018 . The area contained signs that told the story of Peters and milestones he missed since his death . The location is often used as protest site to remember all who have died from police brutality .",
"title": "Protest actions"
},
{
"text": "In the wake of protests , the graffiti-covered monument increasingly became a venue to portray images of racial justice and empowerment : from ballerinas dancing at the base of the plinth to video projections of George Floyd , Malcolm X , Angela Davis ( and others ) onto the statue itself . In October 2020 the graffiti-covered monument was deemed among the most influential American protest artworks since World War II by the New York Times .",
"title": "Protest actions"
},
{
"text": " In January 2021 , a barrier fence was erected around the space .",
"title": "Protest actions"
}
] |
/wiki/Robert_E._Lee_Monument_(Richmond,_Virginia)#P1435#2
|
Which site was the heritage designation of Robert E. Lee Monument (Richmond, Virginia) after Feb 2013?
|
Robert E . Lee Monument ( Richmond , Virginia ) The Robert E . Lee Monument in Richmond , Virginia , was the first installation on Monument Avenue in 1890 . Honoring Civil War General Robert E . Lee , it was the largest monument on the site for over a century , and remains the last Confederate monument on the Avenue today . The monument includes General Lee sitting on his horse atop a large marble base that stands over 60 feet tall . Constructed in France by Antonin Mercié and shipped to Virginia , the statue remains one of Merciés most outstanding pieces . It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 2007 and the Virginia Landmarks Register since 2006 . As the last Confederate monument on Monument Avenue , the statue is a source of controversy . After the murder of George Floyd , the monument was covered in graffiti , and many activists have called for its removal . Description and location . The bronze statue , sculpted by Antonin Mercié , depicts Confederate general Robert E . Lee atop a horse . The horse is not a representation of Robert E . Lees horse Traveller , whose modest scale Mercié believed would not suit the overall composition . Traveller was replaced by a stronger looking thoroughbred . Lee stands high atop his horse and the entire statue is tall including a stone base designed by Paul Pujol . The state-controlled land around the statue serves as a traffic circle at the intersection of Monument Avenue and Allen Avenue ( named after Otway Allen , the developer who donated the land to the association ) . The Lee Monument is a focal point for Richmond . ( Most popular online maps depict the Lee Circle as the center of Richmond ) . History . Background . Throughout the war , many American Southerners viewed Lee as a war hero and a master strategist . Following the death of Robert E . Lee in 1870 , several organizations formed with the goal of erecting a monument to Lee in Richmond . These included survivors of Lees Army of Northern Virginia , the Lee Monument Association led by Confederate general Jubal Early , and the Ladies Lee Monument Association . These organizations were merged into the Lee Monument Commission in 1886 , led by Lees nephew and Virginia governor Fitzhugh Lee and together the funds combined to $52,000 . The Sculptor : Antonin Mercié . Antonin Mercié , born on October 30 , 1845 in Toulouse , was an artist and sculptor known for his works in France before his Robert E . Lee Memorial earned him a reputation in the United States . He was a student under François Jouffroy and Alexandre Falguière , and he became a member of the Institut des Beaux-Arts as well as president of the Société des Artistes Français and Grand Officier de la Légion dHonneur . His style is know for being soberly realistic . Mercié won the Grand Prix de Rome in 1868 and awards such as an honorary medal at the Salon des Moins de 30 Ans . Although famous for his works in Paris , Mercié devoted particular attention to the construction of the Robert E . Lee Monument . Mercié constructed the monument in France and had it shipped to America . He constructed the monument in sections , which were sent to America in four separate shipping crates . Mercié wished to watch the unveiling of the monument , but due to stress from a previous ocean voyage , he stayed in France . After the unveiling of the monument , Mercié earned other commissions from the United States , including a monument representing Francis Scott Key and the creation of the American National Anthem in Baltimore , Maryland . Mercié dreamed of seeing the unveiling of the Key monument , but was reportedly unable to attend due to a domestic situation with his wife . Construction and dedication . When the construction of the monument was complete , the Lee Monument Association of Virginia sent a representative to France to inspect the work and issue the final payment of $20,000 . The journalist Lida McCabe reported on the transaction between the American business man and the French sculptor , observing that the transaction was forced and uneasy . The Monument Association representative seemed to have little interest in the monument itself and simply occupied himself with his financial duties . McCabes reporting focused on the dedication that Mercié put into the sculpture . After listening to Mercié , McCabe discovered that he had researched the Civil War and General Lee extensively . McCabe reported that had acquired different props such as saddles and stirrups , coats , and boots to make sure that the monument was as accurate as possible . The cornerstone for the monument was placed on October 27 , 1887 . The statue arrived in Richmond by rail on May 4 , 1890 . Newspaper accounts indicate that 10,000 people helped pull four wagons with the pieces of the monument . The completed statue was unveiled on May 29 , 1890 . Two of Lees daughters , Mary Custis Lee and Mildred Childe Lee , attended the dedication . The site for the statue originally was offered in 1886 . Richmond City annexed the land in 1892 , but economic difficulties meant that the Lee Monument stood alone for several years in the middle of a tobacco field before development resumed in the early 1900s . In 1992 , the iron fence around the monument was removed , in part because drivers unfamiliar with traffic circles would run into the fence from time to time and force costly repairs . After the fences came down , the stone base became a popular sunbathing spot . In December 2006 , the state completed an extensive cleaning and repair of the monument . It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 2007 , the Virginia Landmarks Register since 2006 , and is located in the Monument Avenue Historic District . Recent protests . Controversy and calls for removal . In August 2017 , after the violence that occurred at the Unite the Right rally , protestors called for the removal of the Lee statue in Charlottesville and Richmond . On June 4 , 2020 , Virginia governor Ralph Northam announced that the Richmond statue would be removed in response to the protests that followed the murder of George Floyd . On June 8 , a judge in Richmond Circuit Court issued a temporary injunction against the monuments removal , citing a lawsuit filed by William C . Gregory , who claims the Commonwealth promised to faithfully guard and affectionately protect the statue in the deed that originally annexed the property to the state . Subsequent legal proceedings led to a hearing on July 23 , which concluded without a ruling on the monuments future . A new 90-day injunction against the monuments removal began August 3 . After nearby residents filed a lawsuit to keep the statue in its place , Virginias Attorney General filed a motion to dismiss the suit ; circuit court Judge W . Reilly Marchant ruled August 25 , 2020 that the matter would proceed to trial . The October 19 trial resulted in a halted decision pending appeal . Historians have offered a range of opinions on the monument , often pointing out its problematic perpetuation of the Lost Cause mythology . Kudzu . Kudzu is an invasive vine introduced to the South in 1883 and became very difficult to control and tame . Artists have recently incorporated the vine into their responses to Confederate monuments , including Richmonds Lee Monument . A knitting collective known as the Kudzu Project has created knitted vines and tossed them on monuments . In 2019 , the artist Aaron McIntosh created a full-scale installation of the Lee Monument overtaken by kudzu . Also in 2019 , the Chicago-based artist Jenny Kendler , who grew up in Richmond , VA , displayed a proposal to bioremediate Confederate monuments with kudzu at the DePaul Art Museum . Protest actions . Following Black Lives Matter protests in June 2020 , the traffic circle where the statue stands was unofficially updated with a sign that reads Welcome to Beautiful Marcus-David Peters Circle , Liberated by the People MMXX : memorializing Marcus-David Peters , a Black man from Richmond who was shot and killed by the police in 2018 . The area contained signs that told the story of Peters and milestones he missed since his death . The location is often used as protest site to remember all who have died from police brutality . In the wake of protests , the graffiti-covered monument increasingly became a venue to portray images of racial justice and empowerment : from ballerinas dancing at the base of the plinth to video projections of George Floyd , Malcolm X , Angela Davis ( and others ) onto the statue itself . In October 2020 the graffiti-covered monument was deemed among the most influential American protest artworks since World War II by the New York Times . In January 2021 , a barrier fence was erected around the space .
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": "The Robert E . Lee Monument in Richmond , Virginia , was the first installation on Monument Avenue in 1890 . Honoring Civil War General Robert E . Lee , it was the largest monument on the site for over a century , and remains the last Confederate monument on the Avenue today . The monument includes General Lee sitting on his horse atop a large marble base that stands over 60 feet tall . Constructed in France by Antonin Mercié and shipped to Virginia , the statue remains one of Merciés most outstanding pieces . It has been listed",
"title": "Robert E . Lee Monument ( Richmond , Virginia )"
},
{
"text": "on the National Register of Historic Places since 2007 and the Virginia Landmarks Register since 2006 .",
"title": "Robert E . Lee Monument ( Richmond , Virginia )"
},
{
"text": " As the last Confederate monument on Monument Avenue , the statue is a source of controversy . After the murder of George Floyd , the monument was covered in graffiti , and many activists have called for its removal .",
"title": "Robert E . Lee Monument ( Richmond , Virginia )"
},
{
"text": " The bronze statue , sculpted by Antonin Mercié , depicts Confederate general Robert E . Lee atop a horse . The horse is not a representation of Robert E . Lees horse Traveller , whose modest scale Mercié believed would not suit the overall composition . Traveller was replaced by a stronger looking thoroughbred . Lee stands high atop his horse and the entire statue is tall including a stone base designed by Paul Pujol .",
"title": "Description and location"
},
{
"text": "The state-controlled land around the statue serves as a traffic circle at the intersection of Monument Avenue and Allen Avenue ( named after Otway Allen , the developer who donated the land to the association ) . The Lee Monument is a focal point for Richmond . ( Most popular online maps depict the Lee Circle as the center of Richmond ) .",
"title": "Description and location"
},
{
"text": "Throughout the war , many American Southerners viewed Lee as a war hero and a master strategist . Following the death of Robert E . Lee in 1870 , several organizations formed with the goal of erecting a monument to Lee in Richmond . These included survivors of Lees Army of Northern Virginia , the Lee Monument Association led by Confederate general Jubal Early , and the Ladies Lee Monument Association . These organizations were merged into the Lee Monument Commission in 1886 , led by Lees nephew and Virginia governor Fitzhugh Lee and together the funds combined to $52,000",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": "Antonin Mercié , born on October 30 , 1845 in Toulouse , was an artist and sculptor known for his works in France before his Robert E . Lee Memorial earned him a reputation in the United States . He was a student under François Jouffroy and Alexandre Falguière , and he became a member of the Institut des Beaux-Arts as well as president of the Société des Artistes Français and Grand Officier de la Légion dHonneur . His style is know for being soberly realistic . Mercié won the Grand Prix de Rome in 1868 and awards such as",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": "an honorary medal at the Salon des Moins de 30 Ans .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": "Although famous for his works in Paris , Mercié devoted particular attention to the construction of the Robert E . Lee Monument . Mercié constructed the monument in France and had it shipped to America . He constructed the monument in sections , which were sent to America in four separate shipping crates . Mercié wished to watch the unveiling of the monument , but due to stress from a previous ocean voyage , he stayed in France . After the unveiling of the monument , Mercié earned other commissions from the United States , including a monument representing Francis",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": "Scott Key and the creation of the American National Anthem in Baltimore , Maryland . Mercié dreamed of seeing the unveiling of the Key monument , but was reportedly unable to attend due to a domestic situation with his wife .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": "When the construction of the monument was complete , the Lee Monument Association of Virginia sent a representative to France to inspect the work and issue the final payment of $20,000 . The journalist Lida McCabe reported on the transaction between the American business man and the French sculptor , observing that the transaction was forced and uneasy . The Monument Association representative seemed to have little interest in the monument itself and simply occupied himself with his financial duties . McCabes reporting focused on the dedication that Mercié put into the sculpture . After listening to Mercié , McCabe",
"title": "Construction and dedication"
},
{
"text": "discovered that he had researched the Civil War and General Lee extensively . McCabe reported that had acquired different props such as saddles and stirrups , coats , and boots to make sure that the monument was as accurate as possible .",
"title": "Construction and dedication"
},
{
"text": " The cornerstone for the monument was placed on October 27 , 1887 . The statue arrived in Richmond by rail on May 4 , 1890 . Newspaper accounts indicate that 10,000 people helped pull four wagons with the pieces of the monument . The completed statue was unveiled on May 29 , 1890 . Two of Lees daughters , Mary Custis Lee and Mildred Childe Lee , attended the dedication .",
"title": "Construction and dedication"
},
{
"text": "The site for the statue originally was offered in 1886 . Richmond City annexed the land in 1892 , but economic difficulties meant that the Lee Monument stood alone for several years in the middle of a tobacco field before development resumed in the early 1900s .",
"title": "Construction and dedication"
},
{
"text": " In 1992 , the iron fence around the monument was removed , in part because drivers unfamiliar with traffic circles would run into the fence from time to time and force costly repairs . After the fences came down , the stone base became a popular sunbathing spot . In December 2006 , the state completed an extensive cleaning and repair of the monument . It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 2007 , the Virginia Landmarks Register since 2006 , and is located in the Monument Avenue Historic District .",
"title": "Construction and dedication"
},
{
"text": "In August 2017 , after the violence that occurred at the Unite the Right rally , protestors called for the removal of the Lee statue in Charlottesville and Richmond . On June 4 , 2020 , Virginia governor Ralph Northam announced that the Richmond statue would be removed in response to the protests that followed the murder of George Floyd . On June 8 , a judge in Richmond Circuit Court issued a temporary injunction against the monuments removal , citing a lawsuit filed by William C . Gregory , who claims the Commonwealth promised to faithfully guard and affectionately",
"title": "Recent protests"
},
{
"text": "protect the statue in the deed that originally annexed the property to the state . Subsequent legal proceedings led to a hearing on July 23 , which concluded without a ruling on the monuments future . A new 90-day injunction against the monuments removal began August 3 . After nearby residents filed a lawsuit to keep the statue in its place , Virginias Attorney General filed a motion to dismiss the suit ; circuit court Judge W . Reilly Marchant ruled August 25 , 2020 that the matter would proceed to trial . The October 19 trial resulted in a",
"title": "Recent protests"
},
{
"text": "halted decision pending appeal .",
"title": "Recent protests"
},
{
"text": " Historians have offered a range of opinions on the monument , often pointing out its problematic perpetuation of the Lost Cause mythology .",
"title": "Recent protests"
},
{
"text": "Kudzu is an invasive vine introduced to the South in 1883 and became very difficult to control and tame . Artists have recently incorporated the vine into their responses to Confederate monuments , including Richmonds Lee Monument . A knitting collective known as the Kudzu Project has created knitted vines and tossed them on monuments . In 2019 , the artist Aaron McIntosh created a full-scale installation of the Lee Monument overtaken by kudzu . Also in 2019 , the Chicago-based artist Jenny Kendler , who grew up in Richmond , VA , displayed a proposal to bioremediate Confederate monuments",
"title": "Kudzu"
},
{
"text": "with kudzu at the DePaul Art Museum .",
"title": "Kudzu"
},
{
"text": " Following Black Lives Matter protests in June 2020 , the traffic circle where the statue stands was unofficially updated with a sign that reads Welcome to Beautiful Marcus-David Peters Circle , Liberated by the People MMXX : memorializing Marcus-David Peters , a Black man from Richmond who was shot and killed by the police in 2018 . The area contained signs that told the story of Peters and milestones he missed since his death . The location is often used as protest site to remember all who have died from police brutality .",
"title": "Protest actions"
},
{
"text": "In the wake of protests , the graffiti-covered monument increasingly became a venue to portray images of racial justice and empowerment : from ballerinas dancing at the base of the plinth to video projections of George Floyd , Malcolm X , Angela Davis ( and others ) onto the statue itself . In October 2020 the graffiti-covered monument was deemed among the most influential American protest artworks since World War II by the New York Times .",
"title": "Protest actions"
},
{
"text": " In January 2021 , a barrier fence was erected around the space .",
"title": "Protest actions"
}
] |
/wiki/Luigi_de_Magistris_(politician)#P39#0
|
What position did Luigi de Magistris (politician) take before Mar 2010?
|
Luigi de Magistris ( politician ) Luigi de Magistris ( born 20 June 1967 ) is an Italian politician and a former prosecutor , currently the mayor of Naples . Biography . He started his career as a public prosecutor in 1995 and worked in Naples from 1998 to 2002 . He was deputy public prosecutor in Catanzaro from 2002 to 2009 and was a Member of the European Parliament ( MEP ) . His investigations have frequently focused on links between politicians and the Mafia . In 2011 , de Magistris ran for the Mayor of Naples as the candidate of Italy of Values . He won in the second round , defeating the right-wing candidate Gianni Lettieri with 65% of the vote . As his investigations involved famous names such as Romano Prodi , former Italian prime Minister , and Clemente Mastella , former Italian Minister of Justice , de Magistris has been at the centre of media controversy . The Minister of Justice Clemente Mastella asked de Magistris to be transferred because he had allegedly revealed Mastellas name as well as those of other Italian politicians apparently involved in his investigations . De Magistris appeared before the CSM ( the governing board of the magistracy ) in January 2008 to defend himself against the serious allegations of the Minister and his inspectors . Luigi de Magistris has been the second most voted Italian politician in 2009 European elections . In 2015 , he founded the left-wing party Democracy and Autonomy . In 2016 , he won a second mandate as Mayor of Naples , after obtaining 42% of the votes in the first round and 66% of the votes in a runoff against centre-right candidate Gianni Lettieri , the same candidate he had defeated five years earlier . In 2017 he obtained the Valerioti-Impastato award for his work against crime and corruption . In 2021 , he announced he would run as president of Calabria in the upcoming snap regional election to replace the late Jole Santelli . Famous investigations . While in Catanzaro , he worked for several years on the Poseidone investigation into misuse by politicians of European Community subsidies for sewage filter systems and other business projects in Calabria . The Poseidone case was taken away from Luigi de Magistris , and as was the Why Not investigation in which the names of well-known politicians have come up . This investigation was due to be wound up after nearly two years and the persons involved formally indicted . Another case that de Magistris has been involved with is Le Toghe Lucane , in Basilicata . One of the people to be questioned by de Magistris was Henry John Woodcock , a public prosecutor in Basilicata . Poseidone . The European Anti-Fraud Office ( OLAF ) started the enquiry and handed it over to Luigi de Magistris in May 2005 . Investigations started in May 2005 into an allegedly illegal use of 200 million € of European Community funds . Luigi de Magistris has been removed from the investigation with the accusation that de Magistris did not keep the details of the case confidential and revealed the names of people under investigation , including Forza Italia senator Giancarlo Pittelli and general Walter Lombardo Cretella . Naples – “City of Peace” . In April 2018 , de Magistris wrote to the head of the Naples port authority , Rear Admiral Arturo Faraone , expressing his displeasure with the presence of USS John Warner ( SSN-785 ) near his city . It had fired six Tomahawk missiles during the 2018 bombing of Damascus and Homs . He made reference to a resolution passed in 2015 which declared the Port of Naples a “nuclear-free area.” He called Naples a “City of Peace” that respects “the fundamental rights of everyone , convinced of disarmament and international cooperation,” according to the Italian newspaper La Repubblica . External links . - The lodge of deals in Espresso , 5 April 2007 , translated into English on the site of OLAF - Article about Luigi de Magistris in The Economist - Interview in Italian of Luigi de Magistris from the Casalinuovo hall in Catanzaro - Intervista al magistrato Luigi De Magistris sulla criminalità organizzata , Radio Radicale , 17 July 2007 - UDC until proven guilty , Hammer & Tongues weblog - Articles written on lUnità
|
[
"Member of the European Parliament"
] |
[
{
"text": " Luigi de Magistris ( born 20 June 1967 ) is an Italian politician and a former prosecutor , currently the mayor of Naples .",
"title": "Luigi de Magistris ( politician )"
},
{
"text": " He started his career as a public prosecutor in 1995 and worked in Naples from 1998 to 2002 . He was deputy public prosecutor in Catanzaro from 2002 to 2009 and was a Member of the European Parliament ( MEP ) . His investigations have frequently focused on links between politicians and the Mafia . In 2011 , de Magistris ran for the Mayor of Naples as the candidate of Italy of Values . He won in the second round , defeating the right-wing candidate Gianni Lettieri with 65% of the vote .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "As his investigations involved famous names such as Romano Prodi , former Italian prime Minister , and Clemente Mastella , former Italian Minister of Justice , de Magistris has been at the centre of media controversy . The Minister of Justice Clemente Mastella asked de Magistris to be transferred because he had allegedly revealed Mastellas name as well as those of other Italian politicians apparently involved in his investigations . De Magistris appeared before the CSM ( the governing board of the magistracy ) in January 2008 to defend himself against the serious allegations of the Minister and his inspectors",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " Luigi de Magistris has been the second most voted Italian politician in 2009 European elections . In 2015 , he founded the left-wing party Democracy and Autonomy . In 2016 , he won a second mandate as Mayor of Naples , after obtaining 42% of the votes in the first round and 66% of the votes in a runoff against centre-right candidate Gianni Lettieri , the same candidate he had defeated five years earlier . In 2017 he obtained the Valerioti-Impastato award for his work against crime and corruption .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "In 2021 , he announced he would run as president of Calabria in the upcoming snap regional election to replace the late Jole Santelli .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "While in Catanzaro , he worked for several years on the Poseidone investigation into misuse by politicians of European Community subsidies for sewage filter systems and other business projects in Calabria . The Poseidone case was taken away from Luigi de Magistris , and as was the Why Not investigation in which the names of well-known politicians have come up . This investigation was due to be wound up after nearly two years and the persons involved formally indicted . Another case that de Magistris has been involved with is Le Toghe Lucane , in Basilicata . One of the",
"title": "Famous investigations"
},
{
"text": "people to be questioned by de Magistris was Henry John Woodcock , a public prosecutor in Basilicata .",
"title": "Famous investigations"
},
{
"text": " The European Anti-Fraud Office ( OLAF ) started the enquiry and handed it over to Luigi de Magistris in May 2005 . Investigations started in May 2005 into an allegedly illegal use of 200 million € of European Community funds . Luigi de Magistris has been removed from the investigation with the accusation that de Magistris did not keep the details of the case confidential and revealed the names of people under investigation , including Forza Italia senator Giancarlo Pittelli and general Walter Lombardo Cretella . Naples – “City of Peace” .",
"title": "Poseidone"
},
{
"text": "In April 2018 , de Magistris wrote to the head of the Naples port authority , Rear Admiral Arturo Faraone , expressing his displeasure with the presence of USS John Warner ( SSN-785 ) near his city . It had fired six Tomahawk missiles during the 2018 bombing of Damascus and Homs . He made reference to a resolution passed in 2015 which declared the Port of Naples a “nuclear-free area.” He called Naples a “City of Peace” that respects “the fundamental rights of everyone , convinced of disarmament and international cooperation,” according to the Italian newspaper La Repubblica .",
"title": "Poseidone"
},
{
"text": " - The lodge of deals in Espresso , 5 April 2007 , translated into English on the site of OLAF - Article about Luigi de Magistris in The Economist - Interview in Italian of Luigi de Magistris from the Casalinuovo hall in Catanzaro - Intervista al magistrato Luigi De Magistris sulla criminalità organizzata , Radio Radicale , 17 July 2007 - UDC until proven guilty , Hammer & Tongues weblog - Articles written on lUnità",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Luigi_de_Magistris_(politician)#P39#1
|
What position did Luigi de Magistris (politician) take in Jul 2011?
|
Luigi de Magistris ( politician ) Luigi de Magistris ( born 20 June 1967 ) is an Italian politician and a former prosecutor , currently the mayor of Naples . Biography . He started his career as a public prosecutor in 1995 and worked in Naples from 1998 to 2002 . He was deputy public prosecutor in Catanzaro from 2002 to 2009 and was a Member of the European Parliament ( MEP ) . His investigations have frequently focused on links between politicians and the Mafia . In 2011 , de Magistris ran for the Mayor of Naples as the candidate of Italy of Values . He won in the second round , defeating the right-wing candidate Gianni Lettieri with 65% of the vote . As his investigations involved famous names such as Romano Prodi , former Italian prime Minister , and Clemente Mastella , former Italian Minister of Justice , de Magistris has been at the centre of media controversy . The Minister of Justice Clemente Mastella asked de Magistris to be transferred because he had allegedly revealed Mastellas name as well as those of other Italian politicians apparently involved in his investigations . De Magistris appeared before the CSM ( the governing board of the magistracy ) in January 2008 to defend himself against the serious allegations of the Minister and his inspectors . Luigi de Magistris has been the second most voted Italian politician in 2009 European elections . In 2015 , he founded the left-wing party Democracy and Autonomy . In 2016 , he won a second mandate as Mayor of Naples , after obtaining 42% of the votes in the first round and 66% of the votes in a runoff against centre-right candidate Gianni Lettieri , the same candidate he had defeated five years earlier . In 2017 he obtained the Valerioti-Impastato award for his work against crime and corruption . In 2021 , he announced he would run as president of Calabria in the upcoming snap regional election to replace the late Jole Santelli . Famous investigations . While in Catanzaro , he worked for several years on the Poseidone investigation into misuse by politicians of European Community subsidies for sewage filter systems and other business projects in Calabria . The Poseidone case was taken away from Luigi de Magistris , and as was the Why Not investigation in which the names of well-known politicians have come up . This investigation was due to be wound up after nearly two years and the persons involved formally indicted . Another case that de Magistris has been involved with is Le Toghe Lucane , in Basilicata . One of the people to be questioned by de Magistris was Henry John Woodcock , a public prosecutor in Basilicata . Poseidone . The European Anti-Fraud Office ( OLAF ) started the enquiry and handed it over to Luigi de Magistris in May 2005 . Investigations started in May 2005 into an allegedly illegal use of 200 million € of European Community funds . Luigi de Magistris has been removed from the investigation with the accusation that de Magistris did not keep the details of the case confidential and revealed the names of people under investigation , including Forza Italia senator Giancarlo Pittelli and general Walter Lombardo Cretella . Naples – “City of Peace” . In April 2018 , de Magistris wrote to the head of the Naples port authority , Rear Admiral Arturo Faraone , expressing his displeasure with the presence of USS John Warner ( SSN-785 ) near his city . It had fired six Tomahawk missiles during the 2018 bombing of Damascus and Homs . He made reference to a resolution passed in 2015 which declared the Port of Naples a “nuclear-free area.” He called Naples a “City of Peace” that respects “the fundamental rights of everyone , convinced of disarmament and international cooperation,” according to the Italian newspaper La Repubblica . External links . - The lodge of deals in Espresso , 5 April 2007 , translated into English on the site of OLAF - Article about Luigi de Magistris in The Economist - Interview in Italian of Luigi de Magistris from the Casalinuovo hall in Catanzaro - Intervista al magistrato Luigi De Magistris sulla criminalità organizzata , Radio Radicale , 17 July 2007 - UDC until proven guilty , Hammer & Tongues weblog - Articles written on lUnità
|
[
"mayor of Naples"
] |
[
{
"text": " Luigi de Magistris ( born 20 June 1967 ) is an Italian politician and a former prosecutor , currently the mayor of Naples .",
"title": "Luigi de Magistris ( politician )"
},
{
"text": " He started his career as a public prosecutor in 1995 and worked in Naples from 1998 to 2002 . He was deputy public prosecutor in Catanzaro from 2002 to 2009 and was a Member of the European Parliament ( MEP ) . His investigations have frequently focused on links between politicians and the Mafia . In 2011 , de Magistris ran for the Mayor of Naples as the candidate of Italy of Values . He won in the second round , defeating the right-wing candidate Gianni Lettieri with 65% of the vote .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "As his investigations involved famous names such as Romano Prodi , former Italian prime Minister , and Clemente Mastella , former Italian Minister of Justice , de Magistris has been at the centre of media controversy . The Minister of Justice Clemente Mastella asked de Magistris to be transferred because he had allegedly revealed Mastellas name as well as those of other Italian politicians apparently involved in his investigations . De Magistris appeared before the CSM ( the governing board of the magistracy ) in January 2008 to defend himself against the serious allegations of the Minister and his inspectors",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " Luigi de Magistris has been the second most voted Italian politician in 2009 European elections . In 2015 , he founded the left-wing party Democracy and Autonomy . In 2016 , he won a second mandate as Mayor of Naples , after obtaining 42% of the votes in the first round and 66% of the votes in a runoff against centre-right candidate Gianni Lettieri , the same candidate he had defeated five years earlier . In 2017 he obtained the Valerioti-Impastato award for his work against crime and corruption .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "In 2021 , he announced he would run as president of Calabria in the upcoming snap regional election to replace the late Jole Santelli .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "While in Catanzaro , he worked for several years on the Poseidone investigation into misuse by politicians of European Community subsidies for sewage filter systems and other business projects in Calabria . The Poseidone case was taken away from Luigi de Magistris , and as was the Why Not investigation in which the names of well-known politicians have come up . This investigation was due to be wound up after nearly two years and the persons involved formally indicted . Another case that de Magistris has been involved with is Le Toghe Lucane , in Basilicata . One of the",
"title": "Famous investigations"
},
{
"text": "people to be questioned by de Magistris was Henry John Woodcock , a public prosecutor in Basilicata .",
"title": "Famous investigations"
},
{
"text": " The European Anti-Fraud Office ( OLAF ) started the enquiry and handed it over to Luigi de Magistris in May 2005 . Investigations started in May 2005 into an allegedly illegal use of 200 million € of European Community funds . Luigi de Magistris has been removed from the investigation with the accusation that de Magistris did not keep the details of the case confidential and revealed the names of people under investigation , including Forza Italia senator Giancarlo Pittelli and general Walter Lombardo Cretella . Naples – “City of Peace” .",
"title": "Poseidone"
},
{
"text": "In April 2018 , de Magistris wrote to the head of the Naples port authority , Rear Admiral Arturo Faraone , expressing his displeasure with the presence of USS John Warner ( SSN-785 ) near his city . It had fired six Tomahawk missiles during the 2018 bombing of Damascus and Homs . He made reference to a resolution passed in 2015 which declared the Port of Naples a “nuclear-free area.” He called Naples a “City of Peace” that respects “the fundamental rights of everyone , convinced of disarmament and international cooperation,” according to the Italian newspaper La Repubblica .",
"title": "Poseidone"
},
{
"text": " - The lodge of deals in Espresso , 5 April 2007 , translated into English on the site of OLAF - Article about Luigi de Magistris in The Economist - Interview in Italian of Luigi de Magistris from the Casalinuovo hall in Catanzaro - Intervista al magistrato Luigi De Magistris sulla criminalità organizzata , Radio Radicale , 17 July 2007 - UDC until proven guilty , Hammer & Tongues weblog - Articles written on lUnità",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Luigi_de_Magistris_(politician)#P39#2
|
What position did Luigi de Magistris (politician) take after Dec 2016?
|
Luigi de Magistris ( politician ) Luigi de Magistris ( born 20 June 1967 ) is an Italian politician and a former prosecutor , currently the mayor of Naples . Biography . He started his career as a public prosecutor in 1995 and worked in Naples from 1998 to 2002 . He was deputy public prosecutor in Catanzaro from 2002 to 2009 and was a Member of the European Parliament ( MEP ) . His investigations have frequently focused on links between politicians and the Mafia . In 2011 , de Magistris ran for the Mayor of Naples as the candidate of Italy of Values . He won in the second round , defeating the right-wing candidate Gianni Lettieri with 65% of the vote . As his investigations involved famous names such as Romano Prodi , former Italian prime Minister , and Clemente Mastella , former Italian Minister of Justice , de Magistris has been at the centre of media controversy . The Minister of Justice Clemente Mastella asked de Magistris to be transferred because he had allegedly revealed Mastellas name as well as those of other Italian politicians apparently involved in his investigations . De Magistris appeared before the CSM ( the governing board of the magistracy ) in January 2008 to defend himself against the serious allegations of the Minister and his inspectors . Luigi de Magistris has been the second most voted Italian politician in 2009 European elections . In 2015 , he founded the left-wing party Democracy and Autonomy . In 2016 , he won a second mandate as Mayor of Naples , after obtaining 42% of the votes in the first round and 66% of the votes in a runoff against centre-right candidate Gianni Lettieri , the same candidate he had defeated five years earlier . In 2017 he obtained the Valerioti-Impastato award for his work against crime and corruption . In 2021 , he announced he would run as president of Calabria in the upcoming snap regional election to replace the late Jole Santelli . Famous investigations . While in Catanzaro , he worked for several years on the Poseidone investigation into misuse by politicians of European Community subsidies for sewage filter systems and other business projects in Calabria . The Poseidone case was taken away from Luigi de Magistris , and as was the Why Not investigation in which the names of well-known politicians have come up . This investigation was due to be wound up after nearly two years and the persons involved formally indicted . Another case that de Magistris has been involved with is Le Toghe Lucane , in Basilicata . One of the people to be questioned by de Magistris was Henry John Woodcock , a public prosecutor in Basilicata . Poseidone . The European Anti-Fraud Office ( OLAF ) started the enquiry and handed it over to Luigi de Magistris in May 2005 . Investigations started in May 2005 into an allegedly illegal use of 200 million € of European Community funds . Luigi de Magistris has been removed from the investigation with the accusation that de Magistris did not keep the details of the case confidential and revealed the names of people under investigation , including Forza Italia senator Giancarlo Pittelli and general Walter Lombardo Cretella . Naples – “City of Peace” . In April 2018 , de Magistris wrote to the head of the Naples port authority , Rear Admiral Arturo Faraone , expressing his displeasure with the presence of USS John Warner ( SSN-785 ) near his city . It had fired six Tomahawk missiles during the 2018 bombing of Damascus and Homs . He made reference to a resolution passed in 2015 which declared the Port of Naples a “nuclear-free area.” He called Naples a “City of Peace” that respects “the fundamental rights of everyone , convinced of disarmament and international cooperation,” according to the Italian newspaper La Repubblica . External links . - The lodge of deals in Espresso , 5 April 2007 , translated into English on the site of OLAF - Article about Luigi de Magistris in The Economist - Interview in Italian of Luigi de Magistris from the Casalinuovo hall in Catanzaro - Intervista al magistrato Luigi De Magistris sulla criminalità organizzata , Radio Radicale , 17 July 2007 - UDC until proven guilty , Hammer & Tongues weblog - Articles written on lUnità
|
[
"mayor of Naples"
] |
[
{
"text": " Luigi de Magistris ( born 20 June 1967 ) is an Italian politician and a former prosecutor , currently the mayor of Naples .",
"title": "Luigi de Magistris ( politician )"
},
{
"text": " He started his career as a public prosecutor in 1995 and worked in Naples from 1998 to 2002 . He was deputy public prosecutor in Catanzaro from 2002 to 2009 and was a Member of the European Parliament ( MEP ) . His investigations have frequently focused on links between politicians and the Mafia . In 2011 , de Magistris ran for the Mayor of Naples as the candidate of Italy of Values . He won in the second round , defeating the right-wing candidate Gianni Lettieri with 65% of the vote .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "As his investigations involved famous names such as Romano Prodi , former Italian prime Minister , and Clemente Mastella , former Italian Minister of Justice , de Magistris has been at the centre of media controversy . The Minister of Justice Clemente Mastella asked de Magistris to be transferred because he had allegedly revealed Mastellas name as well as those of other Italian politicians apparently involved in his investigations . De Magistris appeared before the CSM ( the governing board of the magistracy ) in January 2008 to defend himself against the serious allegations of the Minister and his inspectors",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " Luigi de Magistris has been the second most voted Italian politician in 2009 European elections . In 2015 , he founded the left-wing party Democracy and Autonomy . In 2016 , he won a second mandate as Mayor of Naples , after obtaining 42% of the votes in the first round and 66% of the votes in a runoff against centre-right candidate Gianni Lettieri , the same candidate he had defeated five years earlier . In 2017 he obtained the Valerioti-Impastato award for his work against crime and corruption .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "In 2021 , he announced he would run as president of Calabria in the upcoming snap regional election to replace the late Jole Santelli .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "While in Catanzaro , he worked for several years on the Poseidone investigation into misuse by politicians of European Community subsidies for sewage filter systems and other business projects in Calabria . The Poseidone case was taken away from Luigi de Magistris , and as was the Why Not investigation in which the names of well-known politicians have come up . This investigation was due to be wound up after nearly two years and the persons involved formally indicted . Another case that de Magistris has been involved with is Le Toghe Lucane , in Basilicata . One of the",
"title": "Famous investigations"
},
{
"text": "people to be questioned by de Magistris was Henry John Woodcock , a public prosecutor in Basilicata .",
"title": "Famous investigations"
},
{
"text": " The European Anti-Fraud Office ( OLAF ) started the enquiry and handed it over to Luigi de Magistris in May 2005 . Investigations started in May 2005 into an allegedly illegal use of 200 million € of European Community funds . Luigi de Magistris has been removed from the investigation with the accusation that de Magistris did not keep the details of the case confidential and revealed the names of people under investigation , including Forza Italia senator Giancarlo Pittelli and general Walter Lombardo Cretella . Naples – “City of Peace” .",
"title": "Poseidone"
},
{
"text": "In April 2018 , de Magistris wrote to the head of the Naples port authority , Rear Admiral Arturo Faraone , expressing his displeasure with the presence of USS John Warner ( SSN-785 ) near his city . It had fired six Tomahawk missiles during the 2018 bombing of Damascus and Homs . He made reference to a resolution passed in 2015 which declared the Port of Naples a “nuclear-free area.” He called Naples a “City of Peace” that respects “the fundamental rights of everyone , convinced of disarmament and international cooperation,” according to the Italian newspaper La Repubblica .",
"title": "Poseidone"
},
{
"text": " - The lodge of deals in Espresso , 5 April 2007 , translated into English on the site of OLAF - Article about Luigi de Magistris in The Economist - Interview in Italian of Luigi de Magistris from the Casalinuovo hall in Catanzaro - Intervista al magistrato Luigi De Magistris sulla criminalità organizzata , Radio Radicale , 17 July 2007 - UDC until proven guilty , Hammer & Tongues weblog - Articles written on lUnità",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Patrick_Manning#P39#0
|
What position did Patrick Manning take between Jul 1974 and Feb 1994?
|
Patrick Manning Manning was born in San Fernando and received his secondary education at Presentation College , San Fernando , and his Bachelors Degree from the University of the West Indies at Mona , in 1969 . After graduation , he returned to Trinidad where he worked as a geologist for Texaco . He entered Parliament in 1971 representing the San Fernando East constituency . Life . Early career . After graduating from the University of the West Indies , Manning worked as a geologist with Texaco Trinidad Ltd. , until he ran for Parliament in 1971 . Between 1971 and 1978 he served as Parliamentary Secretary in various Ministries before being appointed junior Minister in the Ministry of Finance in the government of Eric Williams . In 1979 he was given the additional position of junior Minister in the Office of the Prime Minister . In 1981 he was given a full Cabinet position of Minister of Information and Minister of Industry and Commerce . Between 1981 and 1986 he served as Minister of Energy and Natural Resources . The 1986 general elections saw the ruling PNM suffer an almost total defeat . Only three candidates won their seats ; the Prime Minister , George Chambers , was among the losing candidates . As one of the three successful PNM candidates , Manning was appointed Leader of the Opposition . In 1987 , he was elected political leader of the PNM . A split in the ruling National Alliance for Reconstruction in 1988 left the PNM as the minority Opposition party , and , in 1990 , Basdeo Panday requested that he be appointed Leader of the Opposition . Second term as Prime Minister . In 1995 , Manning called a General Election one full year before it was constitutionally due . In this election both the PNM and the UNC won 17 seats each and the NAR won 2 seats . The UNC and the NAR united in a coalition and formed the government ; Basdeo Panday replaced Manning as Prime Minister . Manning served as Leader of the Opposition once again , also losing the 2000 elections . The 2001 elections ended in a tie , with both the Opposition PNM and the governing United National Congress winning 18 seats . President A . N . R . Robinson appointed Manning as Prime Minister . In addition to prime ministership , Manning was also Minister of Finance from 2001 to 2007 . Unable to elect a Speaker of the House of Representatives , Manning proceeded to rule without Parliament until the need to pass a Budget forced him to call elections in October 2002 . His party won this election with 20 seats to 16 for the UNC and formed the new government . Under the PNM administration , income taxes were substantially reduced and the Corporation Tax reduced from 35% to 25% of profits for most companies . The Government also instituted free university education . The economy grew a pace , primarily due to high natural gas and oil prices and to significant increases in natural gas production . In September 2007 , Manning received an honorary doctorate from Medgar Evers College , CUNY . Third term as Prime Minister . In 2007 , Manning called for a general election to be held on 4 November . The PNM won this election with 26 of the 41 seats and Manning began his third term as Prime Minister . Subsequently , the country experienced a slow down in the economy . Despite this the economic ratings of the country came in for high praises mainly from the Standards and Poor report on 15 August 2008 which raised Trinidad and Tobago from an A- to an A . The Government of Trinidad and Tobago also hosted King Juan Carlos I and Queen Sofia of Spain on 30 November to 2 December 2008 . The purpose of the visit was to strengthen the economic ties between Spain , Latin America and the Caribbean and also to open new markets and possibility for increase trading and the opening of new markets . The country also hosted two world summits in 2009 : the 5th Summit of the Americas on 17 to 19 April 2009 as well as The Commonwealth Heads of Government on 27 to 29 November 2009 . The Chilean President Michelle Bachelet paid Prime Minister Manning and the Government of Trinidad and Tobago a visit in 2010 . The purpose was to strengthen bilateral ties between the two countries and as a result a formal agreement was signed in an effort to unite the two countries . Despite economic growth , crime was considered a serious problem . The number of murders increased sharply from 93 in 1999 to 509 in 2009 . Additionally , 2008 saw the countrys highest number of murders with 550 . The Prime Ministers explanation was that the crime problem was a result of the illegal drug and arms trade . His speech at the 5th summit of the Americas points to the fact that the Caribbean is situated between the narcotic producing South American continent and the narcotic consuming North American continent . Some of his crime detection and prevention methods included the introduction of the Special Anti-Crime Unit of Trinidad and Tobago ( SAUTT ) , two surveillance airships ( commonly referred to as blimps ) , and the inclusion of six high speed off-shore patrol vessels for better control of the countrys maritime borders and coastlines on 15 February 2010 . Manning was quoted as saying that the country could expect to see a 50% decrease in crime because of this effort . 2010 elections . On 9 April 2010 Prime Minister Manning advised President George Maxwell Richards to dissolve Parliament resulting in a General Election to be held two years sooner than was constitutionally mandated . Manning later announced 24 May 2010 as the date for general elections . Manning and the PNM lost the election to The Peoples Partnership ( UNC , COP , TOP , NJAC , MSJ ) . Following the defeat , Manning officially resigned as Political Leader of the Party on 27 May 2010 but remained as the Parliamentary Representative for San Fernando East . Manning was sent to the Privileges Committee following statements he made in Parliament on 19 November 2010 , during a debate on the Interception of Communications Bill . Manning had made certain allegations about the private residence of Prime Minister Kamla Persad-Bissessar on the San Fernando/Siparia/Erin Road . On 24 November 2010 , Speaker of the House Wade Mark ruled that a prima facie case of contempt or breach of privilege had been made out against Manning and referred the matter to the Committee for consideration . Manning was accordingly suspended from the service of the House of Representatives with immediate effect on 16 May 2011 , as declared by House Speaker Wade Mark . During this period , Manning wouldnt be able to represent his San Fernando East constituency in Parliament . Manning is the second Prime Minister to be suspended from the House of Representatives in Trinidad and Tobago . Illness and death . On 24 September 2007 , Manning went to Cuba for a routine medical evaluation . For many years , he had engaged in a regular exercise program . On 23 January 2012 , Manning suffered a stroke . Diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia was confirmed on 30 June 2016 and he died at 8:15 AM on July 2 , 2016 at the San Fernando General Hospital , six weeks before his 70th birthday . External links .
|
[
"Parliament",
"Parliamentary Secretary in various Ministries",
"Minister of Energy and Natural Resources"
] |
[
{
"text": " Manning was born in San Fernando and received his secondary education at Presentation College , San Fernando , and his Bachelors Degree from the University of the West Indies at Mona , in 1969 . After graduation , he returned to Trinidad where he worked as a geologist for Texaco . He entered Parliament in 1971 representing the San Fernando East constituency .",
"title": "Patrick Manning"
},
{
"text": "After graduating from the University of the West Indies , Manning worked as a geologist with Texaco Trinidad Ltd. , until he ran for Parliament in 1971 . Between 1971 and 1978 he served as Parliamentary Secretary in various Ministries before being appointed junior Minister in the Ministry of Finance in the government of Eric Williams . In 1979 he was given the additional position of junior Minister in the Office of the Prime Minister . In 1981 he was given a full Cabinet position of Minister of Information and Minister of Industry and Commerce . Between 1981 and 1986",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "he served as Minister of Energy and Natural Resources .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "The 1986 general elections saw the ruling PNM suffer an almost total defeat . Only three candidates won their seats ; the Prime Minister , George Chambers , was among the losing candidates . As one of the three successful PNM candidates , Manning was appointed Leader of the Opposition . In 1987 , he was elected political leader of the PNM . A split in the ruling National Alliance for Reconstruction in 1988 left the PNM as the minority Opposition party , and , in 1990 , Basdeo Panday requested that he be appointed Leader of the Opposition .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "In 1995 , Manning called a General Election one full year before it was constitutionally due . In this election both the PNM and the UNC won 17 seats each and the NAR won 2 seats . The UNC and the NAR united in a coalition and formed the government ; Basdeo Panday replaced Manning as Prime Minister . Manning served as Leader of the Opposition once again , also losing the 2000 elections . The 2001 elections ended in a tie , with both the Opposition PNM and the governing United National Congress winning 18 seats . President A",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": ". N . R . Robinson appointed Manning as Prime Minister . In addition to prime ministership , Manning was also Minister of Finance from 2001 to 2007 .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " Unable to elect a Speaker of the House of Representatives , Manning proceeded to rule without Parliament until the need to pass a Budget forced him to call elections in October 2002 . His party won this election with 20 seats to 16 for the UNC and formed the new government .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Under the PNM administration , income taxes were substantially reduced and the Corporation Tax reduced from 35% to 25% of profits for most companies . The Government also instituted free university education . The economy grew a pace , primarily due to high natural gas and oil prices and to significant increases in natural gas production . In September 2007 , Manning received an honorary doctorate from Medgar Evers College , CUNY .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " Third term as Prime Minister . In 2007 , Manning called for a general election to be held on 4 November . The PNM won this election with 26 of the 41 seats and Manning began his third term as Prime Minister .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Subsequently , the country experienced a slow down in the economy . Despite this the economic ratings of the country came in for high praises mainly from the Standards and Poor report on 15 August 2008 which raised Trinidad and Tobago from an A- to an A . The Government of Trinidad and Tobago also hosted King Juan Carlos I and Queen Sofia of Spain on 30 November to 2 December 2008 . The purpose of the visit was to strengthen the economic ties between Spain , Latin America and the Caribbean and also to open new markets and possibility",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "for increase trading and the opening of new markets . The country also hosted two world summits in 2009 : the 5th Summit of the Americas on 17 to 19 April 2009 as well as The Commonwealth Heads of Government on 27 to 29 November 2009 .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " The Chilean President Michelle Bachelet paid Prime Minister Manning and the Government of Trinidad and Tobago a visit in 2010 . The purpose was to strengthen bilateral ties between the two countries and as a result a formal agreement was signed in an effort to unite the two countries .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Despite economic growth , crime was considered a serious problem . The number of murders increased sharply from 93 in 1999 to 509 in 2009 . Additionally , 2008 saw the countrys highest number of murders with 550 . The Prime Ministers explanation was that the crime problem was a result of the illegal drug and arms trade . His speech at the 5th summit of the Americas points to the fact that the Caribbean is situated between the narcotic producing South American continent and the narcotic consuming North American continent . Some of his crime detection and prevention methods",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "included the introduction of the Special Anti-Crime Unit of Trinidad and Tobago ( SAUTT ) , two surveillance airships ( commonly referred to as blimps ) , and the inclusion of six high speed off-shore patrol vessels for better control of the countrys maritime borders and coastlines on 15 February 2010 . Manning was quoted as saying that the country could expect to see a 50% decrease in crime because of this effort .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " 2010 elections . On 9 April 2010 Prime Minister Manning advised President George Maxwell Richards to dissolve Parliament resulting in a General Election to be held two years sooner than was constitutionally mandated . Manning later announced 24 May 2010 as the date for general elections . Manning and the PNM lost the election to The Peoples Partnership ( UNC , COP , TOP , NJAC , MSJ ) . Following the defeat , Manning officially resigned as Political Leader of the Party on 27 May 2010 but remained as the Parliamentary Representative for San Fernando East .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Manning was sent to the Privileges Committee following statements he made in Parliament on 19 November 2010 , during a debate on the Interception of Communications Bill . Manning had made certain allegations about the private residence of Prime Minister Kamla Persad-Bissessar on the San Fernando/Siparia/Erin Road . On 24 November 2010 , Speaker of the House Wade Mark ruled that a prima facie case of contempt or breach of privilege had been made out against Manning and referred the matter to the Committee for consideration . Manning was accordingly suspended from the service of the House of Representatives with",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "immediate effect on 16 May 2011 , as declared by House Speaker Wade Mark . During this period , Manning wouldnt be able to represent his San Fernando East constituency in Parliament . Manning is the second Prime Minister to be suspended from the House of Representatives in Trinidad and Tobago .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " On 24 September 2007 , Manning went to Cuba for a routine medical evaluation . For many years , he had engaged in a regular exercise program . On 23 January 2012 , Manning suffered a stroke . Diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia was confirmed on 30 June 2016 and he died at 8:15 AM on July 2 , 2016 at the San Fernando General Hospital , six weeks before his 70th birthday .",
"title": "Illness and death"
}
] |
/wiki/Patrick_Manning#P39#1
|
What position did Patrick Manning take between Jul 1996 and May 2001?
|
Patrick Manning Manning was born in San Fernando and received his secondary education at Presentation College , San Fernando , and his Bachelors Degree from the University of the West Indies at Mona , in 1969 . After graduation , he returned to Trinidad where he worked as a geologist for Texaco . He entered Parliament in 1971 representing the San Fernando East constituency . Life . Early career . After graduating from the University of the West Indies , Manning worked as a geologist with Texaco Trinidad Ltd. , until he ran for Parliament in 1971 . Between 1971 and 1978 he served as Parliamentary Secretary in various Ministries before being appointed junior Minister in the Ministry of Finance in the government of Eric Williams . In 1979 he was given the additional position of junior Minister in the Office of the Prime Minister . In 1981 he was given a full Cabinet position of Minister of Information and Minister of Industry and Commerce . Between 1981 and 1986 he served as Minister of Energy and Natural Resources . The 1986 general elections saw the ruling PNM suffer an almost total defeat . Only three candidates won their seats ; the Prime Minister , George Chambers , was among the losing candidates . As one of the three successful PNM candidates , Manning was appointed Leader of the Opposition . In 1987 , he was elected political leader of the PNM . A split in the ruling National Alliance for Reconstruction in 1988 left the PNM as the minority Opposition party , and , in 1990 , Basdeo Panday requested that he be appointed Leader of the Opposition . Second term as Prime Minister . In 1995 , Manning called a General Election one full year before it was constitutionally due . In this election both the PNM and the UNC won 17 seats each and the NAR won 2 seats . The UNC and the NAR united in a coalition and formed the government ; Basdeo Panday replaced Manning as Prime Minister . Manning served as Leader of the Opposition once again , also losing the 2000 elections . The 2001 elections ended in a tie , with both the Opposition PNM and the governing United National Congress winning 18 seats . President A . N . R . Robinson appointed Manning as Prime Minister . In addition to prime ministership , Manning was also Minister of Finance from 2001 to 2007 . Unable to elect a Speaker of the House of Representatives , Manning proceeded to rule without Parliament until the need to pass a Budget forced him to call elections in October 2002 . His party won this election with 20 seats to 16 for the UNC and formed the new government . Under the PNM administration , income taxes were substantially reduced and the Corporation Tax reduced from 35% to 25% of profits for most companies . The Government also instituted free university education . The economy grew a pace , primarily due to high natural gas and oil prices and to significant increases in natural gas production . In September 2007 , Manning received an honorary doctorate from Medgar Evers College , CUNY . Third term as Prime Minister . In 2007 , Manning called for a general election to be held on 4 November . The PNM won this election with 26 of the 41 seats and Manning began his third term as Prime Minister . Subsequently , the country experienced a slow down in the economy . Despite this the economic ratings of the country came in for high praises mainly from the Standards and Poor report on 15 August 2008 which raised Trinidad and Tobago from an A- to an A . The Government of Trinidad and Tobago also hosted King Juan Carlos I and Queen Sofia of Spain on 30 November to 2 December 2008 . The purpose of the visit was to strengthen the economic ties between Spain , Latin America and the Caribbean and also to open new markets and possibility for increase trading and the opening of new markets . The country also hosted two world summits in 2009 : the 5th Summit of the Americas on 17 to 19 April 2009 as well as The Commonwealth Heads of Government on 27 to 29 November 2009 . The Chilean President Michelle Bachelet paid Prime Minister Manning and the Government of Trinidad and Tobago a visit in 2010 . The purpose was to strengthen bilateral ties between the two countries and as a result a formal agreement was signed in an effort to unite the two countries . Despite economic growth , crime was considered a serious problem . The number of murders increased sharply from 93 in 1999 to 509 in 2009 . Additionally , 2008 saw the countrys highest number of murders with 550 . The Prime Ministers explanation was that the crime problem was a result of the illegal drug and arms trade . His speech at the 5th summit of the Americas points to the fact that the Caribbean is situated between the narcotic producing South American continent and the narcotic consuming North American continent . Some of his crime detection and prevention methods included the introduction of the Special Anti-Crime Unit of Trinidad and Tobago ( SAUTT ) , two surveillance airships ( commonly referred to as blimps ) , and the inclusion of six high speed off-shore patrol vessels for better control of the countrys maritime borders and coastlines on 15 February 2010 . Manning was quoted as saying that the country could expect to see a 50% decrease in crime because of this effort . 2010 elections . On 9 April 2010 Prime Minister Manning advised President George Maxwell Richards to dissolve Parliament resulting in a General Election to be held two years sooner than was constitutionally mandated . Manning later announced 24 May 2010 as the date for general elections . Manning and the PNM lost the election to The Peoples Partnership ( UNC , COP , TOP , NJAC , MSJ ) . Following the defeat , Manning officially resigned as Political Leader of the Party on 27 May 2010 but remained as the Parliamentary Representative for San Fernando East . Manning was sent to the Privileges Committee following statements he made in Parliament on 19 November 2010 , during a debate on the Interception of Communications Bill . Manning had made certain allegations about the private residence of Prime Minister Kamla Persad-Bissessar on the San Fernando/Siparia/Erin Road . On 24 November 2010 , Speaker of the House Wade Mark ruled that a prima facie case of contempt or breach of privilege had been made out against Manning and referred the matter to the Committee for consideration . Manning was accordingly suspended from the service of the House of Representatives with immediate effect on 16 May 2011 , as declared by House Speaker Wade Mark . During this period , Manning wouldnt be able to represent his San Fernando East constituency in Parliament . Manning is the second Prime Minister to be suspended from the House of Representatives in Trinidad and Tobago . Illness and death . On 24 September 2007 , Manning went to Cuba for a routine medical evaluation . For many years , he had engaged in a regular exercise program . On 23 January 2012 , Manning suffered a stroke . Diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia was confirmed on 30 June 2016 and he died at 8:15 AM on July 2 , 2016 at the San Fernando General Hospital , six weeks before his 70th birthday . External links .
|
[
"Leader of the Opposition"
] |
[
{
"text": " Manning was born in San Fernando and received his secondary education at Presentation College , San Fernando , and his Bachelors Degree from the University of the West Indies at Mona , in 1969 . After graduation , he returned to Trinidad where he worked as a geologist for Texaco . He entered Parliament in 1971 representing the San Fernando East constituency .",
"title": "Patrick Manning"
},
{
"text": "After graduating from the University of the West Indies , Manning worked as a geologist with Texaco Trinidad Ltd. , until he ran for Parliament in 1971 . Between 1971 and 1978 he served as Parliamentary Secretary in various Ministries before being appointed junior Minister in the Ministry of Finance in the government of Eric Williams . In 1979 he was given the additional position of junior Minister in the Office of the Prime Minister . In 1981 he was given a full Cabinet position of Minister of Information and Minister of Industry and Commerce . Between 1981 and 1986",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "he served as Minister of Energy and Natural Resources .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "The 1986 general elections saw the ruling PNM suffer an almost total defeat . Only three candidates won their seats ; the Prime Minister , George Chambers , was among the losing candidates . As one of the three successful PNM candidates , Manning was appointed Leader of the Opposition . In 1987 , he was elected political leader of the PNM . A split in the ruling National Alliance for Reconstruction in 1988 left the PNM as the minority Opposition party , and , in 1990 , Basdeo Panday requested that he be appointed Leader of the Opposition .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "In 1995 , Manning called a General Election one full year before it was constitutionally due . In this election both the PNM and the UNC won 17 seats each and the NAR won 2 seats . The UNC and the NAR united in a coalition and formed the government ; Basdeo Panday replaced Manning as Prime Minister . Manning served as Leader of the Opposition once again , also losing the 2000 elections . The 2001 elections ended in a tie , with both the Opposition PNM and the governing United National Congress winning 18 seats . President A",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": ". N . R . Robinson appointed Manning as Prime Minister . In addition to prime ministership , Manning was also Minister of Finance from 2001 to 2007 .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " Unable to elect a Speaker of the House of Representatives , Manning proceeded to rule without Parliament until the need to pass a Budget forced him to call elections in October 2002 . His party won this election with 20 seats to 16 for the UNC and formed the new government .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Under the PNM administration , income taxes were substantially reduced and the Corporation Tax reduced from 35% to 25% of profits for most companies . The Government also instituted free university education . The economy grew a pace , primarily due to high natural gas and oil prices and to significant increases in natural gas production . In September 2007 , Manning received an honorary doctorate from Medgar Evers College , CUNY .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " Third term as Prime Minister . In 2007 , Manning called for a general election to be held on 4 November . The PNM won this election with 26 of the 41 seats and Manning began his third term as Prime Minister .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Subsequently , the country experienced a slow down in the economy . Despite this the economic ratings of the country came in for high praises mainly from the Standards and Poor report on 15 August 2008 which raised Trinidad and Tobago from an A- to an A . The Government of Trinidad and Tobago also hosted King Juan Carlos I and Queen Sofia of Spain on 30 November to 2 December 2008 . The purpose of the visit was to strengthen the economic ties between Spain , Latin America and the Caribbean and also to open new markets and possibility",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "for increase trading and the opening of new markets . The country also hosted two world summits in 2009 : the 5th Summit of the Americas on 17 to 19 April 2009 as well as The Commonwealth Heads of Government on 27 to 29 November 2009 .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " The Chilean President Michelle Bachelet paid Prime Minister Manning and the Government of Trinidad and Tobago a visit in 2010 . The purpose was to strengthen bilateral ties between the two countries and as a result a formal agreement was signed in an effort to unite the two countries .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Despite economic growth , crime was considered a serious problem . The number of murders increased sharply from 93 in 1999 to 509 in 2009 . Additionally , 2008 saw the countrys highest number of murders with 550 . The Prime Ministers explanation was that the crime problem was a result of the illegal drug and arms trade . His speech at the 5th summit of the Americas points to the fact that the Caribbean is situated between the narcotic producing South American continent and the narcotic consuming North American continent . Some of his crime detection and prevention methods",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "included the introduction of the Special Anti-Crime Unit of Trinidad and Tobago ( SAUTT ) , two surveillance airships ( commonly referred to as blimps ) , and the inclusion of six high speed off-shore patrol vessels for better control of the countrys maritime borders and coastlines on 15 February 2010 . Manning was quoted as saying that the country could expect to see a 50% decrease in crime because of this effort .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " 2010 elections . On 9 April 2010 Prime Minister Manning advised President George Maxwell Richards to dissolve Parliament resulting in a General Election to be held two years sooner than was constitutionally mandated . Manning later announced 24 May 2010 as the date for general elections . Manning and the PNM lost the election to The Peoples Partnership ( UNC , COP , TOP , NJAC , MSJ ) . Following the defeat , Manning officially resigned as Political Leader of the Party on 27 May 2010 but remained as the Parliamentary Representative for San Fernando East .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Manning was sent to the Privileges Committee following statements he made in Parliament on 19 November 2010 , during a debate on the Interception of Communications Bill . Manning had made certain allegations about the private residence of Prime Minister Kamla Persad-Bissessar on the San Fernando/Siparia/Erin Road . On 24 November 2010 , Speaker of the House Wade Mark ruled that a prima facie case of contempt or breach of privilege had been made out against Manning and referred the matter to the Committee for consideration . Manning was accordingly suspended from the service of the House of Representatives with",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "immediate effect on 16 May 2011 , as declared by House Speaker Wade Mark . During this period , Manning wouldnt be able to represent his San Fernando East constituency in Parliament . Manning is the second Prime Minister to be suspended from the House of Representatives in Trinidad and Tobago .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " On 24 September 2007 , Manning went to Cuba for a routine medical evaluation . For many years , he had engaged in a regular exercise program . On 23 January 2012 , Manning suffered a stroke . Diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia was confirmed on 30 June 2016 and he died at 8:15 AM on July 2 , 2016 at the San Fernando General Hospital , six weeks before his 70th birthday .",
"title": "Illness and death"
}
] |
/wiki/Patrick_Manning#P39#2
|
What position did Patrick Manning take between May 2006 and Jun 2008?
|
Patrick Manning Manning was born in San Fernando and received his secondary education at Presentation College , San Fernando , and his Bachelors Degree from the University of the West Indies at Mona , in 1969 . After graduation , he returned to Trinidad where he worked as a geologist for Texaco . He entered Parliament in 1971 representing the San Fernando East constituency . Life . Early career . After graduating from the University of the West Indies , Manning worked as a geologist with Texaco Trinidad Ltd. , until he ran for Parliament in 1971 . Between 1971 and 1978 he served as Parliamentary Secretary in various Ministries before being appointed junior Minister in the Ministry of Finance in the government of Eric Williams . In 1979 he was given the additional position of junior Minister in the Office of the Prime Minister . In 1981 he was given a full Cabinet position of Minister of Information and Minister of Industry and Commerce . Between 1981 and 1986 he served as Minister of Energy and Natural Resources . The 1986 general elections saw the ruling PNM suffer an almost total defeat . Only three candidates won their seats ; the Prime Minister , George Chambers , was among the losing candidates . As one of the three successful PNM candidates , Manning was appointed Leader of the Opposition . In 1987 , he was elected political leader of the PNM . A split in the ruling National Alliance for Reconstruction in 1988 left the PNM as the minority Opposition party , and , in 1990 , Basdeo Panday requested that he be appointed Leader of the Opposition . Second term as Prime Minister . In 1995 , Manning called a General Election one full year before it was constitutionally due . In this election both the PNM and the UNC won 17 seats each and the NAR won 2 seats . The UNC and the NAR united in a coalition and formed the government ; Basdeo Panday replaced Manning as Prime Minister . Manning served as Leader of the Opposition once again , also losing the 2000 elections . The 2001 elections ended in a tie , with both the Opposition PNM and the governing United National Congress winning 18 seats . President A . N . R . Robinson appointed Manning as Prime Minister . In addition to prime ministership , Manning was also Minister of Finance from 2001 to 2007 . Unable to elect a Speaker of the House of Representatives , Manning proceeded to rule without Parliament until the need to pass a Budget forced him to call elections in October 2002 . His party won this election with 20 seats to 16 for the UNC and formed the new government . Under the PNM administration , income taxes were substantially reduced and the Corporation Tax reduced from 35% to 25% of profits for most companies . The Government also instituted free university education . The economy grew a pace , primarily due to high natural gas and oil prices and to significant increases in natural gas production . In September 2007 , Manning received an honorary doctorate from Medgar Evers College , CUNY . Third term as Prime Minister . In 2007 , Manning called for a general election to be held on 4 November . The PNM won this election with 26 of the 41 seats and Manning began his third term as Prime Minister . Subsequently , the country experienced a slow down in the economy . Despite this the economic ratings of the country came in for high praises mainly from the Standards and Poor report on 15 August 2008 which raised Trinidad and Tobago from an A- to an A . The Government of Trinidad and Tobago also hosted King Juan Carlos I and Queen Sofia of Spain on 30 November to 2 December 2008 . The purpose of the visit was to strengthen the economic ties between Spain , Latin America and the Caribbean and also to open new markets and possibility for increase trading and the opening of new markets . The country also hosted two world summits in 2009 : the 5th Summit of the Americas on 17 to 19 April 2009 as well as The Commonwealth Heads of Government on 27 to 29 November 2009 . The Chilean President Michelle Bachelet paid Prime Minister Manning and the Government of Trinidad and Tobago a visit in 2010 . The purpose was to strengthen bilateral ties between the two countries and as a result a formal agreement was signed in an effort to unite the two countries . Despite economic growth , crime was considered a serious problem . The number of murders increased sharply from 93 in 1999 to 509 in 2009 . Additionally , 2008 saw the countrys highest number of murders with 550 . The Prime Ministers explanation was that the crime problem was a result of the illegal drug and arms trade . His speech at the 5th summit of the Americas points to the fact that the Caribbean is situated between the narcotic producing South American continent and the narcotic consuming North American continent . Some of his crime detection and prevention methods included the introduction of the Special Anti-Crime Unit of Trinidad and Tobago ( SAUTT ) , two surveillance airships ( commonly referred to as blimps ) , and the inclusion of six high speed off-shore patrol vessels for better control of the countrys maritime borders and coastlines on 15 February 2010 . Manning was quoted as saying that the country could expect to see a 50% decrease in crime because of this effort . 2010 elections . On 9 April 2010 Prime Minister Manning advised President George Maxwell Richards to dissolve Parliament resulting in a General Election to be held two years sooner than was constitutionally mandated . Manning later announced 24 May 2010 as the date for general elections . Manning and the PNM lost the election to The Peoples Partnership ( UNC , COP , TOP , NJAC , MSJ ) . Following the defeat , Manning officially resigned as Political Leader of the Party on 27 May 2010 but remained as the Parliamentary Representative for San Fernando East . Manning was sent to the Privileges Committee following statements he made in Parliament on 19 November 2010 , during a debate on the Interception of Communications Bill . Manning had made certain allegations about the private residence of Prime Minister Kamla Persad-Bissessar on the San Fernando/Siparia/Erin Road . On 24 November 2010 , Speaker of the House Wade Mark ruled that a prima facie case of contempt or breach of privilege had been made out against Manning and referred the matter to the Committee for consideration . Manning was accordingly suspended from the service of the House of Representatives with immediate effect on 16 May 2011 , as declared by House Speaker Wade Mark . During this period , Manning wouldnt be able to represent his San Fernando East constituency in Parliament . Manning is the second Prime Minister to be suspended from the House of Representatives in Trinidad and Tobago . Illness and death . On 24 September 2007 , Manning went to Cuba for a routine medical evaluation . For many years , he had engaged in a regular exercise program . On 23 January 2012 , Manning suffered a stroke . Diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia was confirmed on 30 June 2016 and he died at 8:15 AM on July 2 , 2016 at the San Fernando General Hospital , six weeks before his 70th birthday . External links .
|
[
"Manning as Prime Minister",
"Minister of Finance"
] |
[
{
"text": " Manning was born in San Fernando and received his secondary education at Presentation College , San Fernando , and his Bachelors Degree from the University of the West Indies at Mona , in 1969 . After graduation , he returned to Trinidad where he worked as a geologist for Texaco . He entered Parliament in 1971 representing the San Fernando East constituency .",
"title": "Patrick Manning"
},
{
"text": "After graduating from the University of the West Indies , Manning worked as a geologist with Texaco Trinidad Ltd. , until he ran for Parliament in 1971 . Between 1971 and 1978 he served as Parliamentary Secretary in various Ministries before being appointed junior Minister in the Ministry of Finance in the government of Eric Williams . In 1979 he was given the additional position of junior Minister in the Office of the Prime Minister . In 1981 he was given a full Cabinet position of Minister of Information and Minister of Industry and Commerce . Between 1981 and 1986",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "he served as Minister of Energy and Natural Resources .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "The 1986 general elections saw the ruling PNM suffer an almost total defeat . Only three candidates won their seats ; the Prime Minister , George Chambers , was among the losing candidates . As one of the three successful PNM candidates , Manning was appointed Leader of the Opposition . In 1987 , he was elected political leader of the PNM . A split in the ruling National Alliance for Reconstruction in 1988 left the PNM as the minority Opposition party , and , in 1990 , Basdeo Panday requested that he be appointed Leader of the Opposition .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "In 1995 , Manning called a General Election one full year before it was constitutionally due . In this election both the PNM and the UNC won 17 seats each and the NAR won 2 seats . The UNC and the NAR united in a coalition and formed the government ; Basdeo Panday replaced Manning as Prime Minister . Manning served as Leader of the Opposition once again , also losing the 2000 elections . The 2001 elections ended in a tie , with both the Opposition PNM and the governing United National Congress winning 18 seats . President A",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": ". N . R . Robinson appointed Manning as Prime Minister . In addition to prime ministership , Manning was also Minister of Finance from 2001 to 2007 .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " Unable to elect a Speaker of the House of Representatives , Manning proceeded to rule without Parliament until the need to pass a Budget forced him to call elections in October 2002 . His party won this election with 20 seats to 16 for the UNC and formed the new government .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Under the PNM administration , income taxes were substantially reduced and the Corporation Tax reduced from 35% to 25% of profits for most companies . The Government also instituted free university education . The economy grew a pace , primarily due to high natural gas and oil prices and to significant increases in natural gas production . In September 2007 , Manning received an honorary doctorate from Medgar Evers College , CUNY .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " Third term as Prime Minister . In 2007 , Manning called for a general election to be held on 4 November . The PNM won this election with 26 of the 41 seats and Manning began his third term as Prime Minister .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Subsequently , the country experienced a slow down in the economy . Despite this the economic ratings of the country came in for high praises mainly from the Standards and Poor report on 15 August 2008 which raised Trinidad and Tobago from an A- to an A . The Government of Trinidad and Tobago also hosted King Juan Carlos I and Queen Sofia of Spain on 30 November to 2 December 2008 . The purpose of the visit was to strengthen the economic ties between Spain , Latin America and the Caribbean and also to open new markets and possibility",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "for increase trading and the opening of new markets . The country also hosted two world summits in 2009 : the 5th Summit of the Americas on 17 to 19 April 2009 as well as The Commonwealth Heads of Government on 27 to 29 November 2009 .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " The Chilean President Michelle Bachelet paid Prime Minister Manning and the Government of Trinidad and Tobago a visit in 2010 . The purpose was to strengthen bilateral ties between the two countries and as a result a formal agreement was signed in an effort to unite the two countries .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Despite economic growth , crime was considered a serious problem . The number of murders increased sharply from 93 in 1999 to 509 in 2009 . Additionally , 2008 saw the countrys highest number of murders with 550 . The Prime Ministers explanation was that the crime problem was a result of the illegal drug and arms trade . His speech at the 5th summit of the Americas points to the fact that the Caribbean is situated between the narcotic producing South American continent and the narcotic consuming North American continent . Some of his crime detection and prevention methods",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "included the introduction of the Special Anti-Crime Unit of Trinidad and Tobago ( SAUTT ) , two surveillance airships ( commonly referred to as blimps ) , and the inclusion of six high speed off-shore patrol vessels for better control of the countrys maritime borders and coastlines on 15 February 2010 . Manning was quoted as saying that the country could expect to see a 50% decrease in crime because of this effort .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " 2010 elections . On 9 April 2010 Prime Minister Manning advised President George Maxwell Richards to dissolve Parliament resulting in a General Election to be held two years sooner than was constitutionally mandated . Manning later announced 24 May 2010 as the date for general elections . Manning and the PNM lost the election to The Peoples Partnership ( UNC , COP , TOP , NJAC , MSJ ) . Following the defeat , Manning officially resigned as Political Leader of the Party on 27 May 2010 but remained as the Parliamentary Representative for San Fernando East .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Manning was sent to the Privileges Committee following statements he made in Parliament on 19 November 2010 , during a debate on the Interception of Communications Bill . Manning had made certain allegations about the private residence of Prime Minister Kamla Persad-Bissessar on the San Fernando/Siparia/Erin Road . On 24 November 2010 , Speaker of the House Wade Mark ruled that a prima facie case of contempt or breach of privilege had been made out against Manning and referred the matter to the Committee for consideration . Manning was accordingly suspended from the service of the House of Representatives with",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "immediate effect on 16 May 2011 , as declared by House Speaker Wade Mark . During this period , Manning wouldnt be able to represent his San Fernando East constituency in Parliament . Manning is the second Prime Minister to be suspended from the House of Representatives in Trinidad and Tobago .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " On 24 September 2007 , Manning went to Cuba for a routine medical evaluation . For many years , he had engaged in a regular exercise program . On 23 January 2012 , Manning suffered a stroke . Diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia was confirmed on 30 June 2016 and he died at 8:15 AM on July 2 , 2016 at the San Fernando General Hospital , six weeks before his 70th birthday .",
"title": "Illness and death"
}
] |
/wiki/Patrick_Manning#P39#3
|
What position did Patrick Manning take between Apr 2010 and May 2010?
|
Patrick Manning Manning was born in San Fernando and received his secondary education at Presentation College , San Fernando , and his Bachelors Degree from the University of the West Indies at Mona , in 1969 . After graduation , he returned to Trinidad where he worked as a geologist for Texaco . He entered Parliament in 1971 representing the San Fernando East constituency . Life . Early career . After graduating from the University of the West Indies , Manning worked as a geologist with Texaco Trinidad Ltd. , until he ran for Parliament in 1971 . Between 1971 and 1978 he served as Parliamentary Secretary in various Ministries before being appointed junior Minister in the Ministry of Finance in the government of Eric Williams . In 1979 he was given the additional position of junior Minister in the Office of the Prime Minister . In 1981 he was given a full Cabinet position of Minister of Information and Minister of Industry and Commerce . Between 1981 and 1986 he served as Minister of Energy and Natural Resources . The 1986 general elections saw the ruling PNM suffer an almost total defeat . Only three candidates won their seats ; the Prime Minister , George Chambers , was among the losing candidates . As one of the three successful PNM candidates , Manning was appointed Leader of the Opposition . In 1987 , he was elected political leader of the PNM . A split in the ruling National Alliance for Reconstruction in 1988 left the PNM as the minority Opposition party , and , in 1990 , Basdeo Panday requested that he be appointed Leader of the Opposition . Second term as Prime Minister . In 1995 , Manning called a General Election one full year before it was constitutionally due . In this election both the PNM and the UNC won 17 seats each and the NAR won 2 seats . The UNC and the NAR united in a coalition and formed the government ; Basdeo Panday replaced Manning as Prime Minister . Manning served as Leader of the Opposition once again , also losing the 2000 elections . The 2001 elections ended in a tie , with both the Opposition PNM and the governing United National Congress winning 18 seats . President A . N . R . Robinson appointed Manning as Prime Minister . In addition to prime ministership , Manning was also Minister of Finance from 2001 to 2007 . Unable to elect a Speaker of the House of Representatives , Manning proceeded to rule without Parliament until the need to pass a Budget forced him to call elections in October 2002 . His party won this election with 20 seats to 16 for the UNC and formed the new government . Under the PNM administration , income taxes were substantially reduced and the Corporation Tax reduced from 35% to 25% of profits for most companies . The Government also instituted free university education . The economy grew a pace , primarily due to high natural gas and oil prices and to significant increases in natural gas production . In September 2007 , Manning received an honorary doctorate from Medgar Evers College , CUNY . Third term as Prime Minister . In 2007 , Manning called for a general election to be held on 4 November . The PNM won this election with 26 of the 41 seats and Manning began his third term as Prime Minister . Subsequently , the country experienced a slow down in the economy . Despite this the economic ratings of the country came in for high praises mainly from the Standards and Poor report on 15 August 2008 which raised Trinidad and Tobago from an A- to an A . The Government of Trinidad and Tobago also hosted King Juan Carlos I and Queen Sofia of Spain on 30 November to 2 December 2008 . The purpose of the visit was to strengthen the economic ties between Spain , Latin America and the Caribbean and also to open new markets and possibility for increase trading and the opening of new markets . The country also hosted two world summits in 2009 : the 5th Summit of the Americas on 17 to 19 April 2009 as well as The Commonwealth Heads of Government on 27 to 29 November 2009 . The Chilean President Michelle Bachelet paid Prime Minister Manning and the Government of Trinidad and Tobago a visit in 2010 . The purpose was to strengthen bilateral ties between the two countries and as a result a formal agreement was signed in an effort to unite the two countries . Despite economic growth , crime was considered a serious problem . The number of murders increased sharply from 93 in 1999 to 509 in 2009 . Additionally , 2008 saw the countrys highest number of murders with 550 . The Prime Ministers explanation was that the crime problem was a result of the illegal drug and arms trade . His speech at the 5th summit of the Americas points to the fact that the Caribbean is situated between the narcotic producing South American continent and the narcotic consuming North American continent . Some of his crime detection and prevention methods included the introduction of the Special Anti-Crime Unit of Trinidad and Tobago ( SAUTT ) , two surveillance airships ( commonly referred to as blimps ) , and the inclusion of six high speed off-shore patrol vessels for better control of the countrys maritime borders and coastlines on 15 February 2010 . Manning was quoted as saying that the country could expect to see a 50% decrease in crime because of this effort . 2010 elections . On 9 April 2010 Prime Minister Manning advised President George Maxwell Richards to dissolve Parliament resulting in a General Election to be held two years sooner than was constitutionally mandated . Manning later announced 24 May 2010 as the date for general elections . Manning and the PNM lost the election to The Peoples Partnership ( UNC , COP , TOP , NJAC , MSJ ) . Following the defeat , Manning officially resigned as Political Leader of the Party on 27 May 2010 but remained as the Parliamentary Representative for San Fernando East . Manning was sent to the Privileges Committee following statements he made in Parliament on 19 November 2010 , during a debate on the Interception of Communications Bill . Manning had made certain allegations about the private residence of Prime Minister Kamla Persad-Bissessar on the San Fernando/Siparia/Erin Road . On 24 November 2010 , Speaker of the House Wade Mark ruled that a prima facie case of contempt or breach of privilege had been made out against Manning and referred the matter to the Committee for consideration . Manning was accordingly suspended from the service of the House of Representatives with immediate effect on 16 May 2011 , as declared by House Speaker Wade Mark . During this period , Manning wouldnt be able to represent his San Fernando East constituency in Parliament . Manning is the second Prime Minister to be suspended from the House of Representatives in Trinidad and Tobago . Illness and death . On 24 September 2007 , Manning went to Cuba for a routine medical evaluation . For many years , he had engaged in a regular exercise program . On 23 January 2012 , Manning suffered a stroke . Diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia was confirmed on 30 June 2016 and he died at 8:15 AM on July 2 , 2016 at the San Fernando General Hospital , six weeks before his 70th birthday . External links .
|
[
"Prime Minister"
] |
[
{
"text": " Manning was born in San Fernando and received his secondary education at Presentation College , San Fernando , and his Bachelors Degree from the University of the West Indies at Mona , in 1969 . After graduation , he returned to Trinidad where he worked as a geologist for Texaco . He entered Parliament in 1971 representing the San Fernando East constituency .",
"title": "Patrick Manning"
},
{
"text": "After graduating from the University of the West Indies , Manning worked as a geologist with Texaco Trinidad Ltd. , until he ran for Parliament in 1971 . Between 1971 and 1978 he served as Parliamentary Secretary in various Ministries before being appointed junior Minister in the Ministry of Finance in the government of Eric Williams . In 1979 he was given the additional position of junior Minister in the Office of the Prime Minister . In 1981 he was given a full Cabinet position of Minister of Information and Minister of Industry and Commerce . Between 1981 and 1986",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "he served as Minister of Energy and Natural Resources .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "The 1986 general elections saw the ruling PNM suffer an almost total defeat . Only three candidates won their seats ; the Prime Minister , George Chambers , was among the losing candidates . As one of the three successful PNM candidates , Manning was appointed Leader of the Opposition . In 1987 , he was elected political leader of the PNM . A split in the ruling National Alliance for Reconstruction in 1988 left the PNM as the minority Opposition party , and , in 1990 , Basdeo Panday requested that he be appointed Leader of the Opposition .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "In 1995 , Manning called a General Election one full year before it was constitutionally due . In this election both the PNM and the UNC won 17 seats each and the NAR won 2 seats . The UNC and the NAR united in a coalition and formed the government ; Basdeo Panday replaced Manning as Prime Minister . Manning served as Leader of the Opposition once again , also losing the 2000 elections . The 2001 elections ended in a tie , with both the Opposition PNM and the governing United National Congress winning 18 seats . President A",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": ". N . R . Robinson appointed Manning as Prime Minister . In addition to prime ministership , Manning was also Minister of Finance from 2001 to 2007 .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " Unable to elect a Speaker of the House of Representatives , Manning proceeded to rule without Parliament until the need to pass a Budget forced him to call elections in October 2002 . His party won this election with 20 seats to 16 for the UNC and formed the new government .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Under the PNM administration , income taxes were substantially reduced and the Corporation Tax reduced from 35% to 25% of profits for most companies . The Government also instituted free university education . The economy grew a pace , primarily due to high natural gas and oil prices and to significant increases in natural gas production . In September 2007 , Manning received an honorary doctorate from Medgar Evers College , CUNY .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " Third term as Prime Minister . In 2007 , Manning called for a general election to be held on 4 November . The PNM won this election with 26 of the 41 seats and Manning began his third term as Prime Minister .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Subsequently , the country experienced a slow down in the economy . Despite this the economic ratings of the country came in for high praises mainly from the Standards and Poor report on 15 August 2008 which raised Trinidad and Tobago from an A- to an A . The Government of Trinidad and Tobago also hosted King Juan Carlos I and Queen Sofia of Spain on 30 November to 2 December 2008 . The purpose of the visit was to strengthen the economic ties between Spain , Latin America and the Caribbean and also to open new markets and possibility",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "for increase trading and the opening of new markets . The country also hosted two world summits in 2009 : the 5th Summit of the Americas on 17 to 19 April 2009 as well as The Commonwealth Heads of Government on 27 to 29 November 2009 .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " The Chilean President Michelle Bachelet paid Prime Minister Manning and the Government of Trinidad and Tobago a visit in 2010 . The purpose was to strengthen bilateral ties between the two countries and as a result a formal agreement was signed in an effort to unite the two countries .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Despite economic growth , crime was considered a serious problem . The number of murders increased sharply from 93 in 1999 to 509 in 2009 . Additionally , 2008 saw the countrys highest number of murders with 550 . The Prime Ministers explanation was that the crime problem was a result of the illegal drug and arms trade . His speech at the 5th summit of the Americas points to the fact that the Caribbean is situated between the narcotic producing South American continent and the narcotic consuming North American continent . Some of his crime detection and prevention methods",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "included the introduction of the Special Anti-Crime Unit of Trinidad and Tobago ( SAUTT ) , two surveillance airships ( commonly referred to as blimps ) , and the inclusion of six high speed off-shore patrol vessels for better control of the countrys maritime borders and coastlines on 15 February 2010 . Manning was quoted as saying that the country could expect to see a 50% decrease in crime because of this effort .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " 2010 elections . On 9 April 2010 Prime Minister Manning advised President George Maxwell Richards to dissolve Parliament resulting in a General Election to be held two years sooner than was constitutionally mandated . Manning later announced 24 May 2010 as the date for general elections . Manning and the PNM lost the election to The Peoples Partnership ( UNC , COP , TOP , NJAC , MSJ ) . Following the defeat , Manning officially resigned as Political Leader of the Party on 27 May 2010 but remained as the Parliamentary Representative for San Fernando East .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Manning was sent to the Privileges Committee following statements he made in Parliament on 19 November 2010 , during a debate on the Interception of Communications Bill . Manning had made certain allegations about the private residence of Prime Minister Kamla Persad-Bissessar on the San Fernando/Siparia/Erin Road . On 24 November 2010 , Speaker of the House Wade Mark ruled that a prima facie case of contempt or breach of privilege had been made out against Manning and referred the matter to the Committee for consideration . Manning was accordingly suspended from the service of the House of Representatives with",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "immediate effect on 16 May 2011 , as declared by House Speaker Wade Mark . During this period , Manning wouldnt be able to represent his San Fernando East constituency in Parliament . Manning is the second Prime Minister to be suspended from the House of Representatives in Trinidad and Tobago .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " On 24 September 2007 , Manning went to Cuba for a routine medical evaluation . For many years , he had engaged in a regular exercise program . On 23 January 2012 , Manning suffered a stroke . Diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia was confirmed on 30 June 2016 and he died at 8:15 AM on July 2 , 2016 at the San Fernando General Hospital , six weeks before his 70th birthday .",
"title": "Illness and death"
}
] |
/wiki/Patrick_Manning#P39#4
|
What position did Patrick Manning take in May 2010?
|
Patrick Manning Manning was born in San Fernando and received his secondary education at Presentation College , San Fernando , and his Bachelors Degree from the University of the West Indies at Mona , in 1969 . After graduation , he returned to Trinidad where he worked as a geologist for Texaco . He entered Parliament in 1971 representing the San Fernando East constituency . Life . Early career . After graduating from the University of the West Indies , Manning worked as a geologist with Texaco Trinidad Ltd. , until he ran for Parliament in 1971 . Between 1971 and 1978 he served as Parliamentary Secretary in various Ministries before being appointed junior Minister in the Ministry of Finance in the government of Eric Williams . In 1979 he was given the additional position of junior Minister in the Office of the Prime Minister . In 1981 he was given a full Cabinet position of Minister of Information and Minister of Industry and Commerce . Between 1981 and 1986 he served as Minister of Energy and Natural Resources . The 1986 general elections saw the ruling PNM suffer an almost total defeat . Only three candidates won their seats ; the Prime Minister , George Chambers , was among the losing candidates . As one of the three successful PNM candidates , Manning was appointed Leader of the Opposition . In 1987 , he was elected political leader of the PNM . A split in the ruling National Alliance for Reconstruction in 1988 left the PNM as the minority Opposition party , and , in 1990 , Basdeo Panday requested that he be appointed Leader of the Opposition . Second term as Prime Minister . In 1995 , Manning called a General Election one full year before it was constitutionally due . In this election both the PNM and the UNC won 17 seats each and the NAR won 2 seats . The UNC and the NAR united in a coalition and formed the government ; Basdeo Panday replaced Manning as Prime Minister . Manning served as Leader of the Opposition once again , also losing the 2000 elections . The 2001 elections ended in a tie , with both the Opposition PNM and the governing United National Congress winning 18 seats . President A . N . R . Robinson appointed Manning as Prime Minister . In addition to prime ministership , Manning was also Minister of Finance from 2001 to 2007 . Unable to elect a Speaker of the House of Representatives , Manning proceeded to rule without Parliament until the need to pass a Budget forced him to call elections in October 2002 . His party won this election with 20 seats to 16 for the UNC and formed the new government . Under the PNM administration , income taxes were substantially reduced and the Corporation Tax reduced from 35% to 25% of profits for most companies . The Government also instituted free university education . The economy grew a pace , primarily due to high natural gas and oil prices and to significant increases in natural gas production . In September 2007 , Manning received an honorary doctorate from Medgar Evers College , CUNY . Third term as Prime Minister . In 2007 , Manning called for a general election to be held on 4 November . The PNM won this election with 26 of the 41 seats and Manning began his third term as Prime Minister . Subsequently , the country experienced a slow down in the economy . Despite this the economic ratings of the country came in for high praises mainly from the Standards and Poor report on 15 August 2008 which raised Trinidad and Tobago from an A- to an A . The Government of Trinidad and Tobago also hosted King Juan Carlos I and Queen Sofia of Spain on 30 November to 2 December 2008 . The purpose of the visit was to strengthen the economic ties between Spain , Latin America and the Caribbean and also to open new markets and possibility for increase trading and the opening of new markets . The country also hosted two world summits in 2009 : the 5th Summit of the Americas on 17 to 19 April 2009 as well as The Commonwealth Heads of Government on 27 to 29 November 2009 . The Chilean President Michelle Bachelet paid Prime Minister Manning and the Government of Trinidad and Tobago a visit in 2010 . The purpose was to strengthen bilateral ties between the two countries and as a result a formal agreement was signed in an effort to unite the two countries . Despite economic growth , crime was considered a serious problem . The number of murders increased sharply from 93 in 1999 to 509 in 2009 . Additionally , 2008 saw the countrys highest number of murders with 550 . The Prime Ministers explanation was that the crime problem was a result of the illegal drug and arms trade . His speech at the 5th summit of the Americas points to the fact that the Caribbean is situated between the narcotic producing South American continent and the narcotic consuming North American continent . Some of his crime detection and prevention methods included the introduction of the Special Anti-Crime Unit of Trinidad and Tobago ( SAUTT ) , two surveillance airships ( commonly referred to as blimps ) , and the inclusion of six high speed off-shore patrol vessels for better control of the countrys maritime borders and coastlines on 15 February 2010 . Manning was quoted as saying that the country could expect to see a 50% decrease in crime because of this effort . 2010 elections . On 9 April 2010 Prime Minister Manning advised President George Maxwell Richards to dissolve Parliament resulting in a General Election to be held two years sooner than was constitutionally mandated . Manning later announced 24 May 2010 as the date for general elections . Manning and the PNM lost the election to The Peoples Partnership ( UNC , COP , TOP , NJAC , MSJ ) . Following the defeat , Manning officially resigned as Political Leader of the Party on 27 May 2010 but remained as the Parliamentary Representative for San Fernando East . Manning was sent to the Privileges Committee following statements he made in Parliament on 19 November 2010 , during a debate on the Interception of Communications Bill . Manning had made certain allegations about the private residence of Prime Minister Kamla Persad-Bissessar on the San Fernando/Siparia/Erin Road . On 24 November 2010 , Speaker of the House Wade Mark ruled that a prima facie case of contempt or breach of privilege had been made out against Manning and referred the matter to the Committee for consideration . Manning was accordingly suspended from the service of the House of Representatives with immediate effect on 16 May 2011 , as declared by House Speaker Wade Mark . During this period , Manning wouldnt be able to represent his San Fernando East constituency in Parliament . Manning is the second Prime Minister to be suspended from the House of Representatives in Trinidad and Tobago . Illness and death . On 24 September 2007 , Manning went to Cuba for a routine medical evaluation . For many years , he had engaged in a regular exercise program . On 23 January 2012 , Manning suffered a stroke . Diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia was confirmed on 30 June 2016 and he died at 8:15 AM on July 2 , 2016 at the San Fernando General Hospital , six weeks before his 70th birthday . External links .
|
[
"Prime Minister"
] |
[
{
"text": " Manning was born in San Fernando and received his secondary education at Presentation College , San Fernando , and his Bachelors Degree from the University of the West Indies at Mona , in 1969 . After graduation , he returned to Trinidad where he worked as a geologist for Texaco . He entered Parliament in 1971 representing the San Fernando East constituency .",
"title": "Patrick Manning"
},
{
"text": "After graduating from the University of the West Indies , Manning worked as a geologist with Texaco Trinidad Ltd. , until he ran for Parliament in 1971 . Between 1971 and 1978 he served as Parliamentary Secretary in various Ministries before being appointed junior Minister in the Ministry of Finance in the government of Eric Williams . In 1979 he was given the additional position of junior Minister in the Office of the Prime Minister . In 1981 he was given a full Cabinet position of Minister of Information and Minister of Industry and Commerce . Between 1981 and 1986",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "he served as Minister of Energy and Natural Resources .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "The 1986 general elections saw the ruling PNM suffer an almost total defeat . Only three candidates won their seats ; the Prime Minister , George Chambers , was among the losing candidates . As one of the three successful PNM candidates , Manning was appointed Leader of the Opposition . In 1987 , he was elected political leader of the PNM . A split in the ruling National Alliance for Reconstruction in 1988 left the PNM as the minority Opposition party , and , in 1990 , Basdeo Panday requested that he be appointed Leader of the Opposition .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "In 1995 , Manning called a General Election one full year before it was constitutionally due . In this election both the PNM and the UNC won 17 seats each and the NAR won 2 seats . The UNC and the NAR united in a coalition and formed the government ; Basdeo Panday replaced Manning as Prime Minister . Manning served as Leader of the Opposition once again , also losing the 2000 elections . The 2001 elections ended in a tie , with both the Opposition PNM and the governing United National Congress winning 18 seats . President A",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": ". N . R . Robinson appointed Manning as Prime Minister . In addition to prime ministership , Manning was also Minister of Finance from 2001 to 2007 .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " Unable to elect a Speaker of the House of Representatives , Manning proceeded to rule without Parliament until the need to pass a Budget forced him to call elections in October 2002 . His party won this election with 20 seats to 16 for the UNC and formed the new government .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Under the PNM administration , income taxes were substantially reduced and the Corporation Tax reduced from 35% to 25% of profits for most companies . The Government also instituted free university education . The economy grew a pace , primarily due to high natural gas and oil prices and to significant increases in natural gas production . In September 2007 , Manning received an honorary doctorate from Medgar Evers College , CUNY .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " Third term as Prime Minister . In 2007 , Manning called for a general election to be held on 4 November . The PNM won this election with 26 of the 41 seats and Manning began his third term as Prime Minister .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Subsequently , the country experienced a slow down in the economy . Despite this the economic ratings of the country came in for high praises mainly from the Standards and Poor report on 15 August 2008 which raised Trinidad and Tobago from an A- to an A . The Government of Trinidad and Tobago also hosted King Juan Carlos I and Queen Sofia of Spain on 30 November to 2 December 2008 . The purpose of the visit was to strengthen the economic ties between Spain , Latin America and the Caribbean and also to open new markets and possibility",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "for increase trading and the opening of new markets . The country also hosted two world summits in 2009 : the 5th Summit of the Americas on 17 to 19 April 2009 as well as The Commonwealth Heads of Government on 27 to 29 November 2009 .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " The Chilean President Michelle Bachelet paid Prime Minister Manning and the Government of Trinidad and Tobago a visit in 2010 . The purpose was to strengthen bilateral ties between the two countries and as a result a formal agreement was signed in an effort to unite the two countries .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Despite economic growth , crime was considered a serious problem . The number of murders increased sharply from 93 in 1999 to 509 in 2009 . Additionally , 2008 saw the countrys highest number of murders with 550 . The Prime Ministers explanation was that the crime problem was a result of the illegal drug and arms trade . His speech at the 5th summit of the Americas points to the fact that the Caribbean is situated between the narcotic producing South American continent and the narcotic consuming North American continent . Some of his crime detection and prevention methods",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "included the introduction of the Special Anti-Crime Unit of Trinidad and Tobago ( SAUTT ) , two surveillance airships ( commonly referred to as blimps ) , and the inclusion of six high speed off-shore patrol vessels for better control of the countrys maritime borders and coastlines on 15 February 2010 . Manning was quoted as saying that the country could expect to see a 50% decrease in crime because of this effort .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " 2010 elections . On 9 April 2010 Prime Minister Manning advised President George Maxwell Richards to dissolve Parliament resulting in a General Election to be held two years sooner than was constitutionally mandated . Manning later announced 24 May 2010 as the date for general elections . Manning and the PNM lost the election to The Peoples Partnership ( UNC , COP , TOP , NJAC , MSJ ) . Following the defeat , Manning officially resigned as Political Leader of the Party on 27 May 2010 but remained as the Parliamentary Representative for San Fernando East .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Manning was sent to the Privileges Committee following statements he made in Parliament on 19 November 2010 , during a debate on the Interception of Communications Bill . Manning had made certain allegations about the private residence of Prime Minister Kamla Persad-Bissessar on the San Fernando/Siparia/Erin Road . On 24 November 2010 , Speaker of the House Wade Mark ruled that a prima facie case of contempt or breach of privilege had been made out against Manning and referred the matter to the Committee for consideration . Manning was accordingly suspended from the service of the House of Representatives with",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "immediate effect on 16 May 2011 , as declared by House Speaker Wade Mark . During this period , Manning wouldnt be able to represent his San Fernando East constituency in Parliament . Manning is the second Prime Minister to be suspended from the House of Representatives in Trinidad and Tobago .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " On 24 September 2007 , Manning went to Cuba for a routine medical evaluation . For many years , he had engaged in a regular exercise program . On 23 January 2012 , Manning suffered a stroke . Diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia was confirmed on 30 June 2016 and he died at 8:15 AM on July 2 , 2016 at the San Fernando General Hospital , six weeks before his 70th birthday .",
"title": "Illness and death"
}
] |
/wiki/Henry_Arthur_Blake#P39#0
|
Which position did Henry Arthur Blake hold between Apr 1884 and Mar 1885?
|
Henry Arthur Blake Sir Henry Arthur Blake ( ; 8January 184023February 1918 ) was a British colonial administrator and Governor of Hong Kong from 1898 to 1903 . Early life , family and career . Blake was born in Limerick , Ireland . He was the son of Peter Blake of Corbally Castle ( c . 1805 – bur . St . Anns , Dublin , 19 November 1850 ) , a Galway-born county Inspector of the Irish Constabulary , and wife ( m . Mobarnan , County Tipperary ) Jane Lane ( Lanespark , County Tipperary , 5 March 1819 – ? ) , daughter of John Lane of Lanespark , County Tipperary , and paternal grandson of Peter Blake of Corbally Castle , County Galway ( ? – 1842 , bur . Peter’s Well , County Galway ) and wife ( m . 14 May 1800 ) Mary Browne , daughter of The Hon . John Browne and wife Mary Cocks and paternal granddaughter of John Browne , 1st Earl of Altamont , and wife Anne Gore . He was included among the descendants the Blakes of Corbally Castle , Kilmoylan , County Galway , the descendants of Peter Blake ( ? – 1712 ) , who was granted the lands of Corbally , Kilmoylan , County Galway , on 20 December 1697 , and wife Magdeline Martin , the Blakes . Peter Blake was a son of Sir Richard Blake and wife Gyles Kirwan . Blake started out as a clerk in the Bank of Ireland but lasted only 18 months before resigning and commencing a cadetship in the Irish Constabulary in 1857 . He became a special inspector two years later . In 1876 , he was appointed Resident Magistrate to Tuam , an especially disturbed district in the west of Ireland , where he was noted as judicious and active . In 1882 , he was promoted to Special Resident Magistrate . Early colonial services . In 1884 , Blake was made Governor of Bahamas , a position he held until 1887 . He was appointed to Queensland in 1886 but resigned without entering the administration , following an imbroglio between Secretary of State for the Colonies , Lord Knutsford , and the premier of Queensland , Sir Thomas MIlwraith , on the appointment . In 1887 , he moved to Newfoundland , where he was governor until the end of 1888 , being knighted on 7 November that year . In 1889 he became the Captain-General and Governor of Jamaica . His term was extended in 1894 and 1896 , at the request of Legislature and public bodies of the island , until 1897 . Governor of Hong Kong . On 25 November 1898 , Blake was appointed Governor of Hong Kong , a position he held until November 1903 . Five months before he arrived in Hong Kong , the British government negotiated an agreement with the Qing government which leased the New Territories to British Hong Kong for 99 years . During his tenure , Blake sent in colonial administrators to the New Territories to assert control over the local punti clans . The clans resisted the British takeover of the New Territories , resulting in the outbreak of the Six-Day War ; a largely Indian force under the command of British Army officer William Gascoigne managed to defeat the punti clans , with Blake adopting an amiable co-operation policy to prevent further trouble and allowed them to retain traditional laws and customs in regards to land inheritance , land usage and marriage . Blake left Hong Kong immediately after he attended the laying of the foundation stone of the Supreme Court building ( Legislative Council of Hong Kong from 1985 to 2011 ) on 12 November 1903 . Post-Hong Kong . Blake was appointed Governor of Ceylon at the end of his tenure in Hong Kong in 1903 , and he served in that capacity until 1907 . This was his last post in the Colonial Service . A freshly retired Blake impressed George Morrison with his bitterness at not landing a Privy Council sinecure in gratitude for his 41 years public service . The Blakes retired to Myrtle Grove in Youghal , County Cork , where they both died and were buried . Personal life . Blake married twice : Jeannie Irwin in 1862 ( she died in 1866 ) , and Edith Bernal Osborne in Ireland , on 7 February 1874 ( she was the daughter of MP Ralph Bernal Osborne ) . He had two sons , and one daughter Olive , who married John Bernard Arbuthnot . During his period as Governor of The Bahamas , a watercolour of his three children , Children Under a Palm , was painted by Winslow Homer . The painting was subsequently featured on the BBC TV programme , Fake or Fortune ? Honours . - Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George ( CMG ) , 1887 - Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George ( KCMG ) , 1888 - Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George ( GCMG ) , 1897 - Knight of Justice of Order of St . John of Jerusalem - Fellow of Royal Geographical Society ( FRGS ) - JP - DL - Fellow of Royal Colonial Institute ( FRCI ) - Fellow of Institute of Directors ( FIoD ) - Honorary Colonel of Ceylon Mounted Rifles - District Grand Master Ceylon Freemasons - Member , Council Royal Dublin Society - Honorary Member , Royal Zoological Society , London Legacy . The community of Blaketown in Canada was named in his honour when he was the governor of Newfoundland . Blake Garden , Blake Pier ( 卜公碼頭 ) and Blake Block ( now within the Peoples Liberation Army Hong Kong Headquarters ) are named after him . The Bauhinia blakeana , discovered in Hong Kong around 1880 , was named after him ( Blake shared his wifes interest in botany ) . It became an emblem of Hong Kong in 1965 and has been the official emblem from 1 July 1997 . It appears on the flag of Hong Kong and its currency . The John Crow Mountains in Jamaica were renamed the Blake Mountains in 1890 but the name did not stick . Publications . - McGrath , Terence , pseud . [ i.e . Sir Henry Arthur Blake. ] 1880 , Pictures from Ireland . Kegan Paul & Co. : London , 1880 . Available from archive.org
|
[
"Governor of Bahamas"
] |
[
{
"text": " Sir Henry Arthur Blake ( ; 8January 184023February 1918 ) was a British colonial administrator and Governor of Hong Kong from 1898 to 1903 . Early life , family and career .",
"title": "Henry Arthur Blake"
},
{
"text": "Blake was born in Limerick , Ireland . He was the son of Peter Blake of Corbally Castle ( c . 1805 – bur . St . Anns , Dublin , 19 November 1850 ) , a Galway-born county Inspector of the Irish Constabulary , and wife ( m . Mobarnan , County Tipperary ) Jane Lane ( Lanespark , County Tipperary , 5 March 1819 – ? ) , daughter of John Lane of Lanespark , County Tipperary , and paternal grandson of Peter Blake of Corbally Castle , County Galway ( ? – 1842 , bur . Peter’s",
"title": "Henry Arthur Blake"
},
{
"text": "Well , County Galway ) and wife ( m . 14 May 1800 ) Mary Browne , daughter of The Hon . John Browne and wife Mary Cocks and paternal granddaughter of John Browne , 1st Earl of Altamont , and wife Anne Gore . He was included among the descendants the Blakes of Corbally Castle , Kilmoylan , County Galway , the descendants of Peter Blake ( ? – 1712 ) , who was granted the lands of Corbally , Kilmoylan , County Galway , on 20 December 1697 , and wife Magdeline Martin , the Blakes . Peter",
"title": "Henry Arthur Blake"
},
{
"text": "Blake was a son of Sir Richard Blake and wife Gyles Kirwan .",
"title": "Henry Arthur Blake"
},
{
"text": " Blake started out as a clerk in the Bank of Ireland but lasted only 18 months before resigning and commencing a cadetship in the Irish Constabulary in 1857 . He became a special inspector two years later . In 1876 , he was appointed Resident Magistrate to Tuam , an especially disturbed district in the west of Ireland , where he was noted as judicious and active . In 1882 , he was promoted to Special Resident Magistrate .",
"title": "Henry Arthur Blake"
},
{
"text": "In 1884 , Blake was made Governor of Bahamas , a position he held until 1887 . He was appointed to Queensland in 1886 but resigned without entering the administration , following an imbroglio between Secretary of State for the Colonies , Lord Knutsford , and the premier of Queensland , Sir Thomas MIlwraith , on the appointment . In 1887 , he moved to Newfoundland , where he was governor until the end of 1888 , being knighted on 7 November that year . In 1889 he became the Captain-General and Governor of Jamaica . His term was extended",
"title": "Early colonial services"
},
{
"text": "in 1894 and 1896 , at the request of Legislature and public bodies of the island , until 1897 .",
"title": "Early colonial services"
},
{
"text": "On 25 November 1898 , Blake was appointed Governor of Hong Kong , a position he held until November 1903 . Five months before he arrived in Hong Kong , the British government negotiated an agreement with the Qing government which leased the New Territories to British Hong Kong for 99 years . During his tenure , Blake sent in colonial administrators to the New Territories to assert control over the local punti clans . The clans resisted the British takeover of the New Territories , resulting in the outbreak of the Six-Day War ; a largely Indian force under",
"title": "Early colonial services"
},
{
"text": "the command of British Army officer William Gascoigne managed to defeat the punti clans , with Blake adopting an amiable co-operation policy to prevent further trouble and allowed them to retain traditional laws and customs in regards to land inheritance , land usage and marriage .",
"title": "Early colonial services"
},
{
"text": " Blake left Hong Kong immediately after he attended the laying of the foundation stone of the Supreme Court building ( Legislative Council of Hong Kong from 1985 to 2011 ) on 12 November 1903 .",
"title": "Early colonial services"
},
{
"text": " Blake was appointed Governor of Ceylon at the end of his tenure in Hong Kong in 1903 , and he served in that capacity until 1907 . This was his last post in the Colonial Service . A freshly retired Blake impressed George Morrison with his bitterness at not landing a Privy Council sinecure in gratitude for his 41 years public service . The Blakes retired to Myrtle Grove in Youghal , County Cork , where they both died and were buried .",
"title": "Post-Hong Kong"
},
{
"text": " Blake married twice : Jeannie Irwin in 1862 ( she died in 1866 ) , and Edith Bernal Osborne in Ireland , on 7 February 1874 ( she was the daughter of MP Ralph Bernal Osborne ) . He had two sons , and one daughter Olive , who married John Bernard Arbuthnot . During his period as Governor of The Bahamas , a watercolour of his three children , Children Under a Palm , was painted by Winslow Homer . The painting was subsequently featured on the BBC TV programme , Fake or Fortune ?",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George ( CMG ) , 1887 - Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George ( KCMG ) , 1888 - Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George ( GCMG ) , 1897 - Knight of Justice of Order of St . John of Jerusalem - Fellow of Royal Geographical Society ( FRGS ) - JP - DL - Fellow of Royal Colonial Institute ( FRCI ) - Fellow of Institute of Directors ( FIoD )",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": "- Honorary Colonel of Ceylon Mounted Rifles",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": " - District Grand Master Ceylon Freemasons - Member , Council Royal Dublin Society - Honorary Member , Royal Zoological Society , London",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": " The community of Blaketown in Canada was named in his honour when he was the governor of Newfoundland . Blake Garden , Blake Pier ( 卜公碼頭 ) and Blake Block ( now within the Peoples Liberation Army Hong Kong Headquarters ) are named after him .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "The Bauhinia blakeana , discovered in Hong Kong around 1880 , was named after him ( Blake shared his wifes interest in botany ) . It became an emblem of Hong Kong in 1965 and has been the official emblem from 1 July 1997 . It appears on the flag of Hong Kong and its currency .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " The John Crow Mountains in Jamaica were renamed the Blake Mountains in 1890 but the name did not stick .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " - McGrath , Terence , pseud . [ i.e . Sir Henry Arthur Blake. ] 1880 , Pictures from Ireland . Kegan Paul & Co. : London , 1880 . Available from archive.org",
"title": "Publications"
}
] |
/wiki/Henry_Arthur_Blake#P39#1
|
Which position did Henry Arthur Blake hold between Aug 1888 and Oct 1888?
|
Henry Arthur Blake Sir Henry Arthur Blake ( ; 8January 184023February 1918 ) was a British colonial administrator and Governor of Hong Kong from 1898 to 1903 . Early life , family and career . Blake was born in Limerick , Ireland . He was the son of Peter Blake of Corbally Castle ( c . 1805 – bur . St . Anns , Dublin , 19 November 1850 ) , a Galway-born county Inspector of the Irish Constabulary , and wife ( m . Mobarnan , County Tipperary ) Jane Lane ( Lanespark , County Tipperary , 5 March 1819 – ? ) , daughter of John Lane of Lanespark , County Tipperary , and paternal grandson of Peter Blake of Corbally Castle , County Galway ( ? – 1842 , bur . Peter’s Well , County Galway ) and wife ( m . 14 May 1800 ) Mary Browne , daughter of The Hon . John Browne and wife Mary Cocks and paternal granddaughter of John Browne , 1st Earl of Altamont , and wife Anne Gore . He was included among the descendants the Blakes of Corbally Castle , Kilmoylan , County Galway , the descendants of Peter Blake ( ? – 1712 ) , who was granted the lands of Corbally , Kilmoylan , County Galway , on 20 December 1697 , and wife Magdeline Martin , the Blakes . Peter Blake was a son of Sir Richard Blake and wife Gyles Kirwan . Blake started out as a clerk in the Bank of Ireland but lasted only 18 months before resigning and commencing a cadetship in the Irish Constabulary in 1857 . He became a special inspector two years later . In 1876 , he was appointed Resident Magistrate to Tuam , an especially disturbed district in the west of Ireland , where he was noted as judicious and active . In 1882 , he was promoted to Special Resident Magistrate . Early colonial services . In 1884 , Blake was made Governor of Bahamas , a position he held until 1887 . He was appointed to Queensland in 1886 but resigned without entering the administration , following an imbroglio between Secretary of State for the Colonies , Lord Knutsford , and the premier of Queensland , Sir Thomas MIlwraith , on the appointment . In 1887 , he moved to Newfoundland , where he was governor until the end of 1888 , being knighted on 7 November that year . In 1889 he became the Captain-General and Governor of Jamaica . His term was extended in 1894 and 1896 , at the request of Legislature and public bodies of the island , until 1897 . Governor of Hong Kong . On 25 November 1898 , Blake was appointed Governor of Hong Kong , a position he held until November 1903 . Five months before he arrived in Hong Kong , the British government negotiated an agreement with the Qing government which leased the New Territories to British Hong Kong for 99 years . During his tenure , Blake sent in colonial administrators to the New Territories to assert control over the local punti clans . The clans resisted the British takeover of the New Territories , resulting in the outbreak of the Six-Day War ; a largely Indian force under the command of British Army officer William Gascoigne managed to defeat the punti clans , with Blake adopting an amiable co-operation policy to prevent further trouble and allowed them to retain traditional laws and customs in regards to land inheritance , land usage and marriage . Blake left Hong Kong immediately after he attended the laying of the foundation stone of the Supreme Court building ( Legislative Council of Hong Kong from 1985 to 2011 ) on 12 November 1903 . Post-Hong Kong . Blake was appointed Governor of Ceylon at the end of his tenure in Hong Kong in 1903 , and he served in that capacity until 1907 . This was his last post in the Colonial Service . A freshly retired Blake impressed George Morrison with his bitterness at not landing a Privy Council sinecure in gratitude for his 41 years public service . The Blakes retired to Myrtle Grove in Youghal , County Cork , where they both died and were buried . Personal life . Blake married twice : Jeannie Irwin in 1862 ( she died in 1866 ) , and Edith Bernal Osborne in Ireland , on 7 February 1874 ( she was the daughter of MP Ralph Bernal Osborne ) . He had two sons , and one daughter Olive , who married John Bernard Arbuthnot . During his period as Governor of The Bahamas , a watercolour of his three children , Children Under a Palm , was painted by Winslow Homer . The painting was subsequently featured on the BBC TV programme , Fake or Fortune ? Honours . - Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George ( CMG ) , 1887 - Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George ( KCMG ) , 1888 - Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George ( GCMG ) , 1897 - Knight of Justice of Order of St . John of Jerusalem - Fellow of Royal Geographical Society ( FRGS ) - JP - DL - Fellow of Royal Colonial Institute ( FRCI ) - Fellow of Institute of Directors ( FIoD ) - Honorary Colonel of Ceylon Mounted Rifles - District Grand Master Ceylon Freemasons - Member , Council Royal Dublin Society - Honorary Member , Royal Zoological Society , London Legacy . The community of Blaketown in Canada was named in his honour when he was the governor of Newfoundland . Blake Garden , Blake Pier ( 卜公碼頭 ) and Blake Block ( now within the Peoples Liberation Army Hong Kong Headquarters ) are named after him . The Bauhinia blakeana , discovered in Hong Kong around 1880 , was named after him ( Blake shared his wifes interest in botany ) . It became an emblem of Hong Kong in 1965 and has been the official emblem from 1 July 1997 . It appears on the flag of Hong Kong and its currency . The John Crow Mountains in Jamaica were renamed the Blake Mountains in 1890 but the name did not stick . Publications . - McGrath , Terence , pseud . [ i.e . Sir Henry Arthur Blake. ] 1880 , Pictures from Ireland . Kegan Paul & Co. : London , 1880 . Available from archive.org
|
[
"governor"
] |
[
{
"text": " Sir Henry Arthur Blake ( ; 8January 184023February 1918 ) was a British colonial administrator and Governor of Hong Kong from 1898 to 1903 . Early life , family and career .",
"title": "Henry Arthur Blake"
},
{
"text": "Blake was born in Limerick , Ireland . He was the son of Peter Blake of Corbally Castle ( c . 1805 – bur . St . Anns , Dublin , 19 November 1850 ) , a Galway-born county Inspector of the Irish Constabulary , and wife ( m . Mobarnan , County Tipperary ) Jane Lane ( Lanespark , County Tipperary , 5 March 1819 – ? ) , daughter of John Lane of Lanespark , County Tipperary , and paternal grandson of Peter Blake of Corbally Castle , County Galway ( ? – 1842 , bur . Peter’s",
"title": "Henry Arthur Blake"
},
{
"text": "Well , County Galway ) and wife ( m . 14 May 1800 ) Mary Browne , daughter of The Hon . John Browne and wife Mary Cocks and paternal granddaughter of John Browne , 1st Earl of Altamont , and wife Anne Gore . He was included among the descendants the Blakes of Corbally Castle , Kilmoylan , County Galway , the descendants of Peter Blake ( ? – 1712 ) , who was granted the lands of Corbally , Kilmoylan , County Galway , on 20 December 1697 , and wife Magdeline Martin , the Blakes . Peter",
"title": "Henry Arthur Blake"
},
{
"text": "Blake was a son of Sir Richard Blake and wife Gyles Kirwan .",
"title": "Henry Arthur Blake"
},
{
"text": " Blake started out as a clerk in the Bank of Ireland but lasted only 18 months before resigning and commencing a cadetship in the Irish Constabulary in 1857 . He became a special inspector two years later . In 1876 , he was appointed Resident Magistrate to Tuam , an especially disturbed district in the west of Ireland , where he was noted as judicious and active . In 1882 , he was promoted to Special Resident Magistrate .",
"title": "Henry Arthur Blake"
},
{
"text": "In 1884 , Blake was made Governor of Bahamas , a position he held until 1887 . He was appointed to Queensland in 1886 but resigned without entering the administration , following an imbroglio between Secretary of State for the Colonies , Lord Knutsford , and the premier of Queensland , Sir Thomas MIlwraith , on the appointment . In 1887 , he moved to Newfoundland , where he was governor until the end of 1888 , being knighted on 7 November that year . In 1889 he became the Captain-General and Governor of Jamaica . His term was extended",
"title": "Early colonial services"
},
{
"text": "in 1894 and 1896 , at the request of Legislature and public bodies of the island , until 1897 .",
"title": "Early colonial services"
},
{
"text": "On 25 November 1898 , Blake was appointed Governor of Hong Kong , a position he held until November 1903 . Five months before he arrived in Hong Kong , the British government negotiated an agreement with the Qing government which leased the New Territories to British Hong Kong for 99 years . During his tenure , Blake sent in colonial administrators to the New Territories to assert control over the local punti clans . The clans resisted the British takeover of the New Territories , resulting in the outbreak of the Six-Day War ; a largely Indian force under",
"title": "Early colonial services"
},
{
"text": "the command of British Army officer William Gascoigne managed to defeat the punti clans , with Blake adopting an amiable co-operation policy to prevent further trouble and allowed them to retain traditional laws and customs in regards to land inheritance , land usage and marriage .",
"title": "Early colonial services"
},
{
"text": " Blake left Hong Kong immediately after he attended the laying of the foundation stone of the Supreme Court building ( Legislative Council of Hong Kong from 1985 to 2011 ) on 12 November 1903 .",
"title": "Early colonial services"
},
{
"text": " Blake was appointed Governor of Ceylon at the end of his tenure in Hong Kong in 1903 , and he served in that capacity until 1907 . This was his last post in the Colonial Service . A freshly retired Blake impressed George Morrison with his bitterness at not landing a Privy Council sinecure in gratitude for his 41 years public service . The Blakes retired to Myrtle Grove in Youghal , County Cork , where they both died and were buried .",
"title": "Post-Hong Kong"
},
{
"text": " Blake married twice : Jeannie Irwin in 1862 ( she died in 1866 ) , and Edith Bernal Osborne in Ireland , on 7 February 1874 ( she was the daughter of MP Ralph Bernal Osborne ) . He had two sons , and one daughter Olive , who married John Bernard Arbuthnot . During his period as Governor of The Bahamas , a watercolour of his three children , Children Under a Palm , was painted by Winslow Homer . The painting was subsequently featured on the BBC TV programme , Fake or Fortune ?",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George ( CMG ) , 1887 - Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George ( KCMG ) , 1888 - Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George ( GCMG ) , 1897 - Knight of Justice of Order of St . John of Jerusalem - Fellow of Royal Geographical Society ( FRGS ) - JP - DL - Fellow of Royal Colonial Institute ( FRCI ) - Fellow of Institute of Directors ( FIoD )",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": "- Honorary Colonel of Ceylon Mounted Rifles",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": " - District Grand Master Ceylon Freemasons - Member , Council Royal Dublin Society - Honorary Member , Royal Zoological Society , London",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": " The community of Blaketown in Canada was named in his honour when he was the governor of Newfoundland . Blake Garden , Blake Pier ( 卜公碼頭 ) and Blake Block ( now within the Peoples Liberation Army Hong Kong Headquarters ) are named after him .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "The Bauhinia blakeana , discovered in Hong Kong around 1880 , was named after him ( Blake shared his wifes interest in botany ) . It became an emblem of Hong Kong in 1965 and has been the official emblem from 1 July 1997 . It appears on the flag of Hong Kong and its currency .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " The John Crow Mountains in Jamaica were renamed the Blake Mountains in 1890 but the name did not stick .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " - McGrath , Terence , pseud . [ i.e . Sir Henry Arthur Blake. ] 1880 , Pictures from Ireland . Kegan Paul & Co. : London , 1880 . Available from archive.org",
"title": "Publications"
}
] |
/wiki/Henry_Arthur_Blake#P39#2
|
Which position did Henry Arthur Blake hold in early 1890s?
|
Henry Arthur Blake Sir Henry Arthur Blake ( ; 8January 184023February 1918 ) was a British colonial administrator and Governor of Hong Kong from 1898 to 1903 . Early life , family and career . Blake was born in Limerick , Ireland . He was the son of Peter Blake of Corbally Castle ( c . 1805 – bur . St . Anns , Dublin , 19 November 1850 ) , a Galway-born county Inspector of the Irish Constabulary , and wife ( m . Mobarnan , County Tipperary ) Jane Lane ( Lanespark , County Tipperary , 5 March 1819 – ? ) , daughter of John Lane of Lanespark , County Tipperary , and paternal grandson of Peter Blake of Corbally Castle , County Galway ( ? – 1842 , bur . Peter’s Well , County Galway ) and wife ( m . 14 May 1800 ) Mary Browne , daughter of The Hon . John Browne and wife Mary Cocks and paternal granddaughter of John Browne , 1st Earl of Altamont , and wife Anne Gore . He was included among the descendants the Blakes of Corbally Castle , Kilmoylan , County Galway , the descendants of Peter Blake ( ? – 1712 ) , who was granted the lands of Corbally , Kilmoylan , County Galway , on 20 December 1697 , and wife Magdeline Martin , the Blakes . Peter Blake was a son of Sir Richard Blake and wife Gyles Kirwan . Blake started out as a clerk in the Bank of Ireland but lasted only 18 months before resigning and commencing a cadetship in the Irish Constabulary in 1857 . He became a special inspector two years later . In 1876 , he was appointed Resident Magistrate to Tuam , an especially disturbed district in the west of Ireland , where he was noted as judicious and active . In 1882 , he was promoted to Special Resident Magistrate . Early colonial services . In 1884 , Blake was made Governor of Bahamas , a position he held until 1887 . He was appointed to Queensland in 1886 but resigned without entering the administration , following an imbroglio between Secretary of State for the Colonies , Lord Knutsford , and the premier of Queensland , Sir Thomas MIlwraith , on the appointment . In 1887 , he moved to Newfoundland , where he was governor until the end of 1888 , being knighted on 7 November that year . In 1889 he became the Captain-General and Governor of Jamaica . His term was extended in 1894 and 1896 , at the request of Legislature and public bodies of the island , until 1897 . Governor of Hong Kong . On 25 November 1898 , Blake was appointed Governor of Hong Kong , a position he held until November 1903 . Five months before he arrived in Hong Kong , the British government negotiated an agreement with the Qing government which leased the New Territories to British Hong Kong for 99 years . During his tenure , Blake sent in colonial administrators to the New Territories to assert control over the local punti clans . The clans resisted the British takeover of the New Territories , resulting in the outbreak of the Six-Day War ; a largely Indian force under the command of British Army officer William Gascoigne managed to defeat the punti clans , with Blake adopting an amiable co-operation policy to prevent further trouble and allowed them to retain traditional laws and customs in regards to land inheritance , land usage and marriage . Blake left Hong Kong immediately after he attended the laying of the foundation stone of the Supreme Court building ( Legislative Council of Hong Kong from 1985 to 2011 ) on 12 November 1903 . Post-Hong Kong . Blake was appointed Governor of Ceylon at the end of his tenure in Hong Kong in 1903 , and he served in that capacity until 1907 . This was his last post in the Colonial Service . A freshly retired Blake impressed George Morrison with his bitterness at not landing a Privy Council sinecure in gratitude for his 41 years public service . The Blakes retired to Myrtle Grove in Youghal , County Cork , where they both died and were buried . Personal life . Blake married twice : Jeannie Irwin in 1862 ( she died in 1866 ) , and Edith Bernal Osborne in Ireland , on 7 February 1874 ( she was the daughter of MP Ralph Bernal Osborne ) . He had two sons , and one daughter Olive , who married John Bernard Arbuthnot . During his period as Governor of The Bahamas , a watercolour of his three children , Children Under a Palm , was painted by Winslow Homer . The painting was subsequently featured on the BBC TV programme , Fake or Fortune ? Honours . - Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George ( CMG ) , 1887 - Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George ( KCMG ) , 1888 - Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George ( GCMG ) , 1897 - Knight of Justice of Order of St . John of Jerusalem - Fellow of Royal Geographical Society ( FRGS ) - JP - DL - Fellow of Royal Colonial Institute ( FRCI ) - Fellow of Institute of Directors ( FIoD ) - Honorary Colonel of Ceylon Mounted Rifles - District Grand Master Ceylon Freemasons - Member , Council Royal Dublin Society - Honorary Member , Royal Zoological Society , London Legacy . The community of Blaketown in Canada was named in his honour when he was the governor of Newfoundland . Blake Garden , Blake Pier ( 卜公碼頭 ) and Blake Block ( now within the Peoples Liberation Army Hong Kong Headquarters ) are named after him . The Bauhinia blakeana , discovered in Hong Kong around 1880 , was named after him ( Blake shared his wifes interest in botany ) . It became an emblem of Hong Kong in 1965 and has been the official emblem from 1 July 1997 . It appears on the flag of Hong Kong and its currency . The John Crow Mountains in Jamaica were renamed the Blake Mountains in 1890 but the name did not stick . Publications . - McGrath , Terence , pseud . [ i.e . Sir Henry Arthur Blake. ] 1880 , Pictures from Ireland . Kegan Paul & Co. : London , 1880 . Available from archive.org
|
[
"Captain-General and Governor of Jamaica"
] |
[
{
"text": " Sir Henry Arthur Blake ( ; 8January 184023February 1918 ) was a British colonial administrator and Governor of Hong Kong from 1898 to 1903 . Early life , family and career .",
"title": "Henry Arthur Blake"
},
{
"text": "Blake was born in Limerick , Ireland . He was the son of Peter Blake of Corbally Castle ( c . 1805 – bur . St . Anns , Dublin , 19 November 1850 ) , a Galway-born county Inspector of the Irish Constabulary , and wife ( m . Mobarnan , County Tipperary ) Jane Lane ( Lanespark , County Tipperary , 5 March 1819 – ? ) , daughter of John Lane of Lanespark , County Tipperary , and paternal grandson of Peter Blake of Corbally Castle , County Galway ( ? – 1842 , bur . Peter’s",
"title": "Henry Arthur Blake"
},
{
"text": "Well , County Galway ) and wife ( m . 14 May 1800 ) Mary Browne , daughter of The Hon . John Browne and wife Mary Cocks and paternal granddaughter of John Browne , 1st Earl of Altamont , and wife Anne Gore . He was included among the descendants the Blakes of Corbally Castle , Kilmoylan , County Galway , the descendants of Peter Blake ( ? – 1712 ) , who was granted the lands of Corbally , Kilmoylan , County Galway , on 20 December 1697 , and wife Magdeline Martin , the Blakes . Peter",
"title": "Henry Arthur Blake"
},
{
"text": "Blake was a son of Sir Richard Blake and wife Gyles Kirwan .",
"title": "Henry Arthur Blake"
},
{
"text": " Blake started out as a clerk in the Bank of Ireland but lasted only 18 months before resigning and commencing a cadetship in the Irish Constabulary in 1857 . He became a special inspector two years later . In 1876 , he was appointed Resident Magistrate to Tuam , an especially disturbed district in the west of Ireland , where he was noted as judicious and active . In 1882 , he was promoted to Special Resident Magistrate .",
"title": "Henry Arthur Blake"
},
{
"text": "In 1884 , Blake was made Governor of Bahamas , a position he held until 1887 . He was appointed to Queensland in 1886 but resigned without entering the administration , following an imbroglio between Secretary of State for the Colonies , Lord Knutsford , and the premier of Queensland , Sir Thomas MIlwraith , on the appointment . In 1887 , he moved to Newfoundland , where he was governor until the end of 1888 , being knighted on 7 November that year . In 1889 he became the Captain-General and Governor of Jamaica . His term was extended",
"title": "Early colonial services"
},
{
"text": "in 1894 and 1896 , at the request of Legislature and public bodies of the island , until 1897 .",
"title": "Early colonial services"
},
{
"text": "On 25 November 1898 , Blake was appointed Governor of Hong Kong , a position he held until November 1903 . Five months before he arrived in Hong Kong , the British government negotiated an agreement with the Qing government which leased the New Territories to British Hong Kong for 99 years . During his tenure , Blake sent in colonial administrators to the New Territories to assert control over the local punti clans . The clans resisted the British takeover of the New Territories , resulting in the outbreak of the Six-Day War ; a largely Indian force under",
"title": "Early colonial services"
},
{
"text": "the command of British Army officer William Gascoigne managed to defeat the punti clans , with Blake adopting an amiable co-operation policy to prevent further trouble and allowed them to retain traditional laws and customs in regards to land inheritance , land usage and marriage .",
"title": "Early colonial services"
},
{
"text": " Blake left Hong Kong immediately after he attended the laying of the foundation stone of the Supreme Court building ( Legislative Council of Hong Kong from 1985 to 2011 ) on 12 November 1903 .",
"title": "Early colonial services"
},
{
"text": " Blake was appointed Governor of Ceylon at the end of his tenure in Hong Kong in 1903 , and he served in that capacity until 1907 . This was his last post in the Colonial Service . A freshly retired Blake impressed George Morrison with his bitterness at not landing a Privy Council sinecure in gratitude for his 41 years public service . The Blakes retired to Myrtle Grove in Youghal , County Cork , where they both died and were buried .",
"title": "Post-Hong Kong"
},
{
"text": " Blake married twice : Jeannie Irwin in 1862 ( she died in 1866 ) , and Edith Bernal Osborne in Ireland , on 7 February 1874 ( she was the daughter of MP Ralph Bernal Osborne ) . He had two sons , and one daughter Olive , who married John Bernard Arbuthnot . During his period as Governor of The Bahamas , a watercolour of his three children , Children Under a Palm , was painted by Winslow Homer . The painting was subsequently featured on the BBC TV programme , Fake or Fortune ?",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George ( CMG ) , 1887 - Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George ( KCMG ) , 1888 - Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George ( GCMG ) , 1897 - Knight of Justice of Order of St . John of Jerusalem - Fellow of Royal Geographical Society ( FRGS ) - JP - DL - Fellow of Royal Colonial Institute ( FRCI ) - Fellow of Institute of Directors ( FIoD )",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": "- Honorary Colonel of Ceylon Mounted Rifles",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": " - District Grand Master Ceylon Freemasons - Member , Council Royal Dublin Society - Honorary Member , Royal Zoological Society , London",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": " The community of Blaketown in Canada was named in his honour when he was the governor of Newfoundland . Blake Garden , Blake Pier ( 卜公碼頭 ) and Blake Block ( now within the Peoples Liberation Army Hong Kong Headquarters ) are named after him .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "The Bauhinia blakeana , discovered in Hong Kong around 1880 , was named after him ( Blake shared his wifes interest in botany ) . It became an emblem of Hong Kong in 1965 and has been the official emblem from 1 July 1997 . It appears on the flag of Hong Kong and its currency .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " The John Crow Mountains in Jamaica were renamed the Blake Mountains in 1890 but the name did not stick .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " - McGrath , Terence , pseud . [ i.e . Sir Henry Arthur Blake. ] 1880 , Pictures from Ireland . Kegan Paul & Co. : London , 1880 . Available from archive.org",
"title": "Publications"
}
] |
/wiki/Henry_Arthur_Blake#P39#3
|
Which position did Henry Arthur Blake hold in early 1900s?
|
Henry Arthur Blake Sir Henry Arthur Blake ( ; 8January 184023February 1918 ) was a British colonial administrator and Governor of Hong Kong from 1898 to 1903 . Early life , family and career . Blake was born in Limerick , Ireland . He was the son of Peter Blake of Corbally Castle ( c . 1805 – bur . St . Anns , Dublin , 19 November 1850 ) , a Galway-born county Inspector of the Irish Constabulary , and wife ( m . Mobarnan , County Tipperary ) Jane Lane ( Lanespark , County Tipperary , 5 March 1819 – ? ) , daughter of John Lane of Lanespark , County Tipperary , and paternal grandson of Peter Blake of Corbally Castle , County Galway ( ? – 1842 , bur . Peter’s Well , County Galway ) and wife ( m . 14 May 1800 ) Mary Browne , daughter of The Hon . John Browne and wife Mary Cocks and paternal granddaughter of John Browne , 1st Earl of Altamont , and wife Anne Gore . He was included among the descendants the Blakes of Corbally Castle , Kilmoylan , County Galway , the descendants of Peter Blake ( ? – 1712 ) , who was granted the lands of Corbally , Kilmoylan , County Galway , on 20 December 1697 , and wife Magdeline Martin , the Blakes . Peter Blake was a son of Sir Richard Blake and wife Gyles Kirwan . Blake started out as a clerk in the Bank of Ireland but lasted only 18 months before resigning and commencing a cadetship in the Irish Constabulary in 1857 . He became a special inspector two years later . In 1876 , he was appointed Resident Magistrate to Tuam , an especially disturbed district in the west of Ireland , where he was noted as judicious and active . In 1882 , he was promoted to Special Resident Magistrate . Early colonial services . In 1884 , Blake was made Governor of Bahamas , a position he held until 1887 . He was appointed to Queensland in 1886 but resigned without entering the administration , following an imbroglio between Secretary of State for the Colonies , Lord Knutsford , and the premier of Queensland , Sir Thomas MIlwraith , on the appointment . In 1887 , he moved to Newfoundland , where he was governor until the end of 1888 , being knighted on 7 November that year . In 1889 he became the Captain-General and Governor of Jamaica . His term was extended in 1894 and 1896 , at the request of Legislature and public bodies of the island , until 1897 . Governor of Hong Kong . On 25 November 1898 , Blake was appointed Governor of Hong Kong , a position he held until November 1903 . Five months before he arrived in Hong Kong , the British government negotiated an agreement with the Qing government which leased the New Territories to British Hong Kong for 99 years . During his tenure , Blake sent in colonial administrators to the New Territories to assert control over the local punti clans . The clans resisted the British takeover of the New Territories , resulting in the outbreak of the Six-Day War ; a largely Indian force under the command of British Army officer William Gascoigne managed to defeat the punti clans , with Blake adopting an amiable co-operation policy to prevent further trouble and allowed them to retain traditional laws and customs in regards to land inheritance , land usage and marriage . Blake left Hong Kong immediately after he attended the laying of the foundation stone of the Supreme Court building ( Legislative Council of Hong Kong from 1985 to 2011 ) on 12 November 1903 . Post-Hong Kong . Blake was appointed Governor of Ceylon at the end of his tenure in Hong Kong in 1903 , and he served in that capacity until 1907 . This was his last post in the Colonial Service . A freshly retired Blake impressed George Morrison with his bitterness at not landing a Privy Council sinecure in gratitude for his 41 years public service . The Blakes retired to Myrtle Grove in Youghal , County Cork , where they both died and were buried . Personal life . Blake married twice : Jeannie Irwin in 1862 ( she died in 1866 ) , and Edith Bernal Osborne in Ireland , on 7 February 1874 ( she was the daughter of MP Ralph Bernal Osborne ) . He had two sons , and one daughter Olive , who married John Bernard Arbuthnot . During his period as Governor of The Bahamas , a watercolour of his three children , Children Under a Palm , was painted by Winslow Homer . The painting was subsequently featured on the BBC TV programme , Fake or Fortune ? Honours . - Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George ( CMG ) , 1887 - Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George ( KCMG ) , 1888 - Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George ( GCMG ) , 1897 - Knight of Justice of Order of St . John of Jerusalem - Fellow of Royal Geographical Society ( FRGS ) - JP - DL - Fellow of Royal Colonial Institute ( FRCI ) - Fellow of Institute of Directors ( FIoD ) - Honorary Colonel of Ceylon Mounted Rifles - District Grand Master Ceylon Freemasons - Member , Council Royal Dublin Society - Honorary Member , Royal Zoological Society , London Legacy . The community of Blaketown in Canada was named in his honour when he was the governor of Newfoundland . Blake Garden , Blake Pier ( 卜公碼頭 ) and Blake Block ( now within the Peoples Liberation Army Hong Kong Headquarters ) are named after him . The Bauhinia blakeana , discovered in Hong Kong around 1880 , was named after him ( Blake shared his wifes interest in botany ) . It became an emblem of Hong Kong in 1965 and has been the official emblem from 1 July 1997 . It appears on the flag of Hong Kong and its currency . The John Crow Mountains in Jamaica were renamed the Blake Mountains in 1890 but the name did not stick . Publications . - McGrath , Terence , pseud . [ i.e . Sir Henry Arthur Blake. ] 1880 , Pictures from Ireland . Kegan Paul & Co. : London , 1880 . Available from archive.org
|
[
"Governor of Hong Kong"
] |
[
{
"text": " Sir Henry Arthur Blake ( ; 8January 184023February 1918 ) was a British colonial administrator and Governor of Hong Kong from 1898 to 1903 . Early life , family and career .",
"title": "Henry Arthur Blake"
},
{
"text": "Blake was born in Limerick , Ireland . He was the son of Peter Blake of Corbally Castle ( c . 1805 – bur . St . Anns , Dublin , 19 November 1850 ) , a Galway-born county Inspector of the Irish Constabulary , and wife ( m . Mobarnan , County Tipperary ) Jane Lane ( Lanespark , County Tipperary , 5 March 1819 – ? ) , daughter of John Lane of Lanespark , County Tipperary , and paternal grandson of Peter Blake of Corbally Castle , County Galway ( ? – 1842 , bur . Peter’s",
"title": "Henry Arthur Blake"
},
{
"text": "Well , County Galway ) and wife ( m . 14 May 1800 ) Mary Browne , daughter of The Hon . John Browne and wife Mary Cocks and paternal granddaughter of John Browne , 1st Earl of Altamont , and wife Anne Gore . He was included among the descendants the Blakes of Corbally Castle , Kilmoylan , County Galway , the descendants of Peter Blake ( ? – 1712 ) , who was granted the lands of Corbally , Kilmoylan , County Galway , on 20 December 1697 , and wife Magdeline Martin , the Blakes . Peter",
"title": "Henry Arthur Blake"
},
{
"text": "Blake was a son of Sir Richard Blake and wife Gyles Kirwan .",
"title": "Henry Arthur Blake"
},
{
"text": " Blake started out as a clerk in the Bank of Ireland but lasted only 18 months before resigning and commencing a cadetship in the Irish Constabulary in 1857 . He became a special inspector two years later . In 1876 , he was appointed Resident Magistrate to Tuam , an especially disturbed district in the west of Ireland , where he was noted as judicious and active . In 1882 , he was promoted to Special Resident Magistrate .",
"title": "Henry Arthur Blake"
},
{
"text": "In 1884 , Blake was made Governor of Bahamas , a position he held until 1887 . He was appointed to Queensland in 1886 but resigned without entering the administration , following an imbroglio between Secretary of State for the Colonies , Lord Knutsford , and the premier of Queensland , Sir Thomas MIlwraith , on the appointment . In 1887 , he moved to Newfoundland , where he was governor until the end of 1888 , being knighted on 7 November that year . In 1889 he became the Captain-General and Governor of Jamaica . His term was extended",
"title": "Early colonial services"
},
{
"text": "in 1894 and 1896 , at the request of Legislature and public bodies of the island , until 1897 .",
"title": "Early colonial services"
},
{
"text": "On 25 November 1898 , Blake was appointed Governor of Hong Kong , a position he held until November 1903 . Five months before he arrived in Hong Kong , the British government negotiated an agreement with the Qing government which leased the New Territories to British Hong Kong for 99 years . During his tenure , Blake sent in colonial administrators to the New Territories to assert control over the local punti clans . The clans resisted the British takeover of the New Territories , resulting in the outbreak of the Six-Day War ; a largely Indian force under",
"title": "Early colonial services"
},
{
"text": "the command of British Army officer William Gascoigne managed to defeat the punti clans , with Blake adopting an amiable co-operation policy to prevent further trouble and allowed them to retain traditional laws and customs in regards to land inheritance , land usage and marriage .",
"title": "Early colonial services"
},
{
"text": " Blake left Hong Kong immediately after he attended the laying of the foundation stone of the Supreme Court building ( Legislative Council of Hong Kong from 1985 to 2011 ) on 12 November 1903 .",
"title": "Early colonial services"
},
{
"text": " Blake was appointed Governor of Ceylon at the end of his tenure in Hong Kong in 1903 , and he served in that capacity until 1907 . This was his last post in the Colonial Service . A freshly retired Blake impressed George Morrison with his bitterness at not landing a Privy Council sinecure in gratitude for his 41 years public service . The Blakes retired to Myrtle Grove in Youghal , County Cork , where they both died and were buried .",
"title": "Post-Hong Kong"
},
{
"text": " Blake married twice : Jeannie Irwin in 1862 ( she died in 1866 ) , and Edith Bernal Osborne in Ireland , on 7 February 1874 ( she was the daughter of MP Ralph Bernal Osborne ) . He had two sons , and one daughter Olive , who married John Bernard Arbuthnot . During his period as Governor of The Bahamas , a watercolour of his three children , Children Under a Palm , was painted by Winslow Homer . The painting was subsequently featured on the BBC TV programme , Fake or Fortune ?",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George ( CMG ) , 1887 - Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George ( KCMG ) , 1888 - Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George ( GCMG ) , 1897 - Knight of Justice of Order of St . John of Jerusalem - Fellow of Royal Geographical Society ( FRGS ) - JP - DL - Fellow of Royal Colonial Institute ( FRCI ) - Fellow of Institute of Directors ( FIoD )",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": "- Honorary Colonel of Ceylon Mounted Rifles",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": " - District Grand Master Ceylon Freemasons - Member , Council Royal Dublin Society - Honorary Member , Royal Zoological Society , London",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": " The community of Blaketown in Canada was named in his honour when he was the governor of Newfoundland . Blake Garden , Blake Pier ( 卜公碼頭 ) and Blake Block ( now within the Peoples Liberation Army Hong Kong Headquarters ) are named after him .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "The Bauhinia blakeana , discovered in Hong Kong around 1880 , was named after him ( Blake shared his wifes interest in botany ) . It became an emblem of Hong Kong in 1965 and has been the official emblem from 1 July 1997 . It appears on the flag of Hong Kong and its currency .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " The John Crow Mountains in Jamaica were renamed the Blake Mountains in 1890 but the name did not stick .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " - McGrath , Terence , pseud . [ i.e . Sir Henry Arthur Blake. ] 1880 , Pictures from Ireland . Kegan Paul & Co. : London , 1880 . Available from archive.org",
"title": "Publications"
}
] |
/wiki/Henry_Arthur_Blake#P39#4
|
Which position did Henry Arthur Blake hold after Sep 1904?
|
Henry Arthur Blake Sir Henry Arthur Blake ( ; 8January 184023February 1918 ) was a British colonial administrator and Governor of Hong Kong from 1898 to 1903 . Early life , family and career . Blake was born in Limerick , Ireland . He was the son of Peter Blake of Corbally Castle ( c . 1805 – bur . St . Anns , Dublin , 19 November 1850 ) , a Galway-born county Inspector of the Irish Constabulary , and wife ( m . Mobarnan , County Tipperary ) Jane Lane ( Lanespark , County Tipperary , 5 March 1819 – ? ) , daughter of John Lane of Lanespark , County Tipperary , and paternal grandson of Peter Blake of Corbally Castle , County Galway ( ? – 1842 , bur . Peter’s Well , County Galway ) and wife ( m . 14 May 1800 ) Mary Browne , daughter of The Hon . John Browne and wife Mary Cocks and paternal granddaughter of John Browne , 1st Earl of Altamont , and wife Anne Gore . He was included among the descendants the Blakes of Corbally Castle , Kilmoylan , County Galway , the descendants of Peter Blake ( ? – 1712 ) , who was granted the lands of Corbally , Kilmoylan , County Galway , on 20 December 1697 , and wife Magdeline Martin , the Blakes . Peter Blake was a son of Sir Richard Blake and wife Gyles Kirwan . Blake started out as a clerk in the Bank of Ireland but lasted only 18 months before resigning and commencing a cadetship in the Irish Constabulary in 1857 . He became a special inspector two years later . In 1876 , he was appointed Resident Magistrate to Tuam , an especially disturbed district in the west of Ireland , where he was noted as judicious and active . In 1882 , he was promoted to Special Resident Magistrate . Early colonial services . In 1884 , Blake was made Governor of Bahamas , a position he held until 1887 . He was appointed to Queensland in 1886 but resigned without entering the administration , following an imbroglio between Secretary of State for the Colonies , Lord Knutsford , and the premier of Queensland , Sir Thomas MIlwraith , on the appointment . In 1887 , he moved to Newfoundland , where he was governor until the end of 1888 , being knighted on 7 November that year . In 1889 he became the Captain-General and Governor of Jamaica . His term was extended in 1894 and 1896 , at the request of Legislature and public bodies of the island , until 1897 . Governor of Hong Kong . On 25 November 1898 , Blake was appointed Governor of Hong Kong , a position he held until November 1903 . Five months before he arrived in Hong Kong , the British government negotiated an agreement with the Qing government which leased the New Territories to British Hong Kong for 99 years . During his tenure , Blake sent in colonial administrators to the New Territories to assert control over the local punti clans . The clans resisted the British takeover of the New Territories , resulting in the outbreak of the Six-Day War ; a largely Indian force under the command of British Army officer William Gascoigne managed to defeat the punti clans , with Blake adopting an amiable co-operation policy to prevent further trouble and allowed them to retain traditional laws and customs in regards to land inheritance , land usage and marriage . Blake left Hong Kong immediately after he attended the laying of the foundation stone of the Supreme Court building ( Legislative Council of Hong Kong from 1985 to 2011 ) on 12 November 1903 . Post-Hong Kong . Blake was appointed Governor of Ceylon at the end of his tenure in Hong Kong in 1903 , and he served in that capacity until 1907 . This was his last post in the Colonial Service . A freshly retired Blake impressed George Morrison with his bitterness at not landing a Privy Council sinecure in gratitude for his 41 years public service . The Blakes retired to Myrtle Grove in Youghal , County Cork , where they both died and were buried . Personal life . Blake married twice : Jeannie Irwin in 1862 ( she died in 1866 ) , and Edith Bernal Osborne in Ireland , on 7 February 1874 ( she was the daughter of MP Ralph Bernal Osborne ) . He had two sons , and one daughter Olive , who married John Bernard Arbuthnot . During his period as Governor of The Bahamas , a watercolour of his three children , Children Under a Palm , was painted by Winslow Homer . The painting was subsequently featured on the BBC TV programme , Fake or Fortune ? Honours . - Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George ( CMG ) , 1887 - Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George ( KCMG ) , 1888 - Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George ( GCMG ) , 1897 - Knight of Justice of Order of St . John of Jerusalem - Fellow of Royal Geographical Society ( FRGS ) - JP - DL - Fellow of Royal Colonial Institute ( FRCI ) - Fellow of Institute of Directors ( FIoD ) - Honorary Colonel of Ceylon Mounted Rifles - District Grand Master Ceylon Freemasons - Member , Council Royal Dublin Society - Honorary Member , Royal Zoological Society , London Legacy . The community of Blaketown in Canada was named in his honour when he was the governor of Newfoundland . Blake Garden , Blake Pier ( 卜公碼頭 ) and Blake Block ( now within the Peoples Liberation Army Hong Kong Headquarters ) are named after him . The Bauhinia blakeana , discovered in Hong Kong around 1880 , was named after him ( Blake shared his wifes interest in botany ) . It became an emblem of Hong Kong in 1965 and has been the official emblem from 1 July 1997 . It appears on the flag of Hong Kong and its currency . The John Crow Mountains in Jamaica were renamed the Blake Mountains in 1890 but the name did not stick . Publications . - McGrath , Terence , pseud . [ i.e . Sir Henry Arthur Blake. ] 1880 , Pictures from Ireland . Kegan Paul & Co. : London , 1880 . Available from archive.org
|
[
"Governor of Ceylon"
] |
[
{
"text": " Sir Henry Arthur Blake ( ; 8January 184023February 1918 ) was a British colonial administrator and Governor of Hong Kong from 1898 to 1903 . Early life , family and career .",
"title": "Henry Arthur Blake"
},
{
"text": "Blake was born in Limerick , Ireland . He was the son of Peter Blake of Corbally Castle ( c . 1805 – bur . St . Anns , Dublin , 19 November 1850 ) , a Galway-born county Inspector of the Irish Constabulary , and wife ( m . Mobarnan , County Tipperary ) Jane Lane ( Lanespark , County Tipperary , 5 March 1819 – ? ) , daughter of John Lane of Lanespark , County Tipperary , and paternal grandson of Peter Blake of Corbally Castle , County Galway ( ? – 1842 , bur . Peter’s",
"title": "Henry Arthur Blake"
},
{
"text": "Well , County Galway ) and wife ( m . 14 May 1800 ) Mary Browne , daughter of The Hon . John Browne and wife Mary Cocks and paternal granddaughter of John Browne , 1st Earl of Altamont , and wife Anne Gore . He was included among the descendants the Blakes of Corbally Castle , Kilmoylan , County Galway , the descendants of Peter Blake ( ? – 1712 ) , who was granted the lands of Corbally , Kilmoylan , County Galway , on 20 December 1697 , and wife Magdeline Martin , the Blakes . Peter",
"title": "Henry Arthur Blake"
},
{
"text": "Blake was a son of Sir Richard Blake and wife Gyles Kirwan .",
"title": "Henry Arthur Blake"
},
{
"text": " Blake started out as a clerk in the Bank of Ireland but lasted only 18 months before resigning and commencing a cadetship in the Irish Constabulary in 1857 . He became a special inspector two years later . In 1876 , he was appointed Resident Magistrate to Tuam , an especially disturbed district in the west of Ireland , where he was noted as judicious and active . In 1882 , he was promoted to Special Resident Magistrate .",
"title": "Henry Arthur Blake"
},
{
"text": "In 1884 , Blake was made Governor of Bahamas , a position he held until 1887 . He was appointed to Queensland in 1886 but resigned without entering the administration , following an imbroglio between Secretary of State for the Colonies , Lord Knutsford , and the premier of Queensland , Sir Thomas MIlwraith , on the appointment . In 1887 , he moved to Newfoundland , where he was governor until the end of 1888 , being knighted on 7 November that year . In 1889 he became the Captain-General and Governor of Jamaica . His term was extended",
"title": "Early colonial services"
},
{
"text": "in 1894 and 1896 , at the request of Legislature and public bodies of the island , until 1897 .",
"title": "Early colonial services"
},
{
"text": "On 25 November 1898 , Blake was appointed Governor of Hong Kong , a position he held until November 1903 . Five months before he arrived in Hong Kong , the British government negotiated an agreement with the Qing government which leased the New Territories to British Hong Kong for 99 years . During his tenure , Blake sent in colonial administrators to the New Territories to assert control over the local punti clans . The clans resisted the British takeover of the New Territories , resulting in the outbreak of the Six-Day War ; a largely Indian force under",
"title": "Early colonial services"
},
{
"text": "the command of British Army officer William Gascoigne managed to defeat the punti clans , with Blake adopting an amiable co-operation policy to prevent further trouble and allowed them to retain traditional laws and customs in regards to land inheritance , land usage and marriage .",
"title": "Early colonial services"
},
{
"text": " Blake left Hong Kong immediately after he attended the laying of the foundation stone of the Supreme Court building ( Legislative Council of Hong Kong from 1985 to 2011 ) on 12 November 1903 .",
"title": "Early colonial services"
},
{
"text": " Blake was appointed Governor of Ceylon at the end of his tenure in Hong Kong in 1903 , and he served in that capacity until 1907 . This was his last post in the Colonial Service . A freshly retired Blake impressed George Morrison with his bitterness at not landing a Privy Council sinecure in gratitude for his 41 years public service . The Blakes retired to Myrtle Grove in Youghal , County Cork , where they both died and were buried .",
"title": "Post-Hong Kong"
},
{
"text": " Blake married twice : Jeannie Irwin in 1862 ( she died in 1866 ) , and Edith Bernal Osborne in Ireland , on 7 February 1874 ( she was the daughter of MP Ralph Bernal Osborne ) . He had two sons , and one daughter Olive , who married John Bernard Arbuthnot . During his period as Governor of The Bahamas , a watercolour of his three children , Children Under a Palm , was painted by Winslow Homer . The painting was subsequently featured on the BBC TV programme , Fake or Fortune ?",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George ( CMG ) , 1887 - Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George ( KCMG ) , 1888 - Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George ( GCMG ) , 1897 - Knight of Justice of Order of St . John of Jerusalem - Fellow of Royal Geographical Society ( FRGS ) - JP - DL - Fellow of Royal Colonial Institute ( FRCI ) - Fellow of Institute of Directors ( FIoD )",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": "- Honorary Colonel of Ceylon Mounted Rifles",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": " - District Grand Master Ceylon Freemasons - Member , Council Royal Dublin Society - Honorary Member , Royal Zoological Society , London",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": " The community of Blaketown in Canada was named in his honour when he was the governor of Newfoundland . Blake Garden , Blake Pier ( 卜公碼頭 ) and Blake Block ( now within the Peoples Liberation Army Hong Kong Headquarters ) are named after him .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "The Bauhinia blakeana , discovered in Hong Kong around 1880 , was named after him ( Blake shared his wifes interest in botany ) . It became an emblem of Hong Kong in 1965 and has been the official emblem from 1 July 1997 . It appears on the flag of Hong Kong and its currency .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " The John Crow Mountains in Jamaica were renamed the Blake Mountains in 1890 but the name did not stick .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " - McGrath , Terence , pseud . [ i.e . Sir Henry Arthur Blake. ] 1880 , Pictures from Ireland . Kegan Paul & Co. : London , 1880 . Available from archive.org",
"title": "Publications"
}
] |
/wiki/Sony_Pictures_Networks_India#P1448#0
|
Sony Pictures Networks India was officially named what before Mar 2012?
|
Sony Pictures Networks India Sony Pictures Networks India Pvt Ltd . is an Indian indirect wholly owned subsidiary of Sony Corporation . It has a subsidiary , MSM-Worldwide Factual Media Private Limited and an affiliate , Bangla Entertainment Private Limited in India . SPN manages and operates 24 television channels , 1 OTT platform , 1 film production arm and 1 independent production venture for original content and IPs for TV and digital media . History . It was founded in September 30 1995 as Multi Screen Media Limited . In November 2015 , the company was renamed as Sony Pictures Networks India ( SPN ) . Sports . The network forayed into the Indian sports TV market in 2002 after acquiring the licence rights for International Cricket Council ( ICC ) matches from 2003 to 2007 , which were broadcast on SET and Sony MAX . In 2008 , along with Singapore-based World Sport Group , it won the broadcast rights for the IPL for 10 years . In April 2012 , it launched it first sports channel Sony SIX . In August 2016 , it acquired the Ten Sports network from Zee Entertainment Enterp. . General entertainment . In the widespread entertainment category , Sony Entertainment Television ( SET ) and Sony SAB are the networks premier channels . Offering content from SET and Sony SAB is Sony Pal , a channel targeted towards rural Hindi-speaking markets . Sony YAY ! is a kids’ entertainment channel that airs several shows in regional languages . The network also has a joint venture with BBC Earth to showcase non-fictional programming via Sony BBC Earth . Sony Aath is a premium Bangla entertainment channel centered on showcasing series , films , animated shows and sports events produced or dubbed in Bengali . Sony Marathi is a Marathi channel aimed at the Maharashtra audience . Online . In January 2013 , the network forayed into video-on-demand with the launch of its OTT platform , SonyLIV . Its library consists of content from the networks channels in India such as SET and Sony SAB , alongside originals such as , Gullak , LIV Shout Out and Holycross . Apart from archival and regional content , movie premieres , short films and LIVE sports are also a part of SonyLIV’s offerings . The platform has crossed 109 million app downloads and is available in five languages , along with select programming in Bengali , Hindi , English , Marathi , Malayalam , Tamil and Telugu . Movies . Sony Max and Sony Max 2 offer Hindi cinema to viewers . Sony MAX showcases world premieres , while Sony MAX HD focuses to Indian viewers who prefer a high definition viewing experience . Sony MAX 2 caters to viewers who appreciate evergreen Indian cinema . Alongside these , the network offers Sony Pix basing its programming on Hollywood films and Sony WAH , which is a file transfer agent movie channel . Sony Pictures Networks Productions . Set up in 2013 , Sony Pictures Networks Productions ( SPNP ) is the film production arm of the network . It produces cinema for Indian diaspora audiences worldwide . Since 2015 , SPNP has produced and distributed films such as Darr @ the Mall , Youngistaan , Piku , Chalk n Duster , Azhar , Mubarakan , Poster Boys , Padman , 102 Not Out , Soorma , Bombairiya , Ghoomketu . and Shakuntala Devi , The upcoming films from SPNP include Nikamma , Aankh Micholi , Helmet , Unfair & Lovely , Looop Lapeta and Dial 100 among others . Studio NEXT . An independent business unit of SPN , Studio NEXT creates original content and IPs for television and digital media within India and globally . The venture began its journey by co-producing Season 10 of KBC in partnership with BIG Synergy . Going forward , Studio NEXT will continue to produce new IPs whilst leveraging the existing ones under SPN media . Corporate Social Responsibility . Ek India Happywala is the call-to-action under which the network guides its contribution towards society . To create change in society , it focuses on 3 impact areas - Environment , Education and Empowerment . The network associates itself with several NGOs such as Krida Vikas Sanstha , Cricket Association for the Blind of Maharashtra ( CABM ) and ConnectEd Technologies to name a few , and undertakes initiatives such as providing clean drinking water to drought-affected areas in Maharashtra and supporting upcoming Indian athletes with equipment and training required to compete at international events among a few . International presence and distribution reach . SPN reaches out to over 700M viewers across India and is available in 167 countries .
|
[
"Multi Screen Media"
] |
[
{
"text": " Sony Pictures Networks India Pvt Ltd . is an Indian indirect wholly owned subsidiary of Sony Corporation . It has a subsidiary , MSM-Worldwide Factual Media Private Limited and an affiliate , Bangla Entertainment Private Limited in India . SPN manages and operates 24 television channels , 1 OTT platform , 1 film production arm and 1 independent production venture for original content and IPs for TV and digital media .",
"title": "Sony Pictures Networks India"
},
{
"text": " It was founded in September 30 1995 as Multi Screen Media Limited . In November 2015 , the company was renamed as Sony Pictures Networks India ( SPN ) .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The network forayed into the Indian sports TV market in 2002 after acquiring the licence rights for International Cricket Council ( ICC ) matches from 2003 to 2007 , which were broadcast on SET and Sony MAX . In 2008 , along with Singapore-based World Sport Group , it won the broadcast rights for the IPL for 10 years . In April 2012 , it launched it first sports channel Sony SIX . In August 2016 , it acquired the Ten Sports network from Zee Entertainment Enterp. .",
"title": "Sports"
},
{
"text": " In the widespread entertainment category , Sony Entertainment Television ( SET ) and Sony SAB are the networks premier channels . Offering content from SET and Sony SAB is Sony Pal , a channel targeted towards rural Hindi-speaking markets . Sony YAY ! is a kids’ entertainment channel that airs several shows in regional languages .",
"title": "General entertainment"
},
{
"text": "The network also has a joint venture with BBC Earth to showcase non-fictional programming via Sony BBC Earth . Sony Aath is a premium Bangla entertainment channel centered on showcasing series , films , animated shows and sports events produced or dubbed in Bengali . Sony Marathi is a Marathi channel aimed at the Maharashtra audience .",
"title": "General entertainment"
},
{
"text": " In January 2013 , the network forayed into video-on-demand with the launch of its OTT platform , SonyLIV . Its library consists of content from the networks channels in India such as SET and Sony SAB , alongside originals such as , Gullak , LIV Shout Out and Holycross . Apart from archival and regional content , movie premieres , short films and LIVE sports are also a part of SonyLIV’s offerings .",
"title": "Online"
},
{
"text": "The platform has crossed 109 million app downloads and is available in five languages , along with select programming in Bengali , Hindi , English , Marathi , Malayalam , Tamil and Telugu .",
"title": "Online"
},
{
"text": " Sony Max and Sony Max 2 offer Hindi cinema to viewers . Sony MAX showcases world premieres , while Sony MAX HD focuses to Indian viewers who prefer a high definition viewing experience . Sony MAX 2 caters to viewers who appreciate evergreen Indian cinema . Alongside these , the network offers Sony Pix basing its programming on Hollywood films and Sony WAH , which is a file transfer agent movie channel . Sony Pictures Networks Productions .",
"title": "Movies"
},
{
"text": "Set up in 2013 , Sony Pictures Networks Productions ( SPNP ) is the film production arm of the network . It produces cinema for Indian diaspora audiences worldwide . Since 2015 , SPNP has produced and distributed films such as Darr @ the Mall , Youngistaan , Piku , Chalk n Duster , Azhar , Mubarakan , Poster Boys , Padman , 102 Not Out , Soorma , Bombairiya , Ghoomketu . and Shakuntala Devi ,",
"title": "Movies"
},
{
"text": " The upcoming films from SPNP include Nikamma , Aankh Micholi , Helmet , Unfair & Lovely , Looop Lapeta and Dial 100 among others .",
"title": "Movies"
},
{
"text": " An independent business unit of SPN , Studio NEXT creates original content and IPs for television and digital media within India and globally . The venture began its journey by co-producing Season 10 of KBC in partnership with BIG Synergy . Going forward , Studio NEXT will continue to produce new IPs whilst leveraging the existing ones under SPN media .",
"title": "Studio NEXT"
},
{
"text": " Ek India Happywala is the call-to-action under which the network guides its contribution towards society . To create change in society , it focuses on 3 impact areas - Environment , Education and Empowerment . The network associates itself with several NGOs such as Krida Vikas Sanstha , Cricket Association for the Blind of Maharashtra ( CABM ) and ConnectEd Technologies to name a few , and undertakes initiatives such as providing clean drinking water to drought-affected areas in Maharashtra and supporting upcoming Indian athletes with equipment and training required to compete at international events among a few .",
"title": "Corporate Social Responsibility"
},
{
"text": "International presence and distribution reach .",
"title": "Corporate Social Responsibility"
},
{
"text": " SPN reaches out to over 700M viewers across India and is available in 167 countries .",
"title": "Corporate Social Responsibility"
}
] |
/wiki/Sony_Pictures_Networks_India#P1448#1
|
Sony Pictures Networks India was officially named what between Aug 2016 and Sep 2016?
|
Sony Pictures Networks India Sony Pictures Networks India Pvt Ltd . is an Indian indirect wholly owned subsidiary of Sony Corporation . It has a subsidiary , MSM-Worldwide Factual Media Private Limited and an affiliate , Bangla Entertainment Private Limited in India . SPN manages and operates 24 television channels , 1 OTT platform , 1 film production arm and 1 independent production venture for original content and IPs for TV and digital media . History . It was founded in September 30 1995 as Multi Screen Media Limited . In November 2015 , the company was renamed as Sony Pictures Networks India ( SPN ) . Sports . The network forayed into the Indian sports TV market in 2002 after acquiring the licence rights for International Cricket Council ( ICC ) matches from 2003 to 2007 , which were broadcast on SET and Sony MAX . In 2008 , along with Singapore-based World Sport Group , it won the broadcast rights for the IPL for 10 years . In April 2012 , it launched it first sports channel Sony SIX . In August 2016 , it acquired the Ten Sports network from Zee Entertainment Enterp. . General entertainment . In the widespread entertainment category , Sony Entertainment Television ( SET ) and Sony SAB are the networks premier channels . Offering content from SET and Sony SAB is Sony Pal , a channel targeted towards rural Hindi-speaking markets . Sony YAY ! is a kids’ entertainment channel that airs several shows in regional languages . The network also has a joint venture with BBC Earth to showcase non-fictional programming via Sony BBC Earth . Sony Aath is a premium Bangla entertainment channel centered on showcasing series , films , animated shows and sports events produced or dubbed in Bengali . Sony Marathi is a Marathi channel aimed at the Maharashtra audience . Online . In January 2013 , the network forayed into video-on-demand with the launch of its OTT platform , SonyLIV . Its library consists of content from the networks channels in India such as SET and Sony SAB , alongside originals such as , Gullak , LIV Shout Out and Holycross . Apart from archival and regional content , movie premieres , short films and LIVE sports are also a part of SonyLIV’s offerings . The platform has crossed 109 million app downloads and is available in five languages , along with select programming in Bengali , Hindi , English , Marathi , Malayalam , Tamil and Telugu . Movies . Sony Max and Sony Max 2 offer Hindi cinema to viewers . Sony MAX showcases world premieres , while Sony MAX HD focuses to Indian viewers who prefer a high definition viewing experience . Sony MAX 2 caters to viewers who appreciate evergreen Indian cinema . Alongside these , the network offers Sony Pix basing its programming on Hollywood films and Sony WAH , which is a file transfer agent movie channel . Sony Pictures Networks Productions . Set up in 2013 , Sony Pictures Networks Productions ( SPNP ) is the film production arm of the network . It produces cinema for Indian diaspora audiences worldwide . Since 2015 , SPNP has produced and distributed films such as Darr @ the Mall , Youngistaan , Piku , Chalk n Duster , Azhar , Mubarakan , Poster Boys , Padman , 102 Not Out , Soorma , Bombairiya , Ghoomketu . and Shakuntala Devi , The upcoming films from SPNP include Nikamma , Aankh Micholi , Helmet , Unfair & Lovely , Looop Lapeta and Dial 100 among others . Studio NEXT . An independent business unit of SPN , Studio NEXT creates original content and IPs for television and digital media within India and globally . The venture began its journey by co-producing Season 10 of KBC in partnership with BIG Synergy . Going forward , Studio NEXT will continue to produce new IPs whilst leveraging the existing ones under SPN media . Corporate Social Responsibility . Ek India Happywala is the call-to-action under which the network guides its contribution towards society . To create change in society , it focuses on 3 impact areas - Environment , Education and Empowerment . The network associates itself with several NGOs such as Krida Vikas Sanstha , Cricket Association for the Blind of Maharashtra ( CABM ) and ConnectEd Technologies to name a few , and undertakes initiatives such as providing clean drinking water to drought-affected areas in Maharashtra and supporting upcoming Indian athletes with equipment and training required to compete at international events among a few . International presence and distribution reach . SPN reaches out to over 700M viewers across India and is available in 167 countries .
|
[
"Sony Pictures Networks India"
] |
[
{
"text": " Sony Pictures Networks India Pvt Ltd . is an Indian indirect wholly owned subsidiary of Sony Corporation . It has a subsidiary , MSM-Worldwide Factual Media Private Limited and an affiliate , Bangla Entertainment Private Limited in India . SPN manages and operates 24 television channels , 1 OTT platform , 1 film production arm and 1 independent production venture for original content and IPs for TV and digital media .",
"title": "Sony Pictures Networks India"
},
{
"text": " It was founded in September 30 1995 as Multi Screen Media Limited . In November 2015 , the company was renamed as Sony Pictures Networks India ( SPN ) .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The network forayed into the Indian sports TV market in 2002 after acquiring the licence rights for International Cricket Council ( ICC ) matches from 2003 to 2007 , which were broadcast on SET and Sony MAX . In 2008 , along with Singapore-based World Sport Group , it won the broadcast rights for the IPL for 10 years . In April 2012 , it launched it first sports channel Sony SIX . In August 2016 , it acquired the Ten Sports network from Zee Entertainment Enterp. .",
"title": "Sports"
},
{
"text": " In the widespread entertainment category , Sony Entertainment Television ( SET ) and Sony SAB are the networks premier channels . Offering content from SET and Sony SAB is Sony Pal , a channel targeted towards rural Hindi-speaking markets . Sony YAY ! is a kids’ entertainment channel that airs several shows in regional languages .",
"title": "General entertainment"
},
{
"text": "The network also has a joint venture with BBC Earth to showcase non-fictional programming via Sony BBC Earth . Sony Aath is a premium Bangla entertainment channel centered on showcasing series , films , animated shows and sports events produced or dubbed in Bengali . Sony Marathi is a Marathi channel aimed at the Maharashtra audience .",
"title": "General entertainment"
},
{
"text": " In January 2013 , the network forayed into video-on-demand with the launch of its OTT platform , SonyLIV . Its library consists of content from the networks channels in India such as SET and Sony SAB , alongside originals such as , Gullak , LIV Shout Out and Holycross . Apart from archival and regional content , movie premieres , short films and LIVE sports are also a part of SonyLIV’s offerings .",
"title": "Online"
},
{
"text": "The platform has crossed 109 million app downloads and is available in five languages , along with select programming in Bengali , Hindi , English , Marathi , Malayalam , Tamil and Telugu .",
"title": "Online"
},
{
"text": " Sony Max and Sony Max 2 offer Hindi cinema to viewers . Sony MAX showcases world premieres , while Sony MAX HD focuses to Indian viewers who prefer a high definition viewing experience . Sony MAX 2 caters to viewers who appreciate evergreen Indian cinema . Alongside these , the network offers Sony Pix basing its programming on Hollywood films and Sony WAH , which is a file transfer agent movie channel . Sony Pictures Networks Productions .",
"title": "Movies"
},
{
"text": "Set up in 2013 , Sony Pictures Networks Productions ( SPNP ) is the film production arm of the network . It produces cinema for Indian diaspora audiences worldwide . Since 2015 , SPNP has produced and distributed films such as Darr @ the Mall , Youngistaan , Piku , Chalk n Duster , Azhar , Mubarakan , Poster Boys , Padman , 102 Not Out , Soorma , Bombairiya , Ghoomketu . and Shakuntala Devi ,",
"title": "Movies"
},
{
"text": " The upcoming films from SPNP include Nikamma , Aankh Micholi , Helmet , Unfair & Lovely , Looop Lapeta and Dial 100 among others .",
"title": "Movies"
},
{
"text": " An independent business unit of SPN , Studio NEXT creates original content and IPs for television and digital media within India and globally . The venture began its journey by co-producing Season 10 of KBC in partnership with BIG Synergy . Going forward , Studio NEXT will continue to produce new IPs whilst leveraging the existing ones under SPN media .",
"title": "Studio NEXT"
},
{
"text": " Ek India Happywala is the call-to-action under which the network guides its contribution towards society . To create change in society , it focuses on 3 impact areas - Environment , Education and Empowerment . The network associates itself with several NGOs such as Krida Vikas Sanstha , Cricket Association for the Blind of Maharashtra ( CABM ) and ConnectEd Technologies to name a few , and undertakes initiatives such as providing clean drinking water to drought-affected areas in Maharashtra and supporting upcoming Indian athletes with equipment and training required to compete at international events among a few .",
"title": "Corporate Social Responsibility"
},
{
"text": "International presence and distribution reach .",
"title": "Corporate Social Responsibility"
},
{
"text": " SPN reaches out to over 700M viewers across India and is available in 167 countries .",
"title": "Corporate Social Responsibility"
}
] |
/wiki/Sony_Pictures_Networks_India#P1448#2
|
Sony Pictures Networks India was officially named what between Jul 1995 and Feb 1998?
|
Sony Pictures Networks India Sony Pictures Networks India Pvt Ltd . is an Indian indirect wholly owned subsidiary of Sony Corporation . It has a subsidiary , MSM-Worldwide Factual Media Private Limited and an affiliate , Bangla Entertainment Private Limited in India . SPN manages and operates 24 television channels , 1 OTT platform , 1 film production arm and 1 independent production venture for original content and IPs for TV and digital media . History . It was founded in September 30 1995 as Multi Screen Media Limited . In November 2015 , the company was renamed as Sony Pictures Networks India ( SPN ) . Sports . The network forayed into the Indian sports TV market in 2002 after acquiring the licence rights for International Cricket Council ( ICC ) matches from 2003 to 2007 , which were broadcast on SET and Sony MAX . In 2008 , along with Singapore-based World Sport Group , it won the broadcast rights for the IPL for 10 years . In April 2012 , it launched it first sports channel Sony SIX . In August 2016 , it acquired the Ten Sports network from Zee Entertainment Enterp. . General entertainment . In the widespread entertainment category , Sony Entertainment Television ( SET ) and Sony SAB are the networks premier channels . Offering content from SET and Sony SAB is Sony Pal , a channel targeted towards rural Hindi-speaking markets . Sony YAY ! is a kids’ entertainment channel that airs several shows in regional languages . The network also has a joint venture with BBC Earth to showcase non-fictional programming via Sony BBC Earth . Sony Aath is a premium Bangla entertainment channel centered on showcasing series , films , animated shows and sports events produced or dubbed in Bengali . Sony Marathi is a Marathi channel aimed at the Maharashtra audience . Online . In January 2013 , the network forayed into video-on-demand with the launch of its OTT platform , SonyLIV . Its library consists of content from the networks channels in India such as SET and Sony SAB , alongside originals such as , Gullak , LIV Shout Out and Holycross . Apart from archival and regional content , movie premieres , short films and LIVE sports are also a part of SonyLIV’s offerings . The platform has crossed 109 million app downloads and is available in five languages , along with select programming in Bengali , Hindi , English , Marathi , Malayalam , Tamil and Telugu . Movies . Sony Max and Sony Max 2 offer Hindi cinema to viewers . Sony MAX showcases world premieres , while Sony MAX HD focuses to Indian viewers who prefer a high definition viewing experience . Sony MAX 2 caters to viewers who appreciate evergreen Indian cinema . Alongside these , the network offers Sony Pix basing its programming on Hollywood films and Sony WAH , which is a file transfer agent movie channel . Sony Pictures Networks Productions . Set up in 2013 , Sony Pictures Networks Productions ( SPNP ) is the film production arm of the network . It produces cinema for Indian diaspora audiences worldwide . Since 2015 , SPNP has produced and distributed films such as Darr @ the Mall , Youngistaan , Piku , Chalk n Duster , Azhar , Mubarakan , Poster Boys , Padman , 102 Not Out , Soorma , Bombairiya , Ghoomketu . and Shakuntala Devi , The upcoming films from SPNP include Nikamma , Aankh Micholi , Helmet , Unfair & Lovely , Looop Lapeta and Dial 100 among others . Studio NEXT . An independent business unit of SPN , Studio NEXT creates original content and IPs for television and digital media within India and globally . The venture began its journey by co-producing Season 10 of KBC in partnership with BIG Synergy . Going forward , Studio NEXT will continue to produce new IPs whilst leveraging the existing ones under SPN media . Corporate Social Responsibility . Ek India Happywala is the call-to-action under which the network guides its contribution towards society . To create change in society , it focuses on 3 impact areas - Environment , Education and Empowerment . The network associates itself with several NGOs such as Krida Vikas Sanstha , Cricket Association for the Blind of Maharashtra ( CABM ) and ConnectEd Technologies to name a few , and undertakes initiatives such as providing clean drinking water to drought-affected areas in Maharashtra and supporting upcoming Indian athletes with equipment and training required to compete at international events among a few . International presence and distribution reach . SPN reaches out to over 700M viewers across India and is available in 167 countries .
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Sony Pictures Networks India Pvt Ltd . is an Indian indirect wholly owned subsidiary of Sony Corporation . It has a subsidiary , MSM-Worldwide Factual Media Private Limited and an affiliate , Bangla Entertainment Private Limited in India . SPN manages and operates 24 television channels , 1 OTT platform , 1 film production arm and 1 independent production venture for original content and IPs for TV and digital media .",
"title": "Sony Pictures Networks India"
},
{
"text": " It was founded in September 30 1995 as Multi Screen Media Limited . In November 2015 , the company was renamed as Sony Pictures Networks India ( SPN ) .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The network forayed into the Indian sports TV market in 2002 after acquiring the licence rights for International Cricket Council ( ICC ) matches from 2003 to 2007 , which were broadcast on SET and Sony MAX . In 2008 , along with Singapore-based World Sport Group , it won the broadcast rights for the IPL for 10 years . In April 2012 , it launched it first sports channel Sony SIX . In August 2016 , it acquired the Ten Sports network from Zee Entertainment Enterp. .",
"title": "Sports"
},
{
"text": " In the widespread entertainment category , Sony Entertainment Television ( SET ) and Sony SAB are the networks premier channels . Offering content from SET and Sony SAB is Sony Pal , a channel targeted towards rural Hindi-speaking markets . Sony YAY ! is a kids’ entertainment channel that airs several shows in regional languages .",
"title": "General entertainment"
},
{
"text": "The network also has a joint venture with BBC Earth to showcase non-fictional programming via Sony BBC Earth . Sony Aath is a premium Bangla entertainment channel centered on showcasing series , films , animated shows and sports events produced or dubbed in Bengali . Sony Marathi is a Marathi channel aimed at the Maharashtra audience .",
"title": "General entertainment"
},
{
"text": " In January 2013 , the network forayed into video-on-demand with the launch of its OTT platform , SonyLIV . Its library consists of content from the networks channels in India such as SET and Sony SAB , alongside originals such as , Gullak , LIV Shout Out and Holycross . Apart from archival and regional content , movie premieres , short films and LIVE sports are also a part of SonyLIV’s offerings .",
"title": "Online"
},
{
"text": "The platform has crossed 109 million app downloads and is available in five languages , along with select programming in Bengali , Hindi , English , Marathi , Malayalam , Tamil and Telugu .",
"title": "Online"
},
{
"text": " Sony Max and Sony Max 2 offer Hindi cinema to viewers . Sony MAX showcases world premieres , while Sony MAX HD focuses to Indian viewers who prefer a high definition viewing experience . Sony MAX 2 caters to viewers who appreciate evergreen Indian cinema . Alongside these , the network offers Sony Pix basing its programming on Hollywood films and Sony WAH , which is a file transfer agent movie channel . Sony Pictures Networks Productions .",
"title": "Movies"
},
{
"text": "Set up in 2013 , Sony Pictures Networks Productions ( SPNP ) is the film production arm of the network . It produces cinema for Indian diaspora audiences worldwide . Since 2015 , SPNP has produced and distributed films such as Darr @ the Mall , Youngistaan , Piku , Chalk n Duster , Azhar , Mubarakan , Poster Boys , Padman , 102 Not Out , Soorma , Bombairiya , Ghoomketu . and Shakuntala Devi ,",
"title": "Movies"
},
{
"text": " The upcoming films from SPNP include Nikamma , Aankh Micholi , Helmet , Unfair & Lovely , Looop Lapeta and Dial 100 among others .",
"title": "Movies"
},
{
"text": " An independent business unit of SPN , Studio NEXT creates original content and IPs for television and digital media within India and globally . The venture began its journey by co-producing Season 10 of KBC in partnership with BIG Synergy . Going forward , Studio NEXT will continue to produce new IPs whilst leveraging the existing ones under SPN media .",
"title": "Studio NEXT"
},
{
"text": " Ek India Happywala is the call-to-action under which the network guides its contribution towards society . To create change in society , it focuses on 3 impact areas - Environment , Education and Empowerment . The network associates itself with several NGOs such as Krida Vikas Sanstha , Cricket Association for the Blind of Maharashtra ( CABM ) and ConnectEd Technologies to name a few , and undertakes initiatives such as providing clean drinking water to drought-affected areas in Maharashtra and supporting upcoming Indian athletes with equipment and training required to compete at international events among a few .",
"title": "Corporate Social Responsibility"
},
{
"text": "International presence and distribution reach .",
"title": "Corporate Social Responsibility"
},
{
"text": " SPN reaches out to over 700M viewers across India and is available in 167 countries .",
"title": "Corporate Social Responsibility"
}
] |
/wiki/Mozilla_Corporation#P169#0
|
Who was the chief executive officer of Mozilla Corporation between Dec 2009 and Jul 2011?
|
Mozilla Corporation The Mozilla Corporation ( stylized as moz://a ) is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Mozilla Foundation that coordinates and integrates the development of Internet-related applications such as the Firefox web browser , by a global community of open-source developers , some of whom are employed by the corporation itself . The corporation also distributes and promotes these products . Unlike the non-profit Mozilla Foundation , and the Mozilla open source project , founded by the now defunct Netscape Communications Corporation , the Mozilla Corporation is a taxable entity . The Mozilla Corporation reinvests all of its profits back into the Mozilla projects . The Mozilla Corporations stated aim is to work towards the Mozilla Foundations public benefit to promote choice and innovation on the Internet . A MozillaZine article explained:The Mozilla Foundation will ultimately control the activities of the Mozilla Corporation and will retain its 100 percent ownership of the new subsidiary . Any profits made by the Mozilla Corporation will be invested back into the Mozilla project . There will be no shareholders , no stock options will be issued and no dividends will be paid . The Mozilla Corporation will not be floating on the stock market and it will be impossible for any company to take over or buy a stake in the subsidiary . The Mozilla Foundation will continue to own the Mozilla trademarks and other intellectual property and will license them to the Mozilla Corporation . The Foundation will also continue to govern the source code repository and control who is allowed to check in . Establishment . The Mozilla Corporation was established on August 3 , 2005 , to handle the revenue-related operations of the Mozilla Foundation . As a non-profit , the Mozilla Foundation is limited in terms of the types and amounts of revenue . The Mozilla Corporation , as a taxable organization ( essentially , a commercial operation ) , does not have to comply with such strict rules . Upon its creation , the Mozilla Corporation took over several areas from the Mozilla Foundation , including coordination and integration of the development of Firefox and Thunderbird ( by the global free software community ) and the management of relationships with businesses . With the creation of the Mozilla Corporation , the rest of the Mozilla Foundation narrowed its focus to concentrate on the Mozilla projects governance and policy issues . In November 2005 , with the release of Mozilla Firefox 1.5 , the Mozilla Corporations website at mozilla.com was unveiled as the new home of the Firefox and Thunderbird products online . In 2006 , the Mozilla Corporation generated $66.8 million in revenue and $19.8 million in expenses , with 85% of that revenue coming from Google for assigning [ Google ] as the browsers default search engine , and for click-throughs on ads placed on the ensuing search results pages . Notable events . In March 2006 , Jason Calacanis reported a rumor on his blog that Mozilla Corporation gained $72M during the previous year , mainly thanks to the Google search box in the Firefox browser . The rumor was later addressed by Christopher Blizzard , then a member of the board , who wrote on his blog that , its not correct , though not off by an order of magnitude . Two years later , TechCrunch wrote : In return for setting Google as the default search engine on Firefox , Google pays Mozilla a substantial sum – in 2006 , the total amounted to around $57 million , or 85% of the companys total revenue . The deal was originally going to expire in 2006 , but was later extended to 2008 and then ran through 2011 . The deal was extended again another 3 years , until November 2014 . Under the deal , Mozilla was to have received from Google another $900 million ( $300 million annually ) , nearly 3 times the previous amount . In August 2006 , Microsoft invited Mozilla employees to collaborate to ensure compatibility of Mozilla software with then upcoming Windows Vista . Microsoft offered to host one-to-one at the new open-source facility at Microsoft headquarters in Redmond , Wash . Mozilla accepted the offer . In March 2014 , Mozilla came under some criticism after it appointed Brendan Eich as its new Chief Executive Officer ( CEO ) . In 2008 , Eich had made a $1,000 contribution in support of California Proposition 8 , a ballot initiative that barred legal recognition of same-sex marriages in California . Three of six Mozilla board members reportedly resigned over the choice of CEO , though Mozilla said the resigning board members had a variety of reasons and reasserted its continued commitment to LGBT equality , including same-sex marriage . On April 1 , the online dating site OkCupid started displaying visitors using Mozilla Firefox a message urging them to switch to a different web browser , pointing out that 8% of the matches made on OkCupid are between same-sex couples . On April 3 , Mozilla announced that Eich had decided to step down as CEO and also leave the board of Mozilla Foundation . This , in turn , prompted criticism from some commentators who criticized the pressure that led Eich to resign . For example , Conor Friedersdorf argued in The Atlantic that the general practice of punishing people in business for bygone political donations is most likely to entrench powerful interests and weaken the ability of the powerless to challenge the status quo . In April 2014 , Chris Beard , the former chief marketing officer of Mozilla , was appointed interim CEO . Beard was named CEO on July 28 of the same year . On February 27 , 2017 , Mozilla acquired the bookmark manager and suggestion service Pocket . In accordance with Mozillas history of operating as open by default and based on comments by Mozilla chief business officer Denelle Dixon-Thayer that Pocket would become part of the Mozilla open source project , it was reported that Pocket would become open source . Prior to the acquisition , the startup behind Pocket operated it as a closed source , commercial service , and Mozilla published the source code that added a Save to Pocket feature to Firefox as open source . , Pocket remains closed source , while the extension remains open source . In February 2017 , Mozilla dissolved its IoT Connected Devices initiative , firing around 50 employees , to focus on Emerging Technologies like AR , VR and Servo/Rust . On August 29 , 2019 , Mozilla and Chris Beard jointly announced that 2019 will be Beards last year as CEO of Mozilla . In December , Mitchell Baker became the interim CEO , before being named CEO in April 2020 . In January 2020 , Mozilla fired 70 employees after the new revenue streams could not deliver the expected revenue quickly enough . In August 2020 , Mozilla announced restructuring that will close down Mozilla operations in Taipei , Taiwan , and reduce Mozillas workforce in the United States , Canada , Europe , Australia , and New Zealand . All together , about 250 people will be let go with severance packages and ~60 people will be reassigned to different projects or teams . Mozilla is reducing investment in some areas such as developer tools , internal tooling , and platform feature development and reorganizing security/privacy products to prioritize revenue-generating projects . Shortly after the announcement of staff cuts , Mozilla insiders leaked information that the Google search deal will be extended until 2023 instead of expiring in 2020 , meaning the corporation financial state is stable . In December 2020 , Mozilla closed its headquarters office in Mountain View , citing reduced need for office space due to pandemic . The title of HQ office went to San Francisco office . Affiliations . Google . The Mozilla Corporations relationship with Google has been noted in the popular press , especially with regard to their paid referral agreement . Mozillas original deal with Google to have Google Search as the default web search engine in the browser expired in 2011 , but a new deal was struck , where Google agreed to pay Mozilla just under a billion dollars over three years in exchange for keeping Google as its default search engine . The price was driven up due to aggressive bidding from Microsofts Bing and Yahoo s presence in the auction as well . Despite the deal , Mozilla Firefox maintains relationships with Bing , Yahoo! , Yandex , Baidu , Amazon.com and eBay . The 2007 release of the anti-phishing protection in Firefox 2 in particular raised considerable controversy : Anti-phishing protection , enabled by default , is based on a list updated twice hourly from Googles servers . The browser also sends a cookie with each update request . Internet privacy advocacy groups have expressed concerns surrounding Googles possible uses for this data , especially since Firefoxs privacy policy states that Google may share ( non-personally identifying ) information gathered through safe browsing with third parties , including business partners . Following Google CEO Eric Schmidts comments in December 2009 regarding privacy during a CNBC show , Asa Dotzler , Mozillas director of community development suggested that users use the Bing search engine instead of Google search . Google also promoted Firefox through YouTube until the release of Google Chrome . Yahoo . In November 2014 , Mozilla signed a five-year partnership with Yahoo! , making Yahoo ! Search the default search engine for Firefox browsers in the US . With the release of Firefox Quantum on November 17 , 2017 , Google became the default search engine again . Microsoft . Microsofts head of Australian operations , Steve Vamos , stated in late 2004 that he did not see Firefox as a threat and that there was not significant demand for the feature-set of Firefox among Microsofts users . Microsoft Chairman Bill Gates has used Firefox , but has commented that its just another browser , and IE [ Microsofts Internet Explorer ] is better . A Microsoft SEC filing on June 30 , 2005 acknowledged that competitors such as Mozilla offer software that competes with the Internet Explorer Web browsing capabilities of our Windows operating system products . The release of Internet Explorer 7 was fast tracked , and included functionality that was previously available in Firefox and other browsers , such as tabbed browsing and RSS feeds . Despite the cold reception from Microsofts top management , the Internet Explorer development team maintains a relationship with Mozilla . They meet regularly to discuss web standards such as extended validation certificates . In 2005 , Mozilla agreed to allow Microsoft to use its Web feed logo in the interest of common graphical representation of the Web feeds feature . In August 2006 , Microsoft offered to help Mozilla integrate Firefox with the then-forthcoming Windows Vista , an offer Mozilla accepted . In October 2006 , as congratulations for a successful ship of Firefox 2 , the Internet Explorer 7 development team sent a cake to Mozilla . As a nod to the browser wars , some jokingly suggested that Mozilla send a cake back along with the recipe , in reference to the open-source software movement . The IE development team sent another cake on June 17 , 2008 , upon the successful release of Firefox 3 , again on March 22 , 2011 , for Firefox 4 , and yet again for the Firefox 5 release . In November 2007 , Jeff Jones ( a security strategy director in Microsofts Trustworthy Computing Group ) criticized Firefox , claiming that Internet Explorer experienced fewer vulnerabilities and fewer higher severity vulnerabilities than Firefox in typical enterprise scenarios . Mozilla developer Mike Shaver discounted the study , citing Microsofts bundling of security fixes and the studys focus on fixes , rather than vulnerabilities , as crucial flaws . In February 2009 , Microsoft released Service Pack 1 for version 3.5 of the .NET Framework . This update also installed Microsoft .NET Framework Assistant add-on ( enabling ClickOnce support ) . The update received media attention after users discovered that the add-on could not be uninstalled through the add-ons interface . Several hours after the website Annoyances.org posted an article regarding this update , Microsoft employee Brad Abrams posted in his blog Microsofts explanation for why the add-on was installed , and also included detailed instructions on how to remove it . However , the only way to get rid of this extension was to modify manually the Windows Registry , which could cause Windows systems to fail to boot up if not done correctly . On October 16 , 2009 , Mozilla blocked all versions of Microsoft .NET Framework Assistant from being used with Firefox and from the Mozilla Add-ons service . Two days later , the add-on was removed from the blocklist after confirmation from Microsoft that it is not a vector for vulnerabilities . Version 1.1 ( released on June 10 , 2009 to the Mozilla Add-ons service ) and later of the Microsoft .NET Framework Assistant allows the user to disable and uninstall in the normal fashion . Firefox was one of the twelve browsers offered to European Economic Area users of Microsoft Windows from 2010 – see BrowserChoice.eu . IRS audit . The Internal Revenue Service opened an audit of the Mozilla Foundations 2004-5 revenues in 2008 , due to its search royalties , and in 2009 , the investigation was expanded to the 2006 and 2007 tax years , though that part of the audit was closed . As Mozilla does not derive at least a third of its revenue from public donations , it does not automatically qualify as a public charity . In November 2012 , the audit was closed after finding that the Mozilla Foundation owed a settlement of $1.5 million to the IRS . People . Most Mozilla Foundation employees transferred to the new organization at Mozilla Corporations founding . Board of directors . The board of directors is appointed by and responsible to Mozilla Foundations board . In March 2014 , half the board members resigned . The remaining board members are : - Mitchell Baker , Executive Chairwoman & CEO - Julie Hanna - Karim Lakhani Management team . The senior management team includes : - Mitchell Baker , Executive Chairwoman & CEO - Lindsey Shepard , CMO - Dave Camp , Chief , Core Products - Roxi Wen , CFO - Amy Keating , Chief Legal Officer - Lindsey Shepard , CMO Notable current employees . - Julian Seward - Tantek Çelik Notable past employees . - Brendan Eich , former CEO of Mozilla Corporation , inventor of JavaScript - John Lilly , former CEO of Mozilla Corporation - Christopher Blizzard , former Open Source Evangelist ( now at Facebook ) - John Resig , former Technical Evangelist ( now at Khan Academy ) - Mike Schroepfer , former VP of Engineering ( now at Facebook ) - Mike Shaver , former VP of Technical Strategy ( now at Facebook ) - Window Snyder , former Chief Security Officer ( now at Square , Inc. ) - Ellen Siminoff , former board member , also President and CEO of Shmoop University and Chairman of Efficient Frontier - Li Gong , president of Mozilla Corporation until 2015 - Doug Turner , former Engineering Director ( now at Google Chrome ) - Andreas Gal , former CTO ( now at Silk Labs ) - Johnny Stenback , former Engineering Director ( now at Google Chrome ) - John Hammink External links . - Mozilla Corp . in 12 simple items
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": "The Mozilla Corporation ( stylized as moz://a ) is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Mozilla Foundation that coordinates and integrates the development of Internet-related applications such as the Firefox web browser , by a global community of open-source developers , some of whom are employed by the corporation itself . The corporation also distributes and promotes these products . Unlike the non-profit Mozilla Foundation , and the Mozilla open source project , founded by the now defunct Netscape Communications Corporation , the Mozilla Corporation is a taxable entity . The Mozilla Corporation reinvests all of its profits back into",
"title": "Mozilla Corporation"
},
{
"text": "the Mozilla projects . The Mozilla Corporations stated aim is to work towards the Mozilla Foundations public benefit to promote choice and innovation on the Internet .",
"title": "Mozilla Corporation"
},
{
"text": "A MozillaZine article explained:The Mozilla Foundation will ultimately control the activities of the Mozilla Corporation and will retain its 100 percent ownership of the new subsidiary . Any profits made by the Mozilla Corporation will be invested back into the Mozilla project . There will be no shareholders , no stock options will be issued and no dividends will be paid . The Mozilla Corporation will not be floating on the stock market and it will be impossible for any company to take over or buy a stake in the subsidiary . The Mozilla Foundation will continue to own the",
"title": "Mozilla Corporation"
},
{
"text": "Mozilla trademarks and other intellectual property and will license them to the Mozilla Corporation . The Foundation will also continue to govern the source code repository and control who is allowed to check in .",
"title": "Mozilla Corporation"
},
{
"text": "The Mozilla Corporation was established on August 3 , 2005 , to handle the revenue-related operations of the Mozilla Foundation . As a non-profit , the Mozilla Foundation is limited in terms of the types and amounts of revenue . The Mozilla Corporation , as a taxable organization ( essentially , a commercial operation ) , does not have to comply with such strict rules . Upon its creation , the Mozilla Corporation took over several areas from the Mozilla Foundation , including coordination and integration of the development of Firefox and Thunderbird ( by the global free software community",
"title": "Establishment"
},
{
"text": ") and the management of relationships with businesses .",
"title": "Establishment"
},
{
"text": " With the creation of the Mozilla Corporation , the rest of the Mozilla Foundation narrowed its focus to concentrate on the Mozilla projects governance and policy issues . In November 2005 , with the release of Mozilla Firefox 1.5 , the Mozilla Corporations website at mozilla.com was unveiled as the new home of the Firefox and Thunderbird products online .",
"title": "Establishment"
},
{
"text": "In 2006 , the Mozilla Corporation generated $66.8 million in revenue and $19.8 million in expenses , with 85% of that revenue coming from Google for assigning [ Google ] as the browsers default search engine , and for click-throughs on ads placed on the ensuing search results pages .",
"title": "Establishment"
},
{
"text": "In March 2006 , Jason Calacanis reported a rumor on his blog that Mozilla Corporation gained $72M during the previous year , mainly thanks to the Google search box in the Firefox browser . The rumor was later addressed by Christopher Blizzard , then a member of the board , who wrote on his blog that , its not correct , though not off by an order of magnitude . Two years later , TechCrunch wrote : In return for setting Google as the default search engine on Firefox , Google pays Mozilla a substantial sum – in 2006 ,",
"title": "Notable events"
},
{
"text": "the total amounted to around $57 million , or 85% of the companys total revenue . The deal was originally going to expire in 2006 , but was later extended to 2008 and then ran through 2011 . The deal was extended again another 3 years , until November 2014 . Under the deal , Mozilla was to have received from Google another $900 million ( $300 million annually ) , nearly 3 times the previous amount .",
"title": "Notable events"
},
{
"text": " In August 2006 , Microsoft invited Mozilla employees to collaborate to ensure compatibility of Mozilla software with then upcoming Windows Vista . Microsoft offered to host one-to-one at the new open-source facility at Microsoft headquarters in Redmond , Wash . Mozilla accepted the offer .",
"title": "Notable events"
},
{
"text": "In March 2014 , Mozilla came under some criticism after it appointed Brendan Eich as its new Chief Executive Officer ( CEO ) . In 2008 , Eich had made a $1,000 contribution in support of California Proposition 8 , a ballot initiative that barred legal recognition of same-sex marriages in California . Three of six Mozilla board members reportedly resigned over the choice of CEO , though Mozilla said the resigning board members had a variety of reasons and reasserted its continued commitment to LGBT equality , including same-sex marriage . On April 1 , the online dating site",
"title": "Notable events"
},
{
"text": "OkCupid started displaying visitors using Mozilla Firefox a message urging them to switch to a different web browser , pointing out that 8% of the matches made on OkCupid are between same-sex couples . On April 3 , Mozilla announced that Eich had decided to step down as CEO and also leave the board of Mozilla Foundation . This , in turn , prompted criticism from some commentators who criticized the pressure that led Eich to resign . For example , Conor Friedersdorf argued in The Atlantic that the general practice of punishing people in business for bygone political donations",
"title": "Notable events"
},
{
"text": "is most likely to entrench powerful interests and weaken the ability of the powerless to challenge the status quo .",
"title": "Notable events"
},
{
"text": " In April 2014 , Chris Beard , the former chief marketing officer of Mozilla , was appointed interim CEO . Beard was named CEO on July 28 of the same year .",
"title": "Notable events"
},
{
"text": "On February 27 , 2017 , Mozilla acquired the bookmark manager and suggestion service Pocket . In accordance with Mozillas history of operating as open by default and based on comments by Mozilla chief business officer Denelle Dixon-Thayer that Pocket would become part of the Mozilla open source project , it was reported that Pocket would become open source . Prior to the acquisition , the startup behind Pocket operated it as a closed source , commercial service , and Mozilla published the source code that added a Save to Pocket feature to Firefox as open source . , Pocket",
"title": "Notable events"
},
{
"text": "remains closed source , while the extension remains open source .",
"title": "Notable events"
},
{
"text": " In February 2017 , Mozilla dissolved its IoT Connected Devices initiative , firing around 50 employees , to focus on Emerging Technologies like AR , VR and Servo/Rust . On August 29 , 2019 , Mozilla and Chris Beard jointly announced that 2019 will be Beards last year as CEO of Mozilla . In December , Mitchell Baker became the interim CEO , before being named CEO in April 2020 .",
"title": "Notable events"
},
{
"text": "In January 2020 , Mozilla fired 70 employees after the new revenue streams could not deliver the expected revenue quickly enough . In August 2020 , Mozilla announced restructuring that will close down Mozilla operations in Taipei , Taiwan , and reduce Mozillas workforce in the United States , Canada , Europe , Australia , and New Zealand . All together , about 250 people will be let go with severance packages and ~60 people will be reassigned to different projects or teams . Mozilla is reducing investment in some areas such as developer tools , internal tooling , and",
"title": "Notable events"
},
{
"text": "platform feature development and reorganizing security/privacy products to prioritize revenue-generating projects . Shortly after the announcement of staff cuts , Mozilla insiders leaked information that the Google search deal will be extended until 2023 instead of expiring in 2020 , meaning the corporation financial state is stable .",
"title": "Notable events"
},
{
"text": " In December 2020 , Mozilla closed its headquarters office in Mountain View , citing reduced need for office space due to pandemic . The title of HQ office went to San Francisco office .",
"title": "Notable events"
},
{
"text": "The Mozilla Corporations relationship with Google has been noted in the popular press , especially with regard to their paid referral agreement . Mozillas original deal with Google to have Google Search as the default web search engine in the browser expired in 2011 , but a new deal was struck , where Google agreed to pay Mozilla just under a billion dollars over three years in exchange for keeping Google as its default search engine . The price was driven up due to aggressive bidding from Microsofts Bing and Yahoo s presence in the auction as well . Despite",
"title": "Google"
},
{
"text": "the deal , Mozilla Firefox maintains relationships with Bing , Yahoo! , Yandex , Baidu , Amazon.com and eBay .",
"title": "Google"
},
{
"text": " The 2007 release of the anti-phishing protection in Firefox 2 in particular raised considerable controversy : Anti-phishing protection , enabled by default , is based on a list updated twice hourly from Googles servers . The browser also sends a cookie with each update request . Internet privacy advocacy groups have expressed concerns surrounding Googles possible uses for this data , especially since Firefoxs privacy policy states that Google may share ( non-personally identifying ) information gathered through safe browsing with third parties , including business partners .",
"title": "Google"
},
{
"text": "Following Google CEO Eric Schmidts comments in December 2009 regarding privacy during a CNBC show , Asa Dotzler , Mozillas director of community development suggested that users use the Bing search engine instead of Google search . Google also promoted Firefox through YouTube until the release of Google Chrome .",
"title": "Google"
},
{
"text": " In November 2014 , Mozilla signed a five-year partnership with Yahoo! , making Yahoo ! Search the default search engine for Firefox browsers in the US . With the release of Firefox Quantum on November 17 , 2017 , Google became the default search engine again .",
"title": "Yahoo"
},
{
"text": " Microsofts head of Australian operations , Steve Vamos , stated in late 2004 that he did not see Firefox as a threat and that there was not significant demand for the feature-set of Firefox among Microsofts users . Microsoft Chairman Bill Gates has used Firefox , but has commented that its just another browser , and IE [ Microsofts Internet Explorer ] is better .",
"title": "Microsoft"
},
{
"text": "A Microsoft SEC filing on June 30 , 2005 acknowledged that competitors such as Mozilla offer software that competes with the Internet Explorer Web browsing capabilities of our Windows operating system products . The release of Internet Explorer 7 was fast tracked , and included functionality that was previously available in Firefox and other browsers , such as tabbed browsing and RSS feeds .",
"title": "Microsoft"
},
{
"text": " Despite the cold reception from Microsofts top management , the Internet Explorer development team maintains a relationship with Mozilla . They meet regularly to discuss web standards such as extended validation certificates . In 2005 , Mozilla agreed to allow Microsoft to use its Web feed logo in the interest of common graphical representation of the Web feeds feature . In August 2006 , Microsoft offered to help Mozilla integrate Firefox with the then-forthcoming Windows Vista , an offer Mozilla accepted .",
"title": "Microsoft"
},
{
"text": "In October 2006 , as congratulations for a successful ship of Firefox 2 , the Internet Explorer 7 development team sent a cake to Mozilla . As a nod to the browser wars , some jokingly suggested that Mozilla send a cake back along with the recipe , in reference to the open-source software movement . The IE development team sent another cake on June 17 , 2008 , upon the successful release of Firefox 3 , again on March 22 , 2011 , for Firefox 4 , and yet again for the Firefox 5 release .",
"title": "Microsoft"
},
{
"text": " In November 2007 , Jeff Jones ( a security strategy director in Microsofts Trustworthy Computing Group ) criticized Firefox , claiming that Internet Explorer experienced fewer vulnerabilities and fewer higher severity vulnerabilities than Firefox in typical enterprise scenarios . Mozilla developer Mike Shaver discounted the study , citing Microsofts bundling of security fixes and the studys focus on fixes , rather than vulnerabilities , as crucial flaws .",
"title": "Microsoft"
},
{
"text": "In February 2009 , Microsoft released Service Pack 1 for version 3.5 of the .NET Framework . This update also installed Microsoft .NET Framework Assistant add-on ( enabling ClickOnce support ) . The update received media attention after users discovered that the add-on could not be uninstalled through the add-ons interface . Several hours after the website Annoyances.org posted an article regarding this update , Microsoft employee Brad Abrams posted in his blog Microsofts explanation for why the add-on was installed , and also included detailed instructions on how to remove it . However , the only way to get",
"title": "Microsoft"
},
{
"text": "rid of this extension was to modify manually the Windows Registry , which could cause Windows systems to fail to boot up if not done correctly .",
"title": "Microsoft"
},
{
"text": " On October 16 , 2009 , Mozilla blocked all versions of Microsoft .NET Framework Assistant from being used with Firefox and from the Mozilla Add-ons service . Two days later , the add-on was removed from the blocklist after confirmation from Microsoft that it is not a vector for vulnerabilities . Version 1.1 ( released on June 10 , 2009 to the Mozilla Add-ons service ) and later of the Microsoft .NET Framework Assistant allows the user to disable and uninstall in the normal fashion .",
"title": "Microsoft"
},
{
"text": "Firefox was one of the twelve browsers offered to European Economic Area users of Microsoft Windows from 2010 – see BrowserChoice.eu .",
"title": "Microsoft"
},
{
"text": " The Internal Revenue Service opened an audit of the Mozilla Foundations 2004-5 revenues in 2008 , due to its search royalties , and in 2009 , the investigation was expanded to the 2006 and 2007 tax years , though that part of the audit was closed . As Mozilla does not derive at least a third of its revenue from public donations , it does not automatically qualify as a public charity . In November 2012 , the audit was closed after finding that the Mozilla Foundation owed a settlement of $1.5 million to the IRS .",
"title": "IRS audit"
},
{
"text": " The board of directors is appointed by and responsible to Mozilla Foundations board . In March 2014 , half the board members resigned . The remaining board members are : - Mitchell Baker , Executive Chairwoman & CEO - Julie Hanna - Karim Lakhani",
"title": "Board of directors"
},
{
"text": " The senior management team includes : - Mitchell Baker , Executive Chairwoman & CEO - Lindsey Shepard , CMO - Dave Camp , Chief , Core Products - Roxi Wen , CFO - Amy Keating , Chief Legal Officer - Lindsey Shepard , CMO",
"title": "Management team"
},
{
"text": " - Brendan Eich , former CEO of Mozilla Corporation , inventor of JavaScript - John Lilly , former CEO of Mozilla Corporation - Christopher Blizzard , former Open Source Evangelist ( now at Facebook ) - John Resig , former Technical Evangelist ( now at Khan Academy ) - Mike Schroepfer , former VP of Engineering ( now at Facebook ) - Mike Shaver , former VP of Technical Strategy ( now at Facebook ) - Window Snyder , former Chief Security Officer ( now at Square , Inc. )",
"title": "Notable past employees"
},
{
"text": "- Ellen Siminoff , former board member , also President and CEO of Shmoop University and Chairman of Efficient Frontier",
"title": "Notable past employees"
},
{
"text": " - Li Gong , president of Mozilla Corporation until 2015 - Doug Turner , former Engineering Director ( now at Google Chrome ) - Andreas Gal , former CTO ( now at Silk Labs ) - Johnny Stenback , former Engineering Director ( now at Google Chrome ) - John Hammink",
"title": "Notable past employees"
},
{
"text": " - Mozilla Corp . in 12 simple items",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Mozilla_Corporation#P169#1
|
Who was the chief executive officer of Mozilla Corporation after Dec 2015?
|
Mozilla Corporation The Mozilla Corporation ( stylized as moz://a ) is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Mozilla Foundation that coordinates and integrates the development of Internet-related applications such as the Firefox web browser , by a global community of open-source developers , some of whom are employed by the corporation itself . The corporation also distributes and promotes these products . Unlike the non-profit Mozilla Foundation , and the Mozilla open source project , founded by the now defunct Netscape Communications Corporation , the Mozilla Corporation is a taxable entity . The Mozilla Corporation reinvests all of its profits back into the Mozilla projects . The Mozilla Corporations stated aim is to work towards the Mozilla Foundations public benefit to promote choice and innovation on the Internet . A MozillaZine article explained:The Mozilla Foundation will ultimately control the activities of the Mozilla Corporation and will retain its 100 percent ownership of the new subsidiary . Any profits made by the Mozilla Corporation will be invested back into the Mozilla project . There will be no shareholders , no stock options will be issued and no dividends will be paid . The Mozilla Corporation will not be floating on the stock market and it will be impossible for any company to take over or buy a stake in the subsidiary . The Mozilla Foundation will continue to own the Mozilla trademarks and other intellectual property and will license them to the Mozilla Corporation . The Foundation will also continue to govern the source code repository and control who is allowed to check in . Establishment . The Mozilla Corporation was established on August 3 , 2005 , to handle the revenue-related operations of the Mozilla Foundation . As a non-profit , the Mozilla Foundation is limited in terms of the types and amounts of revenue . The Mozilla Corporation , as a taxable organization ( essentially , a commercial operation ) , does not have to comply with such strict rules . Upon its creation , the Mozilla Corporation took over several areas from the Mozilla Foundation , including coordination and integration of the development of Firefox and Thunderbird ( by the global free software community ) and the management of relationships with businesses . With the creation of the Mozilla Corporation , the rest of the Mozilla Foundation narrowed its focus to concentrate on the Mozilla projects governance and policy issues . In November 2005 , with the release of Mozilla Firefox 1.5 , the Mozilla Corporations website at mozilla.com was unveiled as the new home of the Firefox and Thunderbird products online . In 2006 , the Mozilla Corporation generated $66.8 million in revenue and $19.8 million in expenses , with 85% of that revenue coming from Google for assigning [ Google ] as the browsers default search engine , and for click-throughs on ads placed on the ensuing search results pages . Notable events . In March 2006 , Jason Calacanis reported a rumor on his blog that Mozilla Corporation gained $72M during the previous year , mainly thanks to the Google search box in the Firefox browser . The rumor was later addressed by Christopher Blizzard , then a member of the board , who wrote on his blog that , its not correct , though not off by an order of magnitude . Two years later , TechCrunch wrote : In return for setting Google as the default search engine on Firefox , Google pays Mozilla a substantial sum – in 2006 , the total amounted to around $57 million , or 85% of the companys total revenue . The deal was originally going to expire in 2006 , but was later extended to 2008 and then ran through 2011 . The deal was extended again another 3 years , until November 2014 . Under the deal , Mozilla was to have received from Google another $900 million ( $300 million annually ) , nearly 3 times the previous amount . In August 2006 , Microsoft invited Mozilla employees to collaborate to ensure compatibility of Mozilla software with then upcoming Windows Vista . Microsoft offered to host one-to-one at the new open-source facility at Microsoft headquarters in Redmond , Wash . Mozilla accepted the offer . In March 2014 , Mozilla came under some criticism after it appointed Brendan Eich as its new Chief Executive Officer ( CEO ) . In 2008 , Eich had made a $1,000 contribution in support of California Proposition 8 , a ballot initiative that barred legal recognition of same-sex marriages in California . Three of six Mozilla board members reportedly resigned over the choice of CEO , though Mozilla said the resigning board members had a variety of reasons and reasserted its continued commitment to LGBT equality , including same-sex marriage . On April 1 , the online dating site OkCupid started displaying visitors using Mozilla Firefox a message urging them to switch to a different web browser , pointing out that 8% of the matches made on OkCupid are between same-sex couples . On April 3 , Mozilla announced that Eich had decided to step down as CEO and also leave the board of Mozilla Foundation . This , in turn , prompted criticism from some commentators who criticized the pressure that led Eich to resign . For example , Conor Friedersdorf argued in The Atlantic that the general practice of punishing people in business for bygone political donations is most likely to entrench powerful interests and weaken the ability of the powerless to challenge the status quo . In April 2014 , Chris Beard , the former chief marketing officer of Mozilla , was appointed interim CEO . Beard was named CEO on July 28 of the same year . On February 27 , 2017 , Mozilla acquired the bookmark manager and suggestion service Pocket . In accordance with Mozillas history of operating as open by default and based on comments by Mozilla chief business officer Denelle Dixon-Thayer that Pocket would become part of the Mozilla open source project , it was reported that Pocket would become open source . Prior to the acquisition , the startup behind Pocket operated it as a closed source , commercial service , and Mozilla published the source code that added a Save to Pocket feature to Firefox as open source . , Pocket remains closed source , while the extension remains open source . In February 2017 , Mozilla dissolved its IoT Connected Devices initiative , firing around 50 employees , to focus on Emerging Technologies like AR , VR and Servo/Rust . On August 29 , 2019 , Mozilla and Chris Beard jointly announced that 2019 will be Beards last year as CEO of Mozilla . In December , Mitchell Baker became the interim CEO , before being named CEO in April 2020 . In January 2020 , Mozilla fired 70 employees after the new revenue streams could not deliver the expected revenue quickly enough . In August 2020 , Mozilla announced restructuring that will close down Mozilla operations in Taipei , Taiwan , and reduce Mozillas workforce in the United States , Canada , Europe , Australia , and New Zealand . All together , about 250 people will be let go with severance packages and ~60 people will be reassigned to different projects or teams . Mozilla is reducing investment in some areas such as developer tools , internal tooling , and platform feature development and reorganizing security/privacy products to prioritize revenue-generating projects . Shortly after the announcement of staff cuts , Mozilla insiders leaked information that the Google search deal will be extended until 2023 instead of expiring in 2020 , meaning the corporation financial state is stable . In December 2020 , Mozilla closed its headquarters office in Mountain View , citing reduced need for office space due to pandemic . The title of HQ office went to San Francisco office . Affiliations . Google . The Mozilla Corporations relationship with Google has been noted in the popular press , especially with regard to their paid referral agreement . Mozillas original deal with Google to have Google Search as the default web search engine in the browser expired in 2011 , but a new deal was struck , where Google agreed to pay Mozilla just under a billion dollars over three years in exchange for keeping Google as its default search engine . The price was driven up due to aggressive bidding from Microsofts Bing and Yahoo s presence in the auction as well . Despite the deal , Mozilla Firefox maintains relationships with Bing , Yahoo! , Yandex , Baidu , Amazon.com and eBay . The 2007 release of the anti-phishing protection in Firefox 2 in particular raised considerable controversy : Anti-phishing protection , enabled by default , is based on a list updated twice hourly from Googles servers . The browser also sends a cookie with each update request . Internet privacy advocacy groups have expressed concerns surrounding Googles possible uses for this data , especially since Firefoxs privacy policy states that Google may share ( non-personally identifying ) information gathered through safe browsing with third parties , including business partners . Following Google CEO Eric Schmidts comments in December 2009 regarding privacy during a CNBC show , Asa Dotzler , Mozillas director of community development suggested that users use the Bing search engine instead of Google search . Google also promoted Firefox through YouTube until the release of Google Chrome . Yahoo . In November 2014 , Mozilla signed a five-year partnership with Yahoo! , making Yahoo ! Search the default search engine for Firefox browsers in the US . With the release of Firefox Quantum on November 17 , 2017 , Google became the default search engine again . Microsoft . Microsofts head of Australian operations , Steve Vamos , stated in late 2004 that he did not see Firefox as a threat and that there was not significant demand for the feature-set of Firefox among Microsofts users . Microsoft Chairman Bill Gates has used Firefox , but has commented that its just another browser , and IE [ Microsofts Internet Explorer ] is better . A Microsoft SEC filing on June 30 , 2005 acknowledged that competitors such as Mozilla offer software that competes with the Internet Explorer Web browsing capabilities of our Windows operating system products . The release of Internet Explorer 7 was fast tracked , and included functionality that was previously available in Firefox and other browsers , such as tabbed browsing and RSS feeds . Despite the cold reception from Microsofts top management , the Internet Explorer development team maintains a relationship with Mozilla . They meet regularly to discuss web standards such as extended validation certificates . In 2005 , Mozilla agreed to allow Microsoft to use its Web feed logo in the interest of common graphical representation of the Web feeds feature . In August 2006 , Microsoft offered to help Mozilla integrate Firefox with the then-forthcoming Windows Vista , an offer Mozilla accepted . In October 2006 , as congratulations for a successful ship of Firefox 2 , the Internet Explorer 7 development team sent a cake to Mozilla . As a nod to the browser wars , some jokingly suggested that Mozilla send a cake back along with the recipe , in reference to the open-source software movement . The IE development team sent another cake on June 17 , 2008 , upon the successful release of Firefox 3 , again on March 22 , 2011 , for Firefox 4 , and yet again for the Firefox 5 release . In November 2007 , Jeff Jones ( a security strategy director in Microsofts Trustworthy Computing Group ) criticized Firefox , claiming that Internet Explorer experienced fewer vulnerabilities and fewer higher severity vulnerabilities than Firefox in typical enterprise scenarios . Mozilla developer Mike Shaver discounted the study , citing Microsofts bundling of security fixes and the studys focus on fixes , rather than vulnerabilities , as crucial flaws . In February 2009 , Microsoft released Service Pack 1 for version 3.5 of the .NET Framework . This update also installed Microsoft .NET Framework Assistant add-on ( enabling ClickOnce support ) . The update received media attention after users discovered that the add-on could not be uninstalled through the add-ons interface . Several hours after the website Annoyances.org posted an article regarding this update , Microsoft employee Brad Abrams posted in his blog Microsofts explanation for why the add-on was installed , and also included detailed instructions on how to remove it . However , the only way to get rid of this extension was to modify manually the Windows Registry , which could cause Windows systems to fail to boot up if not done correctly . On October 16 , 2009 , Mozilla blocked all versions of Microsoft .NET Framework Assistant from being used with Firefox and from the Mozilla Add-ons service . Two days later , the add-on was removed from the blocklist after confirmation from Microsoft that it is not a vector for vulnerabilities . Version 1.1 ( released on June 10 , 2009 to the Mozilla Add-ons service ) and later of the Microsoft .NET Framework Assistant allows the user to disable and uninstall in the normal fashion . Firefox was one of the twelve browsers offered to European Economic Area users of Microsoft Windows from 2010 – see BrowserChoice.eu . IRS audit . The Internal Revenue Service opened an audit of the Mozilla Foundations 2004-5 revenues in 2008 , due to its search royalties , and in 2009 , the investigation was expanded to the 2006 and 2007 tax years , though that part of the audit was closed . As Mozilla does not derive at least a third of its revenue from public donations , it does not automatically qualify as a public charity . In November 2012 , the audit was closed after finding that the Mozilla Foundation owed a settlement of $1.5 million to the IRS . People . Most Mozilla Foundation employees transferred to the new organization at Mozilla Corporations founding . Board of directors . The board of directors is appointed by and responsible to Mozilla Foundations board . In March 2014 , half the board members resigned . The remaining board members are : - Mitchell Baker , Executive Chairwoman & CEO - Julie Hanna - Karim Lakhani Management team . The senior management team includes : - Mitchell Baker , Executive Chairwoman & CEO - Lindsey Shepard , CMO - Dave Camp , Chief , Core Products - Roxi Wen , CFO - Amy Keating , Chief Legal Officer - Lindsey Shepard , CMO Notable current employees . - Julian Seward - Tantek Çelik Notable past employees . - Brendan Eich , former CEO of Mozilla Corporation , inventor of JavaScript - John Lilly , former CEO of Mozilla Corporation - Christopher Blizzard , former Open Source Evangelist ( now at Facebook ) - John Resig , former Technical Evangelist ( now at Khan Academy ) - Mike Schroepfer , former VP of Engineering ( now at Facebook ) - Mike Shaver , former VP of Technical Strategy ( now at Facebook ) - Window Snyder , former Chief Security Officer ( now at Square , Inc. ) - Ellen Siminoff , former board member , also President and CEO of Shmoop University and Chairman of Efficient Frontier - Li Gong , president of Mozilla Corporation until 2015 - Doug Turner , former Engineering Director ( now at Google Chrome ) - Andreas Gal , former CTO ( now at Silk Labs ) - Johnny Stenback , former Engineering Director ( now at Google Chrome ) - John Hammink External links . - Mozilla Corp . in 12 simple items
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": "The Mozilla Corporation ( stylized as moz://a ) is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Mozilla Foundation that coordinates and integrates the development of Internet-related applications such as the Firefox web browser , by a global community of open-source developers , some of whom are employed by the corporation itself . The corporation also distributes and promotes these products . Unlike the non-profit Mozilla Foundation , and the Mozilla open source project , founded by the now defunct Netscape Communications Corporation , the Mozilla Corporation is a taxable entity . The Mozilla Corporation reinvests all of its profits back into",
"title": "Mozilla Corporation"
},
{
"text": "the Mozilla projects . The Mozilla Corporations stated aim is to work towards the Mozilla Foundations public benefit to promote choice and innovation on the Internet .",
"title": "Mozilla Corporation"
},
{
"text": "A MozillaZine article explained:The Mozilla Foundation will ultimately control the activities of the Mozilla Corporation and will retain its 100 percent ownership of the new subsidiary . Any profits made by the Mozilla Corporation will be invested back into the Mozilla project . There will be no shareholders , no stock options will be issued and no dividends will be paid . The Mozilla Corporation will not be floating on the stock market and it will be impossible for any company to take over or buy a stake in the subsidiary . The Mozilla Foundation will continue to own the",
"title": "Mozilla Corporation"
},
{
"text": "Mozilla trademarks and other intellectual property and will license them to the Mozilla Corporation . The Foundation will also continue to govern the source code repository and control who is allowed to check in .",
"title": "Mozilla Corporation"
},
{
"text": "The Mozilla Corporation was established on August 3 , 2005 , to handle the revenue-related operations of the Mozilla Foundation . As a non-profit , the Mozilla Foundation is limited in terms of the types and amounts of revenue . The Mozilla Corporation , as a taxable organization ( essentially , a commercial operation ) , does not have to comply with such strict rules . Upon its creation , the Mozilla Corporation took over several areas from the Mozilla Foundation , including coordination and integration of the development of Firefox and Thunderbird ( by the global free software community",
"title": "Establishment"
},
{
"text": ") and the management of relationships with businesses .",
"title": "Establishment"
},
{
"text": " With the creation of the Mozilla Corporation , the rest of the Mozilla Foundation narrowed its focus to concentrate on the Mozilla projects governance and policy issues . In November 2005 , with the release of Mozilla Firefox 1.5 , the Mozilla Corporations website at mozilla.com was unveiled as the new home of the Firefox and Thunderbird products online .",
"title": "Establishment"
},
{
"text": "In 2006 , the Mozilla Corporation generated $66.8 million in revenue and $19.8 million in expenses , with 85% of that revenue coming from Google for assigning [ Google ] as the browsers default search engine , and for click-throughs on ads placed on the ensuing search results pages .",
"title": "Establishment"
},
{
"text": "In March 2006 , Jason Calacanis reported a rumor on his blog that Mozilla Corporation gained $72M during the previous year , mainly thanks to the Google search box in the Firefox browser . The rumor was later addressed by Christopher Blizzard , then a member of the board , who wrote on his blog that , its not correct , though not off by an order of magnitude . Two years later , TechCrunch wrote : In return for setting Google as the default search engine on Firefox , Google pays Mozilla a substantial sum – in 2006 ,",
"title": "Notable events"
},
{
"text": "the total amounted to around $57 million , or 85% of the companys total revenue . The deal was originally going to expire in 2006 , but was later extended to 2008 and then ran through 2011 . The deal was extended again another 3 years , until November 2014 . Under the deal , Mozilla was to have received from Google another $900 million ( $300 million annually ) , nearly 3 times the previous amount .",
"title": "Notable events"
},
{
"text": " In August 2006 , Microsoft invited Mozilla employees to collaborate to ensure compatibility of Mozilla software with then upcoming Windows Vista . Microsoft offered to host one-to-one at the new open-source facility at Microsoft headquarters in Redmond , Wash . Mozilla accepted the offer .",
"title": "Notable events"
},
{
"text": "In March 2014 , Mozilla came under some criticism after it appointed Brendan Eich as its new Chief Executive Officer ( CEO ) . In 2008 , Eich had made a $1,000 contribution in support of California Proposition 8 , a ballot initiative that barred legal recognition of same-sex marriages in California . Three of six Mozilla board members reportedly resigned over the choice of CEO , though Mozilla said the resigning board members had a variety of reasons and reasserted its continued commitment to LGBT equality , including same-sex marriage . On April 1 , the online dating site",
"title": "Notable events"
},
{
"text": "OkCupid started displaying visitors using Mozilla Firefox a message urging them to switch to a different web browser , pointing out that 8% of the matches made on OkCupid are between same-sex couples . On April 3 , Mozilla announced that Eich had decided to step down as CEO and also leave the board of Mozilla Foundation . This , in turn , prompted criticism from some commentators who criticized the pressure that led Eich to resign . For example , Conor Friedersdorf argued in The Atlantic that the general practice of punishing people in business for bygone political donations",
"title": "Notable events"
},
{
"text": "is most likely to entrench powerful interests and weaken the ability of the powerless to challenge the status quo .",
"title": "Notable events"
},
{
"text": " In April 2014 , Chris Beard , the former chief marketing officer of Mozilla , was appointed interim CEO . Beard was named CEO on July 28 of the same year .",
"title": "Notable events"
},
{
"text": "On February 27 , 2017 , Mozilla acquired the bookmark manager and suggestion service Pocket . In accordance with Mozillas history of operating as open by default and based on comments by Mozilla chief business officer Denelle Dixon-Thayer that Pocket would become part of the Mozilla open source project , it was reported that Pocket would become open source . Prior to the acquisition , the startup behind Pocket operated it as a closed source , commercial service , and Mozilla published the source code that added a Save to Pocket feature to Firefox as open source . , Pocket",
"title": "Notable events"
},
{
"text": "remains closed source , while the extension remains open source .",
"title": "Notable events"
},
{
"text": " In February 2017 , Mozilla dissolved its IoT Connected Devices initiative , firing around 50 employees , to focus on Emerging Technologies like AR , VR and Servo/Rust . On August 29 , 2019 , Mozilla and Chris Beard jointly announced that 2019 will be Beards last year as CEO of Mozilla . In December , Mitchell Baker became the interim CEO , before being named CEO in April 2020 .",
"title": "Notable events"
},
{
"text": "In January 2020 , Mozilla fired 70 employees after the new revenue streams could not deliver the expected revenue quickly enough . In August 2020 , Mozilla announced restructuring that will close down Mozilla operations in Taipei , Taiwan , and reduce Mozillas workforce in the United States , Canada , Europe , Australia , and New Zealand . All together , about 250 people will be let go with severance packages and ~60 people will be reassigned to different projects or teams . Mozilla is reducing investment in some areas such as developer tools , internal tooling , and",
"title": "Notable events"
},
{
"text": "platform feature development and reorganizing security/privacy products to prioritize revenue-generating projects . Shortly after the announcement of staff cuts , Mozilla insiders leaked information that the Google search deal will be extended until 2023 instead of expiring in 2020 , meaning the corporation financial state is stable .",
"title": "Notable events"
},
{
"text": " In December 2020 , Mozilla closed its headquarters office in Mountain View , citing reduced need for office space due to pandemic . The title of HQ office went to San Francisco office .",
"title": "Notable events"
},
{
"text": "The Mozilla Corporations relationship with Google has been noted in the popular press , especially with regard to their paid referral agreement . Mozillas original deal with Google to have Google Search as the default web search engine in the browser expired in 2011 , but a new deal was struck , where Google agreed to pay Mozilla just under a billion dollars over three years in exchange for keeping Google as its default search engine . The price was driven up due to aggressive bidding from Microsofts Bing and Yahoo s presence in the auction as well . Despite",
"title": "Google"
},
{
"text": "the deal , Mozilla Firefox maintains relationships with Bing , Yahoo! , Yandex , Baidu , Amazon.com and eBay .",
"title": "Google"
},
{
"text": " The 2007 release of the anti-phishing protection in Firefox 2 in particular raised considerable controversy : Anti-phishing protection , enabled by default , is based on a list updated twice hourly from Googles servers . The browser also sends a cookie with each update request . Internet privacy advocacy groups have expressed concerns surrounding Googles possible uses for this data , especially since Firefoxs privacy policy states that Google may share ( non-personally identifying ) information gathered through safe browsing with third parties , including business partners .",
"title": "Google"
},
{
"text": "Following Google CEO Eric Schmidts comments in December 2009 regarding privacy during a CNBC show , Asa Dotzler , Mozillas director of community development suggested that users use the Bing search engine instead of Google search . Google also promoted Firefox through YouTube until the release of Google Chrome .",
"title": "Google"
},
{
"text": " In November 2014 , Mozilla signed a five-year partnership with Yahoo! , making Yahoo ! Search the default search engine for Firefox browsers in the US . With the release of Firefox Quantum on November 17 , 2017 , Google became the default search engine again .",
"title": "Yahoo"
},
{
"text": " Microsofts head of Australian operations , Steve Vamos , stated in late 2004 that he did not see Firefox as a threat and that there was not significant demand for the feature-set of Firefox among Microsofts users . Microsoft Chairman Bill Gates has used Firefox , but has commented that its just another browser , and IE [ Microsofts Internet Explorer ] is better .",
"title": "Microsoft"
},
{
"text": "A Microsoft SEC filing on June 30 , 2005 acknowledged that competitors such as Mozilla offer software that competes with the Internet Explorer Web browsing capabilities of our Windows operating system products . The release of Internet Explorer 7 was fast tracked , and included functionality that was previously available in Firefox and other browsers , such as tabbed browsing and RSS feeds .",
"title": "Microsoft"
},
{
"text": " Despite the cold reception from Microsofts top management , the Internet Explorer development team maintains a relationship with Mozilla . They meet regularly to discuss web standards such as extended validation certificates . In 2005 , Mozilla agreed to allow Microsoft to use its Web feed logo in the interest of common graphical representation of the Web feeds feature . In August 2006 , Microsoft offered to help Mozilla integrate Firefox with the then-forthcoming Windows Vista , an offer Mozilla accepted .",
"title": "Microsoft"
},
{
"text": "In October 2006 , as congratulations for a successful ship of Firefox 2 , the Internet Explorer 7 development team sent a cake to Mozilla . As a nod to the browser wars , some jokingly suggested that Mozilla send a cake back along with the recipe , in reference to the open-source software movement . The IE development team sent another cake on June 17 , 2008 , upon the successful release of Firefox 3 , again on March 22 , 2011 , for Firefox 4 , and yet again for the Firefox 5 release .",
"title": "Microsoft"
},
{
"text": " In November 2007 , Jeff Jones ( a security strategy director in Microsofts Trustworthy Computing Group ) criticized Firefox , claiming that Internet Explorer experienced fewer vulnerabilities and fewer higher severity vulnerabilities than Firefox in typical enterprise scenarios . Mozilla developer Mike Shaver discounted the study , citing Microsofts bundling of security fixes and the studys focus on fixes , rather than vulnerabilities , as crucial flaws .",
"title": "Microsoft"
},
{
"text": "In February 2009 , Microsoft released Service Pack 1 for version 3.5 of the .NET Framework . This update also installed Microsoft .NET Framework Assistant add-on ( enabling ClickOnce support ) . The update received media attention after users discovered that the add-on could not be uninstalled through the add-ons interface . Several hours after the website Annoyances.org posted an article regarding this update , Microsoft employee Brad Abrams posted in his blog Microsofts explanation for why the add-on was installed , and also included detailed instructions on how to remove it . However , the only way to get",
"title": "Microsoft"
},
{
"text": "rid of this extension was to modify manually the Windows Registry , which could cause Windows systems to fail to boot up if not done correctly .",
"title": "Microsoft"
},
{
"text": " On October 16 , 2009 , Mozilla blocked all versions of Microsoft .NET Framework Assistant from being used with Firefox and from the Mozilla Add-ons service . Two days later , the add-on was removed from the blocklist after confirmation from Microsoft that it is not a vector for vulnerabilities . Version 1.1 ( released on June 10 , 2009 to the Mozilla Add-ons service ) and later of the Microsoft .NET Framework Assistant allows the user to disable and uninstall in the normal fashion .",
"title": "Microsoft"
},
{
"text": "Firefox was one of the twelve browsers offered to European Economic Area users of Microsoft Windows from 2010 – see BrowserChoice.eu .",
"title": "Microsoft"
},
{
"text": " The Internal Revenue Service opened an audit of the Mozilla Foundations 2004-5 revenues in 2008 , due to its search royalties , and in 2009 , the investigation was expanded to the 2006 and 2007 tax years , though that part of the audit was closed . As Mozilla does not derive at least a third of its revenue from public donations , it does not automatically qualify as a public charity . In November 2012 , the audit was closed after finding that the Mozilla Foundation owed a settlement of $1.5 million to the IRS .",
"title": "IRS audit"
},
{
"text": " The board of directors is appointed by and responsible to Mozilla Foundations board . In March 2014 , half the board members resigned . The remaining board members are : - Mitchell Baker , Executive Chairwoman & CEO - Julie Hanna - Karim Lakhani",
"title": "Board of directors"
},
{
"text": " The senior management team includes : - Mitchell Baker , Executive Chairwoman & CEO - Lindsey Shepard , CMO - Dave Camp , Chief , Core Products - Roxi Wen , CFO - Amy Keating , Chief Legal Officer - Lindsey Shepard , CMO",
"title": "Management team"
},
{
"text": " - Brendan Eich , former CEO of Mozilla Corporation , inventor of JavaScript - John Lilly , former CEO of Mozilla Corporation - Christopher Blizzard , former Open Source Evangelist ( now at Facebook ) - John Resig , former Technical Evangelist ( now at Khan Academy ) - Mike Schroepfer , former VP of Engineering ( now at Facebook ) - Mike Shaver , former VP of Technical Strategy ( now at Facebook ) - Window Snyder , former Chief Security Officer ( now at Square , Inc. )",
"title": "Notable past employees"
},
{
"text": "- Ellen Siminoff , former board member , also President and CEO of Shmoop University and Chairman of Efficient Frontier",
"title": "Notable past employees"
},
{
"text": " - Li Gong , president of Mozilla Corporation until 2015 - Doug Turner , former Engineering Director ( now at Google Chrome ) - Andreas Gal , former CTO ( now at Silk Labs ) - Johnny Stenback , former Engineering Director ( now at Google Chrome ) - John Hammink",
"title": "Notable past employees"
},
{
"text": " - Mozilla Corp . in 12 simple items",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Mozilla_Corporation#P169#2
|
Who was the chief executive officer of Mozilla Corporation before Jan 1999?
|
Mozilla Corporation The Mozilla Corporation ( stylized as moz://a ) is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Mozilla Foundation that coordinates and integrates the development of Internet-related applications such as the Firefox web browser , by a global community of open-source developers , some of whom are employed by the corporation itself . The corporation also distributes and promotes these products . Unlike the non-profit Mozilla Foundation , and the Mozilla open source project , founded by the now defunct Netscape Communications Corporation , the Mozilla Corporation is a taxable entity . The Mozilla Corporation reinvests all of its profits back into the Mozilla projects . The Mozilla Corporations stated aim is to work towards the Mozilla Foundations public benefit to promote choice and innovation on the Internet . A MozillaZine article explained:The Mozilla Foundation will ultimately control the activities of the Mozilla Corporation and will retain its 100 percent ownership of the new subsidiary . Any profits made by the Mozilla Corporation will be invested back into the Mozilla project . There will be no shareholders , no stock options will be issued and no dividends will be paid . The Mozilla Corporation will not be floating on the stock market and it will be impossible for any company to take over or buy a stake in the subsidiary . The Mozilla Foundation will continue to own the Mozilla trademarks and other intellectual property and will license them to the Mozilla Corporation . The Foundation will also continue to govern the source code repository and control who is allowed to check in . Establishment . The Mozilla Corporation was established on August 3 , 2005 , to handle the revenue-related operations of the Mozilla Foundation . As a non-profit , the Mozilla Foundation is limited in terms of the types and amounts of revenue . The Mozilla Corporation , as a taxable organization ( essentially , a commercial operation ) , does not have to comply with such strict rules . Upon its creation , the Mozilla Corporation took over several areas from the Mozilla Foundation , including coordination and integration of the development of Firefox and Thunderbird ( by the global free software community ) and the management of relationships with businesses . With the creation of the Mozilla Corporation , the rest of the Mozilla Foundation narrowed its focus to concentrate on the Mozilla projects governance and policy issues . In November 2005 , with the release of Mozilla Firefox 1.5 , the Mozilla Corporations website at mozilla.com was unveiled as the new home of the Firefox and Thunderbird products online . In 2006 , the Mozilla Corporation generated $66.8 million in revenue and $19.8 million in expenses , with 85% of that revenue coming from Google for assigning [ Google ] as the browsers default search engine , and for click-throughs on ads placed on the ensuing search results pages . Notable events . In March 2006 , Jason Calacanis reported a rumor on his blog that Mozilla Corporation gained $72M during the previous year , mainly thanks to the Google search box in the Firefox browser . The rumor was later addressed by Christopher Blizzard , then a member of the board , who wrote on his blog that , its not correct , though not off by an order of magnitude . Two years later , TechCrunch wrote : In return for setting Google as the default search engine on Firefox , Google pays Mozilla a substantial sum – in 2006 , the total amounted to around $57 million , or 85% of the companys total revenue . The deal was originally going to expire in 2006 , but was later extended to 2008 and then ran through 2011 . The deal was extended again another 3 years , until November 2014 . Under the deal , Mozilla was to have received from Google another $900 million ( $300 million annually ) , nearly 3 times the previous amount . In August 2006 , Microsoft invited Mozilla employees to collaborate to ensure compatibility of Mozilla software with then upcoming Windows Vista . Microsoft offered to host one-to-one at the new open-source facility at Microsoft headquarters in Redmond , Wash . Mozilla accepted the offer . In March 2014 , Mozilla came under some criticism after it appointed Brendan Eich as its new Chief Executive Officer ( CEO ) . In 2008 , Eich had made a $1,000 contribution in support of California Proposition 8 , a ballot initiative that barred legal recognition of same-sex marriages in California . Three of six Mozilla board members reportedly resigned over the choice of CEO , though Mozilla said the resigning board members had a variety of reasons and reasserted its continued commitment to LGBT equality , including same-sex marriage . On April 1 , the online dating site OkCupid started displaying visitors using Mozilla Firefox a message urging them to switch to a different web browser , pointing out that 8% of the matches made on OkCupid are between same-sex couples . On April 3 , Mozilla announced that Eich had decided to step down as CEO and also leave the board of Mozilla Foundation . This , in turn , prompted criticism from some commentators who criticized the pressure that led Eich to resign . For example , Conor Friedersdorf argued in The Atlantic that the general practice of punishing people in business for bygone political donations is most likely to entrench powerful interests and weaken the ability of the powerless to challenge the status quo . In April 2014 , Chris Beard , the former chief marketing officer of Mozilla , was appointed interim CEO . Beard was named CEO on July 28 of the same year . On February 27 , 2017 , Mozilla acquired the bookmark manager and suggestion service Pocket . In accordance with Mozillas history of operating as open by default and based on comments by Mozilla chief business officer Denelle Dixon-Thayer that Pocket would become part of the Mozilla open source project , it was reported that Pocket would become open source . Prior to the acquisition , the startup behind Pocket operated it as a closed source , commercial service , and Mozilla published the source code that added a Save to Pocket feature to Firefox as open source . , Pocket remains closed source , while the extension remains open source . In February 2017 , Mozilla dissolved its IoT Connected Devices initiative , firing around 50 employees , to focus on Emerging Technologies like AR , VR and Servo/Rust . On August 29 , 2019 , Mozilla and Chris Beard jointly announced that 2019 will be Beards last year as CEO of Mozilla . In December , Mitchell Baker became the interim CEO , before being named CEO in April 2020 . In January 2020 , Mozilla fired 70 employees after the new revenue streams could not deliver the expected revenue quickly enough . In August 2020 , Mozilla announced restructuring that will close down Mozilla operations in Taipei , Taiwan , and reduce Mozillas workforce in the United States , Canada , Europe , Australia , and New Zealand . All together , about 250 people will be let go with severance packages and ~60 people will be reassigned to different projects or teams . Mozilla is reducing investment in some areas such as developer tools , internal tooling , and platform feature development and reorganizing security/privacy products to prioritize revenue-generating projects . Shortly after the announcement of staff cuts , Mozilla insiders leaked information that the Google search deal will be extended until 2023 instead of expiring in 2020 , meaning the corporation financial state is stable . In December 2020 , Mozilla closed its headquarters office in Mountain View , citing reduced need for office space due to pandemic . The title of HQ office went to San Francisco office . Affiliations . Google . The Mozilla Corporations relationship with Google has been noted in the popular press , especially with regard to their paid referral agreement . Mozillas original deal with Google to have Google Search as the default web search engine in the browser expired in 2011 , but a new deal was struck , where Google agreed to pay Mozilla just under a billion dollars over three years in exchange for keeping Google as its default search engine . The price was driven up due to aggressive bidding from Microsofts Bing and Yahoo s presence in the auction as well . Despite the deal , Mozilla Firefox maintains relationships with Bing , Yahoo! , Yandex , Baidu , Amazon.com and eBay . The 2007 release of the anti-phishing protection in Firefox 2 in particular raised considerable controversy : Anti-phishing protection , enabled by default , is based on a list updated twice hourly from Googles servers . The browser also sends a cookie with each update request . Internet privacy advocacy groups have expressed concerns surrounding Googles possible uses for this data , especially since Firefoxs privacy policy states that Google may share ( non-personally identifying ) information gathered through safe browsing with third parties , including business partners . Following Google CEO Eric Schmidts comments in December 2009 regarding privacy during a CNBC show , Asa Dotzler , Mozillas director of community development suggested that users use the Bing search engine instead of Google search . Google also promoted Firefox through YouTube until the release of Google Chrome . Yahoo . In November 2014 , Mozilla signed a five-year partnership with Yahoo! , making Yahoo ! Search the default search engine for Firefox browsers in the US . With the release of Firefox Quantum on November 17 , 2017 , Google became the default search engine again . Microsoft . Microsofts head of Australian operations , Steve Vamos , stated in late 2004 that he did not see Firefox as a threat and that there was not significant demand for the feature-set of Firefox among Microsofts users . Microsoft Chairman Bill Gates has used Firefox , but has commented that its just another browser , and IE [ Microsofts Internet Explorer ] is better . A Microsoft SEC filing on June 30 , 2005 acknowledged that competitors such as Mozilla offer software that competes with the Internet Explorer Web browsing capabilities of our Windows operating system products . The release of Internet Explorer 7 was fast tracked , and included functionality that was previously available in Firefox and other browsers , such as tabbed browsing and RSS feeds . Despite the cold reception from Microsofts top management , the Internet Explorer development team maintains a relationship with Mozilla . They meet regularly to discuss web standards such as extended validation certificates . In 2005 , Mozilla agreed to allow Microsoft to use its Web feed logo in the interest of common graphical representation of the Web feeds feature . In August 2006 , Microsoft offered to help Mozilla integrate Firefox with the then-forthcoming Windows Vista , an offer Mozilla accepted . In October 2006 , as congratulations for a successful ship of Firefox 2 , the Internet Explorer 7 development team sent a cake to Mozilla . As a nod to the browser wars , some jokingly suggested that Mozilla send a cake back along with the recipe , in reference to the open-source software movement . The IE development team sent another cake on June 17 , 2008 , upon the successful release of Firefox 3 , again on March 22 , 2011 , for Firefox 4 , and yet again for the Firefox 5 release . In November 2007 , Jeff Jones ( a security strategy director in Microsofts Trustworthy Computing Group ) criticized Firefox , claiming that Internet Explorer experienced fewer vulnerabilities and fewer higher severity vulnerabilities than Firefox in typical enterprise scenarios . Mozilla developer Mike Shaver discounted the study , citing Microsofts bundling of security fixes and the studys focus on fixes , rather than vulnerabilities , as crucial flaws . In February 2009 , Microsoft released Service Pack 1 for version 3.5 of the .NET Framework . This update also installed Microsoft .NET Framework Assistant add-on ( enabling ClickOnce support ) . The update received media attention after users discovered that the add-on could not be uninstalled through the add-ons interface . Several hours after the website Annoyances.org posted an article regarding this update , Microsoft employee Brad Abrams posted in his blog Microsofts explanation for why the add-on was installed , and also included detailed instructions on how to remove it . However , the only way to get rid of this extension was to modify manually the Windows Registry , which could cause Windows systems to fail to boot up if not done correctly . On October 16 , 2009 , Mozilla blocked all versions of Microsoft .NET Framework Assistant from being used with Firefox and from the Mozilla Add-ons service . Two days later , the add-on was removed from the blocklist after confirmation from Microsoft that it is not a vector for vulnerabilities . Version 1.1 ( released on June 10 , 2009 to the Mozilla Add-ons service ) and later of the Microsoft .NET Framework Assistant allows the user to disable and uninstall in the normal fashion . Firefox was one of the twelve browsers offered to European Economic Area users of Microsoft Windows from 2010 – see BrowserChoice.eu . IRS audit . The Internal Revenue Service opened an audit of the Mozilla Foundations 2004-5 revenues in 2008 , due to its search royalties , and in 2009 , the investigation was expanded to the 2006 and 2007 tax years , though that part of the audit was closed . As Mozilla does not derive at least a third of its revenue from public donations , it does not automatically qualify as a public charity . In November 2012 , the audit was closed after finding that the Mozilla Foundation owed a settlement of $1.5 million to the IRS . People . Most Mozilla Foundation employees transferred to the new organization at Mozilla Corporations founding . Board of directors . The board of directors is appointed by and responsible to Mozilla Foundations board . In March 2014 , half the board members resigned . The remaining board members are : - Mitchell Baker , Executive Chairwoman & CEO - Julie Hanna - Karim Lakhani Management team . The senior management team includes : - Mitchell Baker , Executive Chairwoman & CEO - Lindsey Shepard , CMO - Dave Camp , Chief , Core Products - Roxi Wen , CFO - Amy Keating , Chief Legal Officer - Lindsey Shepard , CMO Notable current employees . - Julian Seward - Tantek Çelik Notable past employees . - Brendan Eich , former CEO of Mozilla Corporation , inventor of JavaScript - John Lilly , former CEO of Mozilla Corporation - Christopher Blizzard , former Open Source Evangelist ( now at Facebook ) - John Resig , former Technical Evangelist ( now at Khan Academy ) - Mike Schroepfer , former VP of Engineering ( now at Facebook ) - Mike Shaver , former VP of Technical Strategy ( now at Facebook ) - Window Snyder , former Chief Security Officer ( now at Square , Inc. ) - Ellen Siminoff , former board member , also President and CEO of Shmoop University and Chairman of Efficient Frontier - Li Gong , president of Mozilla Corporation until 2015 - Doug Turner , former Engineering Director ( now at Google Chrome ) - Andreas Gal , former CTO ( now at Silk Labs ) - Johnny Stenback , former Engineering Director ( now at Google Chrome ) - John Hammink External links . - Mozilla Corp . in 12 simple items
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": "The Mozilla Corporation ( stylized as moz://a ) is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Mozilla Foundation that coordinates and integrates the development of Internet-related applications such as the Firefox web browser , by a global community of open-source developers , some of whom are employed by the corporation itself . The corporation also distributes and promotes these products . Unlike the non-profit Mozilla Foundation , and the Mozilla open source project , founded by the now defunct Netscape Communications Corporation , the Mozilla Corporation is a taxable entity . The Mozilla Corporation reinvests all of its profits back into",
"title": "Mozilla Corporation"
},
{
"text": "the Mozilla projects . The Mozilla Corporations stated aim is to work towards the Mozilla Foundations public benefit to promote choice and innovation on the Internet .",
"title": "Mozilla Corporation"
},
{
"text": "A MozillaZine article explained:The Mozilla Foundation will ultimately control the activities of the Mozilla Corporation and will retain its 100 percent ownership of the new subsidiary . Any profits made by the Mozilla Corporation will be invested back into the Mozilla project . There will be no shareholders , no stock options will be issued and no dividends will be paid . The Mozilla Corporation will not be floating on the stock market and it will be impossible for any company to take over or buy a stake in the subsidiary . The Mozilla Foundation will continue to own the",
"title": "Mozilla Corporation"
},
{
"text": "Mozilla trademarks and other intellectual property and will license them to the Mozilla Corporation . The Foundation will also continue to govern the source code repository and control who is allowed to check in .",
"title": "Mozilla Corporation"
},
{
"text": "The Mozilla Corporation was established on August 3 , 2005 , to handle the revenue-related operations of the Mozilla Foundation . As a non-profit , the Mozilla Foundation is limited in terms of the types and amounts of revenue . The Mozilla Corporation , as a taxable organization ( essentially , a commercial operation ) , does not have to comply with such strict rules . Upon its creation , the Mozilla Corporation took over several areas from the Mozilla Foundation , including coordination and integration of the development of Firefox and Thunderbird ( by the global free software community",
"title": "Establishment"
},
{
"text": ") and the management of relationships with businesses .",
"title": "Establishment"
},
{
"text": " With the creation of the Mozilla Corporation , the rest of the Mozilla Foundation narrowed its focus to concentrate on the Mozilla projects governance and policy issues . In November 2005 , with the release of Mozilla Firefox 1.5 , the Mozilla Corporations website at mozilla.com was unveiled as the new home of the Firefox and Thunderbird products online .",
"title": "Establishment"
},
{
"text": "In 2006 , the Mozilla Corporation generated $66.8 million in revenue and $19.8 million in expenses , with 85% of that revenue coming from Google for assigning [ Google ] as the browsers default search engine , and for click-throughs on ads placed on the ensuing search results pages .",
"title": "Establishment"
},
{
"text": "In March 2006 , Jason Calacanis reported a rumor on his blog that Mozilla Corporation gained $72M during the previous year , mainly thanks to the Google search box in the Firefox browser . The rumor was later addressed by Christopher Blizzard , then a member of the board , who wrote on his blog that , its not correct , though not off by an order of magnitude . Two years later , TechCrunch wrote : In return for setting Google as the default search engine on Firefox , Google pays Mozilla a substantial sum – in 2006 ,",
"title": "Notable events"
},
{
"text": "the total amounted to around $57 million , or 85% of the companys total revenue . The deal was originally going to expire in 2006 , but was later extended to 2008 and then ran through 2011 . The deal was extended again another 3 years , until November 2014 . Under the deal , Mozilla was to have received from Google another $900 million ( $300 million annually ) , nearly 3 times the previous amount .",
"title": "Notable events"
},
{
"text": " In August 2006 , Microsoft invited Mozilla employees to collaborate to ensure compatibility of Mozilla software with then upcoming Windows Vista . Microsoft offered to host one-to-one at the new open-source facility at Microsoft headquarters in Redmond , Wash . Mozilla accepted the offer .",
"title": "Notable events"
},
{
"text": "In March 2014 , Mozilla came under some criticism after it appointed Brendan Eich as its new Chief Executive Officer ( CEO ) . In 2008 , Eich had made a $1,000 contribution in support of California Proposition 8 , a ballot initiative that barred legal recognition of same-sex marriages in California . Three of six Mozilla board members reportedly resigned over the choice of CEO , though Mozilla said the resigning board members had a variety of reasons and reasserted its continued commitment to LGBT equality , including same-sex marriage . On April 1 , the online dating site",
"title": "Notable events"
},
{
"text": "OkCupid started displaying visitors using Mozilla Firefox a message urging them to switch to a different web browser , pointing out that 8% of the matches made on OkCupid are between same-sex couples . On April 3 , Mozilla announced that Eich had decided to step down as CEO and also leave the board of Mozilla Foundation . This , in turn , prompted criticism from some commentators who criticized the pressure that led Eich to resign . For example , Conor Friedersdorf argued in The Atlantic that the general practice of punishing people in business for bygone political donations",
"title": "Notable events"
},
{
"text": "is most likely to entrench powerful interests and weaken the ability of the powerless to challenge the status quo .",
"title": "Notable events"
},
{
"text": " In April 2014 , Chris Beard , the former chief marketing officer of Mozilla , was appointed interim CEO . Beard was named CEO on July 28 of the same year .",
"title": "Notable events"
},
{
"text": "On February 27 , 2017 , Mozilla acquired the bookmark manager and suggestion service Pocket . In accordance with Mozillas history of operating as open by default and based on comments by Mozilla chief business officer Denelle Dixon-Thayer that Pocket would become part of the Mozilla open source project , it was reported that Pocket would become open source . Prior to the acquisition , the startup behind Pocket operated it as a closed source , commercial service , and Mozilla published the source code that added a Save to Pocket feature to Firefox as open source . , Pocket",
"title": "Notable events"
},
{
"text": "remains closed source , while the extension remains open source .",
"title": "Notable events"
},
{
"text": " In February 2017 , Mozilla dissolved its IoT Connected Devices initiative , firing around 50 employees , to focus on Emerging Technologies like AR , VR and Servo/Rust . On August 29 , 2019 , Mozilla and Chris Beard jointly announced that 2019 will be Beards last year as CEO of Mozilla . In December , Mitchell Baker became the interim CEO , before being named CEO in April 2020 .",
"title": "Notable events"
},
{
"text": "In January 2020 , Mozilla fired 70 employees after the new revenue streams could not deliver the expected revenue quickly enough . In August 2020 , Mozilla announced restructuring that will close down Mozilla operations in Taipei , Taiwan , and reduce Mozillas workforce in the United States , Canada , Europe , Australia , and New Zealand . All together , about 250 people will be let go with severance packages and ~60 people will be reassigned to different projects or teams . Mozilla is reducing investment in some areas such as developer tools , internal tooling , and",
"title": "Notable events"
},
{
"text": "platform feature development and reorganizing security/privacy products to prioritize revenue-generating projects . Shortly after the announcement of staff cuts , Mozilla insiders leaked information that the Google search deal will be extended until 2023 instead of expiring in 2020 , meaning the corporation financial state is stable .",
"title": "Notable events"
},
{
"text": " In December 2020 , Mozilla closed its headquarters office in Mountain View , citing reduced need for office space due to pandemic . The title of HQ office went to San Francisco office .",
"title": "Notable events"
},
{
"text": "The Mozilla Corporations relationship with Google has been noted in the popular press , especially with regard to their paid referral agreement . Mozillas original deal with Google to have Google Search as the default web search engine in the browser expired in 2011 , but a new deal was struck , where Google agreed to pay Mozilla just under a billion dollars over three years in exchange for keeping Google as its default search engine . The price was driven up due to aggressive bidding from Microsofts Bing and Yahoo s presence in the auction as well . Despite",
"title": "Google"
},
{
"text": "the deal , Mozilla Firefox maintains relationships with Bing , Yahoo! , Yandex , Baidu , Amazon.com and eBay .",
"title": "Google"
},
{
"text": " The 2007 release of the anti-phishing protection in Firefox 2 in particular raised considerable controversy : Anti-phishing protection , enabled by default , is based on a list updated twice hourly from Googles servers . The browser also sends a cookie with each update request . Internet privacy advocacy groups have expressed concerns surrounding Googles possible uses for this data , especially since Firefoxs privacy policy states that Google may share ( non-personally identifying ) information gathered through safe browsing with third parties , including business partners .",
"title": "Google"
},
{
"text": "Following Google CEO Eric Schmidts comments in December 2009 regarding privacy during a CNBC show , Asa Dotzler , Mozillas director of community development suggested that users use the Bing search engine instead of Google search . Google also promoted Firefox through YouTube until the release of Google Chrome .",
"title": "Google"
},
{
"text": " In November 2014 , Mozilla signed a five-year partnership with Yahoo! , making Yahoo ! Search the default search engine for Firefox browsers in the US . With the release of Firefox Quantum on November 17 , 2017 , Google became the default search engine again .",
"title": "Yahoo"
},
{
"text": " Microsofts head of Australian operations , Steve Vamos , stated in late 2004 that he did not see Firefox as a threat and that there was not significant demand for the feature-set of Firefox among Microsofts users . Microsoft Chairman Bill Gates has used Firefox , but has commented that its just another browser , and IE [ Microsofts Internet Explorer ] is better .",
"title": "Microsoft"
},
{
"text": "A Microsoft SEC filing on June 30 , 2005 acknowledged that competitors such as Mozilla offer software that competes with the Internet Explorer Web browsing capabilities of our Windows operating system products . The release of Internet Explorer 7 was fast tracked , and included functionality that was previously available in Firefox and other browsers , such as tabbed browsing and RSS feeds .",
"title": "Microsoft"
},
{
"text": " Despite the cold reception from Microsofts top management , the Internet Explorer development team maintains a relationship with Mozilla . They meet regularly to discuss web standards such as extended validation certificates . In 2005 , Mozilla agreed to allow Microsoft to use its Web feed logo in the interest of common graphical representation of the Web feeds feature . In August 2006 , Microsoft offered to help Mozilla integrate Firefox with the then-forthcoming Windows Vista , an offer Mozilla accepted .",
"title": "Microsoft"
},
{
"text": "In October 2006 , as congratulations for a successful ship of Firefox 2 , the Internet Explorer 7 development team sent a cake to Mozilla . As a nod to the browser wars , some jokingly suggested that Mozilla send a cake back along with the recipe , in reference to the open-source software movement . The IE development team sent another cake on June 17 , 2008 , upon the successful release of Firefox 3 , again on March 22 , 2011 , for Firefox 4 , and yet again for the Firefox 5 release .",
"title": "Microsoft"
},
{
"text": " In November 2007 , Jeff Jones ( a security strategy director in Microsofts Trustworthy Computing Group ) criticized Firefox , claiming that Internet Explorer experienced fewer vulnerabilities and fewer higher severity vulnerabilities than Firefox in typical enterprise scenarios . Mozilla developer Mike Shaver discounted the study , citing Microsofts bundling of security fixes and the studys focus on fixes , rather than vulnerabilities , as crucial flaws .",
"title": "Microsoft"
},
{
"text": "In February 2009 , Microsoft released Service Pack 1 for version 3.5 of the .NET Framework . This update also installed Microsoft .NET Framework Assistant add-on ( enabling ClickOnce support ) . The update received media attention after users discovered that the add-on could not be uninstalled through the add-ons interface . Several hours after the website Annoyances.org posted an article regarding this update , Microsoft employee Brad Abrams posted in his blog Microsofts explanation for why the add-on was installed , and also included detailed instructions on how to remove it . However , the only way to get",
"title": "Microsoft"
},
{
"text": "rid of this extension was to modify manually the Windows Registry , which could cause Windows systems to fail to boot up if not done correctly .",
"title": "Microsoft"
},
{
"text": " On October 16 , 2009 , Mozilla blocked all versions of Microsoft .NET Framework Assistant from being used with Firefox and from the Mozilla Add-ons service . Two days later , the add-on was removed from the blocklist after confirmation from Microsoft that it is not a vector for vulnerabilities . Version 1.1 ( released on June 10 , 2009 to the Mozilla Add-ons service ) and later of the Microsoft .NET Framework Assistant allows the user to disable and uninstall in the normal fashion .",
"title": "Microsoft"
},
{
"text": "Firefox was one of the twelve browsers offered to European Economic Area users of Microsoft Windows from 2010 – see BrowserChoice.eu .",
"title": "Microsoft"
},
{
"text": " The Internal Revenue Service opened an audit of the Mozilla Foundations 2004-5 revenues in 2008 , due to its search royalties , and in 2009 , the investigation was expanded to the 2006 and 2007 tax years , though that part of the audit was closed . As Mozilla does not derive at least a third of its revenue from public donations , it does not automatically qualify as a public charity . In November 2012 , the audit was closed after finding that the Mozilla Foundation owed a settlement of $1.5 million to the IRS .",
"title": "IRS audit"
},
{
"text": " The board of directors is appointed by and responsible to Mozilla Foundations board . In March 2014 , half the board members resigned . The remaining board members are : - Mitchell Baker , Executive Chairwoman & CEO - Julie Hanna - Karim Lakhani",
"title": "Board of directors"
},
{
"text": " The senior management team includes : - Mitchell Baker , Executive Chairwoman & CEO - Lindsey Shepard , CMO - Dave Camp , Chief , Core Products - Roxi Wen , CFO - Amy Keating , Chief Legal Officer - Lindsey Shepard , CMO",
"title": "Management team"
},
{
"text": " - Brendan Eich , former CEO of Mozilla Corporation , inventor of JavaScript - John Lilly , former CEO of Mozilla Corporation - Christopher Blizzard , former Open Source Evangelist ( now at Facebook ) - John Resig , former Technical Evangelist ( now at Khan Academy ) - Mike Schroepfer , former VP of Engineering ( now at Facebook ) - Mike Shaver , former VP of Technical Strategy ( now at Facebook ) - Window Snyder , former Chief Security Officer ( now at Square , Inc. )",
"title": "Notable past employees"
},
{
"text": "- Ellen Siminoff , former board member , also President and CEO of Shmoop University and Chairman of Efficient Frontier",
"title": "Notable past employees"
},
{
"text": " - Li Gong , president of Mozilla Corporation until 2015 - Doug Turner , former Engineering Director ( now at Google Chrome ) - Andreas Gal , former CTO ( now at Silk Labs ) - Johnny Stenback , former Engineering Director ( now at Google Chrome ) - John Hammink",
"title": "Notable past employees"
},
{
"text": " - Mozilla Corp . in 12 simple items",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Martin_Selmayr#P108#0
|
What was the name of the employer Martin Selmayr work for between Jul 1997 and Oct 1997?
|
Martin Selmayr Martin Selmayr ( born 5 December 1970 ) is a European civil servant from Germany who was Secretary-General of the European Commission from 2018 to 2019 and Chief of Staff to Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker from 2014 to 2018 . During his time in the Juncker Commission , Selmayr was widely described as one of the most influential figures within the European Union . After taking office as Secretary-General , he was described in a debate in the European Parliament as the most powerful bureaucrat in the world . A resident of Brussels since 2000 , he is a member of the Christian Democratic and Flemish ( CD&V ) party of Belgium . He is considered by many to be close to the Christian Democratic Union of Germany and its leadership , but the European Commission said he has never been a member of that party . Early life and career . Selmayr studied law at the University of Geneva , before earning his PhD at the University of Passau . He worked for the European Central Bank from 1998 to 2000 , before joining the media conglomerate Bertelsmann as a legal adviser in Brussels in 2001 . He eventually became Bertelsmanns vice president for legal affairs and government relations and head of the Brussels office . European Commission . In 2004 , he first joined the European Commission as a civil servant . He went on to serve in a variety of roles , firstly as Commission Spokesperson for Information Society and Media , before becoming Head of Cabinet to the Commissioner for Justice , Fundamental Rights and Citizenship , Viviane Reding . He was appointed by the commission , as a Principal Adviser to the Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs , and as a Director at the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development . In early 2014 , Jean-Claude Juncker won the nomination of the European Peoples Party ( EPP ) to be their candidate for President of the European Commission . Juncker appointed Selmayr his campaign director , and after the EPP emerged as the largest party in the European Parliament following the election in May 2014 , Selmayr became the head of the Juncker transition team . After taking office as president on 1 November 2014 , Juncker made Selmayr his Head of Cabinet and Chief of Staff . Shortly after his appointment , various media reports began to profile Selmayr as a highly influential figure within EU politics , with Politico describing him as the most powerful EU chief of staff ever in November 2016 , noting that even Jean-Claude Juncker jokingly referred to Selmayr by the nickname the Monster . Tomáš Prouza , the Czech State Secretary for European Affairs , stated publicly that when I need a decision to be taken...I talk to Martin . In October 2017 , he was accused in the British media of leaking details relating to Brexit negotiations , though Selmayr denied these accusations . Secretary-General . Selmayr was appointed Deputy Secretary-General of the European Commission in February 2018 . Minutes after this appointment , Juncker informed the European Commissioners that the then Secretary-General , Alexander Italianer , intended to retire ; they had not been previously notified of this . On 1 March 2018 , following the formal retirement of Italianer , Selmayr was approved by the College of Commissioners to replace him as Secretary-General . Some media sources claimed that support for Selmayr had been bought , and with others claiming that Selmayr had forced his way into the position . The President of the European Commission Jean-Claude Juncker reportedly threatened to resign if the controversy led to Selmayrs dismissal . On 25 March 2018 the Commission issued a formal statement claiming that Selmayrs promotion was in accordance with legal procedures . The European Ombudsman contested the lightning-quick appointment of Selmayr from Deputy Secretary-General to Secretary-General , found instances of maladministration and concluded that the Commission did not follow EU law . The Ombudsmans statement was rejected by the commission . In the immediate aftermath of his appointment as Secretary-General of the European Commission it was reported that Selmayr had been editing Wikipedia using his own name from an account using a verified ec.europa.eu email address . The Commission stated that he did so to correct specific information ( including his work positions as well as political and religious affiliations ) , in direct interaction with a Wikipedia editor , who checked and verified all information ...and ensured that it is properly referenced . Selmayr resigned as Secretary-General on 1 August 2019 , having held the office for less time than any of his predecessors ; it was speculated that the decision by the European Council to nominate Ursula von der Leyen as replacement for Juncker as Commission President was a factor behind the decision . He was subsequently appointed as the EUs Permanent Representative to Austria . Personal and family life . Selmayr is a Protestant . He is married and has lived in Brussels since 2000 . He has been a member of the Christian Democratic and Flemish ( CD&V ) party of Belgium since 2014 . He is the son of the lawyer Gerhard Selmayr ; his paternal grandfather was Brigadier General Josef Selmayr , and his maternal grandfather was Lieutenant General Heinrich Gaedcke . Members of the Selmayr family own a castle near Munich . Books . - The Law of The European Central Bank , Oxford : Hart Publishing ( 2001 ) , with Chiara Zilioli - Das Recht der Wirtschafts- und Währungsunion : Die Vergemeinschaftung der Währung , Baden-Baden ( 2002 ) . - La Banca centrale europea , Milan ( 2007 ) , with Chiara Zilioli
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": "Martin Selmayr ( born 5 December 1970 ) is a European civil servant from Germany who was Secretary-General of the European Commission from 2018 to 2019 and Chief of Staff to Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker from 2014 to 2018 . During his time in the Juncker Commission , Selmayr was widely described as one of the most influential figures within the European Union . After taking office as Secretary-General , he was described in a debate in the European Parliament as the most powerful bureaucrat in the world . A resident of Brussels since 2000 , he is a member",
"title": "Martin Selmayr"
},
{
"text": "of the Christian Democratic and Flemish ( CD&V ) party of Belgium . He is considered by many to be close to the Christian Democratic Union of Germany and its leadership , but the European Commission said he has never been a member of that party .",
"title": "Martin Selmayr"
},
{
"text": " Early life and career . Selmayr studied law at the University of Geneva , before earning his PhD at the University of Passau . He worked for the European Central Bank from 1998 to 2000 , before joining the media conglomerate Bertelsmann as a legal adviser in Brussels in 2001 . He eventually became Bertelsmanns vice president for legal affairs and government relations and head of the Brussels office .",
"title": "Martin Selmayr"
},
{
"text": " In 2004 , he first joined the European Commission as a civil servant . He went on to serve in a variety of roles , firstly as Commission Spokesperson for Information Society and Media , before becoming Head of Cabinet to the Commissioner for Justice , Fundamental Rights and Citizenship , Viviane Reding . He was appointed by the commission , as a Principal Adviser to the Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs , and as a Director at the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development .",
"title": "European Commission"
},
{
"text": "In early 2014 , Jean-Claude Juncker won the nomination of the European Peoples Party ( EPP ) to be their candidate for President of the European Commission . Juncker appointed Selmayr his campaign director , and after the EPP emerged as the largest party in the European Parliament following the election in May 2014 , Selmayr became the head of the Juncker transition team . After taking office as president on 1 November 2014 , Juncker made Selmayr his Head of Cabinet and Chief of Staff .",
"title": "European Commission"
},
{
"text": "Shortly after his appointment , various media reports began to profile Selmayr as a highly influential figure within EU politics , with Politico describing him as the most powerful EU chief of staff ever in November 2016 , noting that even Jean-Claude Juncker jokingly referred to Selmayr by the nickname the Monster . Tomáš Prouza , the Czech State Secretary for European Affairs , stated publicly that when I need a decision to be taken...I talk to Martin . In October 2017 , he was accused in the British media of leaking details relating to Brexit negotiations , though Selmayr",
"title": "European Commission"
},
{
"text": "denied these accusations .",
"title": "European Commission"
},
{
"text": "Selmayr was appointed Deputy Secretary-General of the European Commission in February 2018 . Minutes after this appointment , Juncker informed the European Commissioners that the then Secretary-General , Alexander Italianer , intended to retire ; they had not been previously notified of this . On 1 March 2018 , following the formal retirement of Italianer , Selmayr was approved by the College of Commissioners to replace him as Secretary-General . Some media sources claimed that support for Selmayr had been bought , and with others claiming that Selmayr had forced his way into the position . The President of the",
"title": "Secretary-General"
},
{
"text": "European Commission Jean-Claude Juncker reportedly threatened to resign if the controversy led to Selmayrs dismissal . On 25 March 2018 the Commission issued a formal statement claiming that Selmayrs promotion was in accordance with legal procedures .",
"title": "Secretary-General"
},
{
"text": " The European Ombudsman contested the lightning-quick appointment of Selmayr from Deputy Secretary-General to Secretary-General , found instances of maladministration and concluded that the Commission did not follow EU law . The Ombudsmans statement was rejected by the commission .",
"title": "Secretary-General"
},
{
"text": "In the immediate aftermath of his appointment as Secretary-General of the European Commission it was reported that Selmayr had been editing Wikipedia using his own name from an account using a verified ec.europa.eu email address . The Commission stated that he did so to correct specific information ( including his work positions as well as political and religious affiliations ) , in direct interaction with a Wikipedia editor , who checked and verified all information ...and ensured that it is properly referenced .",
"title": "Secretary-General"
},
{
"text": " Selmayr resigned as Secretary-General on 1 August 2019 , having held the office for less time than any of his predecessors ; it was speculated that the decision by the European Council to nominate Ursula von der Leyen as replacement for Juncker as Commission President was a factor behind the decision . He was subsequently appointed as the EUs Permanent Representative to Austria . Personal and family life .",
"title": "Secretary-General"
},
{
"text": "Selmayr is a Protestant . He is married and has lived in Brussels since 2000 . He has been a member of the Christian Democratic and Flemish ( CD&V ) party of Belgium since 2014 .",
"title": "Secretary-General"
},
{
"text": " He is the son of the lawyer Gerhard Selmayr ; his paternal grandfather was Brigadier General Josef Selmayr , and his maternal grandfather was Lieutenant General Heinrich Gaedcke . Members of the Selmayr family own a castle near Munich .",
"title": "Secretary-General"
},
{
"text": " - The Law of The European Central Bank , Oxford : Hart Publishing ( 2001 ) , with Chiara Zilioli - Das Recht der Wirtschafts- und Währungsunion : Die Vergemeinschaftung der Währung , Baden-Baden ( 2002 ) . - La Banca centrale europea , Milan ( 2007 ) , with Chiara Zilioli",
"title": "Books"
}
] |
/wiki/Martin_Selmayr#P108#1
|
What was the name of the employer Martin Selmayr work for between Mar 1999 and Dec 1999?
|
Martin Selmayr Martin Selmayr ( born 5 December 1970 ) is a European civil servant from Germany who was Secretary-General of the European Commission from 2018 to 2019 and Chief of Staff to Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker from 2014 to 2018 . During his time in the Juncker Commission , Selmayr was widely described as one of the most influential figures within the European Union . After taking office as Secretary-General , he was described in a debate in the European Parliament as the most powerful bureaucrat in the world . A resident of Brussels since 2000 , he is a member of the Christian Democratic and Flemish ( CD&V ) party of Belgium . He is considered by many to be close to the Christian Democratic Union of Germany and its leadership , but the European Commission said he has never been a member of that party . Early life and career . Selmayr studied law at the University of Geneva , before earning his PhD at the University of Passau . He worked for the European Central Bank from 1998 to 2000 , before joining the media conglomerate Bertelsmann as a legal adviser in Brussels in 2001 . He eventually became Bertelsmanns vice president for legal affairs and government relations and head of the Brussels office . European Commission . In 2004 , he first joined the European Commission as a civil servant . He went on to serve in a variety of roles , firstly as Commission Spokesperson for Information Society and Media , before becoming Head of Cabinet to the Commissioner for Justice , Fundamental Rights and Citizenship , Viviane Reding . He was appointed by the commission , as a Principal Adviser to the Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs , and as a Director at the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development . In early 2014 , Jean-Claude Juncker won the nomination of the European Peoples Party ( EPP ) to be their candidate for President of the European Commission . Juncker appointed Selmayr his campaign director , and after the EPP emerged as the largest party in the European Parliament following the election in May 2014 , Selmayr became the head of the Juncker transition team . After taking office as president on 1 November 2014 , Juncker made Selmayr his Head of Cabinet and Chief of Staff . Shortly after his appointment , various media reports began to profile Selmayr as a highly influential figure within EU politics , with Politico describing him as the most powerful EU chief of staff ever in November 2016 , noting that even Jean-Claude Juncker jokingly referred to Selmayr by the nickname the Monster . Tomáš Prouza , the Czech State Secretary for European Affairs , stated publicly that when I need a decision to be taken...I talk to Martin . In October 2017 , he was accused in the British media of leaking details relating to Brexit negotiations , though Selmayr denied these accusations . Secretary-General . Selmayr was appointed Deputy Secretary-General of the European Commission in February 2018 . Minutes after this appointment , Juncker informed the European Commissioners that the then Secretary-General , Alexander Italianer , intended to retire ; they had not been previously notified of this . On 1 March 2018 , following the formal retirement of Italianer , Selmayr was approved by the College of Commissioners to replace him as Secretary-General . Some media sources claimed that support for Selmayr had been bought , and with others claiming that Selmayr had forced his way into the position . The President of the European Commission Jean-Claude Juncker reportedly threatened to resign if the controversy led to Selmayrs dismissal . On 25 March 2018 the Commission issued a formal statement claiming that Selmayrs promotion was in accordance with legal procedures . The European Ombudsman contested the lightning-quick appointment of Selmayr from Deputy Secretary-General to Secretary-General , found instances of maladministration and concluded that the Commission did not follow EU law . The Ombudsmans statement was rejected by the commission . In the immediate aftermath of his appointment as Secretary-General of the European Commission it was reported that Selmayr had been editing Wikipedia using his own name from an account using a verified ec.europa.eu email address . The Commission stated that he did so to correct specific information ( including his work positions as well as political and religious affiliations ) , in direct interaction with a Wikipedia editor , who checked and verified all information ...and ensured that it is properly referenced . Selmayr resigned as Secretary-General on 1 August 2019 , having held the office for less time than any of his predecessors ; it was speculated that the decision by the European Council to nominate Ursula von der Leyen as replacement for Juncker as Commission President was a factor behind the decision . He was subsequently appointed as the EUs Permanent Representative to Austria . Personal and family life . Selmayr is a Protestant . He is married and has lived in Brussels since 2000 . He has been a member of the Christian Democratic and Flemish ( CD&V ) party of Belgium since 2014 . He is the son of the lawyer Gerhard Selmayr ; his paternal grandfather was Brigadier General Josef Selmayr , and his maternal grandfather was Lieutenant General Heinrich Gaedcke . Members of the Selmayr family own a castle near Munich . Books . - The Law of The European Central Bank , Oxford : Hart Publishing ( 2001 ) , with Chiara Zilioli - Das Recht der Wirtschafts- und Währungsunion : Die Vergemeinschaftung der Währung , Baden-Baden ( 2002 ) . - La Banca centrale europea , Milan ( 2007 ) , with Chiara Zilioli
|
[
"European Central Bank"
] |
[
{
"text": "Martin Selmayr ( born 5 December 1970 ) is a European civil servant from Germany who was Secretary-General of the European Commission from 2018 to 2019 and Chief of Staff to Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker from 2014 to 2018 . During his time in the Juncker Commission , Selmayr was widely described as one of the most influential figures within the European Union . After taking office as Secretary-General , he was described in a debate in the European Parliament as the most powerful bureaucrat in the world . A resident of Brussels since 2000 , he is a member",
"title": "Martin Selmayr"
},
{
"text": "of the Christian Democratic and Flemish ( CD&V ) party of Belgium . He is considered by many to be close to the Christian Democratic Union of Germany and its leadership , but the European Commission said he has never been a member of that party .",
"title": "Martin Selmayr"
},
{
"text": " Early life and career . Selmayr studied law at the University of Geneva , before earning his PhD at the University of Passau . He worked for the European Central Bank from 1998 to 2000 , before joining the media conglomerate Bertelsmann as a legal adviser in Brussels in 2001 . He eventually became Bertelsmanns vice president for legal affairs and government relations and head of the Brussels office .",
"title": "Martin Selmayr"
},
{
"text": " In 2004 , he first joined the European Commission as a civil servant . He went on to serve in a variety of roles , firstly as Commission Spokesperson for Information Society and Media , before becoming Head of Cabinet to the Commissioner for Justice , Fundamental Rights and Citizenship , Viviane Reding . He was appointed by the commission , as a Principal Adviser to the Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs , and as a Director at the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development .",
"title": "European Commission"
},
{
"text": "In early 2014 , Jean-Claude Juncker won the nomination of the European Peoples Party ( EPP ) to be their candidate for President of the European Commission . Juncker appointed Selmayr his campaign director , and after the EPP emerged as the largest party in the European Parliament following the election in May 2014 , Selmayr became the head of the Juncker transition team . After taking office as president on 1 November 2014 , Juncker made Selmayr his Head of Cabinet and Chief of Staff .",
"title": "European Commission"
},
{
"text": "Shortly after his appointment , various media reports began to profile Selmayr as a highly influential figure within EU politics , with Politico describing him as the most powerful EU chief of staff ever in November 2016 , noting that even Jean-Claude Juncker jokingly referred to Selmayr by the nickname the Monster . Tomáš Prouza , the Czech State Secretary for European Affairs , stated publicly that when I need a decision to be taken...I talk to Martin . In October 2017 , he was accused in the British media of leaking details relating to Brexit negotiations , though Selmayr",
"title": "European Commission"
},
{
"text": "denied these accusations .",
"title": "European Commission"
},
{
"text": "Selmayr was appointed Deputy Secretary-General of the European Commission in February 2018 . Minutes after this appointment , Juncker informed the European Commissioners that the then Secretary-General , Alexander Italianer , intended to retire ; they had not been previously notified of this . On 1 March 2018 , following the formal retirement of Italianer , Selmayr was approved by the College of Commissioners to replace him as Secretary-General . Some media sources claimed that support for Selmayr had been bought , and with others claiming that Selmayr had forced his way into the position . The President of the",
"title": "Secretary-General"
},
{
"text": "European Commission Jean-Claude Juncker reportedly threatened to resign if the controversy led to Selmayrs dismissal . On 25 March 2018 the Commission issued a formal statement claiming that Selmayrs promotion was in accordance with legal procedures .",
"title": "Secretary-General"
},
{
"text": " The European Ombudsman contested the lightning-quick appointment of Selmayr from Deputy Secretary-General to Secretary-General , found instances of maladministration and concluded that the Commission did not follow EU law . The Ombudsmans statement was rejected by the commission .",
"title": "Secretary-General"
},
{
"text": "In the immediate aftermath of his appointment as Secretary-General of the European Commission it was reported that Selmayr had been editing Wikipedia using his own name from an account using a verified ec.europa.eu email address . The Commission stated that he did so to correct specific information ( including his work positions as well as political and religious affiliations ) , in direct interaction with a Wikipedia editor , who checked and verified all information ...and ensured that it is properly referenced .",
"title": "Secretary-General"
},
{
"text": " Selmayr resigned as Secretary-General on 1 August 2019 , having held the office for less time than any of his predecessors ; it was speculated that the decision by the European Council to nominate Ursula von der Leyen as replacement for Juncker as Commission President was a factor behind the decision . He was subsequently appointed as the EUs Permanent Representative to Austria . Personal and family life .",
"title": "Secretary-General"
},
{
"text": "Selmayr is a Protestant . He is married and has lived in Brussels since 2000 . He has been a member of the Christian Democratic and Flemish ( CD&V ) party of Belgium since 2014 .",
"title": "Secretary-General"
},
{
"text": " He is the son of the lawyer Gerhard Selmayr ; his paternal grandfather was Brigadier General Josef Selmayr , and his maternal grandfather was Lieutenant General Heinrich Gaedcke . Members of the Selmayr family own a castle near Munich .",
"title": "Secretary-General"
},
{
"text": " - The Law of The European Central Bank , Oxford : Hart Publishing ( 2001 ) , with Chiara Zilioli - Das Recht der Wirtschafts- und Währungsunion : Die Vergemeinschaftung der Währung , Baden-Baden ( 2002 ) . - La Banca centrale europea , Milan ( 2007 ) , with Chiara Zilioli",
"title": "Books"
}
] |
/wiki/Martin_Selmayr#P108#2
|
What was the name of the employer Martin Selmayr work for between Oct 2002 and Mar 2003?
|
Martin Selmayr Martin Selmayr ( born 5 December 1970 ) is a European civil servant from Germany who was Secretary-General of the European Commission from 2018 to 2019 and Chief of Staff to Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker from 2014 to 2018 . During his time in the Juncker Commission , Selmayr was widely described as one of the most influential figures within the European Union . After taking office as Secretary-General , he was described in a debate in the European Parliament as the most powerful bureaucrat in the world . A resident of Brussels since 2000 , he is a member of the Christian Democratic and Flemish ( CD&V ) party of Belgium . He is considered by many to be close to the Christian Democratic Union of Germany and its leadership , but the European Commission said he has never been a member of that party . Early life and career . Selmayr studied law at the University of Geneva , before earning his PhD at the University of Passau . He worked for the European Central Bank from 1998 to 2000 , before joining the media conglomerate Bertelsmann as a legal adviser in Brussels in 2001 . He eventually became Bertelsmanns vice president for legal affairs and government relations and head of the Brussels office . European Commission . In 2004 , he first joined the European Commission as a civil servant . He went on to serve in a variety of roles , firstly as Commission Spokesperson for Information Society and Media , before becoming Head of Cabinet to the Commissioner for Justice , Fundamental Rights and Citizenship , Viviane Reding . He was appointed by the commission , as a Principal Adviser to the Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs , and as a Director at the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development . In early 2014 , Jean-Claude Juncker won the nomination of the European Peoples Party ( EPP ) to be their candidate for President of the European Commission . Juncker appointed Selmayr his campaign director , and after the EPP emerged as the largest party in the European Parliament following the election in May 2014 , Selmayr became the head of the Juncker transition team . After taking office as president on 1 November 2014 , Juncker made Selmayr his Head of Cabinet and Chief of Staff . Shortly after his appointment , various media reports began to profile Selmayr as a highly influential figure within EU politics , with Politico describing him as the most powerful EU chief of staff ever in November 2016 , noting that even Jean-Claude Juncker jokingly referred to Selmayr by the nickname the Monster . Tomáš Prouza , the Czech State Secretary for European Affairs , stated publicly that when I need a decision to be taken...I talk to Martin . In October 2017 , he was accused in the British media of leaking details relating to Brexit negotiations , though Selmayr denied these accusations . Secretary-General . Selmayr was appointed Deputy Secretary-General of the European Commission in February 2018 . Minutes after this appointment , Juncker informed the European Commissioners that the then Secretary-General , Alexander Italianer , intended to retire ; they had not been previously notified of this . On 1 March 2018 , following the formal retirement of Italianer , Selmayr was approved by the College of Commissioners to replace him as Secretary-General . Some media sources claimed that support for Selmayr had been bought , and with others claiming that Selmayr had forced his way into the position . The President of the European Commission Jean-Claude Juncker reportedly threatened to resign if the controversy led to Selmayrs dismissal . On 25 March 2018 the Commission issued a formal statement claiming that Selmayrs promotion was in accordance with legal procedures . The European Ombudsman contested the lightning-quick appointment of Selmayr from Deputy Secretary-General to Secretary-General , found instances of maladministration and concluded that the Commission did not follow EU law . The Ombudsmans statement was rejected by the commission . In the immediate aftermath of his appointment as Secretary-General of the European Commission it was reported that Selmayr had been editing Wikipedia using his own name from an account using a verified ec.europa.eu email address . The Commission stated that he did so to correct specific information ( including his work positions as well as political and religious affiliations ) , in direct interaction with a Wikipedia editor , who checked and verified all information ...and ensured that it is properly referenced . Selmayr resigned as Secretary-General on 1 August 2019 , having held the office for less time than any of his predecessors ; it was speculated that the decision by the European Council to nominate Ursula von der Leyen as replacement for Juncker as Commission President was a factor behind the decision . He was subsequently appointed as the EUs Permanent Representative to Austria . Personal and family life . Selmayr is a Protestant . He is married and has lived in Brussels since 2000 . He has been a member of the Christian Democratic and Flemish ( CD&V ) party of Belgium since 2014 . He is the son of the lawyer Gerhard Selmayr ; his paternal grandfather was Brigadier General Josef Selmayr , and his maternal grandfather was Lieutenant General Heinrich Gaedcke . Members of the Selmayr family own a castle near Munich . Books . - The Law of The European Central Bank , Oxford : Hart Publishing ( 2001 ) , with Chiara Zilioli - Das Recht der Wirtschafts- und Währungsunion : Die Vergemeinschaftung der Währung , Baden-Baden ( 2002 ) . - La Banca centrale europea , Milan ( 2007 ) , with Chiara Zilioli
|
[
"Bertelsmann"
] |
[
{
"text": "Martin Selmayr ( born 5 December 1970 ) is a European civil servant from Germany who was Secretary-General of the European Commission from 2018 to 2019 and Chief of Staff to Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker from 2014 to 2018 . During his time in the Juncker Commission , Selmayr was widely described as one of the most influential figures within the European Union . After taking office as Secretary-General , he was described in a debate in the European Parliament as the most powerful bureaucrat in the world . A resident of Brussels since 2000 , he is a member",
"title": "Martin Selmayr"
},
{
"text": "of the Christian Democratic and Flemish ( CD&V ) party of Belgium . He is considered by many to be close to the Christian Democratic Union of Germany and its leadership , but the European Commission said he has never been a member of that party .",
"title": "Martin Selmayr"
},
{
"text": " Early life and career . Selmayr studied law at the University of Geneva , before earning his PhD at the University of Passau . He worked for the European Central Bank from 1998 to 2000 , before joining the media conglomerate Bertelsmann as a legal adviser in Brussels in 2001 . He eventually became Bertelsmanns vice president for legal affairs and government relations and head of the Brussels office .",
"title": "Martin Selmayr"
},
{
"text": " In 2004 , he first joined the European Commission as a civil servant . He went on to serve in a variety of roles , firstly as Commission Spokesperson for Information Society and Media , before becoming Head of Cabinet to the Commissioner for Justice , Fundamental Rights and Citizenship , Viviane Reding . He was appointed by the commission , as a Principal Adviser to the Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs , and as a Director at the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development .",
"title": "European Commission"
},
{
"text": "In early 2014 , Jean-Claude Juncker won the nomination of the European Peoples Party ( EPP ) to be their candidate for President of the European Commission . Juncker appointed Selmayr his campaign director , and after the EPP emerged as the largest party in the European Parliament following the election in May 2014 , Selmayr became the head of the Juncker transition team . After taking office as president on 1 November 2014 , Juncker made Selmayr his Head of Cabinet and Chief of Staff .",
"title": "European Commission"
},
{
"text": "Shortly after his appointment , various media reports began to profile Selmayr as a highly influential figure within EU politics , with Politico describing him as the most powerful EU chief of staff ever in November 2016 , noting that even Jean-Claude Juncker jokingly referred to Selmayr by the nickname the Monster . Tomáš Prouza , the Czech State Secretary for European Affairs , stated publicly that when I need a decision to be taken...I talk to Martin . In October 2017 , he was accused in the British media of leaking details relating to Brexit negotiations , though Selmayr",
"title": "European Commission"
},
{
"text": "denied these accusations .",
"title": "European Commission"
},
{
"text": "Selmayr was appointed Deputy Secretary-General of the European Commission in February 2018 . Minutes after this appointment , Juncker informed the European Commissioners that the then Secretary-General , Alexander Italianer , intended to retire ; they had not been previously notified of this . On 1 March 2018 , following the formal retirement of Italianer , Selmayr was approved by the College of Commissioners to replace him as Secretary-General . Some media sources claimed that support for Selmayr had been bought , and with others claiming that Selmayr had forced his way into the position . The President of the",
"title": "Secretary-General"
},
{
"text": "European Commission Jean-Claude Juncker reportedly threatened to resign if the controversy led to Selmayrs dismissal . On 25 March 2018 the Commission issued a formal statement claiming that Selmayrs promotion was in accordance with legal procedures .",
"title": "Secretary-General"
},
{
"text": " The European Ombudsman contested the lightning-quick appointment of Selmayr from Deputy Secretary-General to Secretary-General , found instances of maladministration and concluded that the Commission did not follow EU law . The Ombudsmans statement was rejected by the commission .",
"title": "Secretary-General"
},
{
"text": "In the immediate aftermath of his appointment as Secretary-General of the European Commission it was reported that Selmayr had been editing Wikipedia using his own name from an account using a verified ec.europa.eu email address . The Commission stated that he did so to correct specific information ( including his work positions as well as political and religious affiliations ) , in direct interaction with a Wikipedia editor , who checked and verified all information ...and ensured that it is properly referenced .",
"title": "Secretary-General"
},
{
"text": " Selmayr resigned as Secretary-General on 1 August 2019 , having held the office for less time than any of his predecessors ; it was speculated that the decision by the European Council to nominate Ursula von der Leyen as replacement for Juncker as Commission President was a factor behind the decision . He was subsequently appointed as the EUs Permanent Representative to Austria . Personal and family life .",
"title": "Secretary-General"
},
{
"text": "Selmayr is a Protestant . He is married and has lived in Brussels since 2000 . He has been a member of the Christian Democratic and Flemish ( CD&V ) party of Belgium since 2014 .",
"title": "Secretary-General"
},
{
"text": " He is the son of the lawyer Gerhard Selmayr ; his paternal grandfather was Brigadier General Josef Selmayr , and his maternal grandfather was Lieutenant General Heinrich Gaedcke . Members of the Selmayr family own a castle near Munich .",
"title": "Secretary-General"
},
{
"text": " - The Law of The European Central Bank , Oxford : Hart Publishing ( 2001 ) , with Chiara Zilioli - Das Recht der Wirtschafts- und Währungsunion : Die Vergemeinschaftung der Währung , Baden-Baden ( 2002 ) . - La Banca centrale europea , Milan ( 2007 ) , with Chiara Zilioli",
"title": "Books"
}
] |
/wiki/Martin_Selmayr#P108#3
|
What was the name of the employer Martin Selmayr work for in Oct 2004?
|
Martin Selmayr Martin Selmayr ( born 5 December 1970 ) is a European civil servant from Germany who was Secretary-General of the European Commission from 2018 to 2019 and Chief of Staff to Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker from 2014 to 2018 . During his time in the Juncker Commission , Selmayr was widely described as one of the most influential figures within the European Union . After taking office as Secretary-General , he was described in a debate in the European Parliament as the most powerful bureaucrat in the world . A resident of Brussels since 2000 , he is a member of the Christian Democratic and Flemish ( CD&V ) party of Belgium . He is considered by many to be close to the Christian Democratic Union of Germany and its leadership , but the European Commission said he has never been a member of that party . Early life and career . Selmayr studied law at the University of Geneva , before earning his PhD at the University of Passau . He worked for the European Central Bank from 1998 to 2000 , before joining the media conglomerate Bertelsmann as a legal adviser in Brussels in 2001 . He eventually became Bertelsmanns vice president for legal affairs and government relations and head of the Brussels office . European Commission . In 2004 , he first joined the European Commission as a civil servant . He went on to serve in a variety of roles , firstly as Commission Spokesperson for Information Society and Media , before becoming Head of Cabinet to the Commissioner for Justice , Fundamental Rights and Citizenship , Viviane Reding . He was appointed by the commission , as a Principal Adviser to the Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs , and as a Director at the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development . In early 2014 , Jean-Claude Juncker won the nomination of the European Peoples Party ( EPP ) to be their candidate for President of the European Commission . Juncker appointed Selmayr his campaign director , and after the EPP emerged as the largest party in the European Parliament following the election in May 2014 , Selmayr became the head of the Juncker transition team . After taking office as president on 1 November 2014 , Juncker made Selmayr his Head of Cabinet and Chief of Staff . Shortly after his appointment , various media reports began to profile Selmayr as a highly influential figure within EU politics , with Politico describing him as the most powerful EU chief of staff ever in November 2016 , noting that even Jean-Claude Juncker jokingly referred to Selmayr by the nickname the Monster . Tomáš Prouza , the Czech State Secretary for European Affairs , stated publicly that when I need a decision to be taken...I talk to Martin . In October 2017 , he was accused in the British media of leaking details relating to Brexit negotiations , though Selmayr denied these accusations . Secretary-General . Selmayr was appointed Deputy Secretary-General of the European Commission in February 2018 . Minutes after this appointment , Juncker informed the European Commissioners that the then Secretary-General , Alexander Italianer , intended to retire ; they had not been previously notified of this . On 1 March 2018 , following the formal retirement of Italianer , Selmayr was approved by the College of Commissioners to replace him as Secretary-General . Some media sources claimed that support for Selmayr had been bought , and with others claiming that Selmayr had forced his way into the position . The President of the European Commission Jean-Claude Juncker reportedly threatened to resign if the controversy led to Selmayrs dismissal . On 25 March 2018 the Commission issued a formal statement claiming that Selmayrs promotion was in accordance with legal procedures . The European Ombudsman contested the lightning-quick appointment of Selmayr from Deputy Secretary-General to Secretary-General , found instances of maladministration and concluded that the Commission did not follow EU law . The Ombudsmans statement was rejected by the commission . In the immediate aftermath of his appointment as Secretary-General of the European Commission it was reported that Selmayr had been editing Wikipedia using his own name from an account using a verified ec.europa.eu email address . The Commission stated that he did so to correct specific information ( including his work positions as well as political and religious affiliations ) , in direct interaction with a Wikipedia editor , who checked and verified all information ...and ensured that it is properly referenced . Selmayr resigned as Secretary-General on 1 August 2019 , having held the office for less time than any of his predecessors ; it was speculated that the decision by the European Council to nominate Ursula von der Leyen as replacement for Juncker as Commission President was a factor behind the decision . He was subsequently appointed as the EUs Permanent Representative to Austria . Personal and family life . Selmayr is a Protestant . He is married and has lived in Brussels since 2000 . He has been a member of the Christian Democratic and Flemish ( CD&V ) party of Belgium since 2014 . He is the son of the lawyer Gerhard Selmayr ; his paternal grandfather was Brigadier General Josef Selmayr , and his maternal grandfather was Lieutenant General Heinrich Gaedcke . Members of the Selmayr family own a castle near Munich . Books . - The Law of The European Central Bank , Oxford : Hart Publishing ( 2001 ) , with Chiara Zilioli - Das Recht der Wirtschafts- und Währungsunion : Die Vergemeinschaftung der Währung , Baden-Baden ( 2002 ) . - La Banca centrale europea , Milan ( 2007 ) , with Chiara Zilioli
|
[
"European Commission"
] |
[
{
"text": "Martin Selmayr ( born 5 December 1970 ) is a European civil servant from Germany who was Secretary-General of the European Commission from 2018 to 2019 and Chief of Staff to Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker from 2014 to 2018 . During his time in the Juncker Commission , Selmayr was widely described as one of the most influential figures within the European Union . After taking office as Secretary-General , he was described in a debate in the European Parliament as the most powerful bureaucrat in the world . A resident of Brussels since 2000 , he is a member",
"title": "Martin Selmayr"
},
{
"text": "of the Christian Democratic and Flemish ( CD&V ) party of Belgium . He is considered by many to be close to the Christian Democratic Union of Germany and its leadership , but the European Commission said he has never been a member of that party .",
"title": "Martin Selmayr"
},
{
"text": " Early life and career . Selmayr studied law at the University of Geneva , before earning his PhD at the University of Passau . He worked for the European Central Bank from 1998 to 2000 , before joining the media conglomerate Bertelsmann as a legal adviser in Brussels in 2001 . He eventually became Bertelsmanns vice president for legal affairs and government relations and head of the Brussels office .",
"title": "Martin Selmayr"
},
{
"text": " In 2004 , he first joined the European Commission as a civil servant . He went on to serve in a variety of roles , firstly as Commission Spokesperson for Information Society and Media , before becoming Head of Cabinet to the Commissioner for Justice , Fundamental Rights and Citizenship , Viviane Reding . He was appointed by the commission , as a Principal Adviser to the Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs , and as a Director at the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development .",
"title": "European Commission"
},
{
"text": "In early 2014 , Jean-Claude Juncker won the nomination of the European Peoples Party ( EPP ) to be their candidate for President of the European Commission . Juncker appointed Selmayr his campaign director , and after the EPP emerged as the largest party in the European Parliament following the election in May 2014 , Selmayr became the head of the Juncker transition team . After taking office as president on 1 November 2014 , Juncker made Selmayr his Head of Cabinet and Chief of Staff .",
"title": "European Commission"
},
{
"text": "Shortly after his appointment , various media reports began to profile Selmayr as a highly influential figure within EU politics , with Politico describing him as the most powerful EU chief of staff ever in November 2016 , noting that even Jean-Claude Juncker jokingly referred to Selmayr by the nickname the Monster . Tomáš Prouza , the Czech State Secretary for European Affairs , stated publicly that when I need a decision to be taken...I talk to Martin . In October 2017 , he was accused in the British media of leaking details relating to Brexit negotiations , though Selmayr",
"title": "European Commission"
},
{
"text": "denied these accusations .",
"title": "European Commission"
},
{
"text": "Selmayr was appointed Deputy Secretary-General of the European Commission in February 2018 . Minutes after this appointment , Juncker informed the European Commissioners that the then Secretary-General , Alexander Italianer , intended to retire ; they had not been previously notified of this . On 1 March 2018 , following the formal retirement of Italianer , Selmayr was approved by the College of Commissioners to replace him as Secretary-General . Some media sources claimed that support for Selmayr had been bought , and with others claiming that Selmayr had forced his way into the position . The President of the",
"title": "Secretary-General"
},
{
"text": "European Commission Jean-Claude Juncker reportedly threatened to resign if the controversy led to Selmayrs dismissal . On 25 March 2018 the Commission issued a formal statement claiming that Selmayrs promotion was in accordance with legal procedures .",
"title": "Secretary-General"
},
{
"text": " The European Ombudsman contested the lightning-quick appointment of Selmayr from Deputy Secretary-General to Secretary-General , found instances of maladministration and concluded that the Commission did not follow EU law . The Ombudsmans statement was rejected by the commission .",
"title": "Secretary-General"
},
{
"text": "In the immediate aftermath of his appointment as Secretary-General of the European Commission it was reported that Selmayr had been editing Wikipedia using his own name from an account using a verified ec.europa.eu email address . The Commission stated that he did so to correct specific information ( including his work positions as well as political and religious affiliations ) , in direct interaction with a Wikipedia editor , who checked and verified all information ...and ensured that it is properly referenced .",
"title": "Secretary-General"
},
{
"text": " Selmayr resigned as Secretary-General on 1 August 2019 , having held the office for less time than any of his predecessors ; it was speculated that the decision by the European Council to nominate Ursula von der Leyen as replacement for Juncker as Commission President was a factor behind the decision . He was subsequently appointed as the EUs Permanent Representative to Austria . Personal and family life .",
"title": "Secretary-General"
},
{
"text": "Selmayr is a Protestant . He is married and has lived in Brussels since 2000 . He has been a member of the Christian Democratic and Flemish ( CD&V ) party of Belgium since 2014 .",
"title": "Secretary-General"
},
{
"text": " He is the son of the lawyer Gerhard Selmayr ; his paternal grandfather was Brigadier General Josef Selmayr , and his maternal grandfather was Lieutenant General Heinrich Gaedcke . Members of the Selmayr family own a castle near Munich .",
"title": "Secretary-General"
},
{
"text": " - The Law of The European Central Bank , Oxford : Hart Publishing ( 2001 ) , with Chiara Zilioli - Das Recht der Wirtschafts- und Währungsunion : Die Vergemeinschaftung der Währung , Baden-Baden ( 2002 ) . - La Banca centrale europea , Milan ( 2007 ) , with Chiara Zilioli",
"title": "Books"
}
] |
/wiki/Anna-Maja_Kazarian#P2962#0
|
Which title was conferred to Anna-Maja Kazarian in 2017?
|
Anna-Maja Kazarian Anna-Maja Kazarian ( born 7 January 2000 ) is a Dutch chess player who holds the titles of FIDE Master ( FM ) and Woman International Master ( WIM ) , and a Twitch live streamer . She is the reigning Dutch Womens Internet Chess Champion and has also been an under-16 girls European Youth Champion . Kazarian has a peak FIDE rating of 2320 , which she achieved in 2016 . She has represented the Netherlands at the Chess Olympiad and the European Team Chess Championship . Kazarian began playing chess at age six after being introduced to the game by her grandfather in Georgia , and began competing a year later . She earned the Woman FIDE Master ( WFM ) title by finishing runner-up in the under-12 girls division at the European Youth Chess Championships in 2012 . Three years later , Kazarian had a career-best performance rating of 2359 at the same tournament in 2015 when she won the under-16 girls division and earned her first Woman International Master ( WIM ) norm . She has performed well in national team competitions , earning her two remaining WIM norms in two of her three national appearances , one at the 2015 European Team Chess Championship where she also won an individual bronze medal and the other at the 2016 Chess Olympiad . During the COVID-19 pandemic , she won the first Dutch Womens Internet Chess Championship by defeating Machteld van Foreest in the knockout final . Kazarian began streaming on Twitch in early 2020 , focusing on chess content . Early life and background . Anna-Maja Kazarian was born on 7 January 2000 in Heerenveen in the northern part of the Netherlands . Her family is originally from Tbilisi , the capital of Georgia . She first became interested in chess at age six while on her summer holiday in Georgia . Her grandfather taught her a variety of games also including checkers and backgammon , and Kazarian chose chess as her favourite . Before leaving Gerogia , her family sought out lessons from a local player Revaz Topuria , who recognized her talent for the game . When she returned to the Netherlands , she joined the chess club in Sneek . Kazarian competed in her first tournament at age seven in Waalwijk . By the time she was 15 years old , she relocated to The Hague . She did not have professional coaching at least up to that point , instead working with her mother who acts as her travelling coach . Kazarian had a lot of success in Dutch youth and junior championships , winning a total of 25 national championships across many different divisions . She has called Maaike Keetman her biggest rival in these youth competitions . Chess career . 2010–14 : Under-12 European silver medal . Kazarians earliest FIDE-rated tournaments were youth national , continental , and world championships in 2010 and 2011 . She reached a rating of 1700 for the first time at 11 years old with a good performance in the under-20 girls division at the 2011 Dutch Youth Chess Championships . She finished in joint third place with a score of 5/8 against much stronger opponents with an average rating of 1891 . She built on that success later in the year in the under-12 division of the European Youth Chess Championships in Albena , finishing in joint fifth place with 6½/9 . To start 2012 , Kazarian crossed a rating of 1800 after finishing in third place in the ten-player 3L group at the Tata Steel Chess Tournament . Her best remaining results came in the second half of the year . At the European Youth Chess Championships in Prague , she improved on her success from the previous year by winning the silver medal in the under-12 division . She finished in joint first with Anastasia Avramidou with 7½/9 , but ended up in second place because of a weaker Sonneborn-Berger tiebreak . She had also lost their head-to-head encounter in the penultimate round . Nonetheless , with this result , she earned the Woman FIDE Master ( WFM ) title . Kazarian also finished in the top ten in the same division of the World Youth Chess Championship at the end of the year . She scored 8/11 , placing her in sixth overall . In-between the European and World Championships , Kazarian also performed well at the much higher-level 2012 Unive Open . As one of just seven competitors in the 78-player field rated under 2000 , she scored 4/9 against opponents with an average rating of 2138 to gain 37 rating points , her second-largest rating jump of the year behind only the Tata Steel tournament . She finished 2012 with a rating of 1950 . Kazarian moved up to the under-14 girls divisions of the European and World Youth Championships in 2013 . She finished in fifth place as the tenth seed at the former and in eleventh place as the twelfth seed at the latter . After playing few events and thereby maintaining a steady rating in 2013 , Kazarian had a more successful 2014 . She reached a rating of 2000 for the first time by winning the ten-player 3A group at the Tata Steel Chess Tournament . She scored 7/9 to win by a full point , gaining 41 rating points . In July , Kazarian played the Dutch Womens Chess Championship for the first time at the age of 14 . As the lowest-rated competitor in the eight-player round robin , she finished in last place with 2/7 . Nonetheless , she still gained 23 rating points because of the large gap in rating between her and the rest of the field . Kazarians best performance in the rest of the year came at the Dutch Open . Against opponents with an average rating of 2259 , she scored 4/9 , including three consecutive wins in the early rounds . As a result , she gained 81 rating points to reach 2129 , her best at the time and high for the year . Nonetheless to finish the year , she did not fare well at the European Youth Championships . Although she scored 6/9 , she lost to two much lower-rated opponents , causing her to drop 46 rating points overall . 2015–16 : FM and WIM titles , under-16 European champion . Kazarian had one of the best years of her career in 2015 , gaining over 200 rating points overall and earning two norms for the Woman International Master ( WIM ) title towards the end of the year . Although she was the second-lowest rated player in the 2B group at the Tata Steel Chess Tournament , she managed to get an even score of 4½/9 and defeated the second and third-highest rated players in the group . In May , Kazarian won the under-20 girls youth national championship with a perfect score of 9/9 , helping her to return to a rating of 2100 . As a second-time participant in the Dutch Womens Chess Championship , she fared much better than the previous year and finished with 4½/7 . Unlike in 2014 when she had no wins , she won four games , including one each against Bianca de Jong-Muhren , a Woman Grandmaster ( WGM ) rated 2329 , and Tea Lanchava , an International Master ( IM ) and former champion rated 2261 . With this performance , she gained 89 rating points . Later in the month , Kazarian travelled to New York and played two more tournaments , faring well in both . In particular , she won the under-2200 division of the New York International tournament , finishing tied for first with 6/7 and rising to a rating of 2248 . With a much higher rating , Kazarian entered the under-16 girls division of the 2015 European Youth Chess Championship in Poreč in Croatia as the second seed behind only Stavroula Tsolakidou , a WIM rated 2279 . She won the gold medal , finishing in clear first by a point with 7½/9 . During the tournament , she defeated Tsolakidou as well as both the silver and bronze medallists . Overall , she compiled a performance rating of 2359 , sufficient for her first WIM norm . After a win in the year-round Dutch Team Competition league the following month , Kazarian became a FIDE Master ( FM ) by virtue of her unpublished rating crossing the 2300 threshold needed to qualify for the title . She did not reach a published rating of 2300 until the following year , however , as a result of losing a six-game match against Sopiko Guramishvili , a higher-rated Georgian WGM , in a lopsided manner ½–5½ . Kazarian closed out the year with a second WIM norm at the European Team Chess Championship . Kazarian reached a career-best rating of 2320 in April 2016 after performing well at the Reykjavik Open , one of the worlds leading open tournaments , and the high-profile Grenke Chess Open . In particular , she scored 6½/10 in Reykjavik , highlighted by a win against Björn Thorfinnsson , an Icelandic IM rated 2410 . Since that peak , Kazarians rating has steadily declined . In the middle of the year , she had even scores at both the open under-20 youth national championship and the overall womens national championships , underperforming based on her rating in both instances . Nonetheless , she had a strong finish to the year highlighted by achieving her third and final WIM norm at the 2016 Baku Olympiad . She was officially awarded the WIM title in 2017 . Kazarian was also in contention to win the under-16 division of the World Youth Chess Championship in Khanty-Mansiysk . She entered the last round in joint first with Aakanksha Hagawane at 8/10 , but lost her last game to Mobina Alinasab while Aakanksha was able to win . As a result , Kazarian finished in fourth place . 2017–present : National internet champion . Over about the next two years through early 2019 , Kazarian maintained a rating of around 2200 before dropping just below 2100 by the end of 2019 . Her worst performance of 2017 came at the Maccabia International IM-B , where she finished the ten-player round robin with ½/9 after losing the last eight games . She had already had a rating drop earlier in the year as a result of an even score at the European Individual Womens Chess Championship . Kazarian was able to return to a 2200 rating with more positive results in the second half of 2018 at the Leiden Chess Tournament in the Netherlands and the Open Brasschaat in Belgium , scoring 5/9 and 6½/9 for a combined rating gain of 53 points . Nonetheless , she fell to a rating of 2096 by December 2019 primarily due to poor performances at the Kragero Resort Chess Title in Norway and the Dutch Open that year . Kazarian has since not entered any FIDE-rated tournaments as few tournaments have been played due to the COVID-19 pandemic . Nonetheless , during the pandemic , Kazarian entered the first Dutch Womens Internet Chess Championship in November 2020 , which was played in a blitz time control of 3+3 . There were eight players in the tournament , six of whom qualified through their FIDE rating and two who won qualifying events , namely Kazarian and Machteld van Foreest . Despite being the lowest-rated player in the field , Kazarian won the tournament , which featured several former Dutch womens champions including Grandmaster ( GM ) Peng Zhaoqin and WGM Anne Haast . The tournament was played in a three-round knockout format and all seven of the matches were won by the lower-rated player . Kazarian defeated Nargiz Umudova and Marlies Bensdorp-De Labaca in the first two rounds . In the final between the two qualifiers , Kazarian defeated van Foreest 5–2 for the title . National representation . Chess Olympiad . Kazarian represented the Netherlands at one Womens Chess Olympiad that was held in Baku , Azerbaijan in 2016 . She played on the fourth board behind Peng , Haast , and Lanchava . The Netherlands finished in 21st place out of 134 teams with a score of 14 points Individually , Kazarian performed well , scoring 5/10 and earning her last WIM norm . European Team Chess Championship . Kazarian has also represented the Netherlands at two European Team Chess Championships , playing on the reserve board in both instances . In 2015 in Reykjavík , she played behind Peng , Haast , de Jong-Muhren , and Lanchava . The team finished in the middle at 15th place out of 30 teams with a score of 9 points Although Kazarian was on the reserve board , she had the opportunity to play eight games , the second-most on the team . She had one of the best performances of her career , scoring 6/8 and gaining 34 rating points . With a performance rating of 2324 , she also earned her second WIM norm and won the bronze medal on the reserve board behind Polish WGM Joanna Majdan-Gajewska and Italian WFM Alessia Santeramo . In 2017 in Crete , Kazarian had less opportunity to play as the four boards were covered by Peng , Haast , Lanchava , and Iozefina Păuleţ . She scored 2/5 as the Netherlands managed a similar result to 2015 , again finishing with 9 points to place them 14th out of 32 teams . Playing style . Kazarian has a strong preference for playing 1.e4 ( the Kings Pawn Game ) with the white pieces . With the black pieces , she prefers to play the French defense ( 1.e4 e6 ) against 1.e4 or the Slav ( 1.d4 d5 2.c4 c6 ) against 1.d4 . Kazarian believes the strongest aspect of her game is attacking , which is also her favourite part of the game . Personal life . Kazarian has two sisters . She is studying artificial intelligence at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam . Kazarian has also hosted her own Twitch channel since February 2020 that focuses on chess . In late 2020 , she joined the Stichting ChessQueens ( ChessQueens Foundation ) , an organization run by many of the leading womens chess players in the Netherlands with the goals of supporting the top womens players in the country and more broadly to encourage the participation of Dutch women and girls in chess . Notable games . - Irina Drogovoz ( 2253 ) – Anna-Maja Kazarian ( 2259 ) , 2016 European Youth Chess Championship ( under-16 girls division ) : Round 5 ; Slav defence , . Kazarian described this game against Drogovoz , who she had lost to two years earlier , as the best of her career . After this win , Kazarian also won the tournament , one point ahead of Drogovoz , who finished in second place . Translations of Kazarians annotations from Dutch are included below . External links . - Anna-Maja Kazarian member profile on Chess.com
|
[
"WIM"
] |
[
{
"text": " Anna-Maja Kazarian ( born 7 January 2000 ) is a Dutch chess player who holds the titles of FIDE Master ( FM ) and Woman International Master ( WIM ) , and a Twitch live streamer . She is the reigning Dutch Womens Internet Chess Champion and has also been an under-16 girls European Youth Champion . Kazarian has a peak FIDE rating of 2320 , which she achieved in 2016 . She has represented the Netherlands at the Chess Olympiad and the European Team Chess Championship .",
"title": "Anna-Maja Kazarian"
},
{
"text": "Kazarian began playing chess at age six after being introduced to the game by her grandfather in Georgia , and began competing a year later . She earned the Woman FIDE Master ( WFM ) title by finishing runner-up in the under-12 girls division at the European Youth Chess Championships in 2012 . Three years later , Kazarian had a career-best performance rating of 2359 at the same tournament in 2015 when she won the under-16 girls division and earned her first Woman International Master ( WIM ) norm . She has performed well in national team competitions , earning",
"title": "Anna-Maja Kazarian"
},
{
"text": "her two remaining WIM norms in two of her three national appearances , one at the 2015 European Team Chess Championship where she also won an individual bronze medal and the other at the 2016 Chess Olympiad . During the COVID-19 pandemic , she won the first Dutch Womens Internet Chess Championship by defeating Machteld van Foreest in the knockout final .",
"title": "Anna-Maja Kazarian"
},
{
"text": " Kazarian began streaming on Twitch in early 2020 , focusing on chess content . Early life and background .",
"title": "Anna-Maja Kazarian"
},
{
"text": "Anna-Maja Kazarian was born on 7 January 2000 in Heerenveen in the northern part of the Netherlands . Her family is originally from Tbilisi , the capital of Georgia . She first became interested in chess at age six while on her summer holiday in Georgia . Her grandfather taught her a variety of games also including checkers and backgammon , and Kazarian chose chess as her favourite . Before leaving Gerogia , her family sought out lessons from a local player Revaz Topuria , who recognized her talent for the game . When she returned to the Netherlands ,",
"title": "Anna-Maja Kazarian"
},
{
"text": "she joined the chess club in Sneek . Kazarian competed in her first tournament at age seven in Waalwijk . By the time she was 15 years old , she relocated to The Hague . She did not have professional coaching at least up to that point , instead working with her mother who acts as her travelling coach . Kazarian had a lot of success in Dutch youth and junior championships , winning a total of 25 national championships across many different divisions . She has called Maaike Keetman her biggest rival in these youth competitions .",
"title": "Anna-Maja Kazarian"
},
{
"text": "Kazarians earliest FIDE-rated tournaments were youth national , continental , and world championships in 2010 and 2011 . She reached a rating of 1700 for the first time at 11 years old with a good performance in the under-20 girls division at the 2011 Dutch Youth Chess Championships . She finished in joint third place with a score of 5/8 against much stronger opponents with an average rating of 1891 . She built on that success later in the year in the under-12 division of the European Youth Chess Championships in Albena , finishing in joint fifth place with 6½/9",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "To start 2012 , Kazarian crossed a rating of 1800 after finishing in third place in the ten-player 3L group at the Tata Steel Chess Tournament . Her best remaining results came in the second half of the year . At the European Youth Chess Championships in Prague , she improved on her success from the previous year by winning the silver medal in the under-12 division . She finished in joint first with Anastasia Avramidou with 7½/9 , but ended up in second place because of a weaker Sonneborn-Berger tiebreak . She had also lost their head-to-head encounter in",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "the penultimate round . Nonetheless , with this result , she earned the Woman FIDE Master ( WFM ) title . Kazarian also finished in the top ten in the same division of the World Youth Chess Championship at the end of the year . She scored 8/11 , placing her in sixth overall . In-between the European and World Championships , Kazarian also performed well at the much higher-level 2012 Unive Open . As one of just seven competitors in the 78-player field rated under 2000 , she scored 4/9 against opponents with an average rating of 2138 to",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "gain 37 rating points , her second-largest rating jump of the year behind only the Tata Steel tournament . She finished 2012 with a rating of 1950 .",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "Kazarian moved up to the under-14 girls divisions of the European and World Youth Championships in 2013 . She finished in fifth place as the tenth seed at the former and in eleventh place as the twelfth seed at the latter . After playing few events and thereby maintaining a steady rating in 2013 , Kazarian had a more successful 2014 . She reached a rating of 2000 for the first time by winning the ten-player 3A group at the Tata Steel Chess Tournament . She scored 7/9 to win by a full point , gaining 41 rating points .",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "In July , Kazarian played the Dutch Womens Chess Championship for the first time at the age of 14 . As the lowest-rated competitor in the eight-player round robin , she finished in last place with 2/7 . Nonetheless , she still gained 23 rating points because of the large gap in rating between her and the rest of the field . Kazarians best performance in the rest of the year came at the Dutch Open . Against opponents with an average rating of 2259 , she scored 4/9 , including three consecutive wins in the early rounds . As",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "a result , she gained 81 rating points to reach 2129 , her best at the time and high for the year . Nonetheless to finish the year , she did not fare well at the European Youth Championships . Although she scored 6/9 , she lost to two much lower-rated opponents , causing her to drop 46 rating points overall .",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "Kazarian had one of the best years of her career in 2015 , gaining over 200 rating points overall and earning two norms for the Woman International Master ( WIM ) title towards the end of the year . Although she was the second-lowest rated player in the 2B group at the Tata Steel Chess Tournament , she managed to get an even score of 4½/9 and defeated the second and third-highest rated players in the group . In May , Kazarian won the under-20 girls youth national championship with a perfect score of 9/9 , helping her to return",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "to a rating of 2100 . As a second-time participant in the Dutch Womens Chess Championship , she fared much better than the previous year and finished with 4½/7 . Unlike in 2014 when she had no wins , she won four games , including one each against Bianca de Jong-Muhren , a Woman Grandmaster ( WGM ) rated 2329 , and Tea Lanchava , an International Master ( IM ) and former champion rated 2261 . With this performance , she gained 89 rating points . Later in the month , Kazarian travelled to New York and played two",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "more tournaments , faring well in both . In particular , she won the under-2200 division of the New York International tournament , finishing tied for first with 6/7 and rising to a rating of 2248 .",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "With a much higher rating , Kazarian entered the under-16 girls division of the 2015 European Youth Chess Championship in Poreč in Croatia as the second seed behind only Stavroula Tsolakidou , a WIM rated 2279 . She won the gold medal , finishing in clear first by a point with 7½/9 . During the tournament , she defeated Tsolakidou as well as both the silver and bronze medallists . Overall , she compiled a performance rating of 2359 , sufficient for her first WIM norm . After a win in the year-round Dutch Team Competition league the following month",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": ", Kazarian became a FIDE Master ( FM ) by virtue of her unpublished rating crossing the 2300 threshold needed to qualify for the title . She did not reach a published rating of 2300 until the following year , however , as a result of losing a six-game match against Sopiko Guramishvili , a higher-rated Georgian WGM , in a lopsided manner ½–5½ . Kazarian closed out the year with a second WIM norm at the European Team Chess Championship .",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "Kazarian reached a career-best rating of 2320 in April 2016 after performing well at the Reykjavik Open , one of the worlds leading open tournaments , and the high-profile Grenke Chess Open . In particular , she scored 6½/10 in Reykjavik , highlighted by a win against Björn Thorfinnsson , an Icelandic IM rated 2410 . Since that peak , Kazarians rating has steadily declined . In the middle of the year , she had even scores at both the open under-20 youth national championship and the overall womens national championships , underperforming based on her rating in both instances",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": ". Nonetheless , she had a strong finish to the year highlighted by achieving her third and final WIM norm at the 2016 Baku Olympiad . She was officially awarded the WIM title in 2017 . Kazarian was also in contention to win the under-16 division of the World Youth Chess Championship in Khanty-Mansiysk . She entered the last round in joint first with Aakanksha Hagawane at 8/10 , but lost her last game to Mobina Alinasab while Aakanksha was able to win . As a result , Kazarian finished in fourth place .",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "Over about the next two years through early 2019 , Kazarian maintained a rating of around 2200 before dropping just below 2100 by the end of 2019 . Her worst performance of 2017 came at the Maccabia International IM-B , where she finished the ten-player round robin with ½/9 after losing the last eight games . She had already had a rating drop earlier in the year as a result of an even score at the European Individual Womens Chess Championship . Kazarian was able to return to a 2200 rating with more positive results in the second half of",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "2018 at the Leiden Chess Tournament in the Netherlands and the Open Brasschaat in Belgium , scoring 5/9 and 6½/9 for a combined rating gain of 53 points . Nonetheless , she fell to a rating of 2096 by December 2019 primarily due to poor performances at the Kragero Resort Chess Title in Norway and the Dutch Open that year .",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "Kazarian has since not entered any FIDE-rated tournaments as few tournaments have been played due to the COVID-19 pandemic . Nonetheless , during the pandemic , Kazarian entered the first Dutch Womens Internet Chess Championship in November 2020 , which was played in a blitz time control of 3+3 . There were eight players in the tournament , six of whom qualified through their FIDE rating and two who won qualifying events , namely Kazarian and Machteld van Foreest . Despite being the lowest-rated player in the field , Kazarian won the tournament , which featured several former Dutch womens",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "champions including Grandmaster ( GM ) Peng Zhaoqin and WGM Anne Haast . The tournament was played in a three-round knockout format and all seven of the matches were won by the lower-rated player . Kazarian defeated Nargiz Umudova and Marlies Bensdorp-De Labaca in the first two rounds . In the final between the two qualifiers , Kazarian defeated van Foreest 5–2 for the title .",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": " Kazarian represented the Netherlands at one Womens Chess Olympiad that was held in Baku , Azerbaijan in 2016 . She played on the fourth board behind Peng , Haast , and Lanchava . The Netherlands finished in 21st place out of 134 teams with a score of 14 points Individually , Kazarian performed well , scoring 5/10 and earning her last WIM norm . European Team Chess Championship .",
"title": "Chess Olympiad"
},
{
"text": "Kazarian has also represented the Netherlands at two European Team Chess Championships , playing on the reserve board in both instances . In 2015 in Reykjavík , she played behind Peng , Haast , de Jong-Muhren , and Lanchava . The team finished in the middle at 15th place out of 30 teams with a score of 9 points Although Kazarian was on the reserve board , she had the opportunity to play eight games , the second-most on the team . She had one of the best performances of her career , scoring 6/8 and gaining 34 rating points",
"title": "Chess Olympiad"
},
{
"text": ". With a performance rating of 2324 , she also earned her second WIM norm and won the bronze medal on the reserve board behind Polish WGM Joanna Majdan-Gajewska and Italian WFM Alessia Santeramo . In 2017 in Crete , Kazarian had less opportunity to play as the four boards were covered by Peng , Haast , Lanchava , and Iozefina Păuleţ . She scored 2/5 as the Netherlands managed a similar result to 2015 , again finishing with 9 points to place them 14th out of 32 teams .",
"title": "Chess Olympiad"
},
{
"text": " Kazarian has a strong preference for playing 1.e4 ( the Kings Pawn Game ) with the white pieces . With the black pieces , she prefers to play the French defense ( 1.e4 e6 ) against 1.e4 or the Slav ( 1.d4 d5 2.c4 c6 ) against 1.d4 . Kazarian believes the strongest aspect of her game is attacking , which is also her favourite part of the game .",
"title": "Playing style"
},
{
"text": " Kazarian has two sisters . She is studying artificial intelligence at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam . Kazarian has also hosted her own Twitch channel since February 2020 that focuses on chess . In late 2020 , she joined the Stichting ChessQueens ( ChessQueens Foundation ) , an organization run by many of the leading womens chess players in the Netherlands with the goals of supporting the top womens players in the country and more broadly to encourage the participation of Dutch women and girls in chess .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Irina Drogovoz ( 2253 ) – Anna-Maja Kazarian ( 2259 ) , 2016 European Youth Chess Championship ( under-16 girls division ) : Round 5 ; Slav defence , . Kazarian described this game against Drogovoz , who she had lost to two years earlier , as the best of her career . After this win , Kazarian also won the tournament , one point ahead of Drogovoz , who finished in second place . Translations of Kazarians annotations from Dutch are included below .",
"title": "Notable games"
},
{
"text": " - Anna-Maja Kazarian member profile on Chess.com",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Anna-Maja_Kazarian#P2962#1
|
Which title was conferred to Anna-Maja Kazarian in 2015?
|
Anna-Maja Kazarian Anna-Maja Kazarian ( born 7 January 2000 ) is a Dutch chess player who holds the titles of FIDE Master ( FM ) and Woman International Master ( WIM ) , and a Twitch live streamer . She is the reigning Dutch Womens Internet Chess Champion and has also been an under-16 girls European Youth Champion . Kazarian has a peak FIDE rating of 2320 , which she achieved in 2016 . She has represented the Netherlands at the Chess Olympiad and the European Team Chess Championship . Kazarian began playing chess at age six after being introduced to the game by her grandfather in Georgia , and began competing a year later . She earned the Woman FIDE Master ( WFM ) title by finishing runner-up in the under-12 girls division at the European Youth Chess Championships in 2012 . Three years later , Kazarian had a career-best performance rating of 2359 at the same tournament in 2015 when she won the under-16 girls division and earned her first Woman International Master ( WIM ) norm . She has performed well in national team competitions , earning her two remaining WIM norms in two of her three national appearances , one at the 2015 European Team Chess Championship where she also won an individual bronze medal and the other at the 2016 Chess Olympiad . During the COVID-19 pandemic , she won the first Dutch Womens Internet Chess Championship by defeating Machteld van Foreest in the knockout final . Kazarian began streaming on Twitch in early 2020 , focusing on chess content . Early life and background . Anna-Maja Kazarian was born on 7 January 2000 in Heerenveen in the northern part of the Netherlands . Her family is originally from Tbilisi , the capital of Georgia . She first became interested in chess at age six while on her summer holiday in Georgia . Her grandfather taught her a variety of games also including checkers and backgammon , and Kazarian chose chess as her favourite . Before leaving Gerogia , her family sought out lessons from a local player Revaz Topuria , who recognized her talent for the game . When she returned to the Netherlands , she joined the chess club in Sneek . Kazarian competed in her first tournament at age seven in Waalwijk . By the time she was 15 years old , she relocated to The Hague . She did not have professional coaching at least up to that point , instead working with her mother who acts as her travelling coach . Kazarian had a lot of success in Dutch youth and junior championships , winning a total of 25 national championships across many different divisions . She has called Maaike Keetman her biggest rival in these youth competitions . Chess career . 2010–14 : Under-12 European silver medal . Kazarians earliest FIDE-rated tournaments were youth national , continental , and world championships in 2010 and 2011 . She reached a rating of 1700 for the first time at 11 years old with a good performance in the under-20 girls division at the 2011 Dutch Youth Chess Championships . She finished in joint third place with a score of 5/8 against much stronger opponents with an average rating of 1891 . She built on that success later in the year in the under-12 division of the European Youth Chess Championships in Albena , finishing in joint fifth place with 6½/9 . To start 2012 , Kazarian crossed a rating of 1800 after finishing in third place in the ten-player 3L group at the Tata Steel Chess Tournament . Her best remaining results came in the second half of the year . At the European Youth Chess Championships in Prague , she improved on her success from the previous year by winning the silver medal in the under-12 division . She finished in joint first with Anastasia Avramidou with 7½/9 , but ended up in second place because of a weaker Sonneborn-Berger tiebreak . She had also lost their head-to-head encounter in the penultimate round . Nonetheless , with this result , she earned the Woman FIDE Master ( WFM ) title . Kazarian also finished in the top ten in the same division of the World Youth Chess Championship at the end of the year . She scored 8/11 , placing her in sixth overall . In-between the European and World Championships , Kazarian also performed well at the much higher-level 2012 Unive Open . As one of just seven competitors in the 78-player field rated under 2000 , she scored 4/9 against opponents with an average rating of 2138 to gain 37 rating points , her second-largest rating jump of the year behind only the Tata Steel tournament . She finished 2012 with a rating of 1950 . Kazarian moved up to the under-14 girls divisions of the European and World Youth Championships in 2013 . She finished in fifth place as the tenth seed at the former and in eleventh place as the twelfth seed at the latter . After playing few events and thereby maintaining a steady rating in 2013 , Kazarian had a more successful 2014 . She reached a rating of 2000 for the first time by winning the ten-player 3A group at the Tata Steel Chess Tournament . She scored 7/9 to win by a full point , gaining 41 rating points . In July , Kazarian played the Dutch Womens Chess Championship for the first time at the age of 14 . As the lowest-rated competitor in the eight-player round robin , she finished in last place with 2/7 . Nonetheless , she still gained 23 rating points because of the large gap in rating between her and the rest of the field . Kazarians best performance in the rest of the year came at the Dutch Open . Against opponents with an average rating of 2259 , she scored 4/9 , including three consecutive wins in the early rounds . As a result , she gained 81 rating points to reach 2129 , her best at the time and high for the year . Nonetheless to finish the year , she did not fare well at the European Youth Championships . Although she scored 6/9 , she lost to two much lower-rated opponents , causing her to drop 46 rating points overall . 2015–16 : FM and WIM titles , under-16 European champion . Kazarian had one of the best years of her career in 2015 , gaining over 200 rating points overall and earning two norms for the Woman International Master ( WIM ) title towards the end of the year . Although she was the second-lowest rated player in the 2B group at the Tata Steel Chess Tournament , she managed to get an even score of 4½/9 and defeated the second and third-highest rated players in the group . In May , Kazarian won the under-20 girls youth national championship with a perfect score of 9/9 , helping her to return to a rating of 2100 . As a second-time participant in the Dutch Womens Chess Championship , she fared much better than the previous year and finished with 4½/7 . Unlike in 2014 when she had no wins , she won four games , including one each against Bianca de Jong-Muhren , a Woman Grandmaster ( WGM ) rated 2329 , and Tea Lanchava , an International Master ( IM ) and former champion rated 2261 . With this performance , she gained 89 rating points . Later in the month , Kazarian travelled to New York and played two more tournaments , faring well in both . In particular , she won the under-2200 division of the New York International tournament , finishing tied for first with 6/7 and rising to a rating of 2248 . With a much higher rating , Kazarian entered the under-16 girls division of the 2015 European Youth Chess Championship in Poreč in Croatia as the second seed behind only Stavroula Tsolakidou , a WIM rated 2279 . She won the gold medal , finishing in clear first by a point with 7½/9 . During the tournament , she defeated Tsolakidou as well as both the silver and bronze medallists . Overall , she compiled a performance rating of 2359 , sufficient for her first WIM norm . After a win in the year-round Dutch Team Competition league the following month , Kazarian became a FIDE Master ( FM ) by virtue of her unpublished rating crossing the 2300 threshold needed to qualify for the title . She did not reach a published rating of 2300 until the following year , however , as a result of losing a six-game match against Sopiko Guramishvili , a higher-rated Georgian WGM , in a lopsided manner ½–5½ . Kazarian closed out the year with a second WIM norm at the European Team Chess Championship . Kazarian reached a career-best rating of 2320 in April 2016 after performing well at the Reykjavik Open , one of the worlds leading open tournaments , and the high-profile Grenke Chess Open . In particular , she scored 6½/10 in Reykjavik , highlighted by a win against Björn Thorfinnsson , an Icelandic IM rated 2410 . Since that peak , Kazarians rating has steadily declined . In the middle of the year , she had even scores at both the open under-20 youth national championship and the overall womens national championships , underperforming based on her rating in both instances . Nonetheless , she had a strong finish to the year highlighted by achieving her third and final WIM norm at the 2016 Baku Olympiad . She was officially awarded the WIM title in 2017 . Kazarian was also in contention to win the under-16 division of the World Youth Chess Championship in Khanty-Mansiysk . She entered the last round in joint first with Aakanksha Hagawane at 8/10 , but lost her last game to Mobina Alinasab while Aakanksha was able to win . As a result , Kazarian finished in fourth place . 2017–present : National internet champion . Over about the next two years through early 2019 , Kazarian maintained a rating of around 2200 before dropping just below 2100 by the end of 2019 . Her worst performance of 2017 came at the Maccabia International IM-B , where she finished the ten-player round robin with ½/9 after losing the last eight games . She had already had a rating drop earlier in the year as a result of an even score at the European Individual Womens Chess Championship . Kazarian was able to return to a 2200 rating with more positive results in the second half of 2018 at the Leiden Chess Tournament in the Netherlands and the Open Brasschaat in Belgium , scoring 5/9 and 6½/9 for a combined rating gain of 53 points . Nonetheless , she fell to a rating of 2096 by December 2019 primarily due to poor performances at the Kragero Resort Chess Title in Norway and the Dutch Open that year . Kazarian has since not entered any FIDE-rated tournaments as few tournaments have been played due to the COVID-19 pandemic . Nonetheless , during the pandemic , Kazarian entered the first Dutch Womens Internet Chess Championship in November 2020 , which was played in a blitz time control of 3+3 . There were eight players in the tournament , six of whom qualified through their FIDE rating and two who won qualifying events , namely Kazarian and Machteld van Foreest . Despite being the lowest-rated player in the field , Kazarian won the tournament , which featured several former Dutch womens champions including Grandmaster ( GM ) Peng Zhaoqin and WGM Anne Haast . The tournament was played in a three-round knockout format and all seven of the matches were won by the lower-rated player . Kazarian defeated Nargiz Umudova and Marlies Bensdorp-De Labaca in the first two rounds . In the final between the two qualifiers , Kazarian defeated van Foreest 5–2 for the title . National representation . Chess Olympiad . Kazarian represented the Netherlands at one Womens Chess Olympiad that was held in Baku , Azerbaijan in 2016 . She played on the fourth board behind Peng , Haast , and Lanchava . The Netherlands finished in 21st place out of 134 teams with a score of 14 points Individually , Kazarian performed well , scoring 5/10 and earning her last WIM norm . European Team Chess Championship . Kazarian has also represented the Netherlands at two European Team Chess Championships , playing on the reserve board in both instances . In 2015 in Reykjavík , she played behind Peng , Haast , de Jong-Muhren , and Lanchava . The team finished in the middle at 15th place out of 30 teams with a score of 9 points Although Kazarian was on the reserve board , she had the opportunity to play eight games , the second-most on the team . She had one of the best performances of her career , scoring 6/8 and gaining 34 rating points . With a performance rating of 2324 , she also earned her second WIM norm and won the bronze medal on the reserve board behind Polish WGM Joanna Majdan-Gajewska and Italian WFM Alessia Santeramo . In 2017 in Crete , Kazarian had less opportunity to play as the four boards were covered by Peng , Haast , Lanchava , and Iozefina Păuleţ . She scored 2/5 as the Netherlands managed a similar result to 2015 , again finishing with 9 points to place them 14th out of 32 teams . Playing style . Kazarian has a strong preference for playing 1.e4 ( the Kings Pawn Game ) with the white pieces . With the black pieces , she prefers to play the French defense ( 1.e4 e6 ) against 1.e4 or the Slav ( 1.d4 d5 2.c4 c6 ) against 1.d4 . Kazarian believes the strongest aspect of her game is attacking , which is also her favourite part of the game . Personal life . Kazarian has two sisters . She is studying artificial intelligence at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam . Kazarian has also hosted her own Twitch channel since February 2020 that focuses on chess . In late 2020 , she joined the Stichting ChessQueens ( ChessQueens Foundation ) , an organization run by many of the leading womens chess players in the Netherlands with the goals of supporting the top womens players in the country and more broadly to encourage the participation of Dutch women and girls in chess . Notable games . - Irina Drogovoz ( 2253 ) – Anna-Maja Kazarian ( 2259 ) , 2016 European Youth Chess Championship ( under-16 girls division ) : Round 5 ; Slav defence , . Kazarian described this game against Drogovoz , who she had lost to two years earlier , as the best of her career . After this win , Kazarian also won the tournament , one point ahead of Drogovoz , who finished in second place . Translations of Kazarians annotations from Dutch are included below . External links . - Anna-Maja Kazarian member profile on Chess.com
|
[
"FM",
"WIM"
] |
[
{
"text": " Anna-Maja Kazarian ( born 7 January 2000 ) is a Dutch chess player who holds the titles of FIDE Master ( FM ) and Woman International Master ( WIM ) , and a Twitch live streamer . She is the reigning Dutch Womens Internet Chess Champion and has also been an under-16 girls European Youth Champion . Kazarian has a peak FIDE rating of 2320 , which she achieved in 2016 . She has represented the Netherlands at the Chess Olympiad and the European Team Chess Championship .",
"title": "Anna-Maja Kazarian"
},
{
"text": "Kazarian began playing chess at age six after being introduced to the game by her grandfather in Georgia , and began competing a year later . She earned the Woman FIDE Master ( WFM ) title by finishing runner-up in the under-12 girls division at the European Youth Chess Championships in 2012 . Three years later , Kazarian had a career-best performance rating of 2359 at the same tournament in 2015 when she won the under-16 girls division and earned her first Woman International Master ( WIM ) norm . She has performed well in national team competitions , earning",
"title": "Anna-Maja Kazarian"
},
{
"text": "her two remaining WIM norms in two of her three national appearances , one at the 2015 European Team Chess Championship where she also won an individual bronze medal and the other at the 2016 Chess Olympiad . During the COVID-19 pandemic , she won the first Dutch Womens Internet Chess Championship by defeating Machteld van Foreest in the knockout final .",
"title": "Anna-Maja Kazarian"
},
{
"text": " Kazarian began streaming on Twitch in early 2020 , focusing on chess content . Early life and background .",
"title": "Anna-Maja Kazarian"
},
{
"text": "Anna-Maja Kazarian was born on 7 January 2000 in Heerenveen in the northern part of the Netherlands . Her family is originally from Tbilisi , the capital of Georgia . She first became interested in chess at age six while on her summer holiday in Georgia . Her grandfather taught her a variety of games also including checkers and backgammon , and Kazarian chose chess as her favourite . Before leaving Gerogia , her family sought out lessons from a local player Revaz Topuria , who recognized her talent for the game . When she returned to the Netherlands ,",
"title": "Anna-Maja Kazarian"
},
{
"text": "she joined the chess club in Sneek . Kazarian competed in her first tournament at age seven in Waalwijk . By the time she was 15 years old , she relocated to The Hague . She did not have professional coaching at least up to that point , instead working with her mother who acts as her travelling coach . Kazarian had a lot of success in Dutch youth and junior championships , winning a total of 25 national championships across many different divisions . She has called Maaike Keetman her biggest rival in these youth competitions .",
"title": "Anna-Maja Kazarian"
},
{
"text": "Kazarians earliest FIDE-rated tournaments were youth national , continental , and world championships in 2010 and 2011 . She reached a rating of 1700 for the first time at 11 years old with a good performance in the under-20 girls division at the 2011 Dutch Youth Chess Championships . She finished in joint third place with a score of 5/8 against much stronger opponents with an average rating of 1891 . She built on that success later in the year in the under-12 division of the European Youth Chess Championships in Albena , finishing in joint fifth place with 6½/9",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "To start 2012 , Kazarian crossed a rating of 1800 after finishing in third place in the ten-player 3L group at the Tata Steel Chess Tournament . Her best remaining results came in the second half of the year . At the European Youth Chess Championships in Prague , she improved on her success from the previous year by winning the silver medal in the under-12 division . She finished in joint first with Anastasia Avramidou with 7½/9 , but ended up in second place because of a weaker Sonneborn-Berger tiebreak . She had also lost their head-to-head encounter in",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "the penultimate round . Nonetheless , with this result , she earned the Woman FIDE Master ( WFM ) title . Kazarian also finished in the top ten in the same division of the World Youth Chess Championship at the end of the year . She scored 8/11 , placing her in sixth overall . In-between the European and World Championships , Kazarian also performed well at the much higher-level 2012 Unive Open . As one of just seven competitors in the 78-player field rated under 2000 , she scored 4/9 against opponents with an average rating of 2138 to",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "gain 37 rating points , her second-largest rating jump of the year behind only the Tata Steel tournament . She finished 2012 with a rating of 1950 .",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "Kazarian moved up to the under-14 girls divisions of the European and World Youth Championships in 2013 . She finished in fifth place as the tenth seed at the former and in eleventh place as the twelfth seed at the latter . After playing few events and thereby maintaining a steady rating in 2013 , Kazarian had a more successful 2014 . She reached a rating of 2000 for the first time by winning the ten-player 3A group at the Tata Steel Chess Tournament . She scored 7/9 to win by a full point , gaining 41 rating points .",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "In July , Kazarian played the Dutch Womens Chess Championship for the first time at the age of 14 . As the lowest-rated competitor in the eight-player round robin , she finished in last place with 2/7 . Nonetheless , she still gained 23 rating points because of the large gap in rating between her and the rest of the field . Kazarians best performance in the rest of the year came at the Dutch Open . Against opponents with an average rating of 2259 , she scored 4/9 , including three consecutive wins in the early rounds . As",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "a result , she gained 81 rating points to reach 2129 , her best at the time and high for the year . Nonetheless to finish the year , she did not fare well at the European Youth Championships . Although she scored 6/9 , she lost to two much lower-rated opponents , causing her to drop 46 rating points overall .",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "Kazarian had one of the best years of her career in 2015 , gaining over 200 rating points overall and earning two norms for the Woman International Master ( WIM ) title towards the end of the year . Although she was the second-lowest rated player in the 2B group at the Tata Steel Chess Tournament , she managed to get an even score of 4½/9 and defeated the second and third-highest rated players in the group . In May , Kazarian won the under-20 girls youth national championship with a perfect score of 9/9 , helping her to return",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "to a rating of 2100 . As a second-time participant in the Dutch Womens Chess Championship , she fared much better than the previous year and finished with 4½/7 . Unlike in 2014 when she had no wins , she won four games , including one each against Bianca de Jong-Muhren , a Woman Grandmaster ( WGM ) rated 2329 , and Tea Lanchava , an International Master ( IM ) and former champion rated 2261 . With this performance , she gained 89 rating points . Later in the month , Kazarian travelled to New York and played two",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "more tournaments , faring well in both . In particular , she won the under-2200 division of the New York International tournament , finishing tied for first with 6/7 and rising to a rating of 2248 .",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "With a much higher rating , Kazarian entered the under-16 girls division of the 2015 European Youth Chess Championship in Poreč in Croatia as the second seed behind only Stavroula Tsolakidou , a WIM rated 2279 . She won the gold medal , finishing in clear first by a point with 7½/9 . During the tournament , she defeated Tsolakidou as well as both the silver and bronze medallists . Overall , she compiled a performance rating of 2359 , sufficient for her first WIM norm . After a win in the year-round Dutch Team Competition league the following month",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": ", Kazarian became a FIDE Master ( FM ) by virtue of her unpublished rating crossing the 2300 threshold needed to qualify for the title . She did not reach a published rating of 2300 until the following year , however , as a result of losing a six-game match against Sopiko Guramishvili , a higher-rated Georgian WGM , in a lopsided manner ½–5½ . Kazarian closed out the year with a second WIM norm at the European Team Chess Championship .",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "Kazarian reached a career-best rating of 2320 in April 2016 after performing well at the Reykjavik Open , one of the worlds leading open tournaments , and the high-profile Grenke Chess Open . In particular , she scored 6½/10 in Reykjavik , highlighted by a win against Björn Thorfinnsson , an Icelandic IM rated 2410 . Since that peak , Kazarians rating has steadily declined . In the middle of the year , she had even scores at both the open under-20 youth national championship and the overall womens national championships , underperforming based on her rating in both instances",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": ". Nonetheless , she had a strong finish to the year highlighted by achieving her third and final WIM norm at the 2016 Baku Olympiad . She was officially awarded the WIM title in 2017 . Kazarian was also in contention to win the under-16 division of the World Youth Chess Championship in Khanty-Mansiysk . She entered the last round in joint first with Aakanksha Hagawane at 8/10 , but lost her last game to Mobina Alinasab while Aakanksha was able to win . As a result , Kazarian finished in fourth place .",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "Over about the next two years through early 2019 , Kazarian maintained a rating of around 2200 before dropping just below 2100 by the end of 2019 . Her worst performance of 2017 came at the Maccabia International IM-B , where she finished the ten-player round robin with ½/9 after losing the last eight games . She had already had a rating drop earlier in the year as a result of an even score at the European Individual Womens Chess Championship . Kazarian was able to return to a 2200 rating with more positive results in the second half of",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "2018 at the Leiden Chess Tournament in the Netherlands and the Open Brasschaat in Belgium , scoring 5/9 and 6½/9 for a combined rating gain of 53 points . Nonetheless , she fell to a rating of 2096 by December 2019 primarily due to poor performances at the Kragero Resort Chess Title in Norway and the Dutch Open that year .",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "Kazarian has since not entered any FIDE-rated tournaments as few tournaments have been played due to the COVID-19 pandemic . Nonetheless , during the pandemic , Kazarian entered the first Dutch Womens Internet Chess Championship in November 2020 , which was played in a blitz time control of 3+3 . There were eight players in the tournament , six of whom qualified through their FIDE rating and two who won qualifying events , namely Kazarian and Machteld van Foreest . Despite being the lowest-rated player in the field , Kazarian won the tournament , which featured several former Dutch womens",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "champions including Grandmaster ( GM ) Peng Zhaoqin and WGM Anne Haast . The tournament was played in a three-round knockout format and all seven of the matches were won by the lower-rated player . Kazarian defeated Nargiz Umudova and Marlies Bensdorp-De Labaca in the first two rounds . In the final between the two qualifiers , Kazarian defeated van Foreest 5–2 for the title .",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": " Kazarian represented the Netherlands at one Womens Chess Olympiad that was held in Baku , Azerbaijan in 2016 . She played on the fourth board behind Peng , Haast , and Lanchava . The Netherlands finished in 21st place out of 134 teams with a score of 14 points Individually , Kazarian performed well , scoring 5/10 and earning her last WIM norm . European Team Chess Championship .",
"title": "Chess Olympiad"
},
{
"text": "Kazarian has also represented the Netherlands at two European Team Chess Championships , playing on the reserve board in both instances . In 2015 in Reykjavík , she played behind Peng , Haast , de Jong-Muhren , and Lanchava . The team finished in the middle at 15th place out of 30 teams with a score of 9 points Although Kazarian was on the reserve board , she had the opportunity to play eight games , the second-most on the team . She had one of the best performances of her career , scoring 6/8 and gaining 34 rating points",
"title": "Chess Olympiad"
},
{
"text": ". With a performance rating of 2324 , she also earned her second WIM norm and won the bronze medal on the reserve board behind Polish WGM Joanna Majdan-Gajewska and Italian WFM Alessia Santeramo . In 2017 in Crete , Kazarian had less opportunity to play as the four boards were covered by Peng , Haast , Lanchava , and Iozefina Păuleţ . She scored 2/5 as the Netherlands managed a similar result to 2015 , again finishing with 9 points to place them 14th out of 32 teams .",
"title": "Chess Olympiad"
},
{
"text": " Kazarian has a strong preference for playing 1.e4 ( the Kings Pawn Game ) with the white pieces . With the black pieces , she prefers to play the French defense ( 1.e4 e6 ) against 1.e4 or the Slav ( 1.d4 d5 2.c4 c6 ) against 1.d4 . Kazarian believes the strongest aspect of her game is attacking , which is also her favourite part of the game .",
"title": "Playing style"
},
{
"text": " Kazarian has two sisters . She is studying artificial intelligence at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam . Kazarian has also hosted her own Twitch channel since February 2020 that focuses on chess . In late 2020 , she joined the Stichting ChessQueens ( ChessQueens Foundation ) , an organization run by many of the leading womens chess players in the Netherlands with the goals of supporting the top womens players in the country and more broadly to encourage the participation of Dutch women and girls in chess .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Irina Drogovoz ( 2253 ) – Anna-Maja Kazarian ( 2259 ) , 2016 European Youth Chess Championship ( under-16 girls division ) : Round 5 ; Slav defence , . Kazarian described this game against Drogovoz , who she had lost to two years earlier , as the best of her career . After this win , Kazarian also won the tournament , one point ahead of Drogovoz , who finished in second place . Translations of Kazarians annotations from Dutch are included below .",
"title": "Notable games"
},
{
"text": " - Anna-Maja Kazarian member profile on Chess.com",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Anna-Maja_Kazarian#P2962#2
|
Which title was conferred to Anna-Maja Kazarian in 2012?
|
Anna-Maja Kazarian Anna-Maja Kazarian ( born 7 January 2000 ) is a Dutch chess player who holds the titles of FIDE Master ( FM ) and Woman International Master ( WIM ) , and a Twitch live streamer . She is the reigning Dutch Womens Internet Chess Champion and has also been an under-16 girls European Youth Champion . Kazarian has a peak FIDE rating of 2320 , which she achieved in 2016 . She has represented the Netherlands at the Chess Olympiad and the European Team Chess Championship . Kazarian began playing chess at age six after being introduced to the game by her grandfather in Georgia , and began competing a year later . She earned the Woman FIDE Master ( WFM ) title by finishing runner-up in the under-12 girls division at the European Youth Chess Championships in 2012 . Three years later , Kazarian had a career-best performance rating of 2359 at the same tournament in 2015 when she won the under-16 girls division and earned her first Woman International Master ( WIM ) norm . She has performed well in national team competitions , earning her two remaining WIM norms in two of her three national appearances , one at the 2015 European Team Chess Championship where she also won an individual bronze medal and the other at the 2016 Chess Olympiad . During the COVID-19 pandemic , she won the first Dutch Womens Internet Chess Championship by defeating Machteld van Foreest in the knockout final . Kazarian began streaming on Twitch in early 2020 , focusing on chess content . Early life and background . Anna-Maja Kazarian was born on 7 January 2000 in Heerenveen in the northern part of the Netherlands . Her family is originally from Tbilisi , the capital of Georgia . She first became interested in chess at age six while on her summer holiday in Georgia . Her grandfather taught her a variety of games also including checkers and backgammon , and Kazarian chose chess as her favourite . Before leaving Gerogia , her family sought out lessons from a local player Revaz Topuria , who recognized her talent for the game . When she returned to the Netherlands , she joined the chess club in Sneek . Kazarian competed in her first tournament at age seven in Waalwijk . By the time she was 15 years old , she relocated to The Hague . She did not have professional coaching at least up to that point , instead working with her mother who acts as her travelling coach . Kazarian had a lot of success in Dutch youth and junior championships , winning a total of 25 national championships across many different divisions . She has called Maaike Keetman her biggest rival in these youth competitions . Chess career . 2010–14 : Under-12 European silver medal . Kazarians earliest FIDE-rated tournaments were youth national , continental , and world championships in 2010 and 2011 . She reached a rating of 1700 for the first time at 11 years old with a good performance in the under-20 girls division at the 2011 Dutch Youth Chess Championships . She finished in joint third place with a score of 5/8 against much stronger opponents with an average rating of 1891 . She built on that success later in the year in the under-12 division of the European Youth Chess Championships in Albena , finishing in joint fifth place with 6½/9 . To start 2012 , Kazarian crossed a rating of 1800 after finishing in third place in the ten-player 3L group at the Tata Steel Chess Tournament . Her best remaining results came in the second half of the year . At the European Youth Chess Championships in Prague , she improved on her success from the previous year by winning the silver medal in the under-12 division . She finished in joint first with Anastasia Avramidou with 7½/9 , but ended up in second place because of a weaker Sonneborn-Berger tiebreak . She had also lost their head-to-head encounter in the penultimate round . Nonetheless , with this result , she earned the Woman FIDE Master ( WFM ) title . Kazarian also finished in the top ten in the same division of the World Youth Chess Championship at the end of the year . She scored 8/11 , placing her in sixth overall . In-between the European and World Championships , Kazarian also performed well at the much higher-level 2012 Unive Open . As one of just seven competitors in the 78-player field rated under 2000 , she scored 4/9 against opponents with an average rating of 2138 to gain 37 rating points , her second-largest rating jump of the year behind only the Tata Steel tournament . She finished 2012 with a rating of 1950 . Kazarian moved up to the under-14 girls divisions of the European and World Youth Championships in 2013 . She finished in fifth place as the tenth seed at the former and in eleventh place as the twelfth seed at the latter . After playing few events and thereby maintaining a steady rating in 2013 , Kazarian had a more successful 2014 . She reached a rating of 2000 for the first time by winning the ten-player 3A group at the Tata Steel Chess Tournament . She scored 7/9 to win by a full point , gaining 41 rating points . In July , Kazarian played the Dutch Womens Chess Championship for the first time at the age of 14 . As the lowest-rated competitor in the eight-player round robin , she finished in last place with 2/7 . Nonetheless , she still gained 23 rating points because of the large gap in rating between her and the rest of the field . Kazarians best performance in the rest of the year came at the Dutch Open . Against opponents with an average rating of 2259 , she scored 4/9 , including three consecutive wins in the early rounds . As a result , she gained 81 rating points to reach 2129 , her best at the time and high for the year . Nonetheless to finish the year , she did not fare well at the European Youth Championships . Although she scored 6/9 , she lost to two much lower-rated opponents , causing her to drop 46 rating points overall . 2015–16 : FM and WIM titles , under-16 European champion . Kazarian had one of the best years of her career in 2015 , gaining over 200 rating points overall and earning two norms for the Woman International Master ( WIM ) title towards the end of the year . Although she was the second-lowest rated player in the 2B group at the Tata Steel Chess Tournament , she managed to get an even score of 4½/9 and defeated the second and third-highest rated players in the group . In May , Kazarian won the under-20 girls youth national championship with a perfect score of 9/9 , helping her to return to a rating of 2100 . As a second-time participant in the Dutch Womens Chess Championship , she fared much better than the previous year and finished with 4½/7 . Unlike in 2014 when she had no wins , she won four games , including one each against Bianca de Jong-Muhren , a Woman Grandmaster ( WGM ) rated 2329 , and Tea Lanchava , an International Master ( IM ) and former champion rated 2261 . With this performance , she gained 89 rating points . Later in the month , Kazarian travelled to New York and played two more tournaments , faring well in both . In particular , she won the under-2200 division of the New York International tournament , finishing tied for first with 6/7 and rising to a rating of 2248 . With a much higher rating , Kazarian entered the under-16 girls division of the 2015 European Youth Chess Championship in Poreč in Croatia as the second seed behind only Stavroula Tsolakidou , a WIM rated 2279 . She won the gold medal , finishing in clear first by a point with 7½/9 . During the tournament , she defeated Tsolakidou as well as both the silver and bronze medallists . Overall , she compiled a performance rating of 2359 , sufficient for her first WIM norm . After a win in the year-round Dutch Team Competition league the following month , Kazarian became a FIDE Master ( FM ) by virtue of her unpublished rating crossing the 2300 threshold needed to qualify for the title . She did not reach a published rating of 2300 until the following year , however , as a result of losing a six-game match against Sopiko Guramishvili , a higher-rated Georgian WGM , in a lopsided manner ½–5½ . Kazarian closed out the year with a second WIM norm at the European Team Chess Championship . Kazarian reached a career-best rating of 2320 in April 2016 after performing well at the Reykjavik Open , one of the worlds leading open tournaments , and the high-profile Grenke Chess Open . In particular , she scored 6½/10 in Reykjavik , highlighted by a win against Björn Thorfinnsson , an Icelandic IM rated 2410 . Since that peak , Kazarians rating has steadily declined . In the middle of the year , she had even scores at both the open under-20 youth national championship and the overall womens national championships , underperforming based on her rating in both instances . Nonetheless , she had a strong finish to the year highlighted by achieving her third and final WIM norm at the 2016 Baku Olympiad . She was officially awarded the WIM title in 2017 . Kazarian was also in contention to win the under-16 division of the World Youth Chess Championship in Khanty-Mansiysk . She entered the last round in joint first with Aakanksha Hagawane at 8/10 , but lost her last game to Mobina Alinasab while Aakanksha was able to win . As a result , Kazarian finished in fourth place . 2017–present : National internet champion . Over about the next two years through early 2019 , Kazarian maintained a rating of around 2200 before dropping just below 2100 by the end of 2019 . Her worst performance of 2017 came at the Maccabia International IM-B , where she finished the ten-player round robin with ½/9 after losing the last eight games . She had already had a rating drop earlier in the year as a result of an even score at the European Individual Womens Chess Championship . Kazarian was able to return to a 2200 rating with more positive results in the second half of 2018 at the Leiden Chess Tournament in the Netherlands and the Open Brasschaat in Belgium , scoring 5/9 and 6½/9 for a combined rating gain of 53 points . Nonetheless , she fell to a rating of 2096 by December 2019 primarily due to poor performances at the Kragero Resort Chess Title in Norway and the Dutch Open that year . Kazarian has since not entered any FIDE-rated tournaments as few tournaments have been played due to the COVID-19 pandemic . Nonetheless , during the pandemic , Kazarian entered the first Dutch Womens Internet Chess Championship in November 2020 , which was played in a blitz time control of 3+3 . There were eight players in the tournament , six of whom qualified through their FIDE rating and two who won qualifying events , namely Kazarian and Machteld van Foreest . Despite being the lowest-rated player in the field , Kazarian won the tournament , which featured several former Dutch womens champions including Grandmaster ( GM ) Peng Zhaoqin and WGM Anne Haast . The tournament was played in a three-round knockout format and all seven of the matches were won by the lower-rated player . Kazarian defeated Nargiz Umudova and Marlies Bensdorp-De Labaca in the first two rounds . In the final between the two qualifiers , Kazarian defeated van Foreest 5–2 for the title . National representation . Chess Olympiad . Kazarian represented the Netherlands at one Womens Chess Olympiad that was held in Baku , Azerbaijan in 2016 . She played on the fourth board behind Peng , Haast , and Lanchava . The Netherlands finished in 21st place out of 134 teams with a score of 14 points Individually , Kazarian performed well , scoring 5/10 and earning her last WIM norm . European Team Chess Championship . Kazarian has also represented the Netherlands at two European Team Chess Championships , playing on the reserve board in both instances . In 2015 in Reykjavík , she played behind Peng , Haast , de Jong-Muhren , and Lanchava . The team finished in the middle at 15th place out of 30 teams with a score of 9 points Although Kazarian was on the reserve board , she had the opportunity to play eight games , the second-most on the team . She had one of the best performances of her career , scoring 6/8 and gaining 34 rating points . With a performance rating of 2324 , she also earned her second WIM norm and won the bronze medal on the reserve board behind Polish WGM Joanna Majdan-Gajewska and Italian WFM Alessia Santeramo . In 2017 in Crete , Kazarian had less opportunity to play as the four boards were covered by Peng , Haast , Lanchava , and Iozefina Păuleţ . She scored 2/5 as the Netherlands managed a similar result to 2015 , again finishing with 9 points to place them 14th out of 32 teams . Playing style . Kazarian has a strong preference for playing 1.e4 ( the Kings Pawn Game ) with the white pieces . With the black pieces , she prefers to play the French defense ( 1.e4 e6 ) against 1.e4 or the Slav ( 1.d4 d5 2.c4 c6 ) against 1.d4 . Kazarian believes the strongest aspect of her game is attacking , which is also her favourite part of the game . Personal life . Kazarian has two sisters . She is studying artificial intelligence at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam . Kazarian has also hosted her own Twitch channel since February 2020 that focuses on chess . In late 2020 , she joined the Stichting ChessQueens ( ChessQueens Foundation ) , an organization run by many of the leading womens chess players in the Netherlands with the goals of supporting the top womens players in the country and more broadly to encourage the participation of Dutch women and girls in chess . Notable games . - Irina Drogovoz ( 2253 ) – Anna-Maja Kazarian ( 2259 ) , 2016 European Youth Chess Championship ( under-16 girls division ) : Round 5 ; Slav defence , . Kazarian described this game against Drogovoz , who she had lost to two years earlier , as the best of her career . After this win , Kazarian also won the tournament , one point ahead of Drogovoz , who finished in second place . Translations of Kazarians annotations from Dutch are included below . External links . - Anna-Maja Kazarian member profile on Chess.com
|
[
"Woman FIDE Master ( WFM"
] |
[
{
"text": " Anna-Maja Kazarian ( born 7 January 2000 ) is a Dutch chess player who holds the titles of FIDE Master ( FM ) and Woman International Master ( WIM ) , and a Twitch live streamer . She is the reigning Dutch Womens Internet Chess Champion and has also been an under-16 girls European Youth Champion . Kazarian has a peak FIDE rating of 2320 , which she achieved in 2016 . She has represented the Netherlands at the Chess Olympiad and the European Team Chess Championship .",
"title": "Anna-Maja Kazarian"
},
{
"text": "Kazarian began playing chess at age six after being introduced to the game by her grandfather in Georgia , and began competing a year later . She earned the Woman FIDE Master ( WFM ) title by finishing runner-up in the under-12 girls division at the European Youth Chess Championships in 2012 . Three years later , Kazarian had a career-best performance rating of 2359 at the same tournament in 2015 when she won the under-16 girls division and earned her first Woman International Master ( WIM ) norm . She has performed well in national team competitions , earning",
"title": "Anna-Maja Kazarian"
},
{
"text": "her two remaining WIM norms in two of her three national appearances , one at the 2015 European Team Chess Championship where she also won an individual bronze medal and the other at the 2016 Chess Olympiad . During the COVID-19 pandemic , she won the first Dutch Womens Internet Chess Championship by defeating Machteld van Foreest in the knockout final .",
"title": "Anna-Maja Kazarian"
},
{
"text": " Kazarian began streaming on Twitch in early 2020 , focusing on chess content . Early life and background .",
"title": "Anna-Maja Kazarian"
},
{
"text": "Anna-Maja Kazarian was born on 7 January 2000 in Heerenveen in the northern part of the Netherlands . Her family is originally from Tbilisi , the capital of Georgia . She first became interested in chess at age six while on her summer holiday in Georgia . Her grandfather taught her a variety of games also including checkers and backgammon , and Kazarian chose chess as her favourite . Before leaving Gerogia , her family sought out lessons from a local player Revaz Topuria , who recognized her talent for the game . When she returned to the Netherlands ,",
"title": "Anna-Maja Kazarian"
},
{
"text": "she joined the chess club in Sneek . Kazarian competed in her first tournament at age seven in Waalwijk . By the time she was 15 years old , she relocated to The Hague . She did not have professional coaching at least up to that point , instead working with her mother who acts as her travelling coach . Kazarian had a lot of success in Dutch youth and junior championships , winning a total of 25 national championships across many different divisions . She has called Maaike Keetman her biggest rival in these youth competitions .",
"title": "Anna-Maja Kazarian"
},
{
"text": "Kazarians earliest FIDE-rated tournaments were youth national , continental , and world championships in 2010 and 2011 . She reached a rating of 1700 for the first time at 11 years old with a good performance in the under-20 girls division at the 2011 Dutch Youth Chess Championships . She finished in joint third place with a score of 5/8 against much stronger opponents with an average rating of 1891 . She built on that success later in the year in the under-12 division of the European Youth Chess Championships in Albena , finishing in joint fifth place with 6½/9",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "To start 2012 , Kazarian crossed a rating of 1800 after finishing in third place in the ten-player 3L group at the Tata Steel Chess Tournament . Her best remaining results came in the second half of the year . At the European Youth Chess Championships in Prague , she improved on her success from the previous year by winning the silver medal in the under-12 division . She finished in joint first with Anastasia Avramidou with 7½/9 , but ended up in second place because of a weaker Sonneborn-Berger tiebreak . She had also lost their head-to-head encounter in",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "the penultimate round . Nonetheless , with this result , she earned the Woman FIDE Master ( WFM ) title . Kazarian also finished in the top ten in the same division of the World Youth Chess Championship at the end of the year . She scored 8/11 , placing her in sixth overall . In-between the European and World Championships , Kazarian also performed well at the much higher-level 2012 Unive Open . As one of just seven competitors in the 78-player field rated under 2000 , she scored 4/9 against opponents with an average rating of 2138 to",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "gain 37 rating points , her second-largest rating jump of the year behind only the Tata Steel tournament . She finished 2012 with a rating of 1950 .",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "Kazarian moved up to the under-14 girls divisions of the European and World Youth Championships in 2013 . She finished in fifth place as the tenth seed at the former and in eleventh place as the twelfth seed at the latter . After playing few events and thereby maintaining a steady rating in 2013 , Kazarian had a more successful 2014 . She reached a rating of 2000 for the first time by winning the ten-player 3A group at the Tata Steel Chess Tournament . She scored 7/9 to win by a full point , gaining 41 rating points .",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "In July , Kazarian played the Dutch Womens Chess Championship for the first time at the age of 14 . As the lowest-rated competitor in the eight-player round robin , she finished in last place with 2/7 . Nonetheless , she still gained 23 rating points because of the large gap in rating between her and the rest of the field . Kazarians best performance in the rest of the year came at the Dutch Open . Against opponents with an average rating of 2259 , she scored 4/9 , including three consecutive wins in the early rounds . As",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "a result , she gained 81 rating points to reach 2129 , her best at the time and high for the year . Nonetheless to finish the year , she did not fare well at the European Youth Championships . Although she scored 6/9 , she lost to two much lower-rated opponents , causing her to drop 46 rating points overall .",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "Kazarian had one of the best years of her career in 2015 , gaining over 200 rating points overall and earning two norms for the Woman International Master ( WIM ) title towards the end of the year . Although she was the second-lowest rated player in the 2B group at the Tata Steel Chess Tournament , she managed to get an even score of 4½/9 and defeated the second and third-highest rated players in the group . In May , Kazarian won the under-20 girls youth national championship with a perfect score of 9/9 , helping her to return",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "to a rating of 2100 . As a second-time participant in the Dutch Womens Chess Championship , she fared much better than the previous year and finished with 4½/7 . Unlike in 2014 when she had no wins , she won four games , including one each against Bianca de Jong-Muhren , a Woman Grandmaster ( WGM ) rated 2329 , and Tea Lanchava , an International Master ( IM ) and former champion rated 2261 . With this performance , she gained 89 rating points . Later in the month , Kazarian travelled to New York and played two",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "more tournaments , faring well in both . In particular , she won the under-2200 division of the New York International tournament , finishing tied for first with 6/7 and rising to a rating of 2248 .",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "With a much higher rating , Kazarian entered the under-16 girls division of the 2015 European Youth Chess Championship in Poreč in Croatia as the second seed behind only Stavroula Tsolakidou , a WIM rated 2279 . She won the gold medal , finishing in clear first by a point with 7½/9 . During the tournament , she defeated Tsolakidou as well as both the silver and bronze medallists . Overall , she compiled a performance rating of 2359 , sufficient for her first WIM norm . After a win in the year-round Dutch Team Competition league the following month",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": ", Kazarian became a FIDE Master ( FM ) by virtue of her unpublished rating crossing the 2300 threshold needed to qualify for the title . She did not reach a published rating of 2300 until the following year , however , as a result of losing a six-game match against Sopiko Guramishvili , a higher-rated Georgian WGM , in a lopsided manner ½–5½ . Kazarian closed out the year with a second WIM norm at the European Team Chess Championship .",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "Kazarian reached a career-best rating of 2320 in April 2016 after performing well at the Reykjavik Open , one of the worlds leading open tournaments , and the high-profile Grenke Chess Open . In particular , she scored 6½/10 in Reykjavik , highlighted by a win against Björn Thorfinnsson , an Icelandic IM rated 2410 . Since that peak , Kazarians rating has steadily declined . In the middle of the year , she had even scores at both the open under-20 youth national championship and the overall womens national championships , underperforming based on her rating in both instances",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": ". Nonetheless , she had a strong finish to the year highlighted by achieving her third and final WIM norm at the 2016 Baku Olympiad . She was officially awarded the WIM title in 2017 . Kazarian was also in contention to win the under-16 division of the World Youth Chess Championship in Khanty-Mansiysk . She entered the last round in joint first with Aakanksha Hagawane at 8/10 , but lost her last game to Mobina Alinasab while Aakanksha was able to win . As a result , Kazarian finished in fourth place .",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "Over about the next two years through early 2019 , Kazarian maintained a rating of around 2200 before dropping just below 2100 by the end of 2019 . Her worst performance of 2017 came at the Maccabia International IM-B , where she finished the ten-player round robin with ½/9 after losing the last eight games . She had already had a rating drop earlier in the year as a result of an even score at the European Individual Womens Chess Championship . Kazarian was able to return to a 2200 rating with more positive results in the second half of",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "2018 at the Leiden Chess Tournament in the Netherlands and the Open Brasschaat in Belgium , scoring 5/9 and 6½/9 for a combined rating gain of 53 points . Nonetheless , she fell to a rating of 2096 by December 2019 primarily due to poor performances at the Kragero Resort Chess Title in Norway and the Dutch Open that year .",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "Kazarian has since not entered any FIDE-rated tournaments as few tournaments have been played due to the COVID-19 pandemic . Nonetheless , during the pandemic , Kazarian entered the first Dutch Womens Internet Chess Championship in November 2020 , which was played in a blitz time control of 3+3 . There were eight players in the tournament , six of whom qualified through their FIDE rating and two who won qualifying events , namely Kazarian and Machteld van Foreest . Despite being the lowest-rated player in the field , Kazarian won the tournament , which featured several former Dutch womens",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "champions including Grandmaster ( GM ) Peng Zhaoqin and WGM Anne Haast . The tournament was played in a three-round knockout format and all seven of the matches were won by the lower-rated player . Kazarian defeated Nargiz Umudova and Marlies Bensdorp-De Labaca in the first two rounds . In the final between the two qualifiers , Kazarian defeated van Foreest 5–2 for the title .",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": " Kazarian represented the Netherlands at one Womens Chess Olympiad that was held in Baku , Azerbaijan in 2016 . She played on the fourth board behind Peng , Haast , and Lanchava . The Netherlands finished in 21st place out of 134 teams with a score of 14 points Individually , Kazarian performed well , scoring 5/10 and earning her last WIM norm . European Team Chess Championship .",
"title": "Chess Olympiad"
},
{
"text": "Kazarian has also represented the Netherlands at two European Team Chess Championships , playing on the reserve board in both instances . In 2015 in Reykjavík , she played behind Peng , Haast , de Jong-Muhren , and Lanchava . The team finished in the middle at 15th place out of 30 teams with a score of 9 points Although Kazarian was on the reserve board , she had the opportunity to play eight games , the second-most on the team . She had one of the best performances of her career , scoring 6/8 and gaining 34 rating points",
"title": "Chess Olympiad"
},
{
"text": ". With a performance rating of 2324 , she also earned her second WIM norm and won the bronze medal on the reserve board behind Polish WGM Joanna Majdan-Gajewska and Italian WFM Alessia Santeramo . In 2017 in Crete , Kazarian had less opportunity to play as the four boards were covered by Peng , Haast , Lanchava , and Iozefina Păuleţ . She scored 2/5 as the Netherlands managed a similar result to 2015 , again finishing with 9 points to place them 14th out of 32 teams .",
"title": "Chess Olympiad"
},
{
"text": " Kazarian has a strong preference for playing 1.e4 ( the Kings Pawn Game ) with the white pieces . With the black pieces , she prefers to play the French defense ( 1.e4 e6 ) against 1.e4 or the Slav ( 1.d4 d5 2.c4 c6 ) against 1.d4 . Kazarian believes the strongest aspect of her game is attacking , which is also her favourite part of the game .",
"title": "Playing style"
},
{
"text": " Kazarian has two sisters . She is studying artificial intelligence at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam . Kazarian has also hosted her own Twitch channel since February 2020 that focuses on chess . In late 2020 , she joined the Stichting ChessQueens ( ChessQueens Foundation ) , an organization run by many of the leading womens chess players in the Netherlands with the goals of supporting the top womens players in the country and more broadly to encourage the participation of Dutch women and girls in chess .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Irina Drogovoz ( 2253 ) – Anna-Maja Kazarian ( 2259 ) , 2016 European Youth Chess Championship ( under-16 girls division ) : Round 5 ; Slav defence , . Kazarian described this game against Drogovoz , who she had lost to two years earlier , as the best of her career . After this win , Kazarian also won the tournament , one point ahead of Drogovoz , who finished in second place . Translations of Kazarians annotations from Dutch are included below .",
"title": "Notable games"
},
{
"text": " - Anna-Maja Kazarian member profile on Chess.com",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Isaac_Starr#P69#0
|
Which school did Isaac Starr go to in Oct 1911?
|
Isaac Starr Isaac Jack Starr ( March 6 , 1895 – June 22 , 1989 ) , known as the father of ballistocardiography , was an American physician , heart disease specialist , and clinical epidemiologist notable for developing the first practical ballistocardiograph . His early academic positions included being an assistant professor in pharmacology and later the first Hartzell Professor of Research Therapeutics at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania as well as dean of the school from 1945 to 1948 . Education . Starr attended primary and secondary school in Philadelphia , graduating from the Chestnut Hill Academy in 1912 . From there he went to Princeton University where he received his Bachelor of Science degree , graduating magna cum laude in 1916 . He received his Doctor of Medicine degree from the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania in 1920 . After receiving his M.D. , Starr went to Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston where he completed his internship before returning to Penn , where he later became a heart disease specialist , motivated by the heart disease-related death of his mother . Career . After returning to Penn , Starr joined Alfred Newton Richards’ group investigating mechanisms by which the kidney created urine . At the request of Richards , Starr became one of the first assistant professors at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine in 1928 , doing research which used physics and mathematics in the study of the heart , and leading a course in clinical pharmacology for the medical students . In 1933 , he became the first Hartzell Professor of Research Therapeutics at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and held the position until 1961 . The endowed chair funded everything except for salaries for his research assistants . Starr had known that heart disease could precede congestive heart failure by several years , but at the time heart disease was typically diagnosed at autopsy by a pathologist . This led him , shortly after joining Penn , to participate in a cardiac output methods program by the American Physiological Society . At this program , his colleague , Yandell Henderson , demonstrated an apparatus for measuring cardiac output , a ballistocardiograph . This project , a suspended bed rigged with springs to pick up resonance frequencies and amplify them , inspired Starr to develop a practical version for use in his own research , with the help of the Eldridge Reeves Johnson Foundation for Medical Physics . This new device used an optical recording system for more accurate readings , however , due to the low natural frequency of heartbeats , patients had to hold their breath while using it . The issue with led him to modify the design of the bed to counteract the minute movements using springs , thereby fixing this flaw and allowing the patients to breathe . The final device , introduced in November 1939 by Starr and Dr . Henry A . Schroeder , was used to measure cardiac output and led to the first accurate physical measurements and to detection of when the heart chambers do not contract simultaneously . The most notable use , however , was that of detecting heart abnormalities much earlier and more accurately in patients , leading to further development and extensive contributions to the field from 1930 to 1960 . Before the redesign , however , in 1936 , Starr had secured records on multiple healthy people , namely medical students , faculty , friends , and family members . Over the next 40 years , he would study his subjects and eventually report a clinical series on them , detailing such observations as , Patients with clinical evidence of ischemic heart disease who also had abnormal BCGs developed twice as many recurrences as did those having ischemic heart disease and normal records . During World War II , Isaac Starr and Dr . Eugene A . Stead were members of a committee of the National Research Council that was tasked with deciding which chemicals and medications were considered important to medicine . Stead noted in a memoir he felt indebted to Starr for taking him to the National Gallery of Art during some free hours after a day of work which lead to his appreciation of art . Starr was one of the first people to suggest that venous congestion was related to the volume of blood and the muscle tone of the vessels , while a weakened hearts contributions were less important than previously thought . He also questioned whether the kidney and its endocrine function were involved in the diseases pathogenesis . The University of Pennsylvania held a symposium in honor of Isaac Starr in 1978 , and then awarded Starr with an honorary Doctor of Science ( Sc.D. ) degree in 1983 for his contributions to medicine . Awards . - Albert Lasker Award of the American Heart Association ( 1957 ) for fundamental contributions to knowledge of the heart and the circulation , and for his development of the first practical ballistocardiograph - Kober Medal of the Association of American Physicians ( 1967 ) - Burger Medal of the Free University of Amsterdam ( 1977 )
|
[
"Chestnut Hill Academy"
] |
[
{
"text": " Isaac Jack Starr ( March 6 , 1895 – June 22 , 1989 ) , known as the father of ballistocardiography , was an American physician , heart disease specialist , and clinical epidemiologist notable for developing the first practical ballistocardiograph . His early academic positions included being an assistant professor in pharmacology and later the first Hartzell Professor of Research Therapeutics at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania as well as dean of the school from 1945 to 1948 .",
"title": "Isaac Starr"
},
{
"text": " Starr attended primary and secondary school in Philadelphia , graduating from the Chestnut Hill Academy in 1912 . From there he went to Princeton University where he received his Bachelor of Science degree , graduating magna cum laude in 1916 . He received his Doctor of Medicine degree from the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania in 1920 .",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"text": "After receiving his M.D. , Starr went to Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston where he completed his internship before returning to Penn , where he later became a heart disease specialist , motivated by the heart disease-related death of his mother .",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"text": " After returning to Penn , Starr joined Alfred Newton Richards’ group investigating mechanisms by which the kidney created urine . At the request of Richards , Starr became one of the first assistant professors at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine in 1928 , doing research which used physics and mathematics in the study of the heart , and leading a course in clinical pharmacology for the medical students .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 1933 , he became the first Hartzell Professor of Research Therapeutics at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and held the position until 1961 . The endowed chair funded everything except for salaries for his research assistants .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Starr had known that heart disease could precede congestive heart failure by several years , but at the time heart disease was typically diagnosed at autopsy by a pathologist . This led him , shortly after joining Penn , to participate in a cardiac output methods program by the American Physiological Society . At this program , his colleague , Yandell Henderson , demonstrated an apparatus for measuring cardiac output , a ballistocardiograph . This project , a suspended bed rigged with springs to pick up resonance frequencies and amplify them , inspired Starr to develop a practical version for",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "use in his own research , with the help of the Eldridge Reeves Johnson Foundation for Medical Physics . This new device used an optical recording system for more accurate readings , however , due to the low natural frequency of heartbeats , patients had to hold their breath while using it .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "The issue with led him to modify the design of the bed to counteract the minute movements using springs , thereby fixing this flaw and allowing the patients to breathe . The final device , introduced in November 1939 by Starr and Dr . Henry A . Schroeder , was used to measure cardiac output and led to the first accurate physical measurements and to detection of when the heart chambers do not contract simultaneously . The most notable use , however , was that of detecting heart abnormalities much earlier and more accurately in patients , leading to further",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "development and extensive contributions to the field from 1930 to 1960 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Before the redesign , however , in 1936 , Starr had secured records on multiple healthy people , namely medical students , faculty , friends , and family members . Over the next 40 years , he would study his subjects and eventually report a clinical series on them , detailing such observations as , Patients with clinical evidence of ischemic heart disease who also had abnormal BCGs developed twice as many recurrences as did those having ischemic heart disease and normal records .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "During World War II , Isaac Starr and Dr . Eugene A . Stead were members of a committee of the National Research Council that was tasked with deciding which chemicals and medications were considered important to medicine . Stead noted in a memoir he felt indebted to Starr for taking him to the National Gallery of Art during some free hours after a day of work which lead to his appreciation of art .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Starr was one of the first people to suggest that venous congestion was related to the volume of blood and the muscle tone of the vessels , while a weakened hearts contributions were less important than previously thought . He also questioned whether the kidney and its endocrine function were involved in the diseases pathogenesis . The University of Pennsylvania held a symposium in honor of Isaac Starr in 1978 , and then awarded Starr with an honorary Doctor of Science ( Sc.D. ) degree in 1983 for his contributions to medicine .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " - Albert Lasker Award of the American Heart Association ( 1957 ) for fundamental contributions to knowledge of the heart and the circulation , and for his development of the first practical ballistocardiograph - Kober Medal of the Association of American Physicians ( 1967 ) - Burger Medal of the Free University of Amsterdam ( 1977 )",
"title": "Awards"
}
] |
/wiki/Isaac_Starr#P69#1
|
Which school did Isaac Starr go to in 1912?
|
Isaac Starr Isaac Jack Starr ( March 6 , 1895 – June 22 , 1989 ) , known as the father of ballistocardiography , was an American physician , heart disease specialist , and clinical epidemiologist notable for developing the first practical ballistocardiograph . His early academic positions included being an assistant professor in pharmacology and later the first Hartzell Professor of Research Therapeutics at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania as well as dean of the school from 1945 to 1948 . Education . Starr attended primary and secondary school in Philadelphia , graduating from the Chestnut Hill Academy in 1912 . From there he went to Princeton University where he received his Bachelor of Science degree , graduating magna cum laude in 1916 . He received his Doctor of Medicine degree from the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania in 1920 . After receiving his M.D. , Starr went to Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston where he completed his internship before returning to Penn , where he later became a heart disease specialist , motivated by the heart disease-related death of his mother . Career . After returning to Penn , Starr joined Alfred Newton Richards’ group investigating mechanisms by which the kidney created urine . At the request of Richards , Starr became one of the first assistant professors at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine in 1928 , doing research which used physics and mathematics in the study of the heart , and leading a course in clinical pharmacology for the medical students . In 1933 , he became the first Hartzell Professor of Research Therapeutics at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and held the position until 1961 . The endowed chair funded everything except for salaries for his research assistants . Starr had known that heart disease could precede congestive heart failure by several years , but at the time heart disease was typically diagnosed at autopsy by a pathologist . This led him , shortly after joining Penn , to participate in a cardiac output methods program by the American Physiological Society . At this program , his colleague , Yandell Henderson , demonstrated an apparatus for measuring cardiac output , a ballistocardiograph . This project , a suspended bed rigged with springs to pick up resonance frequencies and amplify them , inspired Starr to develop a practical version for use in his own research , with the help of the Eldridge Reeves Johnson Foundation for Medical Physics . This new device used an optical recording system for more accurate readings , however , due to the low natural frequency of heartbeats , patients had to hold their breath while using it . The issue with led him to modify the design of the bed to counteract the minute movements using springs , thereby fixing this flaw and allowing the patients to breathe . The final device , introduced in November 1939 by Starr and Dr . Henry A . Schroeder , was used to measure cardiac output and led to the first accurate physical measurements and to detection of when the heart chambers do not contract simultaneously . The most notable use , however , was that of detecting heart abnormalities much earlier and more accurately in patients , leading to further development and extensive contributions to the field from 1930 to 1960 . Before the redesign , however , in 1936 , Starr had secured records on multiple healthy people , namely medical students , faculty , friends , and family members . Over the next 40 years , he would study his subjects and eventually report a clinical series on them , detailing such observations as , Patients with clinical evidence of ischemic heart disease who also had abnormal BCGs developed twice as many recurrences as did those having ischemic heart disease and normal records . During World War II , Isaac Starr and Dr . Eugene A . Stead were members of a committee of the National Research Council that was tasked with deciding which chemicals and medications were considered important to medicine . Stead noted in a memoir he felt indebted to Starr for taking him to the National Gallery of Art during some free hours after a day of work which lead to his appreciation of art . Starr was one of the first people to suggest that venous congestion was related to the volume of blood and the muscle tone of the vessels , while a weakened hearts contributions were less important than previously thought . He also questioned whether the kidney and its endocrine function were involved in the diseases pathogenesis . The University of Pennsylvania held a symposium in honor of Isaac Starr in 1978 , and then awarded Starr with an honorary Doctor of Science ( Sc.D. ) degree in 1983 for his contributions to medicine . Awards . - Albert Lasker Award of the American Heart Association ( 1957 ) for fundamental contributions to knowledge of the heart and the circulation , and for his development of the first practical ballistocardiograph - Kober Medal of the Association of American Physicians ( 1967 ) - Burger Medal of the Free University of Amsterdam ( 1977 )
|
[
"Princeton University"
] |
[
{
"text": " Isaac Jack Starr ( March 6 , 1895 – June 22 , 1989 ) , known as the father of ballistocardiography , was an American physician , heart disease specialist , and clinical epidemiologist notable for developing the first practical ballistocardiograph . His early academic positions included being an assistant professor in pharmacology and later the first Hartzell Professor of Research Therapeutics at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania as well as dean of the school from 1945 to 1948 .",
"title": "Isaac Starr"
},
{
"text": " Starr attended primary and secondary school in Philadelphia , graduating from the Chestnut Hill Academy in 1912 . From there he went to Princeton University where he received his Bachelor of Science degree , graduating magna cum laude in 1916 . He received his Doctor of Medicine degree from the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania in 1920 .",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"text": "After receiving his M.D. , Starr went to Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston where he completed his internship before returning to Penn , where he later became a heart disease specialist , motivated by the heart disease-related death of his mother .",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"text": " After returning to Penn , Starr joined Alfred Newton Richards’ group investigating mechanisms by which the kidney created urine . At the request of Richards , Starr became one of the first assistant professors at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine in 1928 , doing research which used physics and mathematics in the study of the heart , and leading a course in clinical pharmacology for the medical students .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 1933 , he became the first Hartzell Professor of Research Therapeutics at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and held the position until 1961 . The endowed chair funded everything except for salaries for his research assistants .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Starr had known that heart disease could precede congestive heart failure by several years , but at the time heart disease was typically diagnosed at autopsy by a pathologist . This led him , shortly after joining Penn , to participate in a cardiac output methods program by the American Physiological Society . At this program , his colleague , Yandell Henderson , demonstrated an apparatus for measuring cardiac output , a ballistocardiograph . This project , a suspended bed rigged with springs to pick up resonance frequencies and amplify them , inspired Starr to develop a practical version for",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "use in his own research , with the help of the Eldridge Reeves Johnson Foundation for Medical Physics . This new device used an optical recording system for more accurate readings , however , due to the low natural frequency of heartbeats , patients had to hold their breath while using it .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "The issue with led him to modify the design of the bed to counteract the minute movements using springs , thereby fixing this flaw and allowing the patients to breathe . The final device , introduced in November 1939 by Starr and Dr . Henry A . Schroeder , was used to measure cardiac output and led to the first accurate physical measurements and to detection of when the heart chambers do not contract simultaneously . The most notable use , however , was that of detecting heart abnormalities much earlier and more accurately in patients , leading to further",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "development and extensive contributions to the field from 1930 to 1960 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Before the redesign , however , in 1936 , Starr had secured records on multiple healthy people , namely medical students , faculty , friends , and family members . Over the next 40 years , he would study his subjects and eventually report a clinical series on them , detailing such observations as , Patients with clinical evidence of ischemic heart disease who also had abnormal BCGs developed twice as many recurrences as did those having ischemic heart disease and normal records .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "During World War II , Isaac Starr and Dr . Eugene A . Stead were members of a committee of the National Research Council that was tasked with deciding which chemicals and medications were considered important to medicine . Stead noted in a memoir he felt indebted to Starr for taking him to the National Gallery of Art during some free hours after a day of work which lead to his appreciation of art .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Starr was one of the first people to suggest that venous congestion was related to the volume of blood and the muscle tone of the vessels , while a weakened hearts contributions were less important than previously thought . He also questioned whether the kidney and its endocrine function were involved in the diseases pathogenesis . The University of Pennsylvania held a symposium in honor of Isaac Starr in 1978 , and then awarded Starr with an honorary Doctor of Science ( Sc.D. ) degree in 1983 for his contributions to medicine .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " - Albert Lasker Award of the American Heart Association ( 1957 ) for fundamental contributions to knowledge of the heart and the circulation , and for his development of the first practical ballistocardiograph - Kober Medal of the Association of American Physicians ( 1967 ) - Burger Medal of the Free University of Amsterdam ( 1977 )",
"title": "Awards"
}
] |
/wiki/Isaac_Starr#P69#2
|
Which school did Isaac Starr go to in late 1910s?
|
Isaac Starr Isaac Jack Starr ( March 6 , 1895 – June 22 , 1989 ) , known as the father of ballistocardiography , was an American physician , heart disease specialist , and clinical epidemiologist notable for developing the first practical ballistocardiograph . His early academic positions included being an assistant professor in pharmacology and later the first Hartzell Professor of Research Therapeutics at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania as well as dean of the school from 1945 to 1948 . Education . Starr attended primary and secondary school in Philadelphia , graduating from the Chestnut Hill Academy in 1912 . From there he went to Princeton University where he received his Bachelor of Science degree , graduating magna cum laude in 1916 . He received his Doctor of Medicine degree from the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania in 1920 . After receiving his M.D. , Starr went to Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston where he completed his internship before returning to Penn , where he later became a heart disease specialist , motivated by the heart disease-related death of his mother . Career . After returning to Penn , Starr joined Alfred Newton Richards’ group investigating mechanisms by which the kidney created urine . At the request of Richards , Starr became one of the first assistant professors at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine in 1928 , doing research which used physics and mathematics in the study of the heart , and leading a course in clinical pharmacology for the medical students . In 1933 , he became the first Hartzell Professor of Research Therapeutics at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and held the position until 1961 . The endowed chair funded everything except for salaries for his research assistants . Starr had known that heart disease could precede congestive heart failure by several years , but at the time heart disease was typically diagnosed at autopsy by a pathologist . This led him , shortly after joining Penn , to participate in a cardiac output methods program by the American Physiological Society . At this program , his colleague , Yandell Henderson , demonstrated an apparatus for measuring cardiac output , a ballistocardiograph . This project , a suspended bed rigged with springs to pick up resonance frequencies and amplify them , inspired Starr to develop a practical version for use in his own research , with the help of the Eldridge Reeves Johnson Foundation for Medical Physics . This new device used an optical recording system for more accurate readings , however , due to the low natural frequency of heartbeats , patients had to hold their breath while using it . The issue with led him to modify the design of the bed to counteract the minute movements using springs , thereby fixing this flaw and allowing the patients to breathe . The final device , introduced in November 1939 by Starr and Dr . Henry A . Schroeder , was used to measure cardiac output and led to the first accurate physical measurements and to detection of when the heart chambers do not contract simultaneously . The most notable use , however , was that of detecting heart abnormalities much earlier and more accurately in patients , leading to further development and extensive contributions to the field from 1930 to 1960 . Before the redesign , however , in 1936 , Starr had secured records on multiple healthy people , namely medical students , faculty , friends , and family members . Over the next 40 years , he would study his subjects and eventually report a clinical series on them , detailing such observations as , Patients with clinical evidence of ischemic heart disease who also had abnormal BCGs developed twice as many recurrences as did those having ischemic heart disease and normal records . During World War II , Isaac Starr and Dr . Eugene A . Stead were members of a committee of the National Research Council that was tasked with deciding which chemicals and medications were considered important to medicine . Stead noted in a memoir he felt indebted to Starr for taking him to the National Gallery of Art during some free hours after a day of work which lead to his appreciation of art . Starr was one of the first people to suggest that venous congestion was related to the volume of blood and the muscle tone of the vessels , while a weakened hearts contributions were less important than previously thought . He also questioned whether the kidney and its endocrine function were involved in the diseases pathogenesis . The University of Pennsylvania held a symposium in honor of Isaac Starr in 1978 , and then awarded Starr with an honorary Doctor of Science ( Sc.D. ) degree in 1983 for his contributions to medicine . Awards . - Albert Lasker Award of the American Heart Association ( 1957 ) for fundamental contributions to knowledge of the heart and the circulation , and for his development of the first practical ballistocardiograph - Kober Medal of the Association of American Physicians ( 1967 ) - Burger Medal of the Free University of Amsterdam ( 1977 )
|
[
"University of Pennsylvania"
] |
[
{
"text": " Isaac Jack Starr ( March 6 , 1895 – June 22 , 1989 ) , known as the father of ballistocardiography , was an American physician , heart disease specialist , and clinical epidemiologist notable for developing the first practical ballistocardiograph . His early academic positions included being an assistant professor in pharmacology and later the first Hartzell Professor of Research Therapeutics at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania as well as dean of the school from 1945 to 1948 .",
"title": "Isaac Starr"
},
{
"text": " Starr attended primary and secondary school in Philadelphia , graduating from the Chestnut Hill Academy in 1912 . From there he went to Princeton University where he received his Bachelor of Science degree , graduating magna cum laude in 1916 . He received his Doctor of Medicine degree from the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania in 1920 .",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"text": "After receiving his M.D. , Starr went to Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston where he completed his internship before returning to Penn , where he later became a heart disease specialist , motivated by the heart disease-related death of his mother .",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"text": " After returning to Penn , Starr joined Alfred Newton Richards’ group investigating mechanisms by which the kidney created urine . At the request of Richards , Starr became one of the first assistant professors at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine in 1928 , doing research which used physics and mathematics in the study of the heart , and leading a course in clinical pharmacology for the medical students .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 1933 , he became the first Hartzell Professor of Research Therapeutics at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and held the position until 1961 . The endowed chair funded everything except for salaries for his research assistants .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Starr had known that heart disease could precede congestive heart failure by several years , but at the time heart disease was typically diagnosed at autopsy by a pathologist . This led him , shortly after joining Penn , to participate in a cardiac output methods program by the American Physiological Society . At this program , his colleague , Yandell Henderson , demonstrated an apparatus for measuring cardiac output , a ballistocardiograph . This project , a suspended bed rigged with springs to pick up resonance frequencies and amplify them , inspired Starr to develop a practical version for",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "use in his own research , with the help of the Eldridge Reeves Johnson Foundation for Medical Physics . This new device used an optical recording system for more accurate readings , however , due to the low natural frequency of heartbeats , patients had to hold their breath while using it .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "The issue with led him to modify the design of the bed to counteract the minute movements using springs , thereby fixing this flaw and allowing the patients to breathe . The final device , introduced in November 1939 by Starr and Dr . Henry A . Schroeder , was used to measure cardiac output and led to the first accurate physical measurements and to detection of when the heart chambers do not contract simultaneously . The most notable use , however , was that of detecting heart abnormalities much earlier and more accurately in patients , leading to further",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "development and extensive contributions to the field from 1930 to 1960 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Before the redesign , however , in 1936 , Starr had secured records on multiple healthy people , namely medical students , faculty , friends , and family members . Over the next 40 years , he would study his subjects and eventually report a clinical series on them , detailing such observations as , Patients with clinical evidence of ischemic heart disease who also had abnormal BCGs developed twice as many recurrences as did those having ischemic heart disease and normal records .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "During World War II , Isaac Starr and Dr . Eugene A . Stead were members of a committee of the National Research Council that was tasked with deciding which chemicals and medications were considered important to medicine . Stead noted in a memoir he felt indebted to Starr for taking him to the National Gallery of Art during some free hours after a day of work which lead to his appreciation of art .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Starr was one of the first people to suggest that venous congestion was related to the volume of blood and the muscle tone of the vessels , while a weakened hearts contributions were less important than previously thought . He also questioned whether the kidney and its endocrine function were involved in the diseases pathogenesis . The University of Pennsylvania held a symposium in honor of Isaac Starr in 1978 , and then awarded Starr with an honorary Doctor of Science ( Sc.D. ) degree in 1983 for his contributions to medicine .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " - Albert Lasker Award of the American Heart Association ( 1957 ) for fundamental contributions to knowledge of the heart and the circulation , and for his development of the first practical ballistocardiograph - Kober Medal of the Association of American Physicians ( 1967 ) - Burger Medal of the Free University of Amsterdam ( 1977 )",
"title": "Awards"
}
] |
/wiki/Winsor_McCay#P108#0
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What was the name of the employer Winsor McCay work for in late 1890s?
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Winsor McCay Zenas Winsor McCay ( – July 26 , 1934 ) was an American cartoonist and animator . He is best known for the comic strip Little Nemo ( 1905–14 ; 1924–26 ) and the animated film Gertie the Dinosaur ( 1914 ) . For contractual reasons , he worked under the pen name Silas on the comic strip Dream of the Rarebit Fiend . From a young age , McCay was a quick , prolific , and technically dextrous artist . He started his professional career making posters and performing for dime museums , and in 1898 began illustrating newspapers and magazines . In 1903 he joined the New York Herald , where he created popular comic strips such as Little Sammy Sneeze and Dream of the Rarebit Fiend . In 1905 his signature strip Little Nemo in Slumberland debuted—a fantasy strip in an Art Nouveau style about a young boy and his adventurous dreams . The strip demonstrated McCays strong graphic sense and mastery of color and linear perspective . McCay experimented with the formal elements of the comic strip page , arranging and sizing panels to increase impact and enhance the narrative . McCay also produced numerous detailed editorial cartoons and was a popular performer of chalk talks on the vaudeville circuit . McCay was an early animation pioneer ; between 1911 and 1921 he self-financed and animated ten films , some of which survive only as fragments . The first three served in his vaudeville act ; Gertie the Dinosaur was an interactive routine in which McCay appeared to give orders to a trained dinosaur . McCay and his assistants worked for twenty-two months on his most ambitious film , The Sinking of the Lusitania ( 1918 ) , a patriotic recreation of the German torpedoing in 1915 of the RMS Lusitania . Lusitania did not enjoy as much commercial success as the earlier films , and McCays later movies attracted little attention . His animation , vaudeville , and comic strip work was gradually curtailed as newspaper magnate William Randolph Hearst , his employer since 1911 , expected McCay to devote his energies to editorial illustrations . In his drawing , McCay made bold , prodigious use of linear perspective , particularly in detailed architecture and cityscapes . He textured his editorial cartoons with copious fine hatching , and made color a central element in Little Nemo . His comic strip work has influenced generations of cartoonists and illustrators . The technical level of McCays animation—its naturalism , smoothness , and scale—was unmatched until the work of Fleischer Studios in the late 1920s , followed by Walt Disneys feature films in the 1930s . He pioneered inbetweening , the use of registration marks , cycling , and other animation techniques that were to become standard . Personal history . Family history . McCays paternal grandparents , farmers Donald and Christiana , immigrated from Scotland to Upper Canada in the mid-1830s . McCays father , Robert ( 1840 – March 21 , 1915 ) was born in Woodstock , Upper Canada , the third of six children . McCays maternal grandparents , Peter and Mary Murray , were also Scottish immigrants , and settled as farmers in East Zorra in Upper Canada . Their daughter Janet was the third of nine children . Robert was a member of King Solomons No . 43 Masonic Lodge in Woodstock . In 1862 , Robert first traveled to the U.S . Robert and the twenty-five-year-old Janet married on January 8 , 1866 , at Woodstocks Methodist Episcopal Church . The couple moved across the Canada–US border later in the year and settled in Spring Lake , Michigan , on the eastern coast of Lake Michigan . Robert was employed by American entrepreneur Zenas G . Winsor ( 1814–1890 ) , with whom he had made contact in Canada . Records of McCays birth are not extant . He stated in an interview in 1910 that he was born in 1869 , and this is the year listed on his grave marker . in life , he told friends he was born September 26 , 1871 , in Spring Lake , and they published this information in a magazine . Michigan census records from 1870 and 1880 list a Zenas W . , who was born in Canada in 1867 , and others have speculated 1866 or 1868 based on evidence on how the censuses were carried out . No Canadian birth record has been found , and a fire in Spring Lake in May 1893 could have destroyed any American birth record he may have had . His obituary in the New York Herald Tribune stated , not even Mr . McCay knew his exact age . The McCays had two more children : Arthur in 1868 , and Mae in 1876 . Both were born in Michigan . Robert worked as a teamster under Winsor , and by May 1870 had saved enough money to buy a parcel of land . From 1879 to 1881 , he worked as a retail grocer . In 1885 he moved the family to Stanton , Michigan , and expanded his land holdings ; he was successful in real estate with his brother Hugh , who moved from in 1887 . By 1905 , Robert was also a notary public . He had settled in Edmore , Michigan , and by this point had changed the spelling of his surname from McKay to McCay . His son related this story about the change : Early life . McCay came to be known by his middle name , Winsor . His drawing skills emerged early . According to a story told within the family , McCay made his first drawing in the aftermath of one of the many fires that hit Spring Lake : he picked up a nail and etched the scene of the fire in the frost of a windowpane . Drawing became obsessive for him ; he drew anything he saw , and the level of detail and accuracy in his drawing was noted at a young age . He was able to draw accurately from memory even things he had never before drawn—what McCay called memory sketching . His father thought little of his sons artistic talents , though , and had him sent to Cleary Business College in Ypsilanti , Michigan . McCay rarely attended classes . He bragged about how he would catch the train to Detroit to show off his drawing skills at the Wonderland and Eden Musee dime museum . He drew portraits there for 25 apiece , of which he kept half . McCay thrived on the attention he received , and his talents soon drew wider attention . John Goodison , a geography and drawing professor at Michigan State Normal School , offered to teach art to McCay privately , and McCay eagerly accepted . The lessons were practical and focused on using observation to learn to draw in geometrical perspective . Goodison , a former glass stainer , influenced McCays use of color . McCay learned how to draw quickly using drills on a blackboard , and gained an appreciation for master artists of the past . Early career ( 1889–1903 ) . McCay spent two years in Chicago after making his way there sometime in 1889 with his friend Mort Touvers . He traded art techniques there with painter Jules Guérin , whom he met at a boarding house in which he lodged , and did artwork for posters and pamphlets at the National Printing and Engraving Company . In 1891 , McCay moved to Cincinnati , where he did more dime museum work while living in a boarding house near his workplace . He spent nine years making posters and other advertisements for the Kohl & Middleton Dime Museum , and later Heck and Averys Family Theater ( 1896 ) , Averys New Dime Museum ( 1898 ) , and Will S . Hecks Wonder World and Theater ( 1899 ) on Vine Street . At the museum in 1896 , a demonstration of Thomas Edisons Vitascope was given , which was likely McCays first exposure to the young medium of film . He also did work during this time for Ph . Mortons printing and lithography company . McCays ability to draw quickly with great accuracy drew crowds when he painted advertisements in public . His first year at Kohl & Middleton , McCay was smitten when Maude Leonore Dufour walked into the dime museum with her sister while he was painting . He rushed to his studio to change into a custom-tailored suit , returned , and introduced himself to the fourteen-year-old Maude . Soon they eloped in Covington , Kentucky . McCay began working on the side for the Cincinnati Commercial Tribune , where he learned to draw with a dip pen under the tutelage of Commercial Tribune art room manager Joseph Alexander . In 1898 , he accepted a full-time position there . His many illustrations for the paper displayed his bold use of perspective and mastery of hatchwork . Soon after , he began freelancing for the humor magazine Life as well . In 1900 , McCay accepted a position with a higher salary at The Cincinnati Enquirer . There , he produced a prolific number of drawings , did some reporting , and became head of the art department . In his drawings , he began using line thickness to indicate depth , and used thick lines to surround his characters in an Art Nouveau-inspired style that became a trademark of his work . Comic strips ( 1903–1911 ) . From January until November 1903 , McCay drew an ongoing proto-comic strip for the Enquirer based on poems written by George Randolph Chester called A Tale of the Jungle Imps by Felix Fiddle . Before the last two installments appeared in print , McCay had moved to New York City to work for James Gordon Bennett , Jr.s New York Herald , at first doing illustrations and editorial cartoons . He worked alongside comic strip pioneer Richard F . Outcault , who was doing the Buster Brown strip at the Herald . A rivalry built up between the two cartoonists which resulted in Outcault leaving the Herald to return to his previous employer , William Randolph Hearst at The New York Journal . McCays first continuing comic strip , Mr . Goodenough , debuted in The Evening Telegram on January 21 , 1904 . The formula for the strip was that a sedentary millionaire would seek ways to become more active , with embarrassing results . Sisters Little Sisters Beau , McCays first strip with a child protagonist , lasted one installment that April , and his first color strip , Phurious Phinish of Phoolish Philipes Phunny Phrolics , appeared in the Heralds Sunday supplement that May . McCays first popular comic strip was Little Sammy Sneeze . The strip starred a young boy whose sneeze would build panel by panel until it was released , with explosively disastrous results , for which he was usually punished or chased away by those affected . The strip debuted in July 1904 and ran until December 1906 . McCays longest-running strip , Dream of the Rarebit Fiend , first appeared in The Evening Telegram in September 1904 . The strip was aimed at an adult audience , and had no recurring characters . The characters that appeared in the strip would have fantastic , sometimes terrifying dreams , only to wake up in the last panel , cursing the Welsh rarebit they had eaten the night before , which they blamed for bringing on the dream . Rarebit Fiend was so popular that a book collection appeared in 1905 from publisher Frederick A . Stokes . It was adapted to film by Edwin S . Porter , and plans were made for a comic opera or musical extravaganza for stage that failed to materialize . McCay signed the Rarebit Fiend strips with the pen name Silas , as his contract required that he not use his real name for Evening Telegram work . The McCays had been living in Manhattan , close to the Herald offices ; before 1905 they moved to Sheepshead Bay in Brooklyn , New York , a seaside resort on Long Island . It was an hour commute from the Herald offices , but they believed it to be a better place to raise children . They lived at a number of addresses before settling into a three-story house at 1901 Voorhies Avenue , where McCay resided for the rest of his life . As his reputation grew , his employers allowed him to work from his home studio more often . While still turning out illustrations and editorial cartoons daily , McCay began three more continuing strips in 1905 . In January , he began The Story of Hungry Henrietta , in which the child protagonist visibly ages week by week , and eats compulsively in lieu of the love she craves from her parents . A Pilgrims Progress by Mister Bunion was another Silas strip for The Evening Telegram , which ran from June 1905 until May 1909</ref> . Mr . Bunion spent each strip unsuccessfully scheming to rid himself of his suitcase , labeled Dull Care . McCay got an idea from the Rarebit Fiend to please the little folk , and in October 1905 the full-page Sunday strip Little Nemo in Slumberland debuted in the Herald . Considered McCays masterpiece , its child protagonist had fabulous dreams , interrupted each week with his awakening in the final panel . Nemos appearance was based on McCays son Robert . McCay experimented with formal aspects of the comics page : he made inventive use of timing and pacing , the size and shape of panels , perspective , and architectural and other details . The Herald was considered to have the highest quality color printing of any newspaper at the time ; its printing staff used the Ben Day process for color , and McCay annotated the Nemo pages with precise color schemes for the printers . Impresario F . F . Proctor approached McCay in April 1906 to perform chalk talks for the vaudeville circuit . For $500 per week he was to draw twenty-five sketches in fifteen minutes before live audiences , as a pit band played a piece called Dream of the Rarebit Fiend . In his The Seven Ages of Man routine , he drew two faces and progressively aged them . His first performance was on June 11 , 1906 , in a show that also featured entertainer W . C . Fields . It was a success , and McCay toured with the show throughout 1907 , while managing to complete his comic strip and illustration work on time , often working in hotel rooms or backstage . As early as 1905 , several abortive attempts were made to produce a stage version of Little Nemo . In mid-1907 , Marcus Klaw and A . L . Erlanger announced they would put on an extravagant Little Nemo show for an unprecedented $100,000 , with a score by Victor Herbert and lyrics by Harry B . Smith . It starred midget Gabriel Weigel as Nemo , Joseph Cawthorn as Dr . Pill , and Billy B . Van as Flip . Reviews were positive ; it played to sold-out houses in New York and toured for two seasons . McCay brought his vaudeville act to each city where Little Nemo played . When the Keith circuit refused McCay to perform in Boston without a new act , McCay switched to the William Morris circuit , with a $100-a-week raise . In several cities , McCay brought his son , who as publicity sat on a small throne dressed as Nemo . As part of an improvised story , Cawthorn introduced a mythical creature he called a Whiffenpoof . The word caught on with the public , and became the name of a and a singing group . Despite the shows success , it failed to make back its investment due to its enormous expenses and came to an end in December 1910 . McCay displayed his social awareness in the last strip he created for the Herald , Poor Jake . Its title character was a silent laborer who worked thanklessly for a Colonel and Mrs . Stall , who exploit him . The strip ran from 1909 until spring 1911 . McCay was approached in early 1910 to bring his vaudeville show to Europe . McCay requested the Heralds permission , but the plans never materialized . His show stayed within the eastern U.S . until he ceased performing in 1917 . Biographer John Canemaker assumed McCays request to tour Europe was turned down , and that the refusal added to McCays growing frustration with the Herald . A distrust of big business became pronounced in McCays work around this time , including a story arc in Little Nemo in which the characters visit a Mars oppressed by a greedy business magnate . Animation ( 1911–1921 ) . McCay said he was most proud of his animation work . He completed ten animated films between 1911 and 1921 , and three more were planned . Inspired by the flip books his son brought home , McCay came to see the possibility of making moving pictures of his cartoons . He claimed to be the first man in the world to make animated cartoons , though he was preceded by others such as James Stuart Blackton and Émile Cohl . McCay made four thousand drawings on rice paper for his first animated short , which starred his Little Nemo characters . They were shot at Vitagraph Studios under Blacktons supervision . Live-action sequences were added to the beginning and end of the film , in which McCay bets his newspaper colleagues that in one month he can make four thousand drawings that move . Among those featured in these sequences were cartoonist George McManus and actor John Bunny . Little Nemo debuted in movie theatres on April 8 , 1911 , and four days later McCay began using it as part of his vaudeville act . Its good reception motivated him to hand-color each of the frames of the originally black-and-white animation . McCay had become frustrated with the Herald , partly over money issues and partly because he perceived a lack of freedom . He accepted a higher-paying offer in spring 1911 from Hearst at the New York American and took Little Nemos characters with him . The Herald held the strips copyright , but McCay won a lawsuit that allowed him to continue using the characters , which he did under the title In the Land of Wonderful Dreams . The Herald was unsuccessful in finding another cartoonist to continue the original strip . McCay began work that May on his next animated film , How a Mosquito Operates , based on a Rarebit Fiend episode from June 5 , 1909 , in which a man in bed tries in vain to defend himself from a giant mosquito , which drinks itself so full that it explodes . The animation is naturalistic—rather than expanding like a balloon , with each sip of blood the mosquitos abdomen swells according to its body structure . The film was completed in January 1912 , and McCay toured with it that spring and summer . Gertie the Dinosaur debuted in February 1914 as part of McCays vaudeville act . McCay introduced Gertie as the only dinosaur in captivity , and commanded the animated beast with a whip . Gertie seemed to obey McCay , bowing to the audience , and eating a tree and a boulder , though she had a will of her own and sometimes rebelled . When McCay admonished her , she cried . McCay consoled her by throwing her an apple—in reality pocketing the cardboard prop apple as a cartoon one simultaneously appeared on screen . In the finale , McCay walked offstage , reappeared in animated form in the film , and had Gertie carry him away . Producer William Foxs Box Office Attractions obtained distribution rights to a modified version of Gertie that could be played in regular movie theaters . This version was prefaced with a live-action sequence and replaced the interactive portions with intertitles . Gertie was McCays first piece of animation with detailed backgrounds . McCay drew the foreground characters , while art student neighbor John A . Fitzsimmons traced the backgrounds . McCay pioneered the McCay Split System of inbetweening , in which major poses or positions were drawn first , and the intervening frames drawn after . This relieved tedium and improved the timing of the films actions . McCay refused to patent his system , and was sued in 1914 by animator John Randolph Bray , who took advantage of McCays lapse by patenting many of McCays techniques , including the use of registration marks , tracing paper , the Mutoscope action viewer , and the cycling of drawings to create repetitive action . The lawsuit was unsuccessful , and there is evidence that McCay may have countersued—he thereafter received royalty payments from Bray for licensing the techniques . Hearst was disappointed with the quality of McCays newspaper work . Infuriated that he couldnt reach McCay during a vaudeville performance , Hearst pulled from his papers advertising for the theatre where McCay performed . Editor Arthur Brisbane told him that he was a serious artist , not a comic cartoonist , and that he was to give up his comic strip work to focus on editorial illustrations . Hearst pressured McCays agents to reduce the number of his vaudeville appearances , and he was induced to sign a contract with Hearst that limited his vaudeville appearances to greater New York , with occasional exceptions . In February 1917 , Hearst had McCay give up entirely on vaudeville and all other paid work outside the Hearst empire , though he was occasionally granted permission for particular shows . Hearst increased McCays salary to cover the loss of income . McCay was expected to report daily to the American building , where he shared a ninth-floor office with humorist Arthur Bugs Baer and sports cartoonist Joe McGurk . There , he illustrated editorials by Arthur Brisbane , who often sent back McCays drawings with instructions for changes . The quality of his drawings varied depending on his interest in the subject of the assignment , whether or not he agreed with the sentiments portrayed , and on events in his personal life . For example , in March 1914 he was subjected to a blackmail plot by a Mrs . Lambkin , who was seeking a divorce from her husband . Lambkin alleged that McCays wife Maude was seeing her husband . With McCays level of fame , such a story would likely be in the papers , and Mrs . Lambkin and her husband told McCay that she would keep it secret for $1,000 . McCay did not believe the allegations , and gave testimony at the Lambkins divorce trial . The blackmail failed , and the divorce was not granted . Hearst animation studio International Film Service began in December 1915 , and brought Hearst cartoonists to the screen . McCay was initially listed as one of them , but the studio never produced anything either by his hands or featuring his creations . McCay derived satisfaction from doing the work himself . Begun in 1916 , The Sinking of the Lusitania was his follow-up to Gertie . The film was not a fantasy but a detailed , realistic recreation of the 1915 German torpedoing of the RMS Lusitania . The event counted 128 Americans among its 1,198 dead , and was a factor leading to the American entry into World War I . McCays daughter Marion married military man Raymond T . Moniz , eighteen years her senior , on October 13 , 1917 . She gave birth to McCays first grandchild , Ray Winsor Moniz , on July 16 , 1918 . Moniz and McCays son Robert were called up for service when the U.S . entered World War I . McCays self-financed Lusitania took nearly two years to complete . With the assistance of John Fitzsimmons and Cincinnati cartoonist William Apthorp Ap Adams , McCay spent his off hours drawing the film on sheets of cellulose acetate ( or cels ) with white and black India ink at McCays home . It was the first film McCay made using cels , a technology animator Earl Hurd had patented in 1914 ; it saved work by allowing dynamic drawings to be made on one or more layers , which could be laid over a static background layer , relieving animators of the tedium of retracing static images onto drawing after drawing . McCay had the cels photographed at the Vitagraph studios . The film was naturalistically animated , and made use of dramatic camera angles that would have been impossible in a live-action film . Jewel Productions released the film on July 20 , 1918 . Advertising touted it as the picture that will never have a competitor ; the film itself called McCay the originator and inventor of Animated Cartoons and drew attention to the fact that it took 25,000 drawings to complete . The Sinking of the Lusitania did not greatly return on McCays investment—after a few years run in theaters , it netted $80,000 . McCay continued to produce animated films using cels . By 1921 , he had completed six , though three were likely never shown commercially to audiences and have survived only in fragments : The Centaurs , Flips Circus , and Gertie on Tour . In 1921 , he released three films based on Dream of the Rarebit Fiend : Bug Vaudeville , in which insects and other creepy-crawlies perform on stage ; The Pet , in which a creature with a bottomless appetite grows enormously and terrorizes the city in a way reminiscent of King Kong ; and The Flying House , in which a man attaches wings to his house to flee from debt . McCays son Robert is credited with the animation on this last film , but Canemaker notes it is highly unlikely that a first-time animator could have produced such an accomplished piece of animation . Later career ( 1921–1934 ) . After 1921 , McCay was made to give up on animation when Hearst learned he devoted more of his time to animation than to his newspaper illustrations . Unexecuted ideas McCay had for animation projects included a collaboration with Jungle Imps author George Randolph Chester , a musical film called The Barnyard Band , and a film about the Americans role in World War I . McCays son Robert married Theresa Tedda Munchausen on April 9 , 1921 . McCay bought them a nearby house as a wedding gift . The couple gave McCay two more grandchildren : Janet ( named after McCays mother ) in 1922 , and Robert in 1928 . Robert suffered shell shock during World War I , and following the war had difficulty drawing . McCay tried to boost his sons confidence by finding him cartooning work , and some of the elder McCays editorial cartoons were signed Robert Winsor McCay , Jr . Robert also briefly revived the Dreams of the Rarebit Fiend strip as Rabid Reveries in 1924 . In 1922 , McCay resumed doing vaudeville shows for the Keith circuit . He had a cameo in a newspaper office scene in the boxing film The Great White Way in early 1924 . McCay left Hearst upon the expiration of his contract in May 1924 , bitter over not having received a promised $5,000 bonus . He returned to the Herald Tribune , and brought back Little Nemo beginning that August . The new strip displayed the virtuoso technique of the old , but the panels were laid out in an unvarying grid . Nemo took a more passive role in the stories , and there was no continuity . The strip came to an end in December 1926 , as it was not popular with readers . Hearst executives had been trying to convince McCay to return to the American , and succeeded in 1927 . While McCay was gone , his place had been filled by Mel Cummin , who was let go after McCays return . Due to the lack of the 1920s Nemos success , the Herald Tribune signed over all copyrights to the strip to McCay for one dollar . In 1927 , McCay attended a dinner in his honor in New York . After a considerable amount of drinking , McCay was introduced by animator Max Fleischer . McCay gave the gathered group of animators some technical advice , but when he felt the audience was not giving him attention , he berated his audience , saying , Animation is an art . That is how I conceived it . But as I see , what you fellows have done with it , is making it into a trade . Not an art , but a trade . Bad Luck ! That September he appeared on the radio at WNAC , and on November 2 he was interviewed by Frank Craven for The Evening Journals Womans Hour . During both appearances he complained about the state of contemporary animation . An executive of the American Tobacco Company approached McCay in 1929 to do an advertising campaign for a financial sum in excess of his annual salary . Brisbane refused , noting that McCays contract didnt allow outside work . When the executive stormed into Brisbanes office threatening to pull American Tobaccos advertising dollars from the American , Brisbane provided a written release for the work . In 1932 , McCay found himself in what he recalled as the wildest ride in his life when Hearsts son Young Bill drove him at to the scene of the kidnapping of the Lindbergh baby . They arrived there two hours after the crime was first reported to police , and were able to interview the gathered police before the grounds were closed off to the public . McCay sketched the scene , the staff , and the ladders the kidnappers used , which he was allowed to see up close . McCay enjoyed robust health most of his life . On July 26 , 1934 , he complained to his wife of a severe head-ache . To his horror , he found his right arm—his drawing arm—was paralyzed . He lost consciousness and was pronounced dead later that afternoon , with his wife , children , and son-in-law by his side . He had died of a cerebral embolism , and was buried at the Cemetery of the Evergreens in Brooklyn in a family plot . He had a Masonic funeral in his home , attended by his newspaper colleagues , Hearst and his son , and the Society of Illustrators , among others . Brisbane hired back Mel Cummin to replace McCay . Due to his lavish life-style , McCay left a smaller fortune than those around him had expected . By the early 1940s , Maude had used up her inheritance and sold the house on Voorhies Avenue . When she died of a heart attack on March 2 , 1949 , she was living with her daughter and son-in-law . Son Robert was also careless with his inheritance , and less successful in art than his father . He worked for a short time at the Hearst papers , and tried unsuccessfully to get a job at the Disney studios , before finding a career as illustrator for Training Aids/Special Services at Fort Ord . Personal life . Self-conscious and introverted in private , McCay was nevertheless a charismatic showman and self-promoter , and maintained several lifelong friendships . McCay was a light but frequent drinker ; he drank for camaraderie rather than for a love of drinking . To his wifes chagrin , McCay was a smoker of cigars and cigarettes . He was self-taught at the piano , and was an avid reader of poetry , plays and novels ; he admired W . B . Yeats , knew the works of Percy Bysshe Shelley and John Keats , and could quote the Bible and Shakespeare . McCay stood barely five feet ( ) tall , and felt dominated by his wife , who was nearly as tall as he was . McCay married Maude Leonore Dufour , the youngest of three daughters of French-Canadian carriage painter John Dufour . About a decade separated the couples ages : Maude was 14 when they married . Biographer Canemaker speculates this may explain the lack of certainty behind McCays birthdate , even by McCay himself , as he may have claimed to be younger than he was to justify marrying a teenaged girl . Maude was also age-conscious : she preferred her grandchildren to call her Nan instead of Grandma and dyed her hair as she got older . The McCays took on the traditional roles of a married couple of the time , in that Winsor was the breadwinner and Maude the homemaker . Neither spouse got along well with the others mother . The couple had two children : Robert Winsor , born June 21 , 1896 ; and Marion Elizabeth , born August 22 , 1897 . McCay was said to be easy-going with the children , and left discipline to their stern mother . Marion felt domineered by her mother and perceived that her brother was her mothers favorite ; she was closer to her father and often appeared in public with him . Robert looked up to his father and became an artist himself . He was proud to have served as the model for Little Nemo . The McCays lived lavishly . McCay disliked driving , so kept a chauffeur who also served as bodyguard , as the editorial cartoons McCay drew for Hearst sometimes attracted threatening letters . Maude made daily trips by limousine to shop in upscale downtown Brooklyn with other well-to-do wives . Maude often complained to her husband , but he refused to discuss matters with her . McCays politics are unclear , and it is disputed whether he sympathized with the views displayed in his editorial cartoons . He was agnostic and believed in reincarnation . He was a Freemason , whose ranks he may have joined as early as when he was living in Chicago . His father had also been a Freemason , and was buried in 1915 with full Masonic rites , with funerals arranged by his Masonic lodges in both Woodstock , Ontario , and Edmore , Michigan . His mother often visited him in Brooklyn , and attended Little Nemos Philadelphia premiere . She died in Edmore , Michigan , in 1927 . McCays brother Arthur was placed in a mental hospital in Traverse City , Michigan on March 7 , 1898 , where he stayed until his death from bronchopneumonia and arteriosclerosis on June 15 , 1946 . He never received family visits . McCay never let his children know about his brother , nor did they know about the existence of his sister Mae , who died in 1910 . Legacy . In 1937 , McCays son Robert attempted to carry on his fathers legacy by reviving Little Nemo . Comic book packager Harry A Cheslers syndicate announced a Sunday and daily Nemo strip , credited to Winsor McCay Jr . Robert also drew a comic book version for Chesler called Nemo in Adventureland starring grown-up versions of Nemo and the Princess . Neither project lasted long . In 1947 , Robert and fabric salesman Irving Mendelsohn organized the McCay Feature Syndicate , Inc . to revive the original Nemo strip from McCays original art , modified to fit the size of modern newspaper pages . This revival also did not last . McCays original artwork has been poorly preserved . McCay insisted on having his originals returned to him , and a large collection that survived him was destroyed in a fire in the late 1930s . His wife was unsure how to handle the surviving pieces , so his son took on the responsibility and moved the collection to his own house . The family sold off some of the artwork when they were in need of cash . Responsibility for it passed to Mendelsohn , then later to daughter Marion . By the early twenty-first century , most of McCays surviving artwork remained in family hands . McCay destroyed many of his original cans of film to create more storage space . Of what film he kept , much has not survived , as it was photographed on 35mm nitrate film , which decomposes and is highly flammable . Mendelsohns son and a friend , both young animators , discovered the film in Mendelsohns possession in 1947 and rescued what they could . In some cases , such as The Centaurs , only fragments could be saved . A negative and incomplete positive was discovered of Performing Animals , a film of animals playing instruments that may have been intended for McCays vaudeville act ; it was deemed unsalvageable and destroyed . In 1966 , cartoonist Woody Gelman discovered the original artwork for many Little Nemo strips at a cartoon studio where McCays son Robert had worked . Many of the recovered originals were displayed at the Metropolitan Museum of Art under the direction of curator A . Hyatt Mayor . In 1973 , Gelman published a collection of Little Nemo strips in Italy . His collection of McCay originals is preserved at the Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum at Ohio State University . McCays work , grounded solidly in his understanding of realistic perspective , presaged the techniques featured in Walt Disneys feature films . Disney paid tribute to McCay in 1955 on an episode of Disneyland . The episode , The Story of Animated Drawing , gave a history of animation , and dramatized McCays vaudeville act with Gertie . Robert was invited to the Disney studios as a consultant on the episode , where Disney told him , Bob , all this should be your fathers . Animator and McCay biographer John Canemaker produced a film in 1974 called Remembering Winsor McCay , narrated by McCays animation assistant John Fitzsimmons . Canemaker helped coordinate the first retrospective of McCays films at the third International Animation Film Festival in 1975 in New York , which led to a film show at the Whitney Museum of American Art in winter 1975–76 . Canemaker also wrote a biography in 1987 called Winsor McCay : His Life and Art . In 2005 , a revised and expanded version of the biography was released , which comics scholar Jeet Heer called far and away the most scholarly and intelligent biography ever written about an American cartoonist . Animation scholar Paul Wells stated , McCays influence on the history of animation cannot be understated . Film critic Richard Eder lamented that as an animation pioneer McCay was not able to reach the potential suggested by his work . Eder compared McCay to the Italian primitives of the early Renaissance , highly skilled in the limited techniques they could command . Heer wrote that McCays strength was in his visuals , but that his writing and characters were weak . Italian filmmaker Federico Fellini read Little Nemo in the childrens magazine Il corriere dei piccoli , and the strip was a powerful influence on the filmmaker , according to Fellini biographer Peter Bondanella . Comics historian R . C . Harvey has called McCay the first original genius of the comic strip medium and in animation . Harvey said that McCays contemporaries lacked the skill to continue with his innovations , so that they were left for future generations to rediscover and build upon . McCays work has inspired cartoonists from Carl Barks to Art Spiegelman . Robert Crumb called McCay a genius and one of his favorite cartoonists . Art Spiegelmans 1974 Real Dream strip was partially inspired by Rarebit Fiend , and his In the Shadow of No Towers in 2004 appropriated some of McCays imagery , and included a page of Little Nemo in its appendix . Maurice Sendaks childrens book In the Night Kitchen ( 1970 ) was an homage to McCays work , as was Rick Veitch comic book series Roarin Ricks Rarebit Fiends ( 1994–96 ) . Kim Deitch and Simon Deitchs graphic novel The Boulevard of Broken Dreams revolved around a character named Winsor Newton , based on an aged McCay . Cartoonist Berke Breathed lamented that the conditions of newspaper cartooning had devolved to such a degree since McCays time that , had he worked later in the century , he would not have been allotted space sufficient for his expansive full-page fantasies . As Sigmund Freuds The Interpretation of Dreams first appeared in print in 1899 , McCays major dream strips work have invited speculation of a Freudian influence . A French Nurses Dream , a comic strip by the Hungarian artist Nándor Honti that appeared in Freuds book edition in 1914 , strongly resembles the work of McCay in its theme , pacing , Art Nouveau style , and closing panel of the dreamer awakening in bed . However , the English translation of Freuds book was not published until 1913 . The Winsor McCay Award was established in 1972 to recognize individuals for lifetime or career contributions in animation , and is presented as part of the Annie Awards . The Hammer Museum in Los Angeles devoted a room to McCays work as part of the Masters of American Comics exhibit in 2005 . German publisher Taschen published a complete , boxed , full-size edition of Little Nemo in two volumes in 2014 entitled The Complete Little Nemo . The American astronomer Roy A . Tucker named the asteroid 113461 after McCay in 2002 . Work . Style . Virtually from the beginning , McCay innovated with the forms of his chosen media . He varied the size and shape of comic strip panels for dramatic effect , as in the second instalment of Little Nemo ( October 22 , 1905 ) , where the panels grow to adapt to a growing forest of mushrooms . Few of McCays contemporaries were so bold with their page layouts . Near-contemporary George Herriman with Krazy Kat was the most notable example , but it was not until a generation later that cartoonists such as Frank King with Gasoline Alley , Hal Foster with Prince Valiant , and Roy Crane with Captain Easy attempted such daring designs on their Sunday pages . McCays detailed hatching mastery of perspective enhanced the illusions in his drawings , particularly in Little Nemo . Fantastic grotesqueries such as what McCay witnessed during his time at the Wonderland and Eden Musee appeared often in McCays work . McCay was noted for the speed and accuracy with which he could draw ; crowds of people would gather around to watch him paint billboards . McCay had a taste for the ornate . The architecture he drew was inspired by that of carnivals , the 1893 Worlds Columbian Exposition in Chicago and the detailed illustrations in British illustrated newspapers The Illustrated London News and The Graphic . The of Paris published a series of illustrated books called Images Enphantines , whose pages bear a striking resemblance to McCays early Little Nemo strips , both in their graphic sense and their imaginative layouts . To Canemaker , McCay had an absolute precision of line akin to those of Northern Renaissance artist Albrecht Dürer and 19th-century French illustrator Gustave Doré . McCay drew with Higgins black drawing ink , Gillott pens , art gum , a T-square and angle , and an assortment of Venus lead pencils . In his early magazine cartoons McCay often painted in gouache . McCay used metafictional techniques such as self-referentiality in his work . This was most frequent in Dream of the Rarebit Fiend , where McCay sometimes put himself in the strip , or had characters address the reader . Sometimes characters become aware of the strip itself—a jealous lover tears the very strip apart in which he appears ; another character fastens panel borders to his strip when he realizes the artist has forgotten them ; and in a Sammy Sneeze episode Sammys sneeze destroys the panel borders . In contrast to the high level of skill in the artwork , the dialogue in McCays speech balloons is crude , sometimes approaching illegibility , and disfigur [ ing ] his otherwise flawless work , according to critic R . C . Harvey . This is further highlighted by the level of effort and skill apparent in the title lettering . McCay seemed to show little regard for the dialogue balloons , their content , and their placement in the visual composition . They tended to contain repetitive monologues expressing the increasing distress of the speakers , and showed that McCays gift was in the visual and not the verbal . In his comics and animation McCay used stock ethnic stereotypes common in his era . A conscious attempt to offend is not apparent . He depicted blacks as savages , or wishing they could be white . Most prominent were a pair of characters in Little Nemo : the ill-tempered Irishman Flip and the rarely speaking grass-skirted African Little Imp . In the animated Little Nemo , the Anglo-Saxon Nemo is shown drawn in a dignified Art Nouveau style , and controls by magic the more grotesquely caricatured Flip and Imp . Women were few in McCays work , and were depicted as superficial , jealous , and argumentative ; the Princess in Little Nemo never partook in the camaraderie the males shared . References . Works cited . Books . - ( on included DVD ) External links . - Lambiek Comiclopedia article
|
[
"Cincinnati Commercial"
] |
[
{
"text": " Zenas Winsor McCay ( – July 26 , 1934 ) was an American cartoonist and animator . He is best known for the comic strip Little Nemo ( 1905–14 ; 1924–26 ) and the animated film Gertie the Dinosaur ( 1914 ) . For contractual reasons , he worked under the pen name Silas on the comic strip Dream of the Rarebit Fiend .",
"title": "Winsor McCay"
},
{
"text": "From a young age , McCay was a quick , prolific , and technically dextrous artist . He started his professional career making posters and performing for dime museums , and in 1898 began illustrating newspapers and magazines . In 1903 he joined the New York Herald , where he created popular comic strips such as Little Sammy Sneeze and Dream of the Rarebit Fiend . In 1905 his signature strip Little Nemo in Slumberland debuted—a fantasy strip in an Art Nouveau style about a young boy and his adventurous dreams . The strip demonstrated McCays strong graphic sense and",
"title": "Winsor McCay"
},
{
"text": "mastery of color and linear perspective . McCay experimented with the formal elements of the comic strip page , arranging and sizing panels to increase impact and enhance the narrative . McCay also produced numerous detailed editorial cartoons and was a popular performer of chalk talks on the vaudeville circuit .",
"title": "Winsor McCay"
},
{
"text": "McCay was an early animation pioneer ; between 1911 and 1921 he self-financed and animated ten films , some of which survive only as fragments . The first three served in his vaudeville act ; Gertie the Dinosaur was an interactive routine in which McCay appeared to give orders to a trained dinosaur . McCay and his assistants worked for twenty-two months on his most ambitious film , The Sinking of the Lusitania ( 1918 ) , a patriotic recreation of the German torpedoing in 1915 of the RMS Lusitania . Lusitania did not enjoy as much commercial success as",
"title": "Winsor McCay"
},
{
"text": "the earlier films , and McCays later movies attracted little attention . His animation , vaudeville , and comic strip work was gradually curtailed as newspaper magnate William Randolph Hearst , his employer since 1911 , expected McCay to devote his energies to editorial illustrations .",
"title": "Winsor McCay"
},
{
"text": "In his drawing , McCay made bold , prodigious use of linear perspective , particularly in detailed architecture and cityscapes . He textured his editorial cartoons with copious fine hatching , and made color a central element in Little Nemo . His comic strip work has influenced generations of cartoonists and illustrators . The technical level of McCays animation—its naturalism , smoothness , and scale—was unmatched until the work of Fleischer Studios in the late 1920s , followed by Walt Disneys feature films in the 1930s . He pioneered inbetweening , the use of registration marks , cycling , and",
"title": "Winsor McCay"
},
{
"text": "other animation techniques that were to become standard .",
"title": "Winsor McCay"
},
{
"text": " McCays paternal grandparents , farmers Donald and Christiana , immigrated from Scotland to Upper Canada in the mid-1830s . McCays father , Robert ( 1840 – March 21 , 1915 ) was born in Woodstock , Upper Canada , the third of six children . McCays maternal grandparents , Peter and Mary Murray , were also Scottish immigrants , and settled as farmers in East Zorra in Upper Canada . Their daughter Janet was the third of nine children .",
"title": "Family history"
},
{
"text": "Robert was a member of King Solomons No . 43 Masonic Lodge in Woodstock . In 1862 , Robert first traveled to the U.S . Robert and the twenty-five-year-old Janet married on January 8 , 1866 , at Woodstocks Methodist Episcopal Church . The couple moved across the Canada–US border later in the year and settled in Spring Lake , Michigan , on the eastern coast of Lake Michigan . Robert was employed by American entrepreneur Zenas G . Winsor ( 1814–1890 ) , with whom he had made contact in Canada .",
"title": "Family history"
},
{
"text": "Records of McCays birth are not extant . He stated in an interview in 1910 that he was born in 1869 , and this is the year listed on his grave marker . in life , he told friends he was born September 26 , 1871 , in Spring Lake , and they published this information in a magazine . Michigan census records from 1870 and 1880 list a Zenas W . , who was born in Canada in 1867 , and others have speculated 1866 or 1868 based on evidence on how the censuses were carried out . No",
"title": "Family history"
},
{
"text": "Canadian birth record has been found , and a fire in Spring Lake in May 1893 could have destroyed any American birth record he may have had . His obituary in the New York Herald Tribune stated , not even Mr . McCay knew his exact age .",
"title": "Family history"
},
{
"text": " The McCays had two more children : Arthur in 1868 , and Mae in 1876 . Both were born in Michigan . Robert worked as a teamster under Winsor , and by May 1870 had saved enough money to buy a parcel of land . From 1879 to 1881 , he worked as a retail grocer . In 1885 he moved the family to Stanton , Michigan , and expanded his land holdings ; he was successful in real estate with his brother Hugh , who moved from in 1887 .",
"title": "Family history"
},
{
"text": "By 1905 , Robert was also a notary public . He had settled in Edmore , Michigan , and by this point had changed the spelling of his surname from McKay to McCay . His son related this story about the change :",
"title": "Family history"
},
{
"text": "McCay came to be known by his middle name , Winsor . His drawing skills emerged early . According to a story told within the family , McCay made his first drawing in the aftermath of one of the many fires that hit Spring Lake : he picked up a nail and etched the scene of the fire in the frost of a windowpane . Drawing became obsessive for him ; he drew anything he saw , and the level of detail and accuracy in his drawing was noted at a young age . He was able to draw accurately",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "from memory even things he had never before drawn—what McCay called memory sketching . His father thought little of his sons artistic talents , though , and had him sent to Cleary Business College in Ypsilanti , Michigan . McCay rarely attended classes . He bragged about how he would catch the train to Detroit to show off his drawing skills at the Wonderland and Eden Musee dime museum . He drew portraits there for 25 apiece , of which he kept half .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " McCay thrived on the attention he received , and his talents soon drew wider attention . John Goodison , a geography and drawing professor at Michigan State Normal School , offered to teach art to McCay privately , and McCay eagerly accepted . The lessons were practical and focused on using observation to learn to draw in geometrical perspective . Goodison , a former glass stainer , influenced McCays use of color . McCay learned how to draw quickly using drills on a blackboard , and gained an appreciation for master artists of the past .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Early career ( 1889–1903 ) .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " McCay spent two years in Chicago after making his way there sometime in 1889 with his friend Mort Touvers . He traded art techniques there with painter Jules Guérin , whom he met at a boarding house in which he lodged , and did artwork for posters and pamphlets at the National Printing and Engraving Company .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "In 1891 , McCay moved to Cincinnati , where he did more dime museum work while living in a boarding house near his workplace . He spent nine years making posters and other advertisements for the Kohl & Middleton Dime Museum , and later Heck and Averys Family Theater ( 1896 ) , Averys New Dime Museum ( 1898 ) , and Will S . Hecks Wonder World and Theater ( 1899 ) on Vine Street . At the museum in 1896 , a demonstration of Thomas Edisons Vitascope was given , which was likely McCays first exposure to the",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "young medium of film . He also did work during this time for Ph . Mortons printing and lithography company . McCays ability to draw quickly with great accuracy drew crowds when he painted advertisements in public .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " His first year at Kohl & Middleton , McCay was smitten when Maude Leonore Dufour walked into the dime museum with her sister while he was painting . He rushed to his studio to change into a custom-tailored suit , returned , and introduced himself to the fourteen-year-old Maude . Soon they eloped in Covington , Kentucky .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "McCay began working on the side for the Cincinnati Commercial Tribune , where he learned to draw with a dip pen under the tutelage of Commercial Tribune art room manager Joseph Alexander . In 1898 , he accepted a full-time position there . His many illustrations for the paper displayed his bold use of perspective and mastery of hatchwork . Soon after , he began freelancing for the humor magazine Life as well .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " In 1900 , McCay accepted a position with a higher salary at The Cincinnati Enquirer . There , he produced a prolific number of drawings , did some reporting , and became head of the art department . In his drawings , he began using line thickness to indicate depth , and used thick lines to surround his characters in an Art Nouveau-inspired style that became a trademark of his work . Comic strips ( 1903–1911 ) .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "From January until November 1903 , McCay drew an ongoing proto-comic strip for the Enquirer based on poems written by George Randolph Chester called A Tale of the Jungle Imps by Felix Fiddle . Before the last two installments appeared in print , McCay had moved to New York City to work for James Gordon Bennett , Jr.s New York Herald , at first doing illustrations and editorial cartoons . He worked alongside comic strip pioneer Richard F . Outcault , who was doing the Buster Brown strip at the Herald . A rivalry built up between the two cartoonists",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "which resulted in Outcault leaving the Herald to return to his previous employer , William Randolph Hearst at The New York Journal .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " McCays first continuing comic strip , Mr . Goodenough , debuted in The Evening Telegram on January 21 , 1904 . The formula for the strip was that a sedentary millionaire would seek ways to become more active , with embarrassing results . Sisters Little Sisters Beau , McCays first strip with a child protagonist , lasted one installment that April , and his first color strip , Phurious Phinish of Phoolish Philipes Phunny Phrolics , appeared in the Heralds Sunday supplement that May .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "McCays first popular comic strip was Little Sammy Sneeze . The strip starred a young boy whose sneeze would build panel by panel until it was released , with explosively disastrous results , for which he was usually punished or chased away by those affected . The strip debuted in July 1904 and ran until December 1906 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "McCays longest-running strip , Dream of the Rarebit Fiend , first appeared in The Evening Telegram in September 1904 . The strip was aimed at an adult audience , and had no recurring characters . The characters that appeared in the strip would have fantastic , sometimes terrifying dreams , only to wake up in the last panel , cursing the Welsh rarebit they had eaten the night before , which they blamed for bringing on the dream . Rarebit Fiend was so popular that a book collection appeared in 1905 from publisher Frederick A . Stokes . It was",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "adapted to film by Edwin S . Porter , and plans were made for a comic opera or musical extravaganza for stage that failed to materialize . McCay signed the Rarebit Fiend strips with the pen name Silas , as his contract required that he not use his real name for Evening Telegram work .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "The McCays had been living in Manhattan , close to the Herald offices ; before 1905 they moved to Sheepshead Bay in Brooklyn , New York , a seaside resort on Long Island . It was an hour commute from the Herald offices , but they believed it to be a better place to raise children . They lived at a number of addresses before settling into a three-story house at 1901 Voorhies Avenue , where McCay resided for the rest of his life . As his reputation grew , his employers allowed him to work from his home studio",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "more often .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " While still turning out illustrations and editorial cartoons daily , McCay began three more continuing strips in 1905 . In January , he began The Story of Hungry Henrietta , in which the child protagonist visibly ages week by week , and eats compulsively in lieu of the love she craves from her parents . A Pilgrims Progress by Mister Bunion was another Silas strip for The Evening Telegram , which ran from June 1905 until May 1909</ref> . Mr . Bunion spent each strip unsuccessfully scheming to rid himself of his suitcase , labeled Dull Care .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "McCay got an idea from the Rarebit Fiend to please the little folk , and in October 1905 the full-page Sunday strip Little Nemo in Slumberland debuted in the Herald . Considered McCays masterpiece , its child protagonist had fabulous dreams , interrupted each week with his awakening in the final panel . Nemos appearance was based on McCays son Robert . McCay experimented with formal aspects of the comics page : he made inventive use of timing and pacing , the size and shape of panels , perspective , and architectural and other details . The Herald was considered",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "to have the highest quality color printing of any newspaper at the time ; its printing staff used the Ben Day process for color , and McCay annotated the Nemo pages with precise color schemes for the printers .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Impresario F . F . Proctor approached McCay in April 1906 to perform chalk talks for the vaudeville circuit . For $500 per week he was to draw twenty-five sketches in fifteen minutes before live audiences , as a pit band played a piece called Dream of the Rarebit Fiend . In his The Seven Ages of Man routine , he drew two faces and progressively aged them . His first performance was on June 11 , 1906 , in a show that also featured entertainer W . C . Fields . It was a success , and McCay toured",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "with the show throughout 1907 , while managing to complete his comic strip and illustration work on time , often working in hotel rooms or backstage .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "As early as 1905 , several abortive attempts were made to produce a stage version of Little Nemo . In mid-1907 , Marcus Klaw and A . L . Erlanger announced they would put on an extravagant Little Nemo show for an unprecedented $100,000 , with a score by Victor Herbert and lyrics by Harry B . Smith . It starred midget Gabriel Weigel as Nemo , Joseph Cawthorn as Dr . Pill , and Billy B . Van as Flip . Reviews were positive ; it played to sold-out houses in New York and toured for two seasons .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "McCay brought his vaudeville act to each city where Little Nemo played . When the Keith circuit refused McCay to perform in Boston without a new act , McCay switched to the William Morris circuit , with a $100-a-week raise . In several cities , McCay brought his son , who as publicity sat on a small throne dressed as Nemo .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " As part of an improvised story , Cawthorn introduced a mythical creature he called a Whiffenpoof . The word caught on with the public , and became the name of a and a singing group . Despite the shows success , it failed to make back its investment due to its enormous expenses and came to an end in December 1910 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "McCay displayed his social awareness in the last strip he created for the Herald , Poor Jake . Its title character was a silent laborer who worked thanklessly for a Colonel and Mrs . Stall , who exploit him . The strip ran from 1909 until spring 1911 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "McCay was approached in early 1910 to bring his vaudeville show to Europe . McCay requested the Heralds permission , but the plans never materialized . His show stayed within the eastern U.S . until he ceased performing in 1917 . Biographer John Canemaker assumed McCays request to tour Europe was turned down , and that the refusal added to McCays growing frustration with the Herald . A distrust of big business became pronounced in McCays work around this time , including a story arc in Little Nemo in which the characters visit a Mars oppressed by a greedy business",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "magnate .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Animation ( 1911–1921 ) . McCay said he was most proud of his animation work . He completed ten animated films between 1911 and 1921 , and three more were planned .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Inspired by the flip books his son brought home , McCay came to see the possibility of making moving pictures of his cartoons . He claimed to be the first man in the world to make animated cartoons , though he was preceded by others such as James Stuart Blackton and Émile Cohl . McCay made four thousand drawings on rice paper for his first animated short , which starred his Little Nemo characters . They were shot at Vitagraph Studios under Blacktons supervision . Live-action sequences were added to the beginning and end of the film , in which",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "McCay bets his newspaper colleagues that in one month he can make four thousand drawings that move . Among those featured in these sequences were cartoonist George McManus and actor John Bunny . Little Nemo debuted in movie theatres on April 8 , 1911 , and four days later McCay began using it as part of his vaudeville act . Its good reception motivated him to hand-color each of the frames of the originally black-and-white animation .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " McCay had become frustrated with the Herald , partly over money issues and partly because he perceived a lack of freedom . He accepted a higher-paying offer in spring 1911 from Hearst at the New York American and took Little Nemos characters with him . The Herald held the strips copyright , but McCay won a lawsuit that allowed him to continue using the characters , which he did under the title In the Land of Wonderful Dreams . The Herald was unsuccessful in finding another cartoonist to continue the original strip .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "McCay began work that May on his next animated film , How a Mosquito Operates , based on a Rarebit Fiend episode from June 5 , 1909 , in which a man in bed tries in vain to defend himself from a giant mosquito , which drinks itself so full that it explodes . The animation is naturalistic—rather than expanding like a balloon , with each sip of blood the mosquitos abdomen swells according to its body structure . The film was completed in January 1912 , and McCay toured with it that spring and summer .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Gertie the Dinosaur debuted in February 1914 as part of McCays vaudeville act . McCay introduced Gertie as the only dinosaur in captivity , and commanded the animated beast with a whip . Gertie seemed to obey McCay , bowing to the audience , and eating a tree and a boulder , though she had a will of her own and sometimes rebelled . When McCay admonished her , she cried . McCay consoled her by throwing her an apple—in reality pocketing the cardboard prop apple as a cartoon one simultaneously appeared on screen . In the finale , McCay",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "walked offstage , reappeared in animated form in the film , and had Gertie carry him away . Producer William Foxs Box Office Attractions obtained distribution rights to a modified version of Gertie that could be played in regular movie theaters . This version was prefaced with a live-action sequence and replaced the interactive portions with intertitles .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Gertie was McCays first piece of animation with detailed backgrounds . McCay drew the foreground characters , while art student neighbor John A . Fitzsimmons traced the backgrounds . McCay pioneered the McCay Split System of inbetweening , in which major poses or positions were drawn first , and the intervening frames drawn after . This relieved tedium and improved the timing of the films actions . McCay refused to patent his system , and was sued in 1914 by animator John Randolph Bray , who took advantage of McCays lapse by patenting many of McCays techniques , including the",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "use of registration marks , tracing paper , the Mutoscope action viewer , and the cycling of drawings to create repetitive action . The lawsuit was unsuccessful , and there is evidence that McCay may have countersued—he thereafter received royalty payments from Bray for licensing the techniques .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Hearst was disappointed with the quality of McCays newspaper work . Infuriated that he couldnt reach McCay during a vaudeville performance , Hearst pulled from his papers advertising for the theatre where McCay performed . Editor Arthur Brisbane told him that he was a serious artist , not a comic cartoonist , and that he was to give up his comic strip work to focus on editorial illustrations . Hearst pressured McCays agents to reduce the number of his vaudeville appearances , and he was induced to sign a contract with Hearst that limited his vaudeville appearances to greater New",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "York , with occasional exceptions . In February 1917 , Hearst had McCay give up entirely on vaudeville and all other paid work outside the Hearst empire , though he was occasionally granted permission for particular shows . Hearst increased McCays salary to cover the loss of income .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "McCay was expected to report daily to the American building , where he shared a ninth-floor office with humorist Arthur Bugs Baer and sports cartoonist Joe McGurk . There , he illustrated editorials by Arthur Brisbane , who often sent back McCays drawings with instructions for changes . The quality of his drawings varied depending on his interest in the subject of the assignment , whether or not he agreed with the sentiments portrayed , and on events in his personal life . For example , in March 1914 he was subjected to a blackmail plot by a Mrs .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Lambkin , who was seeking a divorce from her husband . Lambkin alleged that McCays wife Maude was seeing her husband . With McCays level of fame , such a story would likely be in the papers , and Mrs . Lambkin and her husband told McCay that she would keep it secret for $1,000 . McCay did not believe the allegations , and gave testimony at the Lambkins divorce trial . The blackmail failed , and the divorce was not granted .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Hearst animation studio International Film Service began in December 1915 , and brought Hearst cartoonists to the screen . McCay was initially listed as one of them , but the studio never produced anything either by his hands or featuring his creations . McCay derived satisfaction from doing the work himself . Begun in 1916 , The Sinking of the Lusitania was his follow-up to Gertie . The film was not a fantasy but a detailed , realistic recreation of the 1915 German torpedoing of the RMS Lusitania . The event counted 128 Americans among its 1,198 dead , and",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "was a factor leading to the American entry into World War I .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " McCays daughter Marion married military man Raymond T . Moniz , eighteen years her senior , on October 13 , 1917 . She gave birth to McCays first grandchild , Ray Winsor Moniz , on July 16 , 1918 . Moniz and McCays son Robert were called up for service when the U.S . entered World War I .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "McCays self-financed Lusitania took nearly two years to complete . With the assistance of John Fitzsimmons and Cincinnati cartoonist William Apthorp Ap Adams , McCay spent his off hours drawing the film on sheets of cellulose acetate ( or cels ) with white and black India ink at McCays home . It was the first film McCay made using cels , a technology animator Earl Hurd had patented in 1914 ; it saved work by allowing dynamic drawings to be made on one or more layers , which could be laid over a static background layer , relieving animators of",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "the tedium of retracing static images onto drawing after drawing . McCay had the cels photographed at the Vitagraph studios . The film was naturalistically animated , and made use of dramatic camera angles that would have been impossible in a live-action film .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Jewel Productions released the film on July 20 , 1918 . Advertising touted it as the picture that will never have a competitor ; the film itself called McCay the originator and inventor of Animated Cartoons and drew attention to the fact that it took 25,000 drawings to complete . The Sinking of the Lusitania did not greatly return on McCays investment—after a few years run in theaters , it netted $80,000 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "McCay continued to produce animated films using cels . By 1921 , he had completed six , though three were likely never shown commercially to audiences and have survived only in fragments : The Centaurs , Flips Circus , and Gertie on Tour . In 1921 , he released three films based on Dream of the Rarebit Fiend : Bug Vaudeville , in which insects and other creepy-crawlies perform on stage ; The Pet , in which a creature with a bottomless appetite grows enormously and terrorizes the city in a way reminiscent of King Kong ; and The Flying",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "House , in which a man attaches wings to his house to flee from debt . McCays son Robert is credited with the animation on this last film , but Canemaker notes it is highly unlikely that a first-time animator could have produced such an accomplished piece of animation .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Later career ( 1921–1934 ) . After 1921 , McCay was made to give up on animation when Hearst learned he devoted more of his time to animation than to his newspaper illustrations . Unexecuted ideas McCay had for animation projects included a collaboration with Jungle Imps author George Randolph Chester , a musical film called The Barnyard Band , and a film about the Americans role in World War I .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "McCays son Robert married Theresa Tedda Munchausen on April 9 , 1921 . McCay bought them a nearby house as a wedding gift . The couple gave McCay two more grandchildren : Janet ( named after McCays mother ) in 1922 , and Robert in 1928 . Robert suffered shell shock during World War I , and following the war had difficulty drawing . McCay tried to boost his sons confidence by finding him cartooning work , and some of the elder McCays editorial cartoons were signed Robert Winsor McCay , Jr . Robert also briefly revived the Dreams of",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "the Rarebit Fiend strip as Rabid Reveries in 1924 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " In 1922 , McCay resumed doing vaudeville shows for the Keith circuit . He had a cameo in a newspaper office scene in the boxing film The Great White Way in early 1924 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "McCay left Hearst upon the expiration of his contract in May 1924 , bitter over not having received a promised $5,000 bonus . He returned to the Herald Tribune , and brought back Little Nemo beginning that August . The new strip displayed the virtuoso technique of the old , but the panels were laid out in an unvarying grid . Nemo took a more passive role in the stories , and there was no continuity . The strip came to an end in December 1926 , as it was not popular with readers . Hearst executives had been trying",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "to convince McCay to return to the American , and succeeded in 1927 . While McCay was gone , his place had been filled by Mel Cummin , who was let go after McCays return . Due to the lack of the 1920s Nemos success , the Herald Tribune signed over all copyrights to the strip to McCay for one dollar .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "In 1927 , McCay attended a dinner in his honor in New York . After a considerable amount of drinking , McCay was introduced by animator Max Fleischer . McCay gave the gathered group of animators some technical advice , but when he felt the audience was not giving him attention , he berated his audience , saying , Animation is an art . That is how I conceived it . But as I see , what you fellows have done with it , is making it into a trade . Not an art , but a trade . Bad",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Luck ! That September he appeared on the radio at WNAC , and on November 2 he was interviewed by Frank Craven for The Evening Journals Womans Hour . During both appearances he complained about the state of contemporary animation .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " An executive of the American Tobacco Company approached McCay in 1929 to do an advertising campaign for a financial sum in excess of his annual salary . Brisbane refused , noting that McCays contract didnt allow outside work . When the executive stormed into Brisbanes office threatening to pull American Tobaccos advertising dollars from the American , Brisbane provided a written release for the work .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "In 1932 , McCay found himself in what he recalled as the wildest ride in his life when Hearsts son Young Bill drove him at to the scene of the kidnapping of the Lindbergh baby . They arrived there two hours after the crime was first reported to police , and were able to interview the gathered police before the grounds were closed off to the public . McCay sketched the scene , the staff , and the ladders the kidnappers used , which he was allowed to see up close .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "McCay enjoyed robust health most of his life . On July 26 , 1934 , he complained to his wife of a severe head-ache . To his horror , he found his right arm—his drawing arm—was paralyzed . He lost consciousness and was pronounced dead later that afternoon , with his wife , children , and son-in-law by his side . He had died of a cerebral embolism , and was buried at the Cemetery of the Evergreens in Brooklyn in a family plot . He had a Masonic funeral in his home , attended by his newspaper colleagues ,",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Hearst and his son , and the Society of Illustrators , among others .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Brisbane hired back Mel Cummin to replace McCay . Due to his lavish life-style , McCay left a smaller fortune than those around him had expected . By the early 1940s , Maude had used up her inheritance and sold the house on Voorhies Avenue . When she died of a heart attack on March 2 , 1949 , she was living with her daughter and son-in-law . Son Robert was also careless with his inheritance , and less successful in art than his father . He worked for a short time at the Hearst papers , and tried unsuccessfully",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "to get a job at the Disney studios , before finding a career as illustrator for Training Aids/Special Services at Fort Ord .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Self-conscious and introverted in private , McCay was nevertheless a charismatic showman and self-promoter , and maintained several lifelong friendships . McCay was a light but frequent drinker ; he drank for camaraderie rather than for a love of drinking . To his wifes chagrin , McCay was a smoker of cigars and cigarettes . He was self-taught at the piano , and was an avid reader of poetry , plays and novels ; he admired W . B . Yeats , knew the works of Percy Bysshe Shelley and John Keats , and could quote the Bible and Shakespeare",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "McCay stood barely five feet ( ) tall , and felt dominated by his wife , who was nearly as tall as he was . McCay married Maude Leonore Dufour , the youngest of three daughters of French-Canadian carriage painter John Dufour . About a decade separated the couples ages : Maude was 14 when they married . Biographer Canemaker speculates this may explain the lack of certainty behind McCays birthdate , even by McCay himself , as he may have claimed to be younger than he was to justify marrying a teenaged girl . Maude was also age-conscious :",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "she preferred her grandchildren to call her Nan instead of Grandma and dyed her hair as she got older . The McCays took on the traditional roles of a married couple of the time , in that Winsor was the breadwinner and Maude the homemaker . Neither spouse got along well with the others mother .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " The couple had two children : Robert Winsor , born June 21 , 1896 ; and Marion Elizabeth , born August 22 , 1897 . McCay was said to be easy-going with the children , and left discipline to their stern mother . Marion felt domineered by her mother and perceived that her brother was her mothers favorite ; she was closer to her father and often appeared in public with him . Robert looked up to his father and became an artist himself . He was proud to have served as the model for Little Nemo .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "The McCays lived lavishly . McCay disliked driving , so kept a chauffeur who also served as bodyguard , as the editorial cartoons McCay drew for Hearst sometimes attracted threatening letters . Maude made daily trips by limousine to shop in upscale downtown Brooklyn with other well-to-do wives . Maude often complained to her husband , but he refused to discuss matters with her .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "McCays politics are unclear , and it is disputed whether he sympathized with the views displayed in his editorial cartoons . He was agnostic and believed in reincarnation . He was a Freemason , whose ranks he may have joined as early as when he was living in Chicago . His father had also been a Freemason , and was buried in 1915 with full Masonic rites , with funerals arranged by his Masonic lodges in both Woodstock , Ontario , and Edmore , Michigan . His mother often visited him in Brooklyn , and attended Little Nemos Philadelphia premiere",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": ". She died in Edmore , Michigan , in 1927 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " McCays brother Arthur was placed in a mental hospital in Traverse City , Michigan on March 7 , 1898 , where he stayed until his death from bronchopneumonia and arteriosclerosis on June 15 , 1946 . He never received family visits . McCay never let his children know about his brother , nor did they know about the existence of his sister Mae , who died in 1910 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "In 1937 , McCays son Robert attempted to carry on his fathers legacy by reviving Little Nemo . Comic book packager Harry A Cheslers syndicate announced a Sunday and daily Nemo strip , credited to Winsor McCay Jr . Robert also drew a comic book version for Chesler called Nemo in Adventureland starring grown-up versions of Nemo and the Princess . Neither project lasted long . In 1947 , Robert and fabric salesman Irving Mendelsohn organized the McCay Feature Syndicate , Inc . to revive the original Nemo strip from McCays original art , modified to fit the size of",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "modern newspaper pages . This revival also did not last .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "McCays original artwork has been poorly preserved . McCay insisted on having his originals returned to him , and a large collection that survived him was destroyed in a fire in the late 1930s . His wife was unsure how to handle the surviving pieces , so his son took on the responsibility and moved the collection to his own house . The family sold off some of the artwork when they were in need of cash . Responsibility for it passed to Mendelsohn , then later to daughter Marion . By the early twenty-first century , most of McCays",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "surviving artwork remained in family hands .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "McCay destroyed many of his original cans of film to create more storage space . Of what film he kept , much has not survived , as it was photographed on 35mm nitrate film , which decomposes and is highly flammable . Mendelsohns son and a friend , both young animators , discovered the film in Mendelsohns possession in 1947 and rescued what they could . In some cases , such as The Centaurs , only fragments could be saved . A negative and incomplete positive was discovered of Performing Animals , a film of animals playing instruments that may",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "have been intended for McCays vaudeville act ; it was deemed unsalvageable and destroyed .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " In 1966 , cartoonist Woody Gelman discovered the original artwork for many Little Nemo strips at a cartoon studio where McCays son Robert had worked . Many of the recovered originals were displayed at the Metropolitan Museum of Art under the direction of curator A . Hyatt Mayor . In 1973 , Gelman published a collection of Little Nemo strips in Italy . His collection of McCay originals is preserved at the Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum at Ohio State University .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "McCays work , grounded solidly in his understanding of realistic perspective , presaged the techniques featured in Walt Disneys feature films . Disney paid tribute to McCay in 1955 on an episode of Disneyland . The episode , The Story of Animated Drawing , gave a history of animation , and dramatized McCays vaudeville act with Gertie . Robert was invited to the Disney studios as a consultant on the episode , where Disney told him , Bob , all this should be your fathers .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "Animator and McCay biographer John Canemaker produced a film in 1974 called Remembering Winsor McCay , narrated by McCays animation assistant John Fitzsimmons . Canemaker helped coordinate the first retrospective of McCays films at the third International Animation Film Festival in 1975 in New York , which led to a film show at the Whitney Museum of American Art in winter 1975–76 . Canemaker also wrote a biography in 1987 called Winsor McCay : His Life and Art . In 2005 , a revised and expanded version of the biography was released , which comics scholar Jeet Heer called far",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "and away the most scholarly and intelligent biography ever written about an American cartoonist . Animation scholar Paul Wells stated , McCays influence on the history of animation cannot be understated . Film critic Richard Eder lamented that as an animation pioneer McCay was not able to reach the potential suggested by his work . Eder compared McCay to the Italian primitives of the early Renaissance , highly skilled in the limited techniques they could command . Heer wrote that McCays strength was in his visuals , but that his writing and characters were weak .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " Italian filmmaker Federico Fellini read Little Nemo in the childrens magazine Il corriere dei piccoli , and the strip was a powerful influence on the filmmaker , according to Fellini biographer Peter Bondanella . Comics historian R . C . Harvey has called McCay the first original genius of the comic strip medium and in animation . Harvey said that McCays contemporaries lacked the skill to continue with his innovations , so that they were left for future generations to rediscover and build upon .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "McCays work has inspired cartoonists from Carl Barks to Art Spiegelman . Robert Crumb called McCay a genius and one of his favorite cartoonists . Art Spiegelmans 1974 Real Dream strip was partially inspired by Rarebit Fiend , and his In the Shadow of No Towers in 2004 appropriated some of McCays imagery , and included a page of Little Nemo in its appendix . Maurice Sendaks childrens book In the Night Kitchen ( 1970 ) was an homage to McCays work , as was Rick Veitch comic book series Roarin Ricks Rarebit Fiends ( 1994–96 ) . Kim Deitch",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "and Simon Deitchs graphic novel The Boulevard of Broken Dreams revolved around a character named Winsor Newton , based on an aged McCay . Cartoonist Berke Breathed lamented that the conditions of newspaper cartooning had devolved to such a degree since McCays time that , had he worked later in the century , he would not have been allotted space sufficient for his expansive full-page fantasies .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " As Sigmund Freuds The Interpretation of Dreams first appeared in print in 1899 , McCays major dream strips work have invited speculation of a Freudian influence . A French Nurses Dream , a comic strip by the Hungarian artist Nándor Honti that appeared in Freuds book edition in 1914 , strongly resembles the work of McCay in its theme , pacing , Art Nouveau style , and closing panel of the dreamer awakening in bed . However , the English translation of Freuds book was not published until 1913 .",
"title": "Legacy"
}
] |
/wiki/Winsor_McCay#P108#1
|
What was the name of the employer Winsor McCay work for between Jun 1908 and Feb 1909?
|
Winsor McCay Zenas Winsor McCay ( – July 26 , 1934 ) was an American cartoonist and animator . He is best known for the comic strip Little Nemo ( 1905–14 ; 1924–26 ) and the animated film Gertie the Dinosaur ( 1914 ) . For contractual reasons , he worked under the pen name Silas on the comic strip Dream of the Rarebit Fiend . From a young age , McCay was a quick , prolific , and technically dextrous artist . He started his professional career making posters and performing for dime museums , and in 1898 began illustrating newspapers and magazines . In 1903 he joined the New York Herald , where he created popular comic strips such as Little Sammy Sneeze and Dream of the Rarebit Fiend . In 1905 his signature strip Little Nemo in Slumberland debuted—a fantasy strip in an Art Nouveau style about a young boy and his adventurous dreams . The strip demonstrated McCays strong graphic sense and mastery of color and linear perspective . McCay experimented with the formal elements of the comic strip page , arranging and sizing panels to increase impact and enhance the narrative . McCay also produced numerous detailed editorial cartoons and was a popular performer of chalk talks on the vaudeville circuit . McCay was an early animation pioneer ; between 1911 and 1921 he self-financed and animated ten films , some of which survive only as fragments . The first three served in his vaudeville act ; Gertie the Dinosaur was an interactive routine in which McCay appeared to give orders to a trained dinosaur . McCay and his assistants worked for twenty-two months on his most ambitious film , The Sinking of the Lusitania ( 1918 ) , a patriotic recreation of the German torpedoing in 1915 of the RMS Lusitania . Lusitania did not enjoy as much commercial success as the earlier films , and McCays later movies attracted little attention . His animation , vaudeville , and comic strip work was gradually curtailed as newspaper magnate William Randolph Hearst , his employer since 1911 , expected McCay to devote his energies to editorial illustrations . In his drawing , McCay made bold , prodigious use of linear perspective , particularly in detailed architecture and cityscapes . He textured his editorial cartoons with copious fine hatching , and made color a central element in Little Nemo . His comic strip work has influenced generations of cartoonists and illustrators . The technical level of McCays animation—its naturalism , smoothness , and scale—was unmatched until the work of Fleischer Studios in the late 1920s , followed by Walt Disneys feature films in the 1930s . He pioneered inbetweening , the use of registration marks , cycling , and other animation techniques that were to become standard . Personal history . Family history . McCays paternal grandparents , farmers Donald and Christiana , immigrated from Scotland to Upper Canada in the mid-1830s . McCays father , Robert ( 1840 – March 21 , 1915 ) was born in Woodstock , Upper Canada , the third of six children . McCays maternal grandparents , Peter and Mary Murray , were also Scottish immigrants , and settled as farmers in East Zorra in Upper Canada . Their daughter Janet was the third of nine children . Robert was a member of King Solomons No . 43 Masonic Lodge in Woodstock . In 1862 , Robert first traveled to the U.S . Robert and the twenty-five-year-old Janet married on January 8 , 1866 , at Woodstocks Methodist Episcopal Church . The couple moved across the Canada–US border later in the year and settled in Spring Lake , Michigan , on the eastern coast of Lake Michigan . Robert was employed by American entrepreneur Zenas G . Winsor ( 1814–1890 ) , with whom he had made contact in Canada . Records of McCays birth are not extant . He stated in an interview in 1910 that he was born in 1869 , and this is the year listed on his grave marker . in life , he told friends he was born September 26 , 1871 , in Spring Lake , and they published this information in a magazine . Michigan census records from 1870 and 1880 list a Zenas W . , who was born in Canada in 1867 , and others have speculated 1866 or 1868 based on evidence on how the censuses were carried out . No Canadian birth record has been found , and a fire in Spring Lake in May 1893 could have destroyed any American birth record he may have had . His obituary in the New York Herald Tribune stated , not even Mr . McCay knew his exact age . The McCays had two more children : Arthur in 1868 , and Mae in 1876 . Both were born in Michigan . Robert worked as a teamster under Winsor , and by May 1870 had saved enough money to buy a parcel of land . From 1879 to 1881 , he worked as a retail grocer . In 1885 he moved the family to Stanton , Michigan , and expanded his land holdings ; he was successful in real estate with his brother Hugh , who moved from in 1887 . By 1905 , Robert was also a notary public . He had settled in Edmore , Michigan , and by this point had changed the spelling of his surname from McKay to McCay . His son related this story about the change : Early life . McCay came to be known by his middle name , Winsor . His drawing skills emerged early . According to a story told within the family , McCay made his first drawing in the aftermath of one of the many fires that hit Spring Lake : he picked up a nail and etched the scene of the fire in the frost of a windowpane . Drawing became obsessive for him ; he drew anything he saw , and the level of detail and accuracy in his drawing was noted at a young age . He was able to draw accurately from memory even things he had never before drawn—what McCay called memory sketching . His father thought little of his sons artistic talents , though , and had him sent to Cleary Business College in Ypsilanti , Michigan . McCay rarely attended classes . He bragged about how he would catch the train to Detroit to show off his drawing skills at the Wonderland and Eden Musee dime museum . He drew portraits there for 25 apiece , of which he kept half . McCay thrived on the attention he received , and his talents soon drew wider attention . John Goodison , a geography and drawing professor at Michigan State Normal School , offered to teach art to McCay privately , and McCay eagerly accepted . The lessons were practical and focused on using observation to learn to draw in geometrical perspective . Goodison , a former glass stainer , influenced McCays use of color . McCay learned how to draw quickly using drills on a blackboard , and gained an appreciation for master artists of the past . Early career ( 1889–1903 ) . McCay spent two years in Chicago after making his way there sometime in 1889 with his friend Mort Touvers . He traded art techniques there with painter Jules Guérin , whom he met at a boarding house in which he lodged , and did artwork for posters and pamphlets at the National Printing and Engraving Company . In 1891 , McCay moved to Cincinnati , where he did more dime museum work while living in a boarding house near his workplace . He spent nine years making posters and other advertisements for the Kohl & Middleton Dime Museum , and later Heck and Averys Family Theater ( 1896 ) , Averys New Dime Museum ( 1898 ) , and Will S . Hecks Wonder World and Theater ( 1899 ) on Vine Street . At the museum in 1896 , a demonstration of Thomas Edisons Vitascope was given , which was likely McCays first exposure to the young medium of film . He also did work during this time for Ph . Mortons printing and lithography company . McCays ability to draw quickly with great accuracy drew crowds when he painted advertisements in public . His first year at Kohl & Middleton , McCay was smitten when Maude Leonore Dufour walked into the dime museum with her sister while he was painting . He rushed to his studio to change into a custom-tailored suit , returned , and introduced himself to the fourteen-year-old Maude . Soon they eloped in Covington , Kentucky . McCay began working on the side for the Cincinnati Commercial Tribune , where he learned to draw with a dip pen under the tutelage of Commercial Tribune art room manager Joseph Alexander . In 1898 , he accepted a full-time position there . His many illustrations for the paper displayed his bold use of perspective and mastery of hatchwork . Soon after , he began freelancing for the humor magazine Life as well . In 1900 , McCay accepted a position with a higher salary at The Cincinnati Enquirer . There , he produced a prolific number of drawings , did some reporting , and became head of the art department . In his drawings , he began using line thickness to indicate depth , and used thick lines to surround his characters in an Art Nouveau-inspired style that became a trademark of his work . Comic strips ( 1903–1911 ) . From January until November 1903 , McCay drew an ongoing proto-comic strip for the Enquirer based on poems written by George Randolph Chester called A Tale of the Jungle Imps by Felix Fiddle . Before the last two installments appeared in print , McCay had moved to New York City to work for James Gordon Bennett , Jr.s New York Herald , at first doing illustrations and editorial cartoons . He worked alongside comic strip pioneer Richard F . Outcault , who was doing the Buster Brown strip at the Herald . A rivalry built up between the two cartoonists which resulted in Outcault leaving the Herald to return to his previous employer , William Randolph Hearst at The New York Journal . McCays first continuing comic strip , Mr . Goodenough , debuted in The Evening Telegram on January 21 , 1904 . The formula for the strip was that a sedentary millionaire would seek ways to become more active , with embarrassing results . Sisters Little Sisters Beau , McCays first strip with a child protagonist , lasted one installment that April , and his first color strip , Phurious Phinish of Phoolish Philipes Phunny Phrolics , appeared in the Heralds Sunday supplement that May . McCays first popular comic strip was Little Sammy Sneeze . The strip starred a young boy whose sneeze would build panel by panel until it was released , with explosively disastrous results , for which he was usually punished or chased away by those affected . The strip debuted in July 1904 and ran until December 1906 . McCays longest-running strip , Dream of the Rarebit Fiend , first appeared in The Evening Telegram in September 1904 . The strip was aimed at an adult audience , and had no recurring characters . The characters that appeared in the strip would have fantastic , sometimes terrifying dreams , only to wake up in the last panel , cursing the Welsh rarebit they had eaten the night before , which they blamed for bringing on the dream . Rarebit Fiend was so popular that a book collection appeared in 1905 from publisher Frederick A . Stokes . It was adapted to film by Edwin S . Porter , and plans were made for a comic opera or musical extravaganza for stage that failed to materialize . McCay signed the Rarebit Fiend strips with the pen name Silas , as his contract required that he not use his real name for Evening Telegram work . The McCays had been living in Manhattan , close to the Herald offices ; before 1905 they moved to Sheepshead Bay in Brooklyn , New York , a seaside resort on Long Island . It was an hour commute from the Herald offices , but they believed it to be a better place to raise children . They lived at a number of addresses before settling into a three-story house at 1901 Voorhies Avenue , where McCay resided for the rest of his life . As his reputation grew , his employers allowed him to work from his home studio more often . While still turning out illustrations and editorial cartoons daily , McCay began three more continuing strips in 1905 . In January , he began The Story of Hungry Henrietta , in which the child protagonist visibly ages week by week , and eats compulsively in lieu of the love she craves from her parents . A Pilgrims Progress by Mister Bunion was another Silas strip for The Evening Telegram , which ran from June 1905 until May 1909</ref> . Mr . Bunion spent each strip unsuccessfully scheming to rid himself of his suitcase , labeled Dull Care . McCay got an idea from the Rarebit Fiend to please the little folk , and in October 1905 the full-page Sunday strip Little Nemo in Slumberland debuted in the Herald . Considered McCays masterpiece , its child protagonist had fabulous dreams , interrupted each week with his awakening in the final panel . Nemos appearance was based on McCays son Robert . McCay experimented with formal aspects of the comics page : he made inventive use of timing and pacing , the size and shape of panels , perspective , and architectural and other details . The Herald was considered to have the highest quality color printing of any newspaper at the time ; its printing staff used the Ben Day process for color , and McCay annotated the Nemo pages with precise color schemes for the printers . Impresario F . F . Proctor approached McCay in April 1906 to perform chalk talks for the vaudeville circuit . For $500 per week he was to draw twenty-five sketches in fifteen minutes before live audiences , as a pit band played a piece called Dream of the Rarebit Fiend . In his The Seven Ages of Man routine , he drew two faces and progressively aged them . His first performance was on June 11 , 1906 , in a show that also featured entertainer W . C . Fields . It was a success , and McCay toured with the show throughout 1907 , while managing to complete his comic strip and illustration work on time , often working in hotel rooms or backstage . As early as 1905 , several abortive attempts were made to produce a stage version of Little Nemo . In mid-1907 , Marcus Klaw and A . L . Erlanger announced they would put on an extravagant Little Nemo show for an unprecedented $100,000 , with a score by Victor Herbert and lyrics by Harry B . Smith . It starred midget Gabriel Weigel as Nemo , Joseph Cawthorn as Dr . Pill , and Billy B . Van as Flip . Reviews were positive ; it played to sold-out houses in New York and toured for two seasons . McCay brought his vaudeville act to each city where Little Nemo played . When the Keith circuit refused McCay to perform in Boston without a new act , McCay switched to the William Morris circuit , with a $100-a-week raise . In several cities , McCay brought his son , who as publicity sat on a small throne dressed as Nemo . As part of an improvised story , Cawthorn introduced a mythical creature he called a Whiffenpoof . The word caught on with the public , and became the name of a and a singing group . Despite the shows success , it failed to make back its investment due to its enormous expenses and came to an end in December 1910 . McCay displayed his social awareness in the last strip he created for the Herald , Poor Jake . Its title character was a silent laborer who worked thanklessly for a Colonel and Mrs . Stall , who exploit him . The strip ran from 1909 until spring 1911 . McCay was approached in early 1910 to bring his vaudeville show to Europe . McCay requested the Heralds permission , but the plans never materialized . His show stayed within the eastern U.S . until he ceased performing in 1917 . Biographer John Canemaker assumed McCays request to tour Europe was turned down , and that the refusal added to McCays growing frustration with the Herald . A distrust of big business became pronounced in McCays work around this time , including a story arc in Little Nemo in which the characters visit a Mars oppressed by a greedy business magnate . Animation ( 1911–1921 ) . McCay said he was most proud of his animation work . He completed ten animated films between 1911 and 1921 , and three more were planned . Inspired by the flip books his son brought home , McCay came to see the possibility of making moving pictures of his cartoons . He claimed to be the first man in the world to make animated cartoons , though he was preceded by others such as James Stuart Blackton and Émile Cohl . McCay made four thousand drawings on rice paper for his first animated short , which starred his Little Nemo characters . They were shot at Vitagraph Studios under Blacktons supervision . Live-action sequences were added to the beginning and end of the film , in which McCay bets his newspaper colleagues that in one month he can make four thousand drawings that move . Among those featured in these sequences were cartoonist George McManus and actor John Bunny . Little Nemo debuted in movie theatres on April 8 , 1911 , and four days later McCay began using it as part of his vaudeville act . Its good reception motivated him to hand-color each of the frames of the originally black-and-white animation . McCay had become frustrated with the Herald , partly over money issues and partly because he perceived a lack of freedom . He accepted a higher-paying offer in spring 1911 from Hearst at the New York American and took Little Nemos characters with him . The Herald held the strips copyright , but McCay won a lawsuit that allowed him to continue using the characters , which he did under the title In the Land of Wonderful Dreams . The Herald was unsuccessful in finding another cartoonist to continue the original strip . McCay began work that May on his next animated film , How a Mosquito Operates , based on a Rarebit Fiend episode from June 5 , 1909 , in which a man in bed tries in vain to defend himself from a giant mosquito , which drinks itself so full that it explodes . The animation is naturalistic—rather than expanding like a balloon , with each sip of blood the mosquitos abdomen swells according to its body structure . The film was completed in January 1912 , and McCay toured with it that spring and summer . Gertie the Dinosaur debuted in February 1914 as part of McCays vaudeville act . McCay introduced Gertie as the only dinosaur in captivity , and commanded the animated beast with a whip . Gertie seemed to obey McCay , bowing to the audience , and eating a tree and a boulder , though she had a will of her own and sometimes rebelled . When McCay admonished her , she cried . McCay consoled her by throwing her an apple—in reality pocketing the cardboard prop apple as a cartoon one simultaneously appeared on screen . In the finale , McCay walked offstage , reappeared in animated form in the film , and had Gertie carry him away . Producer William Foxs Box Office Attractions obtained distribution rights to a modified version of Gertie that could be played in regular movie theaters . This version was prefaced with a live-action sequence and replaced the interactive portions with intertitles . Gertie was McCays first piece of animation with detailed backgrounds . McCay drew the foreground characters , while art student neighbor John A . Fitzsimmons traced the backgrounds . McCay pioneered the McCay Split System of inbetweening , in which major poses or positions were drawn first , and the intervening frames drawn after . This relieved tedium and improved the timing of the films actions . McCay refused to patent his system , and was sued in 1914 by animator John Randolph Bray , who took advantage of McCays lapse by patenting many of McCays techniques , including the use of registration marks , tracing paper , the Mutoscope action viewer , and the cycling of drawings to create repetitive action . The lawsuit was unsuccessful , and there is evidence that McCay may have countersued—he thereafter received royalty payments from Bray for licensing the techniques . Hearst was disappointed with the quality of McCays newspaper work . Infuriated that he couldnt reach McCay during a vaudeville performance , Hearst pulled from his papers advertising for the theatre where McCay performed . Editor Arthur Brisbane told him that he was a serious artist , not a comic cartoonist , and that he was to give up his comic strip work to focus on editorial illustrations . Hearst pressured McCays agents to reduce the number of his vaudeville appearances , and he was induced to sign a contract with Hearst that limited his vaudeville appearances to greater New York , with occasional exceptions . In February 1917 , Hearst had McCay give up entirely on vaudeville and all other paid work outside the Hearst empire , though he was occasionally granted permission for particular shows . Hearst increased McCays salary to cover the loss of income . McCay was expected to report daily to the American building , where he shared a ninth-floor office with humorist Arthur Bugs Baer and sports cartoonist Joe McGurk . There , he illustrated editorials by Arthur Brisbane , who often sent back McCays drawings with instructions for changes . The quality of his drawings varied depending on his interest in the subject of the assignment , whether or not he agreed with the sentiments portrayed , and on events in his personal life . For example , in March 1914 he was subjected to a blackmail plot by a Mrs . Lambkin , who was seeking a divorce from her husband . Lambkin alleged that McCays wife Maude was seeing her husband . With McCays level of fame , such a story would likely be in the papers , and Mrs . Lambkin and her husband told McCay that she would keep it secret for $1,000 . McCay did not believe the allegations , and gave testimony at the Lambkins divorce trial . The blackmail failed , and the divorce was not granted . Hearst animation studio International Film Service began in December 1915 , and brought Hearst cartoonists to the screen . McCay was initially listed as one of them , but the studio never produced anything either by his hands or featuring his creations . McCay derived satisfaction from doing the work himself . Begun in 1916 , The Sinking of the Lusitania was his follow-up to Gertie . The film was not a fantasy but a detailed , realistic recreation of the 1915 German torpedoing of the RMS Lusitania . The event counted 128 Americans among its 1,198 dead , and was a factor leading to the American entry into World War I . McCays daughter Marion married military man Raymond T . Moniz , eighteen years her senior , on October 13 , 1917 . She gave birth to McCays first grandchild , Ray Winsor Moniz , on July 16 , 1918 . Moniz and McCays son Robert were called up for service when the U.S . entered World War I . McCays self-financed Lusitania took nearly two years to complete . With the assistance of John Fitzsimmons and Cincinnati cartoonist William Apthorp Ap Adams , McCay spent his off hours drawing the film on sheets of cellulose acetate ( or cels ) with white and black India ink at McCays home . It was the first film McCay made using cels , a technology animator Earl Hurd had patented in 1914 ; it saved work by allowing dynamic drawings to be made on one or more layers , which could be laid over a static background layer , relieving animators of the tedium of retracing static images onto drawing after drawing . McCay had the cels photographed at the Vitagraph studios . The film was naturalistically animated , and made use of dramatic camera angles that would have been impossible in a live-action film . Jewel Productions released the film on July 20 , 1918 . Advertising touted it as the picture that will never have a competitor ; the film itself called McCay the originator and inventor of Animated Cartoons and drew attention to the fact that it took 25,000 drawings to complete . The Sinking of the Lusitania did not greatly return on McCays investment—after a few years run in theaters , it netted $80,000 . McCay continued to produce animated films using cels . By 1921 , he had completed six , though three were likely never shown commercially to audiences and have survived only in fragments : The Centaurs , Flips Circus , and Gertie on Tour . In 1921 , he released three films based on Dream of the Rarebit Fiend : Bug Vaudeville , in which insects and other creepy-crawlies perform on stage ; The Pet , in which a creature with a bottomless appetite grows enormously and terrorizes the city in a way reminiscent of King Kong ; and The Flying House , in which a man attaches wings to his house to flee from debt . McCays son Robert is credited with the animation on this last film , but Canemaker notes it is highly unlikely that a first-time animator could have produced such an accomplished piece of animation . Later career ( 1921–1934 ) . After 1921 , McCay was made to give up on animation when Hearst learned he devoted more of his time to animation than to his newspaper illustrations . Unexecuted ideas McCay had for animation projects included a collaboration with Jungle Imps author George Randolph Chester , a musical film called The Barnyard Band , and a film about the Americans role in World War I . McCays son Robert married Theresa Tedda Munchausen on April 9 , 1921 . McCay bought them a nearby house as a wedding gift . The couple gave McCay two more grandchildren : Janet ( named after McCays mother ) in 1922 , and Robert in 1928 . Robert suffered shell shock during World War I , and following the war had difficulty drawing . McCay tried to boost his sons confidence by finding him cartooning work , and some of the elder McCays editorial cartoons were signed Robert Winsor McCay , Jr . Robert also briefly revived the Dreams of the Rarebit Fiend strip as Rabid Reveries in 1924 . In 1922 , McCay resumed doing vaudeville shows for the Keith circuit . He had a cameo in a newspaper office scene in the boxing film The Great White Way in early 1924 . McCay left Hearst upon the expiration of his contract in May 1924 , bitter over not having received a promised $5,000 bonus . He returned to the Herald Tribune , and brought back Little Nemo beginning that August . The new strip displayed the virtuoso technique of the old , but the panels were laid out in an unvarying grid . Nemo took a more passive role in the stories , and there was no continuity . The strip came to an end in December 1926 , as it was not popular with readers . Hearst executives had been trying to convince McCay to return to the American , and succeeded in 1927 . While McCay was gone , his place had been filled by Mel Cummin , who was let go after McCays return . Due to the lack of the 1920s Nemos success , the Herald Tribune signed over all copyrights to the strip to McCay for one dollar . In 1927 , McCay attended a dinner in his honor in New York . After a considerable amount of drinking , McCay was introduced by animator Max Fleischer . McCay gave the gathered group of animators some technical advice , but when he felt the audience was not giving him attention , he berated his audience , saying , Animation is an art . That is how I conceived it . But as I see , what you fellows have done with it , is making it into a trade . Not an art , but a trade . Bad Luck ! That September he appeared on the radio at WNAC , and on November 2 he was interviewed by Frank Craven for The Evening Journals Womans Hour . During both appearances he complained about the state of contemporary animation . An executive of the American Tobacco Company approached McCay in 1929 to do an advertising campaign for a financial sum in excess of his annual salary . Brisbane refused , noting that McCays contract didnt allow outside work . When the executive stormed into Brisbanes office threatening to pull American Tobaccos advertising dollars from the American , Brisbane provided a written release for the work . In 1932 , McCay found himself in what he recalled as the wildest ride in his life when Hearsts son Young Bill drove him at to the scene of the kidnapping of the Lindbergh baby . They arrived there two hours after the crime was first reported to police , and were able to interview the gathered police before the grounds were closed off to the public . McCay sketched the scene , the staff , and the ladders the kidnappers used , which he was allowed to see up close . McCay enjoyed robust health most of his life . On July 26 , 1934 , he complained to his wife of a severe head-ache . To his horror , he found his right arm—his drawing arm—was paralyzed . He lost consciousness and was pronounced dead later that afternoon , with his wife , children , and son-in-law by his side . He had died of a cerebral embolism , and was buried at the Cemetery of the Evergreens in Brooklyn in a family plot . He had a Masonic funeral in his home , attended by his newspaper colleagues , Hearst and his son , and the Society of Illustrators , among others . Brisbane hired back Mel Cummin to replace McCay . Due to his lavish life-style , McCay left a smaller fortune than those around him had expected . By the early 1940s , Maude had used up her inheritance and sold the house on Voorhies Avenue . When she died of a heart attack on March 2 , 1949 , she was living with her daughter and son-in-law . Son Robert was also careless with his inheritance , and less successful in art than his father . He worked for a short time at the Hearst papers , and tried unsuccessfully to get a job at the Disney studios , before finding a career as illustrator for Training Aids/Special Services at Fort Ord . Personal life . Self-conscious and introverted in private , McCay was nevertheless a charismatic showman and self-promoter , and maintained several lifelong friendships . McCay was a light but frequent drinker ; he drank for camaraderie rather than for a love of drinking . To his wifes chagrin , McCay was a smoker of cigars and cigarettes . He was self-taught at the piano , and was an avid reader of poetry , plays and novels ; he admired W . B . Yeats , knew the works of Percy Bysshe Shelley and John Keats , and could quote the Bible and Shakespeare . McCay stood barely five feet ( ) tall , and felt dominated by his wife , who was nearly as tall as he was . McCay married Maude Leonore Dufour , the youngest of three daughters of French-Canadian carriage painter John Dufour . About a decade separated the couples ages : Maude was 14 when they married . Biographer Canemaker speculates this may explain the lack of certainty behind McCays birthdate , even by McCay himself , as he may have claimed to be younger than he was to justify marrying a teenaged girl . Maude was also age-conscious : she preferred her grandchildren to call her Nan instead of Grandma and dyed her hair as she got older . The McCays took on the traditional roles of a married couple of the time , in that Winsor was the breadwinner and Maude the homemaker . Neither spouse got along well with the others mother . The couple had two children : Robert Winsor , born June 21 , 1896 ; and Marion Elizabeth , born August 22 , 1897 . McCay was said to be easy-going with the children , and left discipline to their stern mother . Marion felt domineered by her mother and perceived that her brother was her mothers favorite ; she was closer to her father and often appeared in public with him . Robert looked up to his father and became an artist himself . He was proud to have served as the model for Little Nemo . The McCays lived lavishly . McCay disliked driving , so kept a chauffeur who also served as bodyguard , as the editorial cartoons McCay drew for Hearst sometimes attracted threatening letters . Maude made daily trips by limousine to shop in upscale downtown Brooklyn with other well-to-do wives . Maude often complained to her husband , but he refused to discuss matters with her . McCays politics are unclear , and it is disputed whether he sympathized with the views displayed in his editorial cartoons . He was agnostic and believed in reincarnation . He was a Freemason , whose ranks he may have joined as early as when he was living in Chicago . His father had also been a Freemason , and was buried in 1915 with full Masonic rites , with funerals arranged by his Masonic lodges in both Woodstock , Ontario , and Edmore , Michigan . His mother often visited him in Brooklyn , and attended Little Nemos Philadelphia premiere . She died in Edmore , Michigan , in 1927 . McCays brother Arthur was placed in a mental hospital in Traverse City , Michigan on March 7 , 1898 , where he stayed until his death from bronchopneumonia and arteriosclerosis on June 15 , 1946 . He never received family visits . McCay never let his children know about his brother , nor did they know about the existence of his sister Mae , who died in 1910 . Legacy . In 1937 , McCays son Robert attempted to carry on his fathers legacy by reviving Little Nemo . Comic book packager Harry A Cheslers syndicate announced a Sunday and daily Nemo strip , credited to Winsor McCay Jr . Robert also drew a comic book version for Chesler called Nemo in Adventureland starring grown-up versions of Nemo and the Princess . Neither project lasted long . In 1947 , Robert and fabric salesman Irving Mendelsohn organized the McCay Feature Syndicate , Inc . to revive the original Nemo strip from McCays original art , modified to fit the size of modern newspaper pages . This revival also did not last . McCays original artwork has been poorly preserved . McCay insisted on having his originals returned to him , and a large collection that survived him was destroyed in a fire in the late 1930s . His wife was unsure how to handle the surviving pieces , so his son took on the responsibility and moved the collection to his own house . The family sold off some of the artwork when they were in need of cash . Responsibility for it passed to Mendelsohn , then later to daughter Marion . By the early twenty-first century , most of McCays surviving artwork remained in family hands . McCay destroyed many of his original cans of film to create more storage space . Of what film he kept , much has not survived , as it was photographed on 35mm nitrate film , which decomposes and is highly flammable . Mendelsohns son and a friend , both young animators , discovered the film in Mendelsohns possession in 1947 and rescued what they could . In some cases , such as The Centaurs , only fragments could be saved . A negative and incomplete positive was discovered of Performing Animals , a film of animals playing instruments that may have been intended for McCays vaudeville act ; it was deemed unsalvageable and destroyed . In 1966 , cartoonist Woody Gelman discovered the original artwork for many Little Nemo strips at a cartoon studio where McCays son Robert had worked . Many of the recovered originals were displayed at the Metropolitan Museum of Art under the direction of curator A . Hyatt Mayor . In 1973 , Gelman published a collection of Little Nemo strips in Italy . His collection of McCay originals is preserved at the Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum at Ohio State University . McCays work , grounded solidly in his understanding of realistic perspective , presaged the techniques featured in Walt Disneys feature films . Disney paid tribute to McCay in 1955 on an episode of Disneyland . The episode , The Story of Animated Drawing , gave a history of animation , and dramatized McCays vaudeville act with Gertie . Robert was invited to the Disney studios as a consultant on the episode , where Disney told him , Bob , all this should be your fathers . Animator and McCay biographer John Canemaker produced a film in 1974 called Remembering Winsor McCay , narrated by McCays animation assistant John Fitzsimmons . Canemaker helped coordinate the first retrospective of McCays films at the third International Animation Film Festival in 1975 in New York , which led to a film show at the Whitney Museum of American Art in winter 1975–76 . Canemaker also wrote a biography in 1987 called Winsor McCay : His Life and Art . In 2005 , a revised and expanded version of the biography was released , which comics scholar Jeet Heer called far and away the most scholarly and intelligent biography ever written about an American cartoonist . Animation scholar Paul Wells stated , McCays influence on the history of animation cannot be understated . Film critic Richard Eder lamented that as an animation pioneer McCay was not able to reach the potential suggested by his work . Eder compared McCay to the Italian primitives of the early Renaissance , highly skilled in the limited techniques they could command . Heer wrote that McCays strength was in his visuals , but that his writing and characters were weak . Italian filmmaker Federico Fellini read Little Nemo in the childrens magazine Il corriere dei piccoli , and the strip was a powerful influence on the filmmaker , according to Fellini biographer Peter Bondanella . Comics historian R . C . Harvey has called McCay the first original genius of the comic strip medium and in animation . Harvey said that McCays contemporaries lacked the skill to continue with his innovations , so that they were left for future generations to rediscover and build upon . McCays work has inspired cartoonists from Carl Barks to Art Spiegelman . Robert Crumb called McCay a genius and one of his favorite cartoonists . Art Spiegelmans 1974 Real Dream strip was partially inspired by Rarebit Fiend , and his In the Shadow of No Towers in 2004 appropriated some of McCays imagery , and included a page of Little Nemo in its appendix . Maurice Sendaks childrens book In the Night Kitchen ( 1970 ) was an homage to McCays work , as was Rick Veitch comic book series Roarin Ricks Rarebit Fiends ( 1994–96 ) . Kim Deitch and Simon Deitchs graphic novel The Boulevard of Broken Dreams revolved around a character named Winsor Newton , based on an aged McCay . Cartoonist Berke Breathed lamented that the conditions of newspaper cartooning had devolved to such a degree since McCays time that , had he worked later in the century , he would not have been allotted space sufficient for his expansive full-page fantasies . As Sigmund Freuds The Interpretation of Dreams first appeared in print in 1899 , McCays major dream strips work have invited speculation of a Freudian influence . A French Nurses Dream , a comic strip by the Hungarian artist Nándor Honti that appeared in Freuds book edition in 1914 , strongly resembles the work of McCay in its theme , pacing , Art Nouveau style , and closing panel of the dreamer awakening in bed . However , the English translation of Freuds book was not published until 1913 . The Winsor McCay Award was established in 1972 to recognize individuals for lifetime or career contributions in animation , and is presented as part of the Annie Awards . The Hammer Museum in Los Angeles devoted a room to McCays work as part of the Masters of American Comics exhibit in 2005 . German publisher Taschen published a complete , boxed , full-size edition of Little Nemo in two volumes in 2014 entitled The Complete Little Nemo . The American astronomer Roy A . Tucker named the asteroid 113461 after McCay in 2002 . Work . Style . Virtually from the beginning , McCay innovated with the forms of his chosen media . He varied the size and shape of comic strip panels for dramatic effect , as in the second instalment of Little Nemo ( October 22 , 1905 ) , where the panels grow to adapt to a growing forest of mushrooms . Few of McCays contemporaries were so bold with their page layouts . Near-contemporary George Herriman with Krazy Kat was the most notable example , but it was not until a generation later that cartoonists such as Frank King with Gasoline Alley , Hal Foster with Prince Valiant , and Roy Crane with Captain Easy attempted such daring designs on their Sunday pages . McCays detailed hatching mastery of perspective enhanced the illusions in his drawings , particularly in Little Nemo . Fantastic grotesqueries such as what McCay witnessed during his time at the Wonderland and Eden Musee appeared often in McCays work . McCay was noted for the speed and accuracy with which he could draw ; crowds of people would gather around to watch him paint billboards . McCay had a taste for the ornate . The architecture he drew was inspired by that of carnivals , the 1893 Worlds Columbian Exposition in Chicago and the detailed illustrations in British illustrated newspapers The Illustrated London News and The Graphic . The of Paris published a series of illustrated books called Images Enphantines , whose pages bear a striking resemblance to McCays early Little Nemo strips , both in their graphic sense and their imaginative layouts . To Canemaker , McCay had an absolute precision of line akin to those of Northern Renaissance artist Albrecht Dürer and 19th-century French illustrator Gustave Doré . McCay drew with Higgins black drawing ink , Gillott pens , art gum , a T-square and angle , and an assortment of Venus lead pencils . In his early magazine cartoons McCay often painted in gouache . McCay used metafictional techniques such as self-referentiality in his work . This was most frequent in Dream of the Rarebit Fiend , where McCay sometimes put himself in the strip , or had characters address the reader . Sometimes characters become aware of the strip itself—a jealous lover tears the very strip apart in which he appears ; another character fastens panel borders to his strip when he realizes the artist has forgotten them ; and in a Sammy Sneeze episode Sammys sneeze destroys the panel borders . In contrast to the high level of skill in the artwork , the dialogue in McCays speech balloons is crude , sometimes approaching illegibility , and disfigur [ ing ] his otherwise flawless work , according to critic R . C . Harvey . This is further highlighted by the level of effort and skill apparent in the title lettering . McCay seemed to show little regard for the dialogue balloons , their content , and their placement in the visual composition . They tended to contain repetitive monologues expressing the increasing distress of the speakers , and showed that McCays gift was in the visual and not the verbal . In his comics and animation McCay used stock ethnic stereotypes common in his era . A conscious attempt to offend is not apparent . He depicted blacks as savages , or wishing they could be white . Most prominent were a pair of characters in Little Nemo : the ill-tempered Irishman Flip and the rarely speaking grass-skirted African Little Imp . In the animated Little Nemo , the Anglo-Saxon Nemo is shown drawn in a dignified Art Nouveau style , and controls by magic the more grotesquely caricatured Flip and Imp . Women were few in McCays work , and were depicted as superficial , jealous , and argumentative ; the Princess in Little Nemo never partook in the camaraderie the males shared . References . Works cited . Books . - ( on included DVD ) External links . - Lambiek Comiclopedia article
|
[
"the New York Herald"
] |
[
{
"text": " Zenas Winsor McCay ( – July 26 , 1934 ) was an American cartoonist and animator . He is best known for the comic strip Little Nemo ( 1905–14 ; 1924–26 ) and the animated film Gertie the Dinosaur ( 1914 ) . For contractual reasons , he worked under the pen name Silas on the comic strip Dream of the Rarebit Fiend .",
"title": "Winsor McCay"
},
{
"text": "From a young age , McCay was a quick , prolific , and technically dextrous artist . He started his professional career making posters and performing for dime museums , and in 1898 began illustrating newspapers and magazines . In 1903 he joined the New York Herald , where he created popular comic strips such as Little Sammy Sneeze and Dream of the Rarebit Fiend . In 1905 his signature strip Little Nemo in Slumberland debuted—a fantasy strip in an Art Nouveau style about a young boy and his adventurous dreams . The strip demonstrated McCays strong graphic sense and",
"title": "Winsor McCay"
},
{
"text": "mastery of color and linear perspective . McCay experimented with the formal elements of the comic strip page , arranging and sizing panels to increase impact and enhance the narrative . McCay also produced numerous detailed editorial cartoons and was a popular performer of chalk talks on the vaudeville circuit .",
"title": "Winsor McCay"
},
{
"text": "McCay was an early animation pioneer ; between 1911 and 1921 he self-financed and animated ten films , some of which survive only as fragments . The first three served in his vaudeville act ; Gertie the Dinosaur was an interactive routine in which McCay appeared to give orders to a trained dinosaur . McCay and his assistants worked for twenty-two months on his most ambitious film , The Sinking of the Lusitania ( 1918 ) , a patriotic recreation of the German torpedoing in 1915 of the RMS Lusitania . Lusitania did not enjoy as much commercial success as",
"title": "Winsor McCay"
},
{
"text": "the earlier films , and McCays later movies attracted little attention . His animation , vaudeville , and comic strip work was gradually curtailed as newspaper magnate William Randolph Hearst , his employer since 1911 , expected McCay to devote his energies to editorial illustrations .",
"title": "Winsor McCay"
},
{
"text": "In his drawing , McCay made bold , prodigious use of linear perspective , particularly in detailed architecture and cityscapes . He textured his editorial cartoons with copious fine hatching , and made color a central element in Little Nemo . His comic strip work has influenced generations of cartoonists and illustrators . The technical level of McCays animation—its naturalism , smoothness , and scale—was unmatched until the work of Fleischer Studios in the late 1920s , followed by Walt Disneys feature films in the 1930s . He pioneered inbetweening , the use of registration marks , cycling , and",
"title": "Winsor McCay"
},
{
"text": "other animation techniques that were to become standard .",
"title": "Winsor McCay"
},
{
"text": " McCays paternal grandparents , farmers Donald and Christiana , immigrated from Scotland to Upper Canada in the mid-1830s . McCays father , Robert ( 1840 – March 21 , 1915 ) was born in Woodstock , Upper Canada , the third of six children . McCays maternal grandparents , Peter and Mary Murray , were also Scottish immigrants , and settled as farmers in East Zorra in Upper Canada . Their daughter Janet was the third of nine children .",
"title": "Family history"
},
{
"text": "Robert was a member of King Solomons No . 43 Masonic Lodge in Woodstock . In 1862 , Robert first traveled to the U.S . Robert and the twenty-five-year-old Janet married on January 8 , 1866 , at Woodstocks Methodist Episcopal Church . The couple moved across the Canada–US border later in the year and settled in Spring Lake , Michigan , on the eastern coast of Lake Michigan . Robert was employed by American entrepreneur Zenas G . Winsor ( 1814–1890 ) , with whom he had made contact in Canada .",
"title": "Family history"
},
{
"text": "Records of McCays birth are not extant . He stated in an interview in 1910 that he was born in 1869 , and this is the year listed on his grave marker . in life , he told friends he was born September 26 , 1871 , in Spring Lake , and they published this information in a magazine . Michigan census records from 1870 and 1880 list a Zenas W . , who was born in Canada in 1867 , and others have speculated 1866 or 1868 based on evidence on how the censuses were carried out . No",
"title": "Family history"
},
{
"text": "Canadian birth record has been found , and a fire in Spring Lake in May 1893 could have destroyed any American birth record he may have had . His obituary in the New York Herald Tribune stated , not even Mr . McCay knew his exact age .",
"title": "Family history"
},
{
"text": " The McCays had two more children : Arthur in 1868 , and Mae in 1876 . Both were born in Michigan . Robert worked as a teamster under Winsor , and by May 1870 had saved enough money to buy a parcel of land . From 1879 to 1881 , he worked as a retail grocer . In 1885 he moved the family to Stanton , Michigan , and expanded his land holdings ; he was successful in real estate with his brother Hugh , who moved from in 1887 .",
"title": "Family history"
},
{
"text": "By 1905 , Robert was also a notary public . He had settled in Edmore , Michigan , and by this point had changed the spelling of his surname from McKay to McCay . His son related this story about the change :",
"title": "Family history"
},
{
"text": "McCay came to be known by his middle name , Winsor . His drawing skills emerged early . According to a story told within the family , McCay made his first drawing in the aftermath of one of the many fires that hit Spring Lake : he picked up a nail and etched the scene of the fire in the frost of a windowpane . Drawing became obsessive for him ; he drew anything he saw , and the level of detail and accuracy in his drawing was noted at a young age . He was able to draw accurately",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "from memory even things he had never before drawn—what McCay called memory sketching . His father thought little of his sons artistic talents , though , and had him sent to Cleary Business College in Ypsilanti , Michigan . McCay rarely attended classes . He bragged about how he would catch the train to Detroit to show off his drawing skills at the Wonderland and Eden Musee dime museum . He drew portraits there for 25 apiece , of which he kept half .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " McCay thrived on the attention he received , and his talents soon drew wider attention . John Goodison , a geography and drawing professor at Michigan State Normal School , offered to teach art to McCay privately , and McCay eagerly accepted . The lessons were practical and focused on using observation to learn to draw in geometrical perspective . Goodison , a former glass stainer , influenced McCays use of color . McCay learned how to draw quickly using drills on a blackboard , and gained an appreciation for master artists of the past .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Early career ( 1889–1903 ) .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " McCay spent two years in Chicago after making his way there sometime in 1889 with his friend Mort Touvers . He traded art techniques there with painter Jules Guérin , whom he met at a boarding house in which he lodged , and did artwork for posters and pamphlets at the National Printing and Engraving Company .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "In 1891 , McCay moved to Cincinnati , where he did more dime museum work while living in a boarding house near his workplace . He spent nine years making posters and other advertisements for the Kohl & Middleton Dime Museum , and later Heck and Averys Family Theater ( 1896 ) , Averys New Dime Museum ( 1898 ) , and Will S . Hecks Wonder World and Theater ( 1899 ) on Vine Street . At the museum in 1896 , a demonstration of Thomas Edisons Vitascope was given , which was likely McCays first exposure to the",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "young medium of film . He also did work during this time for Ph . Mortons printing and lithography company . McCays ability to draw quickly with great accuracy drew crowds when he painted advertisements in public .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " His first year at Kohl & Middleton , McCay was smitten when Maude Leonore Dufour walked into the dime museum with her sister while he was painting . He rushed to his studio to change into a custom-tailored suit , returned , and introduced himself to the fourteen-year-old Maude . Soon they eloped in Covington , Kentucky .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "McCay began working on the side for the Cincinnati Commercial Tribune , where he learned to draw with a dip pen under the tutelage of Commercial Tribune art room manager Joseph Alexander . In 1898 , he accepted a full-time position there . His many illustrations for the paper displayed his bold use of perspective and mastery of hatchwork . Soon after , he began freelancing for the humor magazine Life as well .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " In 1900 , McCay accepted a position with a higher salary at The Cincinnati Enquirer . There , he produced a prolific number of drawings , did some reporting , and became head of the art department . In his drawings , he began using line thickness to indicate depth , and used thick lines to surround his characters in an Art Nouveau-inspired style that became a trademark of his work . Comic strips ( 1903–1911 ) .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "From January until November 1903 , McCay drew an ongoing proto-comic strip for the Enquirer based on poems written by George Randolph Chester called A Tale of the Jungle Imps by Felix Fiddle . Before the last two installments appeared in print , McCay had moved to New York City to work for James Gordon Bennett , Jr.s New York Herald , at first doing illustrations and editorial cartoons . He worked alongside comic strip pioneer Richard F . Outcault , who was doing the Buster Brown strip at the Herald . A rivalry built up between the two cartoonists",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "which resulted in Outcault leaving the Herald to return to his previous employer , William Randolph Hearst at The New York Journal .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " McCays first continuing comic strip , Mr . Goodenough , debuted in The Evening Telegram on January 21 , 1904 . The formula for the strip was that a sedentary millionaire would seek ways to become more active , with embarrassing results . Sisters Little Sisters Beau , McCays first strip with a child protagonist , lasted one installment that April , and his first color strip , Phurious Phinish of Phoolish Philipes Phunny Phrolics , appeared in the Heralds Sunday supplement that May .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "McCays first popular comic strip was Little Sammy Sneeze . The strip starred a young boy whose sneeze would build panel by panel until it was released , with explosively disastrous results , for which he was usually punished or chased away by those affected . The strip debuted in July 1904 and ran until December 1906 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "McCays longest-running strip , Dream of the Rarebit Fiend , first appeared in The Evening Telegram in September 1904 . The strip was aimed at an adult audience , and had no recurring characters . The characters that appeared in the strip would have fantastic , sometimes terrifying dreams , only to wake up in the last panel , cursing the Welsh rarebit they had eaten the night before , which they blamed for bringing on the dream . Rarebit Fiend was so popular that a book collection appeared in 1905 from publisher Frederick A . Stokes . It was",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "adapted to film by Edwin S . Porter , and plans were made for a comic opera or musical extravaganza for stage that failed to materialize . McCay signed the Rarebit Fiend strips with the pen name Silas , as his contract required that he not use his real name for Evening Telegram work .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "The McCays had been living in Manhattan , close to the Herald offices ; before 1905 they moved to Sheepshead Bay in Brooklyn , New York , a seaside resort on Long Island . It was an hour commute from the Herald offices , but they believed it to be a better place to raise children . They lived at a number of addresses before settling into a three-story house at 1901 Voorhies Avenue , where McCay resided for the rest of his life . As his reputation grew , his employers allowed him to work from his home studio",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "more often .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " While still turning out illustrations and editorial cartoons daily , McCay began three more continuing strips in 1905 . In January , he began The Story of Hungry Henrietta , in which the child protagonist visibly ages week by week , and eats compulsively in lieu of the love she craves from her parents . A Pilgrims Progress by Mister Bunion was another Silas strip for The Evening Telegram , which ran from June 1905 until May 1909</ref> . Mr . Bunion spent each strip unsuccessfully scheming to rid himself of his suitcase , labeled Dull Care .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "McCay got an idea from the Rarebit Fiend to please the little folk , and in October 1905 the full-page Sunday strip Little Nemo in Slumberland debuted in the Herald . Considered McCays masterpiece , its child protagonist had fabulous dreams , interrupted each week with his awakening in the final panel . Nemos appearance was based on McCays son Robert . McCay experimented with formal aspects of the comics page : he made inventive use of timing and pacing , the size and shape of panels , perspective , and architectural and other details . The Herald was considered",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "to have the highest quality color printing of any newspaper at the time ; its printing staff used the Ben Day process for color , and McCay annotated the Nemo pages with precise color schemes for the printers .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Impresario F . F . Proctor approached McCay in April 1906 to perform chalk talks for the vaudeville circuit . For $500 per week he was to draw twenty-five sketches in fifteen minutes before live audiences , as a pit band played a piece called Dream of the Rarebit Fiend . In his The Seven Ages of Man routine , he drew two faces and progressively aged them . His first performance was on June 11 , 1906 , in a show that also featured entertainer W . C . Fields . It was a success , and McCay toured",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "with the show throughout 1907 , while managing to complete his comic strip and illustration work on time , often working in hotel rooms or backstage .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "As early as 1905 , several abortive attempts were made to produce a stage version of Little Nemo . In mid-1907 , Marcus Klaw and A . L . Erlanger announced they would put on an extravagant Little Nemo show for an unprecedented $100,000 , with a score by Victor Herbert and lyrics by Harry B . Smith . It starred midget Gabriel Weigel as Nemo , Joseph Cawthorn as Dr . Pill , and Billy B . Van as Flip . Reviews were positive ; it played to sold-out houses in New York and toured for two seasons .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "McCay brought his vaudeville act to each city where Little Nemo played . When the Keith circuit refused McCay to perform in Boston without a new act , McCay switched to the William Morris circuit , with a $100-a-week raise . In several cities , McCay brought his son , who as publicity sat on a small throne dressed as Nemo .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " As part of an improvised story , Cawthorn introduced a mythical creature he called a Whiffenpoof . The word caught on with the public , and became the name of a and a singing group . Despite the shows success , it failed to make back its investment due to its enormous expenses and came to an end in December 1910 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "McCay displayed his social awareness in the last strip he created for the Herald , Poor Jake . Its title character was a silent laborer who worked thanklessly for a Colonel and Mrs . Stall , who exploit him . The strip ran from 1909 until spring 1911 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "McCay was approached in early 1910 to bring his vaudeville show to Europe . McCay requested the Heralds permission , but the plans never materialized . His show stayed within the eastern U.S . until he ceased performing in 1917 . Biographer John Canemaker assumed McCays request to tour Europe was turned down , and that the refusal added to McCays growing frustration with the Herald . A distrust of big business became pronounced in McCays work around this time , including a story arc in Little Nemo in which the characters visit a Mars oppressed by a greedy business",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "magnate .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Animation ( 1911–1921 ) . McCay said he was most proud of his animation work . He completed ten animated films between 1911 and 1921 , and three more were planned .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Inspired by the flip books his son brought home , McCay came to see the possibility of making moving pictures of his cartoons . He claimed to be the first man in the world to make animated cartoons , though he was preceded by others such as James Stuart Blackton and Émile Cohl . McCay made four thousand drawings on rice paper for his first animated short , which starred his Little Nemo characters . They were shot at Vitagraph Studios under Blacktons supervision . Live-action sequences were added to the beginning and end of the film , in which",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "McCay bets his newspaper colleagues that in one month he can make four thousand drawings that move . Among those featured in these sequences were cartoonist George McManus and actor John Bunny . Little Nemo debuted in movie theatres on April 8 , 1911 , and four days later McCay began using it as part of his vaudeville act . Its good reception motivated him to hand-color each of the frames of the originally black-and-white animation .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " McCay had become frustrated with the Herald , partly over money issues and partly because he perceived a lack of freedom . He accepted a higher-paying offer in spring 1911 from Hearst at the New York American and took Little Nemos characters with him . The Herald held the strips copyright , but McCay won a lawsuit that allowed him to continue using the characters , which he did under the title In the Land of Wonderful Dreams . The Herald was unsuccessful in finding another cartoonist to continue the original strip .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "McCay began work that May on his next animated film , How a Mosquito Operates , based on a Rarebit Fiend episode from June 5 , 1909 , in which a man in bed tries in vain to defend himself from a giant mosquito , which drinks itself so full that it explodes . The animation is naturalistic—rather than expanding like a balloon , with each sip of blood the mosquitos abdomen swells according to its body structure . The film was completed in January 1912 , and McCay toured with it that spring and summer .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Gertie the Dinosaur debuted in February 1914 as part of McCays vaudeville act . McCay introduced Gertie as the only dinosaur in captivity , and commanded the animated beast with a whip . Gertie seemed to obey McCay , bowing to the audience , and eating a tree and a boulder , though she had a will of her own and sometimes rebelled . When McCay admonished her , she cried . McCay consoled her by throwing her an apple—in reality pocketing the cardboard prop apple as a cartoon one simultaneously appeared on screen . In the finale , McCay",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "walked offstage , reappeared in animated form in the film , and had Gertie carry him away . Producer William Foxs Box Office Attractions obtained distribution rights to a modified version of Gertie that could be played in regular movie theaters . This version was prefaced with a live-action sequence and replaced the interactive portions with intertitles .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Gertie was McCays first piece of animation with detailed backgrounds . McCay drew the foreground characters , while art student neighbor John A . Fitzsimmons traced the backgrounds . McCay pioneered the McCay Split System of inbetweening , in which major poses or positions were drawn first , and the intervening frames drawn after . This relieved tedium and improved the timing of the films actions . McCay refused to patent his system , and was sued in 1914 by animator John Randolph Bray , who took advantage of McCays lapse by patenting many of McCays techniques , including the",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "use of registration marks , tracing paper , the Mutoscope action viewer , and the cycling of drawings to create repetitive action . The lawsuit was unsuccessful , and there is evidence that McCay may have countersued—he thereafter received royalty payments from Bray for licensing the techniques .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Hearst was disappointed with the quality of McCays newspaper work . Infuriated that he couldnt reach McCay during a vaudeville performance , Hearst pulled from his papers advertising for the theatre where McCay performed . Editor Arthur Brisbane told him that he was a serious artist , not a comic cartoonist , and that he was to give up his comic strip work to focus on editorial illustrations . Hearst pressured McCays agents to reduce the number of his vaudeville appearances , and he was induced to sign a contract with Hearst that limited his vaudeville appearances to greater New",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "York , with occasional exceptions . In February 1917 , Hearst had McCay give up entirely on vaudeville and all other paid work outside the Hearst empire , though he was occasionally granted permission for particular shows . Hearst increased McCays salary to cover the loss of income .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "McCay was expected to report daily to the American building , where he shared a ninth-floor office with humorist Arthur Bugs Baer and sports cartoonist Joe McGurk . There , he illustrated editorials by Arthur Brisbane , who often sent back McCays drawings with instructions for changes . The quality of his drawings varied depending on his interest in the subject of the assignment , whether or not he agreed with the sentiments portrayed , and on events in his personal life . For example , in March 1914 he was subjected to a blackmail plot by a Mrs .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Lambkin , who was seeking a divorce from her husband . Lambkin alleged that McCays wife Maude was seeing her husband . With McCays level of fame , such a story would likely be in the papers , and Mrs . Lambkin and her husband told McCay that she would keep it secret for $1,000 . McCay did not believe the allegations , and gave testimony at the Lambkins divorce trial . The blackmail failed , and the divorce was not granted .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Hearst animation studio International Film Service began in December 1915 , and brought Hearst cartoonists to the screen . McCay was initially listed as one of them , but the studio never produced anything either by his hands or featuring his creations . McCay derived satisfaction from doing the work himself . Begun in 1916 , The Sinking of the Lusitania was his follow-up to Gertie . The film was not a fantasy but a detailed , realistic recreation of the 1915 German torpedoing of the RMS Lusitania . The event counted 128 Americans among its 1,198 dead , and",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "was a factor leading to the American entry into World War I .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " McCays daughter Marion married military man Raymond T . Moniz , eighteen years her senior , on October 13 , 1917 . She gave birth to McCays first grandchild , Ray Winsor Moniz , on July 16 , 1918 . Moniz and McCays son Robert were called up for service when the U.S . entered World War I .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "McCays self-financed Lusitania took nearly two years to complete . With the assistance of John Fitzsimmons and Cincinnati cartoonist William Apthorp Ap Adams , McCay spent his off hours drawing the film on sheets of cellulose acetate ( or cels ) with white and black India ink at McCays home . It was the first film McCay made using cels , a technology animator Earl Hurd had patented in 1914 ; it saved work by allowing dynamic drawings to be made on one or more layers , which could be laid over a static background layer , relieving animators of",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "the tedium of retracing static images onto drawing after drawing . McCay had the cels photographed at the Vitagraph studios . The film was naturalistically animated , and made use of dramatic camera angles that would have been impossible in a live-action film .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Jewel Productions released the film on July 20 , 1918 . Advertising touted it as the picture that will never have a competitor ; the film itself called McCay the originator and inventor of Animated Cartoons and drew attention to the fact that it took 25,000 drawings to complete . The Sinking of the Lusitania did not greatly return on McCays investment—after a few years run in theaters , it netted $80,000 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "McCay continued to produce animated films using cels . By 1921 , he had completed six , though three were likely never shown commercially to audiences and have survived only in fragments : The Centaurs , Flips Circus , and Gertie on Tour . In 1921 , he released three films based on Dream of the Rarebit Fiend : Bug Vaudeville , in which insects and other creepy-crawlies perform on stage ; The Pet , in which a creature with a bottomless appetite grows enormously and terrorizes the city in a way reminiscent of King Kong ; and The Flying",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "House , in which a man attaches wings to his house to flee from debt . McCays son Robert is credited with the animation on this last film , but Canemaker notes it is highly unlikely that a first-time animator could have produced such an accomplished piece of animation .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Later career ( 1921–1934 ) . After 1921 , McCay was made to give up on animation when Hearst learned he devoted more of his time to animation than to his newspaper illustrations . Unexecuted ideas McCay had for animation projects included a collaboration with Jungle Imps author George Randolph Chester , a musical film called The Barnyard Band , and a film about the Americans role in World War I .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "McCays son Robert married Theresa Tedda Munchausen on April 9 , 1921 . McCay bought them a nearby house as a wedding gift . The couple gave McCay two more grandchildren : Janet ( named after McCays mother ) in 1922 , and Robert in 1928 . Robert suffered shell shock during World War I , and following the war had difficulty drawing . McCay tried to boost his sons confidence by finding him cartooning work , and some of the elder McCays editorial cartoons were signed Robert Winsor McCay , Jr . Robert also briefly revived the Dreams of",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "the Rarebit Fiend strip as Rabid Reveries in 1924 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " In 1922 , McCay resumed doing vaudeville shows for the Keith circuit . He had a cameo in a newspaper office scene in the boxing film The Great White Way in early 1924 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "McCay left Hearst upon the expiration of his contract in May 1924 , bitter over not having received a promised $5,000 bonus . He returned to the Herald Tribune , and brought back Little Nemo beginning that August . The new strip displayed the virtuoso technique of the old , but the panels were laid out in an unvarying grid . Nemo took a more passive role in the stories , and there was no continuity . The strip came to an end in December 1926 , as it was not popular with readers . Hearst executives had been trying",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "to convince McCay to return to the American , and succeeded in 1927 . While McCay was gone , his place had been filled by Mel Cummin , who was let go after McCays return . Due to the lack of the 1920s Nemos success , the Herald Tribune signed over all copyrights to the strip to McCay for one dollar .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "In 1927 , McCay attended a dinner in his honor in New York . After a considerable amount of drinking , McCay was introduced by animator Max Fleischer . McCay gave the gathered group of animators some technical advice , but when he felt the audience was not giving him attention , he berated his audience , saying , Animation is an art . That is how I conceived it . But as I see , what you fellows have done with it , is making it into a trade . Not an art , but a trade . Bad",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Luck ! That September he appeared on the radio at WNAC , and on November 2 he was interviewed by Frank Craven for The Evening Journals Womans Hour . During both appearances he complained about the state of contemporary animation .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " An executive of the American Tobacco Company approached McCay in 1929 to do an advertising campaign for a financial sum in excess of his annual salary . Brisbane refused , noting that McCays contract didnt allow outside work . When the executive stormed into Brisbanes office threatening to pull American Tobaccos advertising dollars from the American , Brisbane provided a written release for the work .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "In 1932 , McCay found himself in what he recalled as the wildest ride in his life when Hearsts son Young Bill drove him at to the scene of the kidnapping of the Lindbergh baby . They arrived there two hours after the crime was first reported to police , and were able to interview the gathered police before the grounds were closed off to the public . McCay sketched the scene , the staff , and the ladders the kidnappers used , which he was allowed to see up close .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "McCay enjoyed robust health most of his life . On July 26 , 1934 , he complained to his wife of a severe head-ache . To his horror , he found his right arm—his drawing arm—was paralyzed . He lost consciousness and was pronounced dead later that afternoon , with his wife , children , and son-in-law by his side . He had died of a cerebral embolism , and was buried at the Cemetery of the Evergreens in Brooklyn in a family plot . He had a Masonic funeral in his home , attended by his newspaper colleagues ,",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Hearst and his son , and the Society of Illustrators , among others .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Brisbane hired back Mel Cummin to replace McCay . Due to his lavish life-style , McCay left a smaller fortune than those around him had expected . By the early 1940s , Maude had used up her inheritance and sold the house on Voorhies Avenue . When she died of a heart attack on March 2 , 1949 , she was living with her daughter and son-in-law . Son Robert was also careless with his inheritance , and less successful in art than his father . He worked for a short time at the Hearst papers , and tried unsuccessfully",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "to get a job at the Disney studios , before finding a career as illustrator for Training Aids/Special Services at Fort Ord .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Self-conscious and introverted in private , McCay was nevertheless a charismatic showman and self-promoter , and maintained several lifelong friendships . McCay was a light but frequent drinker ; he drank for camaraderie rather than for a love of drinking . To his wifes chagrin , McCay was a smoker of cigars and cigarettes . He was self-taught at the piano , and was an avid reader of poetry , plays and novels ; he admired W . B . Yeats , knew the works of Percy Bysshe Shelley and John Keats , and could quote the Bible and Shakespeare",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "McCay stood barely five feet ( ) tall , and felt dominated by his wife , who was nearly as tall as he was . McCay married Maude Leonore Dufour , the youngest of three daughters of French-Canadian carriage painter John Dufour . About a decade separated the couples ages : Maude was 14 when they married . Biographer Canemaker speculates this may explain the lack of certainty behind McCays birthdate , even by McCay himself , as he may have claimed to be younger than he was to justify marrying a teenaged girl . Maude was also age-conscious :",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "she preferred her grandchildren to call her Nan instead of Grandma and dyed her hair as she got older . The McCays took on the traditional roles of a married couple of the time , in that Winsor was the breadwinner and Maude the homemaker . Neither spouse got along well with the others mother .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " The couple had two children : Robert Winsor , born June 21 , 1896 ; and Marion Elizabeth , born August 22 , 1897 . McCay was said to be easy-going with the children , and left discipline to their stern mother . Marion felt domineered by her mother and perceived that her brother was her mothers favorite ; she was closer to her father and often appeared in public with him . Robert looked up to his father and became an artist himself . He was proud to have served as the model for Little Nemo .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "The McCays lived lavishly . McCay disliked driving , so kept a chauffeur who also served as bodyguard , as the editorial cartoons McCay drew for Hearst sometimes attracted threatening letters . Maude made daily trips by limousine to shop in upscale downtown Brooklyn with other well-to-do wives . Maude often complained to her husband , but he refused to discuss matters with her .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "McCays politics are unclear , and it is disputed whether he sympathized with the views displayed in his editorial cartoons . He was agnostic and believed in reincarnation . He was a Freemason , whose ranks he may have joined as early as when he was living in Chicago . His father had also been a Freemason , and was buried in 1915 with full Masonic rites , with funerals arranged by his Masonic lodges in both Woodstock , Ontario , and Edmore , Michigan . His mother often visited him in Brooklyn , and attended Little Nemos Philadelphia premiere",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": ". She died in Edmore , Michigan , in 1927 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " McCays brother Arthur was placed in a mental hospital in Traverse City , Michigan on March 7 , 1898 , where he stayed until his death from bronchopneumonia and arteriosclerosis on June 15 , 1946 . He never received family visits . McCay never let his children know about his brother , nor did they know about the existence of his sister Mae , who died in 1910 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "In 1937 , McCays son Robert attempted to carry on his fathers legacy by reviving Little Nemo . Comic book packager Harry A Cheslers syndicate announced a Sunday and daily Nemo strip , credited to Winsor McCay Jr . Robert also drew a comic book version for Chesler called Nemo in Adventureland starring grown-up versions of Nemo and the Princess . Neither project lasted long . In 1947 , Robert and fabric salesman Irving Mendelsohn organized the McCay Feature Syndicate , Inc . to revive the original Nemo strip from McCays original art , modified to fit the size of",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "modern newspaper pages . This revival also did not last .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "McCays original artwork has been poorly preserved . McCay insisted on having his originals returned to him , and a large collection that survived him was destroyed in a fire in the late 1930s . His wife was unsure how to handle the surviving pieces , so his son took on the responsibility and moved the collection to his own house . The family sold off some of the artwork when they were in need of cash . Responsibility for it passed to Mendelsohn , then later to daughter Marion . By the early twenty-first century , most of McCays",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "surviving artwork remained in family hands .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "McCay destroyed many of his original cans of film to create more storage space . Of what film he kept , much has not survived , as it was photographed on 35mm nitrate film , which decomposes and is highly flammable . Mendelsohns son and a friend , both young animators , discovered the film in Mendelsohns possession in 1947 and rescued what they could . In some cases , such as The Centaurs , only fragments could be saved . A negative and incomplete positive was discovered of Performing Animals , a film of animals playing instruments that may",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "have been intended for McCays vaudeville act ; it was deemed unsalvageable and destroyed .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " In 1966 , cartoonist Woody Gelman discovered the original artwork for many Little Nemo strips at a cartoon studio where McCays son Robert had worked . Many of the recovered originals were displayed at the Metropolitan Museum of Art under the direction of curator A . Hyatt Mayor . In 1973 , Gelman published a collection of Little Nemo strips in Italy . His collection of McCay originals is preserved at the Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum at Ohio State University .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "McCays work , grounded solidly in his understanding of realistic perspective , presaged the techniques featured in Walt Disneys feature films . Disney paid tribute to McCay in 1955 on an episode of Disneyland . The episode , The Story of Animated Drawing , gave a history of animation , and dramatized McCays vaudeville act with Gertie . Robert was invited to the Disney studios as a consultant on the episode , where Disney told him , Bob , all this should be your fathers .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "Animator and McCay biographer John Canemaker produced a film in 1974 called Remembering Winsor McCay , narrated by McCays animation assistant John Fitzsimmons . Canemaker helped coordinate the first retrospective of McCays films at the third International Animation Film Festival in 1975 in New York , which led to a film show at the Whitney Museum of American Art in winter 1975–76 . Canemaker also wrote a biography in 1987 called Winsor McCay : His Life and Art . In 2005 , a revised and expanded version of the biography was released , which comics scholar Jeet Heer called far",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "and away the most scholarly and intelligent biography ever written about an American cartoonist . Animation scholar Paul Wells stated , McCays influence on the history of animation cannot be understated . Film critic Richard Eder lamented that as an animation pioneer McCay was not able to reach the potential suggested by his work . Eder compared McCay to the Italian primitives of the early Renaissance , highly skilled in the limited techniques they could command . Heer wrote that McCays strength was in his visuals , but that his writing and characters were weak .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " Italian filmmaker Federico Fellini read Little Nemo in the childrens magazine Il corriere dei piccoli , and the strip was a powerful influence on the filmmaker , according to Fellini biographer Peter Bondanella . Comics historian R . C . Harvey has called McCay the first original genius of the comic strip medium and in animation . Harvey said that McCays contemporaries lacked the skill to continue with his innovations , so that they were left for future generations to rediscover and build upon .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "McCays work has inspired cartoonists from Carl Barks to Art Spiegelman . Robert Crumb called McCay a genius and one of his favorite cartoonists . Art Spiegelmans 1974 Real Dream strip was partially inspired by Rarebit Fiend , and his In the Shadow of No Towers in 2004 appropriated some of McCays imagery , and included a page of Little Nemo in its appendix . Maurice Sendaks childrens book In the Night Kitchen ( 1970 ) was an homage to McCays work , as was Rick Veitch comic book series Roarin Ricks Rarebit Fiends ( 1994–96 ) . Kim Deitch",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "and Simon Deitchs graphic novel The Boulevard of Broken Dreams revolved around a character named Winsor Newton , based on an aged McCay . Cartoonist Berke Breathed lamented that the conditions of newspaper cartooning had devolved to such a degree since McCays time that , had he worked later in the century , he would not have been allotted space sufficient for his expansive full-page fantasies .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " As Sigmund Freuds The Interpretation of Dreams first appeared in print in 1899 , McCays major dream strips work have invited speculation of a Freudian influence . A French Nurses Dream , a comic strip by the Hungarian artist Nándor Honti that appeared in Freuds book edition in 1914 , strongly resembles the work of McCay in its theme , pacing , Art Nouveau style , and closing panel of the dreamer awakening in bed . However , the English translation of Freuds book was not published until 1913 .",
"title": "Legacy"
}
] |
/wiki/Winsor_McCay#P108#2
|
What was the name of the employer Winsor McCay work for in late 1910s?
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Winsor McCay Zenas Winsor McCay ( – July 26 , 1934 ) was an American cartoonist and animator . He is best known for the comic strip Little Nemo ( 1905–14 ; 1924–26 ) and the animated film Gertie the Dinosaur ( 1914 ) . For contractual reasons , he worked under the pen name Silas on the comic strip Dream of the Rarebit Fiend . From a young age , McCay was a quick , prolific , and technically dextrous artist . He started his professional career making posters and performing for dime museums , and in 1898 began illustrating newspapers and magazines . In 1903 he joined the New York Herald , where he created popular comic strips such as Little Sammy Sneeze and Dream of the Rarebit Fiend . In 1905 his signature strip Little Nemo in Slumberland debuted—a fantasy strip in an Art Nouveau style about a young boy and his adventurous dreams . The strip demonstrated McCays strong graphic sense and mastery of color and linear perspective . McCay experimented with the formal elements of the comic strip page , arranging and sizing panels to increase impact and enhance the narrative . McCay also produced numerous detailed editorial cartoons and was a popular performer of chalk talks on the vaudeville circuit . McCay was an early animation pioneer ; between 1911 and 1921 he self-financed and animated ten films , some of which survive only as fragments . The first three served in his vaudeville act ; Gertie the Dinosaur was an interactive routine in which McCay appeared to give orders to a trained dinosaur . McCay and his assistants worked for twenty-two months on his most ambitious film , The Sinking of the Lusitania ( 1918 ) , a patriotic recreation of the German torpedoing in 1915 of the RMS Lusitania . Lusitania did not enjoy as much commercial success as the earlier films , and McCays later movies attracted little attention . His animation , vaudeville , and comic strip work was gradually curtailed as newspaper magnate William Randolph Hearst , his employer since 1911 , expected McCay to devote his energies to editorial illustrations . In his drawing , McCay made bold , prodigious use of linear perspective , particularly in detailed architecture and cityscapes . He textured his editorial cartoons with copious fine hatching , and made color a central element in Little Nemo . His comic strip work has influenced generations of cartoonists and illustrators . The technical level of McCays animation—its naturalism , smoothness , and scale—was unmatched until the work of Fleischer Studios in the late 1920s , followed by Walt Disneys feature films in the 1930s . He pioneered inbetweening , the use of registration marks , cycling , and other animation techniques that were to become standard . Personal history . Family history . McCays paternal grandparents , farmers Donald and Christiana , immigrated from Scotland to Upper Canada in the mid-1830s . McCays father , Robert ( 1840 – March 21 , 1915 ) was born in Woodstock , Upper Canada , the third of six children . McCays maternal grandparents , Peter and Mary Murray , were also Scottish immigrants , and settled as farmers in East Zorra in Upper Canada . Their daughter Janet was the third of nine children . Robert was a member of King Solomons No . 43 Masonic Lodge in Woodstock . In 1862 , Robert first traveled to the U.S . Robert and the twenty-five-year-old Janet married on January 8 , 1866 , at Woodstocks Methodist Episcopal Church . The couple moved across the Canada–US border later in the year and settled in Spring Lake , Michigan , on the eastern coast of Lake Michigan . Robert was employed by American entrepreneur Zenas G . Winsor ( 1814–1890 ) , with whom he had made contact in Canada . Records of McCays birth are not extant . He stated in an interview in 1910 that he was born in 1869 , and this is the year listed on his grave marker . in life , he told friends he was born September 26 , 1871 , in Spring Lake , and they published this information in a magazine . Michigan census records from 1870 and 1880 list a Zenas W . , who was born in Canada in 1867 , and others have speculated 1866 or 1868 based on evidence on how the censuses were carried out . No Canadian birth record has been found , and a fire in Spring Lake in May 1893 could have destroyed any American birth record he may have had . His obituary in the New York Herald Tribune stated , not even Mr . McCay knew his exact age . The McCays had two more children : Arthur in 1868 , and Mae in 1876 . Both were born in Michigan . Robert worked as a teamster under Winsor , and by May 1870 had saved enough money to buy a parcel of land . From 1879 to 1881 , he worked as a retail grocer . In 1885 he moved the family to Stanton , Michigan , and expanded his land holdings ; he was successful in real estate with his brother Hugh , who moved from in 1887 . By 1905 , Robert was also a notary public . He had settled in Edmore , Michigan , and by this point had changed the spelling of his surname from McKay to McCay . His son related this story about the change : Early life . McCay came to be known by his middle name , Winsor . His drawing skills emerged early . According to a story told within the family , McCay made his first drawing in the aftermath of one of the many fires that hit Spring Lake : he picked up a nail and etched the scene of the fire in the frost of a windowpane . Drawing became obsessive for him ; he drew anything he saw , and the level of detail and accuracy in his drawing was noted at a young age . He was able to draw accurately from memory even things he had never before drawn—what McCay called memory sketching . His father thought little of his sons artistic talents , though , and had him sent to Cleary Business College in Ypsilanti , Michigan . McCay rarely attended classes . He bragged about how he would catch the train to Detroit to show off his drawing skills at the Wonderland and Eden Musee dime museum . He drew portraits there for 25 apiece , of which he kept half . McCay thrived on the attention he received , and his talents soon drew wider attention . John Goodison , a geography and drawing professor at Michigan State Normal School , offered to teach art to McCay privately , and McCay eagerly accepted . The lessons were practical and focused on using observation to learn to draw in geometrical perspective . Goodison , a former glass stainer , influenced McCays use of color . McCay learned how to draw quickly using drills on a blackboard , and gained an appreciation for master artists of the past . Early career ( 1889–1903 ) . McCay spent two years in Chicago after making his way there sometime in 1889 with his friend Mort Touvers . He traded art techniques there with painter Jules Guérin , whom he met at a boarding house in which he lodged , and did artwork for posters and pamphlets at the National Printing and Engraving Company . In 1891 , McCay moved to Cincinnati , where he did more dime museum work while living in a boarding house near his workplace . He spent nine years making posters and other advertisements for the Kohl & Middleton Dime Museum , and later Heck and Averys Family Theater ( 1896 ) , Averys New Dime Museum ( 1898 ) , and Will S . Hecks Wonder World and Theater ( 1899 ) on Vine Street . At the museum in 1896 , a demonstration of Thomas Edisons Vitascope was given , which was likely McCays first exposure to the young medium of film . He also did work during this time for Ph . Mortons printing and lithography company . McCays ability to draw quickly with great accuracy drew crowds when he painted advertisements in public . His first year at Kohl & Middleton , McCay was smitten when Maude Leonore Dufour walked into the dime museum with her sister while he was painting . He rushed to his studio to change into a custom-tailored suit , returned , and introduced himself to the fourteen-year-old Maude . Soon they eloped in Covington , Kentucky . McCay began working on the side for the Cincinnati Commercial Tribune , where he learned to draw with a dip pen under the tutelage of Commercial Tribune art room manager Joseph Alexander . In 1898 , he accepted a full-time position there . His many illustrations for the paper displayed his bold use of perspective and mastery of hatchwork . Soon after , he began freelancing for the humor magazine Life as well . In 1900 , McCay accepted a position with a higher salary at The Cincinnati Enquirer . There , he produced a prolific number of drawings , did some reporting , and became head of the art department . In his drawings , he began using line thickness to indicate depth , and used thick lines to surround his characters in an Art Nouveau-inspired style that became a trademark of his work . Comic strips ( 1903–1911 ) . From January until November 1903 , McCay drew an ongoing proto-comic strip for the Enquirer based on poems written by George Randolph Chester called A Tale of the Jungle Imps by Felix Fiddle . Before the last two installments appeared in print , McCay had moved to New York City to work for James Gordon Bennett , Jr.s New York Herald , at first doing illustrations and editorial cartoons . He worked alongside comic strip pioneer Richard F . Outcault , who was doing the Buster Brown strip at the Herald . A rivalry built up between the two cartoonists which resulted in Outcault leaving the Herald to return to his previous employer , William Randolph Hearst at The New York Journal . McCays first continuing comic strip , Mr . Goodenough , debuted in The Evening Telegram on January 21 , 1904 . The formula for the strip was that a sedentary millionaire would seek ways to become more active , with embarrassing results . Sisters Little Sisters Beau , McCays first strip with a child protagonist , lasted one installment that April , and his first color strip , Phurious Phinish of Phoolish Philipes Phunny Phrolics , appeared in the Heralds Sunday supplement that May . McCays first popular comic strip was Little Sammy Sneeze . The strip starred a young boy whose sneeze would build panel by panel until it was released , with explosively disastrous results , for which he was usually punished or chased away by those affected . The strip debuted in July 1904 and ran until December 1906 . McCays longest-running strip , Dream of the Rarebit Fiend , first appeared in The Evening Telegram in September 1904 . The strip was aimed at an adult audience , and had no recurring characters . The characters that appeared in the strip would have fantastic , sometimes terrifying dreams , only to wake up in the last panel , cursing the Welsh rarebit they had eaten the night before , which they blamed for bringing on the dream . Rarebit Fiend was so popular that a book collection appeared in 1905 from publisher Frederick A . Stokes . It was adapted to film by Edwin S . Porter , and plans were made for a comic opera or musical extravaganza for stage that failed to materialize . McCay signed the Rarebit Fiend strips with the pen name Silas , as his contract required that he not use his real name for Evening Telegram work . The McCays had been living in Manhattan , close to the Herald offices ; before 1905 they moved to Sheepshead Bay in Brooklyn , New York , a seaside resort on Long Island . It was an hour commute from the Herald offices , but they believed it to be a better place to raise children . They lived at a number of addresses before settling into a three-story house at 1901 Voorhies Avenue , where McCay resided for the rest of his life . As his reputation grew , his employers allowed him to work from his home studio more often . While still turning out illustrations and editorial cartoons daily , McCay began three more continuing strips in 1905 . In January , he began The Story of Hungry Henrietta , in which the child protagonist visibly ages week by week , and eats compulsively in lieu of the love she craves from her parents . A Pilgrims Progress by Mister Bunion was another Silas strip for The Evening Telegram , which ran from June 1905 until May 1909</ref> . Mr . Bunion spent each strip unsuccessfully scheming to rid himself of his suitcase , labeled Dull Care . McCay got an idea from the Rarebit Fiend to please the little folk , and in October 1905 the full-page Sunday strip Little Nemo in Slumberland debuted in the Herald . Considered McCays masterpiece , its child protagonist had fabulous dreams , interrupted each week with his awakening in the final panel . Nemos appearance was based on McCays son Robert . McCay experimented with formal aspects of the comics page : he made inventive use of timing and pacing , the size and shape of panels , perspective , and architectural and other details . The Herald was considered to have the highest quality color printing of any newspaper at the time ; its printing staff used the Ben Day process for color , and McCay annotated the Nemo pages with precise color schemes for the printers . Impresario F . F . Proctor approached McCay in April 1906 to perform chalk talks for the vaudeville circuit . For $500 per week he was to draw twenty-five sketches in fifteen minutes before live audiences , as a pit band played a piece called Dream of the Rarebit Fiend . In his The Seven Ages of Man routine , he drew two faces and progressively aged them . His first performance was on June 11 , 1906 , in a show that also featured entertainer W . C . Fields . It was a success , and McCay toured with the show throughout 1907 , while managing to complete his comic strip and illustration work on time , often working in hotel rooms or backstage . As early as 1905 , several abortive attempts were made to produce a stage version of Little Nemo . In mid-1907 , Marcus Klaw and A . L . Erlanger announced they would put on an extravagant Little Nemo show for an unprecedented $100,000 , with a score by Victor Herbert and lyrics by Harry B . Smith . It starred midget Gabriel Weigel as Nemo , Joseph Cawthorn as Dr . Pill , and Billy B . Van as Flip . Reviews were positive ; it played to sold-out houses in New York and toured for two seasons . McCay brought his vaudeville act to each city where Little Nemo played . When the Keith circuit refused McCay to perform in Boston without a new act , McCay switched to the William Morris circuit , with a $100-a-week raise . In several cities , McCay brought his son , who as publicity sat on a small throne dressed as Nemo . As part of an improvised story , Cawthorn introduced a mythical creature he called a Whiffenpoof . The word caught on with the public , and became the name of a and a singing group . Despite the shows success , it failed to make back its investment due to its enormous expenses and came to an end in December 1910 . McCay displayed his social awareness in the last strip he created for the Herald , Poor Jake . Its title character was a silent laborer who worked thanklessly for a Colonel and Mrs . Stall , who exploit him . The strip ran from 1909 until spring 1911 . McCay was approached in early 1910 to bring his vaudeville show to Europe . McCay requested the Heralds permission , but the plans never materialized . His show stayed within the eastern U.S . until he ceased performing in 1917 . Biographer John Canemaker assumed McCays request to tour Europe was turned down , and that the refusal added to McCays growing frustration with the Herald . A distrust of big business became pronounced in McCays work around this time , including a story arc in Little Nemo in which the characters visit a Mars oppressed by a greedy business magnate . Animation ( 1911–1921 ) . McCay said he was most proud of his animation work . He completed ten animated films between 1911 and 1921 , and three more were planned . Inspired by the flip books his son brought home , McCay came to see the possibility of making moving pictures of his cartoons . He claimed to be the first man in the world to make animated cartoons , though he was preceded by others such as James Stuart Blackton and Émile Cohl . McCay made four thousand drawings on rice paper for his first animated short , which starred his Little Nemo characters . They were shot at Vitagraph Studios under Blacktons supervision . Live-action sequences were added to the beginning and end of the film , in which McCay bets his newspaper colleagues that in one month he can make four thousand drawings that move . Among those featured in these sequences were cartoonist George McManus and actor John Bunny . Little Nemo debuted in movie theatres on April 8 , 1911 , and four days later McCay began using it as part of his vaudeville act . Its good reception motivated him to hand-color each of the frames of the originally black-and-white animation . McCay had become frustrated with the Herald , partly over money issues and partly because he perceived a lack of freedom . He accepted a higher-paying offer in spring 1911 from Hearst at the New York American and took Little Nemos characters with him . The Herald held the strips copyright , but McCay won a lawsuit that allowed him to continue using the characters , which he did under the title In the Land of Wonderful Dreams . The Herald was unsuccessful in finding another cartoonist to continue the original strip . McCay began work that May on his next animated film , How a Mosquito Operates , based on a Rarebit Fiend episode from June 5 , 1909 , in which a man in bed tries in vain to defend himself from a giant mosquito , which drinks itself so full that it explodes . The animation is naturalistic—rather than expanding like a balloon , with each sip of blood the mosquitos abdomen swells according to its body structure . The film was completed in January 1912 , and McCay toured with it that spring and summer . Gertie the Dinosaur debuted in February 1914 as part of McCays vaudeville act . McCay introduced Gertie as the only dinosaur in captivity , and commanded the animated beast with a whip . Gertie seemed to obey McCay , bowing to the audience , and eating a tree and a boulder , though she had a will of her own and sometimes rebelled . When McCay admonished her , she cried . McCay consoled her by throwing her an apple—in reality pocketing the cardboard prop apple as a cartoon one simultaneously appeared on screen . In the finale , McCay walked offstage , reappeared in animated form in the film , and had Gertie carry him away . Producer William Foxs Box Office Attractions obtained distribution rights to a modified version of Gertie that could be played in regular movie theaters . This version was prefaced with a live-action sequence and replaced the interactive portions with intertitles . Gertie was McCays first piece of animation with detailed backgrounds . McCay drew the foreground characters , while art student neighbor John A . Fitzsimmons traced the backgrounds . McCay pioneered the McCay Split System of inbetweening , in which major poses or positions were drawn first , and the intervening frames drawn after . This relieved tedium and improved the timing of the films actions . McCay refused to patent his system , and was sued in 1914 by animator John Randolph Bray , who took advantage of McCays lapse by patenting many of McCays techniques , including the use of registration marks , tracing paper , the Mutoscope action viewer , and the cycling of drawings to create repetitive action . The lawsuit was unsuccessful , and there is evidence that McCay may have countersued—he thereafter received royalty payments from Bray for licensing the techniques . Hearst was disappointed with the quality of McCays newspaper work . Infuriated that he couldnt reach McCay during a vaudeville performance , Hearst pulled from his papers advertising for the theatre where McCay performed . Editor Arthur Brisbane told him that he was a serious artist , not a comic cartoonist , and that he was to give up his comic strip work to focus on editorial illustrations . Hearst pressured McCays agents to reduce the number of his vaudeville appearances , and he was induced to sign a contract with Hearst that limited his vaudeville appearances to greater New York , with occasional exceptions . In February 1917 , Hearst had McCay give up entirely on vaudeville and all other paid work outside the Hearst empire , though he was occasionally granted permission for particular shows . Hearst increased McCays salary to cover the loss of income . McCay was expected to report daily to the American building , where he shared a ninth-floor office with humorist Arthur Bugs Baer and sports cartoonist Joe McGurk . There , he illustrated editorials by Arthur Brisbane , who often sent back McCays drawings with instructions for changes . The quality of his drawings varied depending on his interest in the subject of the assignment , whether or not he agreed with the sentiments portrayed , and on events in his personal life . For example , in March 1914 he was subjected to a blackmail plot by a Mrs . Lambkin , who was seeking a divorce from her husband . Lambkin alleged that McCays wife Maude was seeing her husband . With McCays level of fame , such a story would likely be in the papers , and Mrs . Lambkin and her husband told McCay that she would keep it secret for $1,000 . McCay did not believe the allegations , and gave testimony at the Lambkins divorce trial . The blackmail failed , and the divorce was not granted . Hearst animation studio International Film Service began in December 1915 , and brought Hearst cartoonists to the screen . McCay was initially listed as one of them , but the studio never produced anything either by his hands or featuring his creations . McCay derived satisfaction from doing the work himself . Begun in 1916 , The Sinking of the Lusitania was his follow-up to Gertie . The film was not a fantasy but a detailed , realistic recreation of the 1915 German torpedoing of the RMS Lusitania . The event counted 128 Americans among its 1,198 dead , and was a factor leading to the American entry into World War I . McCays daughter Marion married military man Raymond T . Moniz , eighteen years her senior , on October 13 , 1917 . She gave birth to McCays first grandchild , Ray Winsor Moniz , on July 16 , 1918 . Moniz and McCays son Robert were called up for service when the U.S . entered World War I . McCays self-financed Lusitania took nearly two years to complete . With the assistance of John Fitzsimmons and Cincinnati cartoonist William Apthorp Ap Adams , McCay spent his off hours drawing the film on sheets of cellulose acetate ( or cels ) with white and black India ink at McCays home . It was the first film McCay made using cels , a technology animator Earl Hurd had patented in 1914 ; it saved work by allowing dynamic drawings to be made on one or more layers , which could be laid over a static background layer , relieving animators of the tedium of retracing static images onto drawing after drawing . McCay had the cels photographed at the Vitagraph studios . The film was naturalistically animated , and made use of dramatic camera angles that would have been impossible in a live-action film . Jewel Productions released the film on July 20 , 1918 . Advertising touted it as the picture that will never have a competitor ; the film itself called McCay the originator and inventor of Animated Cartoons and drew attention to the fact that it took 25,000 drawings to complete . The Sinking of the Lusitania did not greatly return on McCays investment—after a few years run in theaters , it netted $80,000 . McCay continued to produce animated films using cels . By 1921 , he had completed six , though three were likely never shown commercially to audiences and have survived only in fragments : The Centaurs , Flips Circus , and Gertie on Tour . In 1921 , he released three films based on Dream of the Rarebit Fiend : Bug Vaudeville , in which insects and other creepy-crawlies perform on stage ; The Pet , in which a creature with a bottomless appetite grows enormously and terrorizes the city in a way reminiscent of King Kong ; and The Flying House , in which a man attaches wings to his house to flee from debt . McCays son Robert is credited with the animation on this last film , but Canemaker notes it is highly unlikely that a first-time animator could have produced such an accomplished piece of animation . Later career ( 1921–1934 ) . After 1921 , McCay was made to give up on animation when Hearst learned he devoted more of his time to animation than to his newspaper illustrations . Unexecuted ideas McCay had for animation projects included a collaboration with Jungle Imps author George Randolph Chester , a musical film called The Barnyard Band , and a film about the Americans role in World War I . McCays son Robert married Theresa Tedda Munchausen on April 9 , 1921 . McCay bought them a nearby house as a wedding gift . The couple gave McCay two more grandchildren : Janet ( named after McCays mother ) in 1922 , and Robert in 1928 . Robert suffered shell shock during World War I , and following the war had difficulty drawing . McCay tried to boost his sons confidence by finding him cartooning work , and some of the elder McCays editorial cartoons were signed Robert Winsor McCay , Jr . Robert also briefly revived the Dreams of the Rarebit Fiend strip as Rabid Reveries in 1924 . In 1922 , McCay resumed doing vaudeville shows for the Keith circuit . He had a cameo in a newspaper office scene in the boxing film The Great White Way in early 1924 . McCay left Hearst upon the expiration of his contract in May 1924 , bitter over not having received a promised $5,000 bonus . He returned to the Herald Tribune , and brought back Little Nemo beginning that August . The new strip displayed the virtuoso technique of the old , but the panels were laid out in an unvarying grid . Nemo took a more passive role in the stories , and there was no continuity . The strip came to an end in December 1926 , as it was not popular with readers . Hearst executives had been trying to convince McCay to return to the American , and succeeded in 1927 . While McCay was gone , his place had been filled by Mel Cummin , who was let go after McCays return . Due to the lack of the 1920s Nemos success , the Herald Tribune signed over all copyrights to the strip to McCay for one dollar . In 1927 , McCay attended a dinner in his honor in New York . After a considerable amount of drinking , McCay was introduced by animator Max Fleischer . McCay gave the gathered group of animators some technical advice , but when he felt the audience was not giving him attention , he berated his audience , saying , Animation is an art . That is how I conceived it . But as I see , what you fellows have done with it , is making it into a trade . Not an art , but a trade . Bad Luck ! That September he appeared on the radio at WNAC , and on November 2 he was interviewed by Frank Craven for The Evening Journals Womans Hour . During both appearances he complained about the state of contemporary animation . An executive of the American Tobacco Company approached McCay in 1929 to do an advertising campaign for a financial sum in excess of his annual salary . Brisbane refused , noting that McCays contract didnt allow outside work . When the executive stormed into Brisbanes office threatening to pull American Tobaccos advertising dollars from the American , Brisbane provided a written release for the work . In 1932 , McCay found himself in what he recalled as the wildest ride in his life when Hearsts son Young Bill drove him at to the scene of the kidnapping of the Lindbergh baby . They arrived there two hours after the crime was first reported to police , and were able to interview the gathered police before the grounds were closed off to the public . McCay sketched the scene , the staff , and the ladders the kidnappers used , which he was allowed to see up close . McCay enjoyed robust health most of his life . On July 26 , 1934 , he complained to his wife of a severe head-ache . To his horror , he found his right arm—his drawing arm—was paralyzed . He lost consciousness and was pronounced dead later that afternoon , with his wife , children , and son-in-law by his side . He had died of a cerebral embolism , and was buried at the Cemetery of the Evergreens in Brooklyn in a family plot . He had a Masonic funeral in his home , attended by his newspaper colleagues , Hearst and his son , and the Society of Illustrators , among others . Brisbane hired back Mel Cummin to replace McCay . Due to his lavish life-style , McCay left a smaller fortune than those around him had expected . By the early 1940s , Maude had used up her inheritance and sold the house on Voorhies Avenue . When she died of a heart attack on March 2 , 1949 , she was living with her daughter and son-in-law . Son Robert was also careless with his inheritance , and less successful in art than his father . He worked for a short time at the Hearst papers , and tried unsuccessfully to get a job at the Disney studios , before finding a career as illustrator for Training Aids/Special Services at Fort Ord . Personal life . Self-conscious and introverted in private , McCay was nevertheless a charismatic showman and self-promoter , and maintained several lifelong friendships . McCay was a light but frequent drinker ; he drank for camaraderie rather than for a love of drinking . To his wifes chagrin , McCay was a smoker of cigars and cigarettes . He was self-taught at the piano , and was an avid reader of poetry , plays and novels ; he admired W . B . Yeats , knew the works of Percy Bysshe Shelley and John Keats , and could quote the Bible and Shakespeare . McCay stood barely five feet ( ) tall , and felt dominated by his wife , who was nearly as tall as he was . McCay married Maude Leonore Dufour , the youngest of three daughters of French-Canadian carriage painter John Dufour . About a decade separated the couples ages : Maude was 14 when they married . Biographer Canemaker speculates this may explain the lack of certainty behind McCays birthdate , even by McCay himself , as he may have claimed to be younger than he was to justify marrying a teenaged girl . Maude was also age-conscious : she preferred her grandchildren to call her Nan instead of Grandma and dyed her hair as she got older . The McCays took on the traditional roles of a married couple of the time , in that Winsor was the breadwinner and Maude the homemaker . Neither spouse got along well with the others mother . The couple had two children : Robert Winsor , born June 21 , 1896 ; and Marion Elizabeth , born August 22 , 1897 . McCay was said to be easy-going with the children , and left discipline to their stern mother . Marion felt domineered by her mother and perceived that her brother was her mothers favorite ; she was closer to her father and often appeared in public with him . Robert looked up to his father and became an artist himself . He was proud to have served as the model for Little Nemo . The McCays lived lavishly . McCay disliked driving , so kept a chauffeur who also served as bodyguard , as the editorial cartoons McCay drew for Hearst sometimes attracted threatening letters . Maude made daily trips by limousine to shop in upscale downtown Brooklyn with other well-to-do wives . Maude often complained to her husband , but he refused to discuss matters with her . McCays politics are unclear , and it is disputed whether he sympathized with the views displayed in his editorial cartoons . He was agnostic and believed in reincarnation . He was a Freemason , whose ranks he may have joined as early as when he was living in Chicago . His father had also been a Freemason , and was buried in 1915 with full Masonic rites , with funerals arranged by his Masonic lodges in both Woodstock , Ontario , and Edmore , Michigan . His mother often visited him in Brooklyn , and attended Little Nemos Philadelphia premiere . She died in Edmore , Michigan , in 1927 . McCays brother Arthur was placed in a mental hospital in Traverse City , Michigan on March 7 , 1898 , where he stayed until his death from bronchopneumonia and arteriosclerosis on June 15 , 1946 . He never received family visits . McCay never let his children know about his brother , nor did they know about the existence of his sister Mae , who died in 1910 . Legacy . In 1937 , McCays son Robert attempted to carry on his fathers legacy by reviving Little Nemo . Comic book packager Harry A Cheslers syndicate announced a Sunday and daily Nemo strip , credited to Winsor McCay Jr . Robert also drew a comic book version for Chesler called Nemo in Adventureland starring grown-up versions of Nemo and the Princess . Neither project lasted long . In 1947 , Robert and fabric salesman Irving Mendelsohn organized the McCay Feature Syndicate , Inc . to revive the original Nemo strip from McCays original art , modified to fit the size of modern newspaper pages . This revival also did not last . McCays original artwork has been poorly preserved . McCay insisted on having his originals returned to him , and a large collection that survived him was destroyed in a fire in the late 1930s . His wife was unsure how to handle the surviving pieces , so his son took on the responsibility and moved the collection to his own house . The family sold off some of the artwork when they were in need of cash . Responsibility for it passed to Mendelsohn , then later to daughter Marion . By the early twenty-first century , most of McCays surviving artwork remained in family hands . McCay destroyed many of his original cans of film to create more storage space . Of what film he kept , much has not survived , as it was photographed on 35mm nitrate film , which decomposes and is highly flammable . Mendelsohns son and a friend , both young animators , discovered the film in Mendelsohns possession in 1947 and rescued what they could . In some cases , such as The Centaurs , only fragments could be saved . A negative and incomplete positive was discovered of Performing Animals , a film of animals playing instruments that may have been intended for McCays vaudeville act ; it was deemed unsalvageable and destroyed . In 1966 , cartoonist Woody Gelman discovered the original artwork for many Little Nemo strips at a cartoon studio where McCays son Robert had worked . Many of the recovered originals were displayed at the Metropolitan Museum of Art under the direction of curator A . Hyatt Mayor . In 1973 , Gelman published a collection of Little Nemo strips in Italy . His collection of McCay originals is preserved at the Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum at Ohio State University . McCays work , grounded solidly in his understanding of realistic perspective , presaged the techniques featured in Walt Disneys feature films . Disney paid tribute to McCay in 1955 on an episode of Disneyland . The episode , The Story of Animated Drawing , gave a history of animation , and dramatized McCays vaudeville act with Gertie . Robert was invited to the Disney studios as a consultant on the episode , where Disney told him , Bob , all this should be your fathers . Animator and McCay biographer John Canemaker produced a film in 1974 called Remembering Winsor McCay , narrated by McCays animation assistant John Fitzsimmons . Canemaker helped coordinate the first retrospective of McCays films at the third International Animation Film Festival in 1975 in New York , which led to a film show at the Whitney Museum of American Art in winter 1975–76 . Canemaker also wrote a biography in 1987 called Winsor McCay : His Life and Art . In 2005 , a revised and expanded version of the biography was released , which comics scholar Jeet Heer called far and away the most scholarly and intelligent biography ever written about an American cartoonist . Animation scholar Paul Wells stated , McCays influence on the history of animation cannot be understated . Film critic Richard Eder lamented that as an animation pioneer McCay was not able to reach the potential suggested by his work . Eder compared McCay to the Italian primitives of the early Renaissance , highly skilled in the limited techniques they could command . Heer wrote that McCays strength was in his visuals , but that his writing and characters were weak . Italian filmmaker Federico Fellini read Little Nemo in the childrens magazine Il corriere dei piccoli , and the strip was a powerful influence on the filmmaker , according to Fellini biographer Peter Bondanella . Comics historian R . C . Harvey has called McCay the first original genius of the comic strip medium and in animation . Harvey said that McCays contemporaries lacked the skill to continue with his innovations , so that they were left for future generations to rediscover and build upon . McCays work has inspired cartoonists from Carl Barks to Art Spiegelman . Robert Crumb called McCay a genius and one of his favorite cartoonists . Art Spiegelmans 1974 Real Dream strip was partially inspired by Rarebit Fiend , and his In the Shadow of No Towers in 2004 appropriated some of McCays imagery , and included a page of Little Nemo in its appendix . Maurice Sendaks childrens book In the Night Kitchen ( 1970 ) was an homage to McCays work , as was Rick Veitch comic book series Roarin Ricks Rarebit Fiends ( 1994–96 ) . Kim Deitch and Simon Deitchs graphic novel The Boulevard of Broken Dreams revolved around a character named Winsor Newton , based on an aged McCay . Cartoonist Berke Breathed lamented that the conditions of newspaper cartooning had devolved to such a degree since McCays time that , had he worked later in the century , he would not have been allotted space sufficient for his expansive full-page fantasies . As Sigmund Freuds The Interpretation of Dreams first appeared in print in 1899 , McCays major dream strips work have invited speculation of a Freudian influence . A French Nurses Dream , a comic strip by the Hungarian artist Nándor Honti that appeared in Freuds book edition in 1914 , strongly resembles the work of McCay in its theme , pacing , Art Nouveau style , and closing panel of the dreamer awakening in bed . However , the English translation of Freuds book was not published until 1913 . The Winsor McCay Award was established in 1972 to recognize individuals for lifetime or career contributions in animation , and is presented as part of the Annie Awards . The Hammer Museum in Los Angeles devoted a room to McCays work as part of the Masters of American Comics exhibit in 2005 . German publisher Taschen published a complete , boxed , full-size edition of Little Nemo in two volumes in 2014 entitled The Complete Little Nemo . The American astronomer Roy A . Tucker named the asteroid 113461 after McCay in 2002 . Work . Style . Virtually from the beginning , McCay innovated with the forms of his chosen media . He varied the size and shape of comic strip panels for dramatic effect , as in the second instalment of Little Nemo ( October 22 , 1905 ) , where the panels grow to adapt to a growing forest of mushrooms . Few of McCays contemporaries were so bold with their page layouts . Near-contemporary George Herriman with Krazy Kat was the most notable example , but it was not until a generation later that cartoonists such as Frank King with Gasoline Alley , Hal Foster with Prince Valiant , and Roy Crane with Captain Easy attempted such daring designs on their Sunday pages . McCays detailed hatching mastery of perspective enhanced the illusions in his drawings , particularly in Little Nemo . Fantastic grotesqueries such as what McCay witnessed during his time at the Wonderland and Eden Musee appeared often in McCays work . McCay was noted for the speed and accuracy with which he could draw ; crowds of people would gather around to watch him paint billboards . McCay had a taste for the ornate . The architecture he drew was inspired by that of carnivals , the 1893 Worlds Columbian Exposition in Chicago and the detailed illustrations in British illustrated newspapers The Illustrated London News and The Graphic . The of Paris published a series of illustrated books called Images Enphantines , whose pages bear a striking resemblance to McCays early Little Nemo strips , both in their graphic sense and their imaginative layouts . To Canemaker , McCay had an absolute precision of line akin to those of Northern Renaissance artist Albrecht Dürer and 19th-century French illustrator Gustave Doré . McCay drew with Higgins black drawing ink , Gillott pens , art gum , a T-square and angle , and an assortment of Venus lead pencils . In his early magazine cartoons McCay often painted in gouache . McCay used metafictional techniques such as self-referentiality in his work . This was most frequent in Dream of the Rarebit Fiend , where McCay sometimes put himself in the strip , or had characters address the reader . Sometimes characters become aware of the strip itself—a jealous lover tears the very strip apart in which he appears ; another character fastens panel borders to his strip when he realizes the artist has forgotten them ; and in a Sammy Sneeze episode Sammys sneeze destroys the panel borders . In contrast to the high level of skill in the artwork , the dialogue in McCays speech balloons is crude , sometimes approaching illegibility , and disfigur [ ing ] his otherwise flawless work , according to critic R . C . Harvey . This is further highlighted by the level of effort and skill apparent in the title lettering . McCay seemed to show little regard for the dialogue balloons , their content , and their placement in the visual composition . They tended to contain repetitive monologues expressing the increasing distress of the speakers , and showed that McCays gift was in the visual and not the verbal . In his comics and animation McCay used stock ethnic stereotypes common in his era . A conscious attempt to offend is not apparent . He depicted blacks as savages , or wishing they could be white . Most prominent were a pair of characters in Little Nemo : the ill-tempered Irishman Flip and the rarely speaking grass-skirted African Little Imp . In the animated Little Nemo , the Anglo-Saxon Nemo is shown drawn in a dignified Art Nouveau style , and controls by magic the more grotesquely caricatured Flip and Imp . Women were few in McCays work , and were depicted as superficial , jealous , and argumentative ; the Princess in Little Nemo never partook in the camaraderie the males shared . References . Works cited . Books . - ( on included DVD ) External links . - Lambiek Comiclopedia article
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[
{
"text": " Zenas Winsor McCay ( – July 26 , 1934 ) was an American cartoonist and animator . He is best known for the comic strip Little Nemo ( 1905–14 ; 1924–26 ) and the animated film Gertie the Dinosaur ( 1914 ) . For contractual reasons , he worked under the pen name Silas on the comic strip Dream of the Rarebit Fiend .",
"title": "Winsor McCay"
},
{
"text": "From a young age , McCay was a quick , prolific , and technically dextrous artist . He started his professional career making posters and performing for dime museums , and in 1898 began illustrating newspapers and magazines . In 1903 he joined the New York Herald , where he created popular comic strips such as Little Sammy Sneeze and Dream of the Rarebit Fiend . In 1905 his signature strip Little Nemo in Slumberland debuted—a fantasy strip in an Art Nouveau style about a young boy and his adventurous dreams . The strip demonstrated McCays strong graphic sense and",
"title": "Winsor McCay"
},
{
"text": "mastery of color and linear perspective . McCay experimented with the formal elements of the comic strip page , arranging and sizing panels to increase impact and enhance the narrative . McCay also produced numerous detailed editorial cartoons and was a popular performer of chalk talks on the vaudeville circuit .",
"title": "Winsor McCay"
},
{
"text": "McCay was an early animation pioneer ; between 1911 and 1921 he self-financed and animated ten films , some of which survive only as fragments . The first three served in his vaudeville act ; Gertie the Dinosaur was an interactive routine in which McCay appeared to give orders to a trained dinosaur . McCay and his assistants worked for twenty-two months on his most ambitious film , The Sinking of the Lusitania ( 1918 ) , a patriotic recreation of the German torpedoing in 1915 of the RMS Lusitania . Lusitania did not enjoy as much commercial success as",
"title": "Winsor McCay"
},
{
"text": "the earlier films , and McCays later movies attracted little attention . His animation , vaudeville , and comic strip work was gradually curtailed as newspaper magnate William Randolph Hearst , his employer since 1911 , expected McCay to devote his energies to editorial illustrations .",
"title": "Winsor McCay"
},
{
"text": "In his drawing , McCay made bold , prodigious use of linear perspective , particularly in detailed architecture and cityscapes . He textured his editorial cartoons with copious fine hatching , and made color a central element in Little Nemo . His comic strip work has influenced generations of cartoonists and illustrators . The technical level of McCays animation—its naturalism , smoothness , and scale—was unmatched until the work of Fleischer Studios in the late 1920s , followed by Walt Disneys feature films in the 1930s . He pioneered inbetweening , the use of registration marks , cycling , and",
"title": "Winsor McCay"
},
{
"text": "other animation techniques that were to become standard .",
"title": "Winsor McCay"
},
{
"text": " McCays paternal grandparents , farmers Donald and Christiana , immigrated from Scotland to Upper Canada in the mid-1830s . McCays father , Robert ( 1840 – March 21 , 1915 ) was born in Woodstock , Upper Canada , the third of six children . McCays maternal grandparents , Peter and Mary Murray , were also Scottish immigrants , and settled as farmers in East Zorra in Upper Canada . Their daughter Janet was the third of nine children .",
"title": "Family history"
},
{
"text": "Robert was a member of King Solomons No . 43 Masonic Lodge in Woodstock . In 1862 , Robert first traveled to the U.S . Robert and the twenty-five-year-old Janet married on January 8 , 1866 , at Woodstocks Methodist Episcopal Church . The couple moved across the Canada–US border later in the year and settled in Spring Lake , Michigan , on the eastern coast of Lake Michigan . Robert was employed by American entrepreneur Zenas G . Winsor ( 1814–1890 ) , with whom he had made contact in Canada .",
"title": "Family history"
},
{
"text": "Records of McCays birth are not extant . He stated in an interview in 1910 that he was born in 1869 , and this is the year listed on his grave marker . in life , he told friends he was born September 26 , 1871 , in Spring Lake , and they published this information in a magazine . Michigan census records from 1870 and 1880 list a Zenas W . , who was born in Canada in 1867 , and others have speculated 1866 or 1868 based on evidence on how the censuses were carried out . No",
"title": "Family history"
},
{
"text": "Canadian birth record has been found , and a fire in Spring Lake in May 1893 could have destroyed any American birth record he may have had . His obituary in the New York Herald Tribune stated , not even Mr . McCay knew his exact age .",
"title": "Family history"
},
{
"text": " The McCays had two more children : Arthur in 1868 , and Mae in 1876 . Both were born in Michigan . Robert worked as a teamster under Winsor , and by May 1870 had saved enough money to buy a parcel of land . From 1879 to 1881 , he worked as a retail grocer . In 1885 he moved the family to Stanton , Michigan , and expanded his land holdings ; he was successful in real estate with his brother Hugh , who moved from in 1887 .",
"title": "Family history"
},
{
"text": "By 1905 , Robert was also a notary public . He had settled in Edmore , Michigan , and by this point had changed the spelling of his surname from McKay to McCay . His son related this story about the change :",
"title": "Family history"
},
{
"text": "McCay came to be known by his middle name , Winsor . His drawing skills emerged early . According to a story told within the family , McCay made his first drawing in the aftermath of one of the many fires that hit Spring Lake : he picked up a nail and etched the scene of the fire in the frost of a windowpane . Drawing became obsessive for him ; he drew anything he saw , and the level of detail and accuracy in his drawing was noted at a young age . He was able to draw accurately",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "from memory even things he had never before drawn—what McCay called memory sketching . His father thought little of his sons artistic talents , though , and had him sent to Cleary Business College in Ypsilanti , Michigan . McCay rarely attended classes . He bragged about how he would catch the train to Detroit to show off his drawing skills at the Wonderland and Eden Musee dime museum . He drew portraits there for 25 apiece , of which he kept half .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " McCay thrived on the attention he received , and his talents soon drew wider attention . John Goodison , a geography and drawing professor at Michigan State Normal School , offered to teach art to McCay privately , and McCay eagerly accepted . The lessons were practical and focused on using observation to learn to draw in geometrical perspective . Goodison , a former glass stainer , influenced McCays use of color . McCay learned how to draw quickly using drills on a blackboard , and gained an appreciation for master artists of the past .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Early career ( 1889–1903 ) .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " McCay spent two years in Chicago after making his way there sometime in 1889 with his friend Mort Touvers . He traded art techniques there with painter Jules Guérin , whom he met at a boarding house in which he lodged , and did artwork for posters and pamphlets at the National Printing and Engraving Company .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "In 1891 , McCay moved to Cincinnati , where he did more dime museum work while living in a boarding house near his workplace . He spent nine years making posters and other advertisements for the Kohl & Middleton Dime Museum , and later Heck and Averys Family Theater ( 1896 ) , Averys New Dime Museum ( 1898 ) , and Will S . Hecks Wonder World and Theater ( 1899 ) on Vine Street . At the museum in 1896 , a demonstration of Thomas Edisons Vitascope was given , which was likely McCays first exposure to the",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "young medium of film . He also did work during this time for Ph . Mortons printing and lithography company . McCays ability to draw quickly with great accuracy drew crowds when he painted advertisements in public .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " His first year at Kohl & Middleton , McCay was smitten when Maude Leonore Dufour walked into the dime museum with her sister while he was painting . He rushed to his studio to change into a custom-tailored suit , returned , and introduced himself to the fourteen-year-old Maude . Soon they eloped in Covington , Kentucky .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "McCay began working on the side for the Cincinnati Commercial Tribune , where he learned to draw with a dip pen under the tutelage of Commercial Tribune art room manager Joseph Alexander . In 1898 , he accepted a full-time position there . His many illustrations for the paper displayed his bold use of perspective and mastery of hatchwork . Soon after , he began freelancing for the humor magazine Life as well .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " In 1900 , McCay accepted a position with a higher salary at The Cincinnati Enquirer . There , he produced a prolific number of drawings , did some reporting , and became head of the art department . In his drawings , he began using line thickness to indicate depth , and used thick lines to surround his characters in an Art Nouveau-inspired style that became a trademark of his work . Comic strips ( 1903–1911 ) .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "From January until November 1903 , McCay drew an ongoing proto-comic strip for the Enquirer based on poems written by George Randolph Chester called A Tale of the Jungle Imps by Felix Fiddle . Before the last two installments appeared in print , McCay had moved to New York City to work for James Gordon Bennett , Jr.s New York Herald , at first doing illustrations and editorial cartoons . He worked alongside comic strip pioneer Richard F . Outcault , who was doing the Buster Brown strip at the Herald . A rivalry built up between the two cartoonists",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "which resulted in Outcault leaving the Herald to return to his previous employer , William Randolph Hearst at The New York Journal .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " McCays first continuing comic strip , Mr . Goodenough , debuted in The Evening Telegram on January 21 , 1904 . The formula for the strip was that a sedentary millionaire would seek ways to become more active , with embarrassing results . Sisters Little Sisters Beau , McCays first strip with a child protagonist , lasted one installment that April , and his first color strip , Phurious Phinish of Phoolish Philipes Phunny Phrolics , appeared in the Heralds Sunday supplement that May .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "McCays first popular comic strip was Little Sammy Sneeze . The strip starred a young boy whose sneeze would build panel by panel until it was released , with explosively disastrous results , for which he was usually punished or chased away by those affected . The strip debuted in July 1904 and ran until December 1906 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "McCays longest-running strip , Dream of the Rarebit Fiend , first appeared in The Evening Telegram in September 1904 . The strip was aimed at an adult audience , and had no recurring characters . The characters that appeared in the strip would have fantastic , sometimes terrifying dreams , only to wake up in the last panel , cursing the Welsh rarebit they had eaten the night before , which they blamed for bringing on the dream . Rarebit Fiend was so popular that a book collection appeared in 1905 from publisher Frederick A . Stokes . It was",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "adapted to film by Edwin S . Porter , and plans were made for a comic opera or musical extravaganza for stage that failed to materialize . McCay signed the Rarebit Fiend strips with the pen name Silas , as his contract required that he not use his real name for Evening Telegram work .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "The McCays had been living in Manhattan , close to the Herald offices ; before 1905 they moved to Sheepshead Bay in Brooklyn , New York , a seaside resort on Long Island . It was an hour commute from the Herald offices , but they believed it to be a better place to raise children . They lived at a number of addresses before settling into a three-story house at 1901 Voorhies Avenue , where McCay resided for the rest of his life . As his reputation grew , his employers allowed him to work from his home studio",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "more often .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " While still turning out illustrations and editorial cartoons daily , McCay began three more continuing strips in 1905 . In January , he began The Story of Hungry Henrietta , in which the child protagonist visibly ages week by week , and eats compulsively in lieu of the love she craves from her parents . A Pilgrims Progress by Mister Bunion was another Silas strip for The Evening Telegram , which ran from June 1905 until May 1909</ref> . Mr . Bunion spent each strip unsuccessfully scheming to rid himself of his suitcase , labeled Dull Care .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "McCay got an idea from the Rarebit Fiend to please the little folk , and in October 1905 the full-page Sunday strip Little Nemo in Slumberland debuted in the Herald . Considered McCays masterpiece , its child protagonist had fabulous dreams , interrupted each week with his awakening in the final panel . Nemos appearance was based on McCays son Robert . McCay experimented with formal aspects of the comics page : he made inventive use of timing and pacing , the size and shape of panels , perspective , and architectural and other details . The Herald was considered",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "to have the highest quality color printing of any newspaper at the time ; its printing staff used the Ben Day process for color , and McCay annotated the Nemo pages with precise color schemes for the printers .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Impresario F . F . Proctor approached McCay in April 1906 to perform chalk talks for the vaudeville circuit . For $500 per week he was to draw twenty-five sketches in fifteen minutes before live audiences , as a pit band played a piece called Dream of the Rarebit Fiend . In his The Seven Ages of Man routine , he drew two faces and progressively aged them . His first performance was on June 11 , 1906 , in a show that also featured entertainer W . C . Fields . It was a success , and McCay toured",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "with the show throughout 1907 , while managing to complete his comic strip and illustration work on time , often working in hotel rooms or backstage .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "As early as 1905 , several abortive attempts were made to produce a stage version of Little Nemo . In mid-1907 , Marcus Klaw and A . L . Erlanger announced they would put on an extravagant Little Nemo show for an unprecedented $100,000 , with a score by Victor Herbert and lyrics by Harry B . Smith . It starred midget Gabriel Weigel as Nemo , Joseph Cawthorn as Dr . Pill , and Billy B . Van as Flip . Reviews were positive ; it played to sold-out houses in New York and toured for two seasons .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "McCay brought his vaudeville act to each city where Little Nemo played . When the Keith circuit refused McCay to perform in Boston without a new act , McCay switched to the William Morris circuit , with a $100-a-week raise . In several cities , McCay brought his son , who as publicity sat on a small throne dressed as Nemo .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " As part of an improvised story , Cawthorn introduced a mythical creature he called a Whiffenpoof . The word caught on with the public , and became the name of a and a singing group . Despite the shows success , it failed to make back its investment due to its enormous expenses and came to an end in December 1910 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "McCay displayed his social awareness in the last strip he created for the Herald , Poor Jake . Its title character was a silent laborer who worked thanklessly for a Colonel and Mrs . Stall , who exploit him . The strip ran from 1909 until spring 1911 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "McCay was approached in early 1910 to bring his vaudeville show to Europe . McCay requested the Heralds permission , but the plans never materialized . His show stayed within the eastern U.S . until he ceased performing in 1917 . Biographer John Canemaker assumed McCays request to tour Europe was turned down , and that the refusal added to McCays growing frustration with the Herald . A distrust of big business became pronounced in McCays work around this time , including a story arc in Little Nemo in which the characters visit a Mars oppressed by a greedy business",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "magnate .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Animation ( 1911–1921 ) . McCay said he was most proud of his animation work . He completed ten animated films between 1911 and 1921 , and three more were planned .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Inspired by the flip books his son brought home , McCay came to see the possibility of making moving pictures of his cartoons . He claimed to be the first man in the world to make animated cartoons , though he was preceded by others such as James Stuart Blackton and Émile Cohl . McCay made four thousand drawings on rice paper for his first animated short , which starred his Little Nemo characters . They were shot at Vitagraph Studios under Blacktons supervision . Live-action sequences were added to the beginning and end of the film , in which",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "McCay bets his newspaper colleagues that in one month he can make four thousand drawings that move . Among those featured in these sequences were cartoonist George McManus and actor John Bunny . Little Nemo debuted in movie theatres on April 8 , 1911 , and four days later McCay began using it as part of his vaudeville act . Its good reception motivated him to hand-color each of the frames of the originally black-and-white animation .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " McCay had become frustrated with the Herald , partly over money issues and partly because he perceived a lack of freedom . He accepted a higher-paying offer in spring 1911 from Hearst at the New York American and took Little Nemos characters with him . The Herald held the strips copyright , but McCay won a lawsuit that allowed him to continue using the characters , which he did under the title In the Land of Wonderful Dreams . The Herald was unsuccessful in finding another cartoonist to continue the original strip .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "McCay began work that May on his next animated film , How a Mosquito Operates , based on a Rarebit Fiend episode from June 5 , 1909 , in which a man in bed tries in vain to defend himself from a giant mosquito , which drinks itself so full that it explodes . The animation is naturalistic—rather than expanding like a balloon , with each sip of blood the mosquitos abdomen swells according to its body structure . The film was completed in January 1912 , and McCay toured with it that spring and summer .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Gertie the Dinosaur debuted in February 1914 as part of McCays vaudeville act . McCay introduced Gertie as the only dinosaur in captivity , and commanded the animated beast with a whip . Gertie seemed to obey McCay , bowing to the audience , and eating a tree and a boulder , though she had a will of her own and sometimes rebelled . When McCay admonished her , she cried . McCay consoled her by throwing her an apple—in reality pocketing the cardboard prop apple as a cartoon one simultaneously appeared on screen . In the finale , McCay",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "walked offstage , reappeared in animated form in the film , and had Gertie carry him away . Producer William Foxs Box Office Attractions obtained distribution rights to a modified version of Gertie that could be played in regular movie theaters . This version was prefaced with a live-action sequence and replaced the interactive portions with intertitles .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Gertie was McCays first piece of animation with detailed backgrounds . McCay drew the foreground characters , while art student neighbor John A . Fitzsimmons traced the backgrounds . McCay pioneered the McCay Split System of inbetweening , in which major poses or positions were drawn first , and the intervening frames drawn after . This relieved tedium and improved the timing of the films actions . McCay refused to patent his system , and was sued in 1914 by animator John Randolph Bray , who took advantage of McCays lapse by patenting many of McCays techniques , including the",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "use of registration marks , tracing paper , the Mutoscope action viewer , and the cycling of drawings to create repetitive action . The lawsuit was unsuccessful , and there is evidence that McCay may have countersued—he thereafter received royalty payments from Bray for licensing the techniques .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Hearst was disappointed with the quality of McCays newspaper work . Infuriated that he couldnt reach McCay during a vaudeville performance , Hearst pulled from his papers advertising for the theatre where McCay performed . Editor Arthur Brisbane told him that he was a serious artist , not a comic cartoonist , and that he was to give up his comic strip work to focus on editorial illustrations . Hearst pressured McCays agents to reduce the number of his vaudeville appearances , and he was induced to sign a contract with Hearst that limited his vaudeville appearances to greater New",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "York , with occasional exceptions . In February 1917 , Hearst had McCay give up entirely on vaudeville and all other paid work outside the Hearst empire , though he was occasionally granted permission for particular shows . Hearst increased McCays salary to cover the loss of income .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "McCay was expected to report daily to the American building , where he shared a ninth-floor office with humorist Arthur Bugs Baer and sports cartoonist Joe McGurk . There , he illustrated editorials by Arthur Brisbane , who often sent back McCays drawings with instructions for changes . The quality of his drawings varied depending on his interest in the subject of the assignment , whether or not he agreed with the sentiments portrayed , and on events in his personal life . For example , in March 1914 he was subjected to a blackmail plot by a Mrs .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Lambkin , who was seeking a divorce from her husband . Lambkin alleged that McCays wife Maude was seeing her husband . With McCays level of fame , such a story would likely be in the papers , and Mrs . Lambkin and her husband told McCay that she would keep it secret for $1,000 . McCay did not believe the allegations , and gave testimony at the Lambkins divorce trial . The blackmail failed , and the divorce was not granted .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Hearst animation studio International Film Service began in December 1915 , and brought Hearst cartoonists to the screen . McCay was initially listed as one of them , but the studio never produced anything either by his hands or featuring his creations . McCay derived satisfaction from doing the work himself . Begun in 1916 , The Sinking of the Lusitania was his follow-up to Gertie . The film was not a fantasy but a detailed , realistic recreation of the 1915 German torpedoing of the RMS Lusitania . The event counted 128 Americans among its 1,198 dead , and",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "was a factor leading to the American entry into World War I .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " McCays daughter Marion married military man Raymond T . Moniz , eighteen years her senior , on October 13 , 1917 . She gave birth to McCays first grandchild , Ray Winsor Moniz , on July 16 , 1918 . Moniz and McCays son Robert were called up for service when the U.S . entered World War I .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "McCays self-financed Lusitania took nearly two years to complete . With the assistance of John Fitzsimmons and Cincinnati cartoonist William Apthorp Ap Adams , McCay spent his off hours drawing the film on sheets of cellulose acetate ( or cels ) with white and black India ink at McCays home . It was the first film McCay made using cels , a technology animator Earl Hurd had patented in 1914 ; it saved work by allowing dynamic drawings to be made on one or more layers , which could be laid over a static background layer , relieving animators of",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "the tedium of retracing static images onto drawing after drawing . McCay had the cels photographed at the Vitagraph studios . The film was naturalistically animated , and made use of dramatic camera angles that would have been impossible in a live-action film .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Jewel Productions released the film on July 20 , 1918 . Advertising touted it as the picture that will never have a competitor ; the film itself called McCay the originator and inventor of Animated Cartoons and drew attention to the fact that it took 25,000 drawings to complete . The Sinking of the Lusitania did not greatly return on McCays investment—after a few years run in theaters , it netted $80,000 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "McCay continued to produce animated films using cels . By 1921 , he had completed six , though three were likely never shown commercially to audiences and have survived only in fragments : The Centaurs , Flips Circus , and Gertie on Tour . In 1921 , he released three films based on Dream of the Rarebit Fiend : Bug Vaudeville , in which insects and other creepy-crawlies perform on stage ; The Pet , in which a creature with a bottomless appetite grows enormously and terrorizes the city in a way reminiscent of King Kong ; and The Flying",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "House , in which a man attaches wings to his house to flee from debt . McCays son Robert is credited with the animation on this last film , but Canemaker notes it is highly unlikely that a first-time animator could have produced such an accomplished piece of animation .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Later career ( 1921–1934 ) . After 1921 , McCay was made to give up on animation when Hearst learned he devoted more of his time to animation than to his newspaper illustrations . Unexecuted ideas McCay had for animation projects included a collaboration with Jungle Imps author George Randolph Chester , a musical film called The Barnyard Band , and a film about the Americans role in World War I .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "McCays son Robert married Theresa Tedda Munchausen on April 9 , 1921 . McCay bought them a nearby house as a wedding gift . The couple gave McCay two more grandchildren : Janet ( named after McCays mother ) in 1922 , and Robert in 1928 . Robert suffered shell shock during World War I , and following the war had difficulty drawing . McCay tried to boost his sons confidence by finding him cartooning work , and some of the elder McCays editorial cartoons were signed Robert Winsor McCay , Jr . Robert also briefly revived the Dreams of",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "the Rarebit Fiend strip as Rabid Reveries in 1924 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " In 1922 , McCay resumed doing vaudeville shows for the Keith circuit . He had a cameo in a newspaper office scene in the boxing film The Great White Way in early 1924 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "McCay left Hearst upon the expiration of his contract in May 1924 , bitter over not having received a promised $5,000 bonus . He returned to the Herald Tribune , and brought back Little Nemo beginning that August . The new strip displayed the virtuoso technique of the old , but the panels were laid out in an unvarying grid . Nemo took a more passive role in the stories , and there was no continuity . The strip came to an end in December 1926 , as it was not popular with readers . Hearst executives had been trying",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "to convince McCay to return to the American , and succeeded in 1927 . While McCay was gone , his place had been filled by Mel Cummin , who was let go after McCays return . Due to the lack of the 1920s Nemos success , the Herald Tribune signed over all copyrights to the strip to McCay for one dollar .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "In 1927 , McCay attended a dinner in his honor in New York . After a considerable amount of drinking , McCay was introduced by animator Max Fleischer . McCay gave the gathered group of animators some technical advice , but when he felt the audience was not giving him attention , he berated his audience , saying , Animation is an art . That is how I conceived it . But as I see , what you fellows have done with it , is making it into a trade . Not an art , but a trade . Bad",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Luck ! That September he appeared on the radio at WNAC , and on November 2 he was interviewed by Frank Craven for The Evening Journals Womans Hour . During both appearances he complained about the state of contemporary animation .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " An executive of the American Tobacco Company approached McCay in 1929 to do an advertising campaign for a financial sum in excess of his annual salary . Brisbane refused , noting that McCays contract didnt allow outside work . When the executive stormed into Brisbanes office threatening to pull American Tobaccos advertising dollars from the American , Brisbane provided a written release for the work .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "In 1932 , McCay found himself in what he recalled as the wildest ride in his life when Hearsts son Young Bill drove him at to the scene of the kidnapping of the Lindbergh baby . They arrived there two hours after the crime was first reported to police , and were able to interview the gathered police before the grounds were closed off to the public . McCay sketched the scene , the staff , and the ladders the kidnappers used , which he was allowed to see up close .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "McCay enjoyed robust health most of his life . On July 26 , 1934 , he complained to his wife of a severe head-ache . To his horror , he found his right arm—his drawing arm—was paralyzed . He lost consciousness and was pronounced dead later that afternoon , with his wife , children , and son-in-law by his side . He had died of a cerebral embolism , and was buried at the Cemetery of the Evergreens in Brooklyn in a family plot . He had a Masonic funeral in his home , attended by his newspaper colleagues ,",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Hearst and his son , and the Society of Illustrators , among others .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Brisbane hired back Mel Cummin to replace McCay . Due to his lavish life-style , McCay left a smaller fortune than those around him had expected . By the early 1940s , Maude had used up her inheritance and sold the house on Voorhies Avenue . When she died of a heart attack on March 2 , 1949 , she was living with her daughter and son-in-law . Son Robert was also careless with his inheritance , and less successful in art than his father . He worked for a short time at the Hearst papers , and tried unsuccessfully",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "to get a job at the Disney studios , before finding a career as illustrator for Training Aids/Special Services at Fort Ord .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Self-conscious and introverted in private , McCay was nevertheless a charismatic showman and self-promoter , and maintained several lifelong friendships . McCay was a light but frequent drinker ; he drank for camaraderie rather than for a love of drinking . To his wifes chagrin , McCay was a smoker of cigars and cigarettes . He was self-taught at the piano , and was an avid reader of poetry , plays and novels ; he admired W . B . Yeats , knew the works of Percy Bysshe Shelley and John Keats , and could quote the Bible and Shakespeare",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "McCay stood barely five feet ( ) tall , and felt dominated by his wife , who was nearly as tall as he was . McCay married Maude Leonore Dufour , the youngest of three daughters of French-Canadian carriage painter John Dufour . About a decade separated the couples ages : Maude was 14 when they married . Biographer Canemaker speculates this may explain the lack of certainty behind McCays birthdate , even by McCay himself , as he may have claimed to be younger than he was to justify marrying a teenaged girl . Maude was also age-conscious :",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "she preferred her grandchildren to call her Nan instead of Grandma and dyed her hair as she got older . The McCays took on the traditional roles of a married couple of the time , in that Winsor was the breadwinner and Maude the homemaker . Neither spouse got along well with the others mother .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " The couple had two children : Robert Winsor , born June 21 , 1896 ; and Marion Elizabeth , born August 22 , 1897 . McCay was said to be easy-going with the children , and left discipline to their stern mother . Marion felt domineered by her mother and perceived that her brother was her mothers favorite ; she was closer to her father and often appeared in public with him . Robert looked up to his father and became an artist himself . He was proud to have served as the model for Little Nemo .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "The McCays lived lavishly . McCay disliked driving , so kept a chauffeur who also served as bodyguard , as the editorial cartoons McCay drew for Hearst sometimes attracted threatening letters . Maude made daily trips by limousine to shop in upscale downtown Brooklyn with other well-to-do wives . Maude often complained to her husband , but he refused to discuss matters with her .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "McCays politics are unclear , and it is disputed whether he sympathized with the views displayed in his editorial cartoons . He was agnostic and believed in reincarnation . He was a Freemason , whose ranks he may have joined as early as when he was living in Chicago . His father had also been a Freemason , and was buried in 1915 with full Masonic rites , with funerals arranged by his Masonic lodges in both Woodstock , Ontario , and Edmore , Michigan . His mother often visited him in Brooklyn , and attended Little Nemos Philadelphia premiere",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": ". She died in Edmore , Michigan , in 1927 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " McCays brother Arthur was placed in a mental hospital in Traverse City , Michigan on March 7 , 1898 , where he stayed until his death from bronchopneumonia and arteriosclerosis on June 15 , 1946 . He never received family visits . McCay never let his children know about his brother , nor did they know about the existence of his sister Mae , who died in 1910 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "In 1937 , McCays son Robert attempted to carry on his fathers legacy by reviving Little Nemo . Comic book packager Harry A Cheslers syndicate announced a Sunday and daily Nemo strip , credited to Winsor McCay Jr . Robert also drew a comic book version for Chesler called Nemo in Adventureland starring grown-up versions of Nemo and the Princess . Neither project lasted long . In 1947 , Robert and fabric salesman Irving Mendelsohn organized the McCay Feature Syndicate , Inc . to revive the original Nemo strip from McCays original art , modified to fit the size of",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "modern newspaper pages . This revival also did not last .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "McCays original artwork has been poorly preserved . McCay insisted on having his originals returned to him , and a large collection that survived him was destroyed in a fire in the late 1930s . His wife was unsure how to handle the surviving pieces , so his son took on the responsibility and moved the collection to his own house . The family sold off some of the artwork when they were in need of cash . Responsibility for it passed to Mendelsohn , then later to daughter Marion . By the early twenty-first century , most of McCays",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "surviving artwork remained in family hands .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "McCay destroyed many of his original cans of film to create more storage space . Of what film he kept , much has not survived , as it was photographed on 35mm nitrate film , which decomposes and is highly flammable . Mendelsohns son and a friend , both young animators , discovered the film in Mendelsohns possession in 1947 and rescued what they could . In some cases , such as The Centaurs , only fragments could be saved . A negative and incomplete positive was discovered of Performing Animals , a film of animals playing instruments that may",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "have been intended for McCays vaudeville act ; it was deemed unsalvageable and destroyed .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " In 1966 , cartoonist Woody Gelman discovered the original artwork for many Little Nemo strips at a cartoon studio where McCays son Robert had worked . Many of the recovered originals were displayed at the Metropolitan Museum of Art under the direction of curator A . Hyatt Mayor . In 1973 , Gelman published a collection of Little Nemo strips in Italy . His collection of McCay originals is preserved at the Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum at Ohio State University .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "McCays work , grounded solidly in his understanding of realistic perspective , presaged the techniques featured in Walt Disneys feature films . Disney paid tribute to McCay in 1955 on an episode of Disneyland . The episode , The Story of Animated Drawing , gave a history of animation , and dramatized McCays vaudeville act with Gertie . Robert was invited to the Disney studios as a consultant on the episode , where Disney told him , Bob , all this should be your fathers .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "Animator and McCay biographer John Canemaker produced a film in 1974 called Remembering Winsor McCay , narrated by McCays animation assistant John Fitzsimmons . Canemaker helped coordinate the first retrospective of McCays films at the third International Animation Film Festival in 1975 in New York , which led to a film show at the Whitney Museum of American Art in winter 1975–76 . Canemaker also wrote a biography in 1987 called Winsor McCay : His Life and Art . In 2005 , a revised and expanded version of the biography was released , which comics scholar Jeet Heer called far",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "and away the most scholarly and intelligent biography ever written about an American cartoonist . Animation scholar Paul Wells stated , McCays influence on the history of animation cannot be understated . Film critic Richard Eder lamented that as an animation pioneer McCay was not able to reach the potential suggested by his work . Eder compared McCay to the Italian primitives of the early Renaissance , highly skilled in the limited techniques they could command . Heer wrote that McCays strength was in his visuals , but that his writing and characters were weak .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " Italian filmmaker Federico Fellini read Little Nemo in the childrens magazine Il corriere dei piccoli , and the strip was a powerful influence on the filmmaker , according to Fellini biographer Peter Bondanella . Comics historian R . C . Harvey has called McCay the first original genius of the comic strip medium and in animation . Harvey said that McCays contemporaries lacked the skill to continue with his innovations , so that they were left for future generations to rediscover and build upon .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "McCays work has inspired cartoonists from Carl Barks to Art Spiegelman . Robert Crumb called McCay a genius and one of his favorite cartoonists . Art Spiegelmans 1974 Real Dream strip was partially inspired by Rarebit Fiend , and his In the Shadow of No Towers in 2004 appropriated some of McCays imagery , and included a page of Little Nemo in its appendix . Maurice Sendaks childrens book In the Night Kitchen ( 1970 ) was an homage to McCays work , as was Rick Veitch comic book series Roarin Ricks Rarebit Fiends ( 1994–96 ) . Kim Deitch",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "and Simon Deitchs graphic novel The Boulevard of Broken Dreams revolved around a character named Winsor Newton , based on an aged McCay . Cartoonist Berke Breathed lamented that the conditions of newspaper cartooning had devolved to such a degree since McCays time that , had he worked later in the century , he would not have been allotted space sufficient for his expansive full-page fantasies .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " As Sigmund Freuds The Interpretation of Dreams first appeared in print in 1899 , McCays major dream strips work have invited speculation of a Freudian influence . A French Nurses Dream , a comic strip by the Hungarian artist Nándor Honti that appeared in Freuds book edition in 1914 , strongly resembles the work of McCay in its theme , pacing , Art Nouveau style , and closing panel of the dreamer awakening in bed . However , the English translation of Freuds book was not published until 1913 .",
"title": "Legacy"
}
] |
/wiki/Winsor_McCay#P108#3
|
What was the name of the employer Winsor McCay work for between Oct 1920 and Nov 1920?
|
Winsor McCay Zenas Winsor McCay ( – July 26 , 1934 ) was an American cartoonist and animator . He is best known for the comic strip Little Nemo ( 1905–14 ; 1924–26 ) and the animated film Gertie the Dinosaur ( 1914 ) . For contractual reasons , he worked under the pen name Silas on the comic strip Dream of the Rarebit Fiend . From a young age , McCay was a quick , prolific , and technically dextrous artist . He started his professional career making posters and performing for dime museums , and in 1898 began illustrating newspapers and magazines . In 1903 he joined the New York Herald , where he created popular comic strips such as Little Sammy Sneeze and Dream of the Rarebit Fiend . In 1905 his signature strip Little Nemo in Slumberland debuted—a fantasy strip in an Art Nouveau style about a young boy and his adventurous dreams . The strip demonstrated McCays strong graphic sense and mastery of color and linear perspective . McCay experimented with the formal elements of the comic strip page , arranging and sizing panels to increase impact and enhance the narrative . McCay also produced numerous detailed editorial cartoons and was a popular performer of chalk talks on the vaudeville circuit . McCay was an early animation pioneer ; between 1911 and 1921 he self-financed and animated ten films , some of which survive only as fragments . The first three served in his vaudeville act ; Gertie the Dinosaur was an interactive routine in which McCay appeared to give orders to a trained dinosaur . McCay and his assistants worked for twenty-two months on his most ambitious film , The Sinking of the Lusitania ( 1918 ) , a patriotic recreation of the German torpedoing in 1915 of the RMS Lusitania . Lusitania did not enjoy as much commercial success as the earlier films , and McCays later movies attracted little attention . His animation , vaudeville , and comic strip work was gradually curtailed as newspaper magnate William Randolph Hearst , his employer since 1911 , expected McCay to devote his energies to editorial illustrations . In his drawing , McCay made bold , prodigious use of linear perspective , particularly in detailed architecture and cityscapes . He textured his editorial cartoons with copious fine hatching , and made color a central element in Little Nemo . His comic strip work has influenced generations of cartoonists and illustrators . The technical level of McCays animation—its naturalism , smoothness , and scale—was unmatched until the work of Fleischer Studios in the late 1920s , followed by Walt Disneys feature films in the 1930s . He pioneered inbetweening , the use of registration marks , cycling , and other animation techniques that were to become standard . Personal history . Family history . McCays paternal grandparents , farmers Donald and Christiana , immigrated from Scotland to Upper Canada in the mid-1830s . McCays father , Robert ( 1840 – March 21 , 1915 ) was born in Woodstock , Upper Canada , the third of six children . McCays maternal grandparents , Peter and Mary Murray , were also Scottish immigrants , and settled as farmers in East Zorra in Upper Canada . Their daughter Janet was the third of nine children . Robert was a member of King Solomons No . 43 Masonic Lodge in Woodstock . In 1862 , Robert first traveled to the U.S . Robert and the twenty-five-year-old Janet married on January 8 , 1866 , at Woodstocks Methodist Episcopal Church . The couple moved across the Canada–US border later in the year and settled in Spring Lake , Michigan , on the eastern coast of Lake Michigan . Robert was employed by American entrepreneur Zenas G . Winsor ( 1814–1890 ) , with whom he had made contact in Canada . Records of McCays birth are not extant . He stated in an interview in 1910 that he was born in 1869 , and this is the year listed on his grave marker . in life , he told friends he was born September 26 , 1871 , in Spring Lake , and they published this information in a magazine . Michigan census records from 1870 and 1880 list a Zenas W . , who was born in Canada in 1867 , and others have speculated 1866 or 1868 based on evidence on how the censuses were carried out . No Canadian birth record has been found , and a fire in Spring Lake in May 1893 could have destroyed any American birth record he may have had . His obituary in the New York Herald Tribune stated , not even Mr . McCay knew his exact age . The McCays had two more children : Arthur in 1868 , and Mae in 1876 . Both were born in Michigan . Robert worked as a teamster under Winsor , and by May 1870 had saved enough money to buy a parcel of land . From 1879 to 1881 , he worked as a retail grocer . In 1885 he moved the family to Stanton , Michigan , and expanded his land holdings ; he was successful in real estate with his brother Hugh , who moved from in 1887 . By 1905 , Robert was also a notary public . He had settled in Edmore , Michigan , and by this point had changed the spelling of his surname from McKay to McCay . His son related this story about the change : Early life . McCay came to be known by his middle name , Winsor . His drawing skills emerged early . According to a story told within the family , McCay made his first drawing in the aftermath of one of the many fires that hit Spring Lake : he picked up a nail and etched the scene of the fire in the frost of a windowpane . Drawing became obsessive for him ; he drew anything he saw , and the level of detail and accuracy in his drawing was noted at a young age . He was able to draw accurately from memory even things he had never before drawn—what McCay called memory sketching . His father thought little of his sons artistic talents , though , and had him sent to Cleary Business College in Ypsilanti , Michigan . McCay rarely attended classes . He bragged about how he would catch the train to Detroit to show off his drawing skills at the Wonderland and Eden Musee dime museum . He drew portraits there for 25 apiece , of which he kept half . McCay thrived on the attention he received , and his talents soon drew wider attention . John Goodison , a geography and drawing professor at Michigan State Normal School , offered to teach art to McCay privately , and McCay eagerly accepted . The lessons were practical and focused on using observation to learn to draw in geometrical perspective . Goodison , a former glass stainer , influenced McCays use of color . McCay learned how to draw quickly using drills on a blackboard , and gained an appreciation for master artists of the past . Early career ( 1889–1903 ) . McCay spent two years in Chicago after making his way there sometime in 1889 with his friend Mort Touvers . He traded art techniques there with painter Jules Guérin , whom he met at a boarding house in which he lodged , and did artwork for posters and pamphlets at the National Printing and Engraving Company . In 1891 , McCay moved to Cincinnati , where he did more dime museum work while living in a boarding house near his workplace . He spent nine years making posters and other advertisements for the Kohl & Middleton Dime Museum , and later Heck and Averys Family Theater ( 1896 ) , Averys New Dime Museum ( 1898 ) , and Will S . Hecks Wonder World and Theater ( 1899 ) on Vine Street . At the museum in 1896 , a demonstration of Thomas Edisons Vitascope was given , which was likely McCays first exposure to the young medium of film . He also did work during this time for Ph . Mortons printing and lithography company . McCays ability to draw quickly with great accuracy drew crowds when he painted advertisements in public . His first year at Kohl & Middleton , McCay was smitten when Maude Leonore Dufour walked into the dime museum with her sister while he was painting . He rushed to his studio to change into a custom-tailored suit , returned , and introduced himself to the fourteen-year-old Maude . Soon they eloped in Covington , Kentucky . McCay began working on the side for the Cincinnati Commercial Tribune , where he learned to draw with a dip pen under the tutelage of Commercial Tribune art room manager Joseph Alexander . In 1898 , he accepted a full-time position there . His many illustrations for the paper displayed his bold use of perspective and mastery of hatchwork . Soon after , he began freelancing for the humor magazine Life as well . In 1900 , McCay accepted a position with a higher salary at The Cincinnati Enquirer . There , he produced a prolific number of drawings , did some reporting , and became head of the art department . In his drawings , he began using line thickness to indicate depth , and used thick lines to surround his characters in an Art Nouveau-inspired style that became a trademark of his work . Comic strips ( 1903–1911 ) . From January until November 1903 , McCay drew an ongoing proto-comic strip for the Enquirer based on poems written by George Randolph Chester called A Tale of the Jungle Imps by Felix Fiddle . Before the last two installments appeared in print , McCay had moved to New York City to work for James Gordon Bennett , Jr.s New York Herald , at first doing illustrations and editorial cartoons . He worked alongside comic strip pioneer Richard F . Outcault , who was doing the Buster Brown strip at the Herald . A rivalry built up between the two cartoonists which resulted in Outcault leaving the Herald to return to his previous employer , William Randolph Hearst at The New York Journal . McCays first continuing comic strip , Mr . Goodenough , debuted in The Evening Telegram on January 21 , 1904 . The formula for the strip was that a sedentary millionaire would seek ways to become more active , with embarrassing results . Sisters Little Sisters Beau , McCays first strip with a child protagonist , lasted one installment that April , and his first color strip , Phurious Phinish of Phoolish Philipes Phunny Phrolics , appeared in the Heralds Sunday supplement that May . McCays first popular comic strip was Little Sammy Sneeze . The strip starred a young boy whose sneeze would build panel by panel until it was released , with explosively disastrous results , for which he was usually punished or chased away by those affected . The strip debuted in July 1904 and ran until December 1906 . McCays longest-running strip , Dream of the Rarebit Fiend , first appeared in The Evening Telegram in September 1904 . The strip was aimed at an adult audience , and had no recurring characters . The characters that appeared in the strip would have fantastic , sometimes terrifying dreams , only to wake up in the last panel , cursing the Welsh rarebit they had eaten the night before , which they blamed for bringing on the dream . Rarebit Fiend was so popular that a book collection appeared in 1905 from publisher Frederick A . Stokes . It was adapted to film by Edwin S . Porter , and plans were made for a comic opera or musical extravaganza for stage that failed to materialize . McCay signed the Rarebit Fiend strips with the pen name Silas , as his contract required that he not use his real name for Evening Telegram work . The McCays had been living in Manhattan , close to the Herald offices ; before 1905 they moved to Sheepshead Bay in Brooklyn , New York , a seaside resort on Long Island . It was an hour commute from the Herald offices , but they believed it to be a better place to raise children . They lived at a number of addresses before settling into a three-story house at 1901 Voorhies Avenue , where McCay resided for the rest of his life . As his reputation grew , his employers allowed him to work from his home studio more often . While still turning out illustrations and editorial cartoons daily , McCay began three more continuing strips in 1905 . In January , he began The Story of Hungry Henrietta , in which the child protagonist visibly ages week by week , and eats compulsively in lieu of the love she craves from her parents . A Pilgrims Progress by Mister Bunion was another Silas strip for The Evening Telegram , which ran from June 1905 until May 1909</ref> . Mr . Bunion spent each strip unsuccessfully scheming to rid himself of his suitcase , labeled Dull Care . McCay got an idea from the Rarebit Fiend to please the little folk , and in October 1905 the full-page Sunday strip Little Nemo in Slumberland debuted in the Herald . Considered McCays masterpiece , its child protagonist had fabulous dreams , interrupted each week with his awakening in the final panel . Nemos appearance was based on McCays son Robert . McCay experimented with formal aspects of the comics page : he made inventive use of timing and pacing , the size and shape of panels , perspective , and architectural and other details . The Herald was considered to have the highest quality color printing of any newspaper at the time ; its printing staff used the Ben Day process for color , and McCay annotated the Nemo pages with precise color schemes for the printers . Impresario F . F . Proctor approached McCay in April 1906 to perform chalk talks for the vaudeville circuit . For $500 per week he was to draw twenty-five sketches in fifteen minutes before live audiences , as a pit band played a piece called Dream of the Rarebit Fiend . In his The Seven Ages of Man routine , he drew two faces and progressively aged them . His first performance was on June 11 , 1906 , in a show that also featured entertainer W . C . Fields . It was a success , and McCay toured with the show throughout 1907 , while managing to complete his comic strip and illustration work on time , often working in hotel rooms or backstage . As early as 1905 , several abortive attempts were made to produce a stage version of Little Nemo . In mid-1907 , Marcus Klaw and A . L . Erlanger announced they would put on an extravagant Little Nemo show for an unprecedented $100,000 , with a score by Victor Herbert and lyrics by Harry B . Smith . It starred midget Gabriel Weigel as Nemo , Joseph Cawthorn as Dr . Pill , and Billy B . Van as Flip . Reviews were positive ; it played to sold-out houses in New York and toured for two seasons . McCay brought his vaudeville act to each city where Little Nemo played . When the Keith circuit refused McCay to perform in Boston without a new act , McCay switched to the William Morris circuit , with a $100-a-week raise . In several cities , McCay brought his son , who as publicity sat on a small throne dressed as Nemo . As part of an improvised story , Cawthorn introduced a mythical creature he called a Whiffenpoof . The word caught on with the public , and became the name of a and a singing group . Despite the shows success , it failed to make back its investment due to its enormous expenses and came to an end in December 1910 . McCay displayed his social awareness in the last strip he created for the Herald , Poor Jake . Its title character was a silent laborer who worked thanklessly for a Colonel and Mrs . Stall , who exploit him . The strip ran from 1909 until spring 1911 . McCay was approached in early 1910 to bring his vaudeville show to Europe . McCay requested the Heralds permission , but the plans never materialized . His show stayed within the eastern U.S . until he ceased performing in 1917 . Biographer John Canemaker assumed McCays request to tour Europe was turned down , and that the refusal added to McCays growing frustration with the Herald . A distrust of big business became pronounced in McCays work around this time , including a story arc in Little Nemo in which the characters visit a Mars oppressed by a greedy business magnate . Animation ( 1911–1921 ) . McCay said he was most proud of his animation work . He completed ten animated films between 1911 and 1921 , and three more were planned . Inspired by the flip books his son brought home , McCay came to see the possibility of making moving pictures of his cartoons . He claimed to be the first man in the world to make animated cartoons , though he was preceded by others such as James Stuart Blackton and Émile Cohl . McCay made four thousand drawings on rice paper for his first animated short , which starred his Little Nemo characters . They were shot at Vitagraph Studios under Blacktons supervision . Live-action sequences were added to the beginning and end of the film , in which McCay bets his newspaper colleagues that in one month he can make four thousand drawings that move . Among those featured in these sequences were cartoonist George McManus and actor John Bunny . Little Nemo debuted in movie theatres on April 8 , 1911 , and four days later McCay began using it as part of his vaudeville act . Its good reception motivated him to hand-color each of the frames of the originally black-and-white animation . McCay had become frustrated with the Herald , partly over money issues and partly because he perceived a lack of freedom . He accepted a higher-paying offer in spring 1911 from Hearst at the New York American and took Little Nemos characters with him . The Herald held the strips copyright , but McCay won a lawsuit that allowed him to continue using the characters , which he did under the title In the Land of Wonderful Dreams . The Herald was unsuccessful in finding another cartoonist to continue the original strip . McCay began work that May on his next animated film , How a Mosquito Operates , based on a Rarebit Fiend episode from June 5 , 1909 , in which a man in bed tries in vain to defend himself from a giant mosquito , which drinks itself so full that it explodes . The animation is naturalistic—rather than expanding like a balloon , with each sip of blood the mosquitos abdomen swells according to its body structure . The film was completed in January 1912 , and McCay toured with it that spring and summer . Gertie the Dinosaur debuted in February 1914 as part of McCays vaudeville act . McCay introduced Gertie as the only dinosaur in captivity , and commanded the animated beast with a whip . Gertie seemed to obey McCay , bowing to the audience , and eating a tree and a boulder , though she had a will of her own and sometimes rebelled . When McCay admonished her , she cried . McCay consoled her by throwing her an apple—in reality pocketing the cardboard prop apple as a cartoon one simultaneously appeared on screen . In the finale , McCay walked offstage , reappeared in animated form in the film , and had Gertie carry him away . Producer William Foxs Box Office Attractions obtained distribution rights to a modified version of Gertie that could be played in regular movie theaters . This version was prefaced with a live-action sequence and replaced the interactive portions with intertitles . Gertie was McCays first piece of animation with detailed backgrounds . McCay drew the foreground characters , while art student neighbor John A . Fitzsimmons traced the backgrounds . McCay pioneered the McCay Split System of inbetweening , in which major poses or positions were drawn first , and the intervening frames drawn after . This relieved tedium and improved the timing of the films actions . McCay refused to patent his system , and was sued in 1914 by animator John Randolph Bray , who took advantage of McCays lapse by patenting many of McCays techniques , including the use of registration marks , tracing paper , the Mutoscope action viewer , and the cycling of drawings to create repetitive action . The lawsuit was unsuccessful , and there is evidence that McCay may have countersued—he thereafter received royalty payments from Bray for licensing the techniques . Hearst was disappointed with the quality of McCays newspaper work . Infuriated that he couldnt reach McCay during a vaudeville performance , Hearst pulled from his papers advertising for the theatre where McCay performed . Editor Arthur Brisbane told him that he was a serious artist , not a comic cartoonist , and that he was to give up his comic strip work to focus on editorial illustrations . Hearst pressured McCays agents to reduce the number of his vaudeville appearances , and he was induced to sign a contract with Hearst that limited his vaudeville appearances to greater New York , with occasional exceptions . In February 1917 , Hearst had McCay give up entirely on vaudeville and all other paid work outside the Hearst empire , though he was occasionally granted permission for particular shows . Hearst increased McCays salary to cover the loss of income . McCay was expected to report daily to the American building , where he shared a ninth-floor office with humorist Arthur Bugs Baer and sports cartoonist Joe McGurk . There , he illustrated editorials by Arthur Brisbane , who often sent back McCays drawings with instructions for changes . The quality of his drawings varied depending on his interest in the subject of the assignment , whether or not he agreed with the sentiments portrayed , and on events in his personal life . For example , in March 1914 he was subjected to a blackmail plot by a Mrs . Lambkin , who was seeking a divorce from her husband . Lambkin alleged that McCays wife Maude was seeing her husband . With McCays level of fame , such a story would likely be in the papers , and Mrs . Lambkin and her husband told McCay that she would keep it secret for $1,000 . McCay did not believe the allegations , and gave testimony at the Lambkins divorce trial . The blackmail failed , and the divorce was not granted . Hearst animation studio International Film Service began in December 1915 , and brought Hearst cartoonists to the screen . McCay was initially listed as one of them , but the studio never produced anything either by his hands or featuring his creations . McCay derived satisfaction from doing the work himself . Begun in 1916 , The Sinking of the Lusitania was his follow-up to Gertie . The film was not a fantasy but a detailed , realistic recreation of the 1915 German torpedoing of the RMS Lusitania . The event counted 128 Americans among its 1,198 dead , and was a factor leading to the American entry into World War I . McCays daughter Marion married military man Raymond T . Moniz , eighteen years her senior , on October 13 , 1917 . She gave birth to McCays first grandchild , Ray Winsor Moniz , on July 16 , 1918 . Moniz and McCays son Robert were called up for service when the U.S . entered World War I . McCays self-financed Lusitania took nearly two years to complete . With the assistance of John Fitzsimmons and Cincinnati cartoonist William Apthorp Ap Adams , McCay spent his off hours drawing the film on sheets of cellulose acetate ( or cels ) with white and black India ink at McCays home . It was the first film McCay made using cels , a technology animator Earl Hurd had patented in 1914 ; it saved work by allowing dynamic drawings to be made on one or more layers , which could be laid over a static background layer , relieving animators of the tedium of retracing static images onto drawing after drawing . McCay had the cels photographed at the Vitagraph studios . The film was naturalistically animated , and made use of dramatic camera angles that would have been impossible in a live-action film . Jewel Productions released the film on July 20 , 1918 . Advertising touted it as the picture that will never have a competitor ; the film itself called McCay the originator and inventor of Animated Cartoons and drew attention to the fact that it took 25,000 drawings to complete . The Sinking of the Lusitania did not greatly return on McCays investment—after a few years run in theaters , it netted $80,000 . McCay continued to produce animated films using cels . By 1921 , he had completed six , though three were likely never shown commercially to audiences and have survived only in fragments : The Centaurs , Flips Circus , and Gertie on Tour . In 1921 , he released three films based on Dream of the Rarebit Fiend : Bug Vaudeville , in which insects and other creepy-crawlies perform on stage ; The Pet , in which a creature with a bottomless appetite grows enormously and terrorizes the city in a way reminiscent of King Kong ; and The Flying House , in which a man attaches wings to his house to flee from debt . McCays son Robert is credited with the animation on this last film , but Canemaker notes it is highly unlikely that a first-time animator could have produced such an accomplished piece of animation . Later career ( 1921–1934 ) . After 1921 , McCay was made to give up on animation when Hearst learned he devoted more of his time to animation than to his newspaper illustrations . Unexecuted ideas McCay had for animation projects included a collaboration with Jungle Imps author George Randolph Chester , a musical film called The Barnyard Band , and a film about the Americans role in World War I . McCays son Robert married Theresa Tedda Munchausen on April 9 , 1921 . McCay bought them a nearby house as a wedding gift . The couple gave McCay two more grandchildren : Janet ( named after McCays mother ) in 1922 , and Robert in 1928 . Robert suffered shell shock during World War I , and following the war had difficulty drawing . McCay tried to boost his sons confidence by finding him cartooning work , and some of the elder McCays editorial cartoons were signed Robert Winsor McCay , Jr . Robert also briefly revived the Dreams of the Rarebit Fiend strip as Rabid Reveries in 1924 . In 1922 , McCay resumed doing vaudeville shows for the Keith circuit . He had a cameo in a newspaper office scene in the boxing film The Great White Way in early 1924 . McCay left Hearst upon the expiration of his contract in May 1924 , bitter over not having received a promised $5,000 bonus . He returned to the Herald Tribune , and brought back Little Nemo beginning that August . The new strip displayed the virtuoso technique of the old , but the panels were laid out in an unvarying grid . Nemo took a more passive role in the stories , and there was no continuity . The strip came to an end in December 1926 , as it was not popular with readers . Hearst executives had been trying to convince McCay to return to the American , and succeeded in 1927 . While McCay was gone , his place had been filled by Mel Cummin , who was let go after McCays return . Due to the lack of the 1920s Nemos success , the Herald Tribune signed over all copyrights to the strip to McCay for one dollar . In 1927 , McCay attended a dinner in his honor in New York . After a considerable amount of drinking , McCay was introduced by animator Max Fleischer . McCay gave the gathered group of animators some technical advice , but when he felt the audience was not giving him attention , he berated his audience , saying , Animation is an art . That is how I conceived it . But as I see , what you fellows have done with it , is making it into a trade . Not an art , but a trade . Bad Luck ! That September he appeared on the radio at WNAC , and on November 2 he was interviewed by Frank Craven for The Evening Journals Womans Hour . During both appearances he complained about the state of contemporary animation . An executive of the American Tobacco Company approached McCay in 1929 to do an advertising campaign for a financial sum in excess of his annual salary . Brisbane refused , noting that McCays contract didnt allow outside work . When the executive stormed into Brisbanes office threatening to pull American Tobaccos advertising dollars from the American , Brisbane provided a written release for the work . In 1932 , McCay found himself in what he recalled as the wildest ride in his life when Hearsts son Young Bill drove him at to the scene of the kidnapping of the Lindbergh baby . They arrived there two hours after the crime was first reported to police , and were able to interview the gathered police before the grounds were closed off to the public . McCay sketched the scene , the staff , and the ladders the kidnappers used , which he was allowed to see up close . McCay enjoyed robust health most of his life . On July 26 , 1934 , he complained to his wife of a severe head-ache . To his horror , he found his right arm—his drawing arm—was paralyzed . He lost consciousness and was pronounced dead later that afternoon , with his wife , children , and son-in-law by his side . He had died of a cerebral embolism , and was buried at the Cemetery of the Evergreens in Brooklyn in a family plot . He had a Masonic funeral in his home , attended by his newspaper colleagues , Hearst and his son , and the Society of Illustrators , among others . Brisbane hired back Mel Cummin to replace McCay . Due to his lavish life-style , McCay left a smaller fortune than those around him had expected . By the early 1940s , Maude had used up her inheritance and sold the house on Voorhies Avenue . When she died of a heart attack on March 2 , 1949 , she was living with her daughter and son-in-law . Son Robert was also careless with his inheritance , and less successful in art than his father . He worked for a short time at the Hearst papers , and tried unsuccessfully to get a job at the Disney studios , before finding a career as illustrator for Training Aids/Special Services at Fort Ord . Personal life . Self-conscious and introverted in private , McCay was nevertheless a charismatic showman and self-promoter , and maintained several lifelong friendships . McCay was a light but frequent drinker ; he drank for camaraderie rather than for a love of drinking . To his wifes chagrin , McCay was a smoker of cigars and cigarettes . He was self-taught at the piano , and was an avid reader of poetry , plays and novels ; he admired W . B . Yeats , knew the works of Percy Bysshe Shelley and John Keats , and could quote the Bible and Shakespeare . McCay stood barely five feet ( ) tall , and felt dominated by his wife , who was nearly as tall as he was . McCay married Maude Leonore Dufour , the youngest of three daughters of French-Canadian carriage painter John Dufour . About a decade separated the couples ages : Maude was 14 when they married . Biographer Canemaker speculates this may explain the lack of certainty behind McCays birthdate , even by McCay himself , as he may have claimed to be younger than he was to justify marrying a teenaged girl . Maude was also age-conscious : she preferred her grandchildren to call her Nan instead of Grandma and dyed her hair as she got older . The McCays took on the traditional roles of a married couple of the time , in that Winsor was the breadwinner and Maude the homemaker . Neither spouse got along well with the others mother . The couple had two children : Robert Winsor , born June 21 , 1896 ; and Marion Elizabeth , born August 22 , 1897 . McCay was said to be easy-going with the children , and left discipline to their stern mother . Marion felt domineered by her mother and perceived that her brother was her mothers favorite ; she was closer to her father and often appeared in public with him . Robert looked up to his father and became an artist himself . He was proud to have served as the model for Little Nemo . The McCays lived lavishly . McCay disliked driving , so kept a chauffeur who also served as bodyguard , as the editorial cartoons McCay drew for Hearst sometimes attracted threatening letters . Maude made daily trips by limousine to shop in upscale downtown Brooklyn with other well-to-do wives . Maude often complained to her husband , but he refused to discuss matters with her . McCays politics are unclear , and it is disputed whether he sympathized with the views displayed in his editorial cartoons . He was agnostic and believed in reincarnation . He was a Freemason , whose ranks he may have joined as early as when he was living in Chicago . His father had also been a Freemason , and was buried in 1915 with full Masonic rites , with funerals arranged by his Masonic lodges in both Woodstock , Ontario , and Edmore , Michigan . His mother often visited him in Brooklyn , and attended Little Nemos Philadelphia premiere . She died in Edmore , Michigan , in 1927 . McCays brother Arthur was placed in a mental hospital in Traverse City , Michigan on March 7 , 1898 , where he stayed until his death from bronchopneumonia and arteriosclerosis on June 15 , 1946 . He never received family visits . McCay never let his children know about his brother , nor did they know about the existence of his sister Mae , who died in 1910 . Legacy . In 1937 , McCays son Robert attempted to carry on his fathers legacy by reviving Little Nemo . Comic book packager Harry A Cheslers syndicate announced a Sunday and daily Nemo strip , credited to Winsor McCay Jr . Robert also drew a comic book version for Chesler called Nemo in Adventureland starring grown-up versions of Nemo and the Princess . Neither project lasted long . In 1947 , Robert and fabric salesman Irving Mendelsohn organized the McCay Feature Syndicate , Inc . to revive the original Nemo strip from McCays original art , modified to fit the size of modern newspaper pages . This revival also did not last . McCays original artwork has been poorly preserved . McCay insisted on having his originals returned to him , and a large collection that survived him was destroyed in a fire in the late 1930s . His wife was unsure how to handle the surviving pieces , so his son took on the responsibility and moved the collection to his own house . The family sold off some of the artwork when they were in need of cash . Responsibility for it passed to Mendelsohn , then later to daughter Marion . By the early twenty-first century , most of McCays surviving artwork remained in family hands . McCay destroyed many of his original cans of film to create more storage space . Of what film he kept , much has not survived , as it was photographed on 35mm nitrate film , which decomposes and is highly flammable . Mendelsohns son and a friend , both young animators , discovered the film in Mendelsohns possession in 1947 and rescued what they could . In some cases , such as The Centaurs , only fragments could be saved . A negative and incomplete positive was discovered of Performing Animals , a film of animals playing instruments that may have been intended for McCays vaudeville act ; it was deemed unsalvageable and destroyed . In 1966 , cartoonist Woody Gelman discovered the original artwork for many Little Nemo strips at a cartoon studio where McCays son Robert had worked . Many of the recovered originals were displayed at the Metropolitan Museum of Art under the direction of curator A . Hyatt Mayor . In 1973 , Gelman published a collection of Little Nemo strips in Italy . His collection of McCay originals is preserved at the Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum at Ohio State University . McCays work , grounded solidly in his understanding of realistic perspective , presaged the techniques featured in Walt Disneys feature films . Disney paid tribute to McCay in 1955 on an episode of Disneyland . The episode , The Story of Animated Drawing , gave a history of animation , and dramatized McCays vaudeville act with Gertie . Robert was invited to the Disney studios as a consultant on the episode , where Disney told him , Bob , all this should be your fathers . Animator and McCay biographer John Canemaker produced a film in 1974 called Remembering Winsor McCay , narrated by McCays animation assistant John Fitzsimmons . Canemaker helped coordinate the first retrospective of McCays films at the third International Animation Film Festival in 1975 in New York , which led to a film show at the Whitney Museum of American Art in winter 1975–76 . Canemaker also wrote a biography in 1987 called Winsor McCay : His Life and Art . In 2005 , a revised and expanded version of the biography was released , which comics scholar Jeet Heer called far and away the most scholarly and intelligent biography ever written about an American cartoonist . Animation scholar Paul Wells stated , McCays influence on the history of animation cannot be understated . Film critic Richard Eder lamented that as an animation pioneer McCay was not able to reach the potential suggested by his work . Eder compared McCay to the Italian primitives of the early Renaissance , highly skilled in the limited techniques they could command . Heer wrote that McCays strength was in his visuals , but that his writing and characters were weak . Italian filmmaker Federico Fellini read Little Nemo in the childrens magazine Il corriere dei piccoli , and the strip was a powerful influence on the filmmaker , according to Fellini biographer Peter Bondanella . Comics historian R . C . Harvey has called McCay the first original genius of the comic strip medium and in animation . Harvey said that McCays contemporaries lacked the skill to continue with his innovations , so that they were left for future generations to rediscover and build upon . McCays work has inspired cartoonists from Carl Barks to Art Spiegelman . Robert Crumb called McCay a genius and one of his favorite cartoonists . Art Spiegelmans 1974 Real Dream strip was partially inspired by Rarebit Fiend , and his In the Shadow of No Towers in 2004 appropriated some of McCays imagery , and included a page of Little Nemo in its appendix . Maurice Sendaks childrens book In the Night Kitchen ( 1970 ) was an homage to McCays work , as was Rick Veitch comic book series Roarin Ricks Rarebit Fiends ( 1994–96 ) . Kim Deitch and Simon Deitchs graphic novel The Boulevard of Broken Dreams revolved around a character named Winsor Newton , based on an aged McCay . Cartoonist Berke Breathed lamented that the conditions of newspaper cartooning had devolved to such a degree since McCays time that , had he worked later in the century , he would not have been allotted space sufficient for his expansive full-page fantasies . As Sigmund Freuds The Interpretation of Dreams first appeared in print in 1899 , McCays major dream strips work have invited speculation of a Freudian influence . A French Nurses Dream , a comic strip by the Hungarian artist Nándor Honti that appeared in Freuds book edition in 1914 , strongly resembles the work of McCay in its theme , pacing , Art Nouveau style , and closing panel of the dreamer awakening in bed . However , the English translation of Freuds book was not published until 1913 . The Winsor McCay Award was established in 1972 to recognize individuals for lifetime or career contributions in animation , and is presented as part of the Annie Awards . The Hammer Museum in Los Angeles devoted a room to McCays work as part of the Masters of American Comics exhibit in 2005 . German publisher Taschen published a complete , boxed , full-size edition of Little Nemo in two volumes in 2014 entitled The Complete Little Nemo . The American astronomer Roy A . Tucker named the asteroid 113461 after McCay in 2002 . Work . Style . Virtually from the beginning , McCay innovated with the forms of his chosen media . He varied the size and shape of comic strip panels for dramatic effect , as in the second instalment of Little Nemo ( October 22 , 1905 ) , where the panels grow to adapt to a growing forest of mushrooms . Few of McCays contemporaries were so bold with their page layouts . Near-contemporary George Herriman with Krazy Kat was the most notable example , but it was not until a generation later that cartoonists such as Frank King with Gasoline Alley , Hal Foster with Prince Valiant , and Roy Crane with Captain Easy attempted such daring designs on their Sunday pages . McCays detailed hatching mastery of perspective enhanced the illusions in his drawings , particularly in Little Nemo . Fantastic grotesqueries such as what McCay witnessed during his time at the Wonderland and Eden Musee appeared often in McCays work . McCay was noted for the speed and accuracy with which he could draw ; crowds of people would gather around to watch him paint billboards . McCay had a taste for the ornate . The architecture he drew was inspired by that of carnivals , the 1893 Worlds Columbian Exposition in Chicago and the detailed illustrations in British illustrated newspapers The Illustrated London News and The Graphic . The of Paris published a series of illustrated books called Images Enphantines , whose pages bear a striking resemblance to McCays early Little Nemo strips , both in their graphic sense and their imaginative layouts . To Canemaker , McCay had an absolute precision of line akin to those of Northern Renaissance artist Albrecht Dürer and 19th-century French illustrator Gustave Doré . McCay drew with Higgins black drawing ink , Gillott pens , art gum , a T-square and angle , and an assortment of Venus lead pencils . In his early magazine cartoons McCay often painted in gouache . McCay used metafictional techniques such as self-referentiality in his work . This was most frequent in Dream of the Rarebit Fiend , where McCay sometimes put himself in the strip , or had characters address the reader . Sometimes characters become aware of the strip itself—a jealous lover tears the very strip apart in which he appears ; another character fastens panel borders to his strip when he realizes the artist has forgotten them ; and in a Sammy Sneeze episode Sammys sneeze destroys the panel borders . In contrast to the high level of skill in the artwork , the dialogue in McCays speech balloons is crude , sometimes approaching illegibility , and disfigur [ ing ] his otherwise flawless work , according to critic R . C . Harvey . This is further highlighted by the level of effort and skill apparent in the title lettering . McCay seemed to show little regard for the dialogue balloons , their content , and their placement in the visual composition . They tended to contain repetitive monologues expressing the increasing distress of the speakers , and showed that McCays gift was in the visual and not the verbal . In his comics and animation McCay used stock ethnic stereotypes common in his era . A conscious attempt to offend is not apparent . He depicted blacks as savages , or wishing they could be white . Most prominent were a pair of characters in Little Nemo : the ill-tempered Irishman Flip and the rarely speaking grass-skirted African Little Imp . In the animated Little Nemo , the Anglo-Saxon Nemo is shown drawn in a dignified Art Nouveau style , and controls by magic the more grotesquely caricatured Flip and Imp . Women were few in McCays work , and were depicted as superficial , jealous , and argumentative ; the Princess in Little Nemo never partook in the camaraderie the males shared . References . Works cited . Books . - ( on included DVD ) External links . - Lambiek Comiclopedia article
|
[
"the New York Herald"
] |
[
{
"text": " Zenas Winsor McCay ( – July 26 , 1934 ) was an American cartoonist and animator . He is best known for the comic strip Little Nemo ( 1905–14 ; 1924–26 ) and the animated film Gertie the Dinosaur ( 1914 ) . For contractual reasons , he worked under the pen name Silas on the comic strip Dream of the Rarebit Fiend .",
"title": "Winsor McCay"
},
{
"text": "From a young age , McCay was a quick , prolific , and technically dextrous artist . He started his professional career making posters and performing for dime museums , and in 1898 began illustrating newspapers and magazines . In 1903 he joined the New York Herald , where he created popular comic strips such as Little Sammy Sneeze and Dream of the Rarebit Fiend . In 1905 his signature strip Little Nemo in Slumberland debuted—a fantasy strip in an Art Nouveau style about a young boy and his adventurous dreams . The strip demonstrated McCays strong graphic sense and",
"title": "Winsor McCay"
},
{
"text": "mastery of color and linear perspective . McCay experimented with the formal elements of the comic strip page , arranging and sizing panels to increase impact and enhance the narrative . McCay also produced numerous detailed editorial cartoons and was a popular performer of chalk talks on the vaudeville circuit .",
"title": "Winsor McCay"
},
{
"text": "McCay was an early animation pioneer ; between 1911 and 1921 he self-financed and animated ten films , some of which survive only as fragments . The first three served in his vaudeville act ; Gertie the Dinosaur was an interactive routine in which McCay appeared to give orders to a trained dinosaur . McCay and his assistants worked for twenty-two months on his most ambitious film , The Sinking of the Lusitania ( 1918 ) , a patriotic recreation of the German torpedoing in 1915 of the RMS Lusitania . Lusitania did not enjoy as much commercial success as",
"title": "Winsor McCay"
},
{
"text": "the earlier films , and McCays later movies attracted little attention . His animation , vaudeville , and comic strip work was gradually curtailed as newspaper magnate William Randolph Hearst , his employer since 1911 , expected McCay to devote his energies to editorial illustrations .",
"title": "Winsor McCay"
},
{
"text": "In his drawing , McCay made bold , prodigious use of linear perspective , particularly in detailed architecture and cityscapes . He textured his editorial cartoons with copious fine hatching , and made color a central element in Little Nemo . His comic strip work has influenced generations of cartoonists and illustrators . The technical level of McCays animation—its naturalism , smoothness , and scale—was unmatched until the work of Fleischer Studios in the late 1920s , followed by Walt Disneys feature films in the 1930s . He pioneered inbetweening , the use of registration marks , cycling , and",
"title": "Winsor McCay"
},
{
"text": "other animation techniques that were to become standard .",
"title": "Winsor McCay"
},
{
"text": " McCays paternal grandparents , farmers Donald and Christiana , immigrated from Scotland to Upper Canada in the mid-1830s . McCays father , Robert ( 1840 – March 21 , 1915 ) was born in Woodstock , Upper Canada , the third of six children . McCays maternal grandparents , Peter and Mary Murray , were also Scottish immigrants , and settled as farmers in East Zorra in Upper Canada . Their daughter Janet was the third of nine children .",
"title": "Family history"
},
{
"text": "Robert was a member of King Solomons No . 43 Masonic Lodge in Woodstock . In 1862 , Robert first traveled to the U.S . Robert and the twenty-five-year-old Janet married on January 8 , 1866 , at Woodstocks Methodist Episcopal Church . The couple moved across the Canada–US border later in the year and settled in Spring Lake , Michigan , on the eastern coast of Lake Michigan . Robert was employed by American entrepreneur Zenas G . Winsor ( 1814–1890 ) , with whom he had made contact in Canada .",
"title": "Family history"
},
{
"text": "Records of McCays birth are not extant . He stated in an interview in 1910 that he was born in 1869 , and this is the year listed on his grave marker . in life , he told friends he was born September 26 , 1871 , in Spring Lake , and they published this information in a magazine . Michigan census records from 1870 and 1880 list a Zenas W . , who was born in Canada in 1867 , and others have speculated 1866 or 1868 based on evidence on how the censuses were carried out . No",
"title": "Family history"
},
{
"text": "Canadian birth record has been found , and a fire in Spring Lake in May 1893 could have destroyed any American birth record he may have had . His obituary in the New York Herald Tribune stated , not even Mr . McCay knew his exact age .",
"title": "Family history"
},
{
"text": " The McCays had two more children : Arthur in 1868 , and Mae in 1876 . Both were born in Michigan . Robert worked as a teamster under Winsor , and by May 1870 had saved enough money to buy a parcel of land . From 1879 to 1881 , he worked as a retail grocer . In 1885 he moved the family to Stanton , Michigan , and expanded his land holdings ; he was successful in real estate with his brother Hugh , who moved from in 1887 .",
"title": "Family history"
},
{
"text": "By 1905 , Robert was also a notary public . He had settled in Edmore , Michigan , and by this point had changed the spelling of his surname from McKay to McCay . His son related this story about the change :",
"title": "Family history"
},
{
"text": "McCay came to be known by his middle name , Winsor . His drawing skills emerged early . According to a story told within the family , McCay made his first drawing in the aftermath of one of the many fires that hit Spring Lake : he picked up a nail and etched the scene of the fire in the frost of a windowpane . Drawing became obsessive for him ; he drew anything he saw , and the level of detail and accuracy in his drawing was noted at a young age . He was able to draw accurately",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "from memory even things he had never before drawn—what McCay called memory sketching . His father thought little of his sons artistic talents , though , and had him sent to Cleary Business College in Ypsilanti , Michigan . McCay rarely attended classes . He bragged about how he would catch the train to Detroit to show off his drawing skills at the Wonderland and Eden Musee dime museum . He drew portraits there for 25 apiece , of which he kept half .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " McCay thrived on the attention he received , and his talents soon drew wider attention . John Goodison , a geography and drawing professor at Michigan State Normal School , offered to teach art to McCay privately , and McCay eagerly accepted . The lessons were practical and focused on using observation to learn to draw in geometrical perspective . Goodison , a former glass stainer , influenced McCays use of color . McCay learned how to draw quickly using drills on a blackboard , and gained an appreciation for master artists of the past .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Early career ( 1889–1903 ) .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " McCay spent two years in Chicago after making his way there sometime in 1889 with his friend Mort Touvers . He traded art techniques there with painter Jules Guérin , whom he met at a boarding house in which he lodged , and did artwork for posters and pamphlets at the National Printing and Engraving Company .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "In 1891 , McCay moved to Cincinnati , where he did more dime museum work while living in a boarding house near his workplace . He spent nine years making posters and other advertisements for the Kohl & Middleton Dime Museum , and later Heck and Averys Family Theater ( 1896 ) , Averys New Dime Museum ( 1898 ) , and Will S . Hecks Wonder World and Theater ( 1899 ) on Vine Street . At the museum in 1896 , a demonstration of Thomas Edisons Vitascope was given , which was likely McCays first exposure to the",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "young medium of film . He also did work during this time for Ph . Mortons printing and lithography company . McCays ability to draw quickly with great accuracy drew crowds when he painted advertisements in public .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " His first year at Kohl & Middleton , McCay was smitten when Maude Leonore Dufour walked into the dime museum with her sister while he was painting . He rushed to his studio to change into a custom-tailored suit , returned , and introduced himself to the fourteen-year-old Maude . Soon they eloped in Covington , Kentucky .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "McCay began working on the side for the Cincinnati Commercial Tribune , where he learned to draw with a dip pen under the tutelage of Commercial Tribune art room manager Joseph Alexander . In 1898 , he accepted a full-time position there . His many illustrations for the paper displayed his bold use of perspective and mastery of hatchwork . Soon after , he began freelancing for the humor magazine Life as well .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " In 1900 , McCay accepted a position with a higher salary at The Cincinnati Enquirer . There , he produced a prolific number of drawings , did some reporting , and became head of the art department . In his drawings , he began using line thickness to indicate depth , and used thick lines to surround his characters in an Art Nouveau-inspired style that became a trademark of his work . Comic strips ( 1903–1911 ) .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "From January until November 1903 , McCay drew an ongoing proto-comic strip for the Enquirer based on poems written by George Randolph Chester called A Tale of the Jungle Imps by Felix Fiddle . Before the last two installments appeared in print , McCay had moved to New York City to work for James Gordon Bennett , Jr.s New York Herald , at first doing illustrations and editorial cartoons . He worked alongside comic strip pioneer Richard F . Outcault , who was doing the Buster Brown strip at the Herald . A rivalry built up between the two cartoonists",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "which resulted in Outcault leaving the Herald to return to his previous employer , William Randolph Hearst at The New York Journal .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " McCays first continuing comic strip , Mr . Goodenough , debuted in The Evening Telegram on January 21 , 1904 . The formula for the strip was that a sedentary millionaire would seek ways to become more active , with embarrassing results . Sisters Little Sisters Beau , McCays first strip with a child protagonist , lasted one installment that April , and his first color strip , Phurious Phinish of Phoolish Philipes Phunny Phrolics , appeared in the Heralds Sunday supplement that May .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "McCays first popular comic strip was Little Sammy Sneeze . The strip starred a young boy whose sneeze would build panel by panel until it was released , with explosively disastrous results , for which he was usually punished or chased away by those affected . The strip debuted in July 1904 and ran until December 1906 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "McCays longest-running strip , Dream of the Rarebit Fiend , first appeared in The Evening Telegram in September 1904 . The strip was aimed at an adult audience , and had no recurring characters . The characters that appeared in the strip would have fantastic , sometimes terrifying dreams , only to wake up in the last panel , cursing the Welsh rarebit they had eaten the night before , which they blamed for bringing on the dream . Rarebit Fiend was so popular that a book collection appeared in 1905 from publisher Frederick A . Stokes . It was",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "adapted to film by Edwin S . Porter , and plans were made for a comic opera or musical extravaganza for stage that failed to materialize . McCay signed the Rarebit Fiend strips with the pen name Silas , as his contract required that he not use his real name for Evening Telegram work .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "The McCays had been living in Manhattan , close to the Herald offices ; before 1905 they moved to Sheepshead Bay in Brooklyn , New York , a seaside resort on Long Island . It was an hour commute from the Herald offices , but they believed it to be a better place to raise children . They lived at a number of addresses before settling into a three-story house at 1901 Voorhies Avenue , where McCay resided for the rest of his life . As his reputation grew , his employers allowed him to work from his home studio",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "more often .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " While still turning out illustrations and editorial cartoons daily , McCay began three more continuing strips in 1905 . In January , he began The Story of Hungry Henrietta , in which the child protagonist visibly ages week by week , and eats compulsively in lieu of the love she craves from her parents . A Pilgrims Progress by Mister Bunion was another Silas strip for The Evening Telegram , which ran from June 1905 until May 1909</ref> . Mr . Bunion spent each strip unsuccessfully scheming to rid himself of his suitcase , labeled Dull Care .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "McCay got an idea from the Rarebit Fiend to please the little folk , and in October 1905 the full-page Sunday strip Little Nemo in Slumberland debuted in the Herald . Considered McCays masterpiece , its child protagonist had fabulous dreams , interrupted each week with his awakening in the final panel . Nemos appearance was based on McCays son Robert . McCay experimented with formal aspects of the comics page : he made inventive use of timing and pacing , the size and shape of panels , perspective , and architectural and other details . The Herald was considered",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "to have the highest quality color printing of any newspaper at the time ; its printing staff used the Ben Day process for color , and McCay annotated the Nemo pages with precise color schemes for the printers .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Impresario F . F . Proctor approached McCay in April 1906 to perform chalk talks for the vaudeville circuit . For $500 per week he was to draw twenty-five sketches in fifteen minutes before live audiences , as a pit band played a piece called Dream of the Rarebit Fiend . In his The Seven Ages of Man routine , he drew two faces and progressively aged them . His first performance was on June 11 , 1906 , in a show that also featured entertainer W . C . Fields . It was a success , and McCay toured",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "with the show throughout 1907 , while managing to complete his comic strip and illustration work on time , often working in hotel rooms or backstage .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "As early as 1905 , several abortive attempts were made to produce a stage version of Little Nemo . In mid-1907 , Marcus Klaw and A . L . Erlanger announced they would put on an extravagant Little Nemo show for an unprecedented $100,000 , with a score by Victor Herbert and lyrics by Harry B . Smith . It starred midget Gabriel Weigel as Nemo , Joseph Cawthorn as Dr . Pill , and Billy B . Van as Flip . Reviews were positive ; it played to sold-out houses in New York and toured for two seasons .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "McCay brought his vaudeville act to each city where Little Nemo played . When the Keith circuit refused McCay to perform in Boston without a new act , McCay switched to the William Morris circuit , with a $100-a-week raise . In several cities , McCay brought his son , who as publicity sat on a small throne dressed as Nemo .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " As part of an improvised story , Cawthorn introduced a mythical creature he called a Whiffenpoof . The word caught on with the public , and became the name of a and a singing group . Despite the shows success , it failed to make back its investment due to its enormous expenses and came to an end in December 1910 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "McCay displayed his social awareness in the last strip he created for the Herald , Poor Jake . Its title character was a silent laborer who worked thanklessly for a Colonel and Mrs . Stall , who exploit him . The strip ran from 1909 until spring 1911 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "McCay was approached in early 1910 to bring his vaudeville show to Europe . McCay requested the Heralds permission , but the plans never materialized . His show stayed within the eastern U.S . until he ceased performing in 1917 . Biographer John Canemaker assumed McCays request to tour Europe was turned down , and that the refusal added to McCays growing frustration with the Herald . A distrust of big business became pronounced in McCays work around this time , including a story arc in Little Nemo in which the characters visit a Mars oppressed by a greedy business",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "magnate .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Animation ( 1911–1921 ) . McCay said he was most proud of his animation work . He completed ten animated films between 1911 and 1921 , and three more were planned .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Inspired by the flip books his son brought home , McCay came to see the possibility of making moving pictures of his cartoons . He claimed to be the first man in the world to make animated cartoons , though he was preceded by others such as James Stuart Blackton and Émile Cohl . McCay made four thousand drawings on rice paper for his first animated short , which starred his Little Nemo characters . They were shot at Vitagraph Studios under Blacktons supervision . Live-action sequences were added to the beginning and end of the film , in which",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "McCay bets his newspaper colleagues that in one month he can make four thousand drawings that move . Among those featured in these sequences were cartoonist George McManus and actor John Bunny . Little Nemo debuted in movie theatres on April 8 , 1911 , and four days later McCay began using it as part of his vaudeville act . Its good reception motivated him to hand-color each of the frames of the originally black-and-white animation .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " McCay had become frustrated with the Herald , partly over money issues and partly because he perceived a lack of freedom . He accepted a higher-paying offer in spring 1911 from Hearst at the New York American and took Little Nemos characters with him . The Herald held the strips copyright , but McCay won a lawsuit that allowed him to continue using the characters , which he did under the title In the Land of Wonderful Dreams . The Herald was unsuccessful in finding another cartoonist to continue the original strip .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "McCay began work that May on his next animated film , How a Mosquito Operates , based on a Rarebit Fiend episode from June 5 , 1909 , in which a man in bed tries in vain to defend himself from a giant mosquito , which drinks itself so full that it explodes . The animation is naturalistic—rather than expanding like a balloon , with each sip of blood the mosquitos abdomen swells according to its body structure . The film was completed in January 1912 , and McCay toured with it that spring and summer .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Gertie the Dinosaur debuted in February 1914 as part of McCays vaudeville act . McCay introduced Gertie as the only dinosaur in captivity , and commanded the animated beast with a whip . Gertie seemed to obey McCay , bowing to the audience , and eating a tree and a boulder , though she had a will of her own and sometimes rebelled . When McCay admonished her , she cried . McCay consoled her by throwing her an apple—in reality pocketing the cardboard prop apple as a cartoon one simultaneously appeared on screen . In the finale , McCay",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "walked offstage , reappeared in animated form in the film , and had Gertie carry him away . Producer William Foxs Box Office Attractions obtained distribution rights to a modified version of Gertie that could be played in regular movie theaters . This version was prefaced with a live-action sequence and replaced the interactive portions with intertitles .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Gertie was McCays first piece of animation with detailed backgrounds . McCay drew the foreground characters , while art student neighbor John A . Fitzsimmons traced the backgrounds . McCay pioneered the McCay Split System of inbetweening , in which major poses or positions were drawn first , and the intervening frames drawn after . This relieved tedium and improved the timing of the films actions . McCay refused to patent his system , and was sued in 1914 by animator John Randolph Bray , who took advantage of McCays lapse by patenting many of McCays techniques , including the",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "use of registration marks , tracing paper , the Mutoscope action viewer , and the cycling of drawings to create repetitive action . The lawsuit was unsuccessful , and there is evidence that McCay may have countersued—he thereafter received royalty payments from Bray for licensing the techniques .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Hearst was disappointed with the quality of McCays newspaper work . Infuriated that he couldnt reach McCay during a vaudeville performance , Hearst pulled from his papers advertising for the theatre where McCay performed . Editor Arthur Brisbane told him that he was a serious artist , not a comic cartoonist , and that he was to give up his comic strip work to focus on editorial illustrations . Hearst pressured McCays agents to reduce the number of his vaudeville appearances , and he was induced to sign a contract with Hearst that limited his vaudeville appearances to greater New",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "York , with occasional exceptions . In February 1917 , Hearst had McCay give up entirely on vaudeville and all other paid work outside the Hearst empire , though he was occasionally granted permission for particular shows . Hearst increased McCays salary to cover the loss of income .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "McCay was expected to report daily to the American building , where he shared a ninth-floor office with humorist Arthur Bugs Baer and sports cartoonist Joe McGurk . There , he illustrated editorials by Arthur Brisbane , who often sent back McCays drawings with instructions for changes . The quality of his drawings varied depending on his interest in the subject of the assignment , whether or not he agreed with the sentiments portrayed , and on events in his personal life . For example , in March 1914 he was subjected to a blackmail plot by a Mrs .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Lambkin , who was seeking a divorce from her husband . Lambkin alleged that McCays wife Maude was seeing her husband . With McCays level of fame , such a story would likely be in the papers , and Mrs . Lambkin and her husband told McCay that she would keep it secret for $1,000 . McCay did not believe the allegations , and gave testimony at the Lambkins divorce trial . The blackmail failed , and the divorce was not granted .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Hearst animation studio International Film Service began in December 1915 , and brought Hearst cartoonists to the screen . McCay was initially listed as one of them , but the studio never produced anything either by his hands or featuring his creations . McCay derived satisfaction from doing the work himself . Begun in 1916 , The Sinking of the Lusitania was his follow-up to Gertie . The film was not a fantasy but a detailed , realistic recreation of the 1915 German torpedoing of the RMS Lusitania . The event counted 128 Americans among its 1,198 dead , and",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "was a factor leading to the American entry into World War I .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " McCays daughter Marion married military man Raymond T . Moniz , eighteen years her senior , on October 13 , 1917 . She gave birth to McCays first grandchild , Ray Winsor Moniz , on July 16 , 1918 . Moniz and McCays son Robert were called up for service when the U.S . entered World War I .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "McCays self-financed Lusitania took nearly two years to complete . With the assistance of John Fitzsimmons and Cincinnati cartoonist William Apthorp Ap Adams , McCay spent his off hours drawing the film on sheets of cellulose acetate ( or cels ) with white and black India ink at McCays home . It was the first film McCay made using cels , a technology animator Earl Hurd had patented in 1914 ; it saved work by allowing dynamic drawings to be made on one or more layers , which could be laid over a static background layer , relieving animators of",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "the tedium of retracing static images onto drawing after drawing . McCay had the cels photographed at the Vitagraph studios . The film was naturalistically animated , and made use of dramatic camera angles that would have been impossible in a live-action film .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Jewel Productions released the film on July 20 , 1918 . Advertising touted it as the picture that will never have a competitor ; the film itself called McCay the originator and inventor of Animated Cartoons and drew attention to the fact that it took 25,000 drawings to complete . The Sinking of the Lusitania did not greatly return on McCays investment—after a few years run in theaters , it netted $80,000 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "McCay continued to produce animated films using cels . By 1921 , he had completed six , though three were likely never shown commercially to audiences and have survived only in fragments : The Centaurs , Flips Circus , and Gertie on Tour . In 1921 , he released three films based on Dream of the Rarebit Fiend : Bug Vaudeville , in which insects and other creepy-crawlies perform on stage ; The Pet , in which a creature with a bottomless appetite grows enormously and terrorizes the city in a way reminiscent of King Kong ; and The Flying",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "House , in which a man attaches wings to his house to flee from debt . McCays son Robert is credited with the animation on this last film , but Canemaker notes it is highly unlikely that a first-time animator could have produced such an accomplished piece of animation .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Later career ( 1921–1934 ) . After 1921 , McCay was made to give up on animation when Hearst learned he devoted more of his time to animation than to his newspaper illustrations . Unexecuted ideas McCay had for animation projects included a collaboration with Jungle Imps author George Randolph Chester , a musical film called The Barnyard Band , and a film about the Americans role in World War I .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "McCays son Robert married Theresa Tedda Munchausen on April 9 , 1921 . McCay bought them a nearby house as a wedding gift . The couple gave McCay two more grandchildren : Janet ( named after McCays mother ) in 1922 , and Robert in 1928 . Robert suffered shell shock during World War I , and following the war had difficulty drawing . McCay tried to boost his sons confidence by finding him cartooning work , and some of the elder McCays editorial cartoons were signed Robert Winsor McCay , Jr . Robert also briefly revived the Dreams of",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "the Rarebit Fiend strip as Rabid Reveries in 1924 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " In 1922 , McCay resumed doing vaudeville shows for the Keith circuit . He had a cameo in a newspaper office scene in the boxing film The Great White Way in early 1924 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "McCay left Hearst upon the expiration of his contract in May 1924 , bitter over not having received a promised $5,000 bonus . He returned to the Herald Tribune , and brought back Little Nemo beginning that August . The new strip displayed the virtuoso technique of the old , but the panels were laid out in an unvarying grid . Nemo took a more passive role in the stories , and there was no continuity . The strip came to an end in December 1926 , as it was not popular with readers . Hearst executives had been trying",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "to convince McCay to return to the American , and succeeded in 1927 . While McCay was gone , his place had been filled by Mel Cummin , who was let go after McCays return . Due to the lack of the 1920s Nemos success , the Herald Tribune signed over all copyrights to the strip to McCay for one dollar .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "In 1927 , McCay attended a dinner in his honor in New York . After a considerable amount of drinking , McCay was introduced by animator Max Fleischer . McCay gave the gathered group of animators some technical advice , but when he felt the audience was not giving him attention , he berated his audience , saying , Animation is an art . That is how I conceived it . But as I see , what you fellows have done with it , is making it into a trade . Not an art , but a trade . Bad",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Luck ! That September he appeared on the radio at WNAC , and on November 2 he was interviewed by Frank Craven for The Evening Journals Womans Hour . During both appearances he complained about the state of contemporary animation .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " An executive of the American Tobacco Company approached McCay in 1929 to do an advertising campaign for a financial sum in excess of his annual salary . Brisbane refused , noting that McCays contract didnt allow outside work . When the executive stormed into Brisbanes office threatening to pull American Tobaccos advertising dollars from the American , Brisbane provided a written release for the work .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "In 1932 , McCay found himself in what he recalled as the wildest ride in his life when Hearsts son Young Bill drove him at to the scene of the kidnapping of the Lindbergh baby . They arrived there two hours after the crime was first reported to police , and were able to interview the gathered police before the grounds were closed off to the public . McCay sketched the scene , the staff , and the ladders the kidnappers used , which he was allowed to see up close .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "McCay enjoyed robust health most of his life . On July 26 , 1934 , he complained to his wife of a severe head-ache . To his horror , he found his right arm—his drawing arm—was paralyzed . He lost consciousness and was pronounced dead later that afternoon , with his wife , children , and son-in-law by his side . He had died of a cerebral embolism , and was buried at the Cemetery of the Evergreens in Brooklyn in a family plot . He had a Masonic funeral in his home , attended by his newspaper colleagues ,",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Hearst and his son , and the Society of Illustrators , among others .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Brisbane hired back Mel Cummin to replace McCay . Due to his lavish life-style , McCay left a smaller fortune than those around him had expected . By the early 1940s , Maude had used up her inheritance and sold the house on Voorhies Avenue . When she died of a heart attack on March 2 , 1949 , she was living with her daughter and son-in-law . Son Robert was also careless with his inheritance , and less successful in art than his father . He worked for a short time at the Hearst papers , and tried unsuccessfully",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "to get a job at the Disney studios , before finding a career as illustrator for Training Aids/Special Services at Fort Ord .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Self-conscious and introverted in private , McCay was nevertheless a charismatic showman and self-promoter , and maintained several lifelong friendships . McCay was a light but frequent drinker ; he drank for camaraderie rather than for a love of drinking . To his wifes chagrin , McCay was a smoker of cigars and cigarettes . He was self-taught at the piano , and was an avid reader of poetry , plays and novels ; he admired W . B . Yeats , knew the works of Percy Bysshe Shelley and John Keats , and could quote the Bible and Shakespeare",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "McCay stood barely five feet ( ) tall , and felt dominated by his wife , who was nearly as tall as he was . McCay married Maude Leonore Dufour , the youngest of three daughters of French-Canadian carriage painter John Dufour . About a decade separated the couples ages : Maude was 14 when they married . Biographer Canemaker speculates this may explain the lack of certainty behind McCays birthdate , even by McCay himself , as he may have claimed to be younger than he was to justify marrying a teenaged girl . Maude was also age-conscious :",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "she preferred her grandchildren to call her Nan instead of Grandma and dyed her hair as she got older . The McCays took on the traditional roles of a married couple of the time , in that Winsor was the breadwinner and Maude the homemaker . Neither spouse got along well with the others mother .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " The couple had two children : Robert Winsor , born June 21 , 1896 ; and Marion Elizabeth , born August 22 , 1897 . McCay was said to be easy-going with the children , and left discipline to their stern mother . Marion felt domineered by her mother and perceived that her brother was her mothers favorite ; she was closer to her father and often appeared in public with him . Robert looked up to his father and became an artist himself . He was proud to have served as the model for Little Nemo .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "The McCays lived lavishly . McCay disliked driving , so kept a chauffeur who also served as bodyguard , as the editorial cartoons McCay drew for Hearst sometimes attracted threatening letters . Maude made daily trips by limousine to shop in upscale downtown Brooklyn with other well-to-do wives . Maude often complained to her husband , but he refused to discuss matters with her .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "McCays politics are unclear , and it is disputed whether he sympathized with the views displayed in his editorial cartoons . He was agnostic and believed in reincarnation . He was a Freemason , whose ranks he may have joined as early as when he was living in Chicago . His father had also been a Freemason , and was buried in 1915 with full Masonic rites , with funerals arranged by his Masonic lodges in both Woodstock , Ontario , and Edmore , Michigan . His mother often visited him in Brooklyn , and attended Little Nemos Philadelphia premiere",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": ". She died in Edmore , Michigan , in 1927 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " McCays brother Arthur was placed in a mental hospital in Traverse City , Michigan on March 7 , 1898 , where he stayed until his death from bronchopneumonia and arteriosclerosis on June 15 , 1946 . He never received family visits . McCay never let his children know about his brother , nor did they know about the existence of his sister Mae , who died in 1910 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "In 1937 , McCays son Robert attempted to carry on his fathers legacy by reviving Little Nemo . Comic book packager Harry A Cheslers syndicate announced a Sunday and daily Nemo strip , credited to Winsor McCay Jr . Robert also drew a comic book version for Chesler called Nemo in Adventureland starring grown-up versions of Nemo and the Princess . Neither project lasted long . In 1947 , Robert and fabric salesman Irving Mendelsohn organized the McCay Feature Syndicate , Inc . to revive the original Nemo strip from McCays original art , modified to fit the size of",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "modern newspaper pages . This revival also did not last .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "McCays original artwork has been poorly preserved . McCay insisted on having his originals returned to him , and a large collection that survived him was destroyed in a fire in the late 1930s . His wife was unsure how to handle the surviving pieces , so his son took on the responsibility and moved the collection to his own house . The family sold off some of the artwork when they were in need of cash . Responsibility for it passed to Mendelsohn , then later to daughter Marion . By the early twenty-first century , most of McCays",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "surviving artwork remained in family hands .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "McCay destroyed many of his original cans of film to create more storage space . Of what film he kept , much has not survived , as it was photographed on 35mm nitrate film , which decomposes and is highly flammable . Mendelsohns son and a friend , both young animators , discovered the film in Mendelsohns possession in 1947 and rescued what they could . In some cases , such as The Centaurs , only fragments could be saved . A negative and incomplete positive was discovered of Performing Animals , a film of animals playing instruments that may",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "have been intended for McCays vaudeville act ; it was deemed unsalvageable and destroyed .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " In 1966 , cartoonist Woody Gelman discovered the original artwork for many Little Nemo strips at a cartoon studio where McCays son Robert had worked . Many of the recovered originals were displayed at the Metropolitan Museum of Art under the direction of curator A . Hyatt Mayor . In 1973 , Gelman published a collection of Little Nemo strips in Italy . His collection of McCay originals is preserved at the Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum at Ohio State University .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "McCays work , grounded solidly in his understanding of realistic perspective , presaged the techniques featured in Walt Disneys feature films . Disney paid tribute to McCay in 1955 on an episode of Disneyland . The episode , The Story of Animated Drawing , gave a history of animation , and dramatized McCays vaudeville act with Gertie . Robert was invited to the Disney studios as a consultant on the episode , where Disney told him , Bob , all this should be your fathers .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "Animator and McCay biographer John Canemaker produced a film in 1974 called Remembering Winsor McCay , narrated by McCays animation assistant John Fitzsimmons . Canemaker helped coordinate the first retrospective of McCays films at the third International Animation Film Festival in 1975 in New York , which led to a film show at the Whitney Museum of American Art in winter 1975–76 . Canemaker also wrote a biography in 1987 called Winsor McCay : His Life and Art . In 2005 , a revised and expanded version of the biography was released , which comics scholar Jeet Heer called far",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "and away the most scholarly and intelligent biography ever written about an American cartoonist . Animation scholar Paul Wells stated , McCays influence on the history of animation cannot be understated . Film critic Richard Eder lamented that as an animation pioneer McCay was not able to reach the potential suggested by his work . Eder compared McCay to the Italian primitives of the early Renaissance , highly skilled in the limited techniques they could command . Heer wrote that McCays strength was in his visuals , but that his writing and characters were weak .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " Italian filmmaker Federico Fellini read Little Nemo in the childrens magazine Il corriere dei piccoli , and the strip was a powerful influence on the filmmaker , according to Fellini biographer Peter Bondanella . Comics historian R . C . Harvey has called McCay the first original genius of the comic strip medium and in animation . Harvey said that McCays contemporaries lacked the skill to continue with his innovations , so that they were left for future generations to rediscover and build upon .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "McCays work has inspired cartoonists from Carl Barks to Art Spiegelman . Robert Crumb called McCay a genius and one of his favorite cartoonists . Art Spiegelmans 1974 Real Dream strip was partially inspired by Rarebit Fiend , and his In the Shadow of No Towers in 2004 appropriated some of McCays imagery , and included a page of Little Nemo in its appendix . Maurice Sendaks childrens book In the Night Kitchen ( 1970 ) was an homage to McCays work , as was Rick Veitch comic book series Roarin Ricks Rarebit Fiends ( 1994–96 ) . Kim Deitch",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "and Simon Deitchs graphic novel The Boulevard of Broken Dreams revolved around a character named Winsor Newton , based on an aged McCay . Cartoonist Berke Breathed lamented that the conditions of newspaper cartooning had devolved to such a degree since McCays time that , had he worked later in the century , he would not have been allotted space sufficient for his expansive full-page fantasies .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " As Sigmund Freuds The Interpretation of Dreams first appeared in print in 1899 , McCays major dream strips work have invited speculation of a Freudian influence . A French Nurses Dream , a comic strip by the Hungarian artist Nándor Honti that appeared in Freuds book edition in 1914 , strongly resembles the work of McCay in its theme , pacing , Art Nouveau style , and closing panel of the dreamer awakening in bed . However , the English translation of Freuds book was not published until 1913 .",
"title": "Legacy"
}
] |
/wiki/Hina_Rabbani_Khar#P39#0
|
What was the position of Hina Rabbani Khar before Mar 2003?
|
Hina Rabbani Khar Hina Rabbani Khar ( Urdu : ; born 19 November 1977 ) is a Pakistani politician who served as the 21st Foreign Minister of Pakistan from February 2011 until March 2013 . Appointed at the age of 33 , she was the youngest person and the first woman to have held the position . Khar is a member of an influential feudal family in Muzaffargarh . She studied business at LUMS and U Mass - Amherst before entering politics as a member of the national assembly in 2002 , representing the PML-Q and becoming a junior minister responsible for economic policy under the Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz . In 2009 , after switching parties and winning re-election with the Pakistan Peoples Party , she became the Minister of State for Finance and Economic Affairs and the same year became the first woman to present the national budget . She was appointed by Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani as the Foreign Minister of Pakistan in July 2011 , and served until shortly before the 2013 election , when she retired from active politics . She has continued to push for stronger ties with India . She remains a member of the Pakistan Peoples Party , and is a public speaker on foreign policy . As of 2019 , she is a Member of the National Assembly of Pakistan on a reserved seat for women . Early life and family . Hina Rabbani Khar was born in Multan , Punjab , Pakistan . Khar is the daughter of the powerful oligarch and politician Ghulam Noor Rabbani Khar . Her father is a prominent national politician and serves as a member of the National Assembly . She is a niece of Ghulam Mustafa Khar , the former Governor and Chief Minister of Punjab . Education . Khar is a graduate of the Lahore University of Management Sciences ( LUMS ) where she holds a BSc ( with honors ) in Economics conferred in 1999 . She subsequently attended the University of Massachusetts at Amherst in the United States where she earned an MSc in Business Management in 2002 . Khar has retained ties with LUMS since her graduation . In 2012 , she delivered a lecture there on Foreign Policy and Young Democracy , and secured funding for the Abdus Salam Institute of Physics . Political career . In the 2002 general elections , Khar was elected as a member of the National Assembly , representing the NA-177 ( Muzaffargarh-II ) constituency in Punjab . Her father , veteran politician Ghulam Noor Rabbani Khar , had represented the constituency previously , but he and most of the members of her family had been disqualified . A new law requiring all parliamentary candidates to hold a university degree meant that he and they could not run that year . With the financial support of her father who addressed rallies on her behalf , she campaigned on a newly founded PML-Q platform against the Pakistan Muslim League , with her face not appearing on her own election posters . Economic and Finance positions . Khar came to prominence during the Shaukat Aziz government and was appointed Parliamentary Secretary for Economic Affairs and Statistics in 2003 , and being named Minister of State for Economic Affairs the following year , a post she retained until 2007 . As minister of state , she worked with international relief funds and charities after the deadly 2005 earthquake in Northern Pakistan , and also worked on proposals for the Turkmenistan–Afghanistan–Pakistan–India pipeline . In 2007 , she made an unsuccessful attempt to renew her alliance with the PML-Q , but the party denied her a ticket platform to campaign for re-election in 2008 . She was subsequently invited to join the Pakistan Peoples Party ( PPP ) and successfully campaigned for her constituency for a second time . The PPP secured a plurality of the votes and formed a left-wing alliance with the Awami National Party , MQM and PML-Q . Minister of State for Finance and Economic Affairs . After her 2008 re-election , she was appointed Minister of State for Finance and Economic Affairs in the cabinet of Yousaf Raza Gillani . She worked on the financial budget and economic policies in the absence of the then Finance Minister and on 13 June 2009 she successfully presented the 2010 federal budget in the Parliament and has the distinction of being the first woman politician to present the Pakistani budget in the National Assembly . She also worked on reducing Pakistans circular debt within the energy sector . Foreign minister . Khar was appointed as Minister of State for Foreign Affairs—the deputy head of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs—on 11 February 2011 , as part of Gillanis cabinet reshuffle . Gillani did not reappoint Shah Mehmood Qureshi as Foreign Minister , and that position was left empty . In the absence of any Foreign Minister , she was the acting Minister of Foreign Affairs for five months until her formal appointment as Foreign Minister on 18 July ; she was sworn in on 19 July , becoming the youngest and first female Minister of Foreign Affairs . President Asif Ali Zardari , who succeeded Pervez Musharraf in 2008 , said the appointment was a demonstration of the governments commitment to bring women into the mainstream of national life . She was appointed foreign minister during a difficult time in Pakistan : when the countrys armed forces were confronting extreme elements in Western Pakistan and anti-American emotions ran high over the Raymond Davis incident . Shortly after her appointment , Khar visited India and held peace talks with her Indian counterpart , S . M . Krishna . Relations between the two countries had been suspended following the 2008 Mumbai attacks , and did not resume until February 2011 , five months before her visit . The Indian media reported extensively on her fashion and appearance , including her Birkin bag , sunglasses , Jimmy Choo stilettos and pearl necklaces . She held talks with leaders of the Hurriyat Conference before meeting Indian government representatives , a decision which was criticised by the Bharatiya Janata Party ( BJP ) , Indias biggest political party , which said it was a breach of protocol and demanded an inquiry into the matter . She later led an unsuccessful move to grant India most favoured nation status . In August 2011 she visited China and held talks with Yang Jiechi , the Chinese Foreign Minister . Hindustan Times reported that , in contrast to her reception in India , she was largely ignored by the Chinese media . The NATO strike which killed 24 Pakistani troops was one of the most notable incidents during her tenure and Foreign Minister Khar stated that the government of Pakistan and defense committees had approved a measure—similar to a parliamentary resolution put forward after bin Ladens May 2011 death—that formally bars NATO and ISAF forces from using Pakistans supply routes . Pakistan continued to demand a U.S . apology , and on 6 June 2012 , Khar argued that higher principles should take precedence over politically popular considerations , and challenged the U.S . to live up to its democratic ideals by respecting the will of Pakistan’s elected legislature . On 15 December 2011 , when the United States suspended financial aid to Pakistan , Khar warned that their actions would be responsible for losing the war on terror , since Pakistan could not win without U.S . assistance . On 21 January 2012 , Khar secretly left for Moscow with an agenda of strengthening bilateral relations , with Pakistans relationship with the United States strained . On this trip invited the Russian leadership to visit Pakistan and to maintain bilateral cooperation and commitment and support for Afghan-led and Afghan-owned efforts for peace in the country . On 12 August 2012 , while speaking at the 16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement in Tehran , Khar maintained that regional stability was imperiled due to the increasing tensions relating to Irans nuclear program , and a peaceful resolution of this issue is still possible on the basis of reciprocal confidence-building measures and security assurances against external threats . During her short visit to Bangladesh on 9 November 2012 , Khar was approached by the Foreign Minister of Bangladesh Dipu Moni to sort out post-independence issues between the countries . Khar called for the two countries to move ahead together . While the election was being scheduled , the PPP completed five-year election term in March 2013 , so the government was replaced by a caretaker prime minister and cabinet , in which Khar was not a member , until the election took place . This ended Khars two-year role as Foreign Minister . In April 2013 , Khar announced that she was standing down at the next general election , so that her father , who had previously been ineligible to stand as a candidate , could succeed her . The condition requiring parliamentary candidates to hold a university degree , which had led to Khar replacing her father in 2002 , had been lifted since the most recent general election . The PPP came second in the election , losing 74 seats ; Khars father was defeated in his bid to regain his former seat . Significance . During her two-year-long appointment as the countrys foreign minister she attracted significant global attention on her status as Pakistans first woman foreign minister . She was interviewed by Charlie Rose , CBS News and Washington Post among others . She served as a high-ranking member of the Central Executive Committee of the Pakistan Peoples Party from 2008 until 2013 , when she retired from politics . Post-ministerial career . Since standing down , Khar has been an active public speaker . In an interview with Al Jazeera in December 2015 , she accused the US government supporting military regimes in Pakistan . She has written op-eds for Newsweek Pakistan and was interviewed by Mehdi Hasan at the Oxford Union in December 2015 . In June 2016 , she appeared on Jirga with Saleem Safi , speaking out against Pakistans aggressive stance in the Kashmir conflict . In an appearance at the Islamabad Literature Festival , she continued her support of a closer Indian-Pakistan relationship . Return to politics in 2018 . She was elected on a reserved seat for women in the National Assembly in 2018 General Election by the Pakistan Peoples Party . Personal life . Khar is married to Feroze Gulzar . She has a son , Ahmed , and two daughters , Annaya and Dina . Khar is co-owner of a restaurant called the Polo Lounge . The initial branch opened at the Lahore Polo Ground in 2002 . A second Polo Lounge has since opened in Islamabads Saidpur Village .
|
[
"member of the National Assembly"
] |
[
{
"text": " Hina Rabbani Khar ( Urdu : ; born 19 November 1977 ) is a Pakistani politician who served as the 21st Foreign Minister of Pakistan from February 2011 until March 2013 . Appointed at the age of 33 , she was the youngest person and the first woman to have held the position .",
"title": "Hina Rabbani Khar"
},
{
"text": "Khar is a member of an influential feudal family in Muzaffargarh . She studied business at LUMS and U Mass - Amherst before entering politics as a member of the national assembly in 2002 , representing the PML-Q and becoming a junior minister responsible for economic policy under the Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz . In 2009 , after switching parties and winning re-election with the Pakistan Peoples Party , she became the Minister of State for Finance and Economic Affairs and the same year became the first woman to present the national budget . She was appointed by Prime Minister",
"title": "Hina Rabbani Khar"
},
{
"text": "Yousaf Raza Gillani as the Foreign Minister of Pakistan in July 2011 , and served until shortly before the 2013 election , when she retired from active politics . She has continued to push for stronger ties with India .",
"title": "Hina Rabbani Khar"
},
{
"text": " She remains a member of the Pakistan Peoples Party , and is a public speaker on foreign policy . As of 2019 , she is a Member of the National Assembly of Pakistan on a reserved seat for women . Early life and family .",
"title": "Hina Rabbani Khar"
},
{
"text": "Hina Rabbani Khar was born in Multan , Punjab , Pakistan . Khar is the daughter of the powerful oligarch and politician Ghulam Noor Rabbani Khar . Her father is a prominent national politician and serves as a member of the National Assembly . She is a niece of Ghulam Mustafa Khar , the former Governor and Chief Minister of Punjab .",
"title": "Hina Rabbani Khar"
},
{
"text": " Khar is a graduate of the Lahore University of Management Sciences ( LUMS ) where she holds a BSc ( with honors ) in Economics conferred in 1999 . She subsequently attended the University of Massachusetts at Amherst in the United States where she earned an MSc in Business Management in 2002 . Khar has retained ties with LUMS since her graduation . In 2012 , she delivered a lecture there on Foreign Policy and Young Democracy , and secured funding for the Abdus Salam Institute of Physics .",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"text": "In the 2002 general elections , Khar was elected as a member of the National Assembly , representing the NA-177 ( Muzaffargarh-II ) constituency in Punjab . Her father , veteran politician Ghulam Noor Rabbani Khar , had represented the constituency previously , but he and most of the members of her family had been disqualified . A new law requiring all parliamentary candidates to hold a university degree meant that he and they could not run that year . With the financial support of her father who addressed rallies on her behalf , she campaigned on a newly founded",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "PML-Q platform against the Pakistan Muslim League , with her face not appearing on her own election posters .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Economic and Finance positions . Khar came to prominence during the Shaukat Aziz government and was appointed Parliamentary Secretary for Economic Affairs and Statistics in 2003 , and being named Minister of State for Economic Affairs the following year , a post she retained until 2007 . As minister of state , she worked with international relief funds and charities after the deadly 2005 earthquake in Northern Pakistan , and also worked on proposals for the Turkmenistan–Afghanistan–Pakistan–India pipeline .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "In 2007 , she made an unsuccessful attempt to renew her alliance with the PML-Q , but the party denied her a ticket platform to campaign for re-election in 2008 . She was subsequently invited to join the Pakistan Peoples Party ( PPP ) and successfully campaigned for her constituency for a second time . The PPP secured a plurality of the votes and formed a left-wing alliance with the Awami National Party , MQM and PML-Q .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Minister of State for Finance and Economic Affairs . After her 2008 re-election , she was appointed Minister of State for Finance and Economic Affairs in the cabinet of Yousaf Raza Gillani . She worked on the financial budget and economic policies in the absence of the then Finance Minister and on 13 June 2009 she successfully presented the 2010 federal budget in the Parliament and has the distinction of being the first woman politician to present the Pakistani budget in the National Assembly . She also worked on reducing Pakistans circular debt within the energy sector .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Khar was appointed as Minister of State for Foreign Affairs—the deputy head of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs—on 11 February 2011 , as part of Gillanis cabinet reshuffle . Gillani did not reappoint Shah Mehmood Qureshi as Foreign Minister , and that position was left empty . In the absence of any Foreign Minister , she was the acting Minister of Foreign Affairs for five months until her formal appointment as Foreign Minister on 18 July ; she was sworn in on 19 July , becoming the youngest and first female Minister of Foreign Affairs . President Asif Ali Zardari",
"title": "Foreign minister"
},
{
"text": ", who succeeded Pervez Musharraf in 2008 , said the appointment was a demonstration of the governments commitment to bring women into the mainstream of national life . She was appointed foreign minister during a difficult time in Pakistan : when the countrys armed forces were confronting extreme elements in Western Pakistan and anti-American emotions ran high over the Raymond Davis incident .",
"title": "Foreign minister"
},
{
"text": "Shortly after her appointment , Khar visited India and held peace talks with her Indian counterpart , S . M . Krishna . Relations between the two countries had been suspended following the 2008 Mumbai attacks , and did not resume until February 2011 , five months before her visit . The Indian media reported extensively on her fashion and appearance , including her Birkin bag , sunglasses , Jimmy Choo stilettos and pearl necklaces . She held talks with leaders of the Hurriyat Conference before meeting Indian government representatives , a decision which was criticised by the Bharatiya Janata",
"title": "Foreign minister"
},
{
"text": "Party ( BJP ) , Indias biggest political party , which said it was a breach of protocol and demanded an inquiry into the matter . She later led an unsuccessful move to grant India most favoured nation status . In August 2011 she visited China and held talks with Yang Jiechi , the Chinese Foreign Minister . Hindustan Times reported that , in contrast to her reception in India , she was largely ignored by the Chinese media .",
"title": "Foreign minister"
},
{
"text": "The NATO strike which killed 24 Pakistani troops was one of the most notable incidents during her tenure and Foreign Minister Khar stated that the government of Pakistan and defense committees had approved a measure—similar to a parliamentary resolution put forward after bin Ladens May 2011 death—that formally bars NATO and ISAF forces from using Pakistans supply routes . Pakistan continued to demand a U.S . apology , and on 6 June 2012 , Khar argued that higher principles should take precedence over politically popular considerations , and challenged the U.S . to live up to its democratic ideals by",
"title": "Foreign minister"
},
{
"text": "respecting the will of Pakistan’s elected legislature . On 15 December 2011 , when the United States suspended financial aid to Pakistan , Khar warned that their actions would be responsible for losing the war on terror , since Pakistan could not win without U.S . assistance .",
"title": "Foreign minister"
},
{
"text": "On 21 January 2012 , Khar secretly left for Moscow with an agenda of strengthening bilateral relations , with Pakistans relationship with the United States strained . On this trip invited the Russian leadership to visit Pakistan and to maintain bilateral cooperation and commitment and support for Afghan-led and Afghan-owned efforts for peace in the country . On 12 August 2012 , while speaking at the 16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement in Tehran , Khar maintained that regional stability was imperiled due to the increasing tensions relating to Irans nuclear program , and a peaceful resolution of this issue",
"title": "Foreign minister"
},
{
"text": "is still possible on the basis of reciprocal confidence-building measures and security assurances against external threats .",
"title": "Foreign minister"
},
{
"text": " During her short visit to Bangladesh on 9 November 2012 , Khar was approached by the Foreign Minister of Bangladesh Dipu Moni to sort out post-independence issues between the countries . Khar called for the two countries to move ahead together .",
"title": "Foreign minister"
},
{
"text": "While the election was being scheduled , the PPP completed five-year election term in March 2013 , so the government was replaced by a caretaker prime minister and cabinet , in which Khar was not a member , until the election took place . This ended Khars two-year role as Foreign Minister . In April 2013 , Khar announced that she was standing down at the next general election , so that her father , who had previously been ineligible to stand as a candidate , could succeed her . The condition requiring parliamentary candidates to hold a university degree",
"title": "Foreign minister"
},
{
"text": ", which had led to Khar replacing her father in 2002 , had been lifted since the most recent general election . The PPP came second in the election , losing 74 seats ; Khars father was defeated in his bid to regain his former seat .",
"title": "Foreign minister"
},
{
"text": " During her two-year-long appointment as the countrys foreign minister she attracted significant global attention on her status as Pakistans first woman foreign minister . She was interviewed by Charlie Rose , CBS News and Washington Post among others . She served as a high-ranking member of the Central Executive Committee of the Pakistan Peoples Party from 2008 until 2013 , when she retired from politics .",
"title": "Significance"
},
{
"text": " Since standing down , Khar has been an active public speaker . In an interview with Al Jazeera in December 2015 , she accused the US government supporting military regimes in Pakistan . She has written op-eds for Newsweek Pakistan and was interviewed by Mehdi Hasan at the Oxford Union in December 2015 . In June 2016 , she appeared on Jirga with Saleem Safi , speaking out against Pakistans aggressive stance in the Kashmir conflict . In an appearance at the Islamabad Literature Festival , she continued her support of a closer Indian-Pakistan relationship .",
"title": "Post-ministerial career"
},
{
"text": "Return to politics in 2018 .",
"title": "Post-ministerial career"
},
{
"text": " She was elected on a reserved seat for women in the National Assembly in 2018 General Election by the Pakistan Peoples Party .",
"title": "Post-ministerial career"
},
{
"text": " Khar is married to Feroze Gulzar . She has a son , Ahmed , and two daughters , Annaya and Dina . Khar is co-owner of a restaurant called the Polo Lounge . The initial branch opened at the Lahore Polo Ground in 2002 . A second Polo Lounge has since opened in Islamabads Saidpur Village .",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] |
/wiki/Hina_Rabbani_Khar#P39#1
|
What was the position of Hina Rabbani Khar in Jun 2011?
|
Hina Rabbani Khar Hina Rabbani Khar ( Urdu : ; born 19 November 1977 ) is a Pakistani politician who served as the 21st Foreign Minister of Pakistan from February 2011 until March 2013 . Appointed at the age of 33 , she was the youngest person and the first woman to have held the position . Khar is a member of an influential feudal family in Muzaffargarh . She studied business at LUMS and U Mass - Amherst before entering politics as a member of the national assembly in 2002 , representing the PML-Q and becoming a junior minister responsible for economic policy under the Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz . In 2009 , after switching parties and winning re-election with the Pakistan Peoples Party , she became the Minister of State for Finance and Economic Affairs and the same year became the first woman to present the national budget . She was appointed by Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani as the Foreign Minister of Pakistan in July 2011 , and served until shortly before the 2013 election , when she retired from active politics . She has continued to push for stronger ties with India . She remains a member of the Pakistan Peoples Party , and is a public speaker on foreign policy . As of 2019 , she is a Member of the National Assembly of Pakistan on a reserved seat for women . Early life and family . Hina Rabbani Khar was born in Multan , Punjab , Pakistan . Khar is the daughter of the powerful oligarch and politician Ghulam Noor Rabbani Khar . Her father is a prominent national politician and serves as a member of the National Assembly . She is a niece of Ghulam Mustafa Khar , the former Governor and Chief Minister of Punjab . Education . Khar is a graduate of the Lahore University of Management Sciences ( LUMS ) where she holds a BSc ( with honors ) in Economics conferred in 1999 . She subsequently attended the University of Massachusetts at Amherst in the United States where she earned an MSc in Business Management in 2002 . Khar has retained ties with LUMS since her graduation . In 2012 , she delivered a lecture there on Foreign Policy and Young Democracy , and secured funding for the Abdus Salam Institute of Physics . Political career . In the 2002 general elections , Khar was elected as a member of the National Assembly , representing the NA-177 ( Muzaffargarh-II ) constituency in Punjab . Her father , veteran politician Ghulam Noor Rabbani Khar , had represented the constituency previously , but he and most of the members of her family had been disqualified . A new law requiring all parliamentary candidates to hold a university degree meant that he and they could not run that year . With the financial support of her father who addressed rallies on her behalf , she campaigned on a newly founded PML-Q platform against the Pakistan Muslim League , with her face not appearing on her own election posters . Economic and Finance positions . Khar came to prominence during the Shaukat Aziz government and was appointed Parliamentary Secretary for Economic Affairs and Statistics in 2003 , and being named Minister of State for Economic Affairs the following year , a post she retained until 2007 . As minister of state , she worked with international relief funds and charities after the deadly 2005 earthquake in Northern Pakistan , and also worked on proposals for the Turkmenistan–Afghanistan–Pakistan–India pipeline . In 2007 , she made an unsuccessful attempt to renew her alliance with the PML-Q , but the party denied her a ticket platform to campaign for re-election in 2008 . She was subsequently invited to join the Pakistan Peoples Party ( PPP ) and successfully campaigned for her constituency for a second time . The PPP secured a plurality of the votes and formed a left-wing alliance with the Awami National Party , MQM and PML-Q . Minister of State for Finance and Economic Affairs . After her 2008 re-election , she was appointed Minister of State for Finance and Economic Affairs in the cabinet of Yousaf Raza Gillani . She worked on the financial budget and economic policies in the absence of the then Finance Minister and on 13 June 2009 she successfully presented the 2010 federal budget in the Parliament and has the distinction of being the first woman politician to present the Pakistani budget in the National Assembly . She also worked on reducing Pakistans circular debt within the energy sector . Foreign minister . Khar was appointed as Minister of State for Foreign Affairs—the deputy head of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs—on 11 February 2011 , as part of Gillanis cabinet reshuffle . Gillani did not reappoint Shah Mehmood Qureshi as Foreign Minister , and that position was left empty . In the absence of any Foreign Minister , she was the acting Minister of Foreign Affairs for five months until her formal appointment as Foreign Minister on 18 July ; she was sworn in on 19 July , becoming the youngest and first female Minister of Foreign Affairs . President Asif Ali Zardari , who succeeded Pervez Musharraf in 2008 , said the appointment was a demonstration of the governments commitment to bring women into the mainstream of national life . She was appointed foreign minister during a difficult time in Pakistan : when the countrys armed forces were confronting extreme elements in Western Pakistan and anti-American emotions ran high over the Raymond Davis incident . Shortly after her appointment , Khar visited India and held peace talks with her Indian counterpart , S . M . Krishna . Relations between the two countries had been suspended following the 2008 Mumbai attacks , and did not resume until February 2011 , five months before her visit . The Indian media reported extensively on her fashion and appearance , including her Birkin bag , sunglasses , Jimmy Choo stilettos and pearl necklaces . She held talks with leaders of the Hurriyat Conference before meeting Indian government representatives , a decision which was criticised by the Bharatiya Janata Party ( BJP ) , Indias biggest political party , which said it was a breach of protocol and demanded an inquiry into the matter . She later led an unsuccessful move to grant India most favoured nation status . In August 2011 she visited China and held talks with Yang Jiechi , the Chinese Foreign Minister . Hindustan Times reported that , in contrast to her reception in India , she was largely ignored by the Chinese media . The NATO strike which killed 24 Pakistani troops was one of the most notable incidents during her tenure and Foreign Minister Khar stated that the government of Pakistan and defense committees had approved a measure—similar to a parliamentary resolution put forward after bin Ladens May 2011 death—that formally bars NATO and ISAF forces from using Pakistans supply routes . Pakistan continued to demand a U.S . apology , and on 6 June 2012 , Khar argued that higher principles should take precedence over politically popular considerations , and challenged the U.S . to live up to its democratic ideals by respecting the will of Pakistan’s elected legislature . On 15 December 2011 , when the United States suspended financial aid to Pakistan , Khar warned that their actions would be responsible for losing the war on terror , since Pakistan could not win without U.S . assistance . On 21 January 2012 , Khar secretly left for Moscow with an agenda of strengthening bilateral relations , with Pakistans relationship with the United States strained . On this trip invited the Russian leadership to visit Pakistan and to maintain bilateral cooperation and commitment and support for Afghan-led and Afghan-owned efforts for peace in the country . On 12 August 2012 , while speaking at the 16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement in Tehran , Khar maintained that regional stability was imperiled due to the increasing tensions relating to Irans nuclear program , and a peaceful resolution of this issue is still possible on the basis of reciprocal confidence-building measures and security assurances against external threats . During her short visit to Bangladesh on 9 November 2012 , Khar was approached by the Foreign Minister of Bangladesh Dipu Moni to sort out post-independence issues between the countries . Khar called for the two countries to move ahead together . While the election was being scheduled , the PPP completed five-year election term in March 2013 , so the government was replaced by a caretaker prime minister and cabinet , in which Khar was not a member , until the election took place . This ended Khars two-year role as Foreign Minister . In April 2013 , Khar announced that she was standing down at the next general election , so that her father , who had previously been ineligible to stand as a candidate , could succeed her . The condition requiring parliamentary candidates to hold a university degree , which had led to Khar replacing her father in 2002 , had been lifted since the most recent general election . The PPP came second in the election , losing 74 seats ; Khars father was defeated in his bid to regain his former seat . Significance . During her two-year-long appointment as the countrys foreign minister she attracted significant global attention on her status as Pakistans first woman foreign minister . She was interviewed by Charlie Rose , CBS News and Washington Post among others . She served as a high-ranking member of the Central Executive Committee of the Pakistan Peoples Party from 2008 until 2013 , when she retired from politics . Post-ministerial career . Since standing down , Khar has been an active public speaker . In an interview with Al Jazeera in December 2015 , she accused the US government supporting military regimes in Pakistan . She has written op-eds for Newsweek Pakistan and was interviewed by Mehdi Hasan at the Oxford Union in December 2015 . In June 2016 , she appeared on Jirga with Saleem Safi , speaking out against Pakistans aggressive stance in the Kashmir conflict . In an appearance at the Islamabad Literature Festival , she continued her support of a closer Indian-Pakistan relationship . Return to politics in 2018 . She was elected on a reserved seat for women in the National Assembly in 2018 General Election by the Pakistan Peoples Party . Personal life . Khar is married to Feroze Gulzar . She has a son , Ahmed , and two daughters , Annaya and Dina . Khar is co-owner of a restaurant called the Polo Lounge . The initial branch opened at the Lahore Polo Ground in 2002 . A second Polo Lounge has since opened in Islamabads Saidpur Village .
|
[
"deputy head of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs"
] |
[
{
"text": " Hina Rabbani Khar ( Urdu : ; born 19 November 1977 ) is a Pakistani politician who served as the 21st Foreign Minister of Pakistan from February 2011 until March 2013 . Appointed at the age of 33 , she was the youngest person and the first woman to have held the position .",
"title": "Hina Rabbani Khar"
},
{
"text": "Khar is a member of an influential feudal family in Muzaffargarh . She studied business at LUMS and U Mass - Amherst before entering politics as a member of the national assembly in 2002 , representing the PML-Q and becoming a junior minister responsible for economic policy under the Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz . In 2009 , after switching parties and winning re-election with the Pakistan Peoples Party , she became the Minister of State for Finance and Economic Affairs and the same year became the first woman to present the national budget . She was appointed by Prime Minister",
"title": "Hina Rabbani Khar"
},
{
"text": "Yousaf Raza Gillani as the Foreign Minister of Pakistan in July 2011 , and served until shortly before the 2013 election , when she retired from active politics . She has continued to push for stronger ties with India .",
"title": "Hina Rabbani Khar"
},
{
"text": " She remains a member of the Pakistan Peoples Party , and is a public speaker on foreign policy . As of 2019 , she is a Member of the National Assembly of Pakistan on a reserved seat for women . Early life and family .",
"title": "Hina Rabbani Khar"
},
{
"text": "Hina Rabbani Khar was born in Multan , Punjab , Pakistan . Khar is the daughter of the powerful oligarch and politician Ghulam Noor Rabbani Khar . Her father is a prominent national politician and serves as a member of the National Assembly . She is a niece of Ghulam Mustafa Khar , the former Governor and Chief Minister of Punjab .",
"title": "Hina Rabbani Khar"
},
{
"text": " Khar is a graduate of the Lahore University of Management Sciences ( LUMS ) where she holds a BSc ( with honors ) in Economics conferred in 1999 . She subsequently attended the University of Massachusetts at Amherst in the United States where she earned an MSc in Business Management in 2002 . Khar has retained ties with LUMS since her graduation . In 2012 , she delivered a lecture there on Foreign Policy and Young Democracy , and secured funding for the Abdus Salam Institute of Physics .",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"text": "In the 2002 general elections , Khar was elected as a member of the National Assembly , representing the NA-177 ( Muzaffargarh-II ) constituency in Punjab . Her father , veteran politician Ghulam Noor Rabbani Khar , had represented the constituency previously , but he and most of the members of her family had been disqualified . A new law requiring all parliamentary candidates to hold a university degree meant that he and they could not run that year . With the financial support of her father who addressed rallies on her behalf , she campaigned on a newly founded",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "PML-Q platform against the Pakistan Muslim League , with her face not appearing on her own election posters .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Economic and Finance positions . Khar came to prominence during the Shaukat Aziz government and was appointed Parliamentary Secretary for Economic Affairs and Statistics in 2003 , and being named Minister of State for Economic Affairs the following year , a post she retained until 2007 . As minister of state , she worked with international relief funds and charities after the deadly 2005 earthquake in Northern Pakistan , and also worked on proposals for the Turkmenistan–Afghanistan–Pakistan–India pipeline .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "In 2007 , she made an unsuccessful attempt to renew her alliance with the PML-Q , but the party denied her a ticket platform to campaign for re-election in 2008 . She was subsequently invited to join the Pakistan Peoples Party ( PPP ) and successfully campaigned for her constituency for a second time . The PPP secured a plurality of the votes and formed a left-wing alliance with the Awami National Party , MQM and PML-Q .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Minister of State for Finance and Economic Affairs . After her 2008 re-election , she was appointed Minister of State for Finance and Economic Affairs in the cabinet of Yousaf Raza Gillani . She worked on the financial budget and economic policies in the absence of the then Finance Minister and on 13 June 2009 she successfully presented the 2010 federal budget in the Parliament and has the distinction of being the first woman politician to present the Pakistani budget in the National Assembly . She also worked on reducing Pakistans circular debt within the energy sector .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Khar was appointed as Minister of State for Foreign Affairs—the deputy head of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs—on 11 February 2011 , as part of Gillanis cabinet reshuffle . Gillani did not reappoint Shah Mehmood Qureshi as Foreign Minister , and that position was left empty . In the absence of any Foreign Minister , she was the acting Minister of Foreign Affairs for five months until her formal appointment as Foreign Minister on 18 July ; she was sworn in on 19 July , becoming the youngest and first female Minister of Foreign Affairs . President Asif Ali Zardari",
"title": "Foreign minister"
},
{
"text": ", who succeeded Pervez Musharraf in 2008 , said the appointment was a demonstration of the governments commitment to bring women into the mainstream of national life . She was appointed foreign minister during a difficult time in Pakistan : when the countrys armed forces were confronting extreme elements in Western Pakistan and anti-American emotions ran high over the Raymond Davis incident .",
"title": "Foreign minister"
},
{
"text": "Shortly after her appointment , Khar visited India and held peace talks with her Indian counterpart , S . M . Krishna . Relations between the two countries had been suspended following the 2008 Mumbai attacks , and did not resume until February 2011 , five months before her visit . The Indian media reported extensively on her fashion and appearance , including her Birkin bag , sunglasses , Jimmy Choo stilettos and pearl necklaces . She held talks with leaders of the Hurriyat Conference before meeting Indian government representatives , a decision which was criticised by the Bharatiya Janata",
"title": "Foreign minister"
},
{
"text": "Party ( BJP ) , Indias biggest political party , which said it was a breach of protocol and demanded an inquiry into the matter . She later led an unsuccessful move to grant India most favoured nation status . In August 2011 she visited China and held talks with Yang Jiechi , the Chinese Foreign Minister . Hindustan Times reported that , in contrast to her reception in India , she was largely ignored by the Chinese media .",
"title": "Foreign minister"
},
{
"text": "The NATO strike which killed 24 Pakistani troops was one of the most notable incidents during her tenure and Foreign Minister Khar stated that the government of Pakistan and defense committees had approved a measure—similar to a parliamentary resolution put forward after bin Ladens May 2011 death—that formally bars NATO and ISAF forces from using Pakistans supply routes . Pakistan continued to demand a U.S . apology , and on 6 June 2012 , Khar argued that higher principles should take precedence over politically popular considerations , and challenged the U.S . to live up to its democratic ideals by",
"title": "Foreign minister"
},
{
"text": "respecting the will of Pakistan’s elected legislature . On 15 December 2011 , when the United States suspended financial aid to Pakistan , Khar warned that their actions would be responsible for losing the war on terror , since Pakistan could not win without U.S . assistance .",
"title": "Foreign minister"
},
{
"text": "On 21 January 2012 , Khar secretly left for Moscow with an agenda of strengthening bilateral relations , with Pakistans relationship with the United States strained . On this trip invited the Russian leadership to visit Pakistan and to maintain bilateral cooperation and commitment and support for Afghan-led and Afghan-owned efforts for peace in the country . On 12 August 2012 , while speaking at the 16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement in Tehran , Khar maintained that regional stability was imperiled due to the increasing tensions relating to Irans nuclear program , and a peaceful resolution of this issue",
"title": "Foreign minister"
},
{
"text": "is still possible on the basis of reciprocal confidence-building measures and security assurances against external threats .",
"title": "Foreign minister"
},
{
"text": " During her short visit to Bangladesh on 9 November 2012 , Khar was approached by the Foreign Minister of Bangladesh Dipu Moni to sort out post-independence issues between the countries . Khar called for the two countries to move ahead together .",
"title": "Foreign minister"
},
{
"text": "While the election was being scheduled , the PPP completed five-year election term in March 2013 , so the government was replaced by a caretaker prime minister and cabinet , in which Khar was not a member , until the election took place . This ended Khars two-year role as Foreign Minister . In April 2013 , Khar announced that she was standing down at the next general election , so that her father , who had previously been ineligible to stand as a candidate , could succeed her . The condition requiring parliamentary candidates to hold a university degree",
"title": "Foreign minister"
},
{
"text": ", which had led to Khar replacing her father in 2002 , had been lifted since the most recent general election . The PPP came second in the election , losing 74 seats ; Khars father was defeated in his bid to regain his former seat .",
"title": "Foreign minister"
},
{
"text": " During her two-year-long appointment as the countrys foreign minister she attracted significant global attention on her status as Pakistans first woman foreign minister . She was interviewed by Charlie Rose , CBS News and Washington Post among others . She served as a high-ranking member of the Central Executive Committee of the Pakistan Peoples Party from 2008 until 2013 , when she retired from politics .",
"title": "Significance"
},
{
"text": " Since standing down , Khar has been an active public speaker . In an interview with Al Jazeera in December 2015 , she accused the US government supporting military regimes in Pakistan . She has written op-eds for Newsweek Pakistan and was interviewed by Mehdi Hasan at the Oxford Union in December 2015 . In June 2016 , she appeared on Jirga with Saleem Safi , speaking out against Pakistans aggressive stance in the Kashmir conflict . In an appearance at the Islamabad Literature Festival , she continued her support of a closer Indian-Pakistan relationship .",
"title": "Post-ministerial career"
},
{
"text": "Return to politics in 2018 .",
"title": "Post-ministerial career"
},
{
"text": " She was elected on a reserved seat for women in the National Assembly in 2018 General Election by the Pakistan Peoples Party .",
"title": "Post-ministerial career"
},
{
"text": " Khar is married to Feroze Gulzar . She has a son , Ahmed , and two daughters , Annaya and Dina . Khar is co-owner of a restaurant called the Polo Lounge . The initial branch opened at the Lahore Polo Ground in 2002 . A second Polo Lounge has since opened in Islamabads Saidpur Village .",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] |
/wiki/Hina_Rabbani_Khar#P39#2
|
What was the position of Hina Rabbani Khar after Oct 2018?
|
Hina Rabbani Khar Hina Rabbani Khar ( Urdu : ; born 19 November 1977 ) is a Pakistani politician who served as the 21st Foreign Minister of Pakistan from February 2011 until March 2013 . Appointed at the age of 33 , she was the youngest person and the first woman to have held the position . Khar is a member of an influential feudal family in Muzaffargarh . She studied business at LUMS and U Mass - Amherst before entering politics as a member of the national assembly in 2002 , representing the PML-Q and becoming a junior minister responsible for economic policy under the Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz . In 2009 , after switching parties and winning re-election with the Pakistan Peoples Party , she became the Minister of State for Finance and Economic Affairs and the same year became the first woman to present the national budget . She was appointed by Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani as the Foreign Minister of Pakistan in July 2011 , and served until shortly before the 2013 election , when she retired from active politics . She has continued to push for stronger ties with India . She remains a member of the Pakistan Peoples Party , and is a public speaker on foreign policy . As of 2019 , she is a Member of the National Assembly of Pakistan on a reserved seat for women . Early life and family . Hina Rabbani Khar was born in Multan , Punjab , Pakistan . Khar is the daughter of the powerful oligarch and politician Ghulam Noor Rabbani Khar . Her father is a prominent national politician and serves as a member of the National Assembly . She is a niece of Ghulam Mustafa Khar , the former Governor and Chief Minister of Punjab . Education . Khar is a graduate of the Lahore University of Management Sciences ( LUMS ) where she holds a BSc ( with honors ) in Economics conferred in 1999 . She subsequently attended the University of Massachusetts at Amherst in the United States where she earned an MSc in Business Management in 2002 . Khar has retained ties with LUMS since her graduation . In 2012 , she delivered a lecture there on Foreign Policy and Young Democracy , and secured funding for the Abdus Salam Institute of Physics . Political career . In the 2002 general elections , Khar was elected as a member of the National Assembly , representing the NA-177 ( Muzaffargarh-II ) constituency in Punjab . Her father , veteran politician Ghulam Noor Rabbani Khar , had represented the constituency previously , but he and most of the members of her family had been disqualified . A new law requiring all parliamentary candidates to hold a university degree meant that he and they could not run that year . With the financial support of her father who addressed rallies on her behalf , she campaigned on a newly founded PML-Q platform against the Pakistan Muslim League , with her face not appearing on her own election posters . Economic and Finance positions . Khar came to prominence during the Shaukat Aziz government and was appointed Parliamentary Secretary for Economic Affairs and Statistics in 2003 , and being named Minister of State for Economic Affairs the following year , a post she retained until 2007 . As minister of state , she worked with international relief funds and charities after the deadly 2005 earthquake in Northern Pakistan , and also worked on proposals for the Turkmenistan–Afghanistan–Pakistan–India pipeline . In 2007 , she made an unsuccessful attempt to renew her alliance with the PML-Q , but the party denied her a ticket platform to campaign for re-election in 2008 . She was subsequently invited to join the Pakistan Peoples Party ( PPP ) and successfully campaigned for her constituency for a second time . The PPP secured a plurality of the votes and formed a left-wing alliance with the Awami National Party , MQM and PML-Q . Minister of State for Finance and Economic Affairs . After her 2008 re-election , she was appointed Minister of State for Finance and Economic Affairs in the cabinet of Yousaf Raza Gillani . She worked on the financial budget and economic policies in the absence of the then Finance Minister and on 13 June 2009 she successfully presented the 2010 federal budget in the Parliament and has the distinction of being the first woman politician to present the Pakistani budget in the National Assembly . She also worked on reducing Pakistans circular debt within the energy sector . Foreign minister . Khar was appointed as Minister of State for Foreign Affairs—the deputy head of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs—on 11 February 2011 , as part of Gillanis cabinet reshuffle . Gillani did not reappoint Shah Mehmood Qureshi as Foreign Minister , and that position was left empty . In the absence of any Foreign Minister , she was the acting Minister of Foreign Affairs for five months until her formal appointment as Foreign Minister on 18 July ; she was sworn in on 19 July , becoming the youngest and first female Minister of Foreign Affairs . President Asif Ali Zardari , who succeeded Pervez Musharraf in 2008 , said the appointment was a demonstration of the governments commitment to bring women into the mainstream of national life . She was appointed foreign minister during a difficult time in Pakistan : when the countrys armed forces were confronting extreme elements in Western Pakistan and anti-American emotions ran high over the Raymond Davis incident . Shortly after her appointment , Khar visited India and held peace talks with her Indian counterpart , S . M . Krishna . Relations between the two countries had been suspended following the 2008 Mumbai attacks , and did not resume until February 2011 , five months before her visit . The Indian media reported extensively on her fashion and appearance , including her Birkin bag , sunglasses , Jimmy Choo stilettos and pearl necklaces . She held talks with leaders of the Hurriyat Conference before meeting Indian government representatives , a decision which was criticised by the Bharatiya Janata Party ( BJP ) , Indias biggest political party , which said it was a breach of protocol and demanded an inquiry into the matter . She later led an unsuccessful move to grant India most favoured nation status . In August 2011 she visited China and held talks with Yang Jiechi , the Chinese Foreign Minister . Hindustan Times reported that , in contrast to her reception in India , she was largely ignored by the Chinese media . The NATO strike which killed 24 Pakistani troops was one of the most notable incidents during her tenure and Foreign Minister Khar stated that the government of Pakistan and defense committees had approved a measure—similar to a parliamentary resolution put forward after bin Ladens May 2011 death—that formally bars NATO and ISAF forces from using Pakistans supply routes . Pakistan continued to demand a U.S . apology , and on 6 June 2012 , Khar argued that higher principles should take precedence over politically popular considerations , and challenged the U.S . to live up to its democratic ideals by respecting the will of Pakistan’s elected legislature . On 15 December 2011 , when the United States suspended financial aid to Pakistan , Khar warned that their actions would be responsible for losing the war on terror , since Pakistan could not win without U.S . assistance . On 21 January 2012 , Khar secretly left for Moscow with an agenda of strengthening bilateral relations , with Pakistans relationship with the United States strained . On this trip invited the Russian leadership to visit Pakistan and to maintain bilateral cooperation and commitment and support for Afghan-led and Afghan-owned efforts for peace in the country . On 12 August 2012 , while speaking at the 16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement in Tehran , Khar maintained that regional stability was imperiled due to the increasing tensions relating to Irans nuclear program , and a peaceful resolution of this issue is still possible on the basis of reciprocal confidence-building measures and security assurances against external threats . During her short visit to Bangladesh on 9 November 2012 , Khar was approached by the Foreign Minister of Bangladesh Dipu Moni to sort out post-independence issues between the countries . Khar called for the two countries to move ahead together . While the election was being scheduled , the PPP completed five-year election term in March 2013 , so the government was replaced by a caretaker prime minister and cabinet , in which Khar was not a member , until the election took place . This ended Khars two-year role as Foreign Minister . In April 2013 , Khar announced that she was standing down at the next general election , so that her father , who had previously been ineligible to stand as a candidate , could succeed her . The condition requiring parliamentary candidates to hold a university degree , which had led to Khar replacing her father in 2002 , had been lifted since the most recent general election . The PPP came second in the election , losing 74 seats ; Khars father was defeated in his bid to regain his former seat . Significance . During her two-year-long appointment as the countrys foreign minister she attracted significant global attention on her status as Pakistans first woman foreign minister . She was interviewed by Charlie Rose , CBS News and Washington Post among others . She served as a high-ranking member of the Central Executive Committee of the Pakistan Peoples Party from 2008 until 2013 , when she retired from politics . Post-ministerial career . Since standing down , Khar has been an active public speaker . In an interview with Al Jazeera in December 2015 , she accused the US government supporting military regimes in Pakistan . She has written op-eds for Newsweek Pakistan and was interviewed by Mehdi Hasan at the Oxford Union in December 2015 . In June 2016 , she appeared on Jirga with Saleem Safi , speaking out against Pakistans aggressive stance in the Kashmir conflict . In an appearance at the Islamabad Literature Festival , she continued her support of a closer Indian-Pakistan relationship . Return to politics in 2018 . She was elected on a reserved seat for women in the National Assembly in 2018 General Election by the Pakistan Peoples Party . Personal life . Khar is married to Feroze Gulzar . She has a son , Ahmed , and two daughters , Annaya and Dina . Khar is co-owner of a restaurant called the Polo Lounge . The initial branch opened at the Lahore Polo Ground in 2002 . A second Polo Lounge has since opened in Islamabads Saidpur Village .
|
[
"reserved seat for women in the National Assembly"
] |
[
{
"text": " Hina Rabbani Khar ( Urdu : ; born 19 November 1977 ) is a Pakistani politician who served as the 21st Foreign Minister of Pakistan from February 2011 until March 2013 . Appointed at the age of 33 , she was the youngest person and the first woman to have held the position .",
"title": "Hina Rabbani Khar"
},
{
"text": "Khar is a member of an influential feudal family in Muzaffargarh . She studied business at LUMS and U Mass - Amherst before entering politics as a member of the national assembly in 2002 , representing the PML-Q and becoming a junior minister responsible for economic policy under the Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz . In 2009 , after switching parties and winning re-election with the Pakistan Peoples Party , she became the Minister of State for Finance and Economic Affairs and the same year became the first woman to present the national budget . She was appointed by Prime Minister",
"title": "Hina Rabbani Khar"
},
{
"text": "Yousaf Raza Gillani as the Foreign Minister of Pakistan in July 2011 , and served until shortly before the 2013 election , when she retired from active politics . She has continued to push for stronger ties with India .",
"title": "Hina Rabbani Khar"
},
{
"text": " She remains a member of the Pakistan Peoples Party , and is a public speaker on foreign policy . As of 2019 , she is a Member of the National Assembly of Pakistan on a reserved seat for women . Early life and family .",
"title": "Hina Rabbani Khar"
},
{
"text": "Hina Rabbani Khar was born in Multan , Punjab , Pakistan . Khar is the daughter of the powerful oligarch and politician Ghulam Noor Rabbani Khar . Her father is a prominent national politician and serves as a member of the National Assembly . She is a niece of Ghulam Mustafa Khar , the former Governor and Chief Minister of Punjab .",
"title": "Hina Rabbani Khar"
},
{
"text": " Khar is a graduate of the Lahore University of Management Sciences ( LUMS ) where she holds a BSc ( with honors ) in Economics conferred in 1999 . She subsequently attended the University of Massachusetts at Amherst in the United States where she earned an MSc in Business Management in 2002 . Khar has retained ties with LUMS since her graduation . In 2012 , she delivered a lecture there on Foreign Policy and Young Democracy , and secured funding for the Abdus Salam Institute of Physics .",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"text": "In the 2002 general elections , Khar was elected as a member of the National Assembly , representing the NA-177 ( Muzaffargarh-II ) constituency in Punjab . Her father , veteran politician Ghulam Noor Rabbani Khar , had represented the constituency previously , but he and most of the members of her family had been disqualified . A new law requiring all parliamentary candidates to hold a university degree meant that he and they could not run that year . With the financial support of her father who addressed rallies on her behalf , she campaigned on a newly founded",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "PML-Q platform against the Pakistan Muslim League , with her face not appearing on her own election posters .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Economic and Finance positions . Khar came to prominence during the Shaukat Aziz government and was appointed Parliamentary Secretary for Economic Affairs and Statistics in 2003 , and being named Minister of State for Economic Affairs the following year , a post she retained until 2007 . As minister of state , she worked with international relief funds and charities after the deadly 2005 earthquake in Northern Pakistan , and also worked on proposals for the Turkmenistan–Afghanistan–Pakistan–India pipeline .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "In 2007 , she made an unsuccessful attempt to renew her alliance with the PML-Q , but the party denied her a ticket platform to campaign for re-election in 2008 . She was subsequently invited to join the Pakistan Peoples Party ( PPP ) and successfully campaigned for her constituency for a second time . The PPP secured a plurality of the votes and formed a left-wing alliance with the Awami National Party , MQM and PML-Q .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Minister of State for Finance and Economic Affairs . After her 2008 re-election , she was appointed Minister of State for Finance and Economic Affairs in the cabinet of Yousaf Raza Gillani . She worked on the financial budget and economic policies in the absence of the then Finance Minister and on 13 June 2009 she successfully presented the 2010 federal budget in the Parliament and has the distinction of being the first woman politician to present the Pakistani budget in the National Assembly . She also worked on reducing Pakistans circular debt within the energy sector .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Khar was appointed as Minister of State for Foreign Affairs—the deputy head of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs—on 11 February 2011 , as part of Gillanis cabinet reshuffle . Gillani did not reappoint Shah Mehmood Qureshi as Foreign Minister , and that position was left empty . In the absence of any Foreign Minister , she was the acting Minister of Foreign Affairs for five months until her formal appointment as Foreign Minister on 18 July ; she was sworn in on 19 July , becoming the youngest and first female Minister of Foreign Affairs . President Asif Ali Zardari",
"title": "Foreign minister"
},
{
"text": ", who succeeded Pervez Musharraf in 2008 , said the appointment was a demonstration of the governments commitment to bring women into the mainstream of national life . She was appointed foreign minister during a difficult time in Pakistan : when the countrys armed forces were confronting extreme elements in Western Pakistan and anti-American emotions ran high over the Raymond Davis incident .",
"title": "Foreign minister"
},
{
"text": "Shortly after her appointment , Khar visited India and held peace talks with her Indian counterpart , S . M . Krishna . Relations between the two countries had been suspended following the 2008 Mumbai attacks , and did not resume until February 2011 , five months before her visit . The Indian media reported extensively on her fashion and appearance , including her Birkin bag , sunglasses , Jimmy Choo stilettos and pearl necklaces . She held talks with leaders of the Hurriyat Conference before meeting Indian government representatives , a decision which was criticised by the Bharatiya Janata",
"title": "Foreign minister"
},
{
"text": "Party ( BJP ) , Indias biggest political party , which said it was a breach of protocol and demanded an inquiry into the matter . She later led an unsuccessful move to grant India most favoured nation status . In August 2011 she visited China and held talks with Yang Jiechi , the Chinese Foreign Minister . Hindustan Times reported that , in contrast to her reception in India , she was largely ignored by the Chinese media .",
"title": "Foreign minister"
},
{
"text": "The NATO strike which killed 24 Pakistani troops was one of the most notable incidents during her tenure and Foreign Minister Khar stated that the government of Pakistan and defense committees had approved a measure—similar to a parliamentary resolution put forward after bin Ladens May 2011 death—that formally bars NATO and ISAF forces from using Pakistans supply routes . Pakistan continued to demand a U.S . apology , and on 6 June 2012 , Khar argued that higher principles should take precedence over politically popular considerations , and challenged the U.S . to live up to its democratic ideals by",
"title": "Foreign minister"
},
{
"text": "respecting the will of Pakistan’s elected legislature . On 15 December 2011 , when the United States suspended financial aid to Pakistan , Khar warned that their actions would be responsible for losing the war on terror , since Pakistan could not win without U.S . assistance .",
"title": "Foreign minister"
},
{
"text": "On 21 January 2012 , Khar secretly left for Moscow with an agenda of strengthening bilateral relations , with Pakistans relationship with the United States strained . On this trip invited the Russian leadership to visit Pakistan and to maintain bilateral cooperation and commitment and support for Afghan-led and Afghan-owned efforts for peace in the country . On 12 August 2012 , while speaking at the 16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement in Tehran , Khar maintained that regional stability was imperiled due to the increasing tensions relating to Irans nuclear program , and a peaceful resolution of this issue",
"title": "Foreign minister"
},
{
"text": "is still possible on the basis of reciprocal confidence-building measures and security assurances against external threats .",
"title": "Foreign minister"
},
{
"text": " During her short visit to Bangladesh on 9 November 2012 , Khar was approached by the Foreign Minister of Bangladesh Dipu Moni to sort out post-independence issues between the countries . Khar called for the two countries to move ahead together .",
"title": "Foreign minister"
},
{
"text": "While the election was being scheduled , the PPP completed five-year election term in March 2013 , so the government was replaced by a caretaker prime minister and cabinet , in which Khar was not a member , until the election took place . This ended Khars two-year role as Foreign Minister . In April 2013 , Khar announced that she was standing down at the next general election , so that her father , who had previously been ineligible to stand as a candidate , could succeed her . The condition requiring parliamentary candidates to hold a university degree",
"title": "Foreign minister"
},
{
"text": ", which had led to Khar replacing her father in 2002 , had been lifted since the most recent general election . The PPP came second in the election , losing 74 seats ; Khars father was defeated in his bid to regain his former seat .",
"title": "Foreign minister"
},
{
"text": " During her two-year-long appointment as the countrys foreign minister she attracted significant global attention on her status as Pakistans first woman foreign minister . She was interviewed by Charlie Rose , CBS News and Washington Post among others . She served as a high-ranking member of the Central Executive Committee of the Pakistan Peoples Party from 2008 until 2013 , when she retired from politics .",
"title": "Significance"
},
{
"text": " Since standing down , Khar has been an active public speaker . In an interview with Al Jazeera in December 2015 , she accused the US government supporting military regimes in Pakistan . She has written op-eds for Newsweek Pakistan and was interviewed by Mehdi Hasan at the Oxford Union in December 2015 . In June 2016 , she appeared on Jirga with Saleem Safi , speaking out against Pakistans aggressive stance in the Kashmir conflict . In an appearance at the Islamabad Literature Festival , she continued her support of a closer Indian-Pakistan relationship .",
"title": "Post-ministerial career"
},
{
"text": "Return to politics in 2018 .",
"title": "Post-ministerial career"
},
{
"text": " She was elected on a reserved seat for women in the National Assembly in 2018 General Election by the Pakistan Peoples Party .",
"title": "Post-ministerial career"
},
{
"text": " Khar is married to Feroze Gulzar . She has a son , Ahmed , and two daughters , Annaya and Dina . Khar is co-owner of a restaurant called the Polo Lounge . The initial branch opened at the Lahore Polo Ground in 2002 . A second Polo Lounge has since opened in Islamabads Saidpur Village .",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] |
/wiki/Gerard_Noel_(politician)#P39#0
|
Gerard Noel (politician) took which position between Aug 1850 and Oct 1854?
|
Gerard Noel ( politician ) Gerard James Noel PC , DL , JP ( 28 August 1823 – 19 May 1911 ) , styled The Honourable Gerard Noel from birth , was a British Conservative politician . Early life . Noel was the eldest son of Charles Noel , 1st Earl of Gainsborough and , his third wife , Arabella , daughter of Sir James Hamlyn-Williams , 2nd Baronet . From his fathers second marriage to Elizabeth Grey ( a second daughter of Sir George Grey , 1st Baronet ) , he had an elder half-brother Charles , who married Lady Ida Harriet Augusta ( a daughter of William Hay , 18th Earl of Erroll and Elizabeth FitzClarence , an illegitimate daughter of King William IV ) who succeeded their father as the 2nd Earl of Gainsborough . From his parents marriage , he had three siblings , Henry Lewis Noel ( who married their cousin Emily Elizabeth Noel ) , Lady Mary Arabella Louisa Noel ( the wife of Sir Andrew Agnew , 8th Baronet ) , and Lady Catherine Hamilton Noel ( the wife of James Carnegie , 9th Earl of Southesk ) . From his fathers fourth marriage in 1833 to Lady Frances Jocelyn ( the second daughter of Robert Jocelyn , 3rd Earl of Roden ) , he had two younger half-siblings : Roden Noel ( a Groom of the Privy Chamber ) and Lady Victoria Noel ( the wife of Sir Fowell Buxton , 3rd Baronet , the Governor of South Australia ) . Career . Noel was elected Member of Parliament for Rutland in 1847 . He served under Lord Derby and then Benjamin Disraeli as a Lord of the Treasury from 1866 until 1868 , and then briefly under Disraeli as Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury between November 1868 and the fall of the Conservative government in December of the same year . After the Conservatives returned to power in 1874 he was sworn of the Privy Council . From 1876 until 1880 Noel served under Disraeli ( then known as the Earl of Beaconsfield ) as First Commissioner of Works . In 1883 he resigned from his seat in parliament through appointment as Steward of the Chiltern Hundreds . Apart from his political career Noel was also a Captain in the 11th Hussars and a Deputy Lieutenant and Justice of the Peace for Rutland . Personal life . On 30 June 1863 , Noel was married to Lady Augusta Mary , the second daughter of Lady Lucy Eleanor Sherard ( eldest daughter of Philip Sherard , 5th Earl of Harborough ) and Col . Hon . Henry Cecil Lowther of Barleythorpe Hall ( the second son of William Lowther , 1st Earl of Lonsdale ) . She was the also sister of Henry Lowther , 3rd Earl of Lonsdale . At his home , Catmose House , in Oakham , Rutland , he developed a fine garden which employed 15 gardeners . Together , they were the parents of : - Gerard Cecil Noel ( 1864–1925 ) , who married his cousin Madeline Edith Clifton , a daughter of Thomas Henry Clifton , MP for North Lancashire ( a son of John Talbot Clifton and grandson of Henry Lowther , MP for Westmorland ) , and Madeline Diana Elizabeth Agnew ( a daughter of Sir Andrew Agnew , Bt , MP for Wigtownshire ) , in 1897 . - Henry Cecil Noel ( 1868–1931 ) , who married Frances Mary Cockerell , a daughter of Frederick Pepys Cockerell , in 1902 . After their divorce in 1926 , he married , secondly , Janet Muriel Baird , daughter of William Baird ( a son of William Baird MP for Falkirk Burghs ) and Caroline Muriel Burn-Callander ( a descendant of the 8th Earl of Coventry ) , in August 1926 . Noel died at Oakham in May 1911 , aged 87 . Augusta Noel died in January 1916 .
|
[
"Member of Parliament for Rutland"
] |
[
{
"text": " Gerard James Noel PC , DL , JP ( 28 August 1823 – 19 May 1911 ) , styled The Honourable Gerard Noel from birth , was a British Conservative politician .",
"title": "Gerard Noel ( politician )"
},
{
"text": "Noel was the eldest son of Charles Noel , 1st Earl of Gainsborough and , his third wife , Arabella , daughter of Sir James Hamlyn-Williams , 2nd Baronet . From his fathers second marriage to Elizabeth Grey ( a second daughter of Sir George Grey , 1st Baronet ) , he had an elder half-brother Charles , who married Lady Ida Harriet Augusta ( a daughter of William Hay , 18th Earl of Erroll and Elizabeth FitzClarence , an illegitimate daughter of King William IV ) who succeeded their father as the 2nd Earl of Gainsborough . From his",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "parents marriage , he had three siblings , Henry Lewis Noel ( who married their cousin Emily Elizabeth Noel ) , Lady Mary Arabella Louisa Noel ( the wife of Sir Andrew Agnew , 8th Baronet ) , and Lady Catherine Hamilton Noel ( the wife of James Carnegie , 9th Earl of Southesk ) . From his fathers fourth marriage in 1833 to Lady Frances Jocelyn ( the second daughter of Robert Jocelyn , 3rd Earl of Roden ) , he had two younger half-siblings : Roden Noel ( a Groom of the Privy Chamber ) and Lady Victoria",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Noel ( the wife of Sir Fowell Buxton , 3rd Baronet , the Governor of South Australia ) .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Noel was elected Member of Parliament for Rutland in 1847 . He served under Lord Derby and then Benjamin Disraeli as a Lord of the Treasury from 1866 until 1868 , and then briefly under Disraeli as Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury between November 1868 and the fall of the Conservative government in December of the same year .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "After the Conservatives returned to power in 1874 he was sworn of the Privy Council . From 1876 until 1880 Noel served under Disraeli ( then known as the Earl of Beaconsfield ) as First Commissioner of Works . In 1883 he resigned from his seat in parliament through appointment as Steward of the Chiltern Hundreds .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Apart from his political career Noel was also a Captain in the 11th Hussars and a Deputy Lieutenant and Justice of the Peace for Rutland .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "On 30 June 1863 , Noel was married to Lady Augusta Mary , the second daughter of Lady Lucy Eleanor Sherard ( eldest daughter of Philip Sherard , 5th Earl of Harborough ) and Col . Hon . Henry Cecil Lowther of Barleythorpe Hall ( the second son of William Lowther , 1st Earl of Lonsdale ) . She was the also sister of Henry Lowther , 3rd Earl of Lonsdale . At his home , Catmose House , in Oakham , Rutland , he developed a fine garden which employed 15 gardeners . Together , they were the parents",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "of :",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Gerard Cecil Noel ( 1864–1925 ) , who married his cousin Madeline Edith Clifton , a daughter of Thomas Henry Clifton , MP for North Lancashire ( a son of John Talbot Clifton and grandson of Henry Lowther , MP for Westmorland ) , and Madeline Diana Elizabeth Agnew ( a daughter of Sir Andrew Agnew , Bt , MP for Wigtownshire ) , in 1897 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "- Henry Cecil Noel ( 1868–1931 ) , who married Frances Mary Cockerell , a daughter of Frederick Pepys Cockerell , in 1902 . After their divorce in 1926 , he married , secondly , Janet Muriel Baird , daughter of William Baird ( a son of William Baird MP for Falkirk Burghs ) and Caroline Muriel Burn-Callander ( a descendant of the 8th Earl of Coventry ) , in August 1926 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Noel died at Oakham in May 1911 , aged 87 . Augusta Noel died in January 1916 .",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] |
/wiki/Gerard_Noel_(politician)#P39#1
|
Gerard Noel (politician) took which position in Oct 1865?
|
Gerard Noel ( politician ) Gerard James Noel PC , DL , JP ( 28 August 1823 – 19 May 1911 ) , styled The Honourable Gerard Noel from birth , was a British Conservative politician . Early life . Noel was the eldest son of Charles Noel , 1st Earl of Gainsborough and , his third wife , Arabella , daughter of Sir James Hamlyn-Williams , 2nd Baronet . From his fathers second marriage to Elizabeth Grey ( a second daughter of Sir George Grey , 1st Baronet ) , he had an elder half-brother Charles , who married Lady Ida Harriet Augusta ( a daughter of William Hay , 18th Earl of Erroll and Elizabeth FitzClarence , an illegitimate daughter of King William IV ) who succeeded their father as the 2nd Earl of Gainsborough . From his parents marriage , he had three siblings , Henry Lewis Noel ( who married their cousin Emily Elizabeth Noel ) , Lady Mary Arabella Louisa Noel ( the wife of Sir Andrew Agnew , 8th Baronet ) , and Lady Catherine Hamilton Noel ( the wife of James Carnegie , 9th Earl of Southesk ) . From his fathers fourth marriage in 1833 to Lady Frances Jocelyn ( the second daughter of Robert Jocelyn , 3rd Earl of Roden ) , he had two younger half-siblings : Roden Noel ( a Groom of the Privy Chamber ) and Lady Victoria Noel ( the wife of Sir Fowell Buxton , 3rd Baronet , the Governor of South Australia ) . Career . Noel was elected Member of Parliament for Rutland in 1847 . He served under Lord Derby and then Benjamin Disraeli as a Lord of the Treasury from 1866 until 1868 , and then briefly under Disraeli as Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury between November 1868 and the fall of the Conservative government in December of the same year . After the Conservatives returned to power in 1874 he was sworn of the Privy Council . From 1876 until 1880 Noel served under Disraeli ( then known as the Earl of Beaconsfield ) as First Commissioner of Works . In 1883 he resigned from his seat in parliament through appointment as Steward of the Chiltern Hundreds . Apart from his political career Noel was also a Captain in the 11th Hussars and a Deputy Lieutenant and Justice of the Peace for Rutland . Personal life . On 30 June 1863 , Noel was married to Lady Augusta Mary , the second daughter of Lady Lucy Eleanor Sherard ( eldest daughter of Philip Sherard , 5th Earl of Harborough ) and Col . Hon . Henry Cecil Lowther of Barleythorpe Hall ( the second son of William Lowther , 1st Earl of Lonsdale ) . She was the also sister of Henry Lowther , 3rd Earl of Lonsdale . At his home , Catmose House , in Oakham , Rutland , he developed a fine garden which employed 15 gardeners . Together , they were the parents of : - Gerard Cecil Noel ( 1864–1925 ) , who married his cousin Madeline Edith Clifton , a daughter of Thomas Henry Clifton , MP for North Lancashire ( a son of John Talbot Clifton and grandson of Henry Lowther , MP for Westmorland ) , and Madeline Diana Elizabeth Agnew ( a daughter of Sir Andrew Agnew , Bt , MP for Wigtownshire ) , in 1897 . - Henry Cecil Noel ( 1868–1931 ) , who married Frances Mary Cockerell , a daughter of Frederick Pepys Cockerell , in 1902 . After their divorce in 1926 , he married , secondly , Janet Muriel Baird , daughter of William Baird ( a son of William Baird MP for Falkirk Burghs ) and Caroline Muriel Burn-Callander ( a descendant of the 8th Earl of Coventry ) , in August 1926 . Noel died at Oakham in May 1911 , aged 87 . Augusta Noel died in January 1916 .
|
[
"Member of Parliament for Rutland",
"Lord of the Treasury"
] |
[
{
"text": " Gerard James Noel PC , DL , JP ( 28 August 1823 – 19 May 1911 ) , styled The Honourable Gerard Noel from birth , was a British Conservative politician .",
"title": "Gerard Noel ( politician )"
},
{
"text": "Noel was the eldest son of Charles Noel , 1st Earl of Gainsborough and , his third wife , Arabella , daughter of Sir James Hamlyn-Williams , 2nd Baronet . From his fathers second marriage to Elizabeth Grey ( a second daughter of Sir George Grey , 1st Baronet ) , he had an elder half-brother Charles , who married Lady Ida Harriet Augusta ( a daughter of William Hay , 18th Earl of Erroll and Elizabeth FitzClarence , an illegitimate daughter of King William IV ) who succeeded their father as the 2nd Earl of Gainsborough . From his",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "parents marriage , he had three siblings , Henry Lewis Noel ( who married their cousin Emily Elizabeth Noel ) , Lady Mary Arabella Louisa Noel ( the wife of Sir Andrew Agnew , 8th Baronet ) , and Lady Catherine Hamilton Noel ( the wife of James Carnegie , 9th Earl of Southesk ) . From his fathers fourth marriage in 1833 to Lady Frances Jocelyn ( the second daughter of Robert Jocelyn , 3rd Earl of Roden ) , he had two younger half-siblings : Roden Noel ( a Groom of the Privy Chamber ) and Lady Victoria",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Noel ( the wife of Sir Fowell Buxton , 3rd Baronet , the Governor of South Australia ) .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Noel was elected Member of Parliament for Rutland in 1847 . He served under Lord Derby and then Benjamin Disraeli as a Lord of the Treasury from 1866 until 1868 , and then briefly under Disraeli as Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury between November 1868 and the fall of the Conservative government in December of the same year .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "After the Conservatives returned to power in 1874 he was sworn of the Privy Council . From 1876 until 1880 Noel served under Disraeli ( then known as the Earl of Beaconsfield ) as First Commissioner of Works . In 1883 he resigned from his seat in parliament through appointment as Steward of the Chiltern Hundreds .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Apart from his political career Noel was also a Captain in the 11th Hussars and a Deputy Lieutenant and Justice of the Peace for Rutland .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "On 30 June 1863 , Noel was married to Lady Augusta Mary , the second daughter of Lady Lucy Eleanor Sherard ( eldest daughter of Philip Sherard , 5th Earl of Harborough ) and Col . Hon . Henry Cecil Lowther of Barleythorpe Hall ( the second son of William Lowther , 1st Earl of Lonsdale ) . She was the also sister of Henry Lowther , 3rd Earl of Lonsdale . At his home , Catmose House , in Oakham , Rutland , he developed a fine garden which employed 15 gardeners . Together , they were the parents",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "of :",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Gerard Cecil Noel ( 1864–1925 ) , who married his cousin Madeline Edith Clifton , a daughter of Thomas Henry Clifton , MP for North Lancashire ( a son of John Talbot Clifton and grandson of Henry Lowther , MP for Westmorland ) , and Madeline Diana Elizabeth Agnew ( a daughter of Sir Andrew Agnew , Bt , MP for Wigtownshire ) , in 1897 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "- Henry Cecil Noel ( 1868–1931 ) , who married Frances Mary Cockerell , a daughter of Frederick Pepys Cockerell , in 1902 . After their divorce in 1926 , he married , secondly , Janet Muriel Baird , daughter of William Baird ( a son of William Baird MP for Falkirk Burghs ) and Caroline Muriel Burn-Callander ( a descendant of the 8th Earl of Coventry ) , in August 1926 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Noel died at Oakham in May 1911 , aged 87 . Augusta Noel died in January 1916 .",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] |
/wiki/Gerard_Noel_(politician)#P39#2
|
Gerard Noel (politician) took which position between Nov 1871 and Mar 1873?
|
Gerard Noel ( politician ) Gerard James Noel PC , DL , JP ( 28 August 1823 – 19 May 1911 ) , styled The Honourable Gerard Noel from birth , was a British Conservative politician . Early life . Noel was the eldest son of Charles Noel , 1st Earl of Gainsborough and , his third wife , Arabella , daughter of Sir James Hamlyn-Williams , 2nd Baronet . From his fathers second marriage to Elizabeth Grey ( a second daughter of Sir George Grey , 1st Baronet ) , he had an elder half-brother Charles , who married Lady Ida Harriet Augusta ( a daughter of William Hay , 18th Earl of Erroll and Elizabeth FitzClarence , an illegitimate daughter of King William IV ) who succeeded their father as the 2nd Earl of Gainsborough . From his parents marriage , he had three siblings , Henry Lewis Noel ( who married their cousin Emily Elizabeth Noel ) , Lady Mary Arabella Louisa Noel ( the wife of Sir Andrew Agnew , 8th Baronet ) , and Lady Catherine Hamilton Noel ( the wife of James Carnegie , 9th Earl of Southesk ) . From his fathers fourth marriage in 1833 to Lady Frances Jocelyn ( the second daughter of Robert Jocelyn , 3rd Earl of Roden ) , he had two younger half-siblings : Roden Noel ( a Groom of the Privy Chamber ) and Lady Victoria Noel ( the wife of Sir Fowell Buxton , 3rd Baronet , the Governor of South Australia ) . Career . Noel was elected Member of Parliament for Rutland in 1847 . He served under Lord Derby and then Benjamin Disraeli as a Lord of the Treasury from 1866 until 1868 , and then briefly under Disraeli as Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury between November 1868 and the fall of the Conservative government in December of the same year . After the Conservatives returned to power in 1874 he was sworn of the Privy Council . From 1876 until 1880 Noel served under Disraeli ( then known as the Earl of Beaconsfield ) as First Commissioner of Works . In 1883 he resigned from his seat in parliament through appointment as Steward of the Chiltern Hundreds . Apart from his political career Noel was also a Captain in the 11th Hussars and a Deputy Lieutenant and Justice of the Peace for Rutland . Personal life . On 30 June 1863 , Noel was married to Lady Augusta Mary , the second daughter of Lady Lucy Eleanor Sherard ( eldest daughter of Philip Sherard , 5th Earl of Harborough ) and Col . Hon . Henry Cecil Lowther of Barleythorpe Hall ( the second son of William Lowther , 1st Earl of Lonsdale ) . She was the also sister of Henry Lowther , 3rd Earl of Lonsdale . At his home , Catmose House , in Oakham , Rutland , he developed a fine garden which employed 15 gardeners . Together , they were the parents of : - Gerard Cecil Noel ( 1864–1925 ) , who married his cousin Madeline Edith Clifton , a daughter of Thomas Henry Clifton , MP for North Lancashire ( a son of John Talbot Clifton and grandson of Henry Lowther , MP for Westmorland ) , and Madeline Diana Elizabeth Agnew ( a daughter of Sir Andrew Agnew , Bt , MP for Wigtownshire ) , in 1897 . - Henry Cecil Noel ( 1868–1931 ) , who married Frances Mary Cockerell , a daughter of Frederick Pepys Cockerell , in 1902 . After their divorce in 1926 , he married , secondly , Janet Muriel Baird , daughter of William Baird ( a son of William Baird MP for Falkirk Burghs ) and Caroline Muriel Burn-Callander ( a descendant of the 8th Earl of Coventry ) , in August 1926 . Noel died at Oakham in May 1911 , aged 87 . Augusta Noel died in January 1916 .
|
[
"Member of Parliament for Rutland",
"Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury"
] |
[
{
"text": " Gerard James Noel PC , DL , JP ( 28 August 1823 – 19 May 1911 ) , styled The Honourable Gerard Noel from birth , was a British Conservative politician .",
"title": "Gerard Noel ( politician )"
},
{
"text": "Noel was the eldest son of Charles Noel , 1st Earl of Gainsborough and , his third wife , Arabella , daughter of Sir James Hamlyn-Williams , 2nd Baronet . From his fathers second marriage to Elizabeth Grey ( a second daughter of Sir George Grey , 1st Baronet ) , he had an elder half-brother Charles , who married Lady Ida Harriet Augusta ( a daughter of William Hay , 18th Earl of Erroll and Elizabeth FitzClarence , an illegitimate daughter of King William IV ) who succeeded their father as the 2nd Earl of Gainsborough . From his",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "parents marriage , he had three siblings , Henry Lewis Noel ( who married their cousin Emily Elizabeth Noel ) , Lady Mary Arabella Louisa Noel ( the wife of Sir Andrew Agnew , 8th Baronet ) , and Lady Catherine Hamilton Noel ( the wife of James Carnegie , 9th Earl of Southesk ) . From his fathers fourth marriage in 1833 to Lady Frances Jocelyn ( the second daughter of Robert Jocelyn , 3rd Earl of Roden ) , he had two younger half-siblings : Roden Noel ( a Groom of the Privy Chamber ) and Lady Victoria",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Noel ( the wife of Sir Fowell Buxton , 3rd Baronet , the Governor of South Australia ) .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Noel was elected Member of Parliament for Rutland in 1847 . He served under Lord Derby and then Benjamin Disraeli as a Lord of the Treasury from 1866 until 1868 , and then briefly under Disraeli as Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury between November 1868 and the fall of the Conservative government in December of the same year .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "After the Conservatives returned to power in 1874 he was sworn of the Privy Council . From 1876 until 1880 Noel served under Disraeli ( then known as the Earl of Beaconsfield ) as First Commissioner of Works . In 1883 he resigned from his seat in parliament through appointment as Steward of the Chiltern Hundreds .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Apart from his political career Noel was also a Captain in the 11th Hussars and a Deputy Lieutenant and Justice of the Peace for Rutland .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "On 30 June 1863 , Noel was married to Lady Augusta Mary , the second daughter of Lady Lucy Eleanor Sherard ( eldest daughter of Philip Sherard , 5th Earl of Harborough ) and Col . Hon . Henry Cecil Lowther of Barleythorpe Hall ( the second son of William Lowther , 1st Earl of Lonsdale ) . She was the also sister of Henry Lowther , 3rd Earl of Lonsdale . At his home , Catmose House , in Oakham , Rutland , he developed a fine garden which employed 15 gardeners . Together , they were the parents",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "of :",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Gerard Cecil Noel ( 1864–1925 ) , who married his cousin Madeline Edith Clifton , a daughter of Thomas Henry Clifton , MP for North Lancashire ( a son of John Talbot Clifton and grandson of Henry Lowther , MP for Westmorland ) , and Madeline Diana Elizabeth Agnew ( a daughter of Sir Andrew Agnew , Bt , MP for Wigtownshire ) , in 1897 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "- Henry Cecil Noel ( 1868–1931 ) , who married Frances Mary Cockerell , a daughter of Frederick Pepys Cockerell , in 1902 . After their divorce in 1926 , he married , secondly , Janet Muriel Baird , daughter of William Baird ( a son of William Baird MP for Falkirk Burghs ) and Caroline Muriel Burn-Callander ( a descendant of the 8th Earl of Coventry ) , in August 1926 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Noel died at Oakham in May 1911 , aged 87 . Augusta Noel died in January 1916 .",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] |
/wiki/Gerard_Noel_(politician)#P39#3
|
Gerard Noel (politician) took which position between Feb 1875 and Feb 1876?
|
Gerard Noel ( politician ) Gerard James Noel PC , DL , JP ( 28 August 1823 – 19 May 1911 ) , styled The Honourable Gerard Noel from birth , was a British Conservative politician . Early life . Noel was the eldest son of Charles Noel , 1st Earl of Gainsborough and , his third wife , Arabella , daughter of Sir James Hamlyn-Williams , 2nd Baronet . From his fathers second marriage to Elizabeth Grey ( a second daughter of Sir George Grey , 1st Baronet ) , he had an elder half-brother Charles , who married Lady Ida Harriet Augusta ( a daughter of William Hay , 18th Earl of Erroll and Elizabeth FitzClarence , an illegitimate daughter of King William IV ) who succeeded their father as the 2nd Earl of Gainsborough . From his parents marriage , he had three siblings , Henry Lewis Noel ( who married their cousin Emily Elizabeth Noel ) , Lady Mary Arabella Louisa Noel ( the wife of Sir Andrew Agnew , 8th Baronet ) , and Lady Catherine Hamilton Noel ( the wife of James Carnegie , 9th Earl of Southesk ) . From his fathers fourth marriage in 1833 to Lady Frances Jocelyn ( the second daughter of Robert Jocelyn , 3rd Earl of Roden ) , he had two younger half-siblings : Roden Noel ( a Groom of the Privy Chamber ) and Lady Victoria Noel ( the wife of Sir Fowell Buxton , 3rd Baronet , the Governor of South Australia ) . Career . Noel was elected Member of Parliament for Rutland in 1847 . He served under Lord Derby and then Benjamin Disraeli as a Lord of the Treasury from 1866 until 1868 , and then briefly under Disraeli as Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury between November 1868 and the fall of the Conservative government in December of the same year . After the Conservatives returned to power in 1874 he was sworn of the Privy Council . From 1876 until 1880 Noel served under Disraeli ( then known as the Earl of Beaconsfield ) as First Commissioner of Works . In 1883 he resigned from his seat in parliament through appointment as Steward of the Chiltern Hundreds . Apart from his political career Noel was also a Captain in the 11th Hussars and a Deputy Lieutenant and Justice of the Peace for Rutland . Personal life . On 30 June 1863 , Noel was married to Lady Augusta Mary , the second daughter of Lady Lucy Eleanor Sherard ( eldest daughter of Philip Sherard , 5th Earl of Harborough ) and Col . Hon . Henry Cecil Lowther of Barleythorpe Hall ( the second son of William Lowther , 1st Earl of Lonsdale ) . She was the also sister of Henry Lowther , 3rd Earl of Lonsdale . At his home , Catmose House , in Oakham , Rutland , he developed a fine garden which employed 15 gardeners . Together , they were the parents of : - Gerard Cecil Noel ( 1864–1925 ) , who married his cousin Madeline Edith Clifton , a daughter of Thomas Henry Clifton , MP for North Lancashire ( a son of John Talbot Clifton and grandson of Henry Lowther , MP for Westmorland ) , and Madeline Diana Elizabeth Agnew ( a daughter of Sir Andrew Agnew , Bt , MP for Wigtownshire ) , in 1897 . - Henry Cecil Noel ( 1868–1931 ) , who married Frances Mary Cockerell , a daughter of Frederick Pepys Cockerell , in 1902 . After their divorce in 1926 , he married , secondly , Janet Muriel Baird , daughter of William Baird ( a son of William Baird MP for Falkirk Burghs ) and Caroline Muriel Burn-Callander ( a descendant of the 8th Earl of Coventry ) , in August 1926 . Noel died at Oakham in May 1911 , aged 87 . Augusta Noel died in January 1916 .
|
[
"First Commissioner of Works",
"Privy Council"
] |
[
{
"text": " Gerard James Noel PC , DL , JP ( 28 August 1823 – 19 May 1911 ) , styled The Honourable Gerard Noel from birth , was a British Conservative politician .",
"title": "Gerard Noel ( politician )"
},
{
"text": "Noel was the eldest son of Charles Noel , 1st Earl of Gainsborough and , his third wife , Arabella , daughter of Sir James Hamlyn-Williams , 2nd Baronet . From his fathers second marriage to Elizabeth Grey ( a second daughter of Sir George Grey , 1st Baronet ) , he had an elder half-brother Charles , who married Lady Ida Harriet Augusta ( a daughter of William Hay , 18th Earl of Erroll and Elizabeth FitzClarence , an illegitimate daughter of King William IV ) who succeeded their father as the 2nd Earl of Gainsborough . From his",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "parents marriage , he had three siblings , Henry Lewis Noel ( who married their cousin Emily Elizabeth Noel ) , Lady Mary Arabella Louisa Noel ( the wife of Sir Andrew Agnew , 8th Baronet ) , and Lady Catherine Hamilton Noel ( the wife of James Carnegie , 9th Earl of Southesk ) . From his fathers fourth marriage in 1833 to Lady Frances Jocelyn ( the second daughter of Robert Jocelyn , 3rd Earl of Roden ) , he had two younger half-siblings : Roden Noel ( a Groom of the Privy Chamber ) and Lady Victoria",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Noel ( the wife of Sir Fowell Buxton , 3rd Baronet , the Governor of South Australia ) .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Noel was elected Member of Parliament for Rutland in 1847 . He served under Lord Derby and then Benjamin Disraeli as a Lord of the Treasury from 1866 until 1868 , and then briefly under Disraeli as Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury between November 1868 and the fall of the Conservative government in December of the same year .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "After the Conservatives returned to power in 1874 he was sworn of the Privy Council . From 1876 until 1880 Noel served under Disraeli ( then known as the Earl of Beaconsfield ) as First Commissioner of Works . In 1883 he resigned from his seat in parliament through appointment as Steward of the Chiltern Hundreds .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Apart from his political career Noel was also a Captain in the 11th Hussars and a Deputy Lieutenant and Justice of the Peace for Rutland .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "On 30 June 1863 , Noel was married to Lady Augusta Mary , the second daughter of Lady Lucy Eleanor Sherard ( eldest daughter of Philip Sherard , 5th Earl of Harborough ) and Col . Hon . Henry Cecil Lowther of Barleythorpe Hall ( the second son of William Lowther , 1st Earl of Lonsdale ) . She was the also sister of Henry Lowther , 3rd Earl of Lonsdale . At his home , Catmose House , in Oakham , Rutland , he developed a fine garden which employed 15 gardeners . Together , they were the parents",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "of :",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Gerard Cecil Noel ( 1864–1925 ) , who married his cousin Madeline Edith Clifton , a daughter of Thomas Henry Clifton , MP for North Lancashire ( a son of John Talbot Clifton and grandson of Henry Lowther , MP for Westmorland ) , and Madeline Diana Elizabeth Agnew ( a daughter of Sir Andrew Agnew , Bt , MP for Wigtownshire ) , in 1897 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "- Henry Cecil Noel ( 1868–1931 ) , who married Frances Mary Cockerell , a daughter of Frederick Pepys Cockerell , in 1902 . After their divorce in 1926 , he married , secondly , Janet Muriel Baird , daughter of William Baird ( a son of William Baird MP for Falkirk Burghs ) and Caroline Muriel Burn-Callander ( a descendant of the 8th Earl of Coventry ) , in August 1926 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Noel died at Oakham in May 1911 , aged 87 . Augusta Noel died in January 1916 .",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] |
/wiki/Gerard_Noel_(politician)#P39#4
|
Gerard Noel (politician) took which position in Sep 1882?
|
Gerard Noel ( politician ) Gerard James Noel PC , DL , JP ( 28 August 1823 – 19 May 1911 ) , styled The Honourable Gerard Noel from birth , was a British Conservative politician . Early life . Noel was the eldest son of Charles Noel , 1st Earl of Gainsborough and , his third wife , Arabella , daughter of Sir James Hamlyn-Williams , 2nd Baronet . From his fathers second marriage to Elizabeth Grey ( a second daughter of Sir George Grey , 1st Baronet ) , he had an elder half-brother Charles , who married Lady Ida Harriet Augusta ( a daughter of William Hay , 18th Earl of Erroll and Elizabeth FitzClarence , an illegitimate daughter of King William IV ) who succeeded their father as the 2nd Earl of Gainsborough . From his parents marriage , he had three siblings , Henry Lewis Noel ( who married their cousin Emily Elizabeth Noel ) , Lady Mary Arabella Louisa Noel ( the wife of Sir Andrew Agnew , 8th Baronet ) , and Lady Catherine Hamilton Noel ( the wife of James Carnegie , 9th Earl of Southesk ) . From his fathers fourth marriage in 1833 to Lady Frances Jocelyn ( the second daughter of Robert Jocelyn , 3rd Earl of Roden ) , he had two younger half-siblings : Roden Noel ( a Groom of the Privy Chamber ) and Lady Victoria Noel ( the wife of Sir Fowell Buxton , 3rd Baronet , the Governor of South Australia ) . Career . Noel was elected Member of Parliament for Rutland in 1847 . He served under Lord Derby and then Benjamin Disraeli as a Lord of the Treasury from 1866 until 1868 , and then briefly under Disraeli as Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury between November 1868 and the fall of the Conservative government in December of the same year . After the Conservatives returned to power in 1874 he was sworn of the Privy Council . From 1876 until 1880 Noel served under Disraeli ( then known as the Earl of Beaconsfield ) as First Commissioner of Works . In 1883 he resigned from his seat in parliament through appointment as Steward of the Chiltern Hundreds . Apart from his political career Noel was also a Captain in the 11th Hussars and a Deputy Lieutenant and Justice of the Peace for Rutland . Personal life . On 30 June 1863 , Noel was married to Lady Augusta Mary , the second daughter of Lady Lucy Eleanor Sherard ( eldest daughter of Philip Sherard , 5th Earl of Harborough ) and Col . Hon . Henry Cecil Lowther of Barleythorpe Hall ( the second son of William Lowther , 1st Earl of Lonsdale ) . She was the also sister of Henry Lowther , 3rd Earl of Lonsdale . At his home , Catmose House , in Oakham , Rutland , he developed a fine garden which employed 15 gardeners . Together , they were the parents of : - Gerard Cecil Noel ( 1864–1925 ) , who married his cousin Madeline Edith Clifton , a daughter of Thomas Henry Clifton , MP for North Lancashire ( a son of John Talbot Clifton and grandson of Henry Lowther , MP for Westmorland ) , and Madeline Diana Elizabeth Agnew ( a daughter of Sir Andrew Agnew , Bt , MP for Wigtownshire ) , in 1897 . - Henry Cecil Noel ( 1868–1931 ) , who married Frances Mary Cockerell , a daughter of Frederick Pepys Cockerell , in 1902 . After their divorce in 1926 , he married , secondly , Janet Muriel Baird , daughter of William Baird ( a son of William Baird MP for Falkirk Burghs ) and Caroline Muriel Burn-Callander ( a descendant of the 8th Earl of Coventry ) , in August 1926 . Noel died at Oakham in May 1911 , aged 87 . Augusta Noel died in January 1916 .
|
[
"Member of Parliament for Rutland in 1847"
] |
[
{
"text": " Gerard James Noel PC , DL , JP ( 28 August 1823 – 19 May 1911 ) , styled The Honourable Gerard Noel from birth , was a British Conservative politician .",
"title": "Gerard Noel ( politician )"
},
{
"text": "Noel was the eldest son of Charles Noel , 1st Earl of Gainsborough and , his third wife , Arabella , daughter of Sir James Hamlyn-Williams , 2nd Baronet . From his fathers second marriage to Elizabeth Grey ( a second daughter of Sir George Grey , 1st Baronet ) , he had an elder half-brother Charles , who married Lady Ida Harriet Augusta ( a daughter of William Hay , 18th Earl of Erroll and Elizabeth FitzClarence , an illegitimate daughter of King William IV ) who succeeded their father as the 2nd Earl of Gainsborough . From his",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "parents marriage , he had three siblings , Henry Lewis Noel ( who married their cousin Emily Elizabeth Noel ) , Lady Mary Arabella Louisa Noel ( the wife of Sir Andrew Agnew , 8th Baronet ) , and Lady Catherine Hamilton Noel ( the wife of James Carnegie , 9th Earl of Southesk ) . From his fathers fourth marriage in 1833 to Lady Frances Jocelyn ( the second daughter of Robert Jocelyn , 3rd Earl of Roden ) , he had two younger half-siblings : Roden Noel ( a Groom of the Privy Chamber ) and Lady Victoria",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Noel ( the wife of Sir Fowell Buxton , 3rd Baronet , the Governor of South Australia ) .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Noel was elected Member of Parliament for Rutland in 1847 . He served under Lord Derby and then Benjamin Disraeli as a Lord of the Treasury from 1866 until 1868 , and then briefly under Disraeli as Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury between November 1868 and the fall of the Conservative government in December of the same year .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "After the Conservatives returned to power in 1874 he was sworn of the Privy Council . From 1876 until 1880 Noel served under Disraeli ( then known as the Earl of Beaconsfield ) as First Commissioner of Works . In 1883 he resigned from his seat in parliament through appointment as Steward of the Chiltern Hundreds .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Apart from his political career Noel was also a Captain in the 11th Hussars and a Deputy Lieutenant and Justice of the Peace for Rutland .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "On 30 June 1863 , Noel was married to Lady Augusta Mary , the second daughter of Lady Lucy Eleanor Sherard ( eldest daughter of Philip Sherard , 5th Earl of Harborough ) and Col . Hon . Henry Cecil Lowther of Barleythorpe Hall ( the second son of William Lowther , 1st Earl of Lonsdale ) . She was the also sister of Henry Lowther , 3rd Earl of Lonsdale . At his home , Catmose House , in Oakham , Rutland , he developed a fine garden which employed 15 gardeners . Together , they were the parents",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "of :",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Gerard Cecil Noel ( 1864–1925 ) , who married his cousin Madeline Edith Clifton , a daughter of Thomas Henry Clifton , MP for North Lancashire ( a son of John Talbot Clifton and grandson of Henry Lowther , MP for Westmorland ) , and Madeline Diana Elizabeth Agnew ( a daughter of Sir Andrew Agnew , Bt , MP for Wigtownshire ) , in 1897 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "- Henry Cecil Noel ( 1868–1931 ) , who married Frances Mary Cockerell , a daughter of Frederick Pepys Cockerell , in 1902 . After their divorce in 1926 , he married , secondly , Janet Muriel Baird , daughter of William Baird ( a son of William Baird MP for Falkirk Burghs ) and Caroline Muriel Burn-Callander ( a descendant of the 8th Earl of Coventry ) , in August 1926 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Noel died at Oakham in May 1911 , aged 87 . Augusta Noel died in January 1916 .",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] |
/wiki/Amina_Mama#P69#0
|
Where was Amina Mama educated between Mar 1979 and Apr 1979?
|
Amina Mama Amina Mama ( born 19 September 1958 ) is a Nigerian-British writer , feminist and academic . Her main areas of focus have been post-colonial , militarist and gender issues . She has lived in Africa , Europe , and North America , and worked to build relationships between feminist intellectuals across the globe . Background . Mama was born in northern Nigeria in 1958 in a mixed household . Her father is Nigerian and her mother is English . According to Mama , her eclectic family background and upbringing has shaped her worldview . In 1992 she married Nuruddin Farah , with whom she has two children . She grew up in Kaduna , an ethnically and religiously diverse town in northern Nigeria . Her ancestral roots on her paternal side trace back to Bida . Several members of Mamas family were involved in the development of the post-colonial local educational system . In 1966 , she left her community in Nigeria due to anti-Muslim riots . Career . Mama moved from Nigeria to the UK and pursued further education at the University of St . Andrews , Scotland ( 1980 , Bachelor of Science , with Honours , in Psychology ) , at the London School of Economics and Political Science , University of London ( 1981 , Master of Science in Social Psychology ) and at Birkbeck College , University of London , where in 1987 she received her doctorate in organizational psychology with her thesis entitled Race and Subjectivity : A Study of Black Women . Some of her early work involves comparing the situations of British and Nigerian women . She moved to the Netherlands and then back to Nigeria , only to encounter more upheaval in 2000 . Then she moved to South Africa , where she began to work at the historically white University of Cape Town ( UCT ) . At UCT , she became the director of the African Gender Institute ( AGI ) and helped to found its journal Feminist Africa . Mama remains the editor of Feminist Africa . In 2008 , Mama accepted a position at Mills College in Oakland , California , United States . After moving , she commented : I have learned America isnt just a big , bad source of imperialism . Professor Mama became Barbara Lee Distinguished Chair in Womens Leadership at Mills—the first person to hold this position . She co-taught a class called Real Policy , Real Politics with Congresswoman Lee on topics concerning African and African-American women , including gender roles , poverty , HIV/AIDS , and militarism . She was also Chair of the Department of Gender and Women Studies at the University of California , Davis . Mama is the Chair of the board of directors for the Global Fund for Women , and advises several other international organisations . She has sat on the board of directors of the United Nations Research Institute for Social Development . Mama serves on the advisory board for the feminist academic journals Meridians and Signs . One of her best known works is Beyond the Masks : Race , Gender and Subjectivity . She is also involved in film work . In 2010 , she co-produced the movie The Witches of Gambaga with Yaba Badoe . Thought . Mama describes herself as a feminist and not a womanist , arguing that feminism originates in Africa and that white feminism has never been strong enough to be enemy—in the way that say , global capitalism can be viewed as an enemy . She has criticised discourses of women in development for stripping gender studies of politically meaningful feminism . She has also argued that African universities continue to show entrenched patriarchy , in terms of both interpersonal sexism and institutional gender gaps . A primary area of interest for Mama has been gender identity as it relates to global militarism . She is an outspoken critic of AFRICOM , which she describes as part of violent neocolonial resource extraction . Publications . - The Hidden Struggle : Statutory and Voluntary Sector Responses to Violence Against Black Women in the Home . Runnymede , 1989 ; republished by Whiting and Birch , 1996 . - Black Women and the Police : A Place Where the Law is Not Upheld , in Inside Babylon : The Caribbean Diaspora in Britain , ed . Winston James and Clive Harris . London : Verso , 1993 . . - Beyond the Masks : Race , Gender , and Subjectivity . New York : Routledge , 1995 . . - National Machinery for Women in Africa : Towards an analysis . Third World Network , 2000 . . - Is It Ethical to Study Africa ? Preliminary Thoughts on Scholarship and Freedom . African Studies Review 50 ( 1 ) , April 2007 . External links . - Global Fund for Women Info - Brief bio at Smith College site - Bio at African Gender Institute - Feminists Respond to AFRICOM : An interview with Amina Mama —audio interview about AFRICOM and militarism conducted by Preeti Shekar , 11 October 2010
|
[
"University of St . Andrews , Scotland"
] |
[
{
"text": " Amina Mama ( born 19 September 1958 ) is a Nigerian-British writer , feminist and academic . Her main areas of focus have been post-colonial , militarist and gender issues . She has lived in Africa , Europe , and North America , and worked to build relationships between feminist intellectuals across the globe .",
"title": "Amina Mama"
},
{
"text": " Mama was born in northern Nigeria in 1958 in a mixed household . Her father is Nigerian and her mother is English . According to Mama , her eclectic family background and upbringing has shaped her worldview . In 1992 she married Nuruddin Farah , with whom she has two children .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": "She grew up in Kaduna , an ethnically and religiously diverse town in northern Nigeria . Her ancestral roots on her paternal side trace back to Bida . Several members of Mamas family were involved in the development of the post-colonial local educational system . In 1966 , she left her community in Nigeria due to anti-Muslim riots .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": "Mama moved from Nigeria to the UK and pursued further education at the University of St . Andrews , Scotland ( 1980 , Bachelor of Science , with Honours , in Psychology ) , at the London School of Economics and Political Science , University of London ( 1981 , Master of Science in Social Psychology ) and at Birkbeck College , University of London , where in 1987 she received her doctorate in organizational psychology with her thesis entitled Race and Subjectivity : A Study of Black Women . Some of her early work involves comparing the situations of",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "British and Nigerian women . She moved to the Netherlands and then back to Nigeria , only to encounter more upheaval in 2000 . Then she moved to South Africa , where she began to work at the historically white University of Cape Town ( UCT ) . At UCT , she became the director of the African Gender Institute ( AGI ) and helped to found its journal Feminist Africa . Mama remains the editor of Feminist Africa .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 2008 , Mama accepted a position at Mills College in Oakland , California , United States . After moving , she commented : I have learned America isnt just a big , bad source of imperialism . Professor Mama became Barbara Lee Distinguished Chair in Womens Leadership at Mills—the first person to hold this position . She co-taught a class called Real Policy , Real Politics with Congresswoman Lee on topics concerning African and African-American women , including gender roles , poverty , HIV/AIDS , and militarism . She was also Chair of the Department of Gender and Women",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Studies at the University of California , Davis .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Mama is the Chair of the board of directors for the Global Fund for Women , and advises several other international organisations . She has sat on the board of directors of the United Nations Research Institute for Social Development . Mama serves on the advisory board for the feminist academic journals Meridians and Signs . One of her best known works is Beyond the Masks : Race , Gender and Subjectivity . She is also involved in film work . In 2010 , she co-produced the movie The Witches of Gambaga with Yaba Badoe .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Mama describes herself as a feminist and not a womanist , arguing that feminism originates in Africa and that white feminism has never been strong enough to be enemy—in the way that say , global capitalism can be viewed as an enemy . She has criticised discourses of women in development for stripping gender studies of politically meaningful feminism . She has also argued that African universities continue to show entrenched patriarchy , in terms of both interpersonal sexism and institutional gender gaps .",
"title": "Thought"
},
{
"text": "A primary area of interest for Mama has been gender identity as it relates to global militarism . She is an outspoken critic of AFRICOM , which she describes as part of violent neocolonial resource extraction .",
"title": "Thought"
},
{
"text": " - The Hidden Struggle : Statutory and Voluntary Sector Responses to Violence Against Black Women in the Home . Runnymede , 1989 ; republished by Whiting and Birch , 1996 . - Black Women and the Police : A Place Where the Law is Not Upheld , in Inside Babylon : The Caribbean Diaspora in Britain , ed . Winston James and Clive Harris . London : Verso , 1993 . . - Beyond the Masks : Race , Gender , and Subjectivity . New York : Routledge , 1995 . .",
"title": "Publications"
},
{
"text": "- National Machinery for Women in Africa : Towards an analysis . Third World Network , 2000 . .",
"title": "Publications"
},
{
"text": " - Is It Ethical to Study Africa ? Preliminary Thoughts on Scholarship and Freedom . African Studies Review 50 ( 1 ) , April 2007 .",
"title": "Publications"
},
{
"text": " - Global Fund for Women Info - Brief bio at Smith College site - Bio at African Gender Institute - Feminists Respond to AFRICOM : An interview with Amina Mama —audio interview about AFRICOM and militarism conducted by Preeti Shekar , 11 October 2010",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Amina_Mama#P69#1
|
Where was Amina Mama educated in 1980?
|
Amina Mama Amina Mama ( born 19 September 1958 ) is a Nigerian-British writer , feminist and academic . Her main areas of focus have been post-colonial , militarist and gender issues . She has lived in Africa , Europe , and North America , and worked to build relationships between feminist intellectuals across the globe . Background . Mama was born in northern Nigeria in 1958 in a mixed household . Her father is Nigerian and her mother is English . According to Mama , her eclectic family background and upbringing has shaped her worldview . In 1992 she married Nuruddin Farah , with whom she has two children . She grew up in Kaduna , an ethnically and religiously diverse town in northern Nigeria . Her ancestral roots on her paternal side trace back to Bida . Several members of Mamas family were involved in the development of the post-colonial local educational system . In 1966 , she left her community in Nigeria due to anti-Muslim riots . Career . Mama moved from Nigeria to the UK and pursued further education at the University of St . Andrews , Scotland ( 1980 , Bachelor of Science , with Honours , in Psychology ) , at the London School of Economics and Political Science , University of London ( 1981 , Master of Science in Social Psychology ) and at Birkbeck College , University of London , where in 1987 she received her doctorate in organizational psychology with her thesis entitled Race and Subjectivity : A Study of Black Women . Some of her early work involves comparing the situations of British and Nigerian women . She moved to the Netherlands and then back to Nigeria , only to encounter more upheaval in 2000 . Then she moved to South Africa , where she began to work at the historically white University of Cape Town ( UCT ) . At UCT , she became the director of the African Gender Institute ( AGI ) and helped to found its journal Feminist Africa . Mama remains the editor of Feminist Africa . In 2008 , Mama accepted a position at Mills College in Oakland , California , United States . After moving , she commented : I have learned America isnt just a big , bad source of imperialism . Professor Mama became Barbara Lee Distinguished Chair in Womens Leadership at Mills—the first person to hold this position . She co-taught a class called Real Policy , Real Politics with Congresswoman Lee on topics concerning African and African-American women , including gender roles , poverty , HIV/AIDS , and militarism . She was also Chair of the Department of Gender and Women Studies at the University of California , Davis . Mama is the Chair of the board of directors for the Global Fund for Women , and advises several other international organisations . She has sat on the board of directors of the United Nations Research Institute for Social Development . Mama serves on the advisory board for the feminist academic journals Meridians and Signs . One of her best known works is Beyond the Masks : Race , Gender and Subjectivity . She is also involved in film work . In 2010 , she co-produced the movie The Witches of Gambaga with Yaba Badoe . Thought . Mama describes herself as a feminist and not a womanist , arguing that feminism originates in Africa and that white feminism has never been strong enough to be enemy—in the way that say , global capitalism can be viewed as an enemy . She has criticised discourses of women in development for stripping gender studies of politically meaningful feminism . She has also argued that African universities continue to show entrenched patriarchy , in terms of both interpersonal sexism and institutional gender gaps . A primary area of interest for Mama has been gender identity as it relates to global militarism . She is an outspoken critic of AFRICOM , which she describes as part of violent neocolonial resource extraction . Publications . - The Hidden Struggle : Statutory and Voluntary Sector Responses to Violence Against Black Women in the Home . Runnymede , 1989 ; republished by Whiting and Birch , 1996 . - Black Women and the Police : A Place Where the Law is Not Upheld , in Inside Babylon : The Caribbean Diaspora in Britain , ed . Winston James and Clive Harris . London : Verso , 1993 . . - Beyond the Masks : Race , Gender , and Subjectivity . New York : Routledge , 1995 . . - National Machinery for Women in Africa : Towards an analysis . Third World Network , 2000 . . - Is It Ethical to Study Africa ? Preliminary Thoughts on Scholarship and Freedom . African Studies Review 50 ( 1 ) , April 2007 . External links . - Global Fund for Women Info - Brief bio at Smith College site - Bio at African Gender Institute - Feminists Respond to AFRICOM : An interview with Amina Mama —audio interview about AFRICOM and militarism conducted by Preeti Shekar , 11 October 2010
|
[
"London School of Economics and Political Science , University of London"
] |
[
{
"text": " Amina Mama ( born 19 September 1958 ) is a Nigerian-British writer , feminist and academic . Her main areas of focus have been post-colonial , militarist and gender issues . She has lived in Africa , Europe , and North America , and worked to build relationships between feminist intellectuals across the globe .",
"title": "Amina Mama"
},
{
"text": " Mama was born in northern Nigeria in 1958 in a mixed household . Her father is Nigerian and her mother is English . According to Mama , her eclectic family background and upbringing has shaped her worldview . In 1992 she married Nuruddin Farah , with whom she has two children .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": "She grew up in Kaduna , an ethnically and religiously diverse town in northern Nigeria . Her ancestral roots on her paternal side trace back to Bida . Several members of Mamas family were involved in the development of the post-colonial local educational system . In 1966 , she left her community in Nigeria due to anti-Muslim riots .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": "Mama moved from Nigeria to the UK and pursued further education at the University of St . Andrews , Scotland ( 1980 , Bachelor of Science , with Honours , in Psychology ) , at the London School of Economics and Political Science , University of London ( 1981 , Master of Science in Social Psychology ) and at Birkbeck College , University of London , where in 1987 she received her doctorate in organizational psychology with her thesis entitled Race and Subjectivity : A Study of Black Women . Some of her early work involves comparing the situations of",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "British and Nigerian women . She moved to the Netherlands and then back to Nigeria , only to encounter more upheaval in 2000 . Then she moved to South Africa , where she began to work at the historically white University of Cape Town ( UCT ) . At UCT , she became the director of the African Gender Institute ( AGI ) and helped to found its journal Feminist Africa . Mama remains the editor of Feminist Africa .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 2008 , Mama accepted a position at Mills College in Oakland , California , United States . After moving , she commented : I have learned America isnt just a big , bad source of imperialism . Professor Mama became Barbara Lee Distinguished Chair in Womens Leadership at Mills—the first person to hold this position . She co-taught a class called Real Policy , Real Politics with Congresswoman Lee on topics concerning African and African-American women , including gender roles , poverty , HIV/AIDS , and militarism . She was also Chair of the Department of Gender and Women",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Studies at the University of California , Davis .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Mama is the Chair of the board of directors for the Global Fund for Women , and advises several other international organisations . She has sat on the board of directors of the United Nations Research Institute for Social Development . Mama serves on the advisory board for the feminist academic journals Meridians and Signs . One of her best known works is Beyond the Masks : Race , Gender and Subjectivity . She is also involved in film work . In 2010 , she co-produced the movie The Witches of Gambaga with Yaba Badoe .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Mama describes herself as a feminist and not a womanist , arguing that feminism originates in Africa and that white feminism has never been strong enough to be enemy—in the way that say , global capitalism can be viewed as an enemy . She has criticised discourses of women in development for stripping gender studies of politically meaningful feminism . She has also argued that African universities continue to show entrenched patriarchy , in terms of both interpersonal sexism and institutional gender gaps .",
"title": "Thought"
},
{
"text": "A primary area of interest for Mama has been gender identity as it relates to global militarism . She is an outspoken critic of AFRICOM , which she describes as part of violent neocolonial resource extraction .",
"title": "Thought"
},
{
"text": " - The Hidden Struggle : Statutory and Voluntary Sector Responses to Violence Against Black Women in the Home . Runnymede , 1989 ; republished by Whiting and Birch , 1996 . - Black Women and the Police : A Place Where the Law is Not Upheld , in Inside Babylon : The Caribbean Diaspora in Britain , ed . Winston James and Clive Harris . London : Verso , 1993 . . - Beyond the Masks : Race , Gender , and Subjectivity . New York : Routledge , 1995 . .",
"title": "Publications"
},
{
"text": "- National Machinery for Women in Africa : Towards an analysis . Third World Network , 2000 . .",
"title": "Publications"
},
{
"text": " - Is It Ethical to Study Africa ? Preliminary Thoughts on Scholarship and Freedom . African Studies Review 50 ( 1 ) , April 2007 .",
"title": "Publications"
},
{
"text": " - Global Fund for Women Info - Brief bio at Smith College site - Bio at African Gender Institute - Feminists Respond to AFRICOM : An interview with Amina Mama —audio interview about AFRICOM and militarism conducted by Preeti Shekar , 11 October 2010",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Amina_Mama#P69#2
|
Where was Amina Mama educated in Jan 1986?
|
Amina Mama Amina Mama ( born 19 September 1958 ) is a Nigerian-British writer , feminist and academic . Her main areas of focus have been post-colonial , militarist and gender issues . She has lived in Africa , Europe , and North America , and worked to build relationships between feminist intellectuals across the globe . Background . Mama was born in northern Nigeria in 1958 in a mixed household . Her father is Nigerian and her mother is English . According to Mama , her eclectic family background and upbringing has shaped her worldview . In 1992 she married Nuruddin Farah , with whom she has two children . She grew up in Kaduna , an ethnically and religiously diverse town in northern Nigeria . Her ancestral roots on her paternal side trace back to Bida . Several members of Mamas family were involved in the development of the post-colonial local educational system . In 1966 , she left her community in Nigeria due to anti-Muslim riots . Career . Mama moved from Nigeria to the UK and pursued further education at the University of St . Andrews , Scotland ( 1980 , Bachelor of Science , with Honours , in Psychology ) , at the London School of Economics and Political Science , University of London ( 1981 , Master of Science in Social Psychology ) and at Birkbeck College , University of London , where in 1987 she received her doctorate in organizational psychology with her thesis entitled Race and Subjectivity : A Study of Black Women . Some of her early work involves comparing the situations of British and Nigerian women . She moved to the Netherlands and then back to Nigeria , only to encounter more upheaval in 2000 . Then she moved to South Africa , where she began to work at the historically white University of Cape Town ( UCT ) . At UCT , she became the director of the African Gender Institute ( AGI ) and helped to found its journal Feminist Africa . Mama remains the editor of Feminist Africa . In 2008 , Mama accepted a position at Mills College in Oakland , California , United States . After moving , she commented : I have learned America isnt just a big , bad source of imperialism . Professor Mama became Barbara Lee Distinguished Chair in Womens Leadership at Mills—the first person to hold this position . She co-taught a class called Real Policy , Real Politics with Congresswoman Lee on topics concerning African and African-American women , including gender roles , poverty , HIV/AIDS , and militarism . She was also Chair of the Department of Gender and Women Studies at the University of California , Davis . Mama is the Chair of the board of directors for the Global Fund for Women , and advises several other international organisations . She has sat on the board of directors of the United Nations Research Institute for Social Development . Mama serves on the advisory board for the feminist academic journals Meridians and Signs . One of her best known works is Beyond the Masks : Race , Gender and Subjectivity . She is also involved in film work . In 2010 , she co-produced the movie The Witches of Gambaga with Yaba Badoe . Thought . Mama describes herself as a feminist and not a womanist , arguing that feminism originates in Africa and that white feminism has never been strong enough to be enemy—in the way that say , global capitalism can be viewed as an enemy . She has criticised discourses of women in development for stripping gender studies of politically meaningful feminism . She has also argued that African universities continue to show entrenched patriarchy , in terms of both interpersonal sexism and institutional gender gaps . A primary area of interest for Mama has been gender identity as it relates to global militarism . She is an outspoken critic of AFRICOM , which she describes as part of violent neocolonial resource extraction . Publications . - The Hidden Struggle : Statutory and Voluntary Sector Responses to Violence Against Black Women in the Home . Runnymede , 1989 ; republished by Whiting and Birch , 1996 . - Black Women and the Police : A Place Where the Law is Not Upheld , in Inside Babylon : The Caribbean Diaspora in Britain , ed . Winston James and Clive Harris . London : Verso , 1993 . . - Beyond the Masks : Race , Gender , and Subjectivity . New York : Routledge , 1995 . . - National Machinery for Women in Africa : Towards an analysis . Third World Network , 2000 . . - Is It Ethical to Study Africa ? Preliminary Thoughts on Scholarship and Freedom . African Studies Review 50 ( 1 ) , April 2007 . External links . - Global Fund for Women Info - Brief bio at Smith College site - Bio at African Gender Institute - Feminists Respond to AFRICOM : An interview with Amina Mama —audio interview about AFRICOM and militarism conducted by Preeti Shekar , 11 October 2010
|
[
"Birkbeck College , University of London"
] |
[
{
"text": " Amina Mama ( born 19 September 1958 ) is a Nigerian-British writer , feminist and academic . Her main areas of focus have been post-colonial , militarist and gender issues . She has lived in Africa , Europe , and North America , and worked to build relationships between feminist intellectuals across the globe .",
"title": "Amina Mama"
},
{
"text": " Mama was born in northern Nigeria in 1958 in a mixed household . Her father is Nigerian and her mother is English . According to Mama , her eclectic family background and upbringing has shaped her worldview . In 1992 she married Nuruddin Farah , with whom she has two children .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": "She grew up in Kaduna , an ethnically and religiously diverse town in northern Nigeria . Her ancestral roots on her paternal side trace back to Bida . Several members of Mamas family were involved in the development of the post-colonial local educational system . In 1966 , she left her community in Nigeria due to anti-Muslim riots .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": "Mama moved from Nigeria to the UK and pursued further education at the University of St . Andrews , Scotland ( 1980 , Bachelor of Science , with Honours , in Psychology ) , at the London School of Economics and Political Science , University of London ( 1981 , Master of Science in Social Psychology ) and at Birkbeck College , University of London , where in 1987 she received her doctorate in organizational psychology with her thesis entitled Race and Subjectivity : A Study of Black Women . Some of her early work involves comparing the situations of",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "British and Nigerian women . She moved to the Netherlands and then back to Nigeria , only to encounter more upheaval in 2000 . Then she moved to South Africa , where she began to work at the historically white University of Cape Town ( UCT ) . At UCT , she became the director of the African Gender Institute ( AGI ) and helped to found its journal Feminist Africa . Mama remains the editor of Feminist Africa .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 2008 , Mama accepted a position at Mills College in Oakland , California , United States . After moving , she commented : I have learned America isnt just a big , bad source of imperialism . Professor Mama became Barbara Lee Distinguished Chair in Womens Leadership at Mills—the first person to hold this position . She co-taught a class called Real Policy , Real Politics with Congresswoman Lee on topics concerning African and African-American women , including gender roles , poverty , HIV/AIDS , and militarism . She was also Chair of the Department of Gender and Women",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Studies at the University of California , Davis .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Mama is the Chair of the board of directors for the Global Fund for Women , and advises several other international organisations . She has sat on the board of directors of the United Nations Research Institute for Social Development . Mama serves on the advisory board for the feminist academic journals Meridians and Signs . One of her best known works is Beyond the Masks : Race , Gender and Subjectivity . She is also involved in film work . In 2010 , she co-produced the movie The Witches of Gambaga with Yaba Badoe .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Mama describes herself as a feminist and not a womanist , arguing that feminism originates in Africa and that white feminism has never been strong enough to be enemy—in the way that say , global capitalism can be viewed as an enemy . She has criticised discourses of women in development for stripping gender studies of politically meaningful feminism . She has also argued that African universities continue to show entrenched patriarchy , in terms of both interpersonal sexism and institutional gender gaps .",
"title": "Thought"
},
{
"text": "A primary area of interest for Mama has been gender identity as it relates to global militarism . She is an outspoken critic of AFRICOM , which she describes as part of violent neocolonial resource extraction .",
"title": "Thought"
},
{
"text": " - The Hidden Struggle : Statutory and Voluntary Sector Responses to Violence Against Black Women in the Home . Runnymede , 1989 ; republished by Whiting and Birch , 1996 . - Black Women and the Police : A Place Where the Law is Not Upheld , in Inside Babylon : The Caribbean Diaspora in Britain , ed . Winston James and Clive Harris . London : Verso , 1993 . . - Beyond the Masks : Race , Gender , and Subjectivity . New York : Routledge , 1995 . .",
"title": "Publications"
},
{
"text": "- National Machinery for Women in Africa : Towards an analysis . Third World Network , 2000 . .",
"title": "Publications"
},
{
"text": " - Is It Ethical to Study Africa ? Preliminary Thoughts on Scholarship and Freedom . African Studies Review 50 ( 1 ) , April 2007 .",
"title": "Publications"
},
{
"text": " - Global Fund for Women Info - Brief bio at Smith College site - Bio at African Gender Institute - Feminists Respond to AFRICOM : An interview with Amina Mama —audio interview about AFRICOM and militarism conducted by Preeti Shekar , 11 October 2010",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Maplelawn#P1435#0
|
Which site was the heritage designation of Maplelawn in Mar 1988?
|
Maplelawn Maplelawn is an historic house and former estate located in Ottawa , Ontario , Canada . The house was built between 1831 and 1834 as the centre of a farming estate by the Thomson family . In 1877 the Cole family bought the estate and lived there until 1989 . The house is now owned by the National Capital Commission and it is a designated national historic site . It is particularly noted for the well preserved and rare walled garden next to the house , The Maplelawn Garden . Since 1999 the Maplelawn has been the location of the Keg Manor restaurant . Today the house is located in Westboro at 529 Richmond Road . The architecture of the house reflects a taste for British classicism , but some elements , such as the windows , are in a more local style , favoured in Quebec and the Ottawa Valley . The walled garden is a very rare feature for a Canadian farming estate . Although highly prized in Europe , they were never widespread in Canada . It was intended to be both ornamental and useful . History . Around 1818 William Thomson , a gentleman of Scottish origin , retired from the British army and settled the farm on the road leading from Bytown to the village of Richmond . Thomson and his sons focused on the farming operations of their estate , but also invested peripherally in the lumber trade . In 1877 the Thomsons sold the farm to the Thomas Cole , who had made a fortune in the lumber industry . The Cole family and their descendants retained possession of the house until the death of Frances Rochester , the granddaughter of Thomas Cole in 1989 . Frances and her husband , Lloyd Rochester , lived at Maplelawn and raised their children there ( the Rochesters were another old Ottawa family ) . The most important renovation was conducted in 1936 , when the original summer kitchen and field hands dormitory was replaced by a stone addition to the house at the rear . At this same time the garden was redesigned by a horticulturalist from the Central Experimental Farm . The Federal District Commission , forerunner of the NCC , had bought the house in the 1950s to ensure its preservation . The property was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1989 . For some years the house remained empty and the garden began to deteriorate , but in 1993 , the Friends of Maplelawn Garden , a volunteer group , began to work on the garden . The NCC renovated the building . Shortly thereafter , Peter Fallis leased the property and conducted a massive renovation ; both internally and externally . Mr Fallis invested greatly in transforming the interior of the building from a single-family residence with servants quarters , into a beautiful restaurant . This new restaurant converted the 1933 addition at the back of the building into a bar and sitting ( waiting ) area for guests . The bar had an impressive bar wood and a large fireplace that welcomed visitors to warm themselves in the winter and housed bouquets constructed from donations from the walled garden ( The Friends of Maplelawn ) in the warmer months . The western side of the addition housed French doors that led to a large flagstone patio and outdoor reception area . The patios and reception areas were extensively renovated by a landscape architect who , with the help of their team , did an outstanding job . In the front of the house , on the main floor , there were two dining rooms , both with fireplaces , that shared an elegant design that ran throughout the remainder of the house . All of the dining rooms had some two-person tables and those that could convert from square four-person tables to six-person round tables ; this was quite a unique design at the time . All of the tables had Chippendale chairs ( a variety were purchased both with and without arms and all with beautiful fabric seats ) . There is an impressive main entrance at the front of the house , but it was not used during the operation of the restaurant . The main entrance was situated to the rear of the building off of the newly constructed parking lot . There were sparkling beautiful chandeliers in each room and in the hallways as well . In addition , a local artisan produced wall sconces that provided additional lighting to all of the dining rooms on both levels of the restaurant . All of the rooms in the house had deep-set ( due to the thick stone walls ) , casement windows . They were ( and still are ) outstanding and their sills offered great locations for floral arrangements and candlelight in all of the dining areas and the bar . In order to access the upper dining areas , there was a main , curving staircase . This staircase had an amazing , ornate mural ( painted by Peter Langlois and Dana Wardrop http://www.applieddesigns.ca/about.htm ) painted on the curved wall that led visitors to the equally stunning second storey . The second level housed two dining rooms ( one large and one small ) as well as a unique , one-person washroom . This bathroom also had murals painted on its walls , but the focal point of the room was the original bathtub that was being used as a planter . There were several tropical and flowering plants in the bathtub ( which was filled with earth ) to the point where being in this washroom made you feel as if you were in a garden oasis ; somewhat of an homage to the walled Victorian garden . Also unique to this restaurant , is that the kitchen was created on the second level of the house . The kitchen was fantastic to work in as it had rows of windows that allowed sunlight to fill the kitchen making for a very cheery work environment . Initially , the hope was to send the food down to the main level on an automated dumbwaiter that landed in the bar area . Unfortunately , this idea proved to be less efficient than was expected and the device that was designed and built at great cost was never used for this purpose . The restaurant reverted to using person-power to run the food down the stairs on large oval trays . Unfortunately , the Maplelawn Cafe did not survive long enough to allow it to become the outstanding restaurant it should have been . Instead , several setbacks ( including the 1998 ice storm that affected all of Eastern Ontario and Western Quebec ) , forced the restaurant into bankruptcy . The NCC benefitted greatly from the leasehold improvements made to the house by Peter Fallis . The conversion of the property from a residence to a restaurant allowed them to lease it to another restaurant that needed to do very little in the way of improvements . In the late 1990s a couple of different businessmen took over the lease and created a franchise of The Keg restaurant , to be called the Keg Manor in the house .
|
[
"National Historic Site of Canada"
] |
[
{
"text": "Maplelawn is an historic house and former estate located in Ottawa , Ontario , Canada . The house was built between 1831 and 1834 as the centre of a farming estate by the Thomson family . In 1877 the Cole family bought the estate and lived there until 1989 . The house is now owned by the National Capital Commission and it is a designated national historic site . It is particularly noted for the well preserved and rare walled garden next to the house , The Maplelawn Garden . Since 1999 the Maplelawn has been the location of the",
"title": "Maplelawn"
},
{
"text": "Keg Manor restaurant . Today the house is located in Westboro at 529 Richmond Road .",
"title": "Maplelawn"
},
{
"text": " The architecture of the house reflects a taste for British classicism , but some elements , such as the windows , are in a more local style , favoured in Quebec and the Ottawa Valley . The walled garden is a very rare feature for a Canadian farming estate . Although highly prized in Europe , they were never widespread in Canada . It was intended to be both ornamental and useful .",
"title": "Maplelawn"
},
{
"text": " Around 1818 William Thomson , a gentleman of Scottish origin , retired from the British army and settled the farm on the road leading from Bytown to the village of Richmond . Thomson and his sons focused on the farming operations of their estate , but also invested peripherally in the lumber trade .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1877 the Thomsons sold the farm to the Thomas Cole , who had made a fortune in the lumber industry . The Cole family and their descendants retained possession of the house until the death of Frances Rochester , the granddaughter of Thomas Cole in 1989 . Frances and her husband , Lloyd Rochester , lived at Maplelawn and raised their children there ( the Rochesters were another old Ottawa family ) . The most important renovation was conducted in 1936 , when the original summer kitchen and field hands dormitory was replaced by a stone addition to the",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "house at the rear . At this same time the garden was redesigned by a horticulturalist from the Central Experimental Farm . The Federal District Commission , forerunner of the NCC , had bought the house in the 1950s to ensure its preservation .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The property was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1989 . For some years the house remained empty and the garden began to deteriorate , but in 1993 , the Friends of Maplelawn Garden , a volunteer group , began to work on the garden . The NCC renovated the building . Shortly thereafter , Peter Fallis leased the property and conducted a massive renovation ; both internally and externally . Mr Fallis invested greatly in transforming the interior of the building from a single-family residence with servants quarters , into a beautiful restaurant .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "This new restaurant converted the 1933 addition at the back of the building into a bar and sitting ( waiting ) area for guests . The bar had an impressive bar wood and a large fireplace that welcomed visitors to warm themselves in the winter and housed bouquets constructed from donations from the walled garden ( The Friends of Maplelawn ) in the warmer months . The western side of the addition housed French doors that led to a large flagstone patio and outdoor reception area . The patios and reception areas were extensively renovated by a landscape architect who",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": ", with the help of their team , did an outstanding job .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In the front of the house , on the main floor , there were two dining rooms , both with fireplaces , that shared an elegant design that ran throughout the remainder of the house . All of the dining rooms had some two-person tables and those that could convert from square four-person tables to six-person round tables ; this was quite a unique design at the time . All of the tables had Chippendale chairs ( a variety were purchased both with and without arms and all with beautiful fabric seats ) .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "There is an impressive main entrance at the front of the house , but it was not used during the operation of the restaurant . The main entrance was situated to the rear of the building off of the newly constructed parking lot . There were sparkling beautiful chandeliers in each room and in the hallways as well . In addition , a local artisan produced wall sconces that provided additional lighting to all of the dining rooms on both levels of the restaurant . All of the rooms in the house had deep-set ( due to the thick stone",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "walls ) , casement windows . They were ( and still are ) outstanding and their sills offered great locations for floral arrangements and candlelight in all of the dining areas and the bar . In order to access the upper dining areas , there was a main , curving staircase . This staircase had an amazing , ornate mural ( painted by Peter Langlois and Dana Wardrop http://www.applieddesigns.ca/about.htm ) painted on the curved wall that led visitors to the equally stunning second storey .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The second level housed two dining rooms ( one large and one small ) as well as a unique , one-person washroom . This bathroom also had murals painted on its walls , but the focal point of the room was the original bathtub that was being used as a planter . There were several tropical and flowering plants in the bathtub ( which was filled with earth ) to the point where being in this washroom made you feel as if you were in a garden oasis ; somewhat of an homage to the walled Victorian garden .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Also unique to this restaurant , is that the kitchen was created on the second level of the house . The kitchen was fantastic to work in as it had rows of windows that allowed sunlight to fill the kitchen making for a very cheery work environment . Initially , the hope was to send the food down to the main level on an automated dumbwaiter that landed in the bar area . Unfortunately , this idea proved to be less efficient than was expected and the device that was designed and built at great cost was never used for",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "this purpose . The restaurant reverted to using person-power to run the food down the stairs on large oval trays .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Unfortunately , the Maplelawn Cafe did not survive long enough to allow it to become the outstanding restaurant it should have been . Instead , several setbacks ( including the 1998 ice storm that affected all of Eastern Ontario and Western Quebec ) , forced the restaurant into bankruptcy . The NCC benefitted greatly from the leasehold improvements made to the house by Peter Fallis . The conversion of the property from a residence to a restaurant allowed them to lease it to another restaurant that needed to do very little in the way of improvements . In the late",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "1990s a couple of different businessmen took over the lease and created a franchise of The Keg restaurant , to be called the Keg Manor in the house .",
"title": "History"
}
] |
/wiki/Maplelawn#P1435#1
|
Which site was the heritage designation of Maplelawn after May 1990?
|
Maplelawn Maplelawn is an historic house and former estate located in Ottawa , Ontario , Canada . The house was built between 1831 and 1834 as the centre of a farming estate by the Thomson family . In 1877 the Cole family bought the estate and lived there until 1989 . The house is now owned by the National Capital Commission and it is a designated national historic site . It is particularly noted for the well preserved and rare walled garden next to the house , The Maplelawn Garden . Since 1999 the Maplelawn has been the location of the Keg Manor restaurant . Today the house is located in Westboro at 529 Richmond Road . The architecture of the house reflects a taste for British classicism , but some elements , such as the windows , are in a more local style , favoured in Quebec and the Ottawa Valley . The walled garden is a very rare feature for a Canadian farming estate . Although highly prized in Europe , they were never widespread in Canada . It was intended to be both ornamental and useful . History . Around 1818 William Thomson , a gentleman of Scottish origin , retired from the British army and settled the farm on the road leading from Bytown to the village of Richmond . Thomson and his sons focused on the farming operations of their estate , but also invested peripherally in the lumber trade . In 1877 the Thomsons sold the farm to the Thomas Cole , who had made a fortune in the lumber industry . The Cole family and their descendants retained possession of the house until the death of Frances Rochester , the granddaughter of Thomas Cole in 1989 . Frances and her husband , Lloyd Rochester , lived at Maplelawn and raised their children there ( the Rochesters were another old Ottawa family ) . The most important renovation was conducted in 1936 , when the original summer kitchen and field hands dormitory was replaced by a stone addition to the house at the rear . At this same time the garden was redesigned by a horticulturalist from the Central Experimental Farm . The Federal District Commission , forerunner of the NCC , had bought the house in the 1950s to ensure its preservation . The property was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1989 . For some years the house remained empty and the garden began to deteriorate , but in 1993 , the Friends of Maplelawn Garden , a volunteer group , began to work on the garden . The NCC renovated the building . Shortly thereafter , Peter Fallis leased the property and conducted a massive renovation ; both internally and externally . Mr Fallis invested greatly in transforming the interior of the building from a single-family residence with servants quarters , into a beautiful restaurant . This new restaurant converted the 1933 addition at the back of the building into a bar and sitting ( waiting ) area for guests . The bar had an impressive bar wood and a large fireplace that welcomed visitors to warm themselves in the winter and housed bouquets constructed from donations from the walled garden ( The Friends of Maplelawn ) in the warmer months . The western side of the addition housed French doors that led to a large flagstone patio and outdoor reception area . The patios and reception areas were extensively renovated by a landscape architect who , with the help of their team , did an outstanding job . In the front of the house , on the main floor , there were two dining rooms , both with fireplaces , that shared an elegant design that ran throughout the remainder of the house . All of the dining rooms had some two-person tables and those that could convert from square four-person tables to six-person round tables ; this was quite a unique design at the time . All of the tables had Chippendale chairs ( a variety were purchased both with and without arms and all with beautiful fabric seats ) . There is an impressive main entrance at the front of the house , but it was not used during the operation of the restaurant . The main entrance was situated to the rear of the building off of the newly constructed parking lot . There were sparkling beautiful chandeliers in each room and in the hallways as well . In addition , a local artisan produced wall sconces that provided additional lighting to all of the dining rooms on both levels of the restaurant . All of the rooms in the house had deep-set ( due to the thick stone walls ) , casement windows . They were ( and still are ) outstanding and their sills offered great locations for floral arrangements and candlelight in all of the dining areas and the bar . In order to access the upper dining areas , there was a main , curving staircase . This staircase had an amazing , ornate mural ( painted by Peter Langlois and Dana Wardrop http://www.applieddesigns.ca/about.htm ) painted on the curved wall that led visitors to the equally stunning second storey . The second level housed two dining rooms ( one large and one small ) as well as a unique , one-person washroom . This bathroom also had murals painted on its walls , but the focal point of the room was the original bathtub that was being used as a planter . There were several tropical and flowering plants in the bathtub ( which was filled with earth ) to the point where being in this washroom made you feel as if you were in a garden oasis ; somewhat of an homage to the walled Victorian garden . Also unique to this restaurant , is that the kitchen was created on the second level of the house . The kitchen was fantastic to work in as it had rows of windows that allowed sunlight to fill the kitchen making for a very cheery work environment . Initially , the hope was to send the food down to the main level on an automated dumbwaiter that landed in the bar area . Unfortunately , this idea proved to be less efficient than was expected and the device that was designed and built at great cost was never used for this purpose . The restaurant reverted to using person-power to run the food down the stairs on large oval trays . Unfortunately , the Maplelawn Cafe did not survive long enough to allow it to become the outstanding restaurant it should have been . Instead , several setbacks ( including the 1998 ice storm that affected all of Eastern Ontario and Western Quebec ) , forced the restaurant into bankruptcy . The NCC benefitted greatly from the leasehold improvements made to the house by Peter Fallis . The conversion of the property from a residence to a restaurant allowed them to lease it to another restaurant that needed to do very little in the way of improvements . In the late 1990s a couple of different businessmen took over the lease and created a franchise of The Keg restaurant , to be called the Keg Manor in the house .
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": "Maplelawn is an historic house and former estate located in Ottawa , Ontario , Canada . The house was built between 1831 and 1834 as the centre of a farming estate by the Thomson family . In 1877 the Cole family bought the estate and lived there until 1989 . The house is now owned by the National Capital Commission and it is a designated national historic site . It is particularly noted for the well preserved and rare walled garden next to the house , The Maplelawn Garden . Since 1999 the Maplelawn has been the location of the",
"title": "Maplelawn"
},
{
"text": "Keg Manor restaurant . Today the house is located in Westboro at 529 Richmond Road .",
"title": "Maplelawn"
},
{
"text": " The architecture of the house reflects a taste for British classicism , but some elements , such as the windows , are in a more local style , favoured in Quebec and the Ottawa Valley . The walled garden is a very rare feature for a Canadian farming estate . Although highly prized in Europe , they were never widespread in Canada . It was intended to be both ornamental and useful .",
"title": "Maplelawn"
},
{
"text": " Around 1818 William Thomson , a gentleman of Scottish origin , retired from the British army and settled the farm on the road leading from Bytown to the village of Richmond . Thomson and his sons focused on the farming operations of their estate , but also invested peripherally in the lumber trade .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1877 the Thomsons sold the farm to the Thomas Cole , who had made a fortune in the lumber industry . The Cole family and their descendants retained possession of the house until the death of Frances Rochester , the granddaughter of Thomas Cole in 1989 . Frances and her husband , Lloyd Rochester , lived at Maplelawn and raised their children there ( the Rochesters were another old Ottawa family ) . The most important renovation was conducted in 1936 , when the original summer kitchen and field hands dormitory was replaced by a stone addition to the",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "house at the rear . At this same time the garden was redesigned by a horticulturalist from the Central Experimental Farm . The Federal District Commission , forerunner of the NCC , had bought the house in the 1950s to ensure its preservation .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The property was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1989 . For some years the house remained empty and the garden began to deteriorate , but in 1993 , the Friends of Maplelawn Garden , a volunteer group , began to work on the garden . The NCC renovated the building . Shortly thereafter , Peter Fallis leased the property and conducted a massive renovation ; both internally and externally . Mr Fallis invested greatly in transforming the interior of the building from a single-family residence with servants quarters , into a beautiful restaurant .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "This new restaurant converted the 1933 addition at the back of the building into a bar and sitting ( waiting ) area for guests . The bar had an impressive bar wood and a large fireplace that welcomed visitors to warm themselves in the winter and housed bouquets constructed from donations from the walled garden ( The Friends of Maplelawn ) in the warmer months . The western side of the addition housed French doors that led to a large flagstone patio and outdoor reception area . The patios and reception areas were extensively renovated by a landscape architect who",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": ", with the help of their team , did an outstanding job .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In the front of the house , on the main floor , there were two dining rooms , both with fireplaces , that shared an elegant design that ran throughout the remainder of the house . All of the dining rooms had some two-person tables and those that could convert from square four-person tables to six-person round tables ; this was quite a unique design at the time . All of the tables had Chippendale chairs ( a variety were purchased both with and without arms and all with beautiful fabric seats ) .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "There is an impressive main entrance at the front of the house , but it was not used during the operation of the restaurant . The main entrance was situated to the rear of the building off of the newly constructed parking lot . There were sparkling beautiful chandeliers in each room and in the hallways as well . In addition , a local artisan produced wall sconces that provided additional lighting to all of the dining rooms on both levels of the restaurant . All of the rooms in the house had deep-set ( due to the thick stone",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "walls ) , casement windows . They were ( and still are ) outstanding and their sills offered great locations for floral arrangements and candlelight in all of the dining areas and the bar . In order to access the upper dining areas , there was a main , curving staircase . This staircase had an amazing , ornate mural ( painted by Peter Langlois and Dana Wardrop http://www.applieddesigns.ca/about.htm ) painted on the curved wall that led visitors to the equally stunning second storey .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The second level housed two dining rooms ( one large and one small ) as well as a unique , one-person washroom . This bathroom also had murals painted on its walls , but the focal point of the room was the original bathtub that was being used as a planter . There were several tropical and flowering plants in the bathtub ( which was filled with earth ) to the point where being in this washroom made you feel as if you were in a garden oasis ; somewhat of an homage to the walled Victorian garden .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Also unique to this restaurant , is that the kitchen was created on the second level of the house . The kitchen was fantastic to work in as it had rows of windows that allowed sunlight to fill the kitchen making for a very cheery work environment . Initially , the hope was to send the food down to the main level on an automated dumbwaiter that landed in the bar area . Unfortunately , this idea proved to be less efficient than was expected and the device that was designed and built at great cost was never used for",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "this purpose . The restaurant reverted to using person-power to run the food down the stairs on large oval trays .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Unfortunately , the Maplelawn Cafe did not survive long enough to allow it to become the outstanding restaurant it should have been . Instead , several setbacks ( including the 1998 ice storm that affected all of Eastern Ontario and Western Quebec ) , forced the restaurant into bankruptcy . The NCC benefitted greatly from the leasehold improvements made to the house by Peter Fallis . The conversion of the property from a residence to a restaurant allowed them to lease it to another restaurant that needed to do very little in the way of improvements . In the late",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "1990s a couple of different businessmen took over the lease and created a franchise of The Keg restaurant , to be called the Keg Manor in the house .",
"title": "History"
}
] |
/wiki/Maplelawn#P1435#2
|
Which site was the heritage designation of Maplelawn between Jul 2001 and Feb 2003?
|
Maplelawn Maplelawn is an historic house and former estate located in Ottawa , Ontario , Canada . The house was built between 1831 and 1834 as the centre of a farming estate by the Thomson family . In 1877 the Cole family bought the estate and lived there until 1989 . The house is now owned by the National Capital Commission and it is a designated national historic site . It is particularly noted for the well preserved and rare walled garden next to the house , The Maplelawn Garden . Since 1999 the Maplelawn has been the location of the Keg Manor restaurant . Today the house is located in Westboro at 529 Richmond Road . The architecture of the house reflects a taste for British classicism , but some elements , such as the windows , are in a more local style , favoured in Quebec and the Ottawa Valley . The walled garden is a very rare feature for a Canadian farming estate . Although highly prized in Europe , they were never widespread in Canada . It was intended to be both ornamental and useful . History . Around 1818 William Thomson , a gentleman of Scottish origin , retired from the British army and settled the farm on the road leading from Bytown to the village of Richmond . Thomson and his sons focused on the farming operations of their estate , but also invested peripherally in the lumber trade . In 1877 the Thomsons sold the farm to the Thomas Cole , who had made a fortune in the lumber industry . The Cole family and their descendants retained possession of the house until the death of Frances Rochester , the granddaughter of Thomas Cole in 1989 . Frances and her husband , Lloyd Rochester , lived at Maplelawn and raised their children there ( the Rochesters were another old Ottawa family ) . The most important renovation was conducted in 1936 , when the original summer kitchen and field hands dormitory was replaced by a stone addition to the house at the rear . At this same time the garden was redesigned by a horticulturalist from the Central Experimental Farm . The Federal District Commission , forerunner of the NCC , had bought the house in the 1950s to ensure its preservation . The property was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1989 . For some years the house remained empty and the garden began to deteriorate , but in 1993 , the Friends of Maplelawn Garden , a volunteer group , began to work on the garden . The NCC renovated the building . Shortly thereafter , Peter Fallis leased the property and conducted a massive renovation ; both internally and externally . Mr Fallis invested greatly in transforming the interior of the building from a single-family residence with servants quarters , into a beautiful restaurant . This new restaurant converted the 1933 addition at the back of the building into a bar and sitting ( waiting ) area for guests . The bar had an impressive bar wood and a large fireplace that welcomed visitors to warm themselves in the winter and housed bouquets constructed from donations from the walled garden ( The Friends of Maplelawn ) in the warmer months . The western side of the addition housed French doors that led to a large flagstone patio and outdoor reception area . The patios and reception areas were extensively renovated by a landscape architect who , with the help of their team , did an outstanding job . In the front of the house , on the main floor , there were two dining rooms , both with fireplaces , that shared an elegant design that ran throughout the remainder of the house . All of the dining rooms had some two-person tables and those that could convert from square four-person tables to six-person round tables ; this was quite a unique design at the time . All of the tables had Chippendale chairs ( a variety were purchased both with and without arms and all with beautiful fabric seats ) . There is an impressive main entrance at the front of the house , but it was not used during the operation of the restaurant . The main entrance was situated to the rear of the building off of the newly constructed parking lot . There were sparkling beautiful chandeliers in each room and in the hallways as well . In addition , a local artisan produced wall sconces that provided additional lighting to all of the dining rooms on both levels of the restaurant . All of the rooms in the house had deep-set ( due to the thick stone walls ) , casement windows . They were ( and still are ) outstanding and their sills offered great locations for floral arrangements and candlelight in all of the dining areas and the bar . In order to access the upper dining areas , there was a main , curving staircase . This staircase had an amazing , ornate mural ( painted by Peter Langlois and Dana Wardrop http://www.applieddesigns.ca/about.htm ) painted on the curved wall that led visitors to the equally stunning second storey . The second level housed two dining rooms ( one large and one small ) as well as a unique , one-person washroom . This bathroom also had murals painted on its walls , but the focal point of the room was the original bathtub that was being used as a planter . There were several tropical and flowering plants in the bathtub ( which was filled with earth ) to the point where being in this washroom made you feel as if you were in a garden oasis ; somewhat of an homage to the walled Victorian garden . Also unique to this restaurant , is that the kitchen was created on the second level of the house . The kitchen was fantastic to work in as it had rows of windows that allowed sunlight to fill the kitchen making for a very cheery work environment . Initially , the hope was to send the food down to the main level on an automated dumbwaiter that landed in the bar area . Unfortunately , this idea proved to be less efficient than was expected and the device that was designed and built at great cost was never used for this purpose . The restaurant reverted to using person-power to run the food down the stairs on large oval trays . Unfortunately , the Maplelawn Cafe did not survive long enough to allow it to become the outstanding restaurant it should have been . Instead , several setbacks ( including the 1998 ice storm that affected all of Eastern Ontario and Western Quebec ) , forced the restaurant into bankruptcy . The NCC benefitted greatly from the leasehold improvements made to the house by Peter Fallis . The conversion of the property from a residence to a restaurant allowed them to lease it to another restaurant that needed to do very little in the way of improvements . In the late 1990s a couple of different businessmen took over the lease and created a franchise of The Keg restaurant , to be called the Keg Manor in the house .
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": "Maplelawn is an historic house and former estate located in Ottawa , Ontario , Canada . The house was built between 1831 and 1834 as the centre of a farming estate by the Thomson family . In 1877 the Cole family bought the estate and lived there until 1989 . The house is now owned by the National Capital Commission and it is a designated national historic site . It is particularly noted for the well preserved and rare walled garden next to the house , The Maplelawn Garden . Since 1999 the Maplelawn has been the location of the",
"title": "Maplelawn"
},
{
"text": "Keg Manor restaurant . Today the house is located in Westboro at 529 Richmond Road .",
"title": "Maplelawn"
},
{
"text": " The architecture of the house reflects a taste for British classicism , but some elements , such as the windows , are in a more local style , favoured in Quebec and the Ottawa Valley . The walled garden is a very rare feature for a Canadian farming estate . Although highly prized in Europe , they were never widespread in Canada . It was intended to be both ornamental and useful .",
"title": "Maplelawn"
},
{
"text": " Around 1818 William Thomson , a gentleman of Scottish origin , retired from the British army and settled the farm on the road leading from Bytown to the village of Richmond . Thomson and his sons focused on the farming operations of their estate , but also invested peripherally in the lumber trade .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1877 the Thomsons sold the farm to the Thomas Cole , who had made a fortune in the lumber industry . The Cole family and their descendants retained possession of the house until the death of Frances Rochester , the granddaughter of Thomas Cole in 1989 . Frances and her husband , Lloyd Rochester , lived at Maplelawn and raised their children there ( the Rochesters were another old Ottawa family ) . The most important renovation was conducted in 1936 , when the original summer kitchen and field hands dormitory was replaced by a stone addition to the",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "house at the rear . At this same time the garden was redesigned by a horticulturalist from the Central Experimental Farm . The Federal District Commission , forerunner of the NCC , had bought the house in the 1950s to ensure its preservation .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The property was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1989 . For some years the house remained empty and the garden began to deteriorate , but in 1993 , the Friends of Maplelawn Garden , a volunteer group , began to work on the garden . The NCC renovated the building . Shortly thereafter , Peter Fallis leased the property and conducted a massive renovation ; both internally and externally . Mr Fallis invested greatly in transforming the interior of the building from a single-family residence with servants quarters , into a beautiful restaurant .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "This new restaurant converted the 1933 addition at the back of the building into a bar and sitting ( waiting ) area for guests . The bar had an impressive bar wood and a large fireplace that welcomed visitors to warm themselves in the winter and housed bouquets constructed from donations from the walled garden ( The Friends of Maplelawn ) in the warmer months . The western side of the addition housed French doors that led to a large flagstone patio and outdoor reception area . The patios and reception areas were extensively renovated by a landscape architect who",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": ", with the help of their team , did an outstanding job .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In the front of the house , on the main floor , there were two dining rooms , both with fireplaces , that shared an elegant design that ran throughout the remainder of the house . All of the dining rooms had some two-person tables and those that could convert from square four-person tables to six-person round tables ; this was quite a unique design at the time . All of the tables had Chippendale chairs ( a variety were purchased both with and without arms and all with beautiful fabric seats ) .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "There is an impressive main entrance at the front of the house , but it was not used during the operation of the restaurant . The main entrance was situated to the rear of the building off of the newly constructed parking lot . There were sparkling beautiful chandeliers in each room and in the hallways as well . In addition , a local artisan produced wall sconces that provided additional lighting to all of the dining rooms on both levels of the restaurant . All of the rooms in the house had deep-set ( due to the thick stone",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "walls ) , casement windows . They were ( and still are ) outstanding and their sills offered great locations for floral arrangements and candlelight in all of the dining areas and the bar . In order to access the upper dining areas , there was a main , curving staircase . This staircase had an amazing , ornate mural ( painted by Peter Langlois and Dana Wardrop http://www.applieddesigns.ca/about.htm ) painted on the curved wall that led visitors to the equally stunning second storey .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The second level housed two dining rooms ( one large and one small ) as well as a unique , one-person washroom . This bathroom also had murals painted on its walls , but the focal point of the room was the original bathtub that was being used as a planter . There were several tropical and flowering plants in the bathtub ( which was filled with earth ) to the point where being in this washroom made you feel as if you were in a garden oasis ; somewhat of an homage to the walled Victorian garden .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Also unique to this restaurant , is that the kitchen was created on the second level of the house . The kitchen was fantastic to work in as it had rows of windows that allowed sunlight to fill the kitchen making for a very cheery work environment . Initially , the hope was to send the food down to the main level on an automated dumbwaiter that landed in the bar area . Unfortunately , this idea proved to be less efficient than was expected and the device that was designed and built at great cost was never used for",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "this purpose . The restaurant reverted to using person-power to run the food down the stairs on large oval trays .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Unfortunately , the Maplelawn Cafe did not survive long enough to allow it to become the outstanding restaurant it should have been . Instead , several setbacks ( including the 1998 ice storm that affected all of Eastern Ontario and Western Quebec ) , forced the restaurant into bankruptcy . The NCC benefitted greatly from the leasehold improvements made to the house by Peter Fallis . The conversion of the property from a residence to a restaurant allowed them to lease it to another restaurant that needed to do very little in the way of improvements . In the late",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "1990s a couple of different businessmen took over the lease and created a franchise of The Keg restaurant , to be called the Keg Manor in the house .",
"title": "History"
}
] |
/wiki/Mwai_Kibaki#P39#0
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What position did Mwai Kibaki take in Jan 1977?
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Mwai Kibaki Emilio Stanley Mwai Kibaki , C.G.H . ( born 15 November 1931 ) is a Kenyan politician who was the third President of Kenya , serving from December 2002 until April 2013 . He had previously served as the fourth Vice-President of Kenya for ten years from 1978 to 1988 under President Daniel arap Moi . He also held cabinet ministerial positions in the Kenyatta and Moi governments , including time as minister for Finance ( 1969–1981 ) under Kenyatta , and Minister for Home Affairs ( 1982–1988 ) and Minister for Health ( 1988–1991 ) under Moi . Kibaki served as an opposition Member of Parliament from 1992 to 2002 . He unsuccessfully vied for the presidency in 1992 and 1997 . He served as the Leader of the Official Opposition in Parliament from 1998 to 2002 . In the 2002 presidential election , he was elected as President of Kenya . Early life and education . Kibaki was born in 1931 in Thunguri village , Othaya division of Kenyas then Nyeri District , now Nyeri County . He is the youngest son of Kikuyu peasants Kibaki Gĩthĩnji and Teresia Wanjikũ . Though baptised as Emilio Stanley by Italian missionaries in his youth , he has been known as Mwai Kibaki throughout his public life . Family oral history maintains that his early education was made possible by his much older brother-in-law , Paul Muruthi , who insisted that young Mwai should go to school instead of spending his days grazing his fathers sheep and cattle and baby-sitting his little nephews and nieces for his older sister . Kibaki turned out to be an exemplary student . He attended Gatuyainĩ School for the first two years , where he completed what was then called Sub A and sub B ( the equivalent of standard one and two or first and second grade ) . He later joined Karima mission school for the three more classes of primary school . He later moved to Mathari School ( now Nyeri High School ) between 1944 and 1946 for Standard four to six , where , in addition to his academic studies , he learnt carpentry and masonry as students would repair furniture and provide material for maintaining the schools buildings . He also grew his own food as all students in the school were expected to do , and earned extra money during the school holidays by working as a conductor on buses operated by the defunct Othaya African Bus Union . After Karima Primary and Nyeri Boarding primary schools , he proceeded to Mangu High School where he studied between 1947 and 1950 . He passed with a maximum of six points in his O level examination by passing six subjects with Grade 1 Distinction . Influenced by the veterans of the First and Second World Wars in his native village , Kibaki considered becoming a soldier in his final year in Mangu . However , a ruling by the Chief colonial secretary , Walter Coutts , which barred the recruitment of the Kikuyu , Embu and Meru communities into the army , put paid to his military aspirations . Kibaki instead attended Makerere University in Kampala , Uganda , where he studied Economics , History and Political Science , and graduated best in his class in 1955 with a First Class Honours Degree ( BA ) in Economics . After his graduation , Kibaki took up an appointment as Assistant Sales Manager Shell Company of East Africa , Uganda Division . During the same year , he earned a scholarship entitling him to postgraduate studies in any British University . He consequently enrolled at the prestigious London School of Economics for a BSc in public finance , graduating with a distinction . He went back to Makerere in 1958 where he taught as an Assistant Lecturer in the economics department until 1961 . In 1961 , Kibaki married Lucy Muthoni , the daughter of a church minister , who was then a secondary school head teacher . Political career prior to presidency . 1960–2002 . In early 1960 , Mwai Kibaki left academia for active politics by giving up his job at Makerere and returning to Kenya to become an executive officer of Kenya African National Union ( KANU ) , at the request of Jaramogi Oginga Odinga ( who went on to become Kenyas first Vice President ) . Kibaki then helped to draft Kenyas independence constitution . In 1963 , Kibaki was elected as Member of Parliament for Donholm Constituency ( subsequently called Bahati and now known as Makadara ) in Nairobi . His election was the start of a long political career . In 1963 Kibaki was appointed the Permanent Secretary for the Treasury . Appointed Assistant Minister of Finance and chairman of the Economic Planning Commission in 1963 , he was promoted to Minister of Commerce and Industry in 1966 . In 1969 , he became Minister of Finance and Economic Planning where he served until 1982 . In 1974 , Kibaki , facing serious competition for his Donholm Constituency seat from a Mrs . Jael Mbogo , whom he had only narrowly and controversially beaten for the seat in the 1969 elections , moved his political base from Nairobi to his rural home , Othaya , where he was subsequently elected as Member of Parliament . The same year Time magazine rated him among the top 100 people in the world who had the potential to lead . He has been re-elected Member of Parliament for Othaya in the subsequent elections of 1979 , 1983 , 1988 , 1992 , 1997 , 2002 and 2007 . When Daniel arap Moi succeeded Jomo Kenyatta as President of Kenya in 1978 , Kibaki was elevated to Vice Presidency , and kept the Finance portfolio until Moi changed his ministerial portfolio from Finance to Home Affairs in 1982 . When Kibaki was the minister of Finance Kenya enjoyed a period of relative prosperity , fueled by a commodities boom , especially coffee , with remarkable fiscal discipline and sound monetary policies . Kibaki fell out of favor with President Moi in March 1988 , and was dropped as vice president and moved to the Ministry of Health . He seemingly took the demotion in his stride without much ado . Kibakis political style during these years was described as gentlemanly and non-confrontational . This style exposed him to criticism that he was a spineless , or even cowardly , politician who never took a stand : according to one joke , He never saw a fence he didnt sit on . He also , as the political circumstances of the time dictated , projected himself as a loyal stalwart of the ruling single party , KANU . In the months before multi-party politics were introduced in 1992 , he infamously declared that agitating for multi-party democracy and trying to dislodge KANU from power was like trying to cut down a fig tree with a razor blade . It was therefore with great surprise that the country received the news of Kibakis resignation from government and leaving KANU on Christmas Day in December 1991 , only days after the repeal of Section 2A of the Constitution , which restored the multi-party system of government . Soon after his resignation , Kibaki founded the Democratic Party ( DP ) and entered the presidential race in the upcoming multi-party elections of 1992 . He was criticized as a johnny come lately opportunist who , unlike his two main opposition presidential election opponents in that year , Kenneth Matiba and Jaramogi Oginga Odinga , was taking advantage of multiparty despite not having fought for it . Kibaki came third in the subsequent presidential elections of 1992 , when the divided opposition lost to president Moi and KANU despite having received more than two-thirds of the vote . He then came second to Moi in the 1997 elections , when again , Moi beat a divided opposition to retain the presidency . In January 1998 , Kibaki became the leader of the official opposition with the Democratic Party being the official opposition party in Parliament . 2002 elections . In preparation for the 2002 elections , Kibakis Democratic Party affiliated with several other opposition parties to form National Alliance Rainbow Coalition ( NARC ) . A group of disappointed KANU presidential aspirants then quit KANU in protest after being overlooked by outgoing President Moi when Moi had founding Father Jomo Kenyattas son , Uhuru Kenyatta ( now Kibakis successor as Kenyas 4th President after the 2013 General Election ) , nominated to be the KANU presidential candidate , and hurriedly formed the Liberal Democratic Party ( LDP ) . NAK later combined with the LDP to form the National Rainbow Coalition ( NARC ) . On 14 October 2002 , at a large opposition rally in Uhuru Park , Nairobi , Kibaki was nominated the NARC opposition alliance presidential candidate after Raila Odinga made the famous declaration , Kibaki Tosha ! On 3 December 2002 , Kibaki was injured in a road accident while on his way back to Nairobi from a campaign meeting at Machakos junction From Nairobi . He was subsequently hospitalized in Nairobi , then London , after sustaining fracture injuries in the accident . He still walks rather awkwardly as a result of those injuries . The rest of his presidential campaign was thus conducted by his NARC colleagues in his absence , led by Raila Odinga and Kijana Wamalwa ( who went on to become the Vice President ) who campaigned tirelessly for Kibaki after stating , The captain has been injured in the field.. . but the rest of the team shall continue . On 27 December 2002 , Kibaki and NARC won a landslide victory over KANU , with Kibaki getting 62% of the votes in the presidential elections , against only 31% for the KANU candidate Uhuru Kenyatta . Presidency . 2002 : Swearing-in , end of KANU rule , retirement of Moi . On 29 December 2002 , still nursing injuries from the motor vehicle accident and in a wheel chair , Mwai Kibaki was sworn-in as the third President and Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Kenya . At his inauguration , he stressed his opposition to government corruption , saying : Government will no longer be run on the whims of individuals . Thus ended four decades of KANU rule , KANU having hitherto ruled Kenya since independence . Kenyas 2nd President , Daniel Arap Moi , who had been in power for 24 years since 1978 as an African Big man President , also began his retirement . Leadership style . President Kibakis style was that of a low key publicity averse but highly intelligent and competent technocrat . He , unlike his predecessors , never tried to establish a personality cult ; never had his portrait on every unit of Kenyas currency ; never had all manner of streets , places and institutions named after him ; never had state sanctioned praise songs composed in his honor ; never dominated news bulletins with reports of his presidential activities - however routine or mundane ; and never engaged in the populist sloganeering of his predecessors . His style of leadership has given him the image of a seemingly aloof , withdrawn technocrat or intellectual and has made him seem out of touch with the street , and his seemingly hands-off leadership-by-delegation style made his governments , especially at cabinet level , seem dysfunctional . First term health issues . It is widely acknowledged that age and the 2002 accident denied the country the witty , sporty , eloquent Kibaki of the previous years . A man who could make lengthy and flowery contributions on the floor of Parliament without notes was confined to reading speeches at every forum . In late January 2003 , it was announced that the President had been admitted to Nairobi Hospital to have a blood clot– the after-effect of his car accident– removed from his leg . He came out of hospital and addressed the public outside the hospital on TV in a visibly incoherent manner , and speculation since then is that he had suffered a stroke , his second , the first being said to have occurred sometimes in the 1970s . His subsequent ill health greatly diminished his performance during his first term and the affairs of government during that time are said to have been largely run by a group of loyal aides , both in and out of government . Kibaki did not look well , for instance , when he appeared live on TV on 25 September 2003 to appoint Moody Awori Vice President after the death in office of Vice President , Michael Wamalwa Kijana . 2003 : Free primary education . In January 2003 , Kibaki introduced a free primary education initiative , which brought over 1 million children who would not have been able to afford school the chance to attend . The initiative received positive attention , including praise from Bill Clinton , who would travel to Kenya to meet Kibaki . 2005 : Constitutional referendum , the NARC fallout and government of national unity . The 2005 Kenyan constitutional referendum was held on 21 November 2005 . The main issue of contention in the Constitution review process was how much power should be vested in the Kenyan Presidency . In previous drafts , those who feared a concentration of power in the president added provisions for European-style power-sharing between a ceremonial President elected via universal suffrage and an executive Prime Minister elected by Parliament . The draft presented by the Attorney General Amos Wako for the referendum retained sweeping powers for the Presidency . Though Kibaki the proposal , some members of his own cabinet , mainly from the Liberal Democratic Party ( LDP ) wing led by Raila Odinga , allied with the main opposition party KANU to mobilize a powerful NO campaign that resulted in a majority of 58% of voters rejecting the draft . As a consequence of , and immediately after , the referendum loss , on 23 November 2005 , Kibaki dismissed his entire cabinet in the middle of his administrations term , with the aim of purging all Raila-allied ministers from the cabinet . About his decision Kibaki said , Following the results of the Referendum , it has become necessary for me , as the President of the Republic , to re-organize my Government to make it more cohesive and better able to serve the people of Kenya . The only members of the cabinet office to be spared a midterm exit were the Vice President and Minister of Home Affairs , Moody Awori , and the Attorney General whose position is constitutionally protected . A new cabinet of Kibaki loyalists , including MPs from the opposition , termed the Government of National Unity ( GNU ) , was thereafter appointed , but some MPs who were offered ministerial positions declined to take up posts . A report by a Kenyan Commission of Inquiry , the Waki Commission , contextualises some issues . They reported that Kibaki , after agreeing to an informal Memorandum of Understanding ( MoU ) to create the post of Prime Minister , reneged on this pact after being elected . They cite criticism of Kibaki neglecting his pre-election agreement , leaving the public to identify it as an attempt by the Kibaki Government to keep power to itself rather than share it . 2007 : Elections . On 26 January 2007 , President Kibaki declared his intention of running for re-election in the 2007 presidential election . On 16 September 2007 , Kibaki announced that he would stand as the candidate of a new alliance incorporating all the parties who supported his re-election , called the Party of National Unity . The parties in his alliance included the much diminished former ruling KANU , DP , Narc-Kenya , Ford-Kenya , Ford People , and Shirikisho . Kibakis main opponent , Raila Odinga , had used the referendum victory to launch the ODM , which nominated him as its presidential Candidate for the 2007 elections . On 30 September 2007 , a robust and much healthier President Kibaki launched his presidential campaign at Nyayo Stadium , Nairobi . Kalonzo Musyoka then broke away from Railas ODM to mount his own fringe bid for the presidency , thus narrowing down the contest between the main candidates , Kibaki , the incumbent , and Odinga . Opinion polls up to election day showed Kibaki behind Raila Odinga nationally , but closing . On regional analysis , the polls showed him behind Raila in all regions of the country except Central Province , Embu and Meru , where he was projected to take most of the votes , and behind Kalonzo Musyoka in Kalonzos native Ukambani . It was thus projected to be a close election between Kibaki and Raila . The election was held on 27 December 2007 . Kibaki won and was sworn in what remains to be a contentious issue at twilight . 2007–2008 : Results dispute and post-election violence . Three days later , after a protracted count which saw presidential results in Kibakis Central Kenya come in last , allegedly inflated , in a cloud of suspicion and rising tensions , amid vehement protests by Railas ODM , overnight re-tallying of results and chaotic scenes , all beamed live on TV , at the national tallying center at the Kenyatta International Conference Center in Nairobi , riot police eventually sealed off the tallying Center ahead of the result announcement , evicted party agents , observers and the media , and moved the Chairman of the Electoral Commission , Samuel Kivuitu , to another room where Kivuitu went on to declare Kibaki the winner by 4,584,721 votes to Odingas 4,352,993 , placing Kibaki ahead of Odinga by about 232,000 votes in the hotly contested election with Kalonzo Musyoka a distant third . One hour later , in a hastily convened dusk ceremony , Kibaki was sworn in at the grounds of State House Nairobi for his second term , defiantly calling for the verdict of the people to be respected and for healing and reconciliation to begin . This arose tension and led to protests by a huge number of Kenyans who felt that Kibaki had refused to respect the verdict of the people and was now forcibly remaining in office . Immediately the results were announced , Odinga bitterly accused Kibaki of electoral fraud . Odingas allegations scored with his supporters , and seemed meritorious since the results had defied pre-election polls and expectations and election day exit polls . Furthermore , Odinga , who had campaigned against the concentration of political power in the hands of Kikuyu politicians , had won the votes of most of the other Kenyan tribes and regions , with Kibakis victory being attained only with the near exclusive support of the populous Kikuyu , Meru and Embu communities-who had turned up to vote for Kibaki in large numbers after feeling , in reaction to the Odinga campaign , and with the covert encouragement of the Kibaki campaign , increasingly besieged and threatened by the pro-Odinga tribes . Moreover , ODM had won the most parliamentary and local authority seats by a wide margin . A joint statement by the British Foreign Office and Department for International Development cited real concerns over irregularities , while international observers refused to declare the election free and fair . The European Union chief observer , Alexander Graf Lambsdorff , cited one constituency where his monitors saw official results for Kibaki that were 25,000 votes lower than the figure subsequently announced by the Electoral Commission , leading him to doubt the accuracy of the announced results . It was reported that Kibaki , who had previously been perceived as an old-school gentleman , had revealed a steely side when he swore himself in within an hour of being announced the victor of the highly contested election—one where the results were largely in question . Odingas supporters said he would be declared president at a rival ceremony on Monday , but police banned the event . Koki Muli , the head of local watchdog , the Institute of Education in Democracy , said called the day the saddest...in the history of democracy in this country and a coup detat . Opposition supporters saw the result as a plot by Kibakis Kikuyu tribe , Kenyas largest , to keep power by any means . The tribes that lost the election were upset at the prospect of five years without political power , and anti-Kikuyu sentiment swelled , spawning the 2007–2008 Kenyan crisis , as violence broke out in several places in the country , started by the ODM supporters protesting the stealing of their victory , and subsequently escalating as the targeted Kikuyus retaliated . As unrest spread , television and radio stations were instructed to stop all live broadcasts . There was widespread theft , vandalism , looting and destruction of property , and a significant number of atrocities , killings and sexual violence reported . The violence continued for more than two months , as Kibaki ruled with half a cabinet he had appointed , with Odinga and ODM refusing to recognize him as president . When the election was eventually investigated by the Independent Review Commission ( IREC ) on the 2007 Elections chaired by Justice Johann Kriegler , it was found that there were too many electoral malpractices from several regions perpetrated by all the contesting parties to conclusively establish which candidate won the December 2007 Presidential elections . Such malpractices included widespread bribery , vote buying , intimidation and ballot stuffing by both sides , as well as incompetence from the Electoral Commission of Kenya ( ECK ) , which was shortly thereafter disbanded by the new Parliament . 2008 : National accord and Grand Coalition Government . The Country was only saved by the mediation of former United Nations Secretary General Kofi Annan with a Panel of Eminent African Personalities backed by the African Union , the United States and the United Kingdom . Following the mediation , a deal , called the national accord , was signed in February 2008 between Raila Odinga and Kibaki , now referred to as the two Principals . The accord , later passed by the Kenyan Parliament as the National Accord and Reconciliation Act 2008 provided inter alia for power-sharing , with Kibaki remaining President and Raila Odinga taking a newly re-created post of Prime Minister . On 17 April 2008 , Raila Odinga was sworn in as Prime Minister , along with a power-sharing Cabinet , with 42 ministers and 50 assistant ministers , Kenyas largest ever . The cabinet was fifty percent Kibaki appointed ministers and fifty percent Raila appointed ministers , and was in reality a carefully balanced ethnic coalition . The arrangement , which also included Kalonzo Musyoka as vice president , was known as the Grand Coalition Government . Economic legacy : turnaround . The Kibaki presidency set itself the main task of reviving and turning round country after years of stagnation and economic mismanagement during the Moi years – a feat faced with several challenges , including the aftermath of the Nyayo Era ( Moi Presidency ) , western donor fatigue , the Presidents ill health during his first term , political tension culminating in the break-up of the NARC coalition , the 2007–2008 post election violence , the 2007–2008 Global Financial crisis , and a tenuous relationship with his coalition partner , Raila Odinga , during his second term . President Kibaki , the economist whose term as Finance minister in the 1970s is widely celebrated as outstanding , did much as president to repair the damage done to the countrys economy during the 24-year reign of his predecessor , President Moi . Compared to the Moi years , Kenya was much better managed , by far more competent public sector personnel , and was much transformed . Kenyas economy in the Kibaki years experienced a major turnaround . GDP growth picked up from a low 0.6% ( real −1.6% ) in 2002 to 3% in 2003 , 4.9% in 2004 , 5.8% in 2005 , 6% in 2006 and 7% 2007 , then after the post election chaos and Global Financial Crisis—2008 ( 1.7% ) and 2009 ( 2.6% ) , recovered to 5% in 2010 and 5% in 2011 . Development was resumed in all areas of the country , including the hitherto neglected and largely undeveloped semi-arid or arid north . Many sectors of the economy recovered from total collapse pre-2003 . Numerous state corporations that had collapsed during the Moi years were revived and have begun performing profitably . The telecommunications sector boomed . Rebuilding , modernisation and expansion of infrastructure began in earnest , with several ambitious infrastructural and other projects , such as the Thika Superhighway , which would have been seen as unattainable during the Moi years , completed . The countrys cities and towns also began being positively renewed and transformed . The Constituency Development Fund ( CDF ) was also introduced in 2003 . The fund was designed to support constituency-level , grass-root development projects . It was aimed to achieve equitable distribution of development resources across regions and to control imbalances in regional development brought about by partisan politics . It targeted all constituency-level development projects , particularly those aiming to combat poverty at the grassroots . The CDF programme has facilitated the putting up of new water , health and education facilities in all parts of the country including remote areas that were usually overlooked during funds allocation in national budgets . CDF was the first step towards the devolved system of government introduced by the 2010 Constitution , by which Local Government structures were Constitutionally redesigned , enhanced and strengthened . President Kibaki also oversaw the creation of Kenyas Vision 2030 , a long-term development plan aimed at raising GDP growth to 10% annually and transforming Kenya into a middle income country by 2030 , which he unveiled on 30 October 2006 . The Kibaki regime also saw a reduction of Kenyas dependence on western donor aid , with the country being increasingly funded by internally generated resources such as increased tax revenue collection . Relations with China , Japan and other non-western powers improved and expanded remarkably in the Kibaki years . China and Japan especially , the Asian Tigers such as Malaysia and Singapore , Brazil , the Middle East and to a lesser extent , South Africa , Libya , other African Countries , and even Iran , became increasingly important economic partners . Political legacy . President Kibaki was accused of ruling with a small group of his elderly peers , mainly from the educated side of the Kikuyu elite that emerged in the Kenyatta era , usually referred to as the Kitchen Cabinet or the Mount Kenya Mafia . There was therefore the perception that his was a Kikuyu presidency . This perception was reinforced when the President was seen to have trashed the pre- 2002 election Memorandum of Understanding with the Raila Odinga-led Liberal Democratic Party , and was further reinforced by his disputed 2007 election victory over the Raila Odinga led ODM Party being achieved nearly exclusively with the votes of the populous Mt . Kenya Kikuyu , Meru and Embu communities . The Commission of Inquiry into Post Election Violence ( CIPEV ) put it thus : The post election violence [ in early 2008 ] therefore is , in part , a consequence of the failure of President Kibaki and his first Government to exert political control over the country or to maintain sufficient legitimacy as would have allowed a civilised contest with him at the polls to be possible . Kibakis regime failed to unite the country , and allowed feelings of marginalisation to fester into what became the post election violence . He and his then Government were complacent in the support they considered they would receive in any election from the majority Kikuyu community and failed to heed the views of the legitimate leaders of other communities . Critics posit that President Kibaki failed to take advantage of the 2002 popular mandate for a complete break with the past and fix the politics largely mobilized along ethnic interests . .. . when we achieved and the new world dawned , the old men came out again and took our victory to re-make in the likeness of the former world they knew . Elected in 2002 on a reform platform , Kibaki was seen to have re-established the status quo ante . His opponents charged that a major aim of his presidency was the preservation of the privileged position of the elite that emerged during the Kenyatta years , of which he was part . I the sum total , the Kibaki Presidency did not do nearly enough to address the problem of tribalism in Kenya . Lawyer George Kegoro , in an article published in the Daily Nation newspaper on 12 April 2013 summarized the Kibaki Political Legacy thus:- Kibaki was , by far , a better manager of the economy than Moi before him . He brought order to the management of public affairs , a departure from the rather informal style that characterised the Moi regime . Kibakis push for free primary education remains an important achievement , as will the revival of key economic institutions such as the Kenya Meat Commission and the Kenya Cooperative Creameries , ruined during the Moi-era . .. . However , Kibaki was not all success . Having come to power in 2003 on an anti-corruption platform , he set up two commissions , the Bosire Commission on the Goldenberg scandal and the Ndungu Commission , which investigated irregular land allocation . However , the reports were not implemented . Further , the Kibaki administration was rocked by a corruption scandal of its own , the Anglo Leasing scam , involving his close associates . John Githongo , an inspired appointment by Kibaki for an anti-corruption czar , resigned from the government in 2005 , citing lack of support from the president . As he leaves office , therefore , the fight against corruption remains unfulfilled . .. . But , perhaps , the most controversial aspect of the Kibaki tenure will always be his relationship with senior politicians of his day , particularly Raila Odinga and Kalonzo Musyoka . The context of this complex relationship includes the post-election violence of 2007 , whose roots go back to the dishonoured Memorandum of Understanding between Kibaki and Raila in 2002 . The quarrel over the MoU directly led to the break-up of the Narc government , after which Kibaki showed Odinga the door and invited the opposition to rule with him . The effect was that the opposition , rejected at the polls , joined government while Railas faction , validly elected to power , was consigned to the opposition . .. . To the supporters of Raila and Kalonzo , Kibaki will be remembered as a person who did not keep political promises . Failure to tame corruption . Though president Kibaki was never personally accused of corruption , and managed to virtually end the grabbing of public land rampant in the Moi and Kenyatta eras , he was unable to adequately contain Kenyas widely entrenched culture of endemic corruption . Michela Wrong describes the situation thus : Whether expressed in the petty bribes the average Kenyan had to pay each week to fat-bellied policemen and local councillors , the jobs for the boys doled out by civil servants and politicians on strictly tribal lines , or the massive scams perpetrated by the countrys ruling elite , corruption had become endemic . Eating , as Kenyans dubbed the gorging on state resources by the well-connected , had crippled the nation . In the corruption indices drawn up by the anti-graft organisation Transparency International , Kenya routinely trail [ s ] near the bottom .. . viewed as only slightly less sleazy than Nigeria or Pakistan .. . The Daily Nation , in an article published on 4 March 2013 titled End of a decade of highs and lows for Mwai Kibaki summarised it thus : For a leader who was popularly swept into power in 2002 on an anti-corruption platform , Kibakis tenure saw graft scandals where hundreds of millions of shillings were siphoned from public coffers . Kibakis National Rainbow Coalition – which took power from the authoritarian rule of Daniel arap Moi—was welcomed for its promises of change and economic growth , but soon showed that it was better suited to treading established paths . The initial response to corruption was very solid .. . but it became clear after a while that these scams reached all the way to the president himself , said Kenyas former anti-corruption chief John Githongo in Michela Wrongs book Its Our Turn to Eat . Most notorious of a raft of graft scandals was the multi-billion shilling Anglo Leasing case , which emerged in 2004 and involved public cash being paid to a complicated web of foreign companies for a range of services—including naval ships and passports—that never materialised . 2010 Constitution . However , the passage of Kenyas transformative 2010 Constitution , successfully championed by President Kibaki in the Kenyan constitutional referendum in 2010 was a major triumph and achievement , which went a long way into addressing Kenyas governance and institutional challenges . With the new Constitution started wide-ranging institutional and legislative reforms , which President Kibaki skilfully and successfully steered in the final years of this presidency.His greatest moment was the promulgation of the new Constitution.. . It was a very deep and emotional moment for him , Kibakis son Jimmy was quoted as saying . 2013 : Power handover . A proud looking but rather worn President Kibaki handed over the Kenyan presidency to his successor , Uhuru Kenyatta , on 9 April 2013 at a public inauguration ceremony held at Kenyas largest stadium . I am happy to pass the torch of leadership to the new generation of leaders , said Kibaki . He also thanked his family and all Kenyans for the support they had given him throughout his tenure in office , and cited the various achievements his government made . The handover marked the end of his presidency and of his 50 years of public service . Personal life . President Kibaki was married to Lucy Muthoni from 1961 until her death in 2016 . They have four children : Judy Wanjiku , Jimmy Kibaki , David Kagai , and Tony Githinji . They also have several grandchildren : Joy Jamie Marie , Rachael Muthoni,Mwai Junior and Krystinaa Muthoni . Jimmy Kibaki did have , so far unsuccessful , designs to be his fathers political heir . In 2004 , the media reported that Kibaki has a second spouse , whom he allegedly married under customary law , Mary Wambui , and a daughter , Wangui Mwai . State House in response released an unsigned statement that Kibakis only immediate family at the time was his then wife , Lucy , and their four children . In 2009 , Kibaki , with Lucy in close attendance , held an odd press conference to re-state publicly that he only has one wife . The matter of Kibakis alleged mistress , and his wifes usually dramatic public reactions thereto , provided an embarrassing side-show during his presidency , with the Washington Post terming the entire scandal as a new Kenyan soap opera . Ms . Wambui , the rather popular other woman , who enjoyed the state trappings of a Presidential spouse and became a powerful and wealthy business-woman during the Kibaki Presidency , frequently drove Lucy into episodes of highly embarrassing very publicly displayed rage . Ms . Wambui , despite opposition from Kibakis family , led publicly by Kibakis son , Jimmy , and despite Kibakis public endorsement and campaign for her opponent , succeeded Kibaki as Member of Parliament for Othaya in the 2013 General Election . In December 2014 , Senator Bonny Khalwale stated on KTNs Jeff Koinange Live that President Kibaki had introduced Wambui as his wife . Kibaki enjoys playing golf and is a member of the Muthaiga Golf Club . He is a practicing and a very committed member of the Roman Catholic Church and attends Consolata Shrines Catholic Church in Nairobi every Sunday at noon . On 21 August 2016 , Kibaki was taken to Karen Hospital , and later flew to South Africa for specialized treatment . External links . - Mwai Kibaki official website - Profile of His Excellency Hon . Mwai Kibaki - Profile of President Mwai Kibaki
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"Minister of Finance and Economic Planning"
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[
{
"text": " Emilio Stanley Mwai Kibaki , C.G.H . ( born 15 November 1931 ) is a Kenyan politician who was the third President of Kenya , serving from December 2002 until April 2013 . He had previously served as the fourth Vice-President of Kenya for ten years from 1978 to 1988 under President Daniel arap Moi . He also held cabinet ministerial positions in the Kenyatta and Moi governments , including time as minister for Finance ( 1969–1981 ) under Kenyatta , and Minister for Home Affairs ( 1982–1988 ) and Minister for Health ( 1988–1991 ) under Moi .",
"title": "Mwai Kibaki"
},
{
"text": "Kibaki served as an opposition Member of Parliament from 1992 to 2002 . He unsuccessfully vied for the presidency in 1992 and 1997 . He served as the Leader of the Official Opposition in Parliament from 1998 to 2002 . In the 2002 presidential election , he was elected as President of Kenya .",
"title": "Mwai Kibaki"
},
{
"text": " Early life and education . Kibaki was born in 1931 in Thunguri village , Othaya division of Kenyas then Nyeri District , now Nyeri County . He is the youngest son of Kikuyu peasants Kibaki Gĩthĩnji and Teresia Wanjikũ . Though baptised as Emilio Stanley by Italian missionaries in his youth , he has been known as Mwai Kibaki throughout his public life .",
"title": "Mwai Kibaki"
},
{
"text": "Family oral history maintains that his early education was made possible by his much older brother-in-law , Paul Muruthi , who insisted that young Mwai should go to school instead of spending his days grazing his fathers sheep and cattle and baby-sitting his little nephews and nieces for his older sister . Kibaki turned out to be an exemplary student . He attended Gatuyainĩ School for the first two years , where he completed what was then called Sub A and sub B ( the equivalent of standard one and two or first and second grade ) . He later",
"title": "Mwai Kibaki"
},
{
"text": "joined Karima mission school for the three more classes of primary school . He later moved to Mathari School ( now Nyeri High School ) between 1944 and 1946 for Standard four to six , where , in addition to his academic studies , he learnt carpentry and masonry as students would repair furniture and provide material for maintaining the schools buildings . He also grew his own food as all students in the school were expected to do , and earned extra money during the school holidays by working as a conductor on buses operated by the defunct Othaya",
"title": "Mwai Kibaki"
},
{
"text": "African Bus Union . After Karima Primary and Nyeri Boarding primary schools , he proceeded to Mangu High School where he studied between 1947 and 1950 . He passed with a maximum of six points in his O level examination by passing six subjects with Grade 1 Distinction .",
"title": "Mwai Kibaki"
},
{
"text": "Influenced by the veterans of the First and Second World Wars in his native village , Kibaki considered becoming a soldier in his final year in Mangu . However , a ruling by the Chief colonial secretary , Walter Coutts , which barred the recruitment of the Kikuyu , Embu and Meru communities into the army , put paid to his military aspirations . Kibaki instead attended Makerere University in Kampala , Uganda , where he studied Economics , History and Political Science , and graduated best in his class in 1955 with a First Class Honours Degree ( BA",
"title": "Mwai Kibaki"
},
{
"text": ") in Economics . After his graduation , Kibaki took up an appointment as Assistant Sales Manager Shell Company of East Africa , Uganda Division . During the same year , he earned a scholarship entitling him to postgraduate studies in any British University . He consequently enrolled at the prestigious London School of Economics for a BSc in public finance , graduating with a distinction . He went back to Makerere in 1958 where he taught as an Assistant Lecturer in the economics department until 1961 . In 1961 , Kibaki married Lucy Muthoni , the daughter of a",
"title": "Mwai Kibaki"
},
{
"text": "church minister , who was then a secondary school head teacher .",
"title": "Mwai Kibaki"
},
{
"text": " Political career prior to presidency . 1960–2002 . In early 1960 , Mwai Kibaki left academia for active politics by giving up his job at Makerere and returning to Kenya to become an executive officer of Kenya African National Union ( KANU ) , at the request of Jaramogi Oginga Odinga ( who went on to become Kenyas first Vice President ) . Kibaki then helped to draft Kenyas independence constitution .",
"title": "Mwai Kibaki"
},
{
"text": "In 1963 , Kibaki was elected as Member of Parliament for Donholm Constituency ( subsequently called Bahati and now known as Makadara ) in Nairobi . His election was the start of a long political career . In 1963 Kibaki was appointed the Permanent Secretary for the Treasury . Appointed Assistant Minister of Finance and chairman of the Economic Planning Commission in 1963 , he was promoted to Minister of Commerce and Industry in 1966 . In 1969 , he became Minister of Finance and Economic Planning where he served until 1982 .",
"title": "Mwai Kibaki"
},
{
"text": "In 1974 , Kibaki , facing serious competition for his Donholm Constituency seat from a Mrs . Jael Mbogo , whom he had only narrowly and controversially beaten for the seat in the 1969 elections , moved his political base from Nairobi to his rural home , Othaya , where he was subsequently elected as Member of Parliament . The same year Time magazine rated him among the top 100 people in the world who had the potential to lead . He has been re-elected Member of Parliament for Othaya in the subsequent elections of 1979 , 1983 , 1988",
"title": "Mwai Kibaki"
},
{
"text": ", 1992 , 1997 , 2002 and 2007 .",
"title": "Mwai Kibaki"
},
{
"text": " When Daniel arap Moi succeeded Jomo Kenyatta as President of Kenya in 1978 , Kibaki was elevated to Vice Presidency , and kept the Finance portfolio until Moi changed his ministerial portfolio from Finance to Home Affairs in 1982 . When Kibaki was the minister of Finance Kenya enjoyed a period of relative prosperity , fueled by a commodities boom , especially coffee , with remarkable fiscal discipline and sound monetary policies .",
"title": "Mwai Kibaki"
},
{
"text": "Kibaki fell out of favor with President Moi in March 1988 , and was dropped as vice president and moved to the Ministry of Health . He seemingly took the demotion in his stride without much ado .",
"title": "Mwai Kibaki"
},
{
"text": "Kibakis political style during these years was described as gentlemanly and non-confrontational . This style exposed him to criticism that he was a spineless , or even cowardly , politician who never took a stand : according to one joke , He never saw a fence he didnt sit on . He also , as the political circumstances of the time dictated , projected himself as a loyal stalwart of the ruling single party , KANU . In the months before multi-party politics were introduced in 1992 , he infamously declared that agitating for multi-party democracy and trying to dislodge",
"title": "Mwai Kibaki"
},
{
"text": "KANU from power was like trying to cut down a fig tree with a razor blade .",
"title": "Mwai Kibaki"
},
{
"text": "It was therefore with great surprise that the country received the news of Kibakis resignation from government and leaving KANU on Christmas Day in December 1991 , only days after the repeal of Section 2A of the Constitution , which restored the multi-party system of government . Soon after his resignation , Kibaki founded the Democratic Party ( DP ) and entered the presidential race in the upcoming multi-party elections of 1992 . He was criticized as a johnny come lately opportunist who , unlike his two main opposition presidential election opponents in that year , Kenneth Matiba and Jaramogi",
"title": "Mwai Kibaki"
},
{
"text": "Oginga Odinga , was taking advantage of multiparty despite not having fought for it .",
"title": "Mwai Kibaki"
},
{
"text": " Kibaki came third in the subsequent presidential elections of 1992 , when the divided opposition lost to president Moi and KANU despite having received more than two-thirds of the vote . He then came second to Moi in the 1997 elections , when again , Moi beat a divided opposition to retain the presidency . In January 1998 , Kibaki became the leader of the official opposition with the Democratic Party being the official opposition party in Parliament . 2002 elections .",
"title": "Mwai Kibaki"
},
{
"text": "In preparation for the 2002 elections , Kibakis Democratic Party affiliated with several other opposition parties to form National Alliance Rainbow Coalition ( NARC ) . A group of disappointed KANU presidential aspirants then quit KANU in protest after being overlooked by outgoing President Moi when Moi had founding Father Jomo Kenyattas son , Uhuru Kenyatta ( now Kibakis successor as Kenyas 4th President after the 2013 General Election ) , nominated to be the KANU presidential candidate , and hurriedly formed the Liberal Democratic Party ( LDP ) . NAK later combined with the LDP to form the National",
"title": "Mwai Kibaki"
},
{
"text": "Rainbow Coalition ( NARC ) . On 14 October 2002 , at a large opposition rally in Uhuru Park , Nairobi , Kibaki was nominated the NARC opposition alliance presidential candidate after Raila Odinga made the famous declaration , Kibaki Tosha !",
"title": "Mwai Kibaki"
},
{
"text": "On 3 December 2002 , Kibaki was injured in a road accident while on his way back to Nairobi from a campaign meeting at Machakos junction From Nairobi . He was subsequently hospitalized in Nairobi , then London , after sustaining fracture injuries in the accident . He still walks rather awkwardly as a result of those injuries . The rest of his presidential campaign was thus conducted by his NARC colleagues in his absence , led by Raila Odinga and Kijana Wamalwa ( who went on to become the Vice President ) who campaigned tirelessly for Kibaki after stating",
"title": "Mwai Kibaki"
},
{
"text": ", The captain has been injured in the field.. . but the rest of the team shall continue .",
"title": "Mwai Kibaki"
},
{
"text": " On 27 December 2002 , Kibaki and NARC won a landslide victory over KANU , with Kibaki getting 62% of the votes in the presidential elections , against only 31% for the KANU candidate Uhuru Kenyatta .",
"title": "Mwai Kibaki"
},
{
"text": " 2002 : Swearing-in , end of KANU rule , retirement of Moi . On 29 December 2002 , still nursing injuries from the motor vehicle accident and in a wheel chair , Mwai Kibaki was sworn-in as the third President and Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Kenya . At his inauguration , he stressed his opposition to government corruption , saying : Government will no longer be run on the whims of individuals . Thus ended four decades of KANU rule , KANU having hitherto ruled Kenya since independence .",
"title": "Presidency"
},
{
"text": "Kenyas 2nd President , Daniel Arap Moi , who had been in power for 24 years since 1978 as an African Big man President , also began his retirement .",
"title": "Presidency"
},
{
"text": " President Kibakis style was that of a low key publicity averse but highly intelligent and competent technocrat . He , unlike his predecessors , never tried to establish a personality cult ; never had his portrait on every unit of Kenyas currency ; never had all manner of streets , places and institutions named after him ; never had state sanctioned praise songs composed in his honor ; never dominated news bulletins with reports of his presidential activities - however routine or mundane ; and never engaged in the populist sloganeering of his predecessors .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": "His style of leadership has given him the image of a seemingly aloof , withdrawn technocrat or intellectual and has made him seem out of touch with the street , and his seemingly hands-off leadership-by-delegation style made his governments , especially at cabinet level , seem dysfunctional .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": " First term health issues . It is widely acknowledged that age and the 2002 accident denied the country the witty , sporty , eloquent Kibaki of the previous years . A man who could make lengthy and flowery contributions on the floor of Parliament without notes was confined to reading speeches at every forum .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": "In late January 2003 , it was announced that the President had been admitted to Nairobi Hospital to have a blood clot– the after-effect of his car accident– removed from his leg . He came out of hospital and addressed the public outside the hospital on TV in a visibly incoherent manner , and speculation since then is that he had suffered a stroke , his second , the first being said to have occurred sometimes in the 1970s . His subsequent ill health greatly diminished his performance during his first term and the affairs of government during that time",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": "are said to have been largely run by a group of loyal aides , both in and out of government . Kibaki did not look well , for instance , when he appeared live on TV on 25 September 2003 to appoint Moody Awori Vice President after the death in office of Vice President , Michael Wamalwa Kijana .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": " 2003 : Free primary education . In January 2003 , Kibaki introduced a free primary education initiative , which brought over 1 million children who would not have been able to afford school the chance to attend . The initiative received positive attention , including praise from Bill Clinton , who would travel to Kenya to meet Kibaki . 2005 : Constitutional referendum , the NARC fallout and government of national unity .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": "The 2005 Kenyan constitutional referendum was held on 21 November 2005 . The main issue of contention in the Constitution review process was how much power should be vested in the Kenyan Presidency . In previous drafts , those who feared a concentration of power in the president added provisions for European-style power-sharing between a ceremonial President elected via universal suffrage and an executive Prime Minister elected by Parliament . The draft presented by the Attorney General Amos Wako for the referendum retained sweeping powers for the Presidency .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": " Though Kibaki the proposal , some members of his own cabinet , mainly from the Liberal Democratic Party ( LDP ) wing led by Raila Odinga , allied with the main opposition party KANU to mobilize a powerful NO campaign that resulted in a majority of 58% of voters rejecting the draft .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": "As a consequence of , and immediately after , the referendum loss , on 23 November 2005 , Kibaki dismissed his entire cabinet in the middle of his administrations term , with the aim of purging all Raila-allied ministers from the cabinet . About his decision Kibaki said , Following the results of the Referendum , it has become necessary for me , as the President of the Republic , to re-organize my Government to make it more cohesive and better able to serve the people of Kenya . The only members of the cabinet office to be spared a",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": "midterm exit were the Vice President and Minister of Home Affairs , Moody Awori , and the Attorney General whose position is constitutionally protected . A new cabinet of Kibaki loyalists , including MPs from the opposition , termed the Government of National Unity ( GNU ) , was thereafter appointed , but some MPs who were offered ministerial positions declined to take up posts .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": " A report by a Kenyan Commission of Inquiry , the Waki Commission , contextualises some issues . They reported that Kibaki , after agreeing to an informal Memorandum of Understanding ( MoU ) to create the post of Prime Minister , reneged on this pact after being elected . They cite criticism of Kibaki neglecting his pre-election agreement , leaving the public to identify it as an attempt by the Kibaki Government to keep power to itself rather than share it . 2007 : Elections .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": "On 26 January 2007 , President Kibaki declared his intention of running for re-election in the 2007 presidential election . On 16 September 2007 , Kibaki announced that he would stand as the candidate of a new alliance incorporating all the parties who supported his re-election , called the Party of National Unity . The parties in his alliance included the much diminished former ruling KANU , DP , Narc-Kenya , Ford-Kenya , Ford People , and Shirikisho .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": " Kibakis main opponent , Raila Odinga , had used the referendum victory to launch the ODM , which nominated him as its presidential Candidate for the 2007 elections . On 30 September 2007 , a robust and much healthier President Kibaki launched his presidential campaign at Nyayo Stadium , Nairobi .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": "Kalonzo Musyoka then broke away from Railas ODM to mount his own fringe bid for the presidency , thus narrowing down the contest between the main candidates , Kibaki , the incumbent , and Odinga . Opinion polls up to election day showed Kibaki behind Raila Odinga nationally , but closing . On regional analysis , the polls showed him behind Raila in all regions of the country except Central Province , Embu and Meru , where he was projected to take most of the votes , and behind Kalonzo Musyoka in Kalonzos native Ukambani . It was thus projected",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": "to be a close election between Kibaki and Raila .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": " The election was held on 27 December 2007 . Kibaki won and was sworn in what remains to be a contentious issue at twilight . 2007–2008 : Results dispute and post-election violence .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": "Three days later , after a protracted count which saw presidential results in Kibakis Central Kenya come in last , allegedly inflated , in a cloud of suspicion and rising tensions , amid vehement protests by Railas ODM , overnight re-tallying of results and chaotic scenes , all beamed live on TV , at the national tallying center at the Kenyatta International Conference Center in Nairobi , riot police eventually sealed off the tallying Center ahead of the result announcement , evicted party agents , observers and the media , and moved the Chairman of the Electoral Commission , Samuel",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": "Kivuitu , to another room where Kivuitu went on to declare Kibaki the winner by 4,584,721 votes to Odingas 4,352,993 , placing Kibaki ahead of Odinga by about 232,000 votes in the hotly contested election with Kalonzo Musyoka a distant third .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": " One hour later , in a hastily convened dusk ceremony , Kibaki was sworn in at the grounds of State House Nairobi for his second term , defiantly calling for the verdict of the people to be respected and for healing and reconciliation to begin . This arose tension and led to protests by a huge number of Kenyans who felt that Kibaki had refused to respect the verdict of the people and was now forcibly remaining in office .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": "Immediately the results were announced , Odinga bitterly accused Kibaki of electoral fraud . Odingas allegations scored with his supporters , and seemed meritorious since the results had defied pre-election polls and expectations and election day exit polls . Furthermore , Odinga , who had campaigned against the concentration of political power in the hands of Kikuyu politicians , had won the votes of most of the other Kenyan tribes and regions , with Kibakis victory being attained only with the near exclusive support of the populous Kikuyu , Meru and Embu communities-who had turned up to vote for Kibaki",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": "in large numbers after feeling , in reaction to the Odinga campaign , and with the covert encouragement of the Kibaki campaign , increasingly besieged and threatened by the pro-Odinga tribes . Moreover , ODM had won the most parliamentary and local authority seats by a wide margin . A joint statement by the British Foreign Office and Department for International Development cited real concerns over irregularities , while international observers refused to declare the election free and fair . The European Union chief observer , Alexander Graf Lambsdorff , cited one constituency where his monitors saw official results for",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": "Kibaki that were 25,000 votes lower than the figure subsequently announced by the Electoral Commission , leading him to doubt the accuracy of the announced results .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": " It was reported that Kibaki , who had previously been perceived as an old-school gentleman , had revealed a steely side when he swore himself in within an hour of being announced the victor of the highly contested election—one where the results were largely in question . Odingas supporters said he would be declared president at a rival ceremony on Monday , but police banned the event .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": "Koki Muli , the head of local watchdog , the Institute of Education in Democracy , said called the day the saddest...in the history of democracy in this country and a coup detat .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": "Opposition supporters saw the result as a plot by Kibakis Kikuyu tribe , Kenyas largest , to keep power by any means . The tribes that lost the election were upset at the prospect of five years without political power , and anti-Kikuyu sentiment swelled , spawning the 2007–2008 Kenyan crisis , as violence broke out in several places in the country , started by the ODM supporters protesting the stealing of their victory , and subsequently escalating as the targeted Kikuyus retaliated . As unrest spread , television and radio stations were instructed to stop all live broadcasts .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": "There was widespread theft , vandalism , looting and destruction of property , and a significant number of atrocities , killings and sexual violence reported .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": " The violence continued for more than two months , as Kibaki ruled with half a cabinet he had appointed , with Odinga and ODM refusing to recognize him as president .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": "When the election was eventually investigated by the Independent Review Commission ( IREC ) on the 2007 Elections chaired by Justice Johann Kriegler , it was found that there were too many electoral malpractices from several regions perpetrated by all the contesting parties to conclusively establish which candidate won the December 2007 Presidential elections . Such malpractices included widespread bribery , vote buying , intimidation and ballot stuffing by both sides , as well as incompetence from the Electoral Commission of Kenya ( ECK ) , which was shortly thereafter disbanded by the new Parliament .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": " 2008 : National accord and Grand Coalition Government . The Country was only saved by the mediation of former United Nations Secretary General Kofi Annan with a Panel of Eminent African Personalities backed by the African Union , the United States and the United Kingdom .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": "Following the mediation , a deal , called the national accord , was signed in February 2008 between Raila Odinga and Kibaki , now referred to as the two Principals . The accord , later passed by the Kenyan Parliament as the National Accord and Reconciliation Act 2008 provided inter alia for power-sharing , with Kibaki remaining President and Raila Odinga taking a newly re-created post of Prime Minister .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": " On 17 April 2008 , Raila Odinga was sworn in as Prime Minister , along with a power-sharing Cabinet , with 42 ministers and 50 assistant ministers , Kenyas largest ever . The cabinet was fifty percent Kibaki appointed ministers and fifty percent Raila appointed ministers , and was in reality a carefully balanced ethnic coalition . The arrangement , which also included Kalonzo Musyoka as vice president , was known as the Grand Coalition Government . Economic legacy : turnaround .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": "The Kibaki presidency set itself the main task of reviving and turning round country after years of stagnation and economic mismanagement during the Moi years – a feat faced with several challenges , including the aftermath of the Nyayo Era ( Moi Presidency ) , western donor fatigue , the Presidents ill health during his first term , political tension culminating in the break-up of the NARC coalition , the 2007–2008 post election violence , the 2007–2008 Global Financial crisis , and a tenuous relationship with his coalition partner , Raila Odinga , during his second term .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": " President Kibaki , the economist whose term as Finance minister in the 1970s is widely celebrated as outstanding , did much as president to repair the damage done to the countrys economy during the 24-year reign of his predecessor , President Moi . Compared to the Moi years , Kenya was much better managed , by far more competent public sector personnel , and was much transformed .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": "Kenyas economy in the Kibaki years experienced a major turnaround . GDP growth picked up from a low 0.6% ( real −1.6% ) in 2002 to 3% in 2003 , 4.9% in 2004 , 5.8% in 2005 , 6% in 2006 and 7% 2007 , then after the post election chaos and Global Financial Crisis—2008 ( 1.7% ) and 2009 ( 2.6% ) , recovered to 5% in 2010 and 5% in 2011 .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": "Development was resumed in all areas of the country , including the hitherto neglected and largely undeveloped semi-arid or arid north . Many sectors of the economy recovered from total collapse pre-2003 . Numerous state corporations that had collapsed during the Moi years were revived and have begun performing profitably . The telecommunications sector boomed . Rebuilding , modernisation and expansion of infrastructure began in earnest , with several ambitious infrastructural and other projects , such as the Thika Superhighway , which would have been seen as unattainable during the Moi years , completed . The countrys cities and towns",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": "also began being positively renewed and transformed .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": "The Constituency Development Fund ( CDF ) was also introduced in 2003 . The fund was designed to support constituency-level , grass-root development projects . It was aimed to achieve equitable distribution of development resources across regions and to control imbalances in regional development brought about by partisan politics . It targeted all constituency-level development projects , particularly those aiming to combat poverty at the grassroots . The CDF programme has facilitated the putting up of new water , health and education facilities in all parts of the country including remote areas that were usually overlooked during funds allocation in",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": "national budgets . CDF was the first step towards the devolved system of government introduced by the 2010 Constitution , by which Local Government structures were Constitutionally redesigned , enhanced and strengthened .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": " President Kibaki also oversaw the creation of Kenyas Vision 2030 , a long-term development plan aimed at raising GDP growth to 10% annually and transforming Kenya into a middle income country by 2030 , which he unveiled on 30 October 2006 .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": "The Kibaki regime also saw a reduction of Kenyas dependence on western donor aid , with the country being increasingly funded by internally generated resources such as increased tax revenue collection . Relations with China , Japan and other non-western powers improved and expanded remarkably in the Kibaki years . China and Japan especially , the Asian Tigers such as Malaysia and Singapore , Brazil , the Middle East and to a lesser extent , South Africa , Libya , other African Countries , and even Iran , became increasingly important economic partners .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": "President Kibaki was accused of ruling with a small group of his elderly peers , mainly from the educated side of the Kikuyu elite that emerged in the Kenyatta era , usually referred to as the Kitchen Cabinet or the Mount Kenya Mafia . There was therefore the perception that his was a Kikuyu presidency . This perception was reinforced when the President was seen to have trashed the pre- 2002 election Memorandum of Understanding with the Raila Odinga-led Liberal Democratic Party , and was further reinforced by his disputed 2007 election victory over the Raila Odinga led ODM Party",
"title": "Political legacy"
},
{
"text": "being achieved nearly exclusively with the votes of the populous Mt . Kenya Kikuyu , Meru and Embu communities .",
"title": "Political legacy"
},
{
"text": " The Commission of Inquiry into Post Election Violence ( CIPEV ) put it thus :",
"title": "Political legacy"
},
{
"text": "The post election violence [ in early 2008 ] therefore is , in part , a consequence of the failure of President Kibaki and his first Government to exert political control over the country or to maintain sufficient legitimacy as would have allowed a civilised contest with him at the polls to be possible . Kibakis regime failed to unite the country , and allowed feelings of marginalisation to fester into what became the post election violence . He and his then Government were complacent in the support they considered they would receive in any election from the majority Kikuyu",
"title": "Political legacy"
},
{
"text": "community and failed to heed the views of the legitimate leaders of other communities .",
"title": "Political legacy"
},
{
"text": "Critics posit that President Kibaki failed to take advantage of the 2002 popular mandate for a complete break with the past and fix the politics largely mobilized along ethnic interests . .. . when we achieved and the new world dawned , the old men came out again and took our victory to re-make in the likeness of the former world they knew . Elected in 2002 on a reform platform , Kibaki was seen to have re-established the status quo ante . His opponents charged that a major aim of his presidency was the preservation of the privileged position",
"title": "Political legacy"
},
{
"text": "of the elite that emerged during the Kenyatta years , of which he was part .",
"title": "Political legacy"
},
{
"text": " I the sum total , the Kibaki Presidency did not do nearly enough to address the problem of tribalism in Kenya . Lawyer George Kegoro , in an article published in the Daily Nation newspaper on 12 April 2013 summarized the Kibaki Political Legacy thus:-",
"title": "Political legacy"
},
{
"text": "Kibaki was , by far , a better manager of the economy than Moi before him . He brought order to the management of public affairs , a departure from the rather informal style that characterised the Moi regime . Kibakis push for free primary education remains an important achievement , as will the revival of key economic institutions such as the Kenya Meat Commission and the Kenya Cooperative Creameries , ruined during the Moi-era . .. . However , Kibaki was not all success . Having come to power in 2003 on an anti-corruption platform , he set up",
"title": "Political legacy"
},
{
"text": "two commissions , the Bosire Commission on the Goldenberg scandal and the Ndungu Commission , which investigated irregular land allocation . However , the reports were not implemented . Further , the Kibaki administration was rocked by a corruption scandal of its own , the Anglo Leasing scam , involving his close associates . John Githongo , an inspired appointment by Kibaki for an anti-corruption czar , resigned from the government in 2005 , citing lack of support from the president . As he leaves office , therefore , the fight against corruption remains unfulfilled . .. . But ,",
"title": "Political legacy"
},
{
"text": "perhaps , the most controversial aspect of the Kibaki tenure will always be his relationship with senior politicians of his day , particularly Raila Odinga and Kalonzo Musyoka . The context of this complex relationship includes the post-election violence of 2007 , whose roots go back to the dishonoured Memorandum of Understanding between Kibaki and Raila in 2002 . The quarrel over the MoU directly led to the break-up of the Narc government , after which Kibaki showed Odinga the door and invited the opposition to rule with him . The effect was that the opposition , rejected at the",
"title": "Political legacy"
},
{
"text": "polls , joined government while Railas faction , validly elected to power , was consigned to the opposition . .. . To the supporters of Raila and Kalonzo , Kibaki will be remembered as a person who did not keep political promises .",
"title": "Political legacy"
},
{
"text": " Failure to tame corruption . Though president Kibaki was never personally accused of corruption , and managed to virtually end the grabbing of public land rampant in the Moi and Kenyatta eras , he was unable to adequately contain Kenyas widely entrenched culture of endemic corruption . Michela Wrong describes the situation thus :",
"title": "Political legacy"
},
{
"text": "Whether expressed in the petty bribes the average Kenyan had to pay each week to fat-bellied policemen and local councillors , the jobs for the boys doled out by civil servants and politicians on strictly tribal lines , or the massive scams perpetrated by the countrys ruling elite , corruption had become endemic . Eating , as Kenyans dubbed the gorging on state resources by the well-connected , had crippled the nation . In the corruption indices drawn up by the anti-graft organisation Transparency International , Kenya routinely trail [ s ] near the bottom .. . viewed as only",
"title": "Political legacy"
},
{
"text": "slightly less sleazy than Nigeria or Pakistan .. .",
"title": "Political legacy"
},
{
"text": " The Daily Nation , in an article published on 4 March 2013 titled End of a decade of highs and lows for Mwai Kibaki summarised it thus :",
"title": "Political legacy"
},
{
"text": "For a leader who was popularly swept into power in 2002 on an anti-corruption platform , Kibakis tenure saw graft scandals where hundreds of millions of shillings were siphoned from public coffers . Kibakis National Rainbow Coalition – which took power from the authoritarian rule of Daniel arap Moi—was welcomed for its promises of change and economic growth , but soon showed that it was better suited to treading established paths .",
"title": "Political legacy"
},
{
"text": " The initial response to corruption was very solid .. . but it became clear after a while that these scams reached all the way to the president himself , said Kenyas former anti-corruption chief John Githongo in Michela Wrongs book Its Our Turn to Eat . Most notorious of a raft of graft scandals was the multi-billion shilling Anglo Leasing case , which emerged in 2004 and involved public cash being paid to a complicated web of foreign companies for a range of services—including naval ships and passports—that never materialised . 2010 Constitution .",
"title": "Political legacy"
},
{
"text": "However , the passage of Kenyas transformative 2010 Constitution , successfully championed by President Kibaki in the Kenyan constitutional referendum in 2010 was a major triumph and achievement , which went a long way into addressing Kenyas governance and institutional challenges . With the new Constitution started wide-ranging institutional and legislative reforms , which President Kibaki skilfully and successfully steered in the final years of this presidency.His greatest moment was the promulgation of the new Constitution.. . It was a very deep and emotional moment for him , Kibakis son Jimmy was quoted as saying .",
"title": "Political legacy"
},
{
"text": " 2013 : Power handover . A proud looking but rather worn President Kibaki handed over the Kenyan presidency to his successor , Uhuru Kenyatta , on 9 April 2013 at a public inauguration ceremony held at Kenyas largest stadium . I am happy to pass the torch of leadership to the new generation of leaders , said Kibaki . He also thanked his family and all Kenyans for the support they had given him throughout his tenure in office , and cited the various achievements his government made .",
"title": "Political legacy"
},
{
"text": "The handover marked the end of his presidency and of his 50 years of public service .",
"title": "Political legacy"
},
{
"text": " President Kibaki was married to Lucy Muthoni from 1961 until her death in 2016 . They have four children : Judy Wanjiku , Jimmy Kibaki , David Kagai , and Tony Githinji . They also have several grandchildren : Joy Jamie Marie , Rachael Muthoni,Mwai Junior and Krystinaa Muthoni . Jimmy Kibaki did have , so far unsuccessful , designs to be his fathers political heir .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "In 2004 , the media reported that Kibaki has a second spouse , whom he allegedly married under customary law , Mary Wambui , and a daughter , Wangui Mwai . State House in response released an unsigned statement that Kibakis only immediate family at the time was his then wife , Lucy , and their four children . In 2009 , Kibaki , with Lucy in close attendance , held an odd press conference to re-state publicly that he only has one wife . The matter of Kibakis alleged mistress , and his wifes usually dramatic public reactions thereto",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": ", provided an embarrassing side-show during his presidency , with the Washington Post terming the entire scandal as a new Kenyan soap opera .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Ms . Wambui , the rather popular other woman , who enjoyed the state trappings of a Presidential spouse and became a powerful and wealthy business-woman during the Kibaki Presidency , frequently drove Lucy into episodes of highly embarrassing very publicly displayed rage . Ms . Wambui , despite opposition from Kibakis family , led publicly by Kibakis son , Jimmy , and despite Kibakis public endorsement and campaign for her opponent , succeeded Kibaki as Member of Parliament for Othaya in the 2013 General Election . In December 2014 , Senator Bonny Khalwale stated on KTNs Jeff Koinange Live",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "that President Kibaki had introduced Wambui as his wife .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Kibaki enjoys playing golf and is a member of the Muthaiga Golf Club . He is a practicing and a very committed member of the Roman Catholic Church and attends Consolata Shrines Catholic Church in Nairobi every Sunday at noon . On 21 August 2016 , Kibaki was taken to Karen Hospital , and later flew to South Africa for specialized treatment .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Mwai Kibaki official website - Profile of His Excellency Hon . Mwai Kibaki - Profile of President Mwai Kibaki",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Mwai_Kibaki#P39#1
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What position did Mwai Kibaki take in Jul 1979?
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Mwai Kibaki Emilio Stanley Mwai Kibaki , C.G.H . ( born 15 November 1931 ) is a Kenyan politician who was the third President of Kenya , serving from December 2002 until April 2013 . He had previously served as the fourth Vice-President of Kenya for ten years from 1978 to 1988 under President Daniel arap Moi . He also held cabinet ministerial positions in the Kenyatta and Moi governments , including time as minister for Finance ( 1969–1981 ) under Kenyatta , and Minister for Home Affairs ( 1982–1988 ) and Minister for Health ( 1988–1991 ) under Moi . Kibaki served as an opposition Member of Parliament from 1992 to 2002 . He unsuccessfully vied for the presidency in 1992 and 1997 . He served as the Leader of the Official Opposition in Parliament from 1998 to 2002 . In the 2002 presidential election , he was elected as President of Kenya . Early life and education . Kibaki was born in 1931 in Thunguri village , Othaya division of Kenyas then Nyeri District , now Nyeri County . He is the youngest son of Kikuyu peasants Kibaki Gĩthĩnji and Teresia Wanjikũ . Though baptised as Emilio Stanley by Italian missionaries in his youth , he has been known as Mwai Kibaki throughout his public life . Family oral history maintains that his early education was made possible by his much older brother-in-law , Paul Muruthi , who insisted that young Mwai should go to school instead of spending his days grazing his fathers sheep and cattle and baby-sitting his little nephews and nieces for his older sister . Kibaki turned out to be an exemplary student . He attended Gatuyainĩ School for the first two years , where he completed what was then called Sub A and sub B ( the equivalent of standard one and two or first and second grade ) . He later joined Karima mission school for the three more classes of primary school . He later moved to Mathari School ( now Nyeri High School ) between 1944 and 1946 for Standard four to six , where , in addition to his academic studies , he learnt carpentry and masonry as students would repair furniture and provide material for maintaining the schools buildings . He also grew his own food as all students in the school were expected to do , and earned extra money during the school holidays by working as a conductor on buses operated by the defunct Othaya African Bus Union . After Karima Primary and Nyeri Boarding primary schools , he proceeded to Mangu High School where he studied between 1947 and 1950 . He passed with a maximum of six points in his O level examination by passing six subjects with Grade 1 Distinction . Influenced by the veterans of the First and Second World Wars in his native village , Kibaki considered becoming a soldier in his final year in Mangu . However , a ruling by the Chief colonial secretary , Walter Coutts , which barred the recruitment of the Kikuyu , Embu and Meru communities into the army , put paid to his military aspirations . Kibaki instead attended Makerere University in Kampala , Uganda , where he studied Economics , History and Political Science , and graduated best in his class in 1955 with a First Class Honours Degree ( BA ) in Economics . After his graduation , Kibaki took up an appointment as Assistant Sales Manager Shell Company of East Africa , Uganda Division . During the same year , he earned a scholarship entitling him to postgraduate studies in any British University . He consequently enrolled at the prestigious London School of Economics for a BSc in public finance , graduating with a distinction . He went back to Makerere in 1958 where he taught as an Assistant Lecturer in the economics department until 1961 . In 1961 , Kibaki married Lucy Muthoni , the daughter of a church minister , who was then a secondary school head teacher . Political career prior to presidency . 1960–2002 . In early 1960 , Mwai Kibaki left academia for active politics by giving up his job at Makerere and returning to Kenya to become an executive officer of Kenya African National Union ( KANU ) , at the request of Jaramogi Oginga Odinga ( who went on to become Kenyas first Vice President ) . Kibaki then helped to draft Kenyas independence constitution . In 1963 , Kibaki was elected as Member of Parliament for Donholm Constituency ( subsequently called Bahati and now known as Makadara ) in Nairobi . His election was the start of a long political career . In 1963 Kibaki was appointed the Permanent Secretary for the Treasury . Appointed Assistant Minister of Finance and chairman of the Economic Planning Commission in 1963 , he was promoted to Minister of Commerce and Industry in 1966 . In 1969 , he became Minister of Finance and Economic Planning where he served until 1982 . In 1974 , Kibaki , facing serious competition for his Donholm Constituency seat from a Mrs . Jael Mbogo , whom he had only narrowly and controversially beaten for the seat in the 1969 elections , moved his political base from Nairobi to his rural home , Othaya , where he was subsequently elected as Member of Parliament . The same year Time magazine rated him among the top 100 people in the world who had the potential to lead . He has been re-elected Member of Parliament for Othaya in the subsequent elections of 1979 , 1983 , 1988 , 1992 , 1997 , 2002 and 2007 . When Daniel arap Moi succeeded Jomo Kenyatta as President of Kenya in 1978 , Kibaki was elevated to Vice Presidency , and kept the Finance portfolio until Moi changed his ministerial portfolio from Finance to Home Affairs in 1982 . When Kibaki was the minister of Finance Kenya enjoyed a period of relative prosperity , fueled by a commodities boom , especially coffee , with remarkable fiscal discipline and sound monetary policies . Kibaki fell out of favor with President Moi in March 1988 , and was dropped as vice president and moved to the Ministry of Health . He seemingly took the demotion in his stride without much ado . Kibakis political style during these years was described as gentlemanly and non-confrontational . This style exposed him to criticism that he was a spineless , or even cowardly , politician who never took a stand : according to one joke , He never saw a fence he didnt sit on . He also , as the political circumstances of the time dictated , projected himself as a loyal stalwart of the ruling single party , KANU . In the months before multi-party politics were introduced in 1992 , he infamously declared that agitating for multi-party democracy and trying to dislodge KANU from power was like trying to cut down a fig tree with a razor blade . It was therefore with great surprise that the country received the news of Kibakis resignation from government and leaving KANU on Christmas Day in December 1991 , only days after the repeal of Section 2A of the Constitution , which restored the multi-party system of government . Soon after his resignation , Kibaki founded the Democratic Party ( DP ) and entered the presidential race in the upcoming multi-party elections of 1992 . He was criticized as a johnny come lately opportunist who , unlike his two main opposition presidential election opponents in that year , Kenneth Matiba and Jaramogi Oginga Odinga , was taking advantage of multiparty despite not having fought for it . Kibaki came third in the subsequent presidential elections of 1992 , when the divided opposition lost to president Moi and KANU despite having received more than two-thirds of the vote . He then came second to Moi in the 1997 elections , when again , Moi beat a divided opposition to retain the presidency . In January 1998 , Kibaki became the leader of the official opposition with the Democratic Party being the official opposition party in Parliament . 2002 elections . In preparation for the 2002 elections , Kibakis Democratic Party affiliated with several other opposition parties to form National Alliance Rainbow Coalition ( NARC ) . A group of disappointed KANU presidential aspirants then quit KANU in protest after being overlooked by outgoing President Moi when Moi had founding Father Jomo Kenyattas son , Uhuru Kenyatta ( now Kibakis successor as Kenyas 4th President after the 2013 General Election ) , nominated to be the KANU presidential candidate , and hurriedly formed the Liberal Democratic Party ( LDP ) . NAK later combined with the LDP to form the National Rainbow Coalition ( NARC ) . On 14 October 2002 , at a large opposition rally in Uhuru Park , Nairobi , Kibaki was nominated the NARC opposition alliance presidential candidate after Raila Odinga made the famous declaration , Kibaki Tosha ! On 3 December 2002 , Kibaki was injured in a road accident while on his way back to Nairobi from a campaign meeting at Machakos junction From Nairobi . He was subsequently hospitalized in Nairobi , then London , after sustaining fracture injuries in the accident . He still walks rather awkwardly as a result of those injuries . The rest of his presidential campaign was thus conducted by his NARC colleagues in his absence , led by Raila Odinga and Kijana Wamalwa ( who went on to become the Vice President ) who campaigned tirelessly for Kibaki after stating , The captain has been injured in the field.. . but the rest of the team shall continue . On 27 December 2002 , Kibaki and NARC won a landslide victory over KANU , with Kibaki getting 62% of the votes in the presidential elections , against only 31% for the KANU candidate Uhuru Kenyatta . Presidency . 2002 : Swearing-in , end of KANU rule , retirement of Moi . On 29 December 2002 , still nursing injuries from the motor vehicle accident and in a wheel chair , Mwai Kibaki was sworn-in as the third President and Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Kenya . At his inauguration , he stressed his opposition to government corruption , saying : Government will no longer be run on the whims of individuals . Thus ended four decades of KANU rule , KANU having hitherto ruled Kenya since independence . Kenyas 2nd President , Daniel Arap Moi , who had been in power for 24 years since 1978 as an African Big man President , also began his retirement . Leadership style . President Kibakis style was that of a low key publicity averse but highly intelligent and competent technocrat . He , unlike his predecessors , never tried to establish a personality cult ; never had his portrait on every unit of Kenyas currency ; never had all manner of streets , places and institutions named after him ; never had state sanctioned praise songs composed in his honor ; never dominated news bulletins with reports of his presidential activities - however routine or mundane ; and never engaged in the populist sloganeering of his predecessors . His style of leadership has given him the image of a seemingly aloof , withdrawn technocrat or intellectual and has made him seem out of touch with the street , and his seemingly hands-off leadership-by-delegation style made his governments , especially at cabinet level , seem dysfunctional . First term health issues . It is widely acknowledged that age and the 2002 accident denied the country the witty , sporty , eloquent Kibaki of the previous years . A man who could make lengthy and flowery contributions on the floor of Parliament without notes was confined to reading speeches at every forum . In late January 2003 , it was announced that the President had been admitted to Nairobi Hospital to have a blood clot– the after-effect of his car accident– removed from his leg . He came out of hospital and addressed the public outside the hospital on TV in a visibly incoherent manner , and speculation since then is that he had suffered a stroke , his second , the first being said to have occurred sometimes in the 1970s . His subsequent ill health greatly diminished his performance during his first term and the affairs of government during that time are said to have been largely run by a group of loyal aides , both in and out of government . Kibaki did not look well , for instance , when he appeared live on TV on 25 September 2003 to appoint Moody Awori Vice President after the death in office of Vice President , Michael Wamalwa Kijana . 2003 : Free primary education . In January 2003 , Kibaki introduced a free primary education initiative , which brought over 1 million children who would not have been able to afford school the chance to attend . The initiative received positive attention , including praise from Bill Clinton , who would travel to Kenya to meet Kibaki . 2005 : Constitutional referendum , the NARC fallout and government of national unity . The 2005 Kenyan constitutional referendum was held on 21 November 2005 . The main issue of contention in the Constitution review process was how much power should be vested in the Kenyan Presidency . In previous drafts , those who feared a concentration of power in the president added provisions for European-style power-sharing between a ceremonial President elected via universal suffrage and an executive Prime Minister elected by Parliament . The draft presented by the Attorney General Amos Wako for the referendum retained sweeping powers for the Presidency . Though Kibaki the proposal , some members of his own cabinet , mainly from the Liberal Democratic Party ( LDP ) wing led by Raila Odinga , allied with the main opposition party KANU to mobilize a powerful NO campaign that resulted in a majority of 58% of voters rejecting the draft . As a consequence of , and immediately after , the referendum loss , on 23 November 2005 , Kibaki dismissed his entire cabinet in the middle of his administrations term , with the aim of purging all Raila-allied ministers from the cabinet . About his decision Kibaki said , Following the results of the Referendum , it has become necessary for me , as the President of the Republic , to re-organize my Government to make it more cohesive and better able to serve the people of Kenya . The only members of the cabinet office to be spared a midterm exit were the Vice President and Minister of Home Affairs , Moody Awori , and the Attorney General whose position is constitutionally protected . A new cabinet of Kibaki loyalists , including MPs from the opposition , termed the Government of National Unity ( GNU ) , was thereafter appointed , but some MPs who were offered ministerial positions declined to take up posts . A report by a Kenyan Commission of Inquiry , the Waki Commission , contextualises some issues . They reported that Kibaki , after agreeing to an informal Memorandum of Understanding ( MoU ) to create the post of Prime Minister , reneged on this pact after being elected . They cite criticism of Kibaki neglecting his pre-election agreement , leaving the public to identify it as an attempt by the Kibaki Government to keep power to itself rather than share it . 2007 : Elections . On 26 January 2007 , President Kibaki declared his intention of running for re-election in the 2007 presidential election . On 16 September 2007 , Kibaki announced that he would stand as the candidate of a new alliance incorporating all the parties who supported his re-election , called the Party of National Unity . The parties in his alliance included the much diminished former ruling KANU , DP , Narc-Kenya , Ford-Kenya , Ford People , and Shirikisho . Kibakis main opponent , Raila Odinga , had used the referendum victory to launch the ODM , which nominated him as its presidential Candidate for the 2007 elections . On 30 September 2007 , a robust and much healthier President Kibaki launched his presidential campaign at Nyayo Stadium , Nairobi . Kalonzo Musyoka then broke away from Railas ODM to mount his own fringe bid for the presidency , thus narrowing down the contest between the main candidates , Kibaki , the incumbent , and Odinga . Opinion polls up to election day showed Kibaki behind Raila Odinga nationally , but closing . On regional analysis , the polls showed him behind Raila in all regions of the country except Central Province , Embu and Meru , where he was projected to take most of the votes , and behind Kalonzo Musyoka in Kalonzos native Ukambani . It was thus projected to be a close election between Kibaki and Raila . The election was held on 27 December 2007 . Kibaki won and was sworn in what remains to be a contentious issue at twilight . 2007–2008 : Results dispute and post-election violence . Three days later , after a protracted count which saw presidential results in Kibakis Central Kenya come in last , allegedly inflated , in a cloud of suspicion and rising tensions , amid vehement protests by Railas ODM , overnight re-tallying of results and chaotic scenes , all beamed live on TV , at the national tallying center at the Kenyatta International Conference Center in Nairobi , riot police eventually sealed off the tallying Center ahead of the result announcement , evicted party agents , observers and the media , and moved the Chairman of the Electoral Commission , Samuel Kivuitu , to another room where Kivuitu went on to declare Kibaki the winner by 4,584,721 votes to Odingas 4,352,993 , placing Kibaki ahead of Odinga by about 232,000 votes in the hotly contested election with Kalonzo Musyoka a distant third . One hour later , in a hastily convened dusk ceremony , Kibaki was sworn in at the grounds of State House Nairobi for his second term , defiantly calling for the verdict of the people to be respected and for healing and reconciliation to begin . This arose tension and led to protests by a huge number of Kenyans who felt that Kibaki had refused to respect the verdict of the people and was now forcibly remaining in office . Immediately the results were announced , Odinga bitterly accused Kibaki of electoral fraud . Odingas allegations scored with his supporters , and seemed meritorious since the results had defied pre-election polls and expectations and election day exit polls . Furthermore , Odinga , who had campaigned against the concentration of political power in the hands of Kikuyu politicians , had won the votes of most of the other Kenyan tribes and regions , with Kibakis victory being attained only with the near exclusive support of the populous Kikuyu , Meru and Embu communities-who had turned up to vote for Kibaki in large numbers after feeling , in reaction to the Odinga campaign , and with the covert encouragement of the Kibaki campaign , increasingly besieged and threatened by the pro-Odinga tribes . Moreover , ODM had won the most parliamentary and local authority seats by a wide margin . A joint statement by the British Foreign Office and Department for International Development cited real concerns over irregularities , while international observers refused to declare the election free and fair . The European Union chief observer , Alexander Graf Lambsdorff , cited one constituency where his monitors saw official results for Kibaki that were 25,000 votes lower than the figure subsequently announced by the Electoral Commission , leading him to doubt the accuracy of the announced results . It was reported that Kibaki , who had previously been perceived as an old-school gentleman , had revealed a steely side when he swore himself in within an hour of being announced the victor of the highly contested election—one where the results were largely in question . Odingas supporters said he would be declared president at a rival ceremony on Monday , but police banned the event . Koki Muli , the head of local watchdog , the Institute of Education in Democracy , said called the day the saddest...in the history of democracy in this country and a coup detat . Opposition supporters saw the result as a plot by Kibakis Kikuyu tribe , Kenyas largest , to keep power by any means . The tribes that lost the election were upset at the prospect of five years without political power , and anti-Kikuyu sentiment swelled , spawning the 2007–2008 Kenyan crisis , as violence broke out in several places in the country , started by the ODM supporters protesting the stealing of their victory , and subsequently escalating as the targeted Kikuyus retaliated . As unrest spread , television and radio stations were instructed to stop all live broadcasts . There was widespread theft , vandalism , looting and destruction of property , and a significant number of atrocities , killings and sexual violence reported . The violence continued for more than two months , as Kibaki ruled with half a cabinet he had appointed , with Odinga and ODM refusing to recognize him as president . When the election was eventually investigated by the Independent Review Commission ( IREC ) on the 2007 Elections chaired by Justice Johann Kriegler , it was found that there were too many electoral malpractices from several regions perpetrated by all the contesting parties to conclusively establish which candidate won the December 2007 Presidential elections . Such malpractices included widespread bribery , vote buying , intimidation and ballot stuffing by both sides , as well as incompetence from the Electoral Commission of Kenya ( ECK ) , which was shortly thereafter disbanded by the new Parliament . 2008 : National accord and Grand Coalition Government . The Country was only saved by the mediation of former United Nations Secretary General Kofi Annan with a Panel of Eminent African Personalities backed by the African Union , the United States and the United Kingdom . Following the mediation , a deal , called the national accord , was signed in February 2008 between Raila Odinga and Kibaki , now referred to as the two Principals . The accord , later passed by the Kenyan Parliament as the National Accord and Reconciliation Act 2008 provided inter alia for power-sharing , with Kibaki remaining President and Raila Odinga taking a newly re-created post of Prime Minister . On 17 April 2008 , Raila Odinga was sworn in as Prime Minister , along with a power-sharing Cabinet , with 42 ministers and 50 assistant ministers , Kenyas largest ever . The cabinet was fifty percent Kibaki appointed ministers and fifty percent Raila appointed ministers , and was in reality a carefully balanced ethnic coalition . The arrangement , which also included Kalonzo Musyoka as vice president , was known as the Grand Coalition Government . Economic legacy : turnaround . The Kibaki presidency set itself the main task of reviving and turning round country after years of stagnation and economic mismanagement during the Moi years – a feat faced with several challenges , including the aftermath of the Nyayo Era ( Moi Presidency ) , western donor fatigue , the Presidents ill health during his first term , political tension culminating in the break-up of the NARC coalition , the 2007–2008 post election violence , the 2007–2008 Global Financial crisis , and a tenuous relationship with his coalition partner , Raila Odinga , during his second term . President Kibaki , the economist whose term as Finance minister in the 1970s is widely celebrated as outstanding , did much as president to repair the damage done to the countrys economy during the 24-year reign of his predecessor , President Moi . Compared to the Moi years , Kenya was much better managed , by far more competent public sector personnel , and was much transformed . Kenyas economy in the Kibaki years experienced a major turnaround . GDP growth picked up from a low 0.6% ( real −1.6% ) in 2002 to 3% in 2003 , 4.9% in 2004 , 5.8% in 2005 , 6% in 2006 and 7% 2007 , then after the post election chaos and Global Financial Crisis—2008 ( 1.7% ) and 2009 ( 2.6% ) , recovered to 5% in 2010 and 5% in 2011 . Development was resumed in all areas of the country , including the hitherto neglected and largely undeveloped semi-arid or arid north . Many sectors of the economy recovered from total collapse pre-2003 . Numerous state corporations that had collapsed during the Moi years were revived and have begun performing profitably . The telecommunications sector boomed . Rebuilding , modernisation and expansion of infrastructure began in earnest , with several ambitious infrastructural and other projects , such as the Thika Superhighway , which would have been seen as unattainable during the Moi years , completed . The countrys cities and towns also began being positively renewed and transformed . The Constituency Development Fund ( CDF ) was also introduced in 2003 . The fund was designed to support constituency-level , grass-root development projects . It was aimed to achieve equitable distribution of development resources across regions and to control imbalances in regional development brought about by partisan politics . It targeted all constituency-level development projects , particularly those aiming to combat poverty at the grassroots . The CDF programme has facilitated the putting up of new water , health and education facilities in all parts of the country including remote areas that were usually overlooked during funds allocation in national budgets . CDF was the first step towards the devolved system of government introduced by the 2010 Constitution , by which Local Government structures were Constitutionally redesigned , enhanced and strengthened . President Kibaki also oversaw the creation of Kenyas Vision 2030 , a long-term development plan aimed at raising GDP growth to 10% annually and transforming Kenya into a middle income country by 2030 , which he unveiled on 30 October 2006 . The Kibaki regime also saw a reduction of Kenyas dependence on western donor aid , with the country being increasingly funded by internally generated resources such as increased tax revenue collection . Relations with China , Japan and other non-western powers improved and expanded remarkably in the Kibaki years . China and Japan especially , the Asian Tigers such as Malaysia and Singapore , Brazil , the Middle East and to a lesser extent , South Africa , Libya , other African Countries , and even Iran , became increasingly important economic partners . Political legacy . President Kibaki was accused of ruling with a small group of his elderly peers , mainly from the educated side of the Kikuyu elite that emerged in the Kenyatta era , usually referred to as the Kitchen Cabinet or the Mount Kenya Mafia . There was therefore the perception that his was a Kikuyu presidency . This perception was reinforced when the President was seen to have trashed the pre- 2002 election Memorandum of Understanding with the Raila Odinga-led Liberal Democratic Party , and was further reinforced by his disputed 2007 election victory over the Raila Odinga led ODM Party being achieved nearly exclusively with the votes of the populous Mt . Kenya Kikuyu , Meru and Embu communities . The Commission of Inquiry into Post Election Violence ( CIPEV ) put it thus : The post election violence [ in early 2008 ] therefore is , in part , a consequence of the failure of President Kibaki and his first Government to exert political control over the country or to maintain sufficient legitimacy as would have allowed a civilised contest with him at the polls to be possible . Kibakis regime failed to unite the country , and allowed feelings of marginalisation to fester into what became the post election violence . He and his then Government were complacent in the support they considered they would receive in any election from the majority Kikuyu community and failed to heed the views of the legitimate leaders of other communities . Critics posit that President Kibaki failed to take advantage of the 2002 popular mandate for a complete break with the past and fix the politics largely mobilized along ethnic interests . .. . when we achieved and the new world dawned , the old men came out again and took our victory to re-make in the likeness of the former world they knew . Elected in 2002 on a reform platform , Kibaki was seen to have re-established the status quo ante . His opponents charged that a major aim of his presidency was the preservation of the privileged position of the elite that emerged during the Kenyatta years , of which he was part . I the sum total , the Kibaki Presidency did not do nearly enough to address the problem of tribalism in Kenya . Lawyer George Kegoro , in an article published in the Daily Nation newspaper on 12 April 2013 summarized the Kibaki Political Legacy thus:- Kibaki was , by far , a better manager of the economy than Moi before him . He brought order to the management of public affairs , a departure from the rather informal style that characterised the Moi regime . Kibakis push for free primary education remains an important achievement , as will the revival of key economic institutions such as the Kenya Meat Commission and the Kenya Cooperative Creameries , ruined during the Moi-era . .. . However , Kibaki was not all success . Having come to power in 2003 on an anti-corruption platform , he set up two commissions , the Bosire Commission on the Goldenberg scandal and the Ndungu Commission , which investigated irregular land allocation . However , the reports were not implemented . Further , the Kibaki administration was rocked by a corruption scandal of its own , the Anglo Leasing scam , involving his close associates . John Githongo , an inspired appointment by Kibaki for an anti-corruption czar , resigned from the government in 2005 , citing lack of support from the president . As he leaves office , therefore , the fight against corruption remains unfulfilled . .. . But , perhaps , the most controversial aspect of the Kibaki tenure will always be his relationship with senior politicians of his day , particularly Raila Odinga and Kalonzo Musyoka . The context of this complex relationship includes the post-election violence of 2007 , whose roots go back to the dishonoured Memorandum of Understanding between Kibaki and Raila in 2002 . The quarrel over the MoU directly led to the break-up of the Narc government , after which Kibaki showed Odinga the door and invited the opposition to rule with him . The effect was that the opposition , rejected at the polls , joined government while Railas faction , validly elected to power , was consigned to the opposition . .. . To the supporters of Raila and Kalonzo , Kibaki will be remembered as a person who did not keep political promises . Failure to tame corruption . Though president Kibaki was never personally accused of corruption , and managed to virtually end the grabbing of public land rampant in the Moi and Kenyatta eras , he was unable to adequately contain Kenyas widely entrenched culture of endemic corruption . Michela Wrong describes the situation thus : Whether expressed in the petty bribes the average Kenyan had to pay each week to fat-bellied policemen and local councillors , the jobs for the boys doled out by civil servants and politicians on strictly tribal lines , or the massive scams perpetrated by the countrys ruling elite , corruption had become endemic . Eating , as Kenyans dubbed the gorging on state resources by the well-connected , had crippled the nation . In the corruption indices drawn up by the anti-graft organisation Transparency International , Kenya routinely trail [ s ] near the bottom .. . viewed as only slightly less sleazy than Nigeria or Pakistan .. . The Daily Nation , in an article published on 4 March 2013 titled End of a decade of highs and lows for Mwai Kibaki summarised it thus : For a leader who was popularly swept into power in 2002 on an anti-corruption platform , Kibakis tenure saw graft scandals where hundreds of millions of shillings were siphoned from public coffers . Kibakis National Rainbow Coalition – which took power from the authoritarian rule of Daniel arap Moi—was welcomed for its promises of change and economic growth , but soon showed that it was better suited to treading established paths . The initial response to corruption was very solid .. . but it became clear after a while that these scams reached all the way to the president himself , said Kenyas former anti-corruption chief John Githongo in Michela Wrongs book Its Our Turn to Eat . Most notorious of a raft of graft scandals was the multi-billion shilling Anglo Leasing case , which emerged in 2004 and involved public cash being paid to a complicated web of foreign companies for a range of services—including naval ships and passports—that never materialised . 2010 Constitution . However , the passage of Kenyas transformative 2010 Constitution , successfully championed by President Kibaki in the Kenyan constitutional referendum in 2010 was a major triumph and achievement , which went a long way into addressing Kenyas governance and institutional challenges . With the new Constitution started wide-ranging institutional and legislative reforms , which President Kibaki skilfully and successfully steered in the final years of this presidency.His greatest moment was the promulgation of the new Constitution.. . It was a very deep and emotional moment for him , Kibakis son Jimmy was quoted as saying . 2013 : Power handover . A proud looking but rather worn President Kibaki handed over the Kenyan presidency to his successor , Uhuru Kenyatta , on 9 April 2013 at a public inauguration ceremony held at Kenyas largest stadium . I am happy to pass the torch of leadership to the new generation of leaders , said Kibaki . He also thanked his family and all Kenyans for the support they had given him throughout his tenure in office , and cited the various achievements his government made . The handover marked the end of his presidency and of his 50 years of public service . Personal life . President Kibaki was married to Lucy Muthoni from 1961 until her death in 2016 . They have four children : Judy Wanjiku , Jimmy Kibaki , David Kagai , and Tony Githinji . They also have several grandchildren : Joy Jamie Marie , Rachael Muthoni,Mwai Junior and Krystinaa Muthoni . Jimmy Kibaki did have , so far unsuccessful , designs to be his fathers political heir . In 2004 , the media reported that Kibaki has a second spouse , whom he allegedly married under customary law , Mary Wambui , and a daughter , Wangui Mwai . State House in response released an unsigned statement that Kibakis only immediate family at the time was his then wife , Lucy , and their four children . In 2009 , Kibaki , with Lucy in close attendance , held an odd press conference to re-state publicly that he only has one wife . The matter of Kibakis alleged mistress , and his wifes usually dramatic public reactions thereto , provided an embarrassing side-show during his presidency , with the Washington Post terming the entire scandal as a new Kenyan soap opera . Ms . Wambui , the rather popular other woman , who enjoyed the state trappings of a Presidential spouse and became a powerful and wealthy business-woman during the Kibaki Presidency , frequently drove Lucy into episodes of highly embarrassing very publicly displayed rage . Ms . Wambui , despite opposition from Kibakis family , led publicly by Kibakis son , Jimmy , and despite Kibakis public endorsement and campaign for her opponent , succeeded Kibaki as Member of Parliament for Othaya in the 2013 General Election . In December 2014 , Senator Bonny Khalwale stated on KTNs Jeff Koinange Live that President Kibaki had introduced Wambui as his wife . Kibaki enjoys playing golf and is a member of the Muthaiga Golf Club . He is a practicing and a very committed member of the Roman Catholic Church and attends Consolata Shrines Catholic Church in Nairobi every Sunday at noon . On 21 August 2016 , Kibaki was taken to Karen Hospital , and later flew to South Africa for specialized treatment . External links . - Mwai Kibaki official website - Profile of His Excellency Hon . Mwai Kibaki - Profile of President Mwai Kibaki
|
[
"Vice President"
] |
[
{
"text": " Emilio Stanley Mwai Kibaki , C.G.H . ( born 15 November 1931 ) is a Kenyan politician who was the third President of Kenya , serving from December 2002 until April 2013 . He had previously served as the fourth Vice-President of Kenya for ten years from 1978 to 1988 under President Daniel arap Moi . He also held cabinet ministerial positions in the Kenyatta and Moi governments , including time as minister for Finance ( 1969–1981 ) under Kenyatta , and Minister for Home Affairs ( 1982–1988 ) and Minister for Health ( 1988–1991 ) under Moi .",
"title": "Mwai Kibaki"
},
{
"text": "Kibaki served as an opposition Member of Parliament from 1992 to 2002 . He unsuccessfully vied for the presidency in 1992 and 1997 . He served as the Leader of the Official Opposition in Parliament from 1998 to 2002 . In the 2002 presidential election , he was elected as President of Kenya .",
"title": "Mwai Kibaki"
},
{
"text": " Early life and education . Kibaki was born in 1931 in Thunguri village , Othaya division of Kenyas then Nyeri District , now Nyeri County . He is the youngest son of Kikuyu peasants Kibaki Gĩthĩnji and Teresia Wanjikũ . Though baptised as Emilio Stanley by Italian missionaries in his youth , he has been known as Mwai Kibaki throughout his public life .",
"title": "Mwai Kibaki"
},
{
"text": "Family oral history maintains that his early education was made possible by his much older brother-in-law , Paul Muruthi , who insisted that young Mwai should go to school instead of spending his days grazing his fathers sheep and cattle and baby-sitting his little nephews and nieces for his older sister . Kibaki turned out to be an exemplary student . He attended Gatuyainĩ School for the first two years , where he completed what was then called Sub A and sub B ( the equivalent of standard one and two or first and second grade ) . He later",
"title": "Mwai Kibaki"
},
{
"text": "joined Karima mission school for the three more classes of primary school . He later moved to Mathari School ( now Nyeri High School ) between 1944 and 1946 for Standard four to six , where , in addition to his academic studies , he learnt carpentry and masonry as students would repair furniture and provide material for maintaining the schools buildings . He also grew his own food as all students in the school were expected to do , and earned extra money during the school holidays by working as a conductor on buses operated by the defunct Othaya",
"title": "Mwai Kibaki"
},
{
"text": "African Bus Union . After Karima Primary and Nyeri Boarding primary schools , he proceeded to Mangu High School where he studied between 1947 and 1950 . He passed with a maximum of six points in his O level examination by passing six subjects with Grade 1 Distinction .",
"title": "Mwai Kibaki"
},
{
"text": "Influenced by the veterans of the First and Second World Wars in his native village , Kibaki considered becoming a soldier in his final year in Mangu . However , a ruling by the Chief colonial secretary , Walter Coutts , which barred the recruitment of the Kikuyu , Embu and Meru communities into the army , put paid to his military aspirations . Kibaki instead attended Makerere University in Kampala , Uganda , where he studied Economics , History and Political Science , and graduated best in his class in 1955 with a First Class Honours Degree ( BA",
"title": "Mwai Kibaki"
},
{
"text": ") in Economics . After his graduation , Kibaki took up an appointment as Assistant Sales Manager Shell Company of East Africa , Uganda Division . During the same year , he earned a scholarship entitling him to postgraduate studies in any British University . He consequently enrolled at the prestigious London School of Economics for a BSc in public finance , graduating with a distinction . He went back to Makerere in 1958 where he taught as an Assistant Lecturer in the economics department until 1961 . In 1961 , Kibaki married Lucy Muthoni , the daughter of a",
"title": "Mwai Kibaki"
},
{
"text": "church minister , who was then a secondary school head teacher .",
"title": "Mwai Kibaki"
},
{
"text": " Political career prior to presidency . 1960–2002 . In early 1960 , Mwai Kibaki left academia for active politics by giving up his job at Makerere and returning to Kenya to become an executive officer of Kenya African National Union ( KANU ) , at the request of Jaramogi Oginga Odinga ( who went on to become Kenyas first Vice President ) . Kibaki then helped to draft Kenyas independence constitution .",
"title": "Mwai Kibaki"
},
{
"text": "In 1963 , Kibaki was elected as Member of Parliament for Donholm Constituency ( subsequently called Bahati and now known as Makadara ) in Nairobi . His election was the start of a long political career . In 1963 Kibaki was appointed the Permanent Secretary for the Treasury . Appointed Assistant Minister of Finance and chairman of the Economic Planning Commission in 1963 , he was promoted to Minister of Commerce and Industry in 1966 . In 1969 , he became Minister of Finance and Economic Planning where he served until 1982 .",
"title": "Mwai Kibaki"
},
{
"text": "In 1974 , Kibaki , facing serious competition for his Donholm Constituency seat from a Mrs . Jael Mbogo , whom he had only narrowly and controversially beaten for the seat in the 1969 elections , moved his political base from Nairobi to his rural home , Othaya , where he was subsequently elected as Member of Parliament . The same year Time magazine rated him among the top 100 people in the world who had the potential to lead . He has been re-elected Member of Parliament for Othaya in the subsequent elections of 1979 , 1983 , 1988",
"title": "Mwai Kibaki"
},
{
"text": ", 1992 , 1997 , 2002 and 2007 .",
"title": "Mwai Kibaki"
},
{
"text": " When Daniel arap Moi succeeded Jomo Kenyatta as President of Kenya in 1978 , Kibaki was elevated to Vice Presidency , and kept the Finance portfolio until Moi changed his ministerial portfolio from Finance to Home Affairs in 1982 . When Kibaki was the minister of Finance Kenya enjoyed a period of relative prosperity , fueled by a commodities boom , especially coffee , with remarkable fiscal discipline and sound monetary policies .",
"title": "Mwai Kibaki"
},
{
"text": "Kibaki fell out of favor with President Moi in March 1988 , and was dropped as vice president and moved to the Ministry of Health . He seemingly took the demotion in his stride without much ado .",
"title": "Mwai Kibaki"
},
{
"text": "Kibakis political style during these years was described as gentlemanly and non-confrontational . This style exposed him to criticism that he was a spineless , or even cowardly , politician who never took a stand : according to one joke , He never saw a fence he didnt sit on . He also , as the political circumstances of the time dictated , projected himself as a loyal stalwart of the ruling single party , KANU . In the months before multi-party politics were introduced in 1992 , he infamously declared that agitating for multi-party democracy and trying to dislodge",
"title": "Mwai Kibaki"
},
{
"text": "KANU from power was like trying to cut down a fig tree with a razor blade .",
"title": "Mwai Kibaki"
},
{
"text": "It was therefore with great surprise that the country received the news of Kibakis resignation from government and leaving KANU on Christmas Day in December 1991 , only days after the repeal of Section 2A of the Constitution , which restored the multi-party system of government . Soon after his resignation , Kibaki founded the Democratic Party ( DP ) and entered the presidential race in the upcoming multi-party elections of 1992 . He was criticized as a johnny come lately opportunist who , unlike his two main opposition presidential election opponents in that year , Kenneth Matiba and Jaramogi",
"title": "Mwai Kibaki"
},
{
"text": "Oginga Odinga , was taking advantage of multiparty despite not having fought for it .",
"title": "Mwai Kibaki"
},
{
"text": " Kibaki came third in the subsequent presidential elections of 1992 , when the divided opposition lost to president Moi and KANU despite having received more than two-thirds of the vote . He then came second to Moi in the 1997 elections , when again , Moi beat a divided opposition to retain the presidency . In January 1998 , Kibaki became the leader of the official opposition with the Democratic Party being the official opposition party in Parliament . 2002 elections .",
"title": "Mwai Kibaki"
},
{
"text": "In preparation for the 2002 elections , Kibakis Democratic Party affiliated with several other opposition parties to form National Alliance Rainbow Coalition ( NARC ) . A group of disappointed KANU presidential aspirants then quit KANU in protest after being overlooked by outgoing President Moi when Moi had founding Father Jomo Kenyattas son , Uhuru Kenyatta ( now Kibakis successor as Kenyas 4th President after the 2013 General Election ) , nominated to be the KANU presidential candidate , and hurriedly formed the Liberal Democratic Party ( LDP ) . NAK later combined with the LDP to form the National",
"title": "Mwai Kibaki"
},
{
"text": "Rainbow Coalition ( NARC ) . On 14 October 2002 , at a large opposition rally in Uhuru Park , Nairobi , Kibaki was nominated the NARC opposition alliance presidential candidate after Raila Odinga made the famous declaration , Kibaki Tosha !",
"title": "Mwai Kibaki"
},
{
"text": "On 3 December 2002 , Kibaki was injured in a road accident while on his way back to Nairobi from a campaign meeting at Machakos junction From Nairobi . He was subsequently hospitalized in Nairobi , then London , after sustaining fracture injuries in the accident . He still walks rather awkwardly as a result of those injuries . The rest of his presidential campaign was thus conducted by his NARC colleagues in his absence , led by Raila Odinga and Kijana Wamalwa ( who went on to become the Vice President ) who campaigned tirelessly for Kibaki after stating",
"title": "Mwai Kibaki"
},
{
"text": ", The captain has been injured in the field.. . but the rest of the team shall continue .",
"title": "Mwai Kibaki"
},
{
"text": " On 27 December 2002 , Kibaki and NARC won a landslide victory over KANU , with Kibaki getting 62% of the votes in the presidential elections , against only 31% for the KANU candidate Uhuru Kenyatta .",
"title": "Mwai Kibaki"
},
{
"text": " 2002 : Swearing-in , end of KANU rule , retirement of Moi . On 29 December 2002 , still nursing injuries from the motor vehicle accident and in a wheel chair , Mwai Kibaki was sworn-in as the third President and Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Kenya . At his inauguration , he stressed his opposition to government corruption , saying : Government will no longer be run on the whims of individuals . Thus ended four decades of KANU rule , KANU having hitherto ruled Kenya since independence .",
"title": "Presidency"
},
{
"text": "Kenyas 2nd President , Daniel Arap Moi , who had been in power for 24 years since 1978 as an African Big man President , also began his retirement .",
"title": "Presidency"
},
{
"text": " President Kibakis style was that of a low key publicity averse but highly intelligent and competent technocrat . He , unlike his predecessors , never tried to establish a personality cult ; never had his portrait on every unit of Kenyas currency ; never had all manner of streets , places and institutions named after him ; never had state sanctioned praise songs composed in his honor ; never dominated news bulletins with reports of his presidential activities - however routine or mundane ; and never engaged in the populist sloganeering of his predecessors .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": "His style of leadership has given him the image of a seemingly aloof , withdrawn technocrat or intellectual and has made him seem out of touch with the street , and his seemingly hands-off leadership-by-delegation style made his governments , especially at cabinet level , seem dysfunctional .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": " First term health issues . It is widely acknowledged that age and the 2002 accident denied the country the witty , sporty , eloquent Kibaki of the previous years . A man who could make lengthy and flowery contributions on the floor of Parliament without notes was confined to reading speeches at every forum .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": "In late January 2003 , it was announced that the President had been admitted to Nairobi Hospital to have a blood clot– the after-effect of his car accident– removed from his leg . He came out of hospital and addressed the public outside the hospital on TV in a visibly incoherent manner , and speculation since then is that he had suffered a stroke , his second , the first being said to have occurred sometimes in the 1970s . His subsequent ill health greatly diminished his performance during his first term and the affairs of government during that time",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": "are said to have been largely run by a group of loyal aides , both in and out of government . Kibaki did not look well , for instance , when he appeared live on TV on 25 September 2003 to appoint Moody Awori Vice President after the death in office of Vice President , Michael Wamalwa Kijana .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": " 2003 : Free primary education . In January 2003 , Kibaki introduced a free primary education initiative , which brought over 1 million children who would not have been able to afford school the chance to attend . The initiative received positive attention , including praise from Bill Clinton , who would travel to Kenya to meet Kibaki . 2005 : Constitutional referendum , the NARC fallout and government of national unity .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": "The 2005 Kenyan constitutional referendum was held on 21 November 2005 . The main issue of contention in the Constitution review process was how much power should be vested in the Kenyan Presidency . In previous drafts , those who feared a concentration of power in the president added provisions for European-style power-sharing between a ceremonial President elected via universal suffrage and an executive Prime Minister elected by Parliament . The draft presented by the Attorney General Amos Wako for the referendum retained sweeping powers for the Presidency .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": " Though Kibaki the proposal , some members of his own cabinet , mainly from the Liberal Democratic Party ( LDP ) wing led by Raila Odinga , allied with the main opposition party KANU to mobilize a powerful NO campaign that resulted in a majority of 58% of voters rejecting the draft .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": "As a consequence of , and immediately after , the referendum loss , on 23 November 2005 , Kibaki dismissed his entire cabinet in the middle of his administrations term , with the aim of purging all Raila-allied ministers from the cabinet . About his decision Kibaki said , Following the results of the Referendum , it has become necessary for me , as the President of the Republic , to re-organize my Government to make it more cohesive and better able to serve the people of Kenya . The only members of the cabinet office to be spared a",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": "midterm exit were the Vice President and Minister of Home Affairs , Moody Awori , and the Attorney General whose position is constitutionally protected . A new cabinet of Kibaki loyalists , including MPs from the opposition , termed the Government of National Unity ( GNU ) , was thereafter appointed , but some MPs who were offered ministerial positions declined to take up posts .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": " A report by a Kenyan Commission of Inquiry , the Waki Commission , contextualises some issues . They reported that Kibaki , after agreeing to an informal Memorandum of Understanding ( MoU ) to create the post of Prime Minister , reneged on this pact after being elected . They cite criticism of Kibaki neglecting his pre-election agreement , leaving the public to identify it as an attempt by the Kibaki Government to keep power to itself rather than share it . 2007 : Elections .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": "On 26 January 2007 , President Kibaki declared his intention of running for re-election in the 2007 presidential election . On 16 September 2007 , Kibaki announced that he would stand as the candidate of a new alliance incorporating all the parties who supported his re-election , called the Party of National Unity . The parties in his alliance included the much diminished former ruling KANU , DP , Narc-Kenya , Ford-Kenya , Ford People , and Shirikisho .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": " Kibakis main opponent , Raila Odinga , had used the referendum victory to launch the ODM , which nominated him as its presidential Candidate for the 2007 elections . On 30 September 2007 , a robust and much healthier President Kibaki launched his presidential campaign at Nyayo Stadium , Nairobi .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": "Kalonzo Musyoka then broke away from Railas ODM to mount his own fringe bid for the presidency , thus narrowing down the contest between the main candidates , Kibaki , the incumbent , and Odinga . Opinion polls up to election day showed Kibaki behind Raila Odinga nationally , but closing . On regional analysis , the polls showed him behind Raila in all regions of the country except Central Province , Embu and Meru , where he was projected to take most of the votes , and behind Kalonzo Musyoka in Kalonzos native Ukambani . It was thus projected",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": "to be a close election between Kibaki and Raila .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": " The election was held on 27 December 2007 . Kibaki won and was sworn in what remains to be a contentious issue at twilight . 2007–2008 : Results dispute and post-election violence .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": "Three days later , after a protracted count which saw presidential results in Kibakis Central Kenya come in last , allegedly inflated , in a cloud of suspicion and rising tensions , amid vehement protests by Railas ODM , overnight re-tallying of results and chaotic scenes , all beamed live on TV , at the national tallying center at the Kenyatta International Conference Center in Nairobi , riot police eventually sealed off the tallying Center ahead of the result announcement , evicted party agents , observers and the media , and moved the Chairman of the Electoral Commission , Samuel",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": "Kivuitu , to another room where Kivuitu went on to declare Kibaki the winner by 4,584,721 votes to Odingas 4,352,993 , placing Kibaki ahead of Odinga by about 232,000 votes in the hotly contested election with Kalonzo Musyoka a distant third .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": " One hour later , in a hastily convened dusk ceremony , Kibaki was sworn in at the grounds of State House Nairobi for his second term , defiantly calling for the verdict of the people to be respected and for healing and reconciliation to begin . This arose tension and led to protests by a huge number of Kenyans who felt that Kibaki had refused to respect the verdict of the people and was now forcibly remaining in office .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": "Immediately the results were announced , Odinga bitterly accused Kibaki of electoral fraud . Odingas allegations scored with his supporters , and seemed meritorious since the results had defied pre-election polls and expectations and election day exit polls . Furthermore , Odinga , who had campaigned against the concentration of political power in the hands of Kikuyu politicians , had won the votes of most of the other Kenyan tribes and regions , with Kibakis victory being attained only with the near exclusive support of the populous Kikuyu , Meru and Embu communities-who had turned up to vote for Kibaki",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": "in large numbers after feeling , in reaction to the Odinga campaign , and with the covert encouragement of the Kibaki campaign , increasingly besieged and threatened by the pro-Odinga tribes . Moreover , ODM had won the most parliamentary and local authority seats by a wide margin . A joint statement by the British Foreign Office and Department for International Development cited real concerns over irregularities , while international observers refused to declare the election free and fair . The European Union chief observer , Alexander Graf Lambsdorff , cited one constituency where his monitors saw official results for",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": "Kibaki that were 25,000 votes lower than the figure subsequently announced by the Electoral Commission , leading him to doubt the accuracy of the announced results .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": " It was reported that Kibaki , who had previously been perceived as an old-school gentleman , had revealed a steely side when he swore himself in within an hour of being announced the victor of the highly contested election—one where the results were largely in question . Odingas supporters said he would be declared president at a rival ceremony on Monday , but police banned the event .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": "Koki Muli , the head of local watchdog , the Institute of Education in Democracy , said called the day the saddest...in the history of democracy in this country and a coup detat .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": "Opposition supporters saw the result as a plot by Kibakis Kikuyu tribe , Kenyas largest , to keep power by any means . The tribes that lost the election were upset at the prospect of five years without political power , and anti-Kikuyu sentiment swelled , spawning the 2007–2008 Kenyan crisis , as violence broke out in several places in the country , started by the ODM supporters protesting the stealing of their victory , and subsequently escalating as the targeted Kikuyus retaliated . As unrest spread , television and radio stations were instructed to stop all live broadcasts .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": "There was widespread theft , vandalism , looting and destruction of property , and a significant number of atrocities , killings and sexual violence reported .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": " The violence continued for more than two months , as Kibaki ruled with half a cabinet he had appointed , with Odinga and ODM refusing to recognize him as president .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": "When the election was eventually investigated by the Independent Review Commission ( IREC ) on the 2007 Elections chaired by Justice Johann Kriegler , it was found that there were too many electoral malpractices from several regions perpetrated by all the contesting parties to conclusively establish which candidate won the December 2007 Presidential elections . Such malpractices included widespread bribery , vote buying , intimidation and ballot stuffing by both sides , as well as incompetence from the Electoral Commission of Kenya ( ECK ) , which was shortly thereafter disbanded by the new Parliament .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": " 2008 : National accord and Grand Coalition Government . The Country was only saved by the mediation of former United Nations Secretary General Kofi Annan with a Panel of Eminent African Personalities backed by the African Union , the United States and the United Kingdom .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": "Following the mediation , a deal , called the national accord , was signed in February 2008 between Raila Odinga and Kibaki , now referred to as the two Principals . The accord , later passed by the Kenyan Parliament as the National Accord and Reconciliation Act 2008 provided inter alia for power-sharing , with Kibaki remaining President and Raila Odinga taking a newly re-created post of Prime Minister .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": " On 17 April 2008 , Raila Odinga was sworn in as Prime Minister , along with a power-sharing Cabinet , with 42 ministers and 50 assistant ministers , Kenyas largest ever . The cabinet was fifty percent Kibaki appointed ministers and fifty percent Raila appointed ministers , and was in reality a carefully balanced ethnic coalition . The arrangement , which also included Kalonzo Musyoka as vice president , was known as the Grand Coalition Government . Economic legacy : turnaround .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": "The Kibaki presidency set itself the main task of reviving and turning round country after years of stagnation and economic mismanagement during the Moi years – a feat faced with several challenges , including the aftermath of the Nyayo Era ( Moi Presidency ) , western donor fatigue , the Presidents ill health during his first term , political tension culminating in the break-up of the NARC coalition , the 2007–2008 post election violence , the 2007–2008 Global Financial crisis , and a tenuous relationship with his coalition partner , Raila Odinga , during his second term .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": " President Kibaki , the economist whose term as Finance minister in the 1970s is widely celebrated as outstanding , did much as president to repair the damage done to the countrys economy during the 24-year reign of his predecessor , President Moi . Compared to the Moi years , Kenya was much better managed , by far more competent public sector personnel , and was much transformed .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": "Kenyas economy in the Kibaki years experienced a major turnaround . GDP growth picked up from a low 0.6% ( real −1.6% ) in 2002 to 3% in 2003 , 4.9% in 2004 , 5.8% in 2005 , 6% in 2006 and 7% 2007 , then after the post election chaos and Global Financial Crisis—2008 ( 1.7% ) and 2009 ( 2.6% ) , recovered to 5% in 2010 and 5% in 2011 .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": "Development was resumed in all areas of the country , including the hitherto neglected and largely undeveloped semi-arid or arid north . Many sectors of the economy recovered from total collapse pre-2003 . Numerous state corporations that had collapsed during the Moi years were revived and have begun performing profitably . The telecommunications sector boomed . Rebuilding , modernisation and expansion of infrastructure began in earnest , with several ambitious infrastructural and other projects , such as the Thika Superhighway , which would have been seen as unattainable during the Moi years , completed . The countrys cities and towns",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": "also began being positively renewed and transformed .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": "The Constituency Development Fund ( CDF ) was also introduced in 2003 . The fund was designed to support constituency-level , grass-root development projects . It was aimed to achieve equitable distribution of development resources across regions and to control imbalances in regional development brought about by partisan politics . It targeted all constituency-level development projects , particularly those aiming to combat poverty at the grassroots . The CDF programme has facilitated the putting up of new water , health and education facilities in all parts of the country including remote areas that were usually overlooked during funds allocation in",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": "national budgets . CDF was the first step towards the devolved system of government introduced by the 2010 Constitution , by which Local Government structures were Constitutionally redesigned , enhanced and strengthened .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": " President Kibaki also oversaw the creation of Kenyas Vision 2030 , a long-term development plan aimed at raising GDP growth to 10% annually and transforming Kenya into a middle income country by 2030 , which he unveiled on 30 October 2006 .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": "The Kibaki regime also saw a reduction of Kenyas dependence on western donor aid , with the country being increasingly funded by internally generated resources such as increased tax revenue collection . Relations with China , Japan and other non-western powers improved and expanded remarkably in the Kibaki years . China and Japan especially , the Asian Tigers such as Malaysia and Singapore , Brazil , the Middle East and to a lesser extent , South Africa , Libya , other African Countries , and even Iran , became increasingly important economic partners .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": "President Kibaki was accused of ruling with a small group of his elderly peers , mainly from the educated side of the Kikuyu elite that emerged in the Kenyatta era , usually referred to as the Kitchen Cabinet or the Mount Kenya Mafia . There was therefore the perception that his was a Kikuyu presidency . This perception was reinforced when the President was seen to have trashed the pre- 2002 election Memorandum of Understanding with the Raila Odinga-led Liberal Democratic Party , and was further reinforced by his disputed 2007 election victory over the Raila Odinga led ODM Party",
"title": "Political legacy"
},
{
"text": "being achieved nearly exclusively with the votes of the populous Mt . Kenya Kikuyu , Meru and Embu communities .",
"title": "Political legacy"
},
{
"text": " The Commission of Inquiry into Post Election Violence ( CIPEV ) put it thus :",
"title": "Political legacy"
},
{
"text": "The post election violence [ in early 2008 ] therefore is , in part , a consequence of the failure of President Kibaki and his first Government to exert political control over the country or to maintain sufficient legitimacy as would have allowed a civilised contest with him at the polls to be possible . Kibakis regime failed to unite the country , and allowed feelings of marginalisation to fester into what became the post election violence . He and his then Government were complacent in the support they considered they would receive in any election from the majority Kikuyu",
"title": "Political legacy"
},
{
"text": "community and failed to heed the views of the legitimate leaders of other communities .",
"title": "Political legacy"
},
{
"text": "Critics posit that President Kibaki failed to take advantage of the 2002 popular mandate for a complete break with the past and fix the politics largely mobilized along ethnic interests . .. . when we achieved and the new world dawned , the old men came out again and took our victory to re-make in the likeness of the former world they knew . Elected in 2002 on a reform platform , Kibaki was seen to have re-established the status quo ante . His opponents charged that a major aim of his presidency was the preservation of the privileged position",
"title": "Political legacy"
},
{
"text": "of the elite that emerged during the Kenyatta years , of which he was part .",
"title": "Political legacy"
},
{
"text": " I the sum total , the Kibaki Presidency did not do nearly enough to address the problem of tribalism in Kenya . Lawyer George Kegoro , in an article published in the Daily Nation newspaper on 12 April 2013 summarized the Kibaki Political Legacy thus:-",
"title": "Political legacy"
},
{
"text": "Kibaki was , by far , a better manager of the economy than Moi before him . He brought order to the management of public affairs , a departure from the rather informal style that characterised the Moi regime . Kibakis push for free primary education remains an important achievement , as will the revival of key economic institutions such as the Kenya Meat Commission and the Kenya Cooperative Creameries , ruined during the Moi-era . .. . However , Kibaki was not all success . Having come to power in 2003 on an anti-corruption platform , he set up",
"title": "Political legacy"
},
{
"text": "two commissions , the Bosire Commission on the Goldenberg scandal and the Ndungu Commission , which investigated irregular land allocation . However , the reports were not implemented . Further , the Kibaki administration was rocked by a corruption scandal of its own , the Anglo Leasing scam , involving his close associates . John Githongo , an inspired appointment by Kibaki for an anti-corruption czar , resigned from the government in 2005 , citing lack of support from the president . As he leaves office , therefore , the fight against corruption remains unfulfilled . .. . But ,",
"title": "Political legacy"
},
{
"text": "perhaps , the most controversial aspect of the Kibaki tenure will always be his relationship with senior politicians of his day , particularly Raila Odinga and Kalonzo Musyoka . The context of this complex relationship includes the post-election violence of 2007 , whose roots go back to the dishonoured Memorandum of Understanding between Kibaki and Raila in 2002 . The quarrel over the MoU directly led to the break-up of the Narc government , after which Kibaki showed Odinga the door and invited the opposition to rule with him . The effect was that the opposition , rejected at the",
"title": "Political legacy"
},
{
"text": "polls , joined government while Railas faction , validly elected to power , was consigned to the opposition . .. . To the supporters of Raila and Kalonzo , Kibaki will be remembered as a person who did not keep political promises .",
"title": "Political legacy"
},
{
"text": " Failure to tame corruption . Though president Kibaki was never personally accused of corruption , and managed to virtually end the grabbing of public land rampant in the Moi and Kenyatta eras , he was unable to adequately contain Kenyas widely entrenched culture of endemic corruption . Michela Wrong describes the situation thus :",
"title": "Political legacy"
},
{
"text": "Whether expressed in the petty bribes the average Kenyan had to pay each week to fat-bellied policemen and local councillors , the jobs for the boys doled out by civil servants and politicians on strictly tribal lines , or the massive scams perpetrated by the countrys ruling elite , corruption had become endemic . Eating , as Kenyans dubbed the gorging on state resources by the well-connected , had crippled the nation . In the corruption indices drawn up by the anti-graft organisation Transparency International , Kenya routinely trail [ s ] near the bottom .. . viewed as only",
"title": "Political legacy"
},
{
"text": "slightly less sleazy than Nigeria or Pakistan .. .",
"title": "Political legacy"
},
{
"text": " The Daily Nation , in an article published on 4 March 2013 titled End of a decade of highs and lows for Mwai Kibaki summarised it thus :",
"title": "Political legacy"
},
{
"text": "For a leader who was popularly swept into power in 2002 on an anti-corruption platform , Kibakis tenure saw graft scandals where hundreds of millions of shillings were siphoned from public coffers . Kibakis National Rainbow Coalition – which took power from the authoritarian rule of Daniel arap Moi—was welcomed for its promises of change and economic growth , but soon showed that it was better suited to treading established paths .",
"title": "Political legacy"
},
{
"text": " The initial response to corruption was very solid .. . but it became clear after a while that these scams reached all the way to the president himself , said Kenyas former anti-corruption chief John Githongo in Michela Wrongs book Its Our Turn to Eat . Most notorious of a raft of graft scandals was the multi-billion shilling Anglo Leasing case , which emerged in 2004 and involved public cash being paid to a complicated web of foreign companies for a range of services—including naval ships and passports—that never materialised . 2010 Constitution .",
"title": "Political legacy"
},
{
"text": "However , the passage of Kenyas transformative 2010 Constitution , successfully championed by President Kibaki in the Kenyan constitutional referendum in 2010 was a major triumph and achievement , which went a long way into addressing Kenyas governance and institutional challenges . With the new Constitution started wide-ranging institutional and legislative reforms , which President Kibaki skilfully and successfully steered in the final years of this presidency.His greatest moment was the promulgation of the new Constitution.. . It was a very deep and emotional moment for him , Kibakis son Jimmy was quoted as saying .",
"title": "Political legacy"
},
{
"text": " 2013 : Power handover . A proud looking but rather worn President Kibaki handed over the Kenyan presidency to his successor , Uhuru Kenyatta , on 9 April 2013 at a public inauguration ceremony held at Kenyas largest stadium . I am happy to pass the torch of leadership to the new generation of leaders , said Kibaki . He also thanked his family and all Kenyans for the support they had given him throughout his tenure in office , and cited the various achievements his government made .",
"title": "Political legacy"
},
{
"text": "The handover marked the end of his presidency and of his 50 years of public service .",
"title": "Political legacy"
},
{
"text": " President Kibaki was married to Lucy Muthoni from 1961 until her death in 2016 . They have four children : Judy Wanjiku , Jimmy Kibaki , David Kagai , and Tony Githinji . They also have several grandchildren : Joy Jamie Marie , Rachael Muthoni,Mwai Junior and Krystinaa Muthoni . Jimmy Kibaki did have , so far unsuccessful , designs to be his fathers political heir .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "In 2004 , the media reported that Kibaki has a second spouse , whom he allegedly married under customary law , Mary Wambui , and a daughter , Wangui Mwai . State House in response released an unsigned statement that Kibakis only immediate family at the time was his then wife , Lucy , and their four children . In 2009 , Kibaki , with Lucy in close attendance , held an odd press conference to re-state publicly that he only has one wife . The matter of Kibakis alleged mistress , and his wifes usually dramatic public reactions thereto",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": ", provided an embarrassing side-show during his presidency , with the Washington Post terming the entire scandal as a new Kenyan soap opera .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Ms . Wambui , the rather popular other woman , who enjoyed the state trappings of a Presidential spouse and became a powerful and wealthy business-woman during the Kibaki Presidency , frequently drove Lucy into episodes of highly embarrassing very publicly displayed rage . Ms . Wambui , despite opposition from Kibakis family , led publicly by Kibakis son , Jimmy , and despite Kibakis public endorsement and campaign for her opponent , succeeded Kibaki as Member of Parliament for Othaya in the 2013 General Election . In December 2014 , Senator Bonny Khalwale stated on KTNs Jeff Koinange Live",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "that President Kibaki had introduced Wambui as his wife .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Kibaki enjoys playing golf and is a member of the Muthaiga Golf Club . He is a practicing and a very committed member of the Roman Catholic Church and attends Consolata Shrines Catholic Church in Nairobi every Sunday at noon . On 21 August 2016 , Kibaki was taken to Karen Hospital , and later flew to South Africa for specialized treatment .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Mwai Kibaki official website - Profile of His Excellency Hon . Mwai Kibaki - Profile of President Mwai Kibaki",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Mwai_Kibaki#P39#2
|
What position did Mwai Kibaki take between Nov 2006 and May 2011?
|
Mwai Kibaki Emilio Stanley Mwai Kibaki , C.G.H . ( born 15 November 1931 ) is a Kenyan politician who was the third President of Kenya , serving from December 2002 until April 2013 . He had previously served as the fourth Vice-President of Kenya for ten years from 1978 to 1988 under President Daniel arap Moi . He also held cabinet ministerial positions in the Kenyatta and Moi governments , including time as minister for Finance ( 1969–1981 ) under Kenyatta , and Minister for Home Affairs ( 1982–1988 ) and Minister for Health ( 1988–1991 ) under Moi . Kibaki served as an opposition Member of Parliament from 1992 to 2002 . He unsuccessfully vied for the presidency in 1992 and 1997 . He served as the Leader of the Official Opposition in Parliament from 1998 to 2002 . In the 2002 presidential election , he was elected as President of Kenya . Early life and education . Kibaki was born in 1931 in Thunguri village , Othaya division of Kenyas then Nyeri District , now Nyeri County . He is the youngest son of Kikuyu peasants Kibaki Gĩthĩnji and Teresia Wanjikũ . Though baptised as Emilio Stanley by Italian missionaries in his youth , he has been known as Mwai Kibaki throughout his public life . Family oral history maintains that his early education was made possible by his much older brother-in-law , Paul Muruthi , who insisted that young Mwai should go to school instead of spending his days grazing his fathers sheep and cattle and baby-sitting his little nephews and nieces for his older sister . Kibaki turned out to be an exemplary student . He attended Gatuyainĩ School for the first two years , where he completed what was then called Sub A and sub B ( the equivalent of standard one and two or first and second grade ) . He later joined Karima mission school for the three more classes of primary school . He later moved to Mathari School ( now Nyeri High School ) between 1944 and 1946 for Standard four to six , where , in addition to his academic studies , he learnt carpentry and masonry as students would repair furniture and provide material for maintaining the schools buildings . He also grew his own food as all students in the school were expected to do , and earned extra money during the school holidays by working as a conductor on buses operated by the defunct Othaya African Bus Union . After Karima Primary and Nyeri Boarding primary schools , he proceeded to Mangu High School where he studied between 1947 and 1950 . He passed with a maximum of six points in his O level examination by passing six subjects with Grade 1 Distinction . Influenced by the veterans of the First and Second World Wars in his native village , Kibaki considered becoming a soldier in his final year in Mangu . However , a ruling by the Chief colonial secretary , Walter Coutts , which barred the recruitment of the Kikuyu , Embu and Meru communities into the army , put paid to his military aspirations . Kibaki instead attended Makerere University in Kampala , Uganda , where he studied Economics , History and Political Science , and graduated best in his class in 1955 with a First Class Honours Degree ( BA ) in Economics . After his graduation , Kibaki took up an appointment as Assistant Sales Manager Shell Company of East Africa , Uganda Division . During the same year , he earned a scholarship entitling him to postgraduate studies in any British University . He consequently enrolled at the prestigious London School of Economics for a BSc in public finance , graduating with a distinction . He went back to Makerere in 1958 where he taught as an Assistant Lecturer in the economics department until 1961 . In 1961 , Kibaki married Lucy Muthoni , the daughter of a church minister , who was then a secondary school head teacher . Political career prior to presidency . 1960–2002 . In early 1960 , Mwai Kibaki left academia for active politics by giving up his job at Makerere and returning to Kenya to become an executive officer of Kenya African National Union ( KANU ) , at the request of Jaramogi Oginga Odinga ( who went on to become Kenyas first Vice President ) . Kibaki then helped to draft Kenyas independence constitution . In 1963 , Kibaki was elected as Member of Parliament for Donholm Constituency ( subsequently called Bahati and now known as Makadara ) in Nairobi . His election was the start of a long political career . In 1963 Kibaki was appointed the Permanent Secretary for the Treasury . Appointed Assistant Minister of Finance and chairman of the Economic Planning Commission in 1963 , he was promoted to Minister of Commerce and Industry in 1966 . In 1969 , he became Minister of Finance and Economic Planning where he served until 1982 . In 1974 , Kibaki , facing serious competition for his Donholm Constituency seat from a Mrs . Jael Mbogo , whom he had only narrowly and controversially beaten for the seat in the 1969 elections , moved his political base from Nairobi to his rural home , Othaya , where he was subsequently elected as Member of Parliament . The same year Time magazine rated him among the top 100 people in the world who had the potential to lead . He has been re-elected Member of Parliament for Othaya in the subsequent elections of 1979 , 1983 , 1988 , 1992 , 1997 , 2002 and 2007 . When Daniel arap Moi succeeded Jomo Kenyatta as President of Kenya in 1978 , Kibaki was elevated to Vice Presidency , and kept the Finance portfolio until Moi changed his ministerial portfolio from Finance to Home Affairs in 1982 . When Kibaki was the minister of Finance Kenya enjoyed a period of relative prosperity , fueled by a commodities boom , especially coffee , with remarkable fiscal discipline and sound monetary policies . Kibaki fell out of favor with President Moi in March 1988 , and was dropped as vice president and moved to the Ministry of Health . He seemingly took the demotion in his stride without much ado . Kibakis political style during these years was described as gentlemanly and non-confrontational . This style exposed him to criticism that he was a spineless , or even cowardly , politician who never took a stand : according to one joke , He never saw a fence he didnt sit on . He also , as the political circumstances of the time dictated , projected himself as a loyal stalwart of the ruling single party , KANU . In the months before multi-party politics were introduced in 1992 , he infamously declared that agitating for multi-party democracy and trying to dislodge KANU from power was like trying to cut down a fig tree with a razor blade . It was therefore with great surprise that the country received the news of Kibakis resignation from government and leaving KANU on Christmas Day in December 1991 , only days after the repeal of Section 2A of the Constitution , which restored the multi-party system of government . Soon after his resignation , Kibaki founded the Democratic Party ( DP ) and entered the presidential race in the upcoming multi-party elections of 1992 . He was criticized as a johnny come lately opportunist who , unlike his two main opposition presidential election opponents in that year , Kenneth Matiba and Jaramogi Oginga Odinga , was taking advantage of multiparty despite not having fought for it . Kibaki came third in the subsequent presidential elections of 1992 , when the divided opposition lost to president Moi and KANU despite having received more than two-thirds of the vote . He then came second to Moi in the 1997 elections , when again , Moi beat a divided opposition to retain the presidency . In January 1998 , Kibaki became the leader of the official opposition with the Democratic Party being the official opposition party in Parliament . 2002 elections . In preparation for the 2002 elections , Kibakis Democratic Party affiliated with several other opposition parties to form National Alliance Rainbow Coalition ( NARC ) . A group of disappointed KANU presidential aspirants then quit KANU in protest after being overlooked by outgoing President Moi when Moi had founding Father Jomo Kenyattas son , Uhuru Kenyatta ( now Kibakis successor as Kenyas 4th President after the 2013 General Election ) , nominated to be the KANU presidential candidate , and hurriedly formed the Liberal Democratic Party ( LDP ) . NAK later combined with the LDP to form the National Rainbow Coalition ( NARC ) . On 14 October 2002 , at a large opposition rally in Uhuru Park , Nairobi , Kibaki was nominated the NARC opposition alliance presidential candidate after Raila Odinga made the famous declaration , Kibaki Tosha ! On 3 December 2002 , Kibaki was injured in a road accident while on his way back to Nairobi from a campaign meeting at Machakos junction From Nairobi . He was subsequently hospitalized in Nairobi , then London , after sustaining fracture injuries in the accident . He still walks rather awkwardly as a result of those injuries . The rest of his presidential campaign was thus conducted by his NARC colleagues in his absence , led by Raila Odinga and Kijana Wamalwa ( who went on to become the Vice President ) who campaigned tirelessly for Kibaki after stating , The captain has been injured in the field.. . but the rest of the team shall continue . On 27 December 2002 , Kibaki and NARC won a landslide victory over KANU , with Kibaki getting 62% of the votes in the presidential elections , against only 31% for the KANU candidate Uhuru Kenyatta . Presidency . 2002 : Swearing-in , end of KANU rule , retirement of Moi . On 29 December 2002 , still nursing injuries from the motor vehicle accident and in a wheel chair , Mwai Kibaki was sworn-in as the third President and Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Kenya . At his inauguration , he stressed his opposition to government corruption , saying : Government will no longer be run on the whims of individuals . Thus ended four decades of KANU rule , KANU having hitherto ruled Kenya since independence . Kenyas 2nd President , Daniel Arap Moi , who had been in power for 24 years since 1978 as an African Big man President , also began his retirement . Leadership style . President Kibakis style was that of a low key publicity averse but highly intelligent and competent technocrat . He , unlike his predecessors , never tried to establish a personality cult ; never had his portrait on every unit of Kenyas currency ; never had all manner of streets , places and institutions named after him ; never had state sanctioned praise songs composed in his honor ; never dominated news bulletins with reports of his presidential activities - however routine or mundane ; and never engaged in the populist sloganeering of his predecessors . His style of leadership has given him the image of a seemingly aloof , withdrawn technocrat or intellectual and has made him seem out of touch with the street , and his seemingly hands-off leadership-by-delegation style made his governments , especially at cabinet level , seem dysfunctional . First term health issues . It is widely acknowledged that age and the 2002 accident denied the country the witty , sporty , eloquent Kibaki of the previous years . A man who could make lengthy and flowery contributions on the floor of Parliament without notes was confined to reading speeches at every forum . In late January 2003 , it was announced that the President had been admitted to Nairobi Hospital to have a blood clot– the after-effect of his car accident– removed from his leg . He came out of hospital and addressed the public outside the hospital on TV in a visibly incoherent manner , and speculation since then is that he had suffered a stroke , his second , the first being said to have occurred sometimes in the 1970s . His subsequent ill health greatly diminished his performance during his first term and the affairs of government during that time are said to have been largely run by a group of loyal aides , both in and out of government . Kibaki did not look well , for instance , when he appeared live on TV on 25 September 2003 to appoint Moody Awori Vice President after the death in office of Vice President , Michael Wamalwa Kijana . 2003 : Free primary education . In January 2003 , Kibaki introduced a free primary education initiative , which brought over 1 million children who would not have been able to afford school the chance to attend . The initiative received positive attention , including praise from Bill Clinton , who would travel to Kenya to meet Kibaki . 2005 : Constitutional referendum , the NARC fallout and government of national unity . The 2005 Kenyan constitutional referendum was held on 21 November 2005 . The main issue of contention in the Constitution review process was how much power should be vested in the Kenyan Presidency . In previous drafts , those who feared a concentration of power in the president added provisions for European-style power-sharing between a ceremonial President elected via universal suffrage and an executive Prime Minister elected by Parliament . The draft presented by the Attorney General Amos Wako for the referendum retained sweeping powers for the Presidency . Though Kibaki the proposal , some members of his own cabinet , mainly from the Liberal Democratic Party ( LDP ) wing led by Raila Odinga , allied with the main opposition party KANU to mobilize a powerful NO campaign that resulted in a majority of 58% of voters rejecting the draft . As a consequence of , and immediately after , the referendum loss , on 23 November 2005 , Kibaki dismissed his entire cabinet in the middle of his administrations term , with the aim of purging all Raila-allied ministers from the cabinet . About his decision Kibaki said , Following the results of the Referendum , it has become necessary for me , as the President of the Republic , to re-organize my Government to make it more cohesive and better able to serve the people of Kenya . The only members of the cabinet office to be spared a midterm exit were the Vice President and Minister of Home Affairs , Moody Awori , and the Attorney General whose position is constitutionally protected . A new cabinet of Kibaki loyalists , including MPs from the opposition , termed the Government of National Unity ( GNU ) , was thereafter appointed , but some MPs who were offered ministerial positions declined to take up posts . A report by a Kenyan Commission of Inquiry , the Waki Commission , contextualises some issues . They reported that Kibaki , after agreeing to an informal Memorandum of Understanding ( MoU ) to create the post of Prime Minister , reneged on this pact after being elected . They cite criticism of Kibaki neglecting his pre-election agreement , leaving the public to identify it as an attempt by the Kibaki Government to keep power to itself rather than share it . 2007 : Elections . On 26 January 2007 , President Kibaki declared his intention of running for re-election in the 2007 presidential election . On 16 September 2007 , Kibaki announced that he would stand as the candidate of a new alliance incorporating all the parties who supported his re-election , called the Party of National Unity . The parties in his alliance included the much diminished former ruling KANU , DP , Narc-Kenya , Ford-Kenya , Ford People , and Shirikisho . Kibakis main opponent , Raila Odinga , had used the referendum victory to launch the ODM , which nominated him as its presidential Candidate for the 2007 elections . On 30 September 2007 , a robust and much healthier President Kibaki launched his presidential campaign at Nyayo Stadium , Nairobi . Kalonzo Musyoka then broke away from Railas ODM to mount his own fringe bid for the presidency , thus narrowing down the contest between the main candidates , Kibaki , the incumbent , and Odinga . Opinion polls up to election day showed Kibaki behind Raila Odinga nationally , but closing . On regional analysis , the polls showed him behind Raila in all regions of the country except Central Province , Embu and Meru , where he was projected to take most of the votes , and behind Kalonzo Musyoka in Kalonzos native Ukambani . It was thus projected to be a close election between Kibaki and Raila . The election was held on 27 December 2007 . Kibaki won and was sworn in what remains to be a contentious issue at twilight . 2007–2008 : Results dispute and post-election violence . Three days later , after a protracted count which saw presidential results in Kibakis Central Kenya come in last , allegedly inflated , in a cloud of suspicion and rising tensions , amid vehement protests by Railas ODM , overnight re-tallying of results and chaotic scenes , all beamed live on TV , at the national tallying center at the Kenyatta International Conference Center in Nairobi , riot police eventually sealed off the tallying Center ahead of the result announcement , evicted party agents , observers and the media , and moved the Chairman of the Electoral Commission , Samuel Kivuitu , to another room where Kivuitu went on to declare Kibaki the winner by 4,584,721 votes to Odingas 4,352,993 , placing Kibaki ahead of Odinga by about 232,000 votes in the hotly contested election with Kalonzo Musyoka a distant third . One hour later , in a hastily convened dusk ceremony , Kibaki was sworn in at the grounds of State House Nairobi for his second term , defiantly calling for the verdict of the people to be respected and for healing and reconciliation to begin . This arose tension and led to protests by a huge number of Kenyans who felt that Kibaki had refused to respect the verdict of the people and was now forcibly remaining in office . Immediately the results were announced , Odinga bitterly accused Kibaki of electoral fraud . Odingas allegations scored with his supporters , and seemed meritorious since the results had defied pre-election polls and expectations and election day exit polls . Furthermore , Odinga , who had campaigned against the concentration of political power in the hands of Kikuyu politicians , had won the votes of most of the other Kenyan tribes and regions , with Kibakis victory being attained only with the near exclusive support of the populous Kikuyu , Meru and Embu communities-who had turned up to vote for Kibaki in large numbers after feeling , in reaction to the Odinga campaign , and with the covert encouragement of the Kibaki campaign , increasingly besieged and threatened by the pro-Odinga tribes . Moreover , ODM had won the most parliamentary and local authority seats by a wide margin . A joint statement by the British Foreign Office and Department for International Development cited real concerns over irregularities , while international observers refused to declare the election free and fair . The European Union chief observer , Alexander Graf Lambsdorff , cited one constituency where his monitors saw official results for Kibaki that were 25,000 votes lower than the figure subsequently announced by the Electoral Commission , leading him to doubt the accuracy of the announced results . It was reported that Kibaki , who had previously been perceived as an old-school gentleman , had revealed a steely side when he swore himself in within an hour of being announced the victor of the highly contested election—one where the results were largely in question . Odingas supporters said he would be declared president at a rival ceremony on Monday , but police banned the event . Koki Muli , the head of local watchdog , the Institute of Education in Democracy , said called the day the saddest...in the history of democracy in this country and a coup detat . Opposition supporters saw the result as a plot by Kibakis Kikuyu tribe , Kenyas largest , to keep power by any means . The tribes that lost the election were upset at the prospect of five years without political power , and anti-Kikuyu sentiment swelled , spawning the 2007–2008 Kenyan crisis , as violence broke out in several places in the country , started by the ODM supporters protesting the stealing of their victory , and subsequently escalating as the targeted Kikuyus retaliated . As unrest spread , television and radio stations were instructed to stop all live broadcasts . There was widespread theft , vandalism , looting and destruction of property , and a significant number of atrocities , killings and sexual violence reported . The violence continued for more than two months , as Kibaki ruled with half a cabinet he had appointed , with Odinga and ODM refusing to recognize him as president . When the election was eventually investigated by the Independent Review Commission ( IREC ) on the 2007 Elections chaired by Justice Johann Kriegler , it was found that there were too many electoral malpractices from several regions perpetrated by all the contesting parties to conclusively establish which candidate won the December 2007 Presidential elections . Such malpractices included widespread bribery , vote buying , intimidation and ballot stuffing by both sides , as well as incompetence from the Electoral Commission of Kenya ( ECK ) , which was shortly thereafter disbanded by the new Parliament . 2008 : National accord and Grand Coalition Government . The Country was only saved by the mediation of former United Nations Secretary General Kofi Annan with a Panel of Eminent African Personalities backed by the African Union , the United States and the United Kingdom . Following the mediation , a deal , called the national accord , was signed in February 2008 between Raila Odinga and Kibaki , now referred to as the two Principals . The accord , later passed by the Kenyan Parliament as the National Accord and Reconciliation Act 2008 provided inter alia for power-sharing , with Kibaki remaining President and Raila Odinga taking a newly re-created post of Prime Minister . On 17 April 2008 , Raila Odinga was sworn in as Prime Minister , along with a power-sharing Cabinet , with 42 ministers and 50 assistant ministers , Kenyas largest ever . The cabinet was fifty percent Kibaki appointed ministers and fifty percent Raila appointed ministers , and was in reality a carefully balanced ethnic coalition . The arrangement , which also included Kalonzo Musyoka as vice president , was known as the Grand Coalition Government . Economic legacy : turnaround . The Kibaki presidency set itself the main task of reviving and turning round country after years of stagnation and economic mismanagement during the Moi years – a feat faced with several challenges , including the aftermath of the Nyayo Era ( Moi Presidency ) , western donor fatigue , the Presidents ill health during his first term , political tension culminating in the break-up of the NARC coalition , the 2007–2008 post election violence , the 2007–2008 Global Financial crisis , and a tenuous relationship with his coalition partner , Raila Odinga , during his second term . President Kibaki , the economist whose term as Finance minister in the 1970s is widely celebrated as outstanding , did much as president to repair the damage done to the countrys economy during the 24-year reign of his predecessor , President Moi . Compared to the Moi years , Kenya was much better managed , by far more competent public sector personnel , and was much transformed . Kenyas economy in the Kibaki years experienced a major turnaround . GDP growth picked up from a low 0.6% ( real −1.6% ) in 2002 to 3% in 2003 , 4.9% in 2004 , 5.8% in 2005 , 6% in 2006 and 7% 2007 , then after the post election chaos and Global Financial Crisis—2008 ( 1.7% ) and 2009 ( 2.6% ) , recovered to 5% in 2010 and 5% in 2011 . Development was resumed in all areas of the country , including the hitherto neglected and largely undeveloped semi-arid or arid north . Many sectors of the economy recovered from total collapse pre-2003 . Numerous state corporations that had collapsed during the Moi years were revived and have begun performing profitably . The telecommunications sector boomed . Rebuilding , modernisation and expansion of infrastructure began in earnest , with several ambitious infrastructural and other projects , such as the Thika Superhighway , which would have been seen as unattainable during the Moi years , completed . The countrys cities and towns also began being positively renewed and transformed . The Constituency Development Fund ( CDF ) was also introduced in 2003 . The fund was designed to support constituency-level , grass-root development projects . It was aimed to achieve equitable distribution of development resources across regions and to control imbalances in regional development brought about by partisan politics . It targeted all constituency-level development projects , particularly those aiming to combat poverty at the grassroots . The CDF programme has facilitated the putting up of new water , health and education facilities in all parts of the country including remote areas that were usually overlooked during funds allocation in national budgets . CDF was the first step towards the devolved system of government introduced by the 2010 Constitution , by which Local Government structures were Constitutionally redesigned , enhanced and strengthened . President Kibaki also oversaw the creation of Kenyas Vision 2030 , a long-term development plan aimed at raising GDP growth to 10% annually and transforming Kenya into a middle income country by 2030 , which he unveiled on 30 October 2006 . The Kibaki regime also saw a reduction of Kenyas dependence on western donor aid , with the country being increasingly funded by internally generated resources such as increased tax revenue collection . Relations with China , Japan and other non-western powers improved and expanded remarkably in the Kibaki years . China and Japan especially , the Asian Tigers such as Malaysia and Singapore , Brazil , the Middle East and to a lesser extent , South Africa , Libya , other African Countries , and even Iran , became increasingly important economic partners . Political legacy . President Kibaki was accused of ruling with a small group of his elderly peers , mainly from the educated side of the Kikuyu elite that emerged in the Kenyatta era , usually referred to as the Kitchen Cabinet or the Mount Kenya Mafia . There was therefore the perception that his was a Kikuyu presidency . This perception was reinforced when the President was seen to have trashed the pre- 2002 election Memorandum of Understanding with the Raila Odinga-led Liberal Democratic Party , and was further reinforced by his disputed 2007 election victory over the Raila Odinga led ODM Party being achieved nearly exclusively with the votes of the populous Mt . Kenya Kikuyu , Meru and Embu communities . The Commission of Inquiry into Post Election Violence ( CIPEV ) put it thus : The post election violence [ in early 2008 ] therefore is , in part , a consequence of the failure of President Kibaki and his first Government to exert political control over the country or to maintain sufficient legitimacy as would have allowed a civilised contest with him at the polls to be possible . Kibakis regime failed to unite the country , and allowed feelings of marginalisation to fester into what became the post election violence . He and his then Government were complacent in the support they considered they would receive in any election from the majority Kikuyu community and failed to heed the views of the legitimate leaders of other communities . Critics posit that President Kibaki failed to take advantage of the 2002 popular mandate for a complete break with the past and fix the politics largely mobilized along ethnic interests . .. . when we achieved and the new world dawned , the old men came out again and took our victory to re-make in the likeness of the former world they knew . Elected in 2002 on a reform platform , Kibaki was seen to have re-established the status quo ante . His opponents charged that a major aim of his presidency was the preservation of the privileged position of the elite that emerged during the Kenyatta years , of which he was part . I the sum total , the Kibaki Presidency did not do nearly enough to address the problem of tribalism in Kenya . Lawyer George Kegoro , in an article published in the Daily Nation newspaper on 12 April 2013 summarized the Kibaki Political Legacy thus:- Kibaki was , by far , a better manager of the economy than Moi before him . He brought order to the management of public affairs , a departure from the rather informal style that characterised the Moi regime . Kibakis push for free primary education remains an important achievement , as will the revival of key economic institutions such as the Kenya Meat Commission and the Kenya Cooperative Creameries , ruined during the Moi-era . .. . However , Kibaki was not all success . Having come to power in 2003 on an anti-corruption platform , he set up two commissions , the Bosire Commission on the Goldenberg scandal and the Ndungu Commission , which investigated irregular land allocation . However , the reports were not implemented . Further , the Kibaki administration was rocked by a corruption scandal of its own , the Anglo Leasing scam , involving his close associates . John Githongo , an inspired appointment by Kibaki for an anti-corruption czar , resigned from the government in 2005 , citing lack of support from the president . As he leaves office , therefore , the fight against corruption remains unfulfilled . .. . But , perhaps , the most controversial aspect of the Kibaki tenure will always be his relationship with senior politicians of his day , particularly Raila Odinga and Kalonzo Musyoka . The context of this complex relationship includes the post-election violence of 2007 , whose roots go back to the dishonoured Memorandum of Understanding between Kibaki and Raila in 2002 . The quarrel over the MoU directly led to the break-up of the Narc government , after which Kibaki showed Odinga the door and invited the opposition to rule with him . The effect was that the opposition , rejected at the polls , joined government while Railas faction , validly elected to power , was consigned to the opposition . .. . To the supporters of Raila and Kalonzo , Kibaki will be remembered as a person who did not keep political promises . Failure to tame corruption . Though president Kibaki was never personally accused of corruption , and managed to virtually end the grabbing of public land rampant in the Moi and Kenyatta eras , he was unable to adequately contain Kenyas widely entrenched culture of endemic corruption . Michela Wrong describes the situation thus : Whether expressed in the petty bribes the average Kenyan had to pay each week to fat-bellied policemen and local councillors , the jobs for the boys doled out by civil servants and politicians on strictly tribal lines , or the massive scams perpetrated by the countrys ruling elite , corruption had become endemic . Eating , as Kenyans dubbed the gorging on state resources by the well-connected , had crippled the nation . In the corruption indices drawn up by the anti-graft organisation Transparency International , Kenya routinely trail [ s ] near the bottom .. . viewed as only slightly less sleazy than Nigeria or Pakistan .. . The Daily Nation , in an article published on 4 March 2013 titled End of a decade of highs and lows for Mwai Kibaki summarised it thus : For a leader who was popularly swept into power in 2002 on an anti-corruption platform , Kibakis tenure saw graft scandals where hundreds of millions of shillings were siphoned from public coffers . Kibakis National Rainbow Coalition – which took power from the authoritarian rule of Daniel arap Moi—was welcomed for its promises of change and economic growth , but soon showed that it was better suited to treading established paths . The initial response to corruption was very solid .. . but it became clear after a while that these scams reached all the way to the president himself , said Kenyas former anti-corruption chief John Githongo in Michela Wrongs book Its Our Turn to Eat . Most notorious of a raft of graft scandals was the multi-billion shilling Anglo Leasing case , which emerged in 2004 and involved public cash being paid to a complicated web of foreign companies for a range of services—including naval ships and passports—that never materialised . 2010 Constitution . However , the passage of Kenyas transformative 2010 Constitution , successfully championed by President Kibaki in the Kenyan constitutional referendum in 2010 was a major triumph and achievement , which went a long way into addressing Kenyas governance and institutional challenges . With the new Constitution started wide-ranging institutional and legislative reforms , which President Kibaki skilfully and successfully steered in the final years of this presidency.His greatest moment was the promulgation of the new Constitution.. . It was a very deep and emotional moment for him , Kibakis son Jimmy was quoted as saying . 2013 : Power handover . A proud looking but rather worn President Kibaki handed over the Kenyan presidency to his successor , Uhuru Kenyatta , on 9 April 2013 at a public inauguration ceremony held at Kenyas largest stadium . I am happy to pass the torch of leadership to the new generation of leaders , said Kibaki . He also thanked his family and all Kenyans for the support they had given him throughout his tenure in office , and cited the various achievements his government made . The handover marked the end of his presidency and of his 50 years of public service . Personal life . President Kibaki was married to Lucy Muthoni from 1961 until her death in 2016 . They have four children : Judy Wanjiku , Jimmy Kibaki , David Kagai , and Tony Githinji . They also have several grandchildren : Joy Jamie Marie , Rachael Muthoni,Mwai Junior and Krystinaa Muthoni . Jimmy Kibaki did have , so far unsuccessful , designs to be his fathers political heir . In 2004 , the media reported that Kibaki has a second spouse , whom he allegedly married under customary law , Mary Wambui , and a daughter , Wangui Mwai . State House in response released an unsigned statement that Kibakis only immediate family at the time was his then wife , Lucy , and their four children . In 2009 , Kibaki , with Lucy in close attendance , held an odd press conference to re-state publicly that he only has one wife . The matter of Kibakis alleged mistress , and his wifes usually dramatic public reactions thereto , provided an embarrassing side-show during his presidency , with the Washington Post terming the entire scandal as a new Kenyan soap opera . Ms . Wambui , the rather popular other woman , who enjoyed the state trappings of a Presidential spouse and became a powerful and wealthy business-woman during the Kibaki Presidency , frequently drove Lucy into episodes of highly embarrassing very publicly displayed rage . Ms . Wambui , despite opposition from Kibakis family , led publicly by Kibakis son , Jimmy , and despite Kibakis public endorsement and campaign for her opponent , succeeded Kibaki as Member of Parliament for Othaya in the 2013 General Election . In December 2014 , Senator Bonny Khalwale stated on KTNs Jeff Koinange Live that President Kibaki had introduced Wambui as his wife . Kibaki enjoys playing golf and is a member of the Muthaiga Golf Club . He is a practicing and a very committed member of the Roman Catholic Church and attends Consolata Shrines Catholic Church in Nairobi every Sunday at noon . On 21 August 2016 , Kibaki was taken to Karen Hospital , and later flew to South Africa for specialized treatment . External links . - Mwai Kibaki official website - Profile of His Excellency Hon . Mwai Kibaki - Profile of President Mwai Kibaki
|
[
"President of Kenya"
] |
[
{
"text": " Emilio Stanley Mwai Kibaki , C.G.H . ( born 15 November 1931 ) is a Kenyan politician who was the third President of Kenya , serving from December 2002 until April 2013 . He had previously served as the fourth Vice-President of Kenya for ten years from 1978 to 1988 under President Daniel arap Moi . He also held cabinet ministerial positions in the Kenyatta and Moi governments , including time as minister for Finance ( 1969–1981 ) under Kenyatta , and Minister for Home Affairs ( 1982–1988 ) and Minister for Health ( 1988–1991 ) under Moi .",
"title": "Mwai Kibaki"
},
{
"text": "Kibaki served as an opposition Member of Parliament from 1992 to 2002 . He unsuccessfully vied for the presidency in 1992 and 1997 . He served as the Leader of the Official Opposition in Parliament from 1998 to 2002 . In the 2002 presidential election , he was elected as President of Kenya .",
"title": "Mwai Kibaki"
},
{
"text": " Early life and education . Kibaki was born in 1931 in Thunguri village , Othaya division of Kenyas then Nyeri District , now Nyeri County . He is the youngest son of Kikuyu peasants Kibaki Gĩthĩnji and Teresia Wanjikũ . Though baptised as Emilio Stanley by Italian missionaries in his youth , he has been known as Mwai Kibaki throughout his public life .",
"title": "Mwai Kibaki"
},
{
"text": "Family oral history maintains that his early education was made possible by his much older brother-in-law , Paul Muruthi , who insisted that young Mwai should go to school instead of spending his days grazing his fathers sheep and cattle and baby-sitting his little nephews and nieces for his older sister . Kibaki turned out to be an exemplary student . He attended Gatuyainĩ School for the first two years , where he completed what was then called Sub A and sub B ( the equivalent of standard one and two or first and second grade ) . He later",
"title": "Mwai Kibaki"
},
{
"text": "joined Karima mission school for the three more classes of primary school . He later moved to Mathari School ( now Nyeri High School ) between 1944 and 1946 for Standard four to six , where , in addition to his academic studies , he learnt carpentry and masonry as students would repair furniture and provide material for maintaining the schools buildings . He also grew his own food as all students in the school were expected to do , and earned extra money during the school holidays by working as a conductor on buses operated by the defunct Othaya",
"title": "Mwai Kibaki"
},
{
"text": "African Bus Union . After Karima Primary and Nyeri Boarding primary schools , he proceeded to Mangu High School where he studied between 1947 and 1950 . He passed with a maximum of six points in his O level examination by passing six subjects with Grade 1 Distinction .",
"title": "Mwai Kibaki"
},
{
"text": "Influenced by the veterans of the First and Second World Wars in his native village , Kibaki considered becoming a soldier in his final year in Mangu . However , a ruling by the Chief colonial secretary , Walter Coutts , which barred the recruitment of the Kikuyu , Embu and Meru communities into the army , put paid to his military aspirations . Kibaki instead attended Makerere University in Kampala , Uganda , where he studied Economics , History and Political Science , and graduated best in his class in 1955 with a First Class Honours Degree ( BA",
"title": "Mwai Kibaki"
},
{
"text": ") in Economics . After his graduation , Kibaki took up an appointment as Assistant Sales Manager Shell Company of East Africa , Uganda Division . During the same year , he earned a scholarship entitling him to postgraduate studies in any British University . He consequently enrolled at the prestigious London School of Economics for a BSc in public finance , graduating with a distinction . He went back to Makerere in 1958 where he taught as an Assistant Lecturer in the economics department until 1961 . In 1961 , Kibaki married Lucy Muthoni , the daughter of a",
"title": "Mwai Kibaki"
},
{
"text": "church minister , who was then a secondary school head teacher .",
"title": "Mwai Kibaki"
},
{
"text": " Political career prior to presidency . 1960–2002 . In early 1960 , Mwai Kibaki left academia for active politics by giving up his job at Makerere and returning to Kenya to become an executive officer of Kenya African National Union ( KANU ) , at the request of Jaramogi Oginga Odinga ( who went on to become Kenyas first Vice President ) . Kibaki then helped to draft Kenyas independence constitution .",
"title": "Mwai Kibaki"
},
{
"text": "In 1963 , Kibaki was elected as Member of Parliament for Donholm Constituency ( subsequently called Bahati and now known as Makadara ) in Nairobi . His election was the start of a long political career . In 1963 Kibaki was appointed the Permanent Secretary for the Treasury . Appointed Assistant Minister of Finance and chairman of the Economic Planning Commission in 1963 , he was promoted to Minister of Commerce and Industry in 1966 . In 1969 , he became Minister of Finance and Economic Planning where he served until 1982 .",
"title": "Mwai Kibaki"
},
{
"text": "In 1974 , Kibaki , facing serious competition for his Donholm Constituency seat from a Mrs . Jael Mbogo , whom he had only narrowly and controversially beaten for the seat in the 1969 elections , moved his political base from Nairobi to his rural home , Othaya , where he was subsequently elected as Member of Parliament . The same year Time magazine rated him among the top 100 people in the world who had the potential to lead . He has been re-elected Member of Parliament for Othaya in the subsequent elections of 1979 , 1983 , 1988",
"title": "Mwai Kibaki"
},
{
"text": ", 1992 , 1997 , 2002 and 2007 .",
"title": "Mwai Kibaki"
},
{
"text": " When Daniel arap Moi succeeded Jomo Kenyatta as President of Kenya in 1978 , Kibaki was elevated to Vice Presidency , and kept the Finance portfolio until Moi changed his ministerial portfolio from Finance to Home Affairs in 1982 . When Kibaki was the minister of Finance Kenya enjoyed a period of relative prosperity , fueled by a commodities boom , especially coffee , with remarkable fiscal discipline and sound monetary policies .",
"title": "Mwai Kibaki"
},
{
"text": "Kibaki fell out of favor with President Moi in March 1988 , and was dropped as vice president and moved to the Ministry of Health . He seemingly took the demotion in his stride without much ado .",
"title": "Mwai Kibaki"
},
{
"text": "Kibakis political style during these years was described as gentlemanly and non-confrontational . This style exposed him to criticism that he was a spineless , or even cowardly , politician who never took a stand : according to one joke , He never saw a fence he didnt sit on . He also , as the political circumstances of the time dictated , projected himself as a loyal stalwart of the ruling single party , KANU . In the months before multi-party politics were introduced in 1992 , he infamously declared that agitating for multi-party democracy and trying to dislodge",
"title": "Mwai Kibaki"
},
{
"text": "KANU from power was like trying to cut down a fig tree with a razor blade .",
"title": "Mwai Kibaki"
},
{
"text": "It was therefore with great surprise that the country received the news of Kibakis resignation from government and leaving KANU on Christmas Day in December 1991 , only days after the repeal of Section 2A of the Constitution , which restored the multi-party system of government . Soon after his resignation , Kibaki founded the Democratic Party ( DP ) and entered the presidential race in the upcoming multi-party elections of 1992 . He was criticized as a johnny come lately opportunist who , unlike his two main opposition presidential election opponents in that year , Kenneth Matiba and Jaramogi",
"title": "Mwai Kibaki"
},
{
"text": "Oginga Odinga , was taking advantage of multiparty despite not having fought for it .",
"title": "Mwai Kibaki"
},
{
"text": " Kibaki came third in the subsequent presidential elections of 1992 , when the divided opposition lost to president Moi and KANU despite having received more than two-thirds of the vote . He then came second to Moi in the 1997 elections , when again , Moi beat a divided opposition to retain the presidency . In January 1998 , Kibaki became the leader of the official opposition with the Democratic Party being the official opposition party in Parliament . 2002 elections .",
"title": "Mwai Kibaki"
},
{
"text": "In preparation for the 2002 elections , Kibakis Democratic Party affiliated with several other opposition parties to form National Alliance Rainbow Coalition ( NARC ) . A group of disappointed KANU presidential aspirants then quit KANU in protest after being overlooked by outgoing President Moi when Moi had founding Father Jomo Kenyattas son , Uhuru Kenyatta ( now Kibakis successor as Kenyas 4th President after the 2013 General Election ) , nominated to be the KANU presidential candidate , and hurriedly formed the Liberal Democratic Party ( LDP ) . NAK later combined with the LDP to form the National",
"title": "Mwai Kibaki"
},
{
"text": "Rainbow Coalition ( NARC ) . On 14 October 2002 , at a large opposition rally in Uhuru Park , Nairobi , Kibaki was nominated the NARC opposition alliance presidential candidate after Raila Odinga made the famous declaration , Kibaki Tosha !",
"title": "Mwai Kibaki"
},
{
"text": "On 3 December 2002 , Kibaki was injured in a road accident while on his way back to Nairobi from a campaign meeting at Machakos junction From Nairobi . He was subsequently hospitalized in Nairobi , then London , after sustaining fracture injuries in the accident . He still walks rather awkwardly as a result of those injuries . The rest of his presidential campaign was thus conducted by his NARC colleagues in his absence , led by Raila Odinga and Kijana Wamalwa ( who went on to become the Vice President ) who campaigned tirelessly for Kibaki after stating",
"title": "Mwai Kibaki"
},
{
"text": ", The captain has been injured in the field.. . but the rest of the team shall continue .",
"title": "Mwai Kibaki"
},
{
"text": " On 27 December 2002 , Kibaki and NARC won a landslide victory over KANU , with Kibaki getting 62% of the votes in the presidential elections , against only 31% for the KANU candidate Uhuru Kenyatta .",
"title": "Mwai Kibaki"
},
{
"text": " 2002 : Swearing-in , end of KANU rule , retirement of Moi . On 29 December 2002 , still nursing injuries from the motor vehicle accident and in a wheel chair , Mwai Kibaki was sworn-in as the third President and Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Kenya . At his inauguration , he stressed his opposition to government corruption , saying : Government will no longer be run on the whims of individuals . Thus ended four decades of KANU rule , KANU having hitherto ruled Kenya since independence .",
"title": "Presidency"
},
{
"text": "Kenyas 2nd President , Daniel Arap Moi , who had been in power for 24 years since 1978 as an African Big man President , also began his retirement .",
"title": "Presidency"
},
{
"text": " President Kibakis style was that of a low key publicity averse but highly intelligent and competent technocrat . He , unlike his predecessors , never tried to establish a personality cult ; never had his portrait on every unit of Kenyas currency ; never had all manner of streets , places and institutions named after him ; never had state sanctioned praise songs composed in his honor ; never dominated news bulletins with reports of his presidential activities - however routine or mundane ; and never engaged in the populist sloganeering of his predecessors .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": "His style of leadership has given him the image of a seemingly aloof , withdrawn technocrat or intellectual and has made him seem out of touch with the street , and his seemingly hands-off leadership-by-delegation style made his governments , especially at cabinet level , seem dysfunctional .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": " First term health issues . It is widely acknowledged that age and the 2002 accident denied the country the witty , sporty , eloquent Kibaki of the previous years . A man who could make lengthy and flowery contributions on the floor of Parliament without notes was confined to reading speeches at every forum .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": "In late January 2003 , it was announced that the President had been admitted to Nairobi Hospital to have a blood clot– the after-effect of his car accident– removed from his leg . He came out of hospital and addressed the public outside the hospital on TV in a visibly incoherent manner , and speculation since then is that he had suffered a stroke , his second , the first being said to have occurred sometimes in the 1970s . His subsequent ill health greatly diminished his performance during his first term and the affairs of government during that time",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": "are said to have been largely run by a group of loyal aides , both in and out of government . Kibaki did not look well , for instance , when he appeared live on TV on 25 September 2003 to appoint Moody Awori Vice President after the death in office of Vice President , Michael Wamalwa Kijana .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": " 2003 : Free primary education . In January 2003 , Kibaki introduced a free primary education initiative , which brought over 1 million children who would not have been able to afford school the chance to attend . The initiative received positive attention , including praise from Bill Clinton , who would travel to Kenya to meet Kibaki . 2005 : Constitutional referendum , the NARC fallout and government of national unity .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": "The 2005 Kenyan constitutional referendum was held on 21 November 2005 . The main issue of contention in the Constitution review process was how much power should be vested in the Kenyan Presidency . In previous drafts , those who feared a concentration of power in the president added provisions for European-style power-sharing between a ceremonial President elected via universal suffrage and an executive Prime Minister elected by Parliament . The draft presented by the Attorney General Amos Wako for the referendum retained sweeping powers for the Presidency .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": " Though Kibaki the proposal , some members of his own cabinet , mainly from the Liberal Democratic Party ( LDP ) wing led by Raila Odinga , allied with the main opposition party KANU to mobilize a powerful NO campaign that resulted in a majority of 58% of voters rejecting the draft .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": "As a consequence of , and immediately after , the referendum loss , on 23 November 2005 , Kibaki dismissed his entire cabinet in the middle of his administrations term , with the aim of purging all Raila-allied ministers from the cabinet . About his decision Kibaki said , Following the results of the Referendum , it has become necessary for me , as the President of the Republic , to re-organize my Government to make it more cohesive and better able to serve the people of Kenya . The only members of the cabinet office to be spared a",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": "midterm exit were the Vice President and Minister of Home Affairs , Moody Awori , and the Attorney General whose position is constitutionally protected . A new cabinet of Kibaki loyalists , including MPs from the opposition , termed the Government of National Unity ( GNU ) , was thereafter appointed , but some MPs who were offered ministerial positions declined to take up posts .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": " A report by a Kenyan Commission of Inquiry , the Waki Commission , contextualises some issues . They reported that Kibaki , after agreeing to an informal Memorandum of Understanding ( MoU ) to create the post of Prime Minister , reneged on this pact after being elected . They cite criticism of Kibaki neglecting his pre-election agreement , leaving the public to identify it as an attempt by the Kibaki Government to keep power to itself rather than share it . 2007 : Elections .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": "On 26 January 2007 , President Kibaki declared his intention of running for re-election in the 2007 presidential election . On 16 September 2007 , Kibaki announced that he would stand as the candidate of a new alliance incorporating all the parties who supported his re-election , called the Party of National Unity . The parties in his alliance included the much diminished former ruling KANU , DP , Narc-Kenya , Ford-Kenya , Ford People , and Shirikisho .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": " Kibakis main opponent , Raila Odinga , had used the referendum victory to launch the ODM , which nominated him as its presidential Candidate for the 2007 elections . On 30 September 2007 , a robust and much healthier President Kibaki launched his presidential campaign at Nyayo Stadium , Nairobi .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": "Kalonzo Musyoka then broke away from Railas ODM to mount his own fringe bid for the presidency , thus narrowing down the contest between the main candidates , Kibaki , the incumbent , and Odinga . Opinion polls up to election day showed Kibaki behind Raila Odinga nationally , but closing . On regional analysis , the polls showed him behind Raila in all regions of the country except Central Province , Embu and Meru , where he was projected to take most of the votes , and behind Kalonzo Musyoka in Kalonzos native Ukambani . It was thus projected",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": "to be a close election between Kibaki and Raila .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": " The election was held on 27 December 2007 . Kibaki won and was sworn in what remains to be a contentious issue at twilight . 2007–2008 : Results dispute and post-election violence .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": "Three days later , after a protracted count which saw presidential results in Kibakis Central Kenya come in last , allegedly inflated , in a cloud of suspicion and rising tensions , amid vehement protests by Railas ODM , overnight re-tallying of results and chaotic scenes , all beamed live on TV , at the national tallying center at the Kenyatta International Conference Center in Nairobi , riot police eventually sealed off the tallying Center ahead of the result announcement , evicted party agents , observers and the media , and moved the Chairman of the Electoral Commission , Samuel",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": "Kivuitu , to another room where Kivuitu went on to declare Kibaki the winner by 4,584,721 votes to Odingas 4,352,993 , placing Kibaki ahead of Odinga by about 232,000 votes in the hotly contested election with Kalonzo Musyoka a distant third .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": " One hour later , in a hastily convened dusk ceremony , Kibaki was sworn in at the grounds of State House Nairobi for his second term , defiantly calling for the verdict of the people to be respected and for healing and reconciliation to begin . This arose tension and led to protests by a huge number of Kenyans who felt that Kibaki had refused to respect the verdict of the people and was now forcibly remaining in office .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": "Immediately the results were announced , Odinga bitterly accused Kibaki of electoral fraud . Odingas allegations scored with his supporters , and seemed meritorious since the results had defied pre-election polls and expectations and election day exit polls . Furthermore , Odinga , who had campaigned against the concentration of political power in the hands of Kikuyu politicians , had won the votes of most of the other Kenyan tribes and regions , with Kibakis victory being attained only with the near exclusive support of the populous Kikuyu , Meru and Embu communities-who had turned up to vote for Kibaki",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": "in large numbers after feeling , in reaction to the Odinga campaign , and with the covert encouragement of the Kibaki campaign , increasingly besieged and threatened by the pro-Odinga tribes . Moreover , ODM had won the most parliamentary and local authority seats by a wide margin . A joint statement by the British Foreign Office and Department for International Development cited real concerns over irregularities , while international observers refused to declare the election free and fair . The European Union chief observer , Alexander Graf Lambsdorff , cited one constituency where his monitors saw official results for",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": "Kibaki that were 25,000 votes lower than the figure subsequently announced by the Electoral Commission , leading him to doubt the accuracy of the announced results .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": " It was reported that Kibaki , who had previously been perceived as an old-school gentleman , had revealed a steely side when he swore himself in within an hour of being announced the victor of the highly contested election—one where the results were largely in question . Odingas supporters said he would be declared president at a rival ceremony on Monday , but police banned the event .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": "Koki Muli , the head of local watchdog , the Institute of Education in Democracy , said called the day the saddest...in the history of democracy in this country and a coup detat .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": "Opposition supporters saw the result as a plot by Kibakis Kikuyu tribe , Kenyas largest , to keep power by any means . The tribes that lost the election were upset at the prospect of five years without political power , and anti-Kikuyu sentiment swelled , spawning the 2007–2008 Kenyan crisis , as violence broke out in several places in the country , started by the ODM supporters protesting the stealing of their victory , and subsequently escalating as the targeted Kikuyus retaliated . As unrest spread , television and radio stations were instructed to stop all live broadcasts .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": "There was widespread theft , vandalism , looting and destruction of property , and a significant number of atrocities , killings and sexual violence reported .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": " The violence continued for more than two months , as Kibaki ruled with half a cabinet he had appointed , with Odinga and ODM refusing to recognize him as president .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": "When the election was eventually investigated by the Independent Review Commission ( IREC ) on the 2007 Elections chaired by Justice Johann Kriegler , it was found that there were too many electoral malpractices from several regions perpetrated by all the contesting parties to conclusively establish which candidate won the December 2007 Presidential elections . Such malpractices included widespread bribery , vote buying , intimidation and ballot stuffing by both sides , as well as incompetence from the Electoral Commission of Kenya ( ECK ) , which was shortly thereafter disbanded by the new Parliament .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": " 2008 : National accord and Grand Coalition Government . The Country was only saved by the mediation of former United Nations Secretary General Kofi Annan with a Panel of Eminent African Personalities backed by the African Union , the United States and the United Kingdom .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": "Following the mediation , a deal , called the national accord , was signed in February 2008 between Raila Odinga and Kibaki , now referred to as the two Principals . The accord , later passed by the Kenyan Parliament as the National Accord and Reconciliation Act 2008 provided inter alia for power-sharing , with Kibaki remaining President and Raila Odinga taking a newly re-created post of Prime Minister .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": " On 17 April 2008 , Raila Odinga was sworn in as Prime Minister , along with a power-sharing Cabinet , with 42 ministers and 50 assistant ministers , Kenyas largest ever . The cabinet was fifty percent Kibaki appointed ministers and fifty percent Raila appointed ministers , and was in reality a carefully balanced ethnic coalition . The arrangement , which also included Kalonzo Musyoka as vice president , was known as the Grand Coalition Government . Economic legacy : turnaround .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": "The Kibaki presidency set itself the main task of reviving and turning round country after years of stagnation and economic mismanagement during the Moi years – a feat faced with several challenges , including the aftermath of the Nyayo Era ( Moi Presidency ) , western donor fatigue , the Presidents ill health during his first term , political tension culminating in the break-up of the NARC coalition , the 2007–2008 post election violence , the 2007–2008 Global Financial crisis , and a tenuous relationship with his coalition partner , Raila Odinga , during his second term .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": " President Kibaki , the economist whose term as Finance minister in the 1970s is widely celebrated as outstanding , did much as president to repair the damage done to the countrys economy during the 24-year reign of his predecessor , President Moi . Compared to the Moi years , Kenya was much better managed , by far more competent public sector personnel , and was much transformed .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": "Kenyas economy in the Kibaki years experienced a major turnaround . GDP growth picked up from a low 0.6% ( real −1.6% ) in 2002 to 3% in 2003 , 4.9% in 2004 , 5.8% in 2005 , 6% in 2006 and 7% 2007 , then after the post election chaos and Global Financial Crisis—2008 ( 1.7% ) and 2009 ( 2.6% ) , recovered to 5% in 2010 and 5% in 2011 .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": "Development was resumed in all areas of the country , including the hitherto neglected and largely undeveloped semi-arid or arid north . Many sectors of the economy recovered from total collapse pre-2003 . Numerous state corporations that had collapsed during the Moi years were revived and have begun performing profitably . The telecommunications sector boomed . Rebuilding , modernisation and expansion of infrastructure began in earnest , with several ambitious infrastructural and other projects , such as the Thika Superhighway , which would have been seen as unattainable during the Moi years , completed . The countrys cities and towns",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": "also began being positively renewed and transformed .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": "The Constituency Development Fund ( CDF ) was also introduced in 2003 . The fund was designed to support constituency-level , grass-root development projects . It was aimed to achieve equitable distribution of development resources across regions and to control imbalances in regional development brought about by partisan politics . It targeted all constituency-level development projects , particularly those aiming to combat poverty at the grassroots . The CDF programme has facilitated the putting up of new water , health and education facilities in all parts of the country including remote areas that were usually overlooked during funds allocation in",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": "national budgets . CDF was the first step towards the devolved system of government introduced by the 2010 Constitution , by which Local Government structures were Constitutionally redesigned , enhanced and strengthened .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": " President Kibaki also oversaw the creation of Kenyas Vision 2030 , a long-term development plan aimed at raising GDP growth to 10% annually and transforming Kenya into a middle income country by 2030 , which he unveiled on 30 October 2006 .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": "The Kibaki regime also saw a reduction of Kenyas dependence on western donor aid , with the country being increasingly funded by internally generated resources such as increased tax revenue collection . Relations with China , Japan and other non-western powers improved and expanded remarkably in the Kibaki years . China and Japan especially , the Asian Tigers such as Malaysia and Singapore , Brazil , the Middle East and to a lesser extent , South Africa , Libya , other African Countries , and even Iran , became increasingly important economic partners .",
"title": "Leadership style"
},
{
"text": "President Kibaki was accused of ruling with a small group of his elderly peers , mainly from the educated side of the Kikuyu elite that emerged in the Kenyatta era , usually referred to as the Kitchen Cabinet or the Mount Kenya Mafia . There was therefore the perception that his was a Kikuyu presidency . This perception was reinforced when the President was seen to have trashed the pre- 2002 election Memorandum of Understanding with the Raila Odinga-led Liberal Democratic Party , and was further reinforced by his disputed 2007 election victory over the Raila Odinga led ODM Party",
"title": "Political legacy"
},
{
"text": "being achieved nearly exclusively with the votes of the populous Mt . Kenya Kikuyu , Meru and Embu communities .",
"title": "Political legacy"
},
{
"text": " The Commission of Inquiry into Post Election Violence ( CIPEV ) put it thus :",
"title": "Political legacy"
},
{
"text": "The post election violence [ in early 2008 ] therefore is , in part , a consequence of the failure of President Kibaki and his first Government to exert political control over the country or to maintain sufficient legitimacy as would have allowed a civilised contest with him at the polls to be possible . Kibakis regime failed to unite the country , and allowed feelings of marginalisation to fester into what became the post election violence . He and his then Government were complacent in the support they considered they would receive in any election from the majority Kikuyu",
"title": "Political legacy"
},
{
"text": "community and failed to heed the views of the legitimate leaders of other communities .",
"title": "Political legacy"
},
{
"text": "Critics posit that President Kibaki failed to take advantage of the 2002 popular mandate for a complete break with the past and fix the politics largely mobilized along ethnic interests . .. . when we achieved and the new world dawned , the old men came out again and took our victory to re-make in the likeness of the former world they knew . Elected in 2002 on a reform platform , Kibaki was seen to have re-established the status quo ante . His opponents charged that a major aim of his presidency was the preservation of the privileged position",
"title": "Political legacy"
},
{
"text": "of the elite that emerged during the Kenyatta years , of which he was part .",
"title": "Political legacy"
},
{
"text": " I the sum total , the Kibaki Presidency did not do nearly enough to address the problem of tribalism in Kenya . Lawyer George Kegoro , in an article published in the Daily Nation newspaper on 12 April 2013 summarized the Kibaki Political Legacy thus:-",
"title": "Political legacy"
},
{
"text": "Kibaki was , by far , a better manager of the economy than Moi before him . He brought order to the management of public affairs , a departure from the rather informal style that characterised the Moi regime . Kibakis push for free primary education remains an important achievement , as will the revival of key economic institutions such as the Kenya Meat Commission and the Kenya Cooperative Creameries , ruined during the Moi-era . .. . However , Kibaki was not all success . Having come to power in 2003 on an anti-corruption platform , he set up",
"title": "Political legacy"
},
{
"text": "two commissions , the Bosire Commission on the Goldenberg scandal and the Ndungu Commission , which investigated irregular land allocation . However , the reports were not implemented . Further , the Kibaki administration was rocked by a corruption scandal of its own , the Anglo Leasing scam , involving his close associates . John Githongo , an inspired appointment by Kibaki for an anti-corruption czar , resigned from the government in 2005 , citing lack of support from the president . As he leaves office , therefore , the fight against corruption remains unfulfilled . .. . But ,",
"title": "Political legacy"
},
{
"text": "perhaps , the most controversial aspect of the Kibaki tenure will always be his relationship with senior politicians of his day , particularly Raila Odinga and Kalonzo Musyoka . The context of this complex relationship includes the post-election violence of 2007 , whose roots go back to the dishonoured Memorandum of Understanding between Kibaki and Raila in 2002 . The quarrel over the MoU directly led to the break-up of the Narc government , after which Kibaki showed Odinga the door and invited the opposition to rule with him . The effect was that the opposition , rejected at the",
"title": "Political legacy"
},
{
"text": "polls , joined government while Railas faction , validly elected to power , was consigned to the opposition . .. . To the supporters of Raila and Kalonzo , Kibaki will be remembered as a person who did not keep political promises .",
"title": "Political legacy"
},
{
"text": " Failure to tame corruption . Though president Kibaki was never personally accused of corruption , and managed to virtually end the grabbing of public land rampant in the Moi and Kenyatta eras , he was unable to adequately contain Kenyas widely entrenched culture of endemic corruption . Michela Wrong describes the situation thus :",
"title": "Political legacy"
},
{
"text": "Whether expressed in the petty bribes the average Kenyan had to pay each week to fat-bellied policemen and local councillors , the jobs for the boys doled out by civil servants and politicians on strictly tribal lines , or the massive scams perpetrated by the countrys ruling elite , corruption had become endemic . Eating , as Kenyans dubbed the gorging on state resources by the well-connected , had crippled the nation . In the corruption indices drawn up by the anti-graft organisation Transparency International , Kenya routinely trail [ s ] near the bottom .. . viewed as only",
"title": "Political legacy"
},
{
"text": "slightly less sleazy than Nigeria or Pakistan .. .",
"title": "Political legacy"
},
{
"text": " The Daily Nation , in an article published on 4 March 2013 titled End of a decade of highs and lows for Mwai Kibaki summarised it thus :",
"title": "Political legacy"
},
{
"text": "For a leader who was popularly swept into power in 2002 on an anti-corruption platform , Kibakis tenure saw graft scandals where hundreds of millions of shillings were siphoned from public coffers . Kibakis National Rainbow Coalition – which took power from the authoritarian rule of Daniel arap Moi—was welcomed for its promises of change and economic growth , but soon showed that it was better suited to treading established paths .",
"title": "Political legacy"
},
{
"text": " The initial response to corruption was very solid .. . but it became clear after a while that these scams reached all the way to the president himself , said Kenyas former anti-corruption chief John Githongo in Michela Wrongs book Its Our Turn to Eat . Most notorious of a raft of graft scandals was the multi-billion shilling Anglo Leasing case , which emerged in 2004 and involved public cash being paid to a complicated web of foreign companies for a range of services—including naval ships and passports—that never materialised . 2010 Constitution .",
"title": "Political legacy"
},
{
"text": "However , the passage of Kenyas transformative 2010 Constitution , successfully championed by President Kibaki in the Kenyan constitutional referendum in 2010 was a major triumph and achievement , which went a long way into addressing Kenyas governance and institutional challenges . With the new Constitution started wide-ranging institutional and legislative reforms , which President Kibaki skilfully and successfully steered in the final years of this presidency.His greatest moment was the promulgation of the new Constitution.. . It was a very deep and emotional moment for him , Kibakis son Jimmy was quoted as saying .",
"title": "Political legacy"
},
{
"text": " 2013 : Power handover . A proud looking but rather worn President Kibaki handed over the Kenyan presidency to his successor , Uhuru Kenyatta , on 9 April 2013 at a public inauguration ceremony held at Kenyas largest stadium . I am happy to pass the torch of leadership to the new generation of leaders , said Kibaki . He also thanked his family and all Kenyans for the support they had given him throughout his tenure in office , and cited the various achievements his government made .",
"title": "Political legacy"
},
{
"text": "The handover marked the end of his presidency and of his 50 years of public service .",
"title": "Political legacy"
},
{
"text": " President Kibaki was married to Lucy Muthoni from 1961 until her death in 2016 . They have four children : Judy Wanjiku , Jimmy Kibaki , David Kagai , and Tony Githinji . They also have several grandchildren : Joy Jamie Marie , Rachael Muthoni,Mwai Junior and Krystinaa Muthoni . Jimmy Kibaki did have , so far unsuccessful , designs to be his fathers political heir .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "In 2004 , the media reported that Kibaki has a second spouse , whom he allegedly married under customary law , Mary Wambui , and a daughter , Wangui Mwai . State House in response released an unsigned statement that Kibakis only immediate family at the time was his then wife , Lucy , and their four children . In 2009 , Kibaki , with Lucy in close attendance , held an odd press conference to re-state publicly that he only has one wife . The matter of Kibakis alleged mistress , and his wifes usually dramatic public reactions thereto",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": ", provided an embarrassing side-show during his presidency , with the Washington Post terming the entire scandal as a new Kenyan soap opera .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Ms . Wambui , the rather popular other woman , who enjoyed the state trappings of a Presidential spouse and became a powerful and wealthy business-woman during the Kibaki Presidency , frequently drove Lucy into episodes of highly embarrassing very publicly displayed rage . Ms . Wambui , despite opposition from Kibakis family , led publicly by Kibakis son , Jimmy , and despite Kibakis public endorsement and campaign for her opponent , succeeded Kibaki as Member of Parliament for Othaya in the 2013 General Election . In December 2014 , Senator Bonny Khalwale stated on KTNs Jeff Koinange Live",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "that President Kibaki had introduced Wambui as his wife .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Kibaki enjoys playing golf and is a member of the Muthaiga Golf Club . He is a practicing and a very committed member of the Roman Catholic Church and attends Consolata Shrines Catholic Church in Nairobi every Sunday at noon . On 21 August 2016 , Kibaki was taken to Karen Hospital , and later flew to South Africa for specialized treatment .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Mwai Kibaki official website - Profile of His Excellency Hon . Mwai Kibaki - Profile of President Mwai Kibaki",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Louise_Ellman#P39#0
|
What was the position of Louise Ellman before Jun 1998?
|
Louise Ellman Dame Louise Joyce Ellman ( née Rosenberg ; born 14 November 1945 ) is a British politician who served as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Liverpool Riverside from 1997 to 2019 . She was a member of the Labour Party until her resignation in October 2019 . Ellman was elected as a councillor on the Lancashire County Council in 1970 , becoming the Labour group leader in 1977 and leader of the council from 1981 until her election to House of Commons in 1997 . She was Vice-Chair of Lancashire Enterprises , and served as Chair of the Transport Select Committee from 2008 to 2017 . She is also Chair of Labour Friends of Israel and is Honorary President of the Jewish Labour Movement . She was appointed a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( DBE ) in the 2018 Queens Birthday Honours List , and is a Vice President of the Jewish Leadership Council . Ellman resigned from the Labour Party in October 2019 , expressing concern over antisemitism in the Labour Party and a potential Jeremy Corbyn-led government . Early life and career . Louise Joyce Rosenberg was born in Manchester to an observant Jewish family . Her father had a Lithuanian background . She was educated at the independent Manchester High School for Girls , before studying at the University of Hull where she received a BA in Sociology and History in 1967 , and then studied Social Administration at the University of York where she was awarded a MPhil in 1972 . As a teenager , she was involved in the Labour Zionist movement , Habonim and , following university , spent a year in Israel at an Ulpan studying Hebrew , where she met her husband . From 1970 to 1976 , she was a lecturer for the Open University . She was elected as a councillor on the Lancashire County Council in 1970 , becoming the Labour group leader in 1977 and council leader from 1981 until her election to Parliament . She was Vice-Chair of Lancashire Enterprises . She unsuccessfully contested the Darwen constituency at the 1979 general election , being defeated by the sitting Conservative MP Charles Fletcher-Cooke by 13,026 votes . Parliamentary career . She was elected to Parliament at the 1997 general election for the safe seat of Liverpool Riverside . She held the seat with a majority of 21,799 and has held the seat comfortably at successive general elections . When she was re-elected in 2001 , the turnout was the lowest in the country at 34.1% . Positions and voting . She has been a member of the Transport Committee and its predecessor , Transport , Local Government and the Regions , since she was first elected . On 21 May 2008 , she was selected to become the Chair of the Commons Transport Select Committee after the death of Gwyneth Dunwoody MP , being returned unopposed after the 2015 general election . According to website Public Whip , Ellman repeatedly voted for the Iraq War , against an investigation into that war , and for renewal of Trident , Britains nuclear weapons programme . She very rarely voted against the Party line . In the 2015 Labour Party leadership election , she nominated Liz Kendall . She supported Owen Smith in the failed attempt to replace Jeremy Corbyn in the 2016 leadership election . Israel . Ellman was Chair of the Jewish Labour Movement from 2006 to 2016 , after which she became its Honorary President . She was also Vice Chair of Labour Friends of Israel and succeeded Joan Ryan as Chair in August 2019 . She said that she intended to remain a member of LFI following her resignation from the Labour Party . She was the chair of the All-Party Britain-Israel Parliamentary Group . The Times of Israel called her tough-as-nails and an unabashed friend of Israel . According to one biographer in the Jewish Chronicle , Ellman can always be called on to defend Israel on the green benches ( i.e . in Parliament ) . The Jewish Telegraph said Doughty Labour MP Louise Ellman is never scared to openly proclaim her Jewish identity and fight for Israel and against Islamic extremism at every Parliamentary opportunity . In September 2019 , Ellman said she shared the fears of other Jews living in the UK about the prospect of a Labour government led by Jeremy Corbyn and understood why they would seriously consider leaving the country . In October 2019 , she said Im not absolutely convinced he will bring great danger to the Jewish community but Im very concerned it is possible he could . Constituency party . In 2016 , Ellman said that a small number among the members who joined her constituency Labour party after Corbyns election as leader seemed obsessed on Middle East issues , that there had been a very unpleasant atmosphere in constituency meetings and that remarks which she considered were antisemitic had been made to her . She also alleged that the local Momentum group was acting as a party within a party and asked for her constituency party to be suspended and investigated . A leading local Momentum member rejected the allegations . Resignation . In early October 2019 , a motion of no confidence in Ellman , scheduled to take place on Yom Kippur , the holiest day of the Jewish calendar , was submitted for discussion at a branch of her constituency Labour Party . The timing of the motion was criticised by Ellman herself , who called it particularly insidious ; and by Marie van der Zyl , President of the Board of Deputies of British Jews , who said it meant that Ellman would have no opportunity even to respond . A Labour Party spokesperson said that no confidence motions had no formal standing , with another source intimating that the motion was unlikely to be taken to a vote . Two further motions of no confidence were later submitted for debate at other branches of the Liverpool Riverside CLP . The North-West Labour Party office later advised local branches that none of the motions should be discussed , citing the potential prejudicial effect that such discussion may have on the upcoming trigger ballot . On 16 October 2019 , Ellman resigned from the Labour Party , citing her worries about antisemitism in the party , and her belief that anti-Semitism in the Labour Party had prospered under the leadership of Jeremy Corbyn . She wrote that under Jeremy Corbyns leadership , antisemitism has become mainstream in the Labour Party . Jewish members have been bullied , abused and driven out . Antisemites have felt comfortable and vile conspiracy theories have neen propagated .. . the overwhelming majority of the Jewish community is fearful of what a Corbyn government might mean for Britains Jews .. . [ he is a man ] who spent three decades on the backbenches consorting with , and never confronting , antisemites , Holocaust deniers and terrorists . Labour responded that Jeremy Corbyn and the Labour Party are fully committed to the support , defence and celebration of the Jewish community and continue to take robust action to root out antisemitism in the party and wider society . Her CLP later said : The Labour Party recognises the hard work and commitment Louise has shown to her constituents over the past 22 years . Unfortunately she made it very clear at the last CLP meeting that she could not support a Jeremy Corbyn led government . This inevitably meant that Louise would be triggered and was very unlikely to win any reselection process . The CLP , in a further statement , explained the desire of many local members for a reselection contest as due to longstanding political differences over Ellmans support for the Iraq War , her lack of support for Corbyns policies and criticisms of the leadership , and her recent expression of concern over a future Labour government . The CLP condemned antisemitism directed at Ellman or otherwise but characterised her as misrepresenting the local party and said that many of their Jewish members did not recognise or accept her views . Personal life and recognition . Ellman has been married since 16 July 1967 to Geoffrey Ellman , a pharmacist . She lived in Leeds , then moved to Skelmersdale in 1969 . The couple have a son , Sean , and a daughter , Yvonne , and five grandchildren . She was made a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( DBE ) in the 2018 Queens Birthday Honours for parliamentary and political services . In 2019 , the Jerusalem Post ranked her as the 23rd most influential Jew worldwide , calling her Labours lady who opposes Corbyn and noting that she has been a strong advocate for Israel in the House of Commons . She is the sole Briton in the 50-strong list . She is a Vice President of the Jewish Leadership Council . External links . - – official site - Louise Ellman Ask Aristotle - article at Guardian Unlimited Politics - Louise Ellman parliamentary biography from DodOnline - Louise Ellman at Skelmersdale Heritage Society - Louise Ellman page on BBC Politics Audio clips . - Mobile phones ( 2002 ) - Middle East Road Map ( October 2004 ) - Ken Livingstone ( February 2005 )
|
[
"Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Liverpool Riverside",
"member of the Transport Committee"
] |
[
{
"text": " Dame Louise Joyce Ellman ( née Rosenberg ; born 14 November 1945 ) is a British politician who served as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Liverpool Riverside from 1997 to 2019 . She was a member of the Labour Party until her resignation in October 2019 .",
"title": "Louise Ellman"
},
{
"text": "Ellman was elected as a councillor on the Lancashire County Council in 1970 , becoming the Labour group leader in 1977 and leader of the council from 1981 until her election to House of Commons in 1997 . She was Vice-Chair of Lancashire Enterprises , and served as Chair of the Transport Select Committee from 2008 to 2017 . She is also Chair of Labour Friends of Israel and is Honorary President of the Jewish Labour Movement .",
"title": "Louise Ellman"
},
{
"text": " She was appointed a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( DBE ) in the 2018 Queens Birthday Honours List , and is a Vice President of the Jewish Leadership Council . Ellman resigned from the Labour Party in October 2019 , expressing concern over antisemitism in the Labour Party and a potential Jeremy Corbyn-led government . Early life and career .",
"title": "Louise Ellman"
},
{
"text": "Louise Joyce Rosenberg was born in Manchester to an observant Jewish family . Her father had a Lithuanian background . She was educated at the independent Manchester High School for Girls , before studying at the University of Hull where she received a BA in Sociology and History in 1967 , and then studied Social Administration at the University of York where she was awarded a MPhil in 1972 .",
"title": "Louise Ellman"
},
{
"text": " As a teenager , she was involved in the Labour Zionist movement , Habonim and , following university , spent a year in Israel at an Ulpan studying Hebrew , where she met her husband . From 1970 to 1976 , she was a lecturer for the Open University . She was elected as a councillor on the Lancashire County Council in 1970 , becoming the Labour group leader in 1977 and council leader from 1981 until her election to Parliament . She was Vice-Chair of Lancashire Enterprises .",
"title": "Louise Ellman"
},
{
"text": "She unsuccessfully contested the Darwen constituency at the 1979 general election , being defeated by the sitting Conservative MP Charles Fletcher-Cooke by 13,026 votes .",
"title": "Louise Ellman"
},
{
"text": " She was elected to Parliament at the 1997 general election for the safe seat of Liverpool Riverside . She held the seat with a majority of 21,799 and has held the seat comfortably at successive general elections . When she was re-elected in 2001 , the turnout was the lowest in the country at 34.1% .",
"title": "Parliamentary career"
},
{
"text": " She has been a member of the Transport Committee and its predecessor , Transport , Local Government and the Regions , since she was first elected . On 21 May 2008 , she was selected to become the Chair of the Commons Transport Select Committee after the death of Gwyneth Dunwoody MP , being returned unopposed after the 2015 general election .",
"title": "Positions and voting"
},
{
"text": "According to website Public Whip , Ellman repeatedly voted for the Iraq War , against an investigation into that war , and for renewal of Trident , Britains nuclear weapons programme . She very rarely voted against the Party line .",
"title": "Positions and voting"
},
{
"text": " In the 2015 Labour Party leadership election , she nominated Liz Kendall . She supported Owen Smith in the failed attempt to replace Jeremy Corbyn in the 2016 leadership election .",
"title": "Positions and voting"
},
{
"text": " Ellman was Chair of the Jewish Labour Movement from 2006 to 2016 , after which she became its Honorary President . She was also Vice Chair of Labour Friends of Israel and succeeded Joan Ryan as Chair in August 2019 . She said that she intended to remain a member of LFI following her resignation from the Labour Party . She was the chair of the All-Party Britain-Israel Parliamentary Group .",
"title": "Israel"
},
{
"text": "The Times of Israel called her tough-as-nails and an unabashed friend of Israel . According to one biographer in the Jewish Chronicle , Ellman can always be called on to defend Israel on the green benches ( i.e . in Parliament ) . The Jewish Telegraph said Doughty Labour MP Louise Ellman is never scared to openly proclaim her Jewish identity and fight for Israel and against Islamic extremism at every Parliamentary opportunity . In September 2019 , Ellman said she shared the fears of other Jews living in the UK about the prospect of a Labour government led by",
"title": "Israel"
},
{
"text": "Jeremy Corbyn and understood why they would seriously consider leaving the country . In October 2019 , she said Im not absolutely convinced he will bring great danger to the Jewish community but Im very concerned it is possible he could .",
"title": "Israel"
},
{
"text": " In 2016 , Ellman said that a small number among the members who joined her constituency Labour party after Corbyns election as leader seemed obsessed on Middle East issues , that there had been a very unpleasant atmosphere in constituency meetings and that remarks which she considered were antisemitic had been made to her . She also alleged that the local Momentum group was acting as a party within a party and asked for her constituency party to be suspended and investigated . A leading local Momentum member rejected the allegations .",
"title": "Constituency party"
},
{
"text": "In early October 2019 , a motion of no confidence in Ellman , scheduled to take place on Yom Kippur , the holiest day of the Jewish calendar , was submitted for discussion at a branch of her constituency Labour Party . The timing of the motion was criticised by Ellman herself , who called it particularly insidious ; and by Marie van der Zyl , President of the Board of Deputies of British Jews , who said it meant that Ellman would have no opportunity even to respond . A Labour Party spokesperson said that no confidence motions had",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": "no formal standing , with another source intimating that the motion was unlikely to be taken to a vote . Two further motions of no confidence were later submitted for debate at other branches of the Liverpool Riverside CLP . The North-West Labour Party office later advised local branches that none of the motions should be discussed , citing the potential prejudicial effect that such discussion may have on the upcoming trigger ballot .",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": "On 16 October 2019 , Ellman resigned from the Labour Party , citing her worries about antisemitism in the party , and her belief that anti-Semitism in the Labour Party had prospered under the leadership of Jeremy Corbyn . She wrote that under Jeremy Corbyns leadership , antisemitism has become mainstream in the Labour Party . Jewish members have been bullied , abused and driven out . Antisemites have felt comfortable and vile conspiracy theories have neen propagated .. . the overwhelming majority of the Jewish community is fearful of what a Corbyn government might mean for Britains Jews ..",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": ". [ he is a man ] who spent three decades on the backbenches consorting with , and never confronting , antisemites , Holocaust deniers and terrorists . Labour responded that Jeremy Corbyn and the Labour Party are fully committed to the support , defence and celebration of the Jewish community and continue to take robust action to root out antisemitism in the party and wider society .",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": "Her CLP later said : The Labour Party recognises the hard work and commitment Louise has shown to her constituents over the past 22 years . Unfortunately she made it very clear at the last CLP meeting that she could not support a Jeremy Corbyn led government . This inevitably meant that Louise would be triggered and was very unlikely to win any reselection process . The CLP , in a further statement , explained the desire of many local members for a reselection contest as due to longstanding political differences over Ellmans support for the Iraq War , her",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": "lack of support for Corbyns policies and criticisms of the leadership , and her recent expression of concern over a future Labour government . The CLP condemned antisemitism directed at Ellman or otherwise but characterised her as misrepresenting the local party and said that many of their Jewish members did not recognise or accept her views .",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": " Personal life and recognition . Ellman has been married since 16 July 1967 to Geoffrey Ellman , a pharmacist . She lived in Leeds , then moved to Skelmersdale in 1969 . The couple have a son , Sean , and a daughter , Yvonne , and five grandchildren . She was made a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( DBE ) in the 2018 Queens Birthday Honours for parliamentary and political services .",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": "In 2019 , the Jerusalem Post ranked her as the 23rd most influential Jew worldwide , calling her Labours lady who opposes Corbyn and noting that she has been a strong advocate for Israel in the House of Commons . She is the sole Briton in the 50-strong list .",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": " - – official site - Louise Ellman Ask Aristotle - article at Guardian Unlimited Politics - Louise Ellman parliamentary biography from DodOnline - Louise Ellman at Skelmersdale Heritage Society - Louise Ellman page on BBC Politics",
"title": "External links"
},
{
"text": " - Mobile phones ( 2002 ) - Middle East Road Map ( October 2004 ) - Ken Livingstone ( February 2005 )",
"title": "Audio clips"
}
] |
/wiki/Louise_Ellman#P39#1
|
What was the position of Louise Ellman in May 2003?
|
Louise Ellman Dame Louise Joyce Ellman ( née Rosenberg ; born 14 November 1945 ) is a British politician who served as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Liverpool Riverside from 1997 to 2019 . She was a member of the Labour Party until her resignation in October 2019 . Ellman was elected as a councillor on the Lancashire County Council in 1970 , becoming the Labour group leader in 1977 and leader of the council from 1981 until her election to House of Commons in 1997 . She was Vice-Chair of Lancashire Enterprises , and served as Chair of the Transport Select Committee from 2008 to 2017 . She is also Chair of Labour Friends of Israel and is Honorary President of the Jewish Labour Movement . She was appointed a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( DBE ) in the 2018 Queens Birthday Honours List , and is a Vice President of the Jewish Leadership Council . Ellman resigned from the Labour Party in October 2019 , expressing concern over antisemitism in the Labour Party and a potential Jeremy Corbyn-led government . Early life and career . Louise Joyce Rosenberg was born in Manchester to an observant Jewish family . Her father had a Lithuanian background . She was educated at the independent Manchester High School for Girls , before studying at the University of Hull where she received a BA in Sociology and History in 1967 , and then studied Social Administration at the University of York where she was awarded a MPhil in 1972 . As a teenager , she was involved in the Labour Zionist movement , Habonim and , following university , spent a year in Israel at an Ulpan studying Hebrew , where she met her husband . From 1970 to 1976 , she was a lecturer for the Open University . She was elected as a councillor on the Lancashire County Council in 1970 , becoming the Labour group leader in 1977 and council leader from 1981 until her election to Parliament . She was Vice-Chair of Lancashire Enterprises . She unsuccessfully contested the Darwen constituency at the 1979 general election , being defeated by the sitting Conservative MP Charles Fletcher-Cooke by 13,026 votes . Parliamentary career . She was elected to Parliament at the 1997 general election for the safe seat of Liverpool Riverside . She held the seat with a majority of 21,799 and has held the seat comfortably at successive general elections . When she was re-elected in 2001 , the turnout was the lowest in the country at 34.1% . Positions and voting . She has been a member of the Transport Committee and its predecessor , Transport , Local Government and the Regions , since she was first elected . On 21 May 2008 , she was selected to become the Chair of the Commons Transport Select Committee after the death of Gwyneth Dunwoody MP , being returned unopposed after the 2015 general election . According to website Public Whip , Ellman repeatedly voted for the Iraq War , against an investigation into that war , and for renewal of Trident , Britains nuclear weapons programme . She very rarely voted against the Party line . In the 2015 Labour Party leadership election , she nominated Liz Kendall . She supported Owen Smith in the failed attempt to replace Jeremy Corbyn in the 2016 leadership election . Israel . Ellman was Chair of the Jewish Labour Movement from 2006 to 2016 , after which she became its Honorary President . She was also Vice Chair of Labour Friends of Israel and succeeded Joan Ryan as Chair in August 2019 . She said that she intended to remain a member of LFI following her resignation from the Labour Party . She was the chair of the All-Party Britain-Israel Parliamentary Group . The Times of Israel called her tough-as-nails and an unabashed friend of Israel . According to one biographer in the Jewish Chronicle , Ellman can always be called on to defend Israel on the green benches ( i.e . in Parliament ) . The Jewish Telegraph said Doughty Labour MP Louise Ellman is never scared to openly proclaim her Jewish identity and fight for Israel and against Islamic extremism at every Parliamentary opportunity . In September 2019 , Ellman said she shared the fears of other Jews living in the UK about the prospect of a Labour government led by Jeremy Corbyn and understood why they would seriously consider leaving the country . In October 2019 , she said Im not absolutely convinced he will bring great danger to the Jewish community but Im very concerned it is possible he could . Constituency party . In 2016 , Ellman said that a small number among the members who joined her constituency Labour party after Corbyns election as leader seemed obsessed on Middle East issues , that there had been a very unpleasant atmosphere in constituency meetings and that remarks which she considered were antisemitic had been made to her . She also alleged that the local Momentum group was acting as a party within a party and asked for her constituency party to be suspended and investigated . A leading local Momentum member rejected the allegations . Resignation . In early October 2019 , a motion of no confidence in Ellman , scheduled to take place on Yom Kippur , the holiest day of the Jewish calendar , was submitted for discussion at a branch of her constituency Labour Party . The timing of the motion was criticised by Ellman herself , who called it particularly insidious ; and by Marie van der Zyl , President of the Board of Deputies of British Jews , who said it meant that Ellman would have no opportunity even to respond . A Labour Party spokesperson said that no confidence motions had no formal standing , with another source intimating that the motion was unlikely to be taken to a vote . Two further motions of no confidence were later submitted for debate at other branches of the Liverpool Riverside CLP . The North-West Labour Party office later advised local branches that none of the motions should be discussed , citing the potential prejudicial effect that such discussion may have on the upcoming trigger ballot . On 16 October 2019 , Ellman resigned from the Labour Party , citing her worries about antisemitism in the party , and her belief that anti-Semitism in the Labour Party had prospered under the leadership of Jeremy Corbyn . She wrote that under Jeremy Corbyns leadership , antisemitism has become mainstream in the Labour Party . Jewish members have been bullied , abused and driven out . Antisemites have felt comfortable and vile conspiracy theories have neen propagated .. . the overwhelming majority of the Jewish community is fearful of what a Corbyn government might mean for Britains Jews .. . [ he is a man ] who spent three decades on the backbenches consorting with , and never confronting , antisemites , Holocaust deniers and terrorists . Labour responded that Jeremy Corbyn and the Labour Party are fully committed to the support , defence and celebration of the Jewish community and continue to take robust action to root out antisemitism in the party and wider society . Her CLP later said : The Labour Party recognises the hard work and commitment Louise has shown to her constituents over the past 22 years . Unfortunately she made it very clear at the last CLP meeting that she could not support a Jeremy Corbyn led government . This inevitably meant that Louise would be triggered and was very unlikely to win any reselection process . The CLP , in a further statement , explained the desire of many local members for a reselection contest as due to longstanding political differences over Ellmans support for the Iraq War , her lack of support for Corbyns policies and criticisms of the leadership , and her recent expression of concern over a future Labour government . The CLP condemned antisemitism directed at Ellman or otherwise but characterised her as misrepresenting the local party and said that many of their Jewish members did not recognise or accept her views . Personal life and recognition . Ellman has been married since 16 July 1967 to Geoffrey Ellman , a pharmacist . She lived in Leeds , then moved to Skelmersdale in 1969 . The couple have a son , Sean , and a daughter , Yvonne , and five grandchildren . She was made a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( DBE ) in the 2018 Queens Birthday Honours for parliamentary and political services . In 2019 , the Jerusalem Post ranked her as the 23rd most influential Jew worldwide , calling her Labours lady who opposes Corbyn and noting that she has been a strong advocate for Israel in the House of Commons . She is the sole Briton in the 50-strong list . She is a Vice President of the Jewish Leadership Council . External links . - – official site - Louise Ellman Ask Aristotle - article at Guardian Unlimited Politics - Louise Ellman parliamentary biography from DodOnline - Louise Ellman at Skelmersdale Heritage Society - Louise Ellman page on BBC Politics Audio clips . - Mobile phones ( 2002 ) - Middle East Road Map ( October 2004 ) - Ken Livingstone ( February 2005 )
|
[
"Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Liverpool Riverside",
"member of the Transport Committee"
] |
[
{
"text": " Dame Louise Joyce Ellman ( née Rosenberg ; born 14 November 1945 ) is a British politician who served as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Liverpool Riverside from 1997 to 2019 . She was a member of the Labour Party until her resignation in October 2019 .",
"title": "Louise Ellman"
},
{
"text": "Ellman was elected as a councillor on the Lancashire County Council in 1970 , becoming the Labour group leader in 1977 and leader of the council from 1981 until her election to House of Commons in 1997 . She was Vice-Chair of Lancashire Enterprises , and served as Chair of the Transport Select Committee from 2008 to 2017 . She is also Chair of Labour Friends of Israel and is Honorary President of the Jewish Labour Movement .",
"title": "Louise Ellman"
},
{
"text": " She was appointed a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( DBE ) in the 2018 Queens Birthday Honours List , and is a Vice President of the Jewish Leadership Council . Ellman resigned from the Labour Party in October 2019 , expressing concern over antisemitism in the Labour Party and a potential Jeremy Corbyn-led government . Early life and career .",
"title": "Louise Ellman"
},
{
"text": "Louise Joyce Rosenberg was born in Manchester to an observant Jewish family . Her father had a Lithuanian background . She was educated at the independent Manchester High School for Girls , before studying at the University of Hull where she received a BA in Sociology and History in 1967 , and then studied Social Administration at the University of York where she was awarded a MPhil in 1972 .",
"title": "Louise Ellman"
},
{
"text": " As a teenager , she was involved in the Labour Zionist movement , Habonim and , following university , spent a year in Israel at an Ulpan studying Hebrew , where she met her husband . From 1970 to 1976 , she was a lecturer for the Open University . She was elected as a councillor on the Lancashire County Council in 1970 , becoming the Labour group leader in 1977 and council leader from 1981 until her election to Parliament . She was Vice-Chair of Lancashire Enterprises .",
"title": "Louise Ellman"
},
{
"text": "She unsuccessfully contested the Darwen constituency at the 1979 general election , being defeated by the sitting Conservative MP Charles Fletcher-Cooke by 13,026 votes .",
"title": "Louise Ellman"
},
{
"text": " She was elected to Parliament at the 1997 general election for the safe seat of Liverpool Riverside . She held the seat with a majority of 21,799 and has held the seat comfortably at successive general elections . When she was re-elected in 2001 , the turnout was the lowest in the country at 34.1% .",
"title": "Parliamentary career"
},
{
"text": " She has been a member of the Transport Committee and its predecessor , Transport , Local Government and the Regions , since she was first elected . On 21 May 2008 , she was selected to become the Chair of the Commons Transport Select Committee after the death of Gwyneth Dunwoody MP , being returned unopposed after the 2015 general election .",
"title": "Positions and voting"
},
{
"text": "According to website Public Whip , Ellman repeatedly voted for the Iraq War , against an investigation into that war , and for renewal of Trident , Britains nuclear weapons programme . She very rarely voted against the Party line .",
"title": "Positions and voting"
},
{
"text": " In the 2015 Labour Party leadership election , she nominated Liz Kendall . She supported Owen Smith in the failed attempt to replace Jeremy Corbyn in the 2016 leadership election .",
"title": "Positions and voting"
},
{
"text": " Ellman was Chair of the Jewish Labour Movement from 2006 to 2016 , after which she became its Honorary President . She was also Vice Chair of Labour Friends of Israel and succeeded Joan Ryan as Chair in August 2019 . She said that she intended to remain a member of LFI following her resignation from the Labour Party . She was the chair of the All-Party Britain-Israel Parliamentary Group .",
"title": "Israel"
},
{
"text": "The Times of Israel called her tough-as-nails and an unabashed friend of Israel . According to one biographer in the Jewish Chronicle , Ellman can always be called on to defend Israel on the green benches ( i.e . in Parliament ) . The Jewish Telegraph said Doughty Labour MP Louise Ellman is never scared to openly proclaim her Jewish identity and fight for Israel and against Islamic extremism at every Parliamentary opportunity . In September 2019 , Ellman said she shared the fears of other Jews living in the UK about the prospect of a Labour government led by",
"title": "Israel"
},
{
"text": "Jeremy Corbyn and understood why they would seriously consider leaving the country . In October 2019 , she said Im not absolutely convinced he will bring great danger to the Jewish community but Im very concerned it is possible he could .",
"title": "Israel"
},
{
"text": " In 2016 , Ellman said that a small number among the members who joined her constituency Labour party after Corbyns election as leader seemed obsessed on Middle East issues , that there had been a very unpleasant atmosphere in constituency meetings and that remarks which she considered were antisemitic had been made to her . She also alleged that the local Momentum group was acting as a party within a party and asked for her constituency party to be suspended and investigated . A leading local Momentum member rejected the allegations .",
"title": "Constituency party"
},
{
"text": "In early October 2019 , a motion of no confidence in Ellman , scheduled to take place on Yom Kippur , the holiest day of the Jewish calendar , was submitted for discussion at a branch of her constituency Labour Party . The timing of the motion was criticised by Ellman herself , who called it particularly insidious ; and by Marie van der Zyl , President of the Board of Deputies of British Jews , who said it meant that Ellman would have no opportunity even to respond . A Labour Party spokesperson said that no confidence motions had",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": "no formal standing , with another source intimating that the motion was unlikely to be taken to a vote . Two further motions of no confidence were later submitted for debate at other branches of the Liverpool Riverside CLP . The North-West Labour Party office later advised local branches that none of the motions should be discussed , citing the potential prejudicial effect that such discussion may have on the upcoming trigger ballot .",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": "On 16 October 2019 , Ellman resigned from the Labour Party , citing her worries about antisemitism in the party , and her belief that anti-Semitism in the Labour Party had prospered under the leadership of Jeremy Corbyn . She wrote that under Jeremy Corbyns leadership , antisemitism has become mainstream in the Labour Party . Jewish members have been bullied , abused and driven out . Antisemites have felt comfortable and vile conspiracy theories have neen propagated .. . the overwhelming majority of the Jewish community is fearful of what a Corbyn government might mean for Britains Jews ..",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": ". [ he is a man ] who spent three decades on the backbenches consorting with , and never confronting , antisemites , Holocaust deniers and terrorists . Labour responded that Jeremy Corbyn and the Labour Party are fully committed to the support , defence and celebration of the Jewish community and continue to take robust action to root out antisemitism in the party and wider society .",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": "Her CLP later said : The Labour Party recognises the hard work and commitment Louise has shown to her constituents over the past 22 years . Unfortunately she made it very clear at the last CLP meeting that she could not support a Jeremy Corbyn led government . This inevitably meant that Louise would be triggered and was very unlikely to win any reselection process . The CLP , in a further statement , explained the desire of many local members for a reselection contest as due to longstanding political differences over Ellmans support for the Iraq War , her",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": "lack of support for Corbyns policies and criticisms of the leadership , and her recent expression of concern over a future Labour government . The CLP condemned antisemitism directed at Ellman or otherwise but characterised her as misrepresenting the local party and said that many of their Jewish members did not recognise or accept her views .",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": " Personal life and recognition . Ellman has been married since 16 July 1967 to Geoffrey Ellman , a pharmacist . She lived in Leeds , then moved to Skelmersdale in 1969 . The couple have a son , Sean , and a daughter , Yvonne , and five grandchildren . She was made a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( DBE ) in the 2018 Queens Birthday Honours for parliamentary and political services .",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": "In 2019 , the Jerusalem Post ranked her as the 23rd most influential Jew worldwide , calling her Labours lady who opposes Corbyn and noting that she has been a strong advocate for Israel in the House of Commons . She is the sole Briton in the 50-strong list .",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": " - – official site - Louise Ellman Ask Aristotle - article at Guardian Unlimited Politics - Louise Ellman parliamentary biography from DodOnline - Louise Ellman at Skelmersdale Heritage Society - Louise Ellman page on BBC Politics",
"title": "External links"
},
{
"text": " - Mobile phones ( 2002 ) - Middle East Road Map ( October 2004 ) - Ken Livingstone ( February 2005 )",
"title": "Audio clips"
}
] |
/wiki/Louise_Ellman#P39#2
|
What was the position of Louise Ellman in Sep 2005?
|
Louise Ellman Dame Louise Joyce Ellman ( née Rosenberg ; born 14 November 1945 ) is a British politician who served as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Liverpool Riverside from 1997 to 2019 . She was a member of the Labour Party until her resignation in October 2019 . Ellman was elected as a councillor on the Lancashire County Council in 1970 , becoming the Labour group leader in 1977 and leader of the council from 1981 until her election to House of Commons in 1997 . She was Vice-Chair of Lancashire Enterprises , and served as Chair of the Transport Select Committee from 2008 to 2017 . She is also Chair of Labour Friends of Israel and is Honorary President of the Jewish Labour Movement . She was appointed a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( DBE ) in the 2018 Queens Birthday Honours List , and is a Vice President of the Jewish Leadership Council . Ellman resigned from the Labour Party in October 2019 , expressing concern over antisemitism in the Labour Party and a potential Jeremy Corbyn-led government . Early life and career . Louise Joyce Rosenberg was born in Manchester to an observant Jewish family . Her father had a Lithuanian background . She was educated at the independent Manchester High School for Girls , before studying at the University of Hull where she received a BA in Sociology and History in 1967 , and then studied Social Administration at the University of York where she was awarded a MPhil in 1972 . As a teenager , she was involved in the Labour Zionist movement , Habonim and , following university , spent a year in Israel at an Ulpan studying Hebrew , where she met her husband . From 1970 to 1976 , she was a lecturer for the Open University . She was elected as a councillor on the Lancashire County Council in 1970 , becoming the Labour group leader in 1977 and council leader from 1981 until her election to Parliament . She was Vice-Chair of Lancashire Enterprises . She unsuccessfully contested the Darwen constituency at the 1979 general election , being defeated by the sitting Conservative MP Charles Fletcher-Cooke by 13,026 votes . Parliamentary career . She was elected to Parliament at the 1997 general election for the safe seat of Liverpool Riverside . She held the seat with a majority of 21,799 and has held the seat comfortably at successive general elections . When she was re-elected in 2001 , the turnout was the lowest in the country at 34.1% . Positions and voting . She has been a member of the Transport Committee and its predecessor , Transport , Local Government and the Regions , since she was first elected . On 21 May 2008 , she was selected to become the Chair of the Commons Transport Select Committee after the death of Gwyneth Dunwoody MP , being returned unopposed after the 2015 general election . According to website Public Whip , Ellman repeatedly voted for the Iraq War , against an investigation into that war , and for renewal of Trident , Britains nuclear weapons programme . She very rarely voted against the Party line . In the 2015 Labour Party leadership election , she nominated Liz Kendall . She supported Owen Smith in the failed attempt to replace Jeremy Corbyn in the 2016 leadership election . Israel . Ellman was Chair of the Jewish Labour Movement from 2006 to 2016 , after which she became its Honorary President . She was also Vice Chair of Labour Friends of Israel and succeeded Joan Ryan as Chair in August 2019 . She said that she intended to remain a member of LFI following her resignation from the Labour Party . She was the chair of the All-Party Britain-Israel Parliamentary Group . The Times of Israel called her tough-as-nails and an unabashed friend of Israel . According to one biographer in the Jewish Chronicle , Ellman can always be called on to defend Israel on the green benches ( i.e . in Parliament ) . The Jewish Telegraph said Doughty Labour MP Louise Ellman is never scared to openly proclaim her Jewish identity and fight for Israel and against Islamic extremism at every Parliamentary opportunity . In September 2019 , Ellman said she shared the fears of other Jews living in the UK about the prospect of a Labour government led by Jeremy Corbyn and understood why they would seriously consider leaving the country . In October 2019 , she said Im not absolutely convinced he will bring great danger to the Jewish community but Im very concerned it is possible he could . Constituency party . In 2016 , Ellman said that a small number among the members who joined her constituency Labour party after Corbyns election as leader seemed obsessed on Middle East issues , that there had been a very unpleasant atmosphere in constituency meetings and that remarks which she considered were antisemitic had been made to her . She also alleged that the local Momentum group was acting as a party within a party and asked for her constituency party to be suspended and investigated . A leading local Momentum member rejected the allegations . Resignation . In early October 2019 , a motion of no confidence in Ellman , scheduled to take place on Yom Kippur , the holiest day of the Jewish calendar , was submitted for discussion at a branch of her constituency Labour Party . The timing of the motion was criticised by Ellman herself , who called it particularly insidious ; and by Marie van der Zyl , President of the Board of Deputies of British Jews , who said it meant that Ellman would have no opportunity even to respond . A Labour Party spokesperson said that no confidence motions had no formal standing , with another source intimating that the motion was unlikely to be taken to a vote . Two further motions of no confidence were later submitted for debate at other branches of the Liverpool Riverside CLP . The North-West Labour Party office later advised local branches that none of the motions should be discussed , citing the potential prejudicial effect that such discussion may have on the upcoming trigger ballot . On 16 October 2019 , Ellman resigned from the Labour Party , citing her worries about antisemitism in the party , and her belief that anti-Semitism in the Labour Party had prospered under the leadership of Jeremy Corbyn . She wrote that under Jeremy Corbyns leadership , antisemitism has become mainstream in the Labour Party . Jewish members have been bullied , abused and driven out . Antisemites have felt comfortable and vile conspiracy theories have neen propagated .. . the overwhelming majority of the Jewish community is fearful of what a Corbyn government might mean for Britains Jews .. . [ he is a man ] who spent three decades on the backbenches consorting with , and never confronting , antisemites , Holocaust deniers and terrorists . Labour responded that Jeremy Corbyn and the Labour Party are fully committed to the support , defence and celebration of the Jewish community and continue to take robust action to root out antisemitism in the party and wider society . Her CLP later said : The Labour Party recognises the hard work and commitment Louise has shown to her constituents over the past 22 years . Unfortunately she made it very clear at the last CLP meeting that she could not support a Jeremy Corbyn led government . This inevitably meant that Louise would be triggered and was very unlikely to win any reselection process . The CLP , in a further statement , explained the desire of many local members for a reselection contest as due to longstanding political differences over Ellmans support for the Iraq War , her lack of support for Corbyns policies and criticisms of the leadership , and her recent expression of concern over a future Labour government . The CLP condemned antisemitism directed at Ellman or otherwise but characterised her as misrepresenting the local party and said that many of their Jewish members did not recognise or accept her views . Personal life and recognition . Ellman has been married since 16 July 1967 to Geoffrey Ellman , a pharmacist . She lived in Leeds , then moved to Skelmersdale in 1969 . The couple have a son , Sean , and a daughter , Yvonne , and five grandchildren . She was made a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( DBE ) in the 2018 Queens Birthday Honours for parliamentary and political services . In 2019 , the Jerusalem Post ranked her as the 23rd most influential Jew worldwide , calling her Labours lady who opposes Corbyn and noting that she has been a strong advocate for Israel in the House of Commons . She is the sole Briton in the 50-strong list . She is a Vice President of the Jewish Leadership Council . External links . - – official site - Louise Ellman Ask Aristotle - article at Guardian Unlimited Politics - Louise Ellman parliamentary biography from DodOnline - Louise Ellman at Skelmersdale Heritage Society - Louise Ellman page on BBC Politics Audio clips . - Mobile phones ( 2002 ) - Middle East Road Map ( October 2004 ) - Ken Livingstone ( February 2005 )
|
[
"Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Liverpool Riverside",
"member of the Transport Committee",
"Chair of the Jewish Labour Movement"
] |
[
{
"text": " Dame Louise Joyce Ellman ( née Rosenberg ; born 14 November 1945 ) is a British politician who served as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Liverpool Riverside from 1997 to 2019 . She was a member of the Labour Party until her resignation in October 2019 .",
"title": "Louise Ellman"
},
{
"text": "Ellman was elected as a councillor on the Lancashire County Council in 1970 , becoming the Labour group leader in 1977 and leader of the council from 1981 until her election to House of Commons in 1997 . She was Vice-Chair of Lancashire Enterprises , and served as Chair of the Transport Select Committee from 2008 to 2017 . She is also Chair of Labour Friends of Israel and is Honorary President of the Jewish Labour Movement .",
"title": "Louise Ellman"
},
{
"text": " She was appointed a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( DBE ) in the 2018 Queens Birthday Honours List , and is a Vice President of the Jewish Leadership Council . Ellman resigned from the Labour Party in October 2019 , expressing concern over antisemitism in the Labour Party and a potential Jeremy Corbyn-led government . Early life and career .",
"title": "Louise Ellman"
},
{
"text": "Louise Joyce Rosenberg was born in Manchester to an observant Jewish family . Her father had a Lithuanian background . She was educated at the independent Manchester High School for Girls , before studying at the University of Hull where she received a BA in Sociology and History in 1967 , and then studied Social Administration at the University of York where she was awarded a MPhil in 1972 .",
"title": "Louise Ellman"
},
{
"text": " As a teenager , she was involved in the Labour Zionist movement , Habonim and , following university , spent a year in Israel at an Ulpan studying Hebrew , where she met her husband . From 1970 to 1976 , she was a lecturer for the Open University . She was elected as a councillor on the Lancashire County Council in 1970 , becoming the Labour group leader in 1977 and council leader from 1981 until her election to Parliament . She was Vice-Chair of Lancashire Enterprises .",
"title": "Louise Ellman"
},
{
"text": "She unsuccessfully contested the Darwen constituency at the 1979 general election , being defeated by the sitting Conservative MP Charles Fletcher-Cooke by 13,026 votes .",
"title": "Louise Ellman"
},
{
"text": " She was elected to Parliament at the 1997 general election for the safe seat of Liverpool Riverside . She held the seat with a majority of 21,799 and has held the seat comfortably at successive general elections . When she was re-elected in 2001 , the turnout was the lowest in the country at 34.1% .",
"title": "Parliamentary career"
},
{
"text": " She has been a member of the Transport Committee and its predecessor , Transport , Local Government and the Regions , since she was first elected . On 21 May 2008 , she was selected to become the Chair of the Commons Transport Select Committee after the death of Gwyneth Dunwoody MP , being returned unopposed after the 2015 general election .",
"title": "Positions and voting"
},
{
"text": "According to website Public Whip , Ellman repeatedly voted for the Iraq War , against an investigation into that war , and for renewal of Trident , Britains nuclear weapons programme . She very rarely voted against the Party line .",
"title": "Positions and voting"
},
{
"text": " In the 2015 Labour Party leadership election , she nominated Liz Kendall . She supported Owen Smith in the failed attempt to replace Jeremy Corbyn in the 2016 leadership election .",
"title": "Positions and voting"
},
{
"text": " Ellman was Chair of the Jewish Labour Movement from 2006 to 2016 , after which she became its Honorary President . She was also Vice Chair of Labour Friends of Israel and succeeded Joan Ryan as Chair in August 2019 . She said that she intended to remain a member of LFI following her resignation from the Labour Party . She was the chair of the All-Party Britain-Israel Parliamentary Group .",
"title": "Israel"
},
{
"text": "The Times of Israel called her tough-as-nails and an unabashed friend of Israel . According to one biographer in the Jewish Chronicle , Ellman can always be called on to defend Israel on the green benches ( i.e . in Parliament ) . The Jewish Telegraph said Doughty Labour MP Louise Ellman is never scared to openly proclaim her Jewish identity and fight for Israel and against Islamic extremism at every Parliamentary opportunity . In September 2019 , Ellman said she shared the fears of other Jews living in the UK about the prospect of a Labour government led by",
"title": "Israel"
},
{
"text": "Jeremy Corbyn and understood why they would seriously consider leaving the country . In October 2019 , she said Im not absolutely convinced he will bring great danger to the Jewish community but Im very concerned it is possible he could .",
"title": "Israel"
},
{
"text": " In 2016 , Ellman said that a small number among the members who joined her constituency Labour party after Corbyns election as leader seemed obsessed on Middle East issues , that there had been a very unpleasant atmosphere in constituency meetings and that remarks which she considered were antisemitic had been made to her . She also alleged that the local Momentum group was acting as a party within a party and asked for her constituency party to be suspended and investigated . A leading local Momentum member rejected the allegations .",
"title": "Constituency party"
},
{
"text": "In early October 2019 , a motion of no confidence in Ellman , scheduled to take place on Yom Kippur , the holiest day of the Jewish calendar , was submitted for discussion at a branch of her constituency Labour Party . The timing of the motion was criticised by Ellman herself , who called it particularly insidious ; and by Marie van der Zyl , President of the Board of Deputies of British Jews , who said it meant that Ellman would have no opportunity even to respond . A Labour Party spokesperson said that no confidence motions had",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": "no formal standing , with another source intimating that the motion was unlikely to be taken to a vote . Two further motions of no confidence were later submitted for debate at other branches of the Liverpool Riverside CLP . The North-West Labour Party office later advised local branches that none of the motions should be discussed , citing the potential prejudicial effect that such discussion may have on the upcoming trigger ballot .",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": "On 16 October 2019 , Ellman resigned from the Labour Party , citing her worries about antisemitism in the party , and her belief that anti-Semitism in the Labour Party had prospered under the leadership of Jeremy Corbyn . She wrote that under Jeremy Corbyns leadership , antisemitism has become mainstream in the Labour Party . Jewish members have been bullied , abused and driven out . Antisemites have felt comfortable and vile conspiracy theories have neen propagated .. . the overwhelming majority of the Jewish community is fearful of what a Corbyn government might mean for Britains Jews ..",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": ". [ he is a man ] who spent three decades on the backbenches consorting with , and never confronting , antisemites , Holocaust deniers and terrorists . Labour responded that Jeremy Corbyn and the Labour Party are fully committed to the support , defence and celebration of the Jewish community and continue to take robust action to root out antisemitism in the party and wider society .",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": "Her CLP later said : The Labour Party recognises the hard work and commitment Louise has shown to her constituents over the past 22 years . Unfortunately she made it very clear at the last CLP meeting that she could not support a Jeremy Corbyn led government . This inevitably meant that Louise would be triggered and was very unlikely to win any reselection process . The CLP , in a further statement , explained the desire of many local members for a reselection contest as due to longstanding political differences over Ellmans support for the Iraq War , her",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": "lack of support for Corbyns policies and criticisms of the leadership , and her recent expression of concern over a future Labour government . The CLP condemned antisemitism directed at Ellman or otherwise but characterised her as misrepresenting the local party and said that many of their Jewish members did not recognise or accept her views .",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": " Personal life and recognition . Ellman has been married since 16 July 1967 to Geoffrey Ellman , a pharmacist . She lived in Leeds , then moved to Skelmersdale in 1969 . The couple have a son , Sean , and a daughter , Yvonne , and five grandchildren . She was made a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( DBE ) in the 2018 Queens Birthday Honours for parliamentary and political services .",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": "In 2019 , the Jerusalem Post ranked her as the 23rd most influential Jew worldwide , calling her Labours lady who opposes Corbyn and noting that she has been a strong advocate for Israel in the House of Commons . She is the sole Briton in the 50-strong list .",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": " - – official site - Louise Ellman Ask Aristotle - article at Guardian Unlimited Politics - Louise Ellman parliamentary biography from DodOnline - Louise Ellman at Skelmersdale Heritage Society - Louise Ellman page on BBC Politics",
"title": "External links"
},
{
"text": " - Mobile phones ( 2002 ) - Middle East Road Map ( October 2004 ) - Ken Livingstone ( February 2005 )",
"title": "Audio clips"
}
] |
/wiki/Louise_Ellman#P39#3
|
What was the position of Louise Ellman between Dec 2009 and Jan 2010?
|
Louise Ellman Dame Louise Joyce Ellman ( née Rosenberg ; born 14 November 1945 ) is a British politician who served as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Liverpool Riverside from 1997 to 2019 . She was a member of the Labour Party until her resignation in October 2019 . Ellman was elected as a councillor on the Lancashire County Council in 1970 , becoming the Labour group leader in 1977 and leader of the council from 1981 until her election to House of Commons in 1997 . She was Vice-Chair of Lancashire Enterprises , and served as Chair of the Transport Select Committee from 2008 to 2017 . She is also Chair of Labour Friends of Israel and is Honorary President of the Jewish Labour Movement . She was appointed a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( DBE ) in the 2018 Queens Birthday Honours List , and is a Vice President of the Jewish Leadership Council . Ellman resigned from the Labour Party in October 2019 , expressing concern over antisemitism in the Labour Party and a potential Jeremy Corbyn-led government . Early life and career . Louise Joyce Rosenberg was born in Manchester to an observant Jewish family . Her father had a Lithuanian background . She was educated at the independent Manchester High School for Girls , before studying at the University of Hull where she received a BA in Sociology and History in 1967 , and then studied Social Administration at the University of York where she was awarded a MPhil in 1972 . As a teenager , she was involved in the Labour Zionist movement , Habonim and , following university , spent a year in Israel at an Ulpan studying Hebrew , where she met her husband . From 1970 to 1976 , she was a lecturer for the Open University . She was elected as a councillor on the Lancashire County Council in 1970 , becoming the Labour group leader in 1977 and council leader from 1981 until her election to Parliament . She was Vice-Chair of Lancashire Enterprises . She unsuccessfully contested the Darwen constituency at the 1979 general election , being defeated by the sitting Conservative MP Charles Fletcher-Cooke by 13,026 votes . Parliamentary career . She was elected to Parliament at the 1997 general election for the safe seat of Liverpool Riverside . She held the seat with a majority of 21,799 and has held the seat comfortably at successive general elections . When she was re-elected in 2001 , the turnout was the lowest in the country at 34.1% . Positions and voting . She has been a member of the Transport Committee and its predecessor , Transport , Local Government and the Regions , since she was first elected . On 21 May 2008 , she was selected to become the Chair of the Commons Transport Select Committee after the death of Gwyneth Dunwoody MP , being returned unopposed after the 2015 general election . According to website Public Whip , Ellman repeatedly voted for the Iraq War , against an investigation into that war , and for renewal of Trident , Britains nuclear weapons programme . She very rarely voted against the Party line . In the 2015 Labour Party leadership election , she nominated Liz Kendall . She supported Owen Smith in the failed attempt to replace Jeremy Corbyn in the 2016 leadership election . Israel . Ellman was Chair of the Jewish Labour Movement from 2006 to 2016 , after which she became its Honorary President . She was also Vice Chair of Labour Friends of Israel and succeeded Joan Ryan as Chair in August 2019 . She said that she intended to remain a member of LFI following her resignation from the Labour Party . She was the chair of the All-Party Britain-Israel Parliamentary Group . The Times of Israel called her tough-as-nails and an unabashed friend of Israel . According to one biographer in the Jewish Chronicle , Ellman can always be called on to defend Israel on the green benches ( i.e . in Parliament ) . The Jewish Telegraph said Doughty Labour MP Louise Ellman is never scared to openly proclaim her Jewish identity and fight for Israel and against Islamic extremism at every Parliamentary opportunity . In September 2019 , Ellman said she shared the fears of other Jews living in the UK about the prospect of a Labour government led by Jeremy Corbyn and understood why they would seriously consider leaving the country . In October 2019 , she said Im not absolutely convinced he will bring great danger to the Jewish community but Im very concerned it is possible he could . Constituency party . In 2016 , Ellman said that a small number among the members who joined her constituency Labour party after Corbyns election as leader seemed obsessed on Middle East issues , that there had been a very unpleasant atmosphere in constituency meetings and that remarks which she considered were antisemitic had been made to her . She also alleged that the local Momentum group was acting as a party within a party and asked for her constituency party to be suspended and investigated . A leading local Momentum member rejected the allegations . Resignation . In early October 2019 , a motion of no confidence in Ellman , scheduled to take place on Yom Kippur , the holiest day of the Jewish calendar , was submitted for discussion at a branch of her constituency Labour Party . The timing of the motion was criticised by Ellman herself , who called it particularly insidious ; and by Marie van der Zyl , President of the Board of Deputies of British Jews , who said it meant that Ellman would have no opportunity even to respond . A Labour Party spokesperson said that no confidence motions had no formal standing , with another source intimating that the motion was unlikely to be taken to a vote . Two further motions of no confidence were later submitted for debate at other branches of the Liverpool Riverside CLP . The North-West Labour Party office later advised local branches that none of the motions should be discussed , citing the potential prejudicial effect that such discussion may have on the upcoming trigger ballot . On 16 October 2019 , Ellman resigned from the Labour Party , citing her worries about antisemitism in the party , and her belief that anti-Semitism in the Labour Party had prospered under the leadership of Jeremy Corbyn . She wrote that under Jeremy Corbyns leadership , antisemitism has become mainstream in the Labour Party . Jewish members have been bullied , abused and driven out . Antisemites have felt comfortable and vile conspiracy theories have neen propagated .. . the overwhelming majority of the Jewish community is fearful of what a Corbyn government might mean for Britains Jews .. . [ he is a man ] who spent three decades on the backbenches consorting with , and never confronting , antisemites , Holocaust deniers and terrorists . Labour responded that Jeremy Corbyn and the Labour Party are fully committed to the support , defence and celebration of the Jewish community and continue to take robust action to root out antisemitism in the party and wider society . Her CLP later said : The Labour Party recognises the hard work and commitment Louise has shown to her constituents over the past 22 years . Unfortunately she made it very clear at the last CLP meeting that she could not support a Jeremy Corbyn led government . This inevitably meant that Louise would be triggered and was very unlikely to win any reselection process . The CLP , in a further statement , explained the desire of many local members for a reselection contest as due to longstanding political differences over Ellmans support for the Iraq War , her lack of support for Corbyns policies and criticisms of the leadership , and her recent expression of concern over a future Labour government . The CLP condemned antisemitism directed at Ellman or otherwise but characterised her as misrepresenting the local party and said that many of their Jewish members did not recognise or accept her views . Personal life and recognition . Ellman has been married since 16 July 1967 to Geoffrey Ellman , a pharmacist . She lived in Leeds , then moved to Skelmersdale in 1969 . The couple have a son , Sean , and a daughter , Yvonne , and five grandchildren . She was made a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( DBE ) in the 2018 Queens Birthday Honours for parliamentary and political services . In 2019 , the Jerusalem Post ranked her as the 23rd most influential Jew worldwide , calling her Labours lady who opposes Corbyn and noting that she has been a strong advocate for Israel in the House of Commons . She is the sole Briton in the 50-strong list . She is a Vice President of the Jewish Leadership Council . External links . - – official site - Louise Ellman Ask Aristotle - article at Guardian Unlimited Politics - Louise Ellman parliamentary biography from DodOnline - Louise Ellman at Skelmersdale Heritage Society - Louise Ellman page on BBC Politics Audio clips . - Mobile phones ( 2002 ) - Middle East Road Map ( October 2004 ) - Ken Livingstone ( February 2005 )
|
[
"Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Liverpool Riverside",
"Chair of the Transport Select Committee",
"Chair of the Jewish Labour Movement"
] |
[
{
"text": " Dame Louise Joyce Ellman ( née Rosenberg ; born 14 November 1945 ) is a British politician who served as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Liverpool Riverside from 1997 to 2019 . She was a member of the Labour Party until her resignation in October 2019 .",
"title": "Louise Ellman"
},
{
"text": "Ellman was elected as a councillor on the Lancashire County Council in 1970 , becoming the Labour group leader in 1977 and leader of the council from 1981 until her election to House of Commons in 1997 . She was Vice-Chair of Lancashire Enterprises , and served as Chair of the Transport Select Committee from 2008 to 2017 . She is also Chair of Labour Friends of Israel and is Honorary President of the Jewish Labour Movement .",
"title": "Louise Ellman"
},
{
"text": " She was appointed a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( DBE ) in the 2018 Queens Birthday Honours List , and is a Vice President of the Jewish Leadership Council . Ellman resigned from the Labour Party in October 2019 , expressing concern over antisemitism in the Labour Party and a potential Jeremy Corbyn-led government . Early life and career .",
"title": "Louise Ellman"
},
{
"text": "Louise Joyce Rosenberg was born in Manchester to an observant Jewish family . Her father had a Lithuanian background . She was educated at the independent Manchester High School for Girls , before studying at the University of Hull where she received a BA in Sociology and History in 1967 , and then studied Social Administration at the University of York where she was awarded a MPhil in 1972 .",
"title": "Louise Ellman"
},
{
"text": " As a teenager , she was involved in the Labour Zionist movement , Habonim and , following university , spent a year in Israel at an Ulpan studying Hebrew , where she met her husband . From 1970 to 1976 , she was a lecturer for the Open University . She was elected as a councillor on the Lancashire County Council in 1970 , becoming the Labour group leader in 1977 and council leader from 1981 until her election to Parliament . She was Vice-Chair of Lancashire Enterprises .",
"title": "Louise Ellman"
},
{
"text": "She unsuccessfully contested the Darwen constituency at the 1979 general election , being defeated by the sitting Conservative MP Charles Fletcher-Cooke by 13,026 votes .",
"title": "Louise Ellman"
},
{
"text": " She was elected to Parliament at the 1997 general election for the safe seat of Liverpool Riverside . She held the seat with a majority of 21,799 and has held the seat comfortably at successive general elections . When she was re-elected in 2001 , the turnout was the lowest in the country at 34.1% .",
"title": "Parliamentary career"
},
{
"text": " She has been a member of the Transport Committee and its predecessor , Transport , Local Government and the Regions , since she was first elected . On 21 May 2008 , she was selected to become the Chair of the Commons Transport Select Committee after the death of Gwyneth Dunwoody MP , being returned unopposed after the 2015 general election .",
"title": "Positions and voting"
},
{
"text": "According to website Public Whip , Ellman repeatedly voted for the Iraq War , against an investigation into that war , and for renewal of Trident , Britains nuclear weapons programme . She very rarely voted against the Party line .",
"title": "Positions and voting"
},
{
"text": " In the 2015 Labour Party leadership election , she nominated Liz Kendall . She supported Owen Smith in the failed attempt to replace Jeremy Corbyn in the 2016 leadership election .",
"title": "Positions and voting"
},
{
"text": " Ellman was Chair of the Jewish Labour Movement from 2006 to 2016 , after which she became its Honorary President . She was also Vice Chair of Labour Friends of Israel and succeeded Joan Ryan as Chair in August 2019 . She said that she intended to remain a member of LFI following her resignation from the Labour Party . She was the chair of the All-Party Britain-Israel Parliamentary Group .",
"title": "Israel"
},
{
"text": "The Times of Israel called her tough-as-nails and an unabashed friend of Israel . According to one biographer in the Jewish Chronicle , Ellman can always be called on to defend Israel on the green benches ( i.e . in Parliament ) . The Jewish Telegraph said Doughty Labour MP Louise Ellman is never scared to openly proclaim her Jewish identity and fight for Israel and against Islamic extremism at every Parliamentary opportunity . In September 2019 , Ellman said she shared the fears of other Jews living in the UK about the prospect of a Labour government led by",
"title": "Israel"
},
{
"text": "Jeremy Corbyn and understood why they would seriously consider leaving the country . In October 2019 , she said Im not absolutely convinced he will bring great danger to the Jewish community but Im very concerned it is possible he could .",
"title": "Israel"
},
{
"text": " In 2016 , Ellman said that a small number among the members who joined her constituency Labour party after Corbyns election as leader seemed obsessed on Middle East issues , that there had been a very unpleasant atmosphere in constituency meetings and that remarks which she considered were antisemitic had been made to her . She also alleged that the local Momentum group was acting as a party within a party and asked for her constituency party to be suspended and investigated . A leading local Momentum member rejected the allegations .",
"title": "Constituency party"
},
{
"text": "In early October 2019 , a motion of no confidence in Ellman , scheduled to take place on Yom Kippur , the holiest day of the Jewish calendar , was submitted for discussion at a branch of her constituency Labour Party . The timing of the motion was criticised by Ellman herself , who called it particularly insidious ; and by Marie van der Zyl , President of the Board of Deputies of British Jews , who said it meant that Ellman would have no opportunity even to respond . A Labour Party spokesperson said that no confidence motions had",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": "no formal standing , with another source intimating that the motion was unlikely to be taken to a vote . Two further motions of no confidence were later submitted for debate at other branches of the Liverpool Riverside CLP . The North-West Labour Party office later advised local branches that none of the motions should be discussed , citing the potential prejudicial effect that such discussion may have on the upcoming trigger ballot .",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": "On 16 October 2019 , Ellman resigned from the Labour Party , citing her worries about antisemitism in the party , and her belief that anti-Semitism in the Labour Party had prospered under the leadership of Jeremy Corbyn . She wrote that under Jeremy Corbyns leadership , antisemitism has become mainstream in the Labour Party . Jewish members have been bullied , abused and driven out . Antisemites have felt comfortable and vile conspiracy theories have neen propagated .. . the overwhelming majority of the Jewish community is fearful of what a Corbyn government might mean for Britains Jews ..",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": ". [ he is a man ] who spent three decades on the backbenches consorting with , and never confronting , antisemites , Holocaust deniers and terrorists . Labour responded that Jeremy Corbyn and the Labour Party are fully committed to the support , defence and celebration of the Jewish community and continue to take robust action to root out antisemitism in the party and wider society .",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": "Her CLP later said : The Labour Party recognises the hard work and commitment Louise has shown to her constituents over the past 22 years . Unfortunately she made it very clear at the last CLP meeting that she could not support a Jeremy Corbyn led government . This inevitably meant that Louise would be triggered and was very unlikely to win any reselection process . The CLP , in a further statement , explained the desire of many local members for a reselection contest as due to longstanding political differences over Ellmans support for the Iraq War , her",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": "lack of support for Corbyns policies and criticisms of the leadership , and her recent expression of concern over a future Labour government . The CLP condemned antisemitism directed at Ellman or otherwise but characterised her as misrepresenting the local party and said that many of their Jewish members did not recognise or accept her views .",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": " Personal life and recognition . Ellman has been married since 16 July 1967 to Geoffrey Ellman , a pharmacist . She lived in Leeds , then moved to Skelmersdale in 1969 . The couple have a son , Sean , and a daughter , Yvonne , and five grandchildren . She was made a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( DBE ) in the 2018 Queens Birthday Honours for parliamentary and political services .",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": "In 2019 , the Jerusalem Post ranked her as the 23rd most influential Jew worldwide , calling her Labours lady who opposes Corbyn and noting that she has been a strong advocate for Israel in the House of Commons . She is the sole Briton in the 50-strong list .",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": " - – official site - Louise Ellman Ask Aristotle - article at Guardian Unlimited Politics - Louise Ellman parliamentary biography from DodOnline - Louise Ellman at Skelmersdale Heritage Society - Louise Ellman page on BBC Politics",
"title": "External links"
},
{
"text": " - Mobile phones ( 2002 ) - Middle East Road Map ( October 2004 ) - Ken Livingstone ( February 2005 )",
"title": "Audio clips"
}
] |
/wiki/Louise_Ellman#P39#4
|
What was the position of Louise Ellman between Oct 2014 and Feb 2015?
|
Louise Ellman Dame Louise Joyce Ellman ( née Rosenberg ; born 14 November 1945 ) is a British politician who served as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Liverpool Riverside from 1997 to 2019 . She was a member of the Labour Party until her resignation in October 2019 . Ellman was elected as a councillor on the Lancashire County Council in 1970 , becoming the Labour group leader in 1977 and leader of the council from 1981 until her election to House of Commons in 1997 . She was Vice-Chair of Lancashire Enterprises , and served as Chair of the Transport Select Committee from 2008 to 2017 . She is also Chair of Labour Friends of Israel and is Honorary President of the Jewish Labour Movement . She was appointed a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( DBE ) in the 2018 Queens Birthday Honours List , and is a Vice President of the Jewish Leadership Council . Ellman resigned from the Labour Party in October 2019 , expressing concern over antisemitism in the Labour Party and a potential Jeremy Corbyn-led government . Early life and career . Louise Joyce Rosenberg was born in Manchester to an observant Jewish family . Her father had a Lithuanian background . She was educated at the independent Manchester High School for Girls , before studying at the University of Hull where she received a BA in Sociology and History in 1967 , and then studied Social Administration at the University of York where she was awarded a MPhil in 1972 . As a teenager , she was involved in the Labour Zionist movement , Habonim and , following university , spent a year in Israel at an Ulpan studying Hebrew , where she met her husband . From 1970 to 1976 , she was a lecturer for the Open University . She was elected as a councillor on the Lancashire County Council in 1970 , becoming the Labour group leader in 1977 and council leader from 1981 until her election to Parliament . She was Vice-Chair of Lancashire Enterprises . She unsuccessfully contested the Darwen constituency at the 1979 general election , being defeated by the sitting Conservative MP Charles Fletcher-Cooke by 13,026 votes . Parliamentary career . She was elected to Parliament at the 1997 general election for the safe seat of Liverpool Riverside . She held the seat with a majority of 21,799 and has held the seat comfortably at successive general elections . When she was re-elected in 2001 , the turnout was the lowest in the country at 34.1% . Positions and voting . She has been a member of the Transport Committee and its predecessor , Transport , Local Government and the Regions , since she was first elected . On 21 May 2008 , she was selected to become the Chair of the Commons Transport Select Committee after the death of Gwyneth Dunwoody MP , being returned unopposed after the 2015 general election . According to website Public Whip , Ellman repeatedly voted for the Iraq War , against an investigation into that war , and for renewal of Trident , Britains nuclear weapons programme . She very rarely voted against the Party line . In the 2015 Labour Party leadership election , she nominated Liz Kendall . She supported Owen Smith in the failed attempt to replace Jeremy Corbyn in the 2016 leadership election . Israel . Ellman was Chair of the Jewish Labour Movement from 2006 to 2016 , after which she became its Honorary President . She was also Vice Chair of Labour Friends of Israel and succeeded Joan Ryan as Chair in August 2019 . She said that she intended to remain a member of LFI following her resignation from the Labour Party . She was the chair of the All-Party Britain-Israel Parliamentary Group . The Times of Israel called her tough-as-nails and an unabashed friend of Israel . According to one biographer in the Jewish Chronicle , Ellman can always be called on to defend Israel on the green benches ( i.e . in Parliament ) . The Jewish Telegraph said Doughty Labour MP Louise Ellman is never scared to openly proclaim her Jewish identity and fight for Israel and against Islamic extremism at every Parliamentary opportunity . In September 2019 , Ellman said she shared the fears of other Jews living in the UK about the prospect of a Labour government led by Jeremy Corbyn and understood why they would seriously consider leaving the country . In October 2019 , she said Im not absolutely convinced he will bring great danger to the Jewish community but Im very concerned it is possible he could . Constituency party . In 2016 , Ellman said that a small number among the members who joined her constituency Labour party after Corbyns election as leader seemed obsessed on Middle East issues , that there had been a very unpleasant atmosphere in constituency meetings and that remarks which she considered were antisemitic had been made to her . She also alleged that the local Momentum group was acting as a party within a party and asked for her constituency party to be suspended and investigated . A leading local Momentum member rejected the allegations . Resignation . In early October 2019 , a motion of no confidence in Ellman , scheduled to take place on Yom Kippur , the holiest day of the Jewish calendar , was submitted for discussion at a branch of her constituency Labour Party . The timing of the motion was criticised by Ellman herself , who called it particularly insidious ; and by Marie van der Zyl , President of the Board of Deputies of British Jews , who said it meant that Ellman would have no opportunity even to respond . A Labour Party spokesperson said that no confidence motions had no formal standing , with another source intimating that the motion was unlikely to be taken to a vote . Two further motions of no confidence were later submitted for debate at other branches of the Liverpool Riverside CLP . The North-West Labour Party office later advised local branches that none of the motions should be discussed , citing the potential prejudicial effect that such discussion may have on the upcoming trigger ballot . On 16 October 2019 , Ellman resigned from the Labour Party , citing her worries about antisemitism in the party , and her belief that anti-Semitism in the Labour Party had prospered under the leadership of Jeremy Corbyn . She wrote that under Jeremy Corbyns leadership , antisemitism has become mainstream in the Labour Party . Jewish members have been bullied , abused and driven out . Antisemites have felt comfortable and vile conspiracy theories have neen propagated .. . the overwhelming majority of the Jewish community is fearful of what a Corbyn government might mean for Britains Jews .. . [ he is a man ] who spent three decades on the backbenches consorting with , and never confronting , antisemites , Holocaust deniers and terrorists . Labour responded that Jeremy Corbyn and the Labour Party are fully committed to the support , defence and celebration of the Jewish community and continue to take robust action to root out antisemitism in the party and wider society . Her CLP later said : The Labour Party recognises the hard work and commitment Louise has shown to her constituents over the past 22 years . Unfortunately she made it very clear at the last CLP meeting that she could not support a Jeremy Corbyn led government . This inevitably meant that Louise would be triggered and was very unlikely to win any reselection process . The CLP , in a further statement , explained the desire of many local members for a reselection contest as due to longstanding political differences over Ellmans support for the Iraq War , her lack of support for Corbyns policies and criticisms of the leadership , and her recent expression of concern over a future Labour government . The CLP condemned antisemitism directed at Ellman or otherwise but characterised her as misrepresenting the local party and said that many of their Jewish members did not recognise or accept her views . Personal life and recognition . Ellman has been married since 16 July 1967 to Geoffrey Ellman , a pharmacist . She lived in Leeds , then moved to Skelmersdale in 1969 . The couple have a son , Sean , and a daughter , Yvonne , and five grandchildren . She was made a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( DBE ) in the 2018 Queens Birthday Honours for parliamentary and political services . In 2019 , the Jerusalem Post ranked her as the 23rd most influential Jew worldwide , calling her Labours lady who opposes Corbyn and noting that she has been a strong advocate for Israel in the House of Commons . She is the sole Briton in the 50-strong list . She is a Vice President of the Jewish Leadership Council . External links . - – official site - Louise Ellman Ask Aristotle - article at Guardian Unlimited Politics - Louise Ellman parliamentary biography from DodOnline - Louise Ellman at Skelmersdale Heritage Society - Louise Ellman page on BBC Politics Audio clips . - Mobile phones ( 2002 ) - Middle East Road Map ( October 2004 ) - Ken Livingstone ( February 2005 )
|
[
"Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Liverpool Riverside",
"Chair of the Transport Select Committee",
"Chair of the Jewish Labour Movement"
] |
[
{
"text": " Dame Louise Joyce Ellman ( née Rosenberg ; born 14 November 1945 ) is a British politician who served as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Liverpool Riverside from 1997 to 2019 . She was a member of the Labour Party until her resignation in October 2019 .",
"title": "Louise Ellman"
},
{
"text": "Ellman was elected as a councillor on the Lancashire County Council in 1970 , becoming the Labour group leader in 1977 and leader of the council from 1981 until her election to House of Commons in 1997 . She was Vice-Chair of Lancashire Enterprises , and served as Chair of the Transport Select Committee from 2008 to 2017 . She is also Chair of Labour Friends of Israel and is Honorary President of the Jewish Labour Movement .",
"title": "Louise Ellman"
},
{
"text": " She was appointed a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( DBE ) in the 2018 Queens Birthday Honours List , and is a Vice President of the Jewish Leadership Council . Ellman resigned from the Labour Party in October 2019 , expressing concern over antisemitism in the Labour Party and a potential Jeremy Corbyn-led government . Early life and career .",
"title": "Louise Ellman"
},
{
"text": "Louise Joyce Rosenberg was born in Manchester to an observant Jewish family . Her father had a Lithuanian background . She was educated at the independent Manchester High School for Girls , before studying at the University of Hull where she received a BA in Sociology and History in 1967 , and then studied Social Administration at the University of York where she was awarded a MPhil in 1972 .",
"title": "Louise Ellman"
},
{
"text": " As a teenager , she was involved in the Labour Zionist movement , Habonim and , following university , spent a year in Israel at an Ulpan studying Hebrew , where she met her husband . From 1970 to 1976 , she was a lecturer for the Open University . She was elected as a councillor on the Lancashire County Council in 1970 , becoming the Labour group leader in 1977 and council leader from 1981 until her election to Parliament . She was Vice-Chair of Lancashire Enterprises .",
"title": "Louise Ellman"
},
{
"text": "She unsuccessfully contested the Darwen constituency at the 1979 general election , being defeated by the sitting Conservative MP Charles Fletcher-Cooke by 13,026 votes .",
"title": "Louise Ellman"
},
{
"text": " She was elected to Parliament at the 1997 general election for the safe seat of Liverpool Riverside . She held the seat with a majority of 21,799 and has held the seat comfortably at successive general elections . When she was re-elected in 2001 , the turnout was the lowest in the country at 34.1% .",
"title": "Parliamentary career"
},
{
"text": " She has been a member of the Transport Committee and its predecessor , Transport , Local Government and the Regions , since she was first elected . On 21 May 2008 , she was selected to become the Chair of the Commons Transport Select Committee after the death of Gwyneth Dunwoody MP , being returned unopposed after the 2015 general election .",
"title": "Positions and voting"
},
{
"text": "According to website Public Whip , Ellman repeatedly voted for the Iraq War , against an investigation into that war , and for renewal of Trident , Britains nuclear weapons programme . She very rarely voted against the Party line .",
"title": "Positions and voting"
},
{
"text": " In the 2015 Labour Party leadership election , she nominated Liz Kendall . She supported Owen Smith in the failed attempt to replace Jeremy Corbyn in the 2016 leadership election .",
"title": "Positions and voting"
},
{
"text": " Ellman was Chair of the Jewish Labour Movement from 2006 to 2016 , after which she became its Honorary President . She was also Vice Chair of Labour Friends of Israel and succeeded Joan Ryan as Chair in August 2019 . She said that she intended to remain a member of LFI following her resignation from the Labour Party . She was the chair of the All-Party Britain-Israel Parliamentary Group .",
"title": "Israel"
},
{
"text": "The Times of Israel called her tough-as-nails and an unabashed friend of Israel . According to one biographer in the Jewish Chronicle , Ellman can always be called on to defend Israel on the green benches ( i.e . in Parliament ) . The Jewish Telegraph said Doughty Labour MP Louise Ellman is never scared to openly proclaim her Jewish identity and fight for Israel and against Islamic extremism at every Parliamentary opportunity . In September 2019 , Ellman said she shared the fears of other Jews living in the UK about the prospect of a Labour government led by",
"title": "Israel"
},
{
"text": "Jeremy Corbyn and understood why they would seriously consider leaving the country . In October 2019 , she said Im not absolutely convinced he will bring great danger to the Jewish community but Im very concerned it is possible he could .",
"title": "Israel"
},
{
"text": " In 2016 , Ellman said that a small number among the members who joined her constituency Labour party after Corbyns election as leader seemed obsessed on Middle East issues , that there had been a very unpleasant atmosphere in constituency meetings and that remarks which she considered were antisemitic had been made to her . She also alleged that the local Momentum group was acting as a party within a party and asked for her constituency party to be suspended and investigated . A leading local Momentum member rejected the allegations .",
"title": "Constituency party"
},
{
"text": "In early October 2019 , a motion of no confidence in Ellman , scheduled to take place on Yom Kippur , the holiest day of the Jewish calendar , was submitted for discussion at a branch of her constituency Labour Party . The timing of the motion was criticised by Ellman herself , who called it particularly insidious ; and by Marie van der Zyl , President of the Board of Deputies of British Jews , who said it meant that Ellman would have no opportunity even to respond . A Labour Party spokesperson said that no confidence motions had",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": "no formal standing , with another source intimating that the motion was unlikely to be taken to a vote . Two further motions of no confidence were later submitted for debate at other branches of the Liverpool Riverside CLP . The North-West Labour Party office later advised local branches that none of the motions should be discussed , citing the potential prejudicial effect that such discussion may have on the upcoming trigger ballot .",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": "On 16 October 2019 , Ellman resigned from the Labour Party , citing her worries about antisemitism in the party , and her belief that anti-Semitism in the Labour Party had prospered under the leadership of Jeremy Corbyn . She wrote that under Jeremy Corbyns leadership , antisemitism has become mainstream in the Labour Party . Jewish members have been bullied , abused and driven out . Antisemites have felt comfortable and vile conspiracy theories have neen propagated .. . the overwhelming majority of the Jewish community is fearful of what a Corbyn government might mean for Britains Jews ..",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": ". [ he is a man ] who spent three decades on the backbenches consorting with , and never confronting , antisemites , Holocaust deniers and terrorists . Labour responded that Jeremy Corbyn and the Labour Party are fully committed to the support , defence and celebration of the Jewish community and continue to take robust action to root out antisemitism in the party and wider society .",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": "Her CLP later said : The Labour Party recognises the hard work and commitment Louise has shown to her constituents over the past 22 years . Unfortunately she made it very clear at the last CLP meeting that she could not support a Jeremy Corbyn led government . This inevitably meant that Louise would be triggered and was very unlikely to win any reselection process . The CLP , in a further statement , explained the desire of many local members for a reselection contest as due to longstanding political differences over Ellmans support for the Iraq War , her",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": "lack of support for Corbyns policies and criticisms of the leadership , and her recent expression of concern over a future Labour government . The CLP condemned antisemitism directed at Ellman or otherwise but characterised her as misrepresenting the local party and said that many of their Jewish members did not recognise or accept her views .",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": " Personal life and recognition . Ellman has been married since 16 July 1967 to Geoffrey Ellman , a pharmacist . She lived in Leeds , then moved to Skelmersdale in 1969 . The couple have a son , Sean , and a daughter , Yvonne , and five grandchildren . She was made a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( DBE ) in the 2018 Queens Birthday Honours for parliamentary and political services .",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": "In 2019 , the Jerusalem Post ranked her as the 23rd most influential Jew worldwide , calling her Labours lady who opposes Corbyn and noting that she has been a strong advocate for Israel in the House of Commons . She is the sole Briton in the 50-strong list .",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": " - – official site - Louise Ellman Ask Aristotle - article at Guardian Unlimited Politics - Louise Ellman parliamentary biography from DodOnline - Louise Ellman at Skelmersdale Heritage Society - Louise Ellman page on BBC Politics",
"title": "External links"
},
{
"text": " - Mobile phones ( 2002 ) - Middle East Road Map ( October 2004 ) - Ken Livingstone ( February 2005 )",
"title": "Audio clips"
}
] |
/wiki/Louise_Ellman#P39#5
|
What was the position of Louise Ellman between Feb 2016 and Apr 2016?
|
Louise Ellman Dame Louise Joyce Ellman ( née Rosenberg ; born 14 November 1945 ) is a British politician who served as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Liverpool Riverside from 1997 to 2019 . She was a member of the Labour Party until her resignation in October 2019 . Ellman was elected as a councillor on the Lancashire County Council in 1970 , becoming the Labour group leader in 1977 and leader of the council from 1981 until her election to House of Commons in 1997 . She was Vice-Chair of Lancashire Enterprises , and served as Chair of the Transport Select Committee from 2008 to 2017 . She is also Chair of Labour Friends of Israel and is Honorary President of the Jewish Labour Movement . She was appointed a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( DBE ) in the 2018 Queens Birthday Honours List , and is a Vice President of the Jewish Leadership Council . Ellman resigned from the Labour Party in October 2019 , expressing concern over antisemitism in the Labour Party and a potential Jeremy Corbyn-led government . Early life and career . Louise Joyce Rosenberg was born in Manchester to an observant Jewish family . Her father had a Lithuanian background . She was educated at the independent Manchester High School for Girls , before studying at the University of Hull where she received a BA in Sociology and History in 1967 , and then studied Social Administration at the University of York where she was awarded a MPhil in 1972 . As a teenager , she was involved in the Labour Zionist movement , Habonim and , following university , spent a year in Israel at an Ulpan studying Hebrew , where she met her husband . From 1970 to 1976 , she was a lecturer for the Open University . She was elected as a councillor on the Lancashire County Council in 1970 , becoming the Labour group leader in 1977 and council leader from 1981 until her election to Parliament . She was Vice-Chair of Lancashire Enterprises . She unsuccessfully contested the Darwen constituency at the 1979 general election , being defeated by the sitting Conservative MP Charles Fletcher-Cooke by 13,026 votes . Parliamentary career . She was elected to Parliament at the 1997 general election for the safe seat of Liverpool Riverside . She held the seat with a majority of 21,799 and has held the seat comfortably at successive general elections . When she was re-elected in 2001 , the turnout was the lowest in the country at 34.1% . Positions and voting . She has been a member of the Transport Committee and its predecessor , Transport , Local Government and the Regions , since she was first elected . On 21 May 2008 , she was selected to become the Chair of the Commons Transport Select Committee after the death of Gwyneth Dunwoody MP , being returned unopposed after the 2015 general election . According to website Public Whip , Ellman repeatedly voted for the Iraq War , against an investigation into that war , and for renewal of Trident , Britains nuclear weapons programme . She very rarely voted against the Party line . In the 2015 Labour Party leadership election , she nominated Liz Kendall . She supported Owen Smith in the failed attempt to replace Jeremy Corbyn in the 2016 leadership election . Israel . Ellman was Chair of the Jewish Labour Movement from 2006 to 2016 , after which she became its Honorary President . She was also Vice Chair of Labour Friends of Israel and succeeded Joan Ryan as Chair in August 2019 . She said that she intended to remain a member of LFI following her resignation from the Labour Party . She was the chair of the All-Party Britain-Israel Parliamentary Group . The Times of Israel called her tough-as-nails and an unabashed friend of Israel . According to one biographer in the Jewish Chronicle , Ellman can always be called on to defend Israel on the green benches ( i.e . in Parliament ) . The Jewish Telegraph said Doughty Labour MP Louise Ellman is never scared to openly proclaim her Jewish identity and fight for Israel and against Islamic extremism at every Parliamentary opportunity . In September 2019 , Ellman said she shared the fears of other Jews living in the UK about the prospect of a Labour government led by Jeremy Corbyn and understood why they would seriously consider leaving the country . In October 2019 , she said Im not absolutely convinced he will bring great danger to the Jewish community but Im very concerned it is possible he could . Constituency party . In 2016 , Ellman said that a small number among the members who joined her constituency Labour party after Corbyns election as leader seemed obsessed on Middle East issues , that there had been a very unpleasant atmosphere in constituency meetings and that remarks which she considered were antisemitic had been made to her . She also alleged that the local Momentum group was acting as a party within a party and asked for her constituency party to be suspended and investigated . A leading local Momentum member rejected the allegations . Resignation . In early October 2019 , a motion of no confidence in Ellman , scheduled to take place on Yom Kippur , the holiest day of the Jewish calendar , was submitted for discussion at a branch of her constituency Labour Party . The timing of the motion was criticised by Ellman herself , who called it particularly insidious ; and by Marie van der Zyl , President of the Board of Deputies of British Jews , who said it meant that Ellman would have no opportunity even to respond . A Labour Party spokesperson said that no confidence motions had no formal standing , with another source intimating that the motion was unlikely to be taken to a vote . Two further motions of no confidence were later submitted for debate at other branches of the Liverpool Riverside CLP . The North-West Labour Party office later advised local branches that none of the motions should be discussed , citing the potential prejudicial effect that such discussion may have on the upcoming trigger ballot . On 16 October 2019 , Ellman resigned from the Labour Party , citing her worries about antisemitism in the party , and her belief that anti-Semitism in the Labour Party had prospered under the leadership of Jeremy Corbyn . She wrote that under Jeremy Corbyns leadership , antisemitism has become mainstream in the Labour Party . Jewish members have been bullied , abused and driven out . Antisemites have felt comfortable and vile conspiracy theories have neen propagated .. . the overwhelming majority of the Jewish community is fearful of what a Corbyn government might mean for Britains Jews .. . [ he is a man ] who spent three decades on the backbenches consorting with , and never confronting , antisemites , Holocaust deniers and terrorists . Labour responded that Jeremy Corbyn and the Labour Party are fully committed to the support , defence and celebration of the Jewish community and continue to take robust action to root out antisemitism in the party and wider society . Her CLP later said : The Labour Party recognises the hard work and commitment Louise has shown to her constituents over the past 22 years . Unfortunately she made it very clear at the last CLP meeting that she could not support a Jeremy Corbyn led government . This inevitably meant that Louise would be triggered and was very unlikely to win any reselection process . The CLP , in a further statement , explained the desire of many local members for a reselection contest as due to longstanding political differences over Ellmans support for the Iraq War , her lack of support for Corbyns policies and criticisms of the leadership , and her recent expression of concern over a future Labour government . The CLP condemned antisemitism directed at Ellman or otherwise but characterised her as misrepresenting the local party and said that many of their Jewish members did not recognise or accept her views . Personal life and recognition . Ellman has been married since 16 July 1967 to Geoffrey Ellman , a pharmacist . She lived in Leeds , then moved to Skelmersdale in 1969 . The couple have a son , Sean , and a daughter , Yvonne , and five grandchildren . She was made a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( DBE ) in the 2018 Queens Birthday Honours for parliamentary and political services . In 2019 , the Jerusalem Post ranked her as the 23rd most influential Jew worldwide , calling her Labours lady who opposes Corbyn and noting that she has been a strong advocate for Israel in the House of Commons . She is the sole Briton in the 50-strong list . She is a Vice President of the Jewish Leadership Council . External links . - – official site - Louise Ellman Ask Aristotle - article at Guardian Unlimited Politics - Louise Ellman parliamentary biography from DodOnline - Louise Ellman at Skelmersdale Heritage Society - Louise Ellman page on BBC Politics Audio clips . - Mobile phones ( 2002 ) - Middle East Road Map ( October 2004 ) - Ken Livingstone ( February 2005 )
|
[
"Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Liverpool Riverside",
"Chair of the Transport Select Committee",
"Chair of the Jewish Labour Movement"
] |
[
{
"text": " Dame Louise Joyce Ellman ( née Rosenberg ; born 14 November 1945 ) is a British politician who served as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Liverpool Riverside from 1997 to 2019 . She was a member of the Labour Party until her resignation in October 2019 .",
"title": "Louise Ellman"
},
{
"text": "Ellman was elected as a councillor on the Lancashire County Council in 1970 , becoming the Labour group leader in 1977 and leader of the council from 1981 until her election to House of Commons in 1997 . She was Vice-Chair of Lancashire Enterprises , and served as Chair of the Transport Select Committee from 2008 to 2017 . She is also Chair of Labour Friends of Israel and is Honorary President of the Jewish Labour Movement .",
"title": "Louise Ellman"
},
{
"text": " She was appointed a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( DBE ) in the 2018 Queens Birthday Honours List , and is a Vice President of the Jewish Leadership Council . Ellman resigned from the Labour Party in October 2019 , expressing concern over antisemitism in the Labour Party and a potential Jeremy Corbyn-led government . Early life and career .",
"title": "Louise Ellman"
},
{
"text": "Louise Joyce Rosenberg was born in Manchester to an observant Jewish family . Her father had a Lithuanian background . She was educated at the independent Manchester High School for Girls , before studying at the University of Hull where she received a BA in Sociology and History in 1967 , and then studied Social Administration at the University of York where she was awarded a MPhil in 1972 .",
"title": "Louise Ellman"
},
{
"text": " As a teenager , she was involved in the Labour Zionist movement , Habonim and , following university , spent a year in Israel at an Ulpan studying Hebrew , where she met her husband . From 1970 to 1976 , she was a lecturer for the Open University . She was elected as a councillor on the Lancashire County Council in 1970 , becoming the Labour group leader in 1977 and council leader from 1981 until her election to Parliament . She was Vice-Chair of Lancashire Enterprises .",
"title": "Louise Ellman"
},
{
"text": "She unsuccessfully contested the Darwen constituency at the 1979 general election , being defeated by the sitting Conservative MP Charles Fletcher-Cooke by 13,026 votes .",
"title": "Louise Ellman"
},
{
"text": " She was elected to Parliament at the 1997 general election for the safe seat of Liverpool Riverside . She held the seat with a majority of 21,799 and has held the seat comfortably at successive general elections . When she was re-elected in 2001 , the turnout was the lowest in the country at 34.1% .",
"title": "Parliamentary career"
},
{
"text": " She has been a member of the Transport Committee and its predecessor , Transport , Local Government and the Regions , since she was first elected . On 21 May 2008 , she was selected to become the Chair of the Commons Transport Select Committee after the death of Gwyneth Dunwoody MP , being returned unopposed after the 2015 general election .",
"title": "Positions and voting"
},
{
"text": "According to website Public Whip , Ellman repeatedly voted for the Iraq War , against an investigation into that war , and for renewal of Trident , Britains nuclear weapons programme . She very rarely voted against the Party line .",
"title": "Positions and voting"
},
{
"text": " In the 2015 Labour Party leadership election , she nominated Liz Kendall . She supported Owen Smith in the failed attempt to replace Jeremy Corbyn in the 2016 leadership election .",
"title": "Positions and voting"
},
{
"text": " Ellman was Chair of the Jewish Labour Movement from 2006 to 2016 , after which she became its Honorary President . She was also Vice Chair of Labour Friends of Israel and succeeded Joan Ryan as Chair in August 2019 . She said that she intended to remain a member of LFI following her resignation from the Labour Party . She was the chair of the All-Party Britain-Israel Parliamentary Group .",
"title": "Israel"
},
{
"text": "The Times of Israel called her tough-as-nails and an unabashed friend of Israel . According to one biographer in the Jewish Chronicle , Ellman can always be called on to defend Israel on the green benches ( i.e . in Parliament ) . The Jewish Telegraph said Doughty Labour MP Louise Ellman is never scared to openly proclaim her Jewish identity and fight for Israel and against Islamic extremism at every Parliamentary opportunity . In September 2019 , Ellman said she shared the fears of other Jews living in the UK about the prospect of a Labour government led by",
"title": "Israel"
},
{
"text": "Jeremy Corbyn and understood why they would seriously consider leaving the country . In October 2019 , she said Im not absolutely convinced he will bring great danger to the Jewish community but Im very concerned it is possible he could .",
"title": "Israel"
},
{
"text": " In 2016 , Ellman said that a small number among the members who joined her constituency Labour party after Corbyns election as leader seemed obsessed on Middle East issues , that there had been a very unpleasant atmosphere in constituency meetings and that remarks which she considered were antisemitic had been made to her . She also alleged that the local Momentum group was acting as a party within a party and asked for her constituency party to be suspended and investigated . A leading local Momentum member rejected the allegations .",
"title": "Constituency party"
},
{
"text": "In early October 2019 , a motion of no confidence in Ellman , scheduled to take place on Yom Kippur , the holiest day of the Jewish calendar , was submitted for discussion at a branch of her constituency Labour Party . The timing of the motion was criticised by Ellman herself , who called it particularly insidious ; and by Marie van der Zyl , President of the Board of Deputies of British Jews , who said it meant that Ellman would have no opportunity even to respond . A Labour Party spokesperson said that no confidence motions had",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": "no formal standing , with another source intimating that the motion was unlikely to be taken to a vote . Two further motions of no confidence were later submitted for debate at other branches of the Liverpool Riverside CLP . The North-West Labour Party office later advised local branches that none of the motions should be discussed , citing the potential prejudicial effect that such discussion may have on the upcoming trigger ballot .",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": "On 16 October 2019 , Ellman resigned from the Labour Party , citing her worries about antisemitism in the party , and her belief that anti-Semitism in the Labour Party had prospered under the leadership of Jeremy Corbyn . She wrote that under Jeremy Corbyns leadership , antisemitism has become mainstream in the Labour Party . Jewish members have been bullied , abused and driven out . Antisemites have felt comfortable and vile conspiracy theories have neen propagated .. . the overwhelming majority of the Jewish community is fearful of what a Corbyn government might mean for Britains Jews ..",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": ". [ he is a man ] who spent three decades on the backbenches consorting with , and never confronting , antisemites , Holocaust deniers and terrorists . Labour responded that Jeremy Corbyn and the Labour Party are fully committed to the support , defence and celebration of the Jewish community and continue to take robust action to root out antisemitism in the party and wider society .",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": "Her CLP later said : The Labour Party recognises the hard work and commitment Louise has shown to her constituents over the past 22 years . Unfortunately she made it very clear at the last CLP meeting that she could not support a Jeremy Corbyn led government . This inevitably meant that Louise would be triggered and was very unlikely to win any reselection process . The CLP , in a further statement , explained the desire of many local members for a reselection contest as due to longstanding political differences over Ellmans support for the Iraq War , her",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": "lack of support for Corbyns policies and criticisms of the leadership , and her recent expression of concern over a future Labour government . The CLP condemned antisemitism directed at Ellman or otherwise but characterised her as misrepresenting the local party and said that many of their Jewish members did not recognise or accept her views .",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": " Personal life and recognition . Ellman has been married since 16 July 1967 to Geoffrey Ellman , a pharmacist . She lived in Leeds , then moved to Skelmersdale in 1969 . The couple have a son , Sean , and a daughter , Yvonne , and five grandchildren . She was made a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( DBE ) in the 2018 Queens Birthday Honours for parliamentary and political services .",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": "In 2019 , the Jerusalem Post ranked her as the 23rd most influential Jew worldwide , calling her Labours lady who opposes Corbyn and noting that she has been a strong advocate for Israel in the House of Commons . She is the sole Briton in the 50-strong list .",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": " - – official site - Louise Ellman Ask Aristotle - article at Guardian Unlimited Politics - Louise Ellman parliamentary biography from DodOnline - Louise Ellman at Skelmersdale Heritage Society - Louise Ellman page on BBC Politics",
"title": "External links"
},
{
"text": " - Mobile phones ( 2002 ) - Middle East Road Map ( October 2004 ) - Ken Livingstone ( February 2005 )",
"title": "Audio clips"
}
] |
/wiki/Louise_Ellman#P39#6
|
What was the position of Louise Ellman between Apr 2019 and Oct 2019?
|
Louise Ellman Dame Louise Joyce Ellman ( née Rosenberg ; born 14 November 1945 ) is a British politician who served as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Liverpool Riverside from 1997 to 2019 . She was a member of the Labour Party until her resignation in October 2019 . Ellman was elected as a councillor on the Lancashire County Council in 1970 , becoming the Labour group leader in 1977 and leader of the council from 1981 until her election to House of Commons in 1997 . She was Vice-Chair of Lancashire Enterprises , and served as Chair of the Transport Select Committee from 2008 to 2017 . She is also Chair of Labour Friends of Israel and is Honorary President of the Jewish Labour Movement . She was appointed a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( DBE ) in the 2018 Queens Birthday Honours List , and is a Vice President of the Jewish Leadership Council . Ellman resigned from the Labour Party in October 2019 , expressing concern over antisemitism in the Labour Party and a potential Jeremy Corbyn-led government . Early life and career . Louise Joyce Rosenberg was born in Manchester to an observant Jewish family . Her father had a Lithuanian background . She was educated at the independent Manchester High School for Girls , before studying at the University of Hull where she received a BA in Sociology and History in 1967 , and then studied Social Administration at the University of York where she was awarded a MPhil in 1972 . As a teenager , she was involved in the Labour Zionist movement , Habonim and , following university , spent a year in Israel at an Ulpan studying Hebrew , where she met her husband . From 1970 to 1976 , she was a lecturer for the Open University . She was elected as a councillor on the Lancashire County Council in 1970 , becoming the Labour group leader in 1977 and council leader from 1981 until her election to Parliament . She was Vice-Chair of Lancashire Enterprises . She unsuccessfully contested the Darwen constituency at the 1979 general election , being defeated by the sitting Conservative MP Charles Fletcher-Cooke by 13,026 votes . Parliamentary career . She was elected to Parliament at the 1997 general election for the safe seat of Liverpool Riverside . She held the seat with a majority of 21,799 and has held the seat comfortably at successive general elections . When she was re-elected in 2001 , the turnout was the lowest in the country at 34.1% . Positions and voting . She has been a member of the Transport Committee and its predecessor , Transport , Local Government and the Regions , since she was first elected . On 21 May 2008 , she was selected to become the Chair of the Commons Transport Select Committee after the death of Gwyneth Dunwoody MP , being returned unopposed after the 2015 general election . According to website Public Whip , Ellman repeatedly voted for the Iraq War , against an investigation into that war , and for renewal of Trident , Britains nuclear weapons programme . She very rarely voted against the Party line . In the 2015 Labour Party leadership election , she nominated Liz Kendall . She supported Owen Smith in the failed attempt to replace Jeremy Corbyn in the 2016 leadership election . Israel . Ellman was Chair of the Jewish Labour Movement from 2006 to 2016 , after which she became its Honorary President . She was also Vice Chair of Labour Friends of Israel and succeeded Joan Ryan as Chair in August 2019 . She said that she intended to remain a member of LFI following her resignation from the Labour Party . She was the chair of the All-Party Britain-Israel Parliamentary Group . The Times of Israel called her tough-as-nails and an unabashed friend of Israel . According to one biographer in the Jewish Chronicle , Ellman can always be called on to defend Israel on the green benches ( i.e . in Parliament ) . The Jewish Telegraph said Doughty Labour MP Louise Ellman is never scared to openly proclaim her Jewish identity and fight for Israel and against Islamic extremism at every Parliamentary opportunity . In September 2019 , Ellman said she shared the fears of other Jews living in the UK about the prospect of a Labour government led by Jeremy Corbyn and understood why they would seriously consider leaving the country . In October 2019 , she said Im not absolutely convinced he will bring great danger to the Jewish community but Im very concerned it is possible he could . Constituency party . In 2016 , Ellman said that a small number among the members who joined her constituency Labour party after Corbyns election as leader seemed obsessed on Middle East issues , that there had been a very unpleasant atmosphere in constituency meetings and that remarks which she considered were antisemitic had been made to her . She also alleged that the local Momentum group was acting as a party within a party and asked for her constituency party to be suspended and investigated . A leading local Momentum member rejected the allegations . Resignation . In early October 2019 , a motion of no confidence in Ellman , scheduled to take place on Yom Kippur , the holiest day of the Jewish calendar , was submitted for discussion at a branch of her constituency Labour Party . The timing of the motion was criticised by Ellman herself , who called it particularly insidious ; and by Marie van der Zyl , President of the Board of Deputies of British Jews , who said it meant that Ellman would have no opportunity even to respond . A Labour Party spokesperson said that no confidence motions had no formal standing , with another source intimating that the motion was unlikely to be taken to a vote . Two further motions of no confidence were later submitted for debate at other branches of the Liverpool Riverside CLP . The North-West Labour Party office later advised local branches that none of the motions should be discussed , citing the potential prejudicial effect that such discussion may have on the upcoming trigger ballot . On 16 October 2019 , Ellman resigned from the Labour Party , citing her worries about antisemitism in the party , and her belief that anti-Semitism in the Labour Party had prospered under the leadership of Jeremy Corbyn . She wrote that under Jeremy Corbyns leadership , antisemitism has become mainstream in the Labour Party . Jewish members have been bullied , abused and driven out . Antisemites have felt comfortable and vile conspiracy theories have neen propagated .. . the overwhelming majority of the Jewish community is fearful of what a Corbyn government might mean for Britains Jews .. . [ he is a man ] who spent three decades on the backbenches consorting with , and never confronting , antisemites , Holocaust deniers and terrorists . Labour responded that Jeremy Corbyn and the Labour Party are fully committed to the support , defence and celebration of the Jewish community and continue to take robust action to root out antisemitism in the party and wider society . Her CLP later said : The Labour Party recognises the hard work and commitment Louise has shown to her constituents over the past 22 years . Unfortunately she made it very clear at the last CLP meeting that she could not support a Jeremy Corbyn led government . This inevitably meant that Louise would be triggered and was very unlikely to win any reselection process . The CLP , in a further statement , explained the desire of many local members for a reselection contest as due to longstanding political differences over Ellmans support for the Iraq War , her lack of support for Corbyns policies and criticisms of the leadership , and her recent expression of concern over a future Labour government . The CLP condemned antisemitism directed at Ellman or otherwise but characterised her as misrepresenting the local party and said that many of their Jewish members did not recognise or accept her views . Personal life and recognition . Ellman has been married since 16 July 1967 to Geoffrey Ellman , a pharmacist . She lived in Leeds , then moved to Skelmersdale in 1969 . The couple have a son , Sean , and a daughter , Yvonne , and five grandchildren . She was made a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( DBE ) in the 2018 Queens Birthday Honours for parliamentary and political services . In 2019 , the Jerusalem Post ranked her as the 23rd most influential Jew worldwide , calling her Labours lady who opposes Corbyn and noting that she has been a strong advocate for Israel in the House of Commons . She is the sole Briton in the 50-strong list . She is a Vice President of the Jewish Leadership Council . External links . - – official site - Louise Ellman Ask Aristotle - article at Guardian Unlimited Politics - Louise Ellman parliamentary biography from DodOnline - Louise Ellman at Skelmersdale Heritage Society - Louise Ellman page on BBC Politics Audio clips . - Mobile phones ( 2002 ) - Middle East Road Map ( October 2004 ) - Ken Livingstone ( February 2005 )
|
[
"Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Liverpool Riverside",
"chair of the All-Party Britain-Israel Parliamentary Group",
"Vice Chair of Labour Friends of Israel"
] |
[
{
"text": " Dame Louise Joyce Ellman ( née Rosenberg ; born 14 November 1945 ) is a British politician who served as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Liverpool Riverside from 1997 to 2019 . She was a member of the Labour Party until her resignation in October 2019 .",
"title": "Louise Ellman"
},
{
"text": "Ellman was elected as a councillor on the Lancashire County Council in 1970 , becoming the Labour group leader in 1977 and leader of the council from 1981 until her election to House of Commons in 1997 . She was Vice-Chair of Lancashire Enterprises , and served as Chair of the Transport Select Committee from 2008 to 2017 . She is also Chair of Labour Friends of Israel and is Honorary President of the Jewish Labour Movement .",
"title": "Louise Ellman"
},
{
"text": " She was appointed a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( DBE ) in the 2018 Queens Birthday Honours List , and is a Vice President of the Jewish Leadership Council . Ellman resigned from the Labour Party in October 2019 , expressing concern over antisemitism in the Labour Party and a potential Jeremy Corbyn-led government . Early life and career .",
"title": "Louise Ellman"
},
{
"text": "Louise Joyce Rosenberg was born in Manchester to an observant Jewish family . Her father had a Lithuanian background . She was educated at the independent Manchester High School for Girls , before studying at the University of Hull where she received a BA in Sociology and History in 1967 , and then studied Social Administration at the University of York where she was awarded a MPhil in 1972 .",
"title": "Louise Ellman"
},
{
"text": " As a teenager , she was involved in the Labour Zionist movement , Habonim and , following university , spent a year in Israel at an Ulpan studying Hebrew , where she met her husband . From 1970 to 1976 , she was a lecturer for the Open University . She was elected as a councillor on the Lancashire County Council in 1970 , becoming the Labour group leader in 1977 and council leader from 1981 until her election to Parliament . She was Vice-Chair of Lancashire Enterprises .",
"title": "Louise Ellman"
},
{
"text": "She unsuccessfully contested the Darwen constituency at the 1979 general election , being defeated by the sitting Conservative MP Charles Fletcher-Cooke by 13,026 votes .",
"title": "Louise Ellman"
},
{
"text": " She was elected to Parliament at the 1997 general election for the safe seat of Liverpool Riverside . She held the seat with a majority of 21,799 and has held the seat comfortably at successive general elections . When she was re-elected in 2001 , the turnout was the lowest in the country at 34.1% .",
"title": "Parliamentary career"
},
{
"text": " She has been a member of the Transport Committee and its predecessor , Transport , Local Government and the Regions , since she was first elected . On 21 May 2008 , she was selected to become the Chair of the Commons Transport Select Committee after the death of Gwyneth Dunwoody MP , being returned unopposed after the 2015 general election .",
"title": "Positions and voting"
},
{
"text": "According to website Public Whip , Ellman repeatedly voted for the Iraq War , against an investigation into that war , and for renewal of Trident , Britains nuclear weapons programme . She very rarely voted against the Party line .",
"title": "Positions and voting"
},
{
"text": " In the 2015 Labour Party leadership election , she nominated Liz Kendall . She supported Owen Smith in the failed attempt to replace Jeremy Corbyn in the 2016 leadership election .",
"title": "Positions and voting"
},
{
"text": " Ellman was Chair of the Jewish Labour Movement from 2006 to 2016 , after which she became its Honorary President . She was also Vice Chair of Labour Friends of Israel and succeeded Joan Ryan as Chair in August 2019 . She said that she intended to remain a member of LFI following her resignation from the Labour Party . She was the chair of the All-Party Britain-Israel Parliamentary Group .",
"title": "Israel"
},
{
"text": "The Times of Israel called her tough-as-nails and an unabashed friend of Israel . According to one biographer in the Jewish Chronicle , Ellman can always be called on to defend Israel on the green benches ( i.e . in Parliament ) . The Jewish Telegraph said Doughty Labour MP Louise Ellman is never scared to openly proclaim her Jewish identity and fight for Israel and against Islamic extremism at every Parliamentary opportunity . In September 2019 , Ellman said she shared the fears of other Jews living in the UK about the prospect of a Labour government led by",
"title": "Israel"
},
{
"text": "Jeremy Corbyn and understood why they would seriously consider leaving the country . In October 2019 , she said Im not absolutely convinced he will bring great danger to the Jewish community but Im very concerned it is possible he could .",
"title": "Israel"
},
{
"text": " In 2016 , Ellman said that a small number among the members who joined her constituency Labour party after Corbyns election as leader seemed obsessed on Middle East issues , that there had been a very unpleasant atmosphere in constituency meetings and that remarks which she considered were antisemitic had been made to her . She also alleged that the local Momentum group was acting as a party within a party and asked for her constituency party to be suspended and investigated . A leading local Momentum member rejected the allegations .",
"title": "Constituency party"
},
{
"text": "In early October 2019 , a motion of no confidence in Ellman , scheduled to take place on Yom Kippur , the holiest day of the Jewish calendar , was submitted for discussion at a branch of her constituency Labour Party . The timing of the motion was criticised by Ellman herself , who called it particularly insidious ; and by Marie van der Zyl , President of the Board of Deputies of British Jews , who said it meant that Ellman would have no opportunity even to respond . A Labour Party spokesperson said that no confidence motions had",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": "no formal standing , with another source intimating that the motion was unlikely to be taken to a vote . Two further motions of no confidence were later submitted for debate at other branches of the Liverpool Riverside CLP . The North-West Labour Party office later advised local branches that none of the motions should be discussed , citing the potential prejudicial effect that such discussion may have on the upcoming trigger ballot .",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": "On 16 October 2019 , Ellman resigned from the Labour Party , citing her worries about antisemitism in the party , and her belief that anti-Semitism in the Labour Party had prospered under the leadership of Jeremy Corbyn . She wrote that under Jeremy Corbyns leadership , antisemitism has become mainstream in the Labour Party . Jewish members have been bullied , abused and driven out . Antisemites have felt comfortable and vile conspiracy theories have neen propagated .. . the overwhelming majority of the Jewish community is fearful of what a Corbyn government might mean for Britains Jews ..",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": ". [ he is a man ] who spent three decades on the backbenches consorting with , and never confronting , antisemites , Holocaust deniers and terrorists . Labour responded that Jeremy Corbyn and the Labour Party are fully committed to the support , defence and celebration of the Jewish community and continue to take robust action to root out antisemitism in the party and wider society .",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": "Her CLP later said : The Labour Party recognises the hard work and commitment Louise has shown to her constituents over the past 22 years . Unfortunately she made it very clear at the last CLP meeting that she could not support a Jeremy Corbyn led government . This inevitably meant that Louise would be triggered and was very unlikely to win any reselection process . The CLP , in a further statement , explained the desire of many local members for a reselection contest as due to longstanding political differences over Ellmans support for the Iraq War , her",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": "lack of support for Corbyns policies and criticisms of the leadership , and her recent expression of concern over a future Labour government . The CLP condemned antisemitism directed at Ellman or otherwise but characterised her as misrepresenting the local party and said that many of their Jewish members did not recognise or accept her views .",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": " Personal life and recognition . Ellman has been married since 16 July 1967 to Geoffrey Ellman , a pharmacist . She lived in Leeds , then moved to Skelmersdale in 1969 . The couple have a son , Sean , and a daughter , Yvonne , and five grandchildren . She was made a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( DBE ) in the 2018 Queens Birthday Honours for parliamentary and political services .",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": "In 2019 , the Jerusalem Post ranked her as the 23rd most influential Jew worldwide , calling her Labours lady who opposes Corbyn and noting that she has been a strong advocate for Israel in the House of Commons . She is the sole Briton in the 50-strong list .",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": " - – official site - Louise Ellman Ask Aristotle - article at Guardian Unlimited Politics - Louise Ellman parliamentary biography from DodOnline - Louise Ellman at Skelmersdale Heritage Society - Louise Ellman page on BBC Politics",
"title": "External links"
},
{
"text": " - Mobile phones ( 2002 ) - Middle East Road Map ( October 2004 ) - Ken Livingstone ( February 2005 )",
"title": "Audio clips"
}
] |
/wiki/Robert_Reed,_Baron_Reed_of_Allermuir#P39#0
|
What was the position of Robert Reed, Baron Reed of Allermuir before Dec 2015?
|
Robert Reed , Baron Reed of Allermuir Robert John Reed , Baron Reed of Allermuir , ( born 7 September 1956 ) is a Scottish judge who has been President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom since January 2020 . He was the principal judge in the Commercial Court in Scotland before being promoted to the Inner House of the Court of Session in 2008 . He is an authority on human rights law in Scotland and elsewhere ; he served as one of the UKs ad hoc judges at the European Court of Human Rights . He is also a Non-Permanent Judge of the Court of Final Appeal of Hong Kong . Early life . Reed was educated at George Watsons College in Edinburgh ( where he was dux ) , and studied at the School of Law of the University of Edinburgh , taking a first class honours LLB and winning a Vans Dunlop Scholarship . He then took a DPhil at Balliol College , Oxford , with a doctoral thesis on Legal Control of Government Assistance to Industry , and was admitted to the Faculty of Advocates in 1983 . Legal career . Reed was Standing Junior Counsel to the Scottish Education Department from 1988 to 1989 , and to the Scottish Office Home and Health Department from 1989 to 1995 . He was appointed Queens Counsel in 1995 , and Advocate Depute in 1996 . He was appointed a Senator of the College of Justice , a judge of the Court of Session and High Court of Justiciary , the countrys College of Justice , in 1998 , with the judicial title , Lord Reed . He sat initially as a Judge of the Outer House , becoming Principal Commercial Judge in 2006 . He has been one of the United Kingdoms ad hoc judges at the European Court of Human Rights , and sat in the Grand Chamber judgements on the appeals of the killers of James Bulger in 1999 . Between 2002 and 2004 , he was an expert advisor to the EU/Council of Europe Joint Initiative with Turkey . He was promoted to the Inner House ( First Division ) in 2008 , and appointed to the Privy Council . He sat on the UK Supreme Court during the illness of Lord Rodger of Earlsferry , along with Lord Clarke , and succeeded Lord Rodger . He has been Chairman of the Franco-British Judicial Co-operation Committee since 2005 , and was President of the EU Forum of Judges for the Environment from 2006–08 , now serving as Vice-President . He was a member of the Advisory Board of the British Institute for International and Comparative Law from 2001 to 06 , and of the UN Task Force on Access to Justice since 2006 . He is Convener of the charity Children in Scotland ( since 2006 ) and Chairman of the University of Edinburgh Centre for Commercial Law ( since 2008 ) . He has been an Honorary Professor of Law at Glasgow Caledonian University since 2005 , and the School of Law of the University of Glasgow since 2006 . On 20 December 2011 , it was announced that Reed would replace the late Lord Rodger of Earlsferry as a Justice of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom . He was sworn in on 6 February 2012 . Lord Reed was Convener of the Children in Scotland Board from February 2006-March 2012 . On 31 May 2017 , he assumed office as a Non-Permanent Judge of the Court of Final Appeal of Hong Kong . Reed was appointed Deputy President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom in May 2018 , succeeding Lord Mance on his retirement . He was sworn into the new position on 6 June 2018 . On 25 January 2019 he was made an Honorary Fellow of The Academy of Experts in recognition of his contribution and work for Expert Witnesses . On 24 July 2019 , the Queen declared her intention to appoint him President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom and to raise him to the peerage . He succeeded Baroness Hale of Richmond as President on 11 January 2020 on her retirement and on the same day was created Baron Reed of Allermuir , of Sundridge Park in the London Borough of Bromley . He was sworn in as president on 13 January and introduced to the House of Lords on 16 January . Notable judgments . Lord Reeds judgments are characterised by an in-depth analysis of the common law . He has handed down judgements on various important topics of the law : - AXA General Insurance Ltd v Lord Advocate [ 2011 ] UKSC 46 : On the limits on the Scottish Parliament’s powers - Osborn v The Parole Board [ 2013 ] UKSC 61 , [ 2013 ] 3 WLR 1020 : On common law duty of procedural fairness - Bank Mellat v Her Majesty’s Treasury ( No . 2 ) [ 2013 ] UKSC 39 , [ 2014 ] 1 AC 700 ( Dissenting ) - AIB Group ( UK ) plc v Mark Redler & Co Solicitors [ 2014 ] UKSC 58 , [ 2014 ] 3 WLR 1367 : On the causation requirement for a breach of trust - R ( Bourgass ) v Secretary of State for Justice [ 2015 ] UKSC 54 , [ 2016 ] AC 384 - Hesham Ali ( Iraq ) v Home Secretary [ 2016 ] UKSC 60 , [ 2016 ] 1 WLR 4799 - R ( Miller ) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union [ 2017 ] UKSC 5 , [ 2018 ] AC 61 ( Dissenting ) : Lord Reed wrote the leading dissenting judgment in the Article 50 litigation , holding that the Government could initiate the UK’s withdrawal from the European Union without reference to Parliament - Investment Trust Companies v Revenue and Customs Commissioners [ 2017 ] UKSC 29 ; [ 2018 ] AC 275 - R ( UNISON ) v Lord Chancellor [ 2017 ] UKSC 51 , [ 2017 ] 3 WLR 409 : Declaring employment tribunal fees set by Lord Chancellor unlawful - Robinson v Chief Constable of West Yorkshire Police [ 2018 ] UKSC 4 , [ 2018 ] AC 736 : the duty of care owed by police officers under the common law - Morris-Garner & Anor v One Step ( Support ) Ltd [ 2018 ] UKSC 20 , [ 2019 ] AC 649 : On the availability of negotiating damages for breach of contract - Jonathan Lu & Others v Paul Chan Mo-Po & Another [ 2018 ] HKCFA 11 , ( 2018 ) 21 HKCFAR 94 : On the concept of malice in the common law of defamation in the context of qualified privilege - R ( Miller ) v Prime Minister [ 2019 ] UKSC 41 , [ 2020 ] AC 373 : Declaring the prorogation of Prime Minister Boris Johnson as unlawful ( joint judgment with Lady Hale ) - WM Morrison Supermarkets plc v Various Claimants [ 2020 ] UKSC 12 , [ 2020 ] 2 WLR 941 : On vicarious liability - Sevilleja v Marex Financial Ltd [ 2020 ] UKSC 31 , [ 2021 ] AC 39 : on the rule against reflective loss - R ( Begum ) v Special Immigration Appeals Commission & Anor [ 2021 ] UKSC 7 , [ 2021 ] 2 WLR 556 : On whether Shamima Begum should be returned to the United Kingdom to challenge the Home Secretarys decision to deprive her nationality Honours and awards . In 2015 Reed was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh . Lord Reed is High Steward of the University of Oxford and succeeded Lord Rodger as Visitor of Balliol College , Oxford . Personal life . He married Jane Mylne , Lady Reed in 1988 , with whom he has two daughters .
|
[
"Justice of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom"
] |
[
{
"text": "Robert John Reed , Baron Reed of Allermuir , ( born 7 September 1956 ) is a Scottish judge who has been President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom since January 2020 . He was the principal judge in the Commercial Court in Scotland before being promoted to the Inner House of the Court of Session in 2008 . He is an authority on human rights law in Scotland and elsewhere ; he served as one of the UKs ad hoc judges at the European Court of Human Rights . He is also a Non-Permanent Judge of the",
"title": "Robert Reed , Baron Reed of Allermuir"
},
{
"text": "Court of Final Appeal of Hong Kong .",
"title": "Robert Reed , Baron Reed of Allermuir"
},
{
"text": " Reed was educated at George Watsons College in Edinburgh ( where he was dux ) , and studied at the School of Law of the University of Edinburgh , taking a first class honours LLB and winning a Vans Dunlop Scholarship . He then took a DPhil at Balliol College , Oxford , with a doctoral thesis on Legal Control of Government Assistance to Industry , and was admitted to the Faculty of Advocates in 1983 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Reed was Standing Junior Counsel to the Scottish Education Department from 1988 to 1989 , and to the Scottish Office Home and Health Department from 1989 to 1995 . He was appointed Queens Counsel in 1995 , and Advocate Depute in 1996 . He was appointed a Senator of the College of Justice , a judge of the Court of Session and High Court of Justiciary , the countrys College of Justice , in 1998 , with the judicial title , Lord Reed . He sat initially as a Judge of the Outer House , becoming Principal Commercial Judge in",
"title": "Legal career"
},
{
"text": "2006 . He has been one of the United Kingdoms ad hoc judges at the European Court of Human Rights , and sat in the Grand Chamber judgements on the appeals of the killers of James Bulger in 1999 . Between 2002 and 2004 , he was an expert advisor to the EU/Council of Europe Joint Initiative with Turkey . He was promoted to the Inner House ( First Division ) in 2008 , and appointed to the Privy Council . He sat on the UK Supreme Court during the illness of Lord Rodger of Earlsferry , along with Lord",
"title": "Legal career"
},
{
"text": "Clarke , and succeeded Lord Rodger .",
"title": "Legal career"
},
{
"text": "He has been Chairman of the Franco-British Judicial Co-operation Committee since 2005 , and was President of the EU Forum of Judges for the Environment from 2006–08 , now serving as Vice-President . He was a member of the Advisory Board of the British Institute for International and Comparative Law from 2001 to 06 , and of the UN Task Force on Access to Justice since 2006 . He is Convener of the charity Children in Scotland ( since 2006 ) and Chairman of the University of Edinburgh Centre for Commercial Law ( since 2008 ) . He has been",
"title": "Legal career"
},
{
"text": "an Honorary Professor of Law at Glasgow Caledonian University since 2005 , and the School of Law of the University of Glasgow since 2006 .",
"title": "Legal career"
},
{
"text": " On 20 December 2011 , it was announced that Reed would replace the late Lord Rodger of Earlsferry as a Justice of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom . He was sworn in on 6 February 2012 . Lord Reed was Convener of the Children in Scotland Board from February 2006-March 2012 . On 31 May 2017 , he assumed office as a Non-Permanent Judge of the Court of Final Appeal of Hong Kong .",
"title": "Legal career"
},
{
"text": "Reed was appointed Deputy President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom in May 2018 , succeeding Lord Mance on his retirement . He was sworn into the new position on 6 June 2018 .",
"title": "Legal career"
},
{
"text": " On 25 January 2019 he was made an Honorary Fellow of The Academy of Experts in recognition of his contribution and work for Expert Witnesses .",
"title": "Legal career"
},
{
"text": "On 24 July 2019 , the Queen declared her intention to appoint him President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom and to raise him to the peerage . He succeeded Baroness Hale of Richmond as President on 11 January 2020 on her retirement and on the same day was created Baron Reed of Allermuir , of Sundridge Park in the London Borough of Bromley . He was sworn in as president on 13 January and introduced to the House of Lords on 16 January .",
"title": "Legal career"
},
{
"text": " Lord Reeds judgments are characterised by an in-depth analysis of the common law . He has handed down judgements on various important topics of the law : - AXA General Insurance Ltd v Lord Advocate [ 2011 ] UKSC 46 : On the limits on the Scottish Parliament’s powers - Osborn v The Parole Board [ 2013 ] UKSC 61 , [ 2013 ] 3 WLR 1020 : On common law duty of procedural fairness",
"title": "Notable judgments"
},
{
"text": "- Bank Mellat v Her Majesty’s Treasury ( No . 2 ) [ 2013 ] UKSC 39 , [ 2014 ] 1 AC 700 ( Dissenting )",
"title": "Notable judgments"
},
{
"text": " - AIB Group ( UK ) plc v Mark Redler & Co Solicitors [ 2014 ] UKSC 58 , [ 2014 ] 3 WLR 1367 : On the causation requirement for a breach of trust - R ( Bourgass ) v Secretary of State for Justice [ 2015 ] UKSC 54 , [ 2016 ] AC 384 - Hesham Ali ( Iraq ) v Home Secretary [ 2016 ] UKSC 60 , [ 2016 ] 1 WLR 4799",
"title": "Notable judgments"
},
{
"text": "- R ( Miller ) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union [ 2017 ] UKSC 5 , [ 2018 ] AC 61 ( Dissenting ) : Lord Reed wrote the leading dissenting judgment in the Article 50 litigation , holding that the Government could initiate the UK’s withdrawal from the European Union without reference to Parliament",
"title": "Notable judgments"
},
{
"text": " - Investment Trust Companies v Revenue and Customs Commissioners [ 2017 ] UKSC 29 ; [ 2018 ] AC 275 - R ( UNISON ) v Lord Chancellor [ 2017 ] UKSC 51 , [ 2017 ] 3 WLR 409 : Declaring employment tribunal fees set by Lord Chancellor unlawful - Robinson v Chief Constable of West Yorkshire Police [ 2018 ] UKSC 4 , [ 2018 ] AC 736 : the duty of care owed by police officers under the common law",
"title": "Notable judgments"
},
{
"text": "- Morris-Garner & Anor v One Step ( Support ) Ltd [ 2018 ] UKSC 20 , [ 2019 ] AC 649 : On the availability of negotiating damages for breach of contract",
"title": "Notable judgments"
},
{
"text": " - Jonathan Lu & Others v Paul Chan Mo-Po & Another [ 2018 ] HKCFA 11 , ( 2018 ) 21 HKCFAR 94 : On the concept of malice in the common law of defamation in the context of qualified privilege - R ( Miller ) v Prime Minister [ 2019 ] UKSC 41 , [ 2020 ] AC 373 : Declaring the prorogation of Prime Minister Boris Johnson as unlawful ( joint judgment with Lady Hale )",
"title": "Notable judgments"
},
{
"text": "- WM Morrison Supermarkets plc v Various Claimants [ 2020 ] UKSC 12 , [ 2020 ] 2 WLR 941 : On vicarious liability",
"title": "Notable judgments"
},
{
"text": " - Sevilleja v Marex Financial Ltd [ 2020 ] UKSC 31 , [ 2021 ] AC 39 : on the rule against reflective loss - R ( Begum ) v Special Immigration Appeals Commission & Anor [ 2021 ] UKSC 7 , [ 2021 ] 2 WLR 556 : On whether Shamima Begum should be returned to the United Kingdom to challenge the Home Secretarys decision to deprive her nationality",
"title": "Notable judgments"
},
{
"text": " In 2015 Reed was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh . Lord Reed is High Steward of the University of Oxford and succeeded Lord Rodger as Visitor of Balliol College , Oxford .",
"title": "Honours and awards"
},
{
"text": " He married Jane Mylne , Lady Reed in 1988 , with whom he has two daughters .",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] |
/wiki/Robert_Reed,_Baron_Reed_of_Allermuir#P39#1
|
What was the position of Robert Reed, Baron Reed of Allermuir in Jul 2019?
|
Robert Reed , Baron Reed of Allermuir Robert John Reed , Baron Reed of Allermuir , ( born 7 September 1956 ) is a Scottish judge who has been President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom since January 2020 . He was the principal judge in the Commercial Court in Scotland before being promoted to the Inner House of the Court of Session in 2008 . He is an authority on human rights law in Scotland and elsewhere ; he served as one of the UKs ad hoc judges at the European Court of Human Rights . He is also a Non-Permanent Judge of the Court of Final Appeal of Hong Kong . Early life . Reed was educated at George Watsons College in Edinburgh ( where he was dux ) , and studied at the School of Law of the University of Edinburgh , taking a first class honours LLB and winning a Vans Dunlop Scholarship . He then took a DPhil at Balliol College , Oxford , with a doctoral thesis on Legal Control of Government Assistance to Industry , and was admitted to the Faculty of Advocates in 1983 . Legal career . Reed was Standing Junior Counsel to the Scottish Education Department from 1988 to 1989 , and to the Scottish Office Home and Health Department from 1989 to 1995 . He was appointed Queens Counsel in 1995 , and Advocate Depute in 1996 . He was appointed a Senator of the College of Justice , a judge of the Court of Session and High Court of Justiciary , the countrys College of Justice , in 1998 , with the judicial title , Lord Reed . He sat initially as a Judge of the Outer House , becoming Principal Commercial Judge in 2006 . He has been one of the United Kingdoms ad hoc judges at the European Court of Human Rights , and sat in the Grand Chamber judgements on the appeals of the killers of James Bulger in 1999 . Between 2002 and 2004 , he was an expert advisor to the EU/Council of Europe Joint Initiative with Turkey . He was promoted to the Inner House ( First Division ) in 2008 , and appointed to the Privy Council . He sat on the UK Supreme Court during the illness of Lord Rodger of Earlsferry , along with Lord Clarke , and succeeded Lord Rodger . He has been Chairman of the Franco-British Judicial Co-operation Committee since 2005 , and was President of the EU Forum of Judges for the Environment from 2006–08 , now serving as Vice-President . He was a member of the Advisory Board of the British Institute for International and Comparative Law from 2001 to 06 , and of the UN Task Force on Access to Justice since 2006 . He is Convener of the charity Children in Scotland ( since 2006 ) and Chairman of the University of Edinburgh Centre for Commercial Law ( since 2008 ) . He has been an Honorary Professor of Law at Glasgow Caledonian University since 2005 , and the School of Law of the University of Glasgow since 2006 . On 20 December 2011 , it was announced that Reed would replace the late Lord Rodger of Earlsferry as a Justice of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom . He was sworn in on 6 February 2012 . Lord Reed was Convener of the Children in Scotland Board from February 2006-March 2012 . On 31 May 2017 , he assumed office as a Non-Permanent Judge of the Court of Final Appeal of Hong Kong . Reed was appointed Deputy President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom in May 2018 , succeeding Lord Mance on his retirement . He was sworn into the new position on 6 June 2018 . On 25 January 2019 he was made an Honorary Fellow of The Academy of Experts in recognition of his contribution and work for Expert Witnesses . On 24 July 2019 , the Queen declared her intention to appoint him President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom and to raise him to the peerage . He succeeded Baroness Hale of Richmond as President on 11 January 2020 on her retirement and on the same day was created Baron Reed of Allermuir , of Sundridge Park in the London Borough of Bromley . He was sworn in as president on 13 January and introduced to the House of Lords on 16 January . Notable judgments . Lord Reeds judgments are characterised by an in-depth analysis of the common law . He has handed down judgements on various important topics of the law : - AXA General Insurance Ltd v Lord Advocate [ 2011 ] UKSC 46 : On the limits on the Scottish Parliament’s powers - Osborn v The Parole Board [ 2013 ] UKSC 61 , [ 2013 ] 3 WLR 1020 : On common law duty of procedural fairness - Bank Mellat v Her Majesty’s Treasury ( No . 2 ) [ 2013 ] UKSC 39 , [ 2014 ] 1 AC 700 ( Dissenting ) - AIB Group ( UK ) plc v Mark Redler & Co Solicitors [ 2014 ] UKSC 58 , [ 2014 ] 3 WLR 1367 : On the causation requirement for a breach of trust - R ( Bourgass ) v Secretary of State for Justice [ 2015 ] UKSC 54 , [ 2016 ] AC 384 - Hesham Ali ( Iraq ) v Home Secretary [ 2016 ] UKSC 60 , [ 2016 ] 1 WLR 4799 - R ( Miller ) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union [ 2017 ] UKSC 5 , [ 2018 ] AC 61 ( Dissenting ) : Lord Reed wrote the leading dissenting judgment in the Article 50 litigation , holding that the Government could initiate the UK’s withdrawal from the European Union without reference to Parliament - Investment Trust Companies v Revenue and Customs Commissioners [ 2017 ] UKSC 29 ; [ 2018 ] AC 275 - R ( UNISON ) v Lord Chancellor [ 2017 ] UKSC 51 , [ 2017 ] 3 WLR 409 : Declaring employment tribunal fees set by Lord Chancellor unlawful - Robinson v Chief Constable of West Yorkshire Police [ 2018 ] UKSC 4 , [ 2018 ] AC 736 : the duty of care owed by police officers under the common law - Morris-Garner & Anor v One Step ( Support ) Ltd [ 2018 ] UKSC 20 , [ 2019 ] AC 649 : On the availability of negotiating damages for breach of contract - Jonathan Lu & Others v Paul Chan Mo-Po & Another [ 2018 ] HKCFA 11 , ( 2018 ) 21 HKCFAR 94 : On the concept of malice in the common law of defamation in the context of qualified privilege - R ( Miller ) v Prime Minister [ 2019 ] UKSC 41 , [ 2020 ] AC 373 : Declaring the prorogation of Prime Minister Boris Johnson as unlawful ( joint judgment with Lady Hale ) - WM Morrison Supermarkets plc v Various Claimants [ 2020 ] UKSC 12 , [ 2020 ] 2 WLR 941 : On vicarious liability - Sevilleja v Marex Financial Ltd [ 2020 ] UKSC 31 , [ 2021 ] AC 39 : on the rule against reflective loss - R ( Begum ) v Special Immigration Appeals Commission & Anor [ 2021 ] UKSC 7 , [ 2021 ] 2 WLR 556 : On whether Shamima Begum should be returned to the United Kingdom to challenge the Home Secretarys decision to deprive her nationality Honours and awards . In 2015 Reed was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh . Lord Reed is High Steward of the University of Oxford and succeeded Lord Rodger as Visitor of Balliol College , Oxford . Personal life . He married Jane Mylne , Lady Reed in 1988 , with whom he has two daughters .
|
[
"Deputy President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom",
"Justice of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom"
] |
[
{
"text": "Robert John Reed , Baron Reed of Allermuir , ( born 7 September 1956 ) is a Scottish judge who has been President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom since January 2020 . He was the principal judge in the Commercial Court in Scotland before being promoted to the Inner House of the Court of Session in 2008 . He is an authority on human rights law in Scotland and elsewhere ; he served as one of the UKs ad hoc judges at the European Court of Human Rights . He is also a Non-Permanent Judge of the",
"title": "Robert Reed , Baron Reed of Allermuir"
},
{
"text": "Court of Final Appeal of Hong Kong .",
"title": "Robert Reed , Baron Reed of Allermuir"
},
{
"text": " Reed was educated at George Watsons College in Edinburgh ( where he was dux ) , and studied at the School of Law of the University of Edinburgh , taking a first class honours LLB and winning a Vans Dunlop Scholarship . He then took a DPhil at Balliol College , Oxford , with a doctoral thesis on Legal Control of Government Assistance to Industry , and was admitted to the Faculty of Advocates in 1983 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Reed was Standing Junior Counsel to the Scottish Education Department from 1988 to 1989 , and to the Scottish Office Home and Health Department from 1989 to 1995 . He was appointed Queens Counsel in 1995 , and Advocate Depute in 1996 . He was appointed a Senator of the College of Justice , a judge of the Court of Session and High Court of Justiciary , the countrys College of Justice , in 1998 , with the judicial title , Lord Reed . He sat initially as a Judge of the Outer House , becoming Principal Commercial Judge in",
"title": "Legal career"
},
{
"text": "2006 . He has been one of the United Kingdoms ad hoc judges at the European Court of Human Rights , and sat in the Grand Chamber judgements on the appeals of the killers of James Bulger in 1999 . Between 2002 and 2004 , he was an expert advisor to the EU/Council of Europe Joint Initiative with Turkey . He was promoted to the Inner House ( First Division ) in 2008 , and appointed to the Privy Council . He sat on the UK Supreme Court during the illness of Lord Rodger of Earlsferry , along with Lord",
"title": "Legal career"
},
{
"text": "Clarke , and succeeded Lord Rodger .",
"title": "Legal career"
},
{
"text": "He has been Chairman of the Franco-British Judicial Co-operation Committee since 2005 , and was President of the EU Forum of Judges for the Environment from 2006–08 , now serving as Vice-President . He was a member of the Advisory Board of the British Institute for International and Comparative Law from 2001 to 06 , and of the UN Task Force on Access to Justice since 2006 . He is Convener of the charity Children in Scotland ( since 2006 ) and Chairman of the University of Edinburgh Centre for Commercial Law ( since 2008 ) . He has been",
"title": "Legal career"
},
{
"text": "an Honorary Professor of Law at Glasgow Caledonian University since 2005 , and the School of Law of the University of Glasgow since 2006 .",
"title": "Legal career"
},
{
"text": " On 20 December 2011 , it was announced that Reed would replace the late Lord Rodger of Earlsferry as a Justice of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom . He was sworn in on 6 February 2012 . Lord Reed was Convener of the Children in Scotland Board from February 2006-March 2012 . On 31 May 2017 , he assumed office as a Non-Permanent Judge of the Court of Final Appeal of Hong Kong .",
"title": "Legal career"
},
{
"text": "Reed was appointed Deputy President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom in May 2018 , succeeding Lord Mance on his retirement . He was sworn into the new position on 6 June 2018 .",
"title": "Legal career"
},
{
"text": " On 25 January 2019 he was made an Honorary Fellow of The Academy of Experts in recognition of his contribution and work for Expert Witnesses .",
"title": "Legal career"
},
{
"text": "On 24 July 2019 , the Queen declared her intention to appoint him President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom and to raise him to the peerage . He succeeded Baroness Hale of Richmond as President on 11 January 2020 on her retirement and on the same day was created Baron Reed of Allermuir , of Sundridge Park in the London Borough of Bromley . He was sworn in as president on 13 January and introduced to the House of Lords on 16 January .",
"title": "Legal career"
},
{
"text": " Lord Reeds judgments are characterised by an in-depth analysis of the common law . He has handed down judgements on various important topics of the law : - AXA General Insurance Ltd v Lord Advocate [ 2011 ] UKSC 46 : On the limits on the Scottish Parliament’s powers - Osborn v The Parole Board [ 2013 ] UKSC 61 , [ 2013 ] 3 WLR 1020 : On common law duty of procedural fairness",
"title": "Notable judgments"
},
{
"text": "- Bank Mellat v Her Majesty’s Treasury ( No . 2 ) [ 2013 ] UKSC 39 , [ 2014 ] 1 AC 700 ( Dissenting )",
"title": "Notable judgments"
},
{
"text": " - AIB Group ( UK ) plc v Mark Redler & Co Solicitors [ 2014 ] UKSC 58 , [ 2014 ] 3 WLR 1367 : On the causation requirement for a breach of trust - R ( Bourgass ) v Secretary of State for Justice [ 2015 ] UKSC 54 , [ 2016 ] AC 384 - Hesham Ali ( Iraq ) v Home Secretary [ 2016 ] UKSC 60 , [ 2016 ] 1 WLR 4799",
"title": "Notable judgments"
},
{
"text": "- R ( Miller ) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union [ 2017 ] UKSC 5 , [ 2018 ] AC 61 ( Dissenting ) : Lord Reed wrote the leading dissenting judgment in the Article 50 litigation , holding that the Government could initiate the UK’s withdrawal from the European Union without reference to Parliament",
"title": "Notable judgments"
},
{
"text": " - Investment Trust Companies v Revenue and Customs Commissioners [ 2017 ] UKSC 29 ; [ 2018 ] AC 275 - R ( UNISON ) v Lord Chancellor [ 2017 ] UKSC 51 , [ 2017 ] 3 WLR 409 : Declaring employment tribunal fees set by Lord Chancellor unlawful - Robinson v Chief Constable of West Yorkshire Police [ 2018 ] UKSC 4 , [ 2018 ] AC 736 : the duty of care owed by police officers under the common law",
"title": "Notable judgments"
},
{
"text": "- Morris-Garner & Anor v One Step ( Support ) Ltd [ 2018 ] UKSC 20 , [ 2019 ] AC 649 : On the availability of negotiating damages for breach of contract",
"title": "Notable judgments"
},
{
"text": " - Jonathan Lu & Others v Paul Chan Mo-Po & Another [ 2018 ] HKCFA 11 , ( 2018 ) 21 HKCFAR 94 : On the concept of malice in the common law of defamation in the context of qualified privilege - R ( Miller ) v Prime Minister [ 2019 ] UKSC 41 , [ 2020 ] AC 373 : Declaring the prorogation of Prime Minister Boris Johnson as unlawful ( joint judgment with Lady Hale )",
"title": "Notable judgments"
},
{
"text": "- WM Morrison Supermarkets plc v Various Claimants [ 2020 ] UKSC 12 , [ 2020 ] 2 WLR 941 : On vicarious liability",
"title": "Notable judgments"
},
{
"text": " - Sevilleja v Marex Financial Ltd [ 2020 ] UKSC 31 , [ 2021 ] AC 39 : on the rule against reflective loss - R ( Begum ) v Special Immigration Appeals Commission & Anor [ 2021 ] UKSC 7 , [ 2021 ] 2 WLR 556 : On whether Shamima Begum should be returned to the United Kingdom to challenge the Home Secretarys decision to deprive her nationality",
"title": "Notable judgments"
},
{
"text": " In 2015 Reed was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh . Lord Reed is High Steward of the University of Oxford and succeeded Lord Rodger as Visitor of Balliol College , Oxford .",
"title": "Honours and awards"
},
{
"text": " He married Jane Mylne , Lady Reed in 1988 , with whom he has two daughters .",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] |
/wiki/Robert_Reed,_Baron_Reed_of_Allermuir#P39#2
|
What was the position of Robert Reed, Baron Reed of Allermuir in 2020?
|
Robert Reed , Baron Reed of Allermuir Robert John Reed , Baron Reed of Allermuir , ( born 7 September 1956 ) is a Scottish judge who has been President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom since January 2020 . He was the principal judge in the Commercial Court in Scotland before being promoted to the Inner House of the Court of Session in 2008 . He is an authority on human rights law in Scotland and elsewhere ; he served as one of the UKs ad hoc judges at the European Court of Human Rights . He is also a Non-Permanent Judge of the Court of Final Appeal of Hong Kong . Early life . Reed was educated at George Watsons College in Edinburgh ( where he was dux ) , and studied at the School of Law of the University of Edinburgh , taking a first class honours LLB and winning a Vans Dunlop Scholarship . He then took a DPhil at Balliol College , Oxford , with a doctoral thesis on Legal Control of Government Assistance to Industry , and was admitted to the Faculty of Advocates in 1983 . Legal career . Reed was Standing Junior Counsel to the Scottish Education Department from 1988 to 1989 , and to the Scottish Office Home and Health Department from 1989 to 1995 . He was appointed Queens Counsel in 1995 , and Advocate Depute in 1996 . He was appointed a Senator of the College of Justice , a judge of the Court of Session and High Court of Justiciary , the countrys College of Justice , in 1998 , with the judicial title , Lord Reed . He sat initially as a Judge of the Outer House , becoming Principal Commercial Judge in 2006 . He has been one of the United Kingdoms ad hoc judges at the European Court of Human Rights , and sat in the Grand Chamber judgements on the appeals of the killers of James Bulger in 1999 . Between 2002 and 2004 , he was an expert advisor to the EU/Council of Europe Joint Initiative with Turkey . He was promoted to the Inner House ( First Division ) in 2008 , and appointed to the Privy Council . He sat on the UK Supreme Court during the illness of Lord Rodger of Earlsferry , along with Lord Clarke , and succeeded Lord Rodger . He has been Chairman of the Franco-British Judicial Co-operation Committee since 2005 , and was President of the EU Forum of Judges for the Environment from 2006–08 , now serving as Vice-President . He was a member of the Advisory Board of the British Institute for International and Comparative Law from 2001 to 06 , and of the UN Task Force on Access to Justice since 2006 . He is Convener of the charity Children in Scotland ( since 2006 ) and Chairman of the University of Edinburgh Centre for Commercial Law ( since 2008 ) . He has been an Honorary Professor of Law at Glasgow Caledonian University since 2005 , and the School of Law of the University of Glasgow since 2006 . On 20 December 2011 , it was announced that Reed would replace the late Lord Rodger of Earlsferry as a Justice of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom . He was sworn in on 6 February 2012 . Lord Reed was Convener of the Children in Scotland Board from February 2006-March 2012 . On 31 May 2017 , he assumed office as a Non-Permanent Judge of the Court of Final Appeal of Hong Kong . Reed was appointed Deputy President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom in May 2018 , succeeding Lord Mance on his retirement . He was sworn into the new position on 6 June 2018 . On 25 January 2019 he was made an Honorary Fellow of The Academy of Experts in recognition of his contribution and work for Expert Witnesses . On 24 July 2019 , the Queen declared her intention to appoint him President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom and to raise him to the peerage . He succeeded Baroness Hale of Richmond as President on 11 January 2020 on her retirement and on the same day was created Baron Reed of Allermuir , of Sundridge Park in the London Borough of Bromley . He was sworn in as president on 13 January and introduced to the House of Lords on 16 January . Notable judgments . Lord Reeds judgments are characterised by an in-depth analysis of the common law . He has handed down judgements on various important topics of the law : - AXA General Insurance Ltd v Lord Advocate [ 2011 ] UKSC 46 : On the limits on the Scottish Parliament’s powers - Osborn v The Parole Board [ 2013 ] UKSC 61 , [ 2013 ] 3 WLR 1020 : On common law duty of procedural fairness - Bank Mellat v Her Majesty’s Treasury ( No . 2 ) [ 2013 ] UKSC 39 , [ 2014 ] 1 AC 700 ( Dissenting ) - AIB Group ( UK ) plc v Mark Redler & Co Solicitors [ 2014 ] UKSC 58 , [ 2014 ] 3 WLR 1367 : On the causation requirement for a breach of trust - R ( Bourgass ) v Secretary of State for Justice [ 2015 ] UKSC 54 , [ 2016 ] AC 384 - Hesham Ali ( Iraq ) v Home Secretary [ 2016 ] UKSC 60 , [ 2016 ] 1 WLR 4799 - R ( Miller ) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union [ 2017 ] UKSC 5 , [ 2018 ] AC 61 ( Dissenting ) : Lord Reed wrote the leading dissenting judgment in the Article 50 litigation , holding that the Government could initiate the UK’s withdrawal from the European Union without reference to Parliament - Investment Trust Companies v Revenue and Customs Commissioners [ 2017 ] UKSC 29 ; [ 2018 ] AC 275 - R ( UNISON ) v Lord Chancellor [ 2017 ] UKSC 51 , [ 2017 ] 3 WLR 409 : Declaring employment tribunal fees set by Lord Chancellor unlawful - Robinson v Chief Constable of West Yorkshire Police [ 2018 ] UKSC 4 , [ 2018 ] AC 736 : the duty of care owed by police officers under the common law - Morris-Garner & Anor v One Step ( Support ) Ltd [ 2018 ] UKSC 20 , [ 2019 ] AC 649 : On the availability of negotiating damages for breach of contract - Jonathan Lu & Others v Paul Chan Mo-Po & Another [ 2018 ] HKCFA 11 , ( 2018 ) 21 HKCFAR 94 : On the concept of malice in the common law of defamation in the context of qualified privilege - R ( Miller ) v Prime Minister [ 2019 ] UKSC 41 , [ 2020 ] AC 373 : Declaring the prorogation of Prime Minister Boris Johnson as unlawful ( joint judgment with Lady Hale ) - WM Morrison Supermarkets plc v Various Claimants [ 2020 ] UKSC 12 , [ 2020 ] 2 WLR 941 : On vicarious liability - Sevilleja v Marex Financial Ltd [ 2020 ] UKSC 31 , [ 2021 ] AC 39 : on the rule against reflective loss - R ( Begum ) v Special Immigration Appeals Commission & Anor [ 2021 ] UKSC 7 , [ 2021 ] 2 WLR 556 : On whether Shamima Begum should be returned to the United Kingdom to challenge the Home Secretarys decision to deprive her nationality Honours and awards . In 2015 Reed was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh . Lord Reed is High Steward of the University of Oxford and succeeded Lord Rodger as Visitor of Balliol College , Oxford . Personal life . He married Jane Mylne , Lady Reed in 1988 , with whom he has two daughters .
|
[
"Justice of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom"
] |
[
{
"text": "Robert John Reed , Baron Reed of Allermuir , ( born 7 September 1956 ) is a Scottish judge who has been President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom since January 2020 . He was the principal judge in the Commercial Court in Scotland before being promoted to the Inner House of the Court of Session in 2008 . He is an authority on human rights law in Scotland and elsewhere ; he served as one of the UKs ad hoc judges at the European Court of Human Rights . He is also a Non-Permanent Judge of the",
"title": "Robert Reed , Baron Reed of Allermuir"
},
{
"text": "Court of Final Appeal of Hong Kong .",
"title": "Robert Reed , Baron Reed of Allermuir"
},
{
"text": " Reed was educated at George Watsons College in Edinburgh ( where he was dux ) , and studied at the School of Law of the University of Edinburgh , taking a first class honours LLB and winning a Vans Dunlop Scholarship . He then took a DPhil at Balliol College , Oxford , with a doctoral thesis on Legal Control of Government Assistance to Industry , and was admitted to the Faculty of Advocates in 1983 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Reed was Standing Junior Counsel to the Scottish Education Department from 1988 to 1989 , and to the Scottish Office Home and Health Department from 1989 to 1995 . He was appointed Queens Counsel in 1995 , and Advocate Depute in 1996 . He was appointed a Senator of the College of Justice , a judge of the Court of Session and High Court of Justiciary , the countrys College of Justice , in 1998 , with the judicial title , Lord Reed . He sat initially as a Judge of the Outer House , becoming Principal Commercial Judge in",
"title": "Legal career"
},
{
"text": "2006 . He has been one of the United Kingdoms ad hoc judges at the European Court of Human Rights , and sat in the Grand Chamber judgements on the appeals of the killers of James Bulger in 1999 . Between 2002 and 2004 , he was an expert advisor to the EU/Council of Europe Joint Initiative with Turkey . He was promoted to the Inner House ( First Division ) in 2008 , and appointed to the Privy Council . He sat on the UK Supreme Court during the illness of Lord Rodger of Earlsferry , along with Lord",
"title": "Legal career"
},
{
"text": "Clarke , and succeeded Lord Rodger .",
"title": "Legal career"
},
{
"text": "He has been Chairman of the Franco-British Judicial Co-operation Committee since 2005 , and was President of the EU Forum of Judges for the Environment from 2006–08 , now serving as Vice-President . He was a member of the Advisory Board of the British Institute for International and Comparative Law from 2001 to 06 , and of the UN Task Force on Access to Justice since 2006 . He is Convener of the charity Children in Scotland ( since 2006 ) and Chairman of the University of Edinburgh Centre for Commercial Law ( since 2008 ) . He has been",
"title": "Legal career"
},
{
"text": "an Honorary Professor of Law at Glasgow Caledonian University since 2005 , and the School of Law of the University of Glasgow since 2006 .",
"title": "Legal career"
},
{
"text": " On 20 December 2011 , it was announced that Reed would replace the late Lord Rodger of Earlsferry as a Justice of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom . He was sworn in on 6 February 2012 . Lord Reed was Convener of the Children in Scotland Board from February 2006-March 2012 . On 31 May 2017 , he assumed office as a Non-Permanent Judge of the Court of Final Appeal of Hong Kong .",
"title": "Legal career"
},
{
"text": "Reed was appointed Deputy President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom in May 2018 , succeeding Lord Mance on his retirement . He was sworn into the new position on 6 June 2018 .",
"title": "Legal career"
},
{
"text": " On 25 January 2019 he was made an Honorary Fellow of The Academy of Experts in recognition of his contribution and work for Expert Witnesses .",
"title": "Legal career"
},
{
"text": "On 24 July 2019 , the Queen declared her intention to appoint him President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom and to raise him to the peerage . He succeeded Baroness Hale of Richmond as President on 11 January 2020 on her retirement and on the same day was created Baron Reed of Allermuir , of Sundridge Park in the London Borough of Bromley . He was sworn in as president on 13 January and introduced to the House of Lords on 16 January .",
"title": "Legal career"
},
{
"text": " Lord Reeds judgments are characterised by an in-depth analysis of the common law . He has handed down judgements on various important topics of the law : - AXA General Insurance Ltd v Lord Advocate [ 2011 ] UKSC 46 : On the limits on the Scottish Parliament’s powers - Osborn v The Parole Board [ 2013 ] UKSC 61 , [ 2013 ] 3 WLR 1020 : On common law duty of procedural fairness",
"title": "Notable judgments"
},
{
"text": "- Bank Mellat v Her Majesty’s Treasury ( No . 2 ) [ 2013 ] UKSC 39 , [ 2014 ] 1 AC 700 ( Dissenting )",
"title": "Notable judgments"
},
{
"text": " - AIB Group ( UK ) plc v Mark Redler & Co Solicitors [ 2014 ] UKSC 58 , [ 2014 ] 3 WLR 1367 : On the causation requirement for a breach of trust - R ( Bourgass ) v Secretary of State for Justice [ 2015 ] UKSC 54 , [ 2016 ] AC 384 - Hesham Ali ( Iraq ) v Home Secretary [ 2016 ] UKSC 60 , [ 2016 ] 1 WLR 4799",
"title": "Notable judgments"
},
{
"text": "- R ( Miller ) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union [ 2017 ] UKSC 5 , [ 2018 ] AC 61 ( Dissenting ) : Lord Reed wrote the leading dissenting judgment in the Article 50 litigation , holding that the Government could initiate the UK’s withdrawal from the European Union without reference to Parliament",
"title": "Notable judgments"
},
{
"text": " - Investment Trust Companies v Revenue and Customs Commissioners [ 2017 ] UKSC 29 ; [ 2018 ] AC 275 - R ( UNISON ) v Lord Chancellor [ 2017 ] UKSC 51 , [ 2017 ] 3 WLR 409 : Declaring employment tribunal fees set by Lord Chancellor unlawful - Robinson v Chief Constable of West Yorkshire Police [ 2018 ] UKSC 4 , [ 2018 ] AC 736 : the duty of care owed by police officers under the common law",
"title": "Notable judgments"
},
{
"text": "- Morris-Garner & Anor v One Step ( Support ) Ltd [ 2018 ] UKSC 20 , [ 2019 ] AC 649 : On the availability of negotiating damages for breach of contract",
"title": "Notable judgments"
},
{
"text": " - Jonathan Lu & Others v Paul Chan Mo-Po & Another [ 2018 ] HKCFA 11 , ( 2018 ) 21 HKCFAR 94 : On the concept of malice in the common law of defamation in the context of qualified privilege - R ( Miller ) v Prime Minister [ 2019 ] UKSC 41 , [ 2020 ] AC 373 : Declaring the prorogation of Prime Minister Boris Johnson as unlawful ( joint judgment with Lady Hale )",
"title": "Notable judgments"
},
{
"text": "- WM Morrison Supermarkets plc v Various Claimants [ 2020 ] UKSC 12 , [ 2020 ] 2 WLR 941 : On vicarious liability",
"title": "Notable judgments"
},
{
"text": " - Sevilleja v Marex Financial Ltd [ 2020 ] UKSC 31 , [ 2021 ] AC 39 : on the rule against reflective loss - R ( Begum ) v Special Immigration Appeals Commission & Anor [ 2021 ] UKSC 7 , [ 2021 ] 2 WLR 556 : On whether Shamima Begum should be returned to the United Kingdom to challenge the Home Secretarys decision to deprive her nationality",
"title": "Notable judgments"
},
{
"text": " In 2015 Reed was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh . Lord Reed is High Steward of the University of Oxford and succeeded Lord Rodger as Visitor of Balliol College , Oxford .",
"title": "Honours and awards"
},
{
"text": " He married Jane Mylne , Lady Reed in 1988 , with whom he has two daughters .",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] |
/wiki/Robert_Reed,_Baron_Reed_of_Allermuir#P39#3
|
What was the position of Robert Reed, Baron Reed of Allermuir in Sep 2020?
|
Robert Reed , Baron Reed of Allermuir Robert John Reed , Baron Reed of Allermuir , ( born 7 September 1956 ) is a Scottish judge who has been President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom since January 2020 . He was the principal judge in the Commercial Court in Scotland before being promoted to the Inner House of the Court of Session in 2008 . He is an authority on human rights law in Scotland and elsewhere ; he served as one of the UKs ad hoc judges at the European Court of Human Rights . He is also a Non-Permanent Judge of the Court of Final Appeal of Hong Kong . Early life . Reed was educated at George Watsons College in Edinburgh ( where he was dux ) , and studied at the School of Law of the University of Edinburgh , taking a first class honours LLB and winning a Vans Dunlop Scholarship . He then took a DPhil at Balliol College , Oxford , with a doctoral thesis on Legal Control of Government Assistance to Industry , and was admitted to the Faculty of Advocates in 1983 . Legal career . Reed was Standing Junior Counsel to the Scottish Education Department from 1988 to 1989 , and to the Scottish Office Home and Health Department from 1989 to 1995 . He was appointed Queens Counsel in 1995 , and Advocate Depute in 1996 . He was appointed a Senator of the College of Justice , a judge of the Court of Session and High Court of Justiciary , the countrys College of Justice , in 1998 , with the judicial title , Lord Reed . He sat initially as a Judge of the Outer House , becoming Principal Commercial Judge in 2006 . He has been one of the United Kingdoms ad hoc judges at the European Court of Human Rights , and sat in the Grand Chamber judgements on the appeals of the killers of James Bulger in 1999 . Between 2002 and 2004 , he was an expert advisor to the EU/Council of Europe Joint Initiative with Turkey . He was promoted to the Inner House ( First Division ) in 2008 , and appointed to the Privy Council . He sat on the UK Supreme Court during the illness of Lord Rodger of Earlsferry , along with Lord Clarke , and succeeded Lord Rodger . He has been Chairman of the Franco-British Judicial Co-operation Committee since 2005 , and was President of the EU Forum of Judges for the Environment from 2006–08 , now serving as Vice-President . He was a member of the Advisory Board of the British Institute for International and Comparative Law from 2001 to 06 , and of the UN Task Force on Access to Justice since 2006 . He is Convener of the charity Children in Scotland ( since 2006 ) and Chairman of the University of Edinburgh Centre for Commercial Law ( since 2008 ) . He has been an Honorary Professor of Law at Glasgow Caledonian University since 2005 , and the School of Law of the University of Glasgow since 2006 . On 20 December 2011 , it was announced that Reed would replace the late Lord Rodger of Earlsferry as a Justice of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom . He was sworn in on 6 February 2012 . Lord Reed was Convener of the Children in Scotland Board from February 2006-March 2012 . On 31 May 2017 , he assumed office as a Non-Permanent Judge of the Court of Final Appeal of Hong Kong . Reed was appointed Deputy President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom in May 2018 , succeeding Lord Mance on his retirement . He was sworn into the new position on 6 June 2018 . On 25 January 2019 he was made an Honorary Fellow of The Academy of Experts in recognition of his contribution and work for Expert Witnesses . On 24 July 2019 , the Queen declared her intention to appoint him President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom and to raise him to the peerage . He succeeded Baroness Hale of Richmond as President on 11 January 2020 on her retirement and on the same day was created Baron Reed of Allermuir , of Sundridge Park in the London Borough of Bromley . He was sworn in as president on 13 January and introduced to the House of Lords on 16 January . Notable judgments . Lord Reeds judgments are characterised by an in-depth analysis of the common law . He has handed down judgements on various important topics of the law : - AXA General Insurance Ltd v Lord Advocate [ 2011 ] UKSC 46 : On the limits on the Scottish Parliament’s powers - Osborn v The Parole Board [ 2013 ] UKSC 61 , [ 2013 ] 3 WLR 1020 : On common law duty of procedural fairness - Bank Mellat v Her Majesty’s Treasury ( No . 2 ) [ 2013 ] UKSC 39 , [ 2014 ] 1 AC 700 ( Dissenting ) - AIB Group ( UK ) plc v Mark Redler & Co Solicitors [ 2014 ] UKSC 58 , [ 2014 ] 3 WLR 1367 : On the causation requirement for a breach of trust - R ( Bourgass ) v Secretary of State for Justice [ 2015 ] UKSC 54 , [ 2016 ] AC 384 - Hesham Ali ( Iraq ) v Home Secretary [ 2016 ] UKSC 60 , [ 2016 ] 1 WLR 4799 - R ( Miller ) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union [ 2017 ] UKSC 5 , [ 2018 ] AC 61 ( Dissenting ) : Lord Reed wrote the leading dissenting judgment in the Article 50 litigation , holding that the Government could initiate the UK’s withdrawal from the European Union without reference to Parliament - Investment Trust Companies v Revenue and Customs Commissioners [ 2017 ] UKSC 29 ; [ 2018 ] AC 275 - R ( UNISON ) v Lord Chancellor [ 2017 ] UKSC 51 , [ 2017 ] 3 WLR 409 : Declaring employment tribunal fees set by Lord Chancellor unlawful - Robinson v Chief Constable of West Yorkshire Police [ 2018 ] UKSC 4 , [ 2018 ] AC 736 : the duty of care owed by police officers under the common law - Morris-Garner & Anor v One Step ( Support ) Ltd [ 2018 ] UKSC 20 , [ 2019 ] AC 649 : On the availability of negotiating damages for breach of contract - Jonathan Lu & Others v Paul Chan Mo-Po & Another [ 2018 ] HKCFA 11 , ( 2018 ) 21 HKCFAR 94 : On the concept of malice in the common law of defamation in the context of qualified privilege - R ( Miller ) v Prime Minister [ 2019 ] UKSC 41 , [ 2020 ] AC 373 : Declaring the prorogation of Prime Minister Boris Johnson as unlawful ( joint judgment with Lady Hale ) - WM Morrison Supermarkets plc v Various Claimants [ 2020 ] UKSC 12 , [ 2020 ] 2 WLR 941 : On vicarious liability - Sevilleja v Marex Financial Ltd [ 2020 ] UKSC 31 , [ 2021 ] AC 39 : on the rule against reflective loss - R ( Begum ) v Special Immigration Appeals Commission & Anor [ 2021 ] UKSC 7 , [ 2021 ] 2 WLR 556 : On whether Shamima Begum should be returned to the United Kingdom to challenge the Home Secretarys decision to deprive her nationality Honours and awards . In 2015 Reed was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh . Lord Reed is High Steward of the University of Oxford and succeeded Lord Rodger as Visitor of Balliol College , Oxford . Personal life . He married Jane Mylne , Lady Reed in 1988 , with whom he has two daughters .
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": "Robert John Reed , Baron Reed of Allermuir , ( born 7 September 1956 ) is a Scottish judge who has been President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom since January 2020 . He was the principal judge in the Commercial Court in Scotland before being promoted to the Inner House of the Court of Session in 2008 . He is an authority on human rights law in Scotland and elsewhere ; he served as one of the UKs ad hoc judges at the European Court of Human Rights . He is also a Non-Permanent Judge of the",
"title": "Robert Reed , Baron Reed of Allermuir"
},
{
"text": "Court of Final Appeal of Hong Kong .",
"title": "Robert Reed , Baron Reed of Allermuir"
},
{
"text": " Reed was educated at George Watsons College in Edinburgh ( where he was dux ) , and studied at the School of Law of the University of Edinburgh , taking a first class honours LLB and winning a Vans Dunlop Scholarship . He then took a DPhil at Balliol College , Oxford , with a doctoral thesis on Legal Control of Government Assistance to Industry , and was admitted to the Faculty of Advocates in 1983 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Reed was Standing Junior Counsel to the Scottish Education Department from 1988 to 1989 , and to the Scottish Office Home and Health Department from 1989 to 1995 . He was appointed Queens Counsel in 1995 , and Advocate Depute in 1996 . He was appointed a Senator of the College of Justice , a judge of the Court of Session and High Court of Justiciary , the countrys College of Justice , in 1998 , with the judicial title , Lord Reed . He sat initially as a Judge of the Outer House , becoming Principal Commercial Judge in",
"title": "Legal career"
},
{
"text": "2006 . He has been one of the United Kingdoms ad hoc judges at the European Court of Human Rights , and sat in the Grand Chamber judgements on the appeals of the killers of James Bulger in 1999 . Between 2002 and 2004 , he was an expert advisor to the EU/Council of Europe Joint Initiative with Turkey . He was promoted to the Inner House ( First Division ) in 2008 , and appointed to the Privy Council . He sat on the UK Supreme Court during the illness of Lord Rodger of Earlsferry , along with Lord",
"title": "Legal career"
},
{
"text": "Clarke , and succeeded Lord Rodger .",
"title": "Legal career"
},
{
"text": "He has been Chairman of the Franco-British Judicial Co-operation Committee since 2005 , and was President of the EU Forum of Judges for the Environment from 2006–08 , now serving as Vice-President . He was a member of the Advisory Board of the British Institute for International and Comparative Law from 2001 to 06 , and of the UN Task Force on Access to Justice since 2006 . He is Convener of the charity Children in Scotland ( since 2006 ) and Chairman of the University of Edinburgh Centre for Commercial Law ( since 2008 ) . He has been",
"title": "Legal career"
},
{
"text": "an Honorary Professor of Law at Glasgow Caledonian University since 2005 , and the School of Law of the University of Glasgow since 2006 .",
"title": "Legal career"
},
{
"text": " On 20 December 2011 , it was announced that Reed would replace the late Lord Rodger of Earlsferry as a Justice of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom . He was sworn in on 6 February 2012 . Lord Reed was Convener of the Children in Scotland Board from February 2006-March 2012 . On 31 May 2017 , he assumed office as a Non-Permanent Judge of the Court of Final Appeal of Hong Kong .",
"title": "Legal career"
},
{
"text": "Reed was appointed Deputy President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom in May 2018 , succeeding Lord Mance on his retirement . He was sworn into the new position on 6 June 2018 .",
"title": "Legal career"
},
{
"text": " On 25 January 2019 he was made an Honorary Fellow of The Academy of Experts in recognition of his contribution and work for Expert Witnesses .",
"title": "Legal career"
},
{
"text": "On 24 July 2019 , the Queen declared her intention to appoint him President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom and to raise him to the peerage . He succeeded Baroness Hale of Richmond as President on 11 January 2020 on her retirement and on the same day was created Baron Reed of Allermuir , of Sundridge Park in the London Borough of Bromley . He was sworn in as president on 13 January and introduced to the House of Lords on 16 January .",
"title": "Legal career"
},
{
"text": " Lord Reeds judgments are characterised by an in-depth analysis of the common law . He has handed down judgements on various important topics of the law : - AXA General Insurance Ltd v Lord Advocate [ 2011 ] UKSC 46 : On the limits on the Scottish Parliament’s powers - Osborn v The Parole Board [ 2013 ] UKSC 61 , [ 2013 ] 3 WLR 1020 : On common law duty of procedural fairness",
"title": "Notable judgments"
},
{
"text": "- Bank Mellat v Her Majesty’s Treasury ( No . 2 ) [ 2013 ] UKSC 39 , [ 2014 ] 1 AC 700 ( Dissenting )",
"title": "Notable judgments"
},
{
"text": " - AIB Group ( UK ) plc v Mark Redler & Co Solicitors [ 2014 ] UKSC 58 , [ 2014 ] 3 WLR 1367 : On the causation requirement for a breach of trust - R ( Bourgass ) v Secretary of State for Justice [ 2015 ] UKSC 54 , [ 2016 ] AC 384 - Hesham Ali ( Iraq ) v Home Secretary [ 2016 ] UKSC 60 , [ 2016 ] 1 WLR 4799",
"title": "Notable judgments"
},
{
"text": "- R ( Miller ) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union [ 2017 ] UKSC 5 , [ 2018 ] AC 61 ( Dissenting ) : Lord Reed wrote the leading dissenting judgment in the Article 50 litigation , holding that the Government could initiate the UK’s withdrawal from the European Union without reference to Parliament",
"title": "Notable judgments"
},
{
"text": " - Investment Trust Companies v Revenue and Customs Commissioners [ 2017 ] UKSC 29 ; [ 2018 ] AC 275 - R ( UNISON ) v Lord Chancellor [ 2017 ] UKSC 51 , [ 2017 ] 3 WLR 409 : Declaring employment tribunal fees set by Lord Chancellor unlawful - Robinson v Chief Constable of West Yorkshire Police [ 2018 ] UKSC 4 , [ 2018 ] AC 736 : the duty of care owed by police officers under the common law",
"title": "Notable judgments"
},
{
"text": "- Morris-Garner & Anor v One Step ( Support ) Ltd [ 2018 ] UKSC 20 , [ 2019 ] AC 649 : On the availability of negotiating damages for breach of contract",
"title": "Notable judgments"
},
{
"text": " - Jonathan Lu & Others v Paul Chan Mo-Po & Another [ 2018 ] HKCFA 11 , ( 2018 ) 21 HKCFAR 94 : On the concept of malice in the common law of defamation in the context of qualified privilege - R ( Miller ) v Prime Minister [ 2019 ] UKSC 41 , [ 2020 ] AC 373 : Declaring the prorogation of Prime Minister Boris Johnson as unlawful ( joint judgment with Lady Hale )",
"title": "Notable judgments"
},
{
"text": "- WM Morrison Supermarkets plc v Various Claimants [ 2020 ] UKSC 12 , [ 2020 ] 2 WLR 941 : On vicarious liability",
"title": "Notable judgments"
},
{
"text": " - Sevilleja v Marex Financial Ltd [ 2020 ] UKSC 31 , [ 2021 ] AC 39 : on the rule against reflective loss - R ( Begum ) v Special Immigration Appeals Commission & Anor [ 2021 ] UKSC 7 , [ 2021 ] 2 WLR 556 : On whether Shamima Begum should be returned to the United Kingdom to challenge the Home Secretarys decision to deprive her nationality",
"title": "Notable judgments"
},
{
"text": " In 2015 Reed was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh . Lord Reed is High Steward of the University of Oxford and succeeded Lord Rodger as Visitor of Balliol College , Oxford .",
"title": "Honours and awards"
},
{
"text": " He married Jane Mylne , Lady Reed in 1988 , with whom he has two daughters .",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] |
/wiki/Heinrich_von_Sybel#P39#0
|
Heinrich von Sybel took which position between May 1863 and Jun 1863?
|
Heinrich von Sybel Heinrich Karl Ludolf von Sybel ( 2 December 1817 – 1 August 1895 ) , German historian , came from a Protestant family which had long been established at Soest , in Westphalia . Life . He was born in Düsseldorf , where his father held important posts in the public service under both the French and the Prussians ; in 1831 he was raised to the hereditary nobility . His home was one of the centres of the vigorous literary and artistic life for which Düsseldorf was renowned at that time . Sybel was educated at the local Gymnasium , and then at the University of Berlin , where he came under the influences of Friedrich Karl von Savigny and Leopold von Ranke , whose most distinguished pupil he was to become . After taking his degree , he settled down in 1841 as a Privatdozent in history at the university of Bonn . He had already made himself known by critical studies on the history of the Middle Ages , of which the most important was his Geschichte des ersten Kreuzzuges ( History of the First Crusade ) ( Düsseldorf , 1841 ; new ed. , Leipzig , 1881 ) , a work which , besides its merit as a valuable piece of historical investigation employing the critical methods he had learnt from Ranke , was also of some significance as a protest against the vaguely enthusiastic attitude encouraged by the Romantic school towards the Middle Ages . In 1861 Lady Duff-Gordon published an English translation of a part of this book , to which were added lectures on the crusades delivered in Munich in 1858 , under the title History and Literature of the Crusades . This was followed by a study of the growth of German kingship ( Die Entstehung des deutschen Königtums , Frankfurt , 1844 , and again 1881 ) , after which he was appointed professor . In the same year ( 1844 ) Sybel became prominent as an opponent of the Ultramontane party . The exhibition of the Holy Shroud at Trier had attracted enormous numbers of pilgrims , and so , indignant at what appeared to him a fake , he assisted in publishing an investigation into the authenticity of the celebrated relic . From this time he began to take an active part in contemporary politics and in controversy as a strong but moderate Liberal . In 1846 he was appointed professor at Marburg , and though this small university offered little scope for his activities as a teacher , a seat in the Hessian Landtag gave him his first experience of politics . In 1848 he was present at Frankfurt , but he did not succeed in winning a seat for the National Assembly . His opposition to the extreme democratic and revolutionary party made him unpopular with the mob who broke his windows , and his liberalism made him suspect at court . He sat in the Erfurt parliament of 1850 , and was attached to the Gotha party , which hoped for the regeneration of Germany through the leadership of Prussia . During the period 1859–1866 , Sybel was engaged in a literary controversy with the historian , Julius von Ficker , on the significance of the German Empire . During the years that followed he was occupied with his major chronicle of the French Revolution , Geschichte der Revolutionszeit 1789–1800 , for which he had made prolonged studies in the archives of Paris and other countries . The later editions of the earlier volumes were enlarged and altered , and a new edition was published at Stuttgart in 1882 . The first three volumes were translated into English by Walter Copland Perry ( 1867–1869 ) . In this work he showed for the first time the connection between the internal and external history of France . By systematically studying the records , he was also the first to check and correct the traditional account of many episodes of Frances internal history . He demonstrated that letters attributed to Marie Antoinette were not genuine . He undermined the influential revolutionary legends , expounded by French writers . Sybel was interested in Edmund Burke , on whom he had published two essays . The work was in fact the first attempt to substitute for the popular view of Thiers and Lamartine , a line which was later taken up by Taine and Albert Sorel . In 1856 , on the recommendation of Ranke , Sybel accepted the post of professor at Munich , where King Maximilian II of Bavaria , a generous patron of learning , hoped to establish a school of history . Here he found a fruitful field for his activity . Besides continuing his work on the Revolution and on the Middle Ages , he occupied himself fully with the Historical Seminar which he instituted ; with the Historische Zeitschrift which he founded - the original model of the numerous historical periodicals which now exist – and as secretary of the new Historical Commission . Political differences soon interfered with his work ; as a supporter of Prussia and a Protestant , especially as a militant champion against the Ultramontanes , he was from the first an object of suspicion to the Clerical party . In the political excitement which followed the war of 1859 he found that he could not hope for the unreserved support of the king , and therefore in 1861 he accepted a professorship at Bonn , which he held till 1875 . He was elected a member of the Prussian Lower House , and during the next three years was one of the most active members of that assembly . In several important debates he led the attack on the government , and opposed the policy of Bismarck , not only on finances but also on Polish and Danish affairs , in particular the impending crisis with Denmark over Schleswig and Holstein . In 1864 he did not stand for re-election , owing to an eye infection , but in 1866 he was one of the first to point out the way to a reconciliation between Bismarck and his former opponents . He had a seat in the Constituent Assembly of 1867 , and while he joined the National Liberals he distinguished himself by opposing the introduction of universal suffrage , sharing the distrust of many Liberals over its effects . In 1874 he returned to the Prussian parliament in order to support the government in its conflict with the Clericals , and after 1878 with the Socialists . He explained and justified his position in two pamphlets that analysed the teaching of the Socialists and traced Clerical policy during the 19th century . In 1880 he retired , like so many other Liberals , disheartened by the change in political life which he blamed on universal suffrage . In 1875 , Bismarck appointed him to the post of director of the Prussian archives . Under his superintendence was begun the great series of publications , besides that of the correspondence of Frederick the Great , which he helped to edit . His last years were occupied with his great work , Die Begründung des deutschen Reiches durch Wilhelm I ( The Founding of the German Empire under William I ) ( Munich , 1889–1894 ) , a work of great importance on German unification , for which he was allowed to use the Prussian state papers and was therefore able to write a history of the greatest events of his own time with full access to highly secret sources of information . As a history of Prussian policy from 1860 to 1866 it is of incomparable value . After the fall of Bismarck permission to use the secret papers was withdrawn , and therefore vols . vi . and vii. , which deal with the years 1866 to 1870 , are of less importance . This work has been translated into English as The Founding of the German Empire , by M L Perrin and G Bradford ( New York , 1890–1891 ) . Sybel did not live to write an account of the war with France , dying at Marburg on 1 August 1895 . His other writings include Die deutsche Nation und das Kaiserreich ( 1862 ) and a large number of historical articles . Sybel left two sons , one of whom became an officer in the Prussian army ; the other , Ludwig von Sybel ( b . 1846 ) , a professor of archaeology in the university of Marburg , was the author of several works dealing with Greek archaeology . Some of Sybels numerous historical and political essays have been collected in Kleine historische Schriften ( 3 vols , 1863 , 1869 , 1881 ; new ed. , 1897 ) ; Vorträge und Aufsätze ( Berlin , 1874 ) ; and Vorträge und Abhandlungen , published after his death with a biographical introduction by Conrad Varrentrapp ( Munich , 1897 ) . References . - Gooch , G.P . History and historians in the nineteenth century ( 1913 ) . online - Biography at Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie External links . - History and Literature of the Crusades , trans . Lady Duff Gordon ( at Google Books ) - Geschichte des ersten Kreuzzugs ( at Google Books )
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Heinrich Karl Ludolf von Sybel ( 2 December 1817 – 1 August 1895 ) , German historian , came from a Protestant family which had long been established at Soest , in Westphalia .",
"title": "Heinrich von Sybel"
},
{
"text": " He was born in Düsseldorf , where his father held important posts in the public service under both the French and the Prussians ; in 1831 he was raised to the hereditary nobility . His home was one of the centres of the vigorous literary and artistic life for which Düsseldorf was renowned at that time . Sybel was educated at the local Gymnasium , and then at the University of Berlin , where he came under the influences of Friedrich Karl von Savigny and Leopold von Ranke , whose most distinguished pupil he was to become .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "After taking his degree , he settled down in 1841 as a Privatdozent in history at the university of Bonn . He had already made himself known by critical studies on the history of the Middle Ages , of which the most important was his Geschichte des ersten Kreuzzuges ( History of the First Crusade ) ( Düsseldorf , 1841 ; new ed. , Leipzig , 1881 ) , a work which , besides its merit as a valuable piece of historical investigation employing the critical methods he had learnt from Ranke , was also of some significance as a",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "protest against the vaguely enthusiastic attitude encouraged by the Romantic school towards the Middle Ages . In 1861 Lady Duff-Gordon published an English translation of a part of this book , to which were added lectures on the crusades delivered in Munich in 1858 , under the title History and Literature of the Crusades . This was followed by a study of the growth of German kingship ( Die Entstehung des deutschen Königtums , Frankfurt , 1844 , and again 1881 ) , after which he was appointed professor .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "In the same year ( 1844 ) Sybel became prominent as an opponent of the Ultramontane party . The exhibition of the Holy Shroud at Trier had attracted enormous numbers of pilgrims , and so , indignant at what appeared to him a fake , he assisted in publishing an investigation into the authenticity of the celebrated relic . From this time he began to take an active part in contemporary politics and in controversy as a strong but moderate Liberal . In 1846 he was appointed professor at Marburg , and though this small university offered little scope for",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "his activities as a teacher , a seat in the Hessian Landtag gave him his first experience of politics . In 1848 he was present at Frankfurt , but he did not succeed in winning a seat for the National Assembly . His opposition to the extreme democratic and revolutionary party made him unpopular with the mob who broke his windows , and his liberalism made him suspect at court . He sat in the Erfurt parliament of 1850 , and was attached to the Gotha party , which hoped for the regeneration of Germany through the leadership of Prussia",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": " During the period 1859–1866 , Sybel was engaged in a literary controversy with the historian , Julius von Ficker , on the significance of the German Empire .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "During the years that followed he was occupied with his major chronicle of the French Revolution , Geschichte der Revolutionszeit 1789–1800 , for which he had made prolonged studies in the archives of Paris and other countries . The later editions of the earlier volumes were enlarged and altered , and a new edition was published at Stuttgart in 1882 . The first three volumes were translated into English by Walter Copland Perry ( 1867–1869 ) . In this work he showed for the first time the connection between the internal and external history of France . By systematically studying",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "the records , he was also the first to check and correct the traditional account of many episodes of Frances internal history . He demonstrated that letters attributed to Marie Antoinette were not genuine . He undermined the influential revolutionary legends , expounded by French writers . Sybel was interested in Edmund Burke , on whom he had published two essays . The work was in fact the first attempt to substitute for the popular view of Thiers and Lamartine , a line which was later taken up by Taine and Albert Sorel .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "In 1856 , on the recommendation of Ranke , Sybel accepted the post of professor at Munich , where King Maximilian II of Bavaria , a generous patron of learning , hoped to establish a school of history . Here he found a fruitful field for his activity . Besides continuing his work on the Revolution and on the Middle Ages , he occupied himself fully with the Historical Seminar which he instituted ; with the Historische Zeitschrift which he founded - the original model of the numerous historical periodicals which now exist – and as secretary of the new",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "Historical Commission . Political differences soon interfered with his work ; as a supporter of Prussia and a Protestant , especially as a militant champion against the Ultramontanes , he was from the first an object of suspicion to the Clerical party . In the political excitement which followed the war of 1859 he found that he could not hope for the unreserved support of the king , and therefore in 1861 he accepted a professorship at Bonn , which he held till 1875 .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "He was elected a member of the Prussian Lower House , and during the next three years was one of the most active members of that assembly . In several important debates he led the attack on the government , and opposed the policy of Bismarck , not only on finances but also on Polish and Danish affairs , in particular the impending crisis with Denmark over Schleswig and Holstein . In 1864 he did not stand for re-election , owing to an eye infection , but in 1866 he was one of the first to point out the way",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "to a reconciliation between Bismarck and his former opponents . He had a seat in the Constituent Assembly of 1867 , and while he joined the National Liberals he distinguished himself by opposing the introduction of universal suffrage , sharing the distrust of many Liberals over its effects . In 1874 he returned to the Prussian parliament in order to support the government in its conflict with the Clericals , and after 1878 with the Socialists . He explained and justified his position in two pamphlets that analysed the teaching of the Socialists and traced Clerical policy during the 19th",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "century . In 1880 he retired , like so many other Liberals , disheartened by the change in political life which he blamed on universal suffrage .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "In 1875 , Bismarck appointed him to the post of director of the Prussian archives . Under his superintendence was begun the great series of publications , besides that of the correspondence of Frederick the Great , which he helped to edit . His last years were occupied with his great work , Die Begründung des deutschen Reiches durch Wilhelm I ( The Founding of the German Empire under William I ) ( Munich , 1889–1894 ) , a work of great importance on German unification , for which he was allowed to use the Prussian state papers and was",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "therefore able to write a history of the greatest events of his own time with full access to highly secret sources of information . As a history of Prussian policy from 1860 to 1866 it is of incomparable value . After the fall of Bismarck permission to use the secret papers was withdrawn , and therefore vols . vi . and vii. , which deal with the years 1866 to 1870 , are of less importance . This work has been translated into English as The Founding of the German Empire , by M L Perrin and G Bradford (",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "New York , 1890–1891 ) . Sybel did not live to write an account of the war with France , dying at Marburg on 1 August 1895 . His other writings include Die deutsche Nation und das Kaiserreich ( 1862 ) and a large number of historical articles .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": " Sybel left two sons , one of whom became an officer in the Prussian army ; the other , Ludwig von Sybel ( b . 1846 ) , a professor of archaeology in the university of Marburg , was the author of several works dealing with Greek archaeology .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "Some of Sybels numerous historical and political essays have been collected in Kleine historische Schriften ( 3 vols , 1863 , 1869 , 1881 ; new ed. , 1897 ) ; Vorträge und Aufsätze ( Berlin , 1874 ) ; and Vorträge und Abhandlungen , published after his death with a biographical introduction by Conrad Varrentrapp ( Munich , 1897 ) .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": " - Gooch , G.P . History and historians in the nineteenth century ( 1913 ) . online - Biography at Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie",
"title": "References"
},
{
"text": " - History and Literature of the Crusades , trans . Lady Duff Gordon ( at Google Books ) - Geschichte des ersten Kreuzzugs ( at Google Books )",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Heinrich_von_Sybel#P39#1
|
Heinrich von Sybel took which position between Feb 1869 and May 1869?
|
Heinrich von Sybel Heinrich Karl Ludolf von Sybel ( 2 December 1817 – 1 August 1895 ) , German historian , came from a Protestant family which had long been established at Soest , in Westphalia . Life . He was born in Düsseldorf , where his father held important posts in the public service under both the French and the Prussians ; in 1831 he was raised to the hereditary nobility . His home was one of the centres of the vigorous literary and artistic life for which Düsseldorf was renowned at that time . Sybel was educated at the local Gymnasium , and then at the University of Berlin , where he came under the influences of Friedrich Karl von Savigny and Leopold von Ranke , whose most distinguished pupil he was to become . After taking his degree , he settled down in 1841 as a Privatdozent in history at the university of Bonn . He had already made himself known by critical studies on the history of the Middle Ages , of which the most important was his Geschichte des ersten Kreuzzuges ( History of the First Crusade ) ( Düsseldorf , 1841 ; new ed. , Leipzig , 1881 ) , a work which , besides its merit as a valuable piece of historical investigation employing the critical methods he had learnt from Ranke , was also of some significance as a protest against the vaguely enthusiastic attitude encouraged by the Romantic school towards the Middle Ages . In 1861 Lady Duff-Gordon published an English translation of a part of this book , to which were added lectures on the crusades delivered in Munich in 1858 , under the title History and Literature of the Crusades . This was followed by a study of the growth of German kingship ( Die Entstehung des deutschen Königtums , Frankfurt , 1844 , and again 1881 ) , after which he was appointed professor . In the same year ( 1844 ) Sybel became prominent as an opponent of the Ultramontane party . The exhibition of the Holy Shroud at Trier had attracted enormous numbers of pilgrims , and so , indignant at what appeared to him a fake , he assisted in publishing an investigation into the authenticity of the celebrated relic . From this time he began to take an active part in contemporary politics and in controversy as a strong but moderate Liberal . In 1846 he was appointed professor at Marburg , and though this small university offered little scope for his activities as a teacher , a seat in the Hessian Landtag gave him his first experience of politics . In 1848 he was present at Frankfurt , but he did not succeed in winning a seat for the National Assembly . His opposition to the extreme democratic and revolutionary party made him unpopular with the mob who broke his windows , and his liberalism made him suspect at court . He sat in the Erfurt parliament of 1850 , and was attached to the Gotha party , which hoped for the regeneration of Germany through the leadership of Prussia . During the period 1859–1866 , Sybel was engaged in a literary controversy with the historian , Julius von Ficker , on the significance of the German Empire . During the years that followed he was occupied with his major chronicle of the French Revolution , Geschichte der Revolutionszeit 1789–1800 , for which he had made prolonged studies in the archives of Paris and other countries . The later editions of the earlier volumes were enlarged and altered , and a new edition was published at Stuttgart in 1882 . The first three volumes were translated into English by Walter Copland Perry ( 1867–1869 ) . In this work he showed for the first time the connection between the internal and external history of France . By systematically studying the records , he was also the first to check and correct the traditional account of many episodes of Frances internal history . He demonstrated that letters attributed to Marie Antoinette were not genuine . He undermined the influential revolutionary legends , expounded by French writers . Sybel was interested in Edmund Burke , on whom he had published two essays . The work was in fact the first attempt to substitute for the popular view of Thiers and Lamartine , a line which was later taken up by Taine and Albert Sorel . In 1856 , on the recommendation of Ranke , Sybel accepted the post of professor at Munich , where King Maximilian II of Bavaria , a generous patron of learning , hoped to establish a school of history . Here he found a fruitful field for his activity . Besides continuing his work on the Revolution and on the Middle Ages , he occupied himself fully with the Historical Seminar which he instituted ; with the Historische Zeitschrift which he founded - the original model of the numerous historical periodicals which now exist – and as secretary of the new Historical Commission . Political differences soon interfered with his work ; as a supporter of Prussia and a Protestant , especially as a militant champion against the Ultramontanes , he was from the first an object of suspicion to the Clerical party . In the political excitement which followed the war of 1859 he found that he could not hope for the unreserved support of the king , and therefore in 1861 he accepted a professorship at Bonn , which he held till 1875 . He was elected a member of the Prussian Lower House , and during the next three years was one of the most active members of that assembly . In several important debates he led the attack on the government , and opposed the policy of Bismarck , not only on finances but also on Polish and Danish affairs , in particular the impending crisis with Denmark over Schleswig and Holstein . In 1864 he did not stand for re-election , owing to an eye infection , but in 1866 he was one of the first to point out the way to a reconciliation between Bismarck and his former opponents . He had a seat in the Constituent Assembly of 1867 , and while he joined the National Liberals he distinguished himself by opposing the introduction of universal suffrage , sharing the distrust of many Liberals over its effects . In 1874 he returned to the Prussian parliament in order to support the government in its conflict with the Clericals , and after 1878 with the Socialists . He explained and justified his position in two pamphlets that analysed the teaching of the Socialists and traced Clerical policy during the 19th century . In 1880 he retired , like so many other Liberals , disheartened by the change in political life which he blamed on universal suffrage . In 1875 , Bismarck appointed him to the post of director of the Prussian archives . Under his superintendence was begun the great series of publications , besides that of the correspondence of Frederick the Great , which he helped to edit . His last years were occupied with his great work , Die Begründung des deutschen Reiches durch Wilhelm I ( The Founding of the German Empire under William I ) ( Munich , 1889–1894 ) , a work of great importance on German unification , for which he was allowed to use the Prussian state papers and was therefore able to write a history of the greatest events of his own time with full access to highly secret sources of information . As a history of Prussian policy from 1860 to 1866 it is of incomparable value . After the fall of Bismarck permission to use the secret papers was withdrawn , and therefore vols . vi . and vii. , which deal with the years 1866 to 1870 , are of less importance . This work has been translated into English as The Founding of the German Empire , by M L Perrin and G Bradford ( New York , 1890–1891 ) . Sybel did not live to write an account of the war with France , dying at Marburg on 1 August 1895 . His other writings include Die deutsche Nation und das Kaiserreich ( 1862 ) and a large number of historical articles . Sybel left two sons , one of whom became an officer in the Prussian army ; the other , Ludwig von Sybel ( b . 1846 ) , a professor of archaeology in the university of Marburg , was the author of several works dealing with Greek archaeology . Some of Sybels numerous historical and political essays have been collected in Kleine historische Schriften ( 3 vols , 1863 , 1869 , 1881 ; new ed. , 1897 ) ; Vorträge und Aufsätze ( Berlin , 1874 ) ; and Vorträge und Abhandlungen , published after his death with a biographical introduction by Conrad Varrentrapp ( Munich , 1897 ) . References . - Gooch , G.P . History and historians in the nineteenth century ( 1913 ) . online - Biography at Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie External links . - History and Literature of the Crusades , trans . Lady Duff Gordon ( at Google Books ) - Geschichte des ersten Kreuzzugs ( at Google Books )
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Heinrich Karl Ludolf von Sybel ( 2 December 1817 – 1 August 1895 ) , German historian , came from a Protestant family which had long been established at Soest , in Westphalia .",
"title": "Heinrich von Sybel"
},
{
"text": " He was born in Düsseldorf , where his father held important posts in the public service under both the French and the Prussians ; in 1831 he was raised to the hereditary nobility . His home was one of the centres of the vigorous literary and artistic life for which Düsseldorf was renowned at that time . Sybel was educated at the local Gymnasium , and then at the University of Berlin , where he came under the influences of Friedrich Karl von Savigny and Leopold von Ranke , whose most distinguished pupil he was to become .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "After taking his degree , he settled down in 1841 as a Privatdozent in history at the university of Bonn . He had already made himself known by critical studies on the history of the Middle Ages , of which the most important was his Geschichte des ersten Kreuzzuges ( History of the First Crusade ) ( Düsseldorf , 1841 ; new ed. , Leipzig , 1881 ) , a work which , besides its merit as a valuable piece of historical investigation employing the critical methods he had learnt from Ranke , was also of some significance as a",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "protest against the vaguely enthusiastic attitude encouraged by the Romantic school towards the Middle Ages . In 1861 Lady Duff-Gordon published an English translation of a part of this book , to which were added lectures on the crusades delivered in Munich in 1858 , under the title History and Literature of the Crusades . This was followed by a study of the growth of German kingship ( Die Entstehung des deutschen Königtums , Frankfurt , 1844 , and again 1881 ) , after which he was appointed professor .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "In the same year ( 1844 ) Sybel became prominent as an opponent of the Ultramontane party . The exhibition of the Holy Shroud at Trier had attracted enormous numbers of pilgrims , and so , indignant at what appeared to him a fake , he assisted in publishing an investigation into the authenticity of the celebrated relic . From this time he began to take an active part in contemporary politics and in controversy as a strong but moderate Liberal . In 1846 he was appointed professor at Marburg , and though this small university offered little scope for",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "his activities as a teacher , a seat in the Hessian Landtag gave him his first experience of politics . In 1848 he was present at Frankfurt , but he did not succeed in winning a seat for the National Assembly . His opposition to the extreme democratic and revolutionary party made him unpopular with the mob who broke his windows , and his liberalism made him suspect at court . He sat in the Erfurt parliament of 1850 , and was attached to the Gotha party , which hoped for the regeneration of Germany through the leadership of Prussia",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": " During the period 1859–1866 , Sybel was engaged in a literary controversy with the historian , Julius von Ficker , on the significance of the German Empire .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "During the years that followed he was occupied with his major chronicle of the French Revolution , Geschichte der Revolutionszeit 1789–1800 , for which he had made prolonged studies in the archives of Paris and other countries . The later editions of the earlier volumes were enlarged and altered , and a new edition was published at Stuttgart in 1882 . The first three volumes were translated into English by Walter Copland Perry ( 1867–1869 ) . In this work he showed for the first time the connection between the internal and external history of France . By systematically studying",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "the records , he was also the first to check and correct the traditional account of many episodes of Frances internal history . He demonstrated that letters attributed to Marie Antoinette were not genuine . He undermined the influential revolutionary legends , expounded by French writers . Sybel was interested in Edmund Burke , on whom he had published two essays . The work was in fact the first attempt to substitute for the popular view of Thiers and Lamartine , a line which was later taken up by Taine and Albert Sorel .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "In 1856 , on the recommendation of Ranke , Sybel accepted the post of professor at Munich , where King Maximilian II of Bavaria , a generous patron of learning , hoped to establish a school of history . Here he found a fruitful field for his activity . Besides continuing his work on the Revolution and on the Middle Ages , he occupied himself fully with the Historical Seminar which he instituted ; with the Historische Zeitschrift which he founded - the original model of the numerous historical periodicals which now exist – and as secretary of the new",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "Historical Commission . Political differences soon interfered with his work ; as a supporter of Prussia and a Protestant , especially as a militant champion against the Ultramontanes , he was from the first an object of suspicion to the Clerical party . In the political excitement which followed the war of 1859 he found that he could not hope for the unreserved support of the king , and therefore in 1861 he accepted a professorship at Bonn , which he held till 1875 .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "He was elected a member of the Prussian Lower House , and during the next three years was one of the most active members of that assembly . In several important debates he led the attack on the government , and opposed the policy of Bismarck , not only on finances but also on Polish and Danish affairs , in particular the impending crisis with Denmark over Schleswig and Holstein . In 1864 he did not stand for re-election , owing to an eye infection , but in 1866 he was one of the first to point out the way",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "to a reconciliation between Bismarck and his former opponents . He had a seat in the Constituent Assembly of 1867 , and while he joined the National Liberals he distinguished himself by opposing the introduction of universal suffrage , sharing the distrust of many Liberals over its effects . In 1874 he returned to the Prussian parliament in order to support the government in its conflict with the Clericals , and after 1878 with the Socialists . He explained and justified his position in two pamphlets that analysed the teaching of the Socialists and traced Clerical policy during the 19th",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "century . In 1880 he retired , like so many other Liberals , disheartened by the change in political life which he blamed on universal suffrage .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "In 1875 , Bismarck appointed him to the post of director of the Prussian archives . Under his superintendence was begun the great series of publications , besides that of the correspondence of Frederick the Great , which he helped to edit . His last years were occupied with his great work , Die Begründung des deutschen Reiches durch Wilhelm I ( The Founding of the German Empire under William I ) ( Munich , 1889–1894 ) , a work of great importance on German unification , for which he was allowed to use the Prussian state papers and was",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "therefore able to write a history of the greatest events of his own time with full access to highly secret sources of information . As a history of Prussian policy from 1860 to 1866 it is of incomparable value . After the fall of Bismarck permission to use the secret papers was withdrawn , and therefore vols . vi . and vii. , which deal with the years 1866 to 1870 , are of less importance . This work has been translated into English as The Founding of the German Empire , by M L Perrin and G Bradford (",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "New York , 1890–1891 ) . Sybel did not live to write an account of the war with France , dying at Marburg on 1 August 1895 . His other writings include Die deutsche Nation und das Kaiserreich ( 1862 ) and a large number of historical articles .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": " Sybel left two sons , one of whom became an officer in the Prussian army ; the other , Ludwig von Sybel ( b . 1846 ) , a professor of archaeology in the university of Marburg , was the author of several works dealing with Greek archaeology .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "Some of Sybels numerous historical and political essays have been collected in Kleine historische Schriften ( 3 vols , 1863 , 1869 , 1881 ; new ed. , 1897 ) ; Vorträge und Aufsätze ( Berlin , 1874 ) ; and Vorträge und Abhandlungen , published after his death with a biographical introduction by Conrad Varrentrapp ( Munich , 1897 ) .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": " - Gooch , G.P . History and historians in the nineteenth century ( 1913 ) . online - Biography at Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie",
"title": "References"
},
{
"text": " - History and Literature of the Crusades , trans . Lady Duff Gordon ( at Google Books ) - Geschichte des ersten Kreuzzugs ( at Google Books )",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Heinrich_von_Sybel#P39#2
|
Heinrich von Sybel took which position after Aug 1876?
|
Heinrich von Sybel Heinrich Karl Ludolf von Sybel ( 2 December 1817 – 1 August 1895 ) , German historian , came from a Protestant family which had long been established at Soest , in Westphalia . Life . He was born in Düsseldorf , where his father held important posts in the public service under both the French and the Prussians ; in 1831 he was raised to the hereditary nobility . His home was one of the centres of the vigorous literary and artistic life for which Düsseldorf was renowned at that time . Sybel was educated at the local Gymnasium , and then at the University of Berlin , where he came under the influences of Friedrich Karl von Savigny and Leopold von Ranke , whose most distinguished pupil he was to become . After taking his degree , he settled down in 1841 as a Privatdozent in history at the university of Bonn . He had already made himself known by critical studies on the history of the Middle Ages , of which the most important was his Geschichte des ersten Kreuzzuges ( History of the First Crusade ) ( Düsseldorf , 1841 ; new ed. , Leipzig , 1881 ) , a work which , besides its merit as a valuable piece of historical investigation employing the critical methods he had learnt from Ranke , was also of some significance as a protest against the vaguely enthusiastic attitude encouraged by the Romantic school towards the Middle Ages . In 1861 Lady Duff-Gordon published an English translation of a part of this book , to which were added lectures on the crusades delivered in Munich in 1858 , under the title History and Literature of the Crusades . This was followed by a study of the growth of German kingship ( Die Entstehung des deutschen Königtums , Frankfurt , 1844 , and again 1881 ) , after which he was appointed professor . In the same year ( 1844 ) Sybel became prominent as an opponent of the Ultramontane party . The exhibition of the Holy Shroud at Trier had attracted enormous numbers of pilgrims , and so , indignant at what appeared to him a fake , he assisted in publishing an investigation into the authenticity of the celebrated relic . From this time he began to take an active part in contemporary politics and in controversy as a strong but moderate Liberal . In 1846 he was appointed professor at Marburg , and though this small university offered little scope for his activities as a teacher , a seat in the Hessian Landtag gave him his first experience of politics . In 1848 he was present at Frankfurt , but he did not succeed in winning a seat for the National Assembly . His opposition to the extreme democratic and revolutionary party made him unpopular with the mob who broke his windows , and his liberalism made him suspect at court . He sat in the Erfurt parliament of 1850 , and was attached to the Gotha party , which hoped for the regeneration of Germany through the leadership of Prussia . During the period 1859–1866 , Sybel was engaged in a literary controversy with the historian , Julius von Ficker , on the significance of the German Empire . During the years that followed he was occupied with his major chronicle of the French Revolution , Geschichte der Revolutionszeit 1789–1800 , for which he had made prolonged studies in the archives of Paris and other countries . The later editions of the earlier volumes were enlarged and altered , and a new edition was published at Stuttgart in 1882 . The first three volumes were translated into English by Walter Copland Perry ( 1867–1869 ) . In this work he showed for the first time the connection between the internal and external history of France . By systematically studying the records , he was also the first to check and correct the traditional account of many episodes of Frances internal history . He demonstrated that letters attributed to Marie Antoinette were not genuine . He undermined the influential revolutionary legends , expounded by French writers . Sybel was interested in Edmund Burke , on whom he had published two essays . The work was in fact the first attempt to substitute for the popular view of Thiers and Lamartine , a line which was later taken up by Taine and Albert Sorel . In 1856 , on the recommendation of Ranke , Sybel accepted the post of professor at Munich , where King Maximilian II of Bavaria , a generous patron of learning , hoped to establish a school of history . Here he found a fruitful field for his activity . Besides continuing his work on the Revolution and on the Middle Ages , he occupied himself fully with the Historical Seminar which he instituted ; with the Historische Zeitschrift which he founded - the original model of the numerous historical periodicals which now exist – and as secretary of the new Historical Commission . Political differences soon interfered with his work ; as a supporter of Prussia and a Protestant , especially as a militant champion against the Ultramontanes , he was from the first an object of suspicion to the Clerical party . In the political excitement which followed the war of 1859 he found that he could not hope for the unreserved support of the king , and therefore in 1861 he accepted a professorship at Bonn , which he held till 1875 . He was elected a member of the Prussian Lower House , and during the next three years was one of the most active members of that assembly . In several important debates he led the attack on the government , and opposed the policy of Bismarck , not only on finances but also on Polish and Danish affairs , in particular the impending crisis with Denmark over Schleswig and Holstein . In 1864 he did not stand for re-election , owing to an eye infection , but in 1866 he was one of the first to point out the way to a reconciliation between Bismarck and his former opponents . He had a seat in the Constituent Assembly of 1867 , and while he joined the National Liberals he distinguished himself by opposing the introduction of universal suffrage , sharing the distrust of many Liberals over its effects . In 1874 he returned to the Prussian parliament in order to support the government in its conflict with the Clericals , and after 1878 with the Socialists . He explained and justified his position in two pamphlets that analysed the teaching of the Socialists and traced Clerical policy during the 19th century . In 1880 he retired , like so many other Liberals , disheartened by the change in political life which he blamed on universal suffrage . In 1875 , Bismarck appointed him to the post of director of the Prussian archives . Under his superintendence was begun the great series of publications , besides that of the correspondence of Frederick the Great , which he helped to edit . His last years were occupied with his great work , Die Begründung des deutschen Reiches durch Wilhelm I ( The Founding of the German Empire under William I ) ( Munich , 1889–1894 ) , a work of great importance on German unification , for which he was allowed to use the Prussian state papers and was therefore able to write a history of the greatest events of his own time with full access to highly secret sources of information . As a history of Prussian policy from 1860 to 1866 it is of incomparable value . After the fall of Bismarck permission to use the secret papers was withdrawn , and therefore vols . vi . and vii. , which deal with the years 1866 to 1870 , are of less importance . This work has been translated into English as The Founding of the German Empire , by M L Perrin and G Bradford ( New York , 1890–1891 ) . Sybel did not live to write an account of the war with France , dying at Marburg on 1 August 1895 . His other writings include Die deutsche Nation und das Kaiserreich ( 1862 ) and a large number of historical articles . Sybel left two sons , one of whom became an officer in the Prussian army ; the other , Ludwig von Sybel ( b . 1846 ) , a professor of archaeology in the university of Marburg , was the author of several works dealing with Greek archaeology . Some of Sybels numerous historical and political essays have been collected in Kleine historische Schriften ( 3 vols , 1863 , 1869 , 1881 ; new ed. , 1897 ) ; Vorträge und Aufsätze ( Berlin , 1874 ) ; and Vorträge und Abhandlungen , published after his death with a biographical introduction by Conrad Varrentrapp ( Munich , 1897 ) . References . - Gooch , G.P . History and historians in the nineteenth century ( 1913 ) . online - Biography at Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie External links . - History and Literature of the Crusades , trans . Lady Duff Gordon ( at Google Books ) - Geschichte des ersten Kreuzzugs ( at Google Books )
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Heinrich Karl Ludolf von Sybel ( 2 December 1817 – 1 August 1895 ) , German historian , came from a Protestant family which had long been established at Soest , in Westphalia .",
"title": "Heinrich von Sybel"
},
{
"text": " He was born in Düsseldorf , where his father held important posts in the public service under both the French and the Prussians ; in 1831 he was raised to the hereditary nobility . His home was one of the centres of the vigorous literary and artistic life for which Düsseldorf was renowned at that time . Sybel was educated at the local Gymnasium , and then at the University of Berlin , where he came under the influences of Friedrich Karl von Savigny and Leopold von Ranke , whose most distinguished pupil he was to become .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "After taking his degree , he settled down in 1841 as a Privatdozent in history at the university of Bonn . He had already made himself known by critical studies on the history of the Middle Ages , of which the most important was his Geschichte des ersten Kreuzzuges ( History of the First Crusade ) ( Düsseldorf , 1841 ; new ed. , Leipzig , 1881 ) , a work which , besides its merit as a valuable piece of historical investigation employing the critical methods he had learnt from Ranke , was also of some significance as a",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "protest against the vaguely enthusiastic attitude encouraged by the Romantic school towards the Middle Ages . In 1861 Lady Duff-Gordon published an English translation of a part of this book , to which were added lectures on the crusades delivered in Munich in 1858 , under the title History and Literature of the Crusades . This was followed by a study of the growth of German kingship ( Die Entstehung des deutschen Königtums , Frankfurt , 1844 , and again 1881 ) , after which he was appointed professor .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "In the same year ( 1844 ) Sybel became prominent as an opponent of the Ultramontane party . The exhibition of the Holy Shroud at Trier had attracted enormous numbers of pilgrims , and so , indignant at what appeared to him a fake , he assisted in publishing an investigation into the authenticity of the celebrated relic . From this time he began to take an active part in contemporary politics and in controversy as a strong but moderate Liberal . In 1846 he was appointed professor at Marburg , and though this small university offered little scope for",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "his activities as a teacher , a seat in the Hessian Landtag gave him his first experience of politics . In 1848 he was present at Frankfurt , but he did not succeed in winning a seat for the National Assembly . His opposition to the extreme democratic and revolutionary party made him unpopular with the mob who broke his windows , and his liberalism made him suspect at court . He sat in the Erfurt parliament of 1850 , and was attached to the Gotha party , which hoped for the regeneration of Germany through the leadership of Prussia",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": " During the period 1859–1866 , Sybel was engaged in a literary controversy with the historian , Julius von Ficker , on the significance of the German Empire .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "During the years that followed he was occupied with his major chronicle of the French Revolution , Geschichte der Revolutionszeit 1789–1800 , for which he had made prolonged studies in the archives of Paris and other countries . The later editions of the earlier volumes were enlarged and altered , and a new edition was published at Stuttgart in 1882 . The first three volumes were translated into English by Walter Copland Perry ( 1867–1869 ) . In this work he showed for the first time the connection between the internal and external history of France . By systematically studying",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "the records , he was also the first to check and correct the traditional account of many episodes of Frances internal history . He demonstrated that letters attributed to Marie Antoinette were not genuine . He undermined the influential revolutionary legends , expounded by French writers . Sybel was interested in Edmund Burke , on whom he had published two essays . The work was in fact the first attempt to substitute for the popular view of Thiers and Lamartine , a line which was later taken up by Taine and Albert Sorel .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "In 1856 , on the recommendation of Ranke , Sybel accepted the post of professor at Munich , where King Maximilian II of Bavaria , a generous patron of learning , hoped to establish a school of history . Here he found a fruitful field for his activity . Besides continuing his work on the Revolution and on the Middle Ages , he occupied himself fully with the Historical Seminar which he instituted ; with the Historische Zeitschrift which he founded - the original model of the numerous historical periodicals which now exist – and as secretary of the new",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "Historical Commission . Political differences soon interfered with his work ; as a supporter of Prussia and a Protestant , especially as a militant champion against the Ultramontanes , he was from the first an object of suspicion to the Clerical party . In the political excitement which followed the war of 1859 he found that he could not hope for the unreserved support of the king , and therefore in 1861 he accepted a professorship at Bonn , which he held till 1875 .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "He was elected a member of the Prussian Lower House , and during the next three years was one of the most active members of that assembly . In several important debates he led the attack on the government , and opposed the policy of Bismarck , not only on finances but also on Polish and Danish affairs , in particular the impending crisis with Denmark over Schleswig and Holstein . In 1864 he did not stand for re-election , owing to an eye infection , but in 1866 he was one of the first to point out the way",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "to a reconciliation between Bismarck and his former opponents . He had a seat in the Constituent Assembly of 1867 , and while he joined the National Liberals he distinguished himself by opposing the introduction of universal suffrage , sharing the distrust of many Liberals over its effects . In 1874 he returned to the Prussian parliament in order to support the government in its conflict with the Clericals , and after 1878 with the Socialists . He explained and justified his position in two pamphlets that analysed the teaching of the Socialists and traced Clerical policy during the 19th",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "century . In 1880 he retired , like so many other Liberals , disheartened by the change in political life which he blamed on universal suffrage .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "In 1875 , Bismarck appointed him to the post of director of the Prussian archives . Under his superintendence was begun the great series of publications , besides that of the correspondence of Frederick the Great , which he helped to edit . His last years were occupied with his great work , Die Begründung des deutschen Reiches durch Wilhelm I ( The Founding of the German Empire under William I ) ( Munich , 1889–1894 ) , a work of great importance on German unification , for which he was allowed to use the Prussian state papers and was",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "therefore able to write a history of the greatest events of his own time with full access to highly secret sources of information . As a history of Prussian policy from 1860 to 1866 it is of incomparable value . After the fall of Bismarck permission to use the secret papers was withdrawn , and therefore vols . vi . and vii. , which deal with the years 1866 to 1870 , are of less importance . This work has been translated into English as The Founding of the German Empire , by M L Perrin and G Bradford (",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "New York , 1890–1891 ) . Sybel did not live to write an account of the war with France , dying at Marburg on 1 August 1895 . His other writings include Die deutsche Nation und das Kaiserreich ( 1862 ) and a large number of historical articles .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": " Sybel left two sons , one of whom became an officer in the Prussian army ; the other , Ludwig von Sybel ( b . 1846 ) , a professor of archaeology in the university of Marburg , was the author of several works dealing with Greek archaeology .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "Some of Sybels numerous historical and political essays have been collected in Kleine historische Schriften ( 3 vols , 1863 , 1869 , 1881 ; new ed. , 1897 ) ; Vorträge und Aufsätze ( Berlin , 1874 ) ; and Vorträge und Abhandlungen , published after his death with a biographical introduction by Conrad Varrentrapp ( Munich , 1897 ) .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": " - Gooch , G.P . History and historians in the nineteenth century ( 1913 ) . online - Biography at Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie",
"title": "References"
},
{
"text": " - History and Literature of the Crusades , trans . Lady Duff Gordon ( at Google Books ) - Geschichte des ersten Kreuzzugs ( at Google Books )",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Damien_Johnson#P54#0
|
Which team did Damien Johnson play for in Jan 1997?
|
Damien Johnson Damien Michael Johnson ( born 18 November 1978 ) is a Northern Irish former footballer who is professional development phase lead coach at Blackburn Rovers . He began his career with Portadown in his native Northern Ireland from whom he signed as a trainee for Blackburn Rovers and spent seven years with the club , as well as spending time on loan with Nottingham Forest . He moved to Birmingham City in 2002 , where he spent the next eight seasons and became the clubs captain . Johnson was transferred to Plymouth Argyle in 2010 , spent the 2010–11 and 2011–12 season on loan to Huddersfield Town , and finished his playing career with Fleetwood Town in 2012–13 . He played for his country at schoolboy and youth levels before representing the Northern Ireland senior team over an eleven-year period , earning 56 caps . Club career . Blackburn Rovers . His first English team was Blackburn Rovers , for whom Johnson signed as a trainee , from Portadown F.C . in 1997 , making his debut in the League Cup on 30 September 1997 , a 1–0 defeat to Preston North End , in which he picked up a yellow card . Loaned to Nottingham Forest on 28 January 1998 , Johnson played in five games , and , despite accruing a yellow card in his last February appearance , performed well for the team . Blackburn won the 2002 League Cup Final a few days before Johnson left the club . Despite not being part of the squad for the final Johnson had contributed to a few games earlier in the cup run , including scoring a goal against Manchester City . Birmingham City . Having dropped down the pecking order at Blackburn and out of contract at the end of the season , Johnson signed for Championship club Birmingham City on 8 March 2002 . The fee was officially undisclosed , but later reported on Birminghams website as £50,000 . In September 2004 , he signed a new three-year contract . He was voted Birminghams Player of the Year for 2005–06 . Johnson was named the Birmingham City captain for the 2006–07 season but in one of his first games as captain , he angered fans when he first threw his captains armband and then his shirt on the floor when he was substituted late on . On 28 October , his jaw was broken in two places after he was elbowed in the face by West Bromwich Albion defender Paul Robinson . Despite the injury , he played on for the remaining 10 minutes of the match . He signed a new three-and-a-half-year contract in December , to run until the end of the 2009–10 season . At the opening of the 2007–08 season Johnson injured a hamstring in a pre-season friendly . Further injuries followed , and he did not make his first league appearance of the season until 15 December , replacing the suspended Mehdi Nafti . In all Johnson made 216 appearances for Birmingham City , with 150 of those in the Premier League . Plymouth Argyle . Johnson joined Championship club Plymouth Argyle on a free transfer on 1 February 2010 , signing a two-and-a-half-year contract . Birmingham manager Alex McLeish described him as always a terrier of a player [ who ] gave us fantastic commitment .. . and played a significant part in us returning to the Premier League , and wished him all the best . He scored his first goal for Argyle in his fourth appearance , on 16 February against Swansea City , and finished the season with two goals from 20 league matches . Huddersfield Town . 2010–11 season . On 5 August 2010 , he joined Huddersfield Town on a season-long loan deal with a view to a permanent move . He made his Terriers debut two days later as a late substitute in the 3–0 win over Notts County at Meadow Lane . In December 2010 , he suffered a cruciate ligament injury against Brighton which ruled him out for the remainder of the season . Johnson remained at the club until the end of the season to complete his rehabilitation and was nominated for the Player of the Year award . In all , he made 23 appearances . 2011–12 season . The club confirmed on 18 July 2011 that he was set to sign on another season-long loan deal , which was confirmed the next day . His second debut for the Terriers came in the 3–0 win against Sheffield United at Brammall Lane on 13 September 2011 . Fleetwood Town . On 7 June 2012 , Johnson joined newly promoted Football League Two club Fleetwood Town . Just over a year later , on 9 October 2013 , Johnson left the club by mutual consent . International career . Johnson earned his first Northern Ireland call up on 29 May 1999 , when he came on as a substitute in the 1–0 away win against the Republic of Ireland . Further appearances as substitute followed against Finland , Luxembourg , Malta , and Hungary , before he made his first full appearance versus Yugoslavia at Windsor Park , Belfast , in August 2000 . After a period when his international appearances were restricted by serious injury , Johnson made his 49th appearance for NI in the 3–0 World Cup Qualifying victory in San Marino on 11 February 2009 , when he was the BBCs Man of the Match . On 29 July 2010 , Johnson announced his retirement from international football after making 56 appearances for the team . Coaching career . Following his retirement from football , Johnson went into coaching , completing his coaching qualifications and gaining experience assisting at various clubs including Everton . Blackburn Rovers . In April 2015 , Johnson returned to Blackburn Rovers , the club at which he began his English career , as U14 academy coach . After three months he was appointed U21 lead coach , a post which was redesignated professional development phase lead coach when the development squad began to compete at under-23 level . Honours . Blackburn Rovers - Football League Cup : 2001–02 Huddersfield Town - Football League One play-offs winner : 2011–12
|
[
"Blackburn Rovers"
] |
[
{
"text": " Damien Michael Johnson ( born 18 November 1978 ) is a Northern Irish former footballer who is professional development phase lead coach at Blackburn Rovers .",
"title": "Damien Johnson"
},
{
"text": "He began his career with Portadown in his native Northern Ireland from whom he signed as a trainee for Blackburn Rovers and spent seven years with the club , as well as spending time on loan with Nottingham Forest . He moved to Birmingham City in 2002 , where he spent the next eight seasons and became the clubs captain . Johnson was transferred to Plymouth Argyle in 2010 , spent the 2010–11 and 2011–12 season on loan to Huddersfield Town , and finished his playing career with Fleetwood Town in 2012–13 .",
"title": "Damien Johnson"
},
{
"text": " He played for his country at schoolboy and youth levels before representing the Northern Ireland senior team over an eleven-year period , earning 56 caps .",
"title": "Damien Johnson"
},
{
"text": " His first English team was Blackburn Rovers , for whom Johnson signed as a trainee , from Portadown F.C . in 1997 , making his debut in the League Cup on 30 September 1997 , a 1–0 defeat to Preston North End , in which he picked up a yellow card . Loaned to Nottingham Forest on 28 January 1998 , Johnson played in five games , and , despite accruing a yellow card in his last February appearance , performed well for the team .",
"title": "Blackburn Rovers"
},
{
"text": "Blackburn won the 2002 League Cup Final a few days before Johnson left the club . Despite not being part of the squad for the final Johnson had contributed to a few games earlier in the cup run , including scoring a goal against Manchester City .",
"title": "Blackburn Rovers"
},
{
"text": " Having dropped down the pecking order at Blackburn and out of contract at the end of the season , Johnson signed for Championship club Birmingham City on 8 March 2002 . The fee was officially undisclosed , but later reported on Birminghams website as £50,000 . In September 2004 , he signed a new three-year contract . He was voted Birminghams Player of the Year for 2005–06 .",
"title": "Birmingham City"
},
{
"text": "Johnson was named the Birmingham City captain for the 2006–07 season but in one of his first games as captain , he angered fans when he first threw his captains armband and then his shirt on the floor when he was substituted late on . On 28 October , his jaw was broken in two places after he was elbowed in the face by West Bromwich Albion defender Paul Robinson . Despite the injury , he played on for the remaining 10 minutes of the match . He signed a new three-and-a-half-year contract in December , to run until the",
"title": "Birmingham City"
},
{
"text": "end of the 2009–10 season .",
"title": "Birmingham City"
},
{
"text": " At the opening of the 2007–08 season Johnson injured a hamstring in a pre-season friendly . Further injuries followed , and he did not make his first league appearance of the season until 15 December , replacing the suspended Mehdi Nafti . In all Johnson made 216 appearances for Birmingham City , with 150 of those in the Premier League .",
"title": "Birmingham City"
},
{
"text": " Johnson joined Championship club Plymouth Argyle on a free transfer on 1 February 2010 , signing a two-and-a-half-year contract . Birmingham manager Alex McLeish described him as always a terrier of a player [ who ] gave us fantastic commitment .. . and played a significant part in us returning to the Premier League , and wished him all the best . He scored his first goal for Argyle in his fourth appearance , on 16 February against Swansea City , and finished the season with two goals from 20 league matches .",
"title": "Plymouth Argyle"
},
{
"text": "On 5 August 2010 , he joined Huddersfield Town on a season-long loan deal with a view to a permanent move . He made his Terriers debut two days later as a late substitute in the 3–0 win over Notts County at Meadow Lane . In December 2010 , he suffered a cruciate ligament injury against Brighton which ruled him out for the remainder of the season . Johnson remained at the club until the end of the season to complete his rehabilitation and was nominated for the Player of the Year award . In all , he made 23",
"title": "Huddersfield Town"
},
{
"text": "appearances .",
"title": "Huddersfield Town"
},
{
"text": " 2011–12 season . The club confirmed on 18 July 2011 that he was set to sign on another season-long loan deal , which was confirmed the next day . His second debut for the Terriers came in the 3–0 win against Sheffield United at Brammall Lane on 13 September 2011 .",
"title": "Huddersfield Town"
},
{
"text": " On 7 June 2012 , Johnson joined newly promoted Football League Two club Fleetwood Town . Just over a year later , on 9 October 2013 , Johnson left the club by mutual consent .",
"title": "Fleetwood Town"
},
{
"text": " Johnson earned his first Northern Ireland call up on 29 May 1999 , when he came on as a substitute in the 1–0 away win against the Republic of Ireland . Further appearances as substitute followed against Finland , Luxembourg , Malta , and Hungary , before he made his first full appearance versus Yugoslavia at Windsor Park , Belfast , in August 2000 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "After a period when his international appearances were restricted by serious injury , Johnson made his 49th appearance for NI in the 3–0 World Cup Qualifying victory in San Marino on 11 February 2009 , when he was the BBCs Man of the Match .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " On 29 July 2010 , Johnson announced his retirement from international football after making 56 appearances for the team .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Following his retirement from football , Johnson went into coaching , completing his coaching qualifications and gaining experience assisting at various clubs including Everton .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": " In April 2015 , Johnson returned to Blackburn Rovers , the club at which he began his English career , as U14 academy coach . After three months he was appointed U21 lead coach , a post which was redesignated professional development phase lead coach when the development squad began to compete at under-23 level .",
"title": "Blackburn Rovers"
},
{
"text": " - Football League One play-offs winner : 2011–12",
"title": "Huddersfield Town"
}
] |
/wiki/Damien_Johnson#P54#1
|
Which team did Damien Johnson play for between Feb 1998 and Oct 1998?
|
Damien Johnson Damien Michael Johnson ( born 18 November 1978 ) is a Northern Irish former footballer who is professional development phase lead coach at Blackburn Rovers . He began his career with Portadown in his native Northern Ireland from whom he signed as a trainee for Blackburn Rovers and spent seven years with the club , as well as spending time on loan with Nottingham Forest . He moved to Birmingham City in 2002 , where he spent the next eight seasons and became the clubs captain . Johnson was transferred to Plymouth Argyle in 2010 , spent the 2010–11 and 2011–12 season on loan to Huddersfield Town , and finished his playing career with Fleetwood Town in 2012–13 . He played for his country at schoolboy and youth levels before representing the Northern Ireland senior team over an eleven-year period , earning 56 caps . Club career . Blackburn Rovers . His first English team was Blackburn Rovers , for whom Johnson signed as a trainee , from Portadown F.C . in 1997 , making his debut in the League Cup on 30 September 1997 , a 1–0 defeat to Preston North End , in which he picked up a yellow card . Loaned to Nottingham Forest on 28 January 1998 , Johnson played in five games , and , despite accruing a yellow card in his last February appearance , performed well for the team . Blackburn won the 2002 League Cup Final a few days before Johnson left the club . Despite not being part of the squad for the final Johnson had contributed to a few games earlier in the cup run , including scoring a goal against Manchester City . Birmingham City . Having dropped down the pecking order at Blackburn and out of contract at the end of the season , Johnson signed for Championship club Birmingham City on 8 March 2002 . The fee was officially undisclosed , but later reported on Birminghams website as £50,000 . In September 2004 , he signed a new three-year contract . He was voted Birminghams Player of the Year for 2005–06 . Johnson was named the Birmingham City captain for the 2006–07 season but in one of his first games as captain , he angered fans when he first threw his captains armband and then his shirt on the floor when he was substituted late on . On 28 October , his jaw was broken in two places after he was elbowed in the face by West Bromwich Albion defender Paul Robinson . Despite the injury , he played on for the remaining 10 minutes of the match . He signed a new three-and-a-half-year contract in December , to run until the end of the 2009–10 season . At the opening of the 2007–08 season Johnson injured a hamstring in a pre-season friendly . Further injuries followed , and he did not make his first league appearance of the season until 15 December , replacing the suspended Mehdi Nafti . In all Johnson made 216 appearances for Birmingham City , with 150 of those in the Premier League . Plymouth Argyle . Johnson joined Championship club Plymouth Argyle on a free transfer on 1 February 2010 , signing a two-and-a-half-year contract . Birmingham manager Alex McLeish described him as always a terrier of a player [ who ] gave us fantastic commitment .. . and played a significant part in us returning to the Premier League , and wished him all the best . He scored his first goal for Argyle in his fourth appearance , on 16 February against Swansea City , and finished the season with two goals from 20 league matches . Huddersfield Town . 2010–11 season . On 5 August 2010 , he joined Huddersfield Town on a season-long loan deal with a view to a permanent move . He made his Terriers debut two days later as a late substitute in the 3–0 win over Notts County at Meadow Lane . In December 2010 , he suffered a cruciate ligament injury against Brighton which ruled him out for the remainder of the season . Johnson remained at the club until the end of the season to complete his rehabilitation and was nominated for the Player of the Year award . In all , he made 23 appearances . 2011–12 season . The club confirmed on 18 July 2011 that he was set to sign on another season-long loan deal , which was confirmed the next day . His second debut for the Terriers came in the 3–0 win against Sheffield United at Brammall Lane on 13 September 2011 . Fleetwood Town . On 7 June 2012 , Johnson joined newly promoted Football League Two club Fleetwood Town . Just over a year later , on 9 October 2013 , Johnson left the club by mutual consent . International career . Johnson earned his first Northern Ireland call up on 29 May 1999 , when he came on as a substitute in the 1–0 away win against the Republic of Ireland . Further appearances as substitute followed against Finland , Luxembourg , Malta , and Hungary , before he made his first full appearance versus Yugoslavia at Windsor Park , Belfast , in August 2000 . After a period when his international appearances were restricted by serious injury , Johnson made his 49th appearance for NI in the 3–0 World Cup Qualifying victory in San Marino on 11 February 2009 , when he was the BBCs Man of the Match . On 29 July 2010 , Johnson announced his retirement from international football after making 56 appearances for the team . Coaching career . Following his retirement from football , Johnson went into coaching , completing his coaching qualifications and gaining experience assisting at various clubs including Everton . Blackburn Rovers . In April 2015 , Johnson returned to Blackburn Rovers , the club at which he began his English career , as U14 academy coach . After three months he was appointed U21 lead coach , a post which was redesignated professional development phase lead coach when the development squad began to compete at under-23 level . Honours . Blackburn Rovers - Football League Cup : 2001–02 Huddersfield Town - Football League One play-offs winner : 2011–12
|
[
"Nottingham Forest"
] |
[
{
"text": " Damien Michael Johnson ( born 18 November 1978 ) is a Northern Irish former footballer who is professional development phase lead coach at Blackburn Rovers .",
"title": "Damien Johnson"
},
{
"text": "He began his career with Portadown in his native Northern Ireland from whom he signed as a trainee for Blackburn Rovers and spent seven years with the club , as well as spending time on loan with Nottingham Forest . He moved to Birmingham City in 2002 , where he spent the next eight seasons and became the clubs captain . Johnson was transferred to Plymouth Argyle in 2010 , spent the 2010–11 and 2011–12 season on loan to Huddersfield Town , and finished his playing career with Fleetwood Town in 2012–13 .",
"title": "Damien Johnson"
},
{
"text": " He played for his country at schoolboy and youth levels before representing the Northern Ireland senior team over an eleven-year period , earning 56 caps .",
"title": "Damien Johnson"
},
{
"text": " His first English team was Blackburn Rovers , for whom Johnson signed as a trainee , from Portadown F.C . in 1997 , making his debut in the League Cup on 30 September 1997 , a 1–0 defeat to Preston North End , in which he picked up a yellow card . Loaned to Nottingham Forest on 28 January 1998 , Johnson played in five games , and , despite accruing a yellow card in his last February appearance , performed well for the team .",
"title": "Blackburn Rovers"
},
{
"text": "Blackburn won the 2002 League Cup Final a few days before Johnson left the club . Despite not being part of the squad for the final Johnson had contributed to a few games earlier in the cup run , including scoring a goal against Manchester City .",
"title": "Blackburn Rovers"
},
{
"text": " Having dropped down the pecking order at Blackburn and out of contract at the end of the season , Johnson signed for Championship club Birmingham City on 8 March 2002 . The fee was officially undisclosed , but later reported on Birminghams website as £50,000 . In September 2004 , he signed a new three-year contract . He was voted Birminghams Player of the Year for 2005–06 .",
"title": "Birmingham City"
},
{
"text": "Johnson was named the Birmingham City captain for the 2006–07 season but in one of his first games as captain , he angered fans when he first threw his captains armband and then his shirt on the floor when he was substituted late on . On 28 October , his jaw was broken in two places after he was elbowed in the face by West Bromwich Albion defender Paul Robinson . Despite the injury , he played on for the remaining 10 minutes of the match . He signed a new three-and-a-half-year contract in December , to run until the",
"title": "Birmingham City"
},
{
"text": "end of the 2009–10 season .",
"title": "Birmingham City"
},
{
"text": " At the opening of the 2007–08 season Johnson injured a hamstring in a pre-season friendly . Further injuries followed , and he did not make his first league appearance of the season until 15 December , replacing the suspended Mehdi Nafti . In all Johnson made 216 appearances for Birmingham City , with 150 of those in the Premier League .",
"title": "Birmingham City"
},
{
"text": " Johnson joined Championship club Plymouth Argyle on a free transfer on 1 February 2010 , signing a two-and-a-half-year contract . Birmingham manager Alex McLeish described him as always a terrier of a player [ who ] gave us fantastic commitment .. . and played a significant part in us returning to the Premier League , and wished him all the best . He scored his first goal for Argyle in his fourth appearance , on 16 February against Swansea City , and finished the season with two goals from 20 league matches .",
"title": "Plymouth Argyle"
},
{
"text": "On 5 August 2010 , he joined Huddersfield Town on a season-long loan deal with a view to a permanent move . He made his Terriers debut two days later as a late substitute in the 3–0 win over Notts County at Meadow Lane . In December 2010 , he suffered a cruciate ligament injury against Brighton which ruled him out for the remainder of the season . Johnson remained at the club until the end of the season to complete his rehabilitation and was nominated for the Player of the Year award . In all , he made 23",
"title": "Huddersfield Town"
},
{
"text": "appearances .",
"title": "Huddersfield Town"
},
{
"text": " 2011–12 season . The club confirmed on 18 July 2011 that he was set to sign on another season-long loan deal , which was confirmed the next day . His second debut for the Terriers came in the 3–0 win against Sheffield United at Brammall Lane on 13 September 2011 .",
"title": "Huddersfield Town"
},
{
"text": " On 7 June 2012 , Johnson joined newly promoted Football League Two club Fleetwood Town . Just over a year later , on 9 October 2013 , Johnson left the club by mutual consent .",
"title": "Fleetwood Town"
},
{
"text": " Johnson earned his first Northern Ireland call up on 29 May 1999 , when he came on as a substitute in the 1–0 away win against the Republic of Ireland . Further appearances as substitute followed against Finland , Luxembourg , Malta , and Hungary , before he made his first full appearance versus Yugoslavia at Windsor Park , Belfast , in August 2000 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "After a period when his international appearances were restricted by serious injury , Johnson made his 49th appearance for NI in the 3–0 World Cup Qualifying victory in San Marino on 11 February 2009 , when he was the BBCs Man of the Match .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " On 29 July 2010 , Johnson announced his retirement from international football after making 56 appearances for the team .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Following his retirement from football , Johnson went into coaching , completing his coaching qualifications and gaining experience assisting at various clubs including Everton .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": " In April 2015 , Johnson returned to Blackburn Rovers , the club at which he began his English career , as U14 academy coach . After three months he was appointed U21 lead coach , a post which was redesignated professional development phase lead coach when the development squad began to compete at under-23 level .",
"title": "Blackburn Rovers"
},
{
"text": " - Football League One play-offs winner : 2011–12",
"title": "Huddersfield Town"
}
] |
/wiki/Damien_Johnson#P54#2
|
Which team did Damien Johnson play for in May 2000?
|
Damien Johnson Damien Michael Johnson ( born 18 November 1978 ) is a Northern Irish former footballer who is professional development phase lead coach at Blackburn Rovers . He began his career with Portadown in his native Northern Ireland from whom he signed as a trainee for Blackburn Rovers and spent seven years with the club , as well as spending time on loan with Nottingham Forest . He moved to Birmingham City in 2002 , where he spent the next eight seasons and became the clubs captain . Johnson was transferred to Plymouth Argyle in 2010 , spent the 2010–11 and 2011–12 season on loan to Huddersfield Town , and finished his playing career with Fleetwood Town in 2012–13 . He played for his country at schoolboy and youth levels before representing the Northern Ireland senior team over an eleven-year period , earning 56 caps . Club career . Blackburn Rovers . His first English team was Blackburn Rovers , for whom Johnson signed as a trainee , from Portadown F.C . in 1997 , making his debut in the League Cup on 30 September 1997 , a 1–0 defeat to Preston North End , in which he picked up a yellow card . Loaned to Nottingham Forest on 28 January 1998 , Johnson played in five games , and , despite accruing a yellow card in his last February appearance , performed well for the team . Blackburn won the 2002 League Cup Final a few days before Johnson left the club . Despite not being part of the squad for the final Johnson had contributed to a few games earlier in the cup run , including scoring a goal against Manchester City . Birmingham City . Having dropped down the pecking order at Blackburn and out of contract at the end of the season , Johnson signed for Championship club Birmingham City on 8 March 2002 . The fee was officially undisclosed , but later reported on Birminghams website as £50,000 . In September 2004 , he signed a new three-year contract . He was voted Birminghams Player of the Year for 2005–06 . Johnson was named the Birmingham City captain for the 2006–07 season but in one of his first games as captain , he angered fans when he first threw his captains armband and then his shirt on the floor when he was substituted late on . On 28 October , his jaw was broken in two places after he was elbowed in the face by West Bromwich Albion defender Paul Robinson . Despite the injury , he played on for the remaining 10 minutes of the match . He signed a new three-and-a-half-year contract in December , to run until the end of the 2009–10 season . At the opening of the 2007–08 season Johnson injured a hamstring in a pre-season friendly . Further injuries followed , and he did not make his first league appearance of the season until 15 December , replacing the suspended Mehdi Nafti . In all Johnson made 216 appearances for Birmingham City , with 150 of those in the Premier League . Plymouth Argyle . Johnson joined Championship club Plymouth Argyle on a free transfer on 1 February 2010 , signing a two-and-a-half-year contract . Birmingham manager Alex McLeish described him as always a terrier of a player [ who ] gave us fantastic commitment .. . and played a significant part in us returning to the Premier League , and wished him all the best . He scored his first goal for Argyle in his fourth appearance , on 16 February against Swansea City , and finished the season with two goals from 20 league matches . Huddersfield Town . 2010–11 season . On 5 August 2010 , he joined Huddersfield Town on a season-long loan deal with a view to a permanent move . He made his Terriers debut two days later as a late substitute in the 3–0 win over Notts County at Meadow Lane . In December 2010 , he suffered a cruciate ligament injury against Brighton which ruled him out for the remainder of the season . Johnson remained at the club until the end of the season to complete his rehabilitation and was nominated for the Player of the Year award . In all , he made 23 appearances . 2011–12 season . The club confirmed on 18 July 2011 that he was set to sign on another season-long loan deal , which was confirmed the next day . His second debut for the Terriers came in the 3–0 win against Sheffield United at Brammall Lane on 13 September 2011 . Fleetwood Town . On 7 June 2012 , Johnson joined newly promoted Football League Two club Fleetwood Town . Just over a year later , on 9 October 2013 , Johnson left the club by mutual consent . International career . Johnson earned his first Northern Ireland call up on 29 May 1999 , when he came on as a substitute in the 1–0 away win against the Republic of Ireland . Further appearances as substitute followed against Finland , Luxembourg , Malta , and Hungary , before he made his first full appearance versus Yugoslavia at Windsor Park , Belfast , in August 2000 . After a period when his international appearances were restricted by serious injury , Johnson made his 49th appearance for NI in the 3–0 World Cup Qualifying victory in San Marino on 11 February 2009 , when he was the BBCs Man of the Match . On 29 July 2010 , Johnson announced his retirement from international football after making 56 appearances for the team . Coaching career . Following his retirement from football , Johnson went into coaching , completing his coaching qualifications and gaining experience assisting at various clubs including Everton . Blackburn Rovers . In April 2015 , Johnson returned to Blackburn Rovers , the club at which he began his English career , as U14 academy coach . After three months he was appointed U21 lead coach , a post which was redesignated professional development phase lead coach when the development squad began to compete at under-23 level . Honours . Blackburn Rovers - Football League Cup : 2001–02 Huddersfield Town - Football League One play-offs winner : 2011–12
|
[
"Nottingham Forest",
"Birmingham City"
] |
[
{
"text": " Damien Michael Johnson ( born 18 November 1978 ) is a Northern Irish former footballer who is professional development phase lead coach at Blackburn Rovers .",
"title": "Damien Johnson"
},
{
"text": "He began his career with Portadown in his native Northern Ireland from whom he signed as a trainee for Blackburn Rovers and spent seven years with the club , as well as spending time on loan with Nottingham Forest . He moved to Birmingham City in 2002 , where he spent the next eight seasons and became the clubs captain . Johnson was transferred to Plymouth Argyle in 2010 , spent the 2010–11 and 2011–12 season on loan to Huddersfield Town , and finished his playing career with Fleetwood Town in 2012–13 .",
"title": "Damien Johnson"
},
{
"text": " He played for his country at schoolboy and youth levels before representing the Northern Ireland senior team over an eleven-year period , earning 56 caps .",
"title": "Damien Johnson"
},
{
"text": " His first English team was Blackburn Rovers , for whom Johnson signed as a trainee , from Portadown F.C . in 1997 , making his debut in the League Cup on 30 September 1997 , a 1–0 defeat to Preston North End , in which he picked up a yellow card . Loaned to Nottingham Forest on 28 January 1998 , Johnson played in five games , and , despite accruing a yellow card in his last February appearance , performed well for the team .",
"title": "Blackburn Rovers"
},
{
"text": "Blackburn won the 2002 League Cup Final a few days before Johnson left the club . Despite not being part of the squad for the final Johnson had contributed to a few games earlier in the cup run , including scoring a goal against Manchester City .",
"title": "Blackburn Rovers"
},
{
"text": " Having dropped down the pecking order at Blackburn and out of contract at the end of the season , Johnson signed for Championship club Birmingham City on 8 March 2002 . The fee was officially undisclosed , but later reported on Birminghams website as £50,000 . In September 2004 , he signed a new three-year contract . He was voted Birminghams Player of the Year for 2005–06 .",
"title": "Birmingham City"
},
{
"text": "Johnson was named the Birmingham City captain for the 2006–07 season but in one of his first games as captain , he angered fans when he first threw his captains armband and then his shirt on the floor when he was substituted late on . On 28 October , his jaw was broken in two places after he was elbowed in the face by West Bromwich Albion defender Paul Robinson . Despite the injury , he played on for the remaining 10 minutes of the match . He signed a new three-and-a-half-year contract in December , to run until the",
"title": "Birmingham City"
},
{
"text": "end of the 2009–10 season .",
"title": "Birmingham City"
},
{
"text": " At the opening of the 2007–08 season Johnson injured a hamstring in a pre-season friendly . Further injuries followed , and he did not make his first league appearance of the season until 15 December , replacing the suspended Mehdi Nafti . In all Johnson made 216 appearances for Birmingham City , with 150 of those in the Premier League .",
"title": "Birmingham City"
},
{
"text": " Johnson joined Championship club Plymouth Argyle on a free transfer on 1 February 2010 , signing a two-and-a-half-year contract . Birmingham manager Alex McLeish described him as always a terrier of a player [ who ] gave us fantastic commitment .. . and played a significant part in us returning to the Premier League , and wished him all the best . He scored his first goal for Argyle in his fourth appearance , on 16 February against Swansea City , and finished the season with two goals from 20 league matches .",
"title": "Plymouth Argyle"
},
{
"text": "On 5 August 2010 , he joined Huddersfield Town on a season-long loan deal with a view to a permanent move . He made his Terriers debut two days later as a late substitute in the 3–0 win over Notts County at Meadow Lane . In December 2010 , he suffered a cruciate ligament injury against Brighton which ruled him out for the remainder of the season . Johnson remained at the club until the end of the season to complete his rehabilitation and was nominated for the Player of the Year award . In all , he made 23",
"title": "Huddersfield Town"
},
{
"text": "appearances .",
"title": "Huddersfield Town"
},
{
"text": " 2011–12 season . The club confirmed on 18 July 2011 that he was set to sign on another season-long loan deal , which was confirmed the next day . His second debut for the Terriers came in the 3–0 win against Sheffield United at Brammall Lane on 13 September 2011 .",
"title": "Huddersfield Town"
},
{
"text": " On 7 June 2012 , Johnson joined newly promoted Football League Two club Fleetwood Town . Just over a year later , on 9 October 2013 , Johnson left the club by mutual consent .",
"title": "Fleetwood Town"
},
{
"text": " Johnson earned his first Northern Ireland call up on 29 May 1999 , when he came on as a substitute in the 1–0 away win against the Republic of Ireland . Further appearances as substitute followed against Finland , Luxembourg , Malta , and Hungary , before he made his first full appearance versus Yugoslavia at Windsor Park , Belfast , in August 2000 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "After a period when his international appearances were restricted by serious injury , Johnson made his 49th appearance for NI in the 3–0 World Cup Qualifying victory in San Marino on 11 February 2009 , when he was the BBCs Man of the Match .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " On 29 July 2010 , Johnson announced his retirement from international football after making 56 appearances for the team .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Following his retirement from football , Johnson went into coaching , completing his coaching qualifications and gaining experience assisting at various clubs including Everton .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": " In April 2015 , Johnson returned to Blackburn Rovers , the club at which he began his English career , as U14 academy coach . After three months he was appointed U21 lead coach , a post which was redesignated professional development phase lead coach when the development squad began to compete at under-23 level .",
"title": "Blackburn Rovers"
},
{
"text": " - Football League One play-offs winner : 2011–12",
"title": "Huddersfield Town"
}
] |
/wiki/Damien_Johnson#P54#3
|
Which team did Damien Johnson play for between Jun 2004 and Jun 2005?
|
Damien Johnson Damien Michael Johnson ( born 18 November 1978 ) is a Northern Irish former footballer who is professional development phase lead coach at Blackburn Rovers . He began his career with Portadown in his native Northern Ireland from whom he signed as a trainee for Blackburn Rovers and spent seven years with the club , as well as spending time on loan with Nottingham Forest . He moved to Birmingham City in 2002 , where he spent the next eight seasons and became the clubs captain . Johnson was transferred to Plymouth Argyle in 2010 , spent the 2010–11 and 2011–12 season on loan to Huddersfield Town , and finished his playing career with Fleetwood Town in 2012–13 . He played for his country at schoolboy and youth levels before representing the Northern Ireland senior team over an eleven-year period , earning 56 caps . Club career . Blackburn Rovers . His first English team was Blackburn Rovers , for whom Johnson signed as a trainee , from Portadown F.C . in 1997 , making his debut in the League Cup on 30 September 1997 , a 1–0 defeat to Preston North End , in which he picked up a yellow card . Loaned to Nottingham Forest on 28 January 1998 , Johnson played in five games , and , despite accruing a yellow card in his last February appearance , performed well for the team . Blackburn won the 2002 League Cup Final a few days before Johnson left the club . Despite not being part of the squad for the final Johnson had contributed to a few games earlier in the cup run , including scoring a goal against Manchester City . Birmingham City . Having dropped down the pecking order at Blackburn and out of contract at the end of the season , Johnson signed for Championship club Birmingham City on 8 March 2002 . The fee was officially undisclosed , but later reported on Birminghams website as £50,000 . In September 2004 , he signed a new three-year contract . He was voted Birminghams Player of the Year for 2005–06 . Johnson was named the Birmingham City captain for the 2006–07 season but in one of his first games as captain , he angered fans when he first threw his captains armband and then his shirt on the floor when he was substituted late on . On 28 October , his jaw was broken in two places after he was elbowed in the face by West Bromwich Albion defender Paul Robinson . Despite the injury , he played on for the remaining 10 minutes of the match . He signed a new three-and-a-half-year contract in December , to run until the end of the 2009–10 season . At the opening of the 2007–08 season Johnson injured a hamstring in a pre-season friendly . Further injuries followed , and he did not make his first league appearance of the season until 15 December , replacing the suspended Mehdi Nafti . In all Johnson made 216 appearances for Birmingham City , with 150 of those in the Premier League . Plymouth Argyle . Johnson joined Championship club Plymouth Argyle on a free transfer on 1 February 2010 , signing a two-and-a-half-year contract . Birmingham manager Alex McLeish described him as always a terrier of a player [ who ] gave us fantastic commitment .. . and played a significant part in us returning to the Premier League , and wished him all the best . He scored his first goal for Argyle in his fourth appearance , on 16 February against Swansea City , and finished the season with two goals from 20 league matches . Huddersfield Town . 2010–11 season . On 5 August 2010 , he joined Huddersfield Town on a season-long loan deal with a view to a permanent move . He made his Terriers debut two days later as a late substitute in the 3–0 win over Notts County at Meadow Lane . In December 2010 , he suffered a cruciate ligament injury against Brighton which ruled him out for the remainder of the season . Johnson remained at the club until the end of the season to complete his rehabilitation and was nominated for the Player of the Year award . In all , he made 23 appearances . 2011–12 season . The club confirmed on 18 July 2011 that he was set to sign on another season-long loan deal , which was confirmed the next day . His second debut for the Terriers came in the 3–0 win against Sheffield United at Brammall Lane on 13 September 2011 . Fleetwood Town . On 7 June 2012 , Johnson joined newly promoted Football League Two club Fleetwood Town . Just over a year later , on 9 October 2013 , Johnson left the club by mutual consent . International career . Johnson earned his first Northern Ireland call up on 29 May 1999 , when he came on as a substitute in the 1–0 away win against the Republic of Ireland . Further appearances as substitute followed against Finland , Luxembourg , Malta , and Hungary , before he made his first full appearance versus Yugoslavia at Windsor Park , Belfast , in August 2000 . After a period when his international appearances were restricted by serious injury , Johnson made his 49th appearance for NI in the 3–0 World Cup Qualifying victory in San Marino on 11 February 2009 , when he was the BBCs Man of the Match . On 29 July 2010 , Johnson announced his retirement from international football after making 56 appearances for the team . Coaching career . Following his retirement from football , Johnson went into coaching , completing his coaching qualifications and gaining experience assisting at various clubs including Everton . Blackburn Rovers . In April 2015 , Johnson returned to Blackburn Rovers , the club at which he began his English career , as U14 academy coach . After three months he was appointed U21 lead coach , a post which was redesignated professional development phase lead coach when the development squad began to compete at under-23 level . Honours . Blackburn Rovers - Football League Cup : 2001–02 Huddersfield Town - Football League One play-offs winner : 2011–12
|
[
"Birmingham City"
] |
[
{
"text": " Damien Michael Johnson ( born 18 November 1978 ) is a Northern Irish former footballer who is professional development phase lead coach at Blackburn Rovers .",
"title": "Damien Johnson"
},
{
"text": "He began his career with Portadown in his native Northern Ireland from whom he signed as a trainee for Blackburn Rovers and spent seven years with the club , as well as spending time on loan with Nottingham Forest . He moved to Birmingham City in 2002 , where he spent the next eight seasons and became the clubs captain . Johnson was transferred to Plymouth Argyle in 2010 , spent the 2010–11 and 2011–12 season on loan to Huddersfield Town , and finished his playing career with Fleetwood Town in 2012–13 .",
"title": "Damien Johnson"
},
{
"text": " He played for his country at schoolboy and youth levels before representing the Northern Ireland senior team over an eleven-year period , earning 56 caps .",
"title": "Damien Johnson"
},
{
"text": " His first English team was Blackburn Rovers , for whom Johnson signed as a trainee , from Portadown F.C . in 1997 , making his debut in the League Cup on 30 September 1997 , a 1–0 defeat to Preston North End , in which he picked up a yellow card . Loaned to Nottingham Forest on 28 January 1998 , Johnson played in five games , and , despite accruing a yellow card in his last February appearance , performed well for the team .",
"title": "Blackburn Rovers"
},
{
"text": "Blackburn won the 2002 League Cup Final a few days before Johnson left the club . Despite not being part of the squad for the final Johnson had contributed to a few games earlier in the cup run , including scoring a goal against Manchester City .",
"title": "Blackburn Rovers"
},
{
"text": " Having dropped down the pecking order at Blackburn and out of contract at the end of the season , Johnson signed for Championship club Birmingham City on 8 March 2002 . The fee was officially undisclosed , but later reported on Birminghams website as £50,000 . In September 2004 , he signed a new three-year contract . He was voted Birminghams Player of the Year for 2005–06 .",
"title": "Birmingham City"
},
{
"text": "Johnson was named the Birmingham City captain for the 2006–07 season but in one of his first games as captain , he angered fans when he first threw his captains armband and then his shirt on the floor when he was substituted late on . On 28 October , his jaw was broken in two places after he was elbowed in the face by West Bromwich Albion defender Paul Robinson . Despite the injury , he played on for the remaining 10 minutes of the match . He signed a new three-and-a-half-year contract in December , to run until the",
"title": "Birmingham City"
},
{
"text": "end of the 2009–10 season .",
"title": "Birmingham City"
},
{
"text": " At the opening of the 2007–08 season Johnson injured a hamstring in a pre-season friendly . Further injuries followed , and he did not make his first league appearance of the season until 15 December , replacing the suspended Mehdi Nafti . In all Johnson made 216 appearances for Birmingham City , with 150 of those in the Premier League .",
"title": "Birmingham City"
},
{
"text": " Johnson joined Championship club Plymouth Argyle on a free transfer on 1 February 2010 , signing a two-and-a-half-year contract . Birmingham manager Alex McLeish described him as always a terrier of a player [ who ] gave us fantastic commitment .. . and played a significant part in us returning to the Premier League , and wished him all the best . He scored his first goal for Argyle in his fourth appearance , on 16 February against Swansea City , and finished the season with two goals from 20 league matches .",
"title": "Plymouth Argyle"
},
{
"text": "On 5 August 2010 , he joined Huddersfield Town on a season-long loan deal with a view to a permanent move . He made his Terriers debut two days later as a late substitute in the 3–0 win over Notts County at Meadow Lane . In December 2010 , he suffered a cruciate ligament injury against Brighton which ruled him out for the remainder of the season . Johnson remained at the club until the end of the season to complete his rehabilitation and was nominated for the Player of the Year award . In all , he made 23",
"title": "Huddersfield Town"
},
{
"text": "appearances .",
"title": "Huddersfield Town"
},
{
"text": " 2011–12 season . The club confirmed on 18 July 2011 that he was set to sign on another season-long loan deal , which was confirmed the next day . His second debut for the Terriers came in the 3–0 win against Sheffield United at Brammall Lane on 13 September 2011 .",
"title": "Huddersfield Town"
},
{
"text": " On 7 June 2012 , Johnson joined newly promoted Football League Two club Fleetwood Town . Just over a year later , on 9 October 2013 , Johnson left the club by mutual consent .",
"title": "Fleetwood Town"
},
{
"text": " Johnson earned his first Northern Ireland call up on 29 May 1999 , when he came on as a substitute in the 1–0 away win against the Republic of Ireland . Further appearances as substitute followed against Finland , Luxembourg , Malta , and Hungary , before he made his first full appearance versus Yugoslavia at Windsor Park , Belfast , in August 2000 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "After a period when his international appearances were restricted by serious injury , Johnson made his 49th appearance for NI in the 3–0 World Cup Qualifying victory in San Marino on 11 February 2009 , when he was the BBCs Man of the Match .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " On 29 July 2010 , Johnson announced his retirement from international football after making 56 appearances for the team .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Following his retirement from football , Johnson went into coaching , completing his coaching qualifications and gaining experience assisting at various clubs including Everton .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": " In April 2015 , Johnson returned to Blackburn Rovers , the club at which he began his English career , as U14 academy coach . After three months he was appointed U21 lead coach , a post which was redesignated professional development phase lead coach when the development squad began to compete at under-23 level .",
"title": "Blackburn Rovers"
},
{
"text": " - Football League One play-offs winner : 2011–12",
"title": "Huddersfield Town"
}
] |
/wiki/Damien_Johnson#P54#4
|
Which team did Damien Johnson play for in Dec 2010?
|
Damien Johnson Damien Michael Johnson ( born 18 November 1978 ) is a Northern Irish former footballer who is professional development phase lead coach at Blackburn Rovers . He began his career with Portadown in his native Northern Ireland from whom he signed as a trainee for Blackburn Rovers and spent seven years with the club , as well as spending time on loan with Nottingham Forest . He moved to Birmingham City in 2002 , where he spent the next eight seasons and became the clubs captain . Johnson was transferred to Plymouth Argyle in 2010 , spent the 2010–11 and 2011–12 season on loan to Huddersfield Town , and finished his playing career with Fleetwood Town in 2012–13 . He played for his country at schoolboy and youth levels before representing the Northern Ireland senior team over an eleven-year period , earning 56 caps . Club career . Blackburn Rovers . His first English team was Blackburn Rovers , for whom Johnson signed as a trainee , from Portadown F.C . in 1997 , making his debut in the League Cup on 30 September 1997 , a 1–0 defeat to Preston North End , in which he picked up a yellow card . Loaned to Nottingham Forest on 28 January 1998 , Johnson played in five games , and , despite accruing a yellow card in his last February appearance , performed well for the team . Blackburn won the 2002 League Cup Final a few days before Johnson left the club . Despite not being part of the squad for the final Johnson had contributed to a few games earlier in the cup run , including scoring a goal against Manchester City . Birmingham City . Having dropped down the pecking order at Blackburn and out of contract at the end of the season , Johnson signed for Championship club Birmingham City on 8 March 2002 . The fee was officially undisclosed , but later reported on Birminghams website as £50,000 . In September 2004 , he signed a new three-year contract . He was voted Birminghams Player of the Year for 2005–06 . Johnson was named the Birmingham City captain for the 2006–07 season but in one of his first games as captain , he angered fans when he first threw his captains armband and then his shirt on the floor when he was substituted late on . On 28 October , his jaw was broken in two places after he was elbowed in the face by West Bromwich Albion defender Paul Robinson . Despite the injury , he played on for the remaining 10 minutes of the match . He signed a new three-and-a-half-year contract in December , to run until the end of the 2009–10 season . At the opening of the 2007–08 season Johnson injured a hamstring in a pre-season friendly . Further injuries followed , and he did not make his first league appearance of the season until 15 December , replacing the suspended Mehdi Nafti . In all Johnson made 216 appearances for Birmingham City , with 150 of those in the Premier League . Plymouth Argyle . Johnson joined Championship club Plymouth Argyle on a free transfer on 1 February 2010 , signing a two-and-a-half-year contract . Birmingham manager Alex McLeish described him as always a terrier of a player [ who ] gave us fantastic commitment .. . and played a significant part in us returning to the Premier League , and wished him all the best . He scored his first goal for Argyle in his fourth appearance , on 16 February against Swansea City , and finished the season with two goals from 20 league matches . Huddersfield Town . 2010–11 season . On 5 August 2010 , he joined Huddersfield Town on a season-long loan deal with a view to a permanent move . He made his Terriers debut two days later as a late substitute in the 3–0 win over Notts County at Meadow Lane . In December 2010 , he suffered a cruciate ligament injury against Brighton which ruled him out for the remainder of the season . Johnson remained at the club until the end of the season to complete his rehabilitation and was nominated for the Player of the Year award . In all , he made 23 appearances . 2011–12 season . The club confirmed on 18 July 2011 that he was set to sign on another season-long loan deal , which was confirmed the next day . His second debut for the Terriers came in the 3–0 win against Sheffield United at Brammall Lane on 13 September 2011 . Fleetwood Town . On 7 June 2012 , Johnson joined newly promoted Football League Two club Fleetwood Town . Just over a year later , on 9 October 2013 , Johnson left the club by mutual consent . International career . Johnson earned his first Northern Ireland call up on 29 May 1999 , when he came on as a substitute in the 1–0 away win against the Republic of Ireland . Further appearances as substitute followed against Finland , Luxembourg , Malta , and Hungary , before he made his first full appearance versus Yugoslavia at Windsor Park , Belfast , in August 2000 . After a period when his international appearances were restricted by serious injury , Johnson made his 49th appearance for NI in the 3–0 World Cup Qualifying victory in San Marino on 11 February 2009 , when he was the BBCs Man of the Match . On 29 July 2010 , Johnson announced his retirement from international football after making 56 appearances for the team . Coaching career . Following his retirement from football , Johnson went into coaching , completing his coaching qualifications and gaining experience assisting at various clubs including Everton . Blackburn Rovers . In April 2015 , Johnson returned to Blackburn Rovers , the club at which he began his English career , as U14 academy coach . After three months he was appointed U21 lead coach , a post which was redesignated professional development phase lead coach when the development squad began to compete at under-23 level . Honours . Blackburn Rovers - Football League Cup : 2001–02 Huddersfield Town - Football League One play-offs winner : 2011–12
|
[
"Plymouth Argyle",
"Huddersfield Town"
] |
[
{
"text": " Damien Michael Johnson ( born 18 November 1978 ) is a Northern Irish former footballer who is professional development phase lead coach at Blackburn Rovers .",
"title": "Damien Johnson"
},
{
"text": "He began his career with Portadown in his native Northern Ireland from whom he signed as a trainee for Blackburn Rovers and spent seven years with the club , as well as spending time on loan with Nottingham Forest . He moved to Birmingham City in 2002 , where he spent the next eight seasons and became the clubs captain . Johnson was transferred to Plymouth Argyle in 2010 , spent the 2010–11 and 2011–12 season on loan to Huddersfield Town , and finished his playing career with Fleetwood Town in 2012–13 .",
"title": "Damien Johnson"
},
{
"text": " He played for his country at schoolboy and youth levels before representing the Northern Ireland senior team over an eleven-year period , earning 56 caps .",
"title": "Damien Johnson"
},
{
"text": " His first English team was Blackburn Rovers , for whom Johnson signed as a trainee , from Portadown F.C . in 1997 , making his debut in the League Cup on 30 September 1997 , a 1–0 defeat to Preston North End , in which he picked up a yellow card . Loaned to Nottingham Forest on 28 January 1998 , Johnson played in five games , and , despite accruing a yellow card in his last February appearance , performed well for the team .",
"title": "Blackburn Rovers"
},
{
"text": "Blackburn won the 2002 League Cup Final a few days before Johnson left the club . Despite not being part of the squad for the final Johnson had contributed to a few games earlier in the cup run , including scoring a goal against Manchester City .",
"title": "Blackburn Rovers"
},
{
"text": " Having dropped down the pecking order at Blackburn and out of contract at the end of the season , Johnson signed for Championship club Birmingham City on 8 March 2002 . The fee was officially undisclosed , but later reported on Birminghams website as £50,000 . In September 2004 , he signed a new three-year contract . He was voted Birminghams Player of the Year for 2005–06 .",
"title": "Birmingham City"
},
{
"text": "Johnson was named the Birmingham City captain for the 2006–07 season but in one of his first games as captain , he angered fans when he first threw his captains armband and then his shirt on the floor when he was substituted late on . On 28 October , his jaw was broken in two places after he was elbowed in the face by West Bromwich Albion defender Paul Robinson . Despite the injury , he played on for the remaining 10 minutes of the match . He signed a new three-and-a-half-year contract in December , to run until the",
"title": "Birmingham City"
},
{
"text": "end of the 2009–10 season .",
"title": "Birmingham City"
},
{
"text": " At the opening of the 2007–08 season Johnson injured a hamstring in a pre-season friendly . Further injuries followed , and he did not make his first league appearance of the season until 15 December , replacing the suspended Mehdi Nafti . In all Johnson made 216 appearances for Birmingham City , with 150 of those in the Premier League .",
"title": "Birmingham City"
},
{
"text": " Johnson joined Championship club Plymouth Argyle on a free transfer on 1 February 2010 , signing a two-and-a-half-year contract . Birmingham manager Alex McLeish described him as always a terrier of a player [ who ] gave us fantastic commitment .. . and played a significant part in us returning to the Premier League , and wished him all the best . He scored his first goal for Argyle in his fourth appearance , on 16 February against Swansea City , and finished the season with two goals from 20 league matches .",
"title": "Plymouth Argyle"
},
{
"text": "On 5 August 2010 , he joined Huddersfield Town on a season-long loan deal with a view to a permanent move . He made his Terriers debut two days later as a late substitute in the 3–0 win over Notts County at Meadow Lane . In December 2010 , he suffered a cruciate ligament injury against Brighton which ruled him out for the remainder of the season . Johnson remained at the club until the end of the season to complete his rehabilitation and was nominated for the Player of the Year award . In all , he made 23",
"title": "Huddersfield Town"
},
{
"text": "appearances .",
"title": "Huddersfield Town"
},
{
"text": " 2011–12 season . The club confirmed on 18 July 2011 that he was set to sign on another season-long loan deal , which was confirmed the next day . His second debut for the Terriers came in the 3–0 win against Sheffield United at Brammall Lane on 13 September 2011 .",
"title": "Huddersfield Town"
},
{
"text": " On 7 June 2012 , Johnson joined newly promoted Football League Two club Fleetwood Town . Just over a year later , on 9 October 2013 , Johnson left the club by mutual consent .",
"title": "Fleetwood Town"
},
{
"text": " Johnson earned his first Northern Ireland call up on 29 May 1999 , when he came on as a substitute in the 1–0 away win against the Republic of Ireland . Further appearances as substitute followed against Finland , Luxembourg , Malta , and Hungary , before he made his first full appearance versus Yugoslavia at Windsor Park , Belfast , in August 2000 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "After a period when his international appearances were restricted by serious injury , Johnson made his 49th appearance for NI in the 3–0 World Cup Qualifying victory in San Marino on 11 February 2009 , when he was the BBCs Man of the Match .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " On 29 July 2010 , Johnson announced his retirement from international football after making 56 appearances for the team .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Following his retirement from football , Johnson went into coaching , completing his coaching qualifications and gaining experience assisting at various clubs including Everton .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": " In April 2015 , Johnson returned to Blackburn Rovers , the club at which he began his English career , as U14 academy coach . After three months he was appointed U21 lead coach , a post which was redesignated professional development phase lead coach when the development squad began to compete at under-23 level .",
"title": "Blackburn Rovers"
},
{
"text": " - Football League One play-offs winner : 2011–12",
"title": "Huddersfield Town"
}
] |
/wiki/Damien_Johnson#P54#5
|
Which team did Damien Johnson play for between Jun 2011 and Jul 2011?
|
Damien Johnson Damien Michael Johnson ( born 18 November 1978 ) is a Northern Irish former footballer who is professional development phase lead coach at Blackburn Rovers . He began his career with Portadown in his native Northern Ireland from whom he signed as a trainee for Blackburn Rovers and spent seven years with the club , as well as spending time on loan with Nottingham Forest . He moved to Birmingham City in 2002 , where he spent the next eight seasons and became the clubs captain . Johnson was transferred to Plymouth Argyle in 2010 , spent the 2010–11 and 2011–12 season on loan to Huddersfield Town , and finished his playing career with Fleetwood Town in 2012–13 . He played for his country at schoolboy and youth levels before representing the Northern Ireland senior team over an eleven-year period , earning 56 caps . Club career . Blackburn Rovers . His first English team was Blackburn Rovers , for whom Johnson signed as a trainee , from Portadown F.C . in 1997 , making his debut in the League Cup on 30 September 1997 , a 1–0 defeat to Preston North End , in which he picked up a yellow card . Loaned to Nottingham Forest on 28 January 1998 , Johnson played in five games , and , despite accruing a yellow card in his last February appearance , performed well for the team . Blackburn won the 2002 League Cup Final a few days before Johnson left the club . Despite not being part of the squad for the final Johnson had contributed to a few games earlier in the cup run , including scoring a goal against Manchester City . Birmingham City . Having dropped down the pecking order at Blackburn and out of contract at the end of the season , Johnson signed for Championship club Birmingham City on 8 March 2002 . The fee was officially undisclosed , but later reported on Birminghams website as £50,000 . In September 2004 , he signed a new three-year contract . He was voted Birminghams Player of the Year for 2005–06 . Johnson was named the Birmingham City captain for the 2006–07 season but in one of his first games as captain , he angered fans when he first threw his captains armband and then his shirt on the floor when he was substituted late on . On 28 October , his jaw was broken in two places after he was elbowed in the face by West Bromwich Albion defender Paul Robinson . Despite the injury , he played on for the remaining 10 minutes of the match . He signed a new three-and-a-half-year contract in December , to run until the end of the 2009–10 season . At the opening of the 2007–08 season Johnson injured a hamstring in a pre-season friendly . Further injuries followed , and he did not make his first league appearance of the season until 15 December , replacing the suspended Mehdi Nafti . In all Johnson made 216 appearances for Birmingham City , with 150 of those in the Premier League . Plymouth Argyle . Johnson joined Championship club Plymouth Argyle on a free transfer on 1 February 2010 , signing a two-and-a-half-year contract . Birmingham manager Alex McLeish described him as always a terrier of a player [ who ] gave us fantastic commitment .. . and played a significant part in us returning to the Premier League , and wished him all the best . He scored his first goal for Argyle in his fourth appearance , on 16 February against Swansea City , and finished the season with two goals from 20 league matches . Huddersfield Town . 2010–11 season . On 5 August 2010 , he joined Huddersfield Town on a season-long loan deal with a view to a permanent move . He made his Terriers debut two days later as a late substitute in the 3–0 win over Notts County at Meadow Lane . In December 2010 , he suffered a cruciate ligament injury against Brighton which ruled him out for the remainder of the season . Johnson remained at the club until the end of the season to complete his rehabilitation and was nominated for the Player of the Year award . In all , he made 23 appearances . 2011–12 season . The club confirmed on 18 July 2011 that he was set to sign on another season-long loan deal , which was confirmed the next day . His second debut for the Terriers came in the 3–0 win against Sheffield United at Brammall Lane on 13 September 2011 . Fleetwood Town . On 7 June 2012 , Johnson joined newly promoted Football League Two club Fleetwood Town . Just over a year later , on 9 October 2013 , Johnson left the club by mutual consent . International career . Johnson earned his first Northern Ireland call up on 29 May 1999 , when he came on as a substitute in the 1–0 away win against the Republic of Ireland . Further appearances as substitute followed against Finland , Luxembourg , Malta , and Hungary , before he made his first full appearance versus Yugoslavia at Windsor Park , Belfast , in August 2000 . After a period when his international appearances were restricted by serious injury , Johnson made his 49th appearance for NI in the 3–0 World Cup Qualifying victory in San Marino on 11 February 2009 , when he was the BBCs Man of the Match . On 29 July 2010 , Johnson announced his retirement from international football after making 56 appearances for the team . Coaching career . Following his retirement from football , Johnson went into coaching , completing his coaching qualifications and gaining experience assisting at various clubs including Everton . Blackburn Rovers . In April 2015 , Johnson returned to Blackburn Rovers , the club at which he began his English career , as U14 academy coach . After three months he was appointed U21 lead coach , a post which was redesignated professional development phase lead coach when the development squad began to compete at under-23 level . Honours . Blackburn Rovers - Football League Cup : 2001–02 Huddersfield Town - Football League One play-offs winner : 2011–12
|
[
"Huddersfield Town",
"Fleetwood Town"
] |
[
{
"text": " Damien Michael Johnson ( born 18 November 1978 ) is a Northern Irish former footballer who is professional development phase lead coach at Blackburn Rovers .",
"title": "Damien Johnson"
},
{
"text": "He began his career with Portadown in his native Northern Ireland from whom he signed as a trainee for Blackburn Rovers and spent seven years with the club , as well as spending time on loan with Nottingham Forest . He moved to Birmingham City in 2002 , where he spent the next eight seasons and became the clubs captain . Johnson was transferred to Plymouth Argyle in 2010 , spent the 2010–11 and 2011–12 season on loan to Huddersfield Town , and finished his playing career with Fleetwood Town in 2012–13 .",
"title": "Damien Johnson"
},
{
"text": " He played for his country at schoolboy and youth levels before representing the Northern Ireland senior team over an eleven-year period , earning 56 caps .",
"title": "Damien Johnson"
},
{
"text": " His first English team was Blackburn Rovers , for whom Johnson signed as a trainee , from Portadown F.C . in 1997 , making his debut in the League Cup on 30 September 1997 , a 1–0 defeat to Preston North End , in which he picked up a yellow card . Loaned to Nottingham Forest on 28 January 1998 , Johnson played in five games , and , despite accruing a yellow card in his last February appearance , performed well for the team .",
"title": "Blackburn Rovers"
},
{
"text": "Blackburn won the 2002 League Cup Final a few days before Johnson left the club . Despite not being part of the squad for the final Johnson had contributed to a few games earlier in the cup run , including scoring a goal against Manchester City .",
"title": "Blackburn Rovers"
},
{
"text": " Having dropped down the pecking order at Blackburn and out of contract at the end of the season , Johnson signed for Championship club Birmingham City on 8 March 2002 . The fee was officially undisclosed , but later reported on Birminghams website as £50,000 . In September 2004 , he signed a new three-year contract . He was voted Birminghams Player of the Year for 2005–06 .",
"title": "Birmingham City"
},
{
"text": "Johnson was named the Birmingham City captain for the 2006–07 season but in one of his first games as captain , he angered fans when he first threw his captains armband and then his shirt on the floor when he was substituted late on . On 28 October , his jaw was broken in two places after he was elbowed in the face by West Bromwich Albion defender Paul Robinson . Despite the injury , he played on for the remaining 10 minutes of the match . He signed a new three-and-a-half-year contract in December , to run until the",
"title": "Birmingham City"
},
{
"text": "end of the 2009–10 season .",
"title": "Birmingham City"
},
{
"text": " At the opening of the 2007–08 season Johnson injured a hamstring in a pre-season friendly . Further injuries followed , and he did not make his first league appearance of the season until 15 December , replacing the suspended Mehdi Nafti . In all Johnson made 216 appearances for Birmingham City , with 150 of those in the Premier League .",
"title": "Birmingham City"
},
{
"text": " Johnson joined Championship club Plymouth Argyle on a free transfer on 1 February 2010 , signing a two-and-a-half-year contract . Birmingham manager Alex McLeish described him as always a terrier of a player [ who ] gave us fantastic commitment .. . and played a significant part in us returning to the Premier League , and wished him all the best . He scored his first goal for Argyle in his fourth appearance , on 16 February against Swansea City , and finished the season with two goals from 20 league matches .",
"title": "Plymouth Argyle"
},
{
"text": "On 5 August 2010 , he joined Huddersfield Town on a season-long loan deal with a view to a permanent move . He made his Terriers debut two days later as a late substitute in the 3–0 win over Notts County at Meadow Lane . In December 2010 , he suffered a cruciate ligament injury against Brighton which ruled him out for the remainder of the season . Johnson remained at the club until the end of the season to complete his rehabilitation and was nominated for the Player of the Year award . In all , he made 23",
"title": "Huddersfield Town"
},
{
"text": "appearances .",
"title": "Huddersfield Town"
},
{
"text": " 2011–12 season . The club confirmed on 18 July 2011 that he was set to sign on another season-long loan deal , which was confirmed the next day . His second debut for the Terriers came in the 3–0 win against Sheffield United at Brammall Lane on 13 September 2011 .",
"title": "Huddersfield Town"
},
{
"text": " On 7 June 2012 , Johnson joined newly promoted Football League Two club Fleetwood Town . Just over a year later , on 9 October 2013 , Johnson left the club by mutual consent .",
"title": "Fleetwood Town"
},
{
"text": " Johnson earned his first Northern Ireland call up on 29 May 1999 , when he came on as a substitute in the 1–0 away win against the Republic of Ireland . Further appearances as substitute followed against Finland , Luxembourg , Malta , and Hungary , before he made his first full appearance versus Yugoslavia at Windsor Park , Belfast , in August 2000 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "After a period when his international appearances were restricted by serious injury , Johnson made his 49th appearance for NI in the 3–0 World Cup Qualifying victory in San Marino on 11 February 2009 , when he was the BBCs Man of the Match .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " On 29 July 2010 , Johnson announced his retirement from international football after making 56 appearances for the team .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Following his retirement from football , Johnson went into coaching , completing his coaching qualifications and gaining experience assisting at various clubs including Everton .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": " In April 2015 , Johnson returned to Blackburn Rovers , the club at which he began his English career , as U14 academy coach . After three months he was appointed U21 lead coach , a post which was redesignated professional development phase lead coach when the development squad began to compete at under-23 level .",
"title": "Blackburn Rovers"
},
{
"text": " - Football League One play-offs winner : 2011–12",
"title": "Huddersfield Town"
}
] |
/wiki/Damien_Johnson#P54#6
|
Which team did Damien Johnson play for in Mar 2012?
|
Damien Johnson Damien Michael Johnson ( born 18 November 1978 ) is a Northern Irish former footballer who is professional development phase lead coach at Blackburn Rovers . He began his career with Portadown in his native Northern Ireland from whom he signed as a trainee for Blackburn Rovers and spent seven years with the club , as well as spending time on loan with Nottingham Forest . He moved to Birmingham City in 2002 , where he spent the next eight seasons and became the clubs captain . Johnson was transferred to Plymouth Argyle in 2010 , spent the 2010–11 and 2011–12 season on loan to Huddersfield Town , and finished his playing career with Fleetwood Town in 2012–13 . He played for his country at schoolboy and youth levels before representing the Northern Ireland senior team over an eleven-year period , earning 56 caps . Club career . Blackburn Rovers . His first English team was Blackburn Rovers , for whom Johnson signed as a trainee , from Portadown F.C . in 1997 , making his debut in the League Cup on 30 September 1997 , a 1–0 defeat to Preston North End , in which he picked up a yellow card . Loaned to Nottingham Forest on 28 January 1998 , Johnson played in five games , and , despite accruing a yellow card in his last February appearance , performed well for the team . Blackburn won the 2002 League Cup Final a few days before Johnson left the club . Despite not being part of the squad for the final Johnson had contributed to a few games earlier in the cup run , including scoring a goal against Manchester City . Birmingham City . Having dropped down the pecking order at Blackburn and out of contract at the end of the season , Johnson signed for Championship club Birmingham City on 8 March 2002 . The fee was officially undisclosed , but later reported on Birminghams website as £50,000 . In September 2004 , he signed a new three-year contract . He was voted Birminghams Player of the Year for 2005–06 . Johnson was named the Birmingham City captain for the 2006–07 season but in one of his first games as captain , he angered fans when he first threw his captains armband and then his shirt on the floor when he was substituted late on . On 28 October , his jaw was broken in two places after he was elbowed in the face by West Bromwich Albion defender Paul Robinson . Despite the injury , he played on for the remaining 10 minutes of the match . He signed a new three-and-a-half-year contract in December , to run until the end of the 2009–10 season . At the opening of the 2007–08 season Johnson injured a hamstring in a pre-season friendly . Further injuries followed , and he did not make his first league appearance of the season until 15 December , replacing the suspended Mehdi Nafti . In all Johnson made 216 appearances for Birmingham City , with 150 of those in the Premier League . Plymouth Argyle . Johnson joined Championship club Plymouth Argyle on a free transfer on 1 February 2010 , signing a two-and-a-half-year contract . Birmingham manager Alex McLeish described him as always a terrier of a player [ who ] gave us fantastic commitment .. . and played a significant part in us returning to the Premier League , and wished him all the best . He scored his first goal for Argyle in his fourth appearance , on 16 February against Swansea City , and finished the season with two goals from 20 league matches . Huddersfield Town . 2010–11 season . On 5 August 2010 , he joined Huddersfield Town on a season-long loan deal with a view to a permanent move . He made his Terriers debut two days later as a late substitute in the 3–0 win over Notts County at Meadow Lane . In December 2010 , he suffered a cruciate ligament injury against Brighton which ruled him out for the remainder of the season . Johnson remained at the club until the end of the season to complete his rehabilitation and was nominated for the Player of the Year award . In all , he made 23 appearances . 2011–12 season . The club confirmed on 18 July 2011 that he was set to sign on another season-long loan deal , which was confirmed the next day . His second debut for the Terriers came in the 3–0 win against Sheffield United at Brammall Lane on 13 September 2011 . Fleetwood Town . On 7 June 2012 , Johnson joined newly promoted Football League Two club Fleetwood Town . Just over a year later , on 9 October 2013 , Johnson left the club by mutual consent . International career . Johnson earned his first Northern Ireland call up on 29 May 1999 , when he came on as a substitute in the 1–0 away win against the Republic of Ireland . Further appearances as substitute followed against Finland , Luxembourg , Malta , and Hungary , before he made his first full appearance versus Yugoslavia at Windsor Park , Belfast , in August 2000 . After a period when his international appearances were restricted by serious injury , Johnson made his 49th appearance for NI in the 3–0 World Cup Qualifying victory in San Marino on 11 February 2009 , when he was the BBCs Man of the Match . On 29 July 2010 , Johnson announced his retirement from international football after making 56 appearances for the team . Coaching career . Following his retirement from football , Johnson went into coaching , completing his coaching qualifications and gaining experience assisting at various clubs including Everton . Blackburn Rovers . In April 2015 , Johnson returned to Blackburn Rovers , the club at which he began his English career , as U14 academy coach . After three months he was appointed U21 lead coach , a post which was redesignated professional development phase lead coach when the development squad began to compete at under-23 level . Honours . Blackburn Rovers - Football League Cup : 2001–02 Huddersfield Town - Football League One play-offs winner : 2011–12
|
[
"Fleetwood Town"
] |
[
{
"text": " Damien Michael Johnson ( born 18 November 1978 ) is a Northern Irish former footballer who is professional development phase lead coach at Blackburn Rovers .",
"title": "Damien Johnson"
},
{
"text": "He began his career with Portadown in his native Northern Ireland from whom he signed as a trainee for Blackburn Rovers and spent seven years with the club , as well as spending time on loan with Nottingham Forest . He moved to Birmingham City in 2002 , where he spent the next eight seasons and became the clubs captain . Johnson was transferred to Plymouth Argyle in 2010 , spent the 2010–11 and 2011–12 season on loan to Huddersfield Town , and finished his playing career with Fleetwood Town in 2012–13 .",
"title": "Damien Johnson"
},
{
"text": " He played for his country at schoolboy and youth levels before representing the Northern Ireland senior team over an eleven-year period , earning 56 caps .",
"title": "Damien Johnson"
},
{
"text": " His first English team was Blackburn Rovers , for whom Johnson signed as a trainee , from Portadown F.C . in 1997 , making his debut in the League Cup on 30 September 1997 , a 1–0 defeat to Preston North End , in which he picked up a yellow card . Loaned to Nottingham Forest on 28 January 1998 , Johnson played in five games , and , despite accruing a yellow card in his last February appearance , performed well for the team .",
"title": "Blackburn Rovers"
},
{
"text": "Blackburn won the 2002 League Cup Final a few days before Johnson left the club . Despite not being part of the squad for the final Johnson had contributed to a few games earlier in the cup run , including scoring a goal against Manchester City .",
"title": "Blackburn Rovers"
},
{
"text": " Having dropped down the pecking order at Blackburn and out of contract at the end of the season , Johnson signed for Championship club Birmingham City on 8 March 2002 . The fee was officially undisclosed , but later reported on Birminghams website as £50,000 . In September 2004 , he signed a new three-year contract . He was voted Birminghams Player of the Year for 2005–06 .",
"title": "Birmingham City"
},
{
"text": "Johnson was named the Birmingham City captain for the 2006–07 season but in one of his first games as captain , he angered fans when he first threw his captains armband and then his shirt on the floor when he was substituted late on . On 28 October , his jaw was broken in two places after he was elbowed in the face by West Bromwich Albion defender Paul Robinson . Despite the injury , he played on for the remaining 10 minutes of the match . He signed a new three-and-a-half-year contract in December , to run until the",
"title": "Birmingham City"
},
{
"text": "end of the 2009–10 season .",
"title": "Birmingham City"
},
{
"text": " At the opening of the 2007–08 season Johnson injured a hamstring in a pre-season friendly . Further injuries followed , and he did not make his first league appearance of the season until 15 December , replacing the suspended Mehdi Nafti . In all Johnson made 216 appearances for Birmingham City , with 150 of those in the Premier League .",
"title": "Birmingham City"
},
{
"text": " Johnson joined Championship club Plymouth Argyle on a free transfer on 1 February 2010 , signing a two-and-a-half-year contract . Birmingham manager Alex McLeish described him as always a terrier of a player [ who ] gave us fantastic commitment .. . and played a significant part in us returning to the Premier League , and wished him all the best . He scored his first goal for Argyle in his fourth appearance , on 16 February against Swansea City , and finished the season with two goals from 20 league matches .",
"title": "Plymouth Argyle"
},
{
"text": "On 5 August 2010 , he joined Huddersfield Town on a season-long loan deal with a view to a permanent move . He made his Terriers debut two days later as a late substitute in the 3–0 win over Notts County at Meadow Lane . In December 2010 , he suffered a cruciate ligament injury against Brighton which ruled him out for the remainder of the season . Johnson remained at the club until the end of the season to complete his rehabilitation and was nominated for the Player of the Year award . In all , he made 23",
"title": "Huddersfield Town"
},
{
"text": "appearances .",
"title": "Huddersfield Town"
},
{
"text": " 2011–12 season . The club confirmed on 18 July 2011 that he was set to sign on another season-long loan deal , which was confirmed the next day . His second debut for the Terriers came in the 3–0 win against Sheffield United at Brammall Lane on 13 September 2011 .",
"title": "Huddersfield Town"
},
{
"text": " On 7 June 2012 , Johnson joined newly promoted Football League Two club Fleetwood Town . Just over a year later , on 9 October 2013 , Johnson left the club by mutual consent .",
"title": "Fleetwood Town"
},
{
"text": " Johnson earned his first Northern Ireland call up on 29 May 1999 , when he came on as a substitute in the 1–0 away win against the Republic of Ireland . Further appearances as substitute followed against Finland , Luxembourg , Malta , and Hungary , before he made his first full appearance versus Yugoslavia at Windsor Park , Belfast , in August 2000 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "After a period when his international appearances were restricted by serious injury , Johnson made his 49th appearance for NI in the 3–0 World Cup Qualifying victory in San Marino on 11 February 2009 , when he was the BBCs Man of the Match .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " On 29 July 2010 , Johnson announced his retirement from international football after making 56 appearances for the team .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Following his retirement from football , Johnson went into coaching , completing his coaching qualifications and gaining experience assisting at various clubs including Everton .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": " In April 2015 , Johnson returned to Blackburn Rovers , the club at which he began his English career , as U14 academy coach . After three months he was appointed U21 lead coach , a post which was redesignated professional development phase lead coach when the development squad began to compete at under-23 level .",
"title": "Blackburn Rovers"
},
{
"text": " - Football League One play-offs winner : 2011–12",
"title": "Huddersfield Town"
}
] |
/wiki/Tony_Sarg#P551#0
|
Where did Tony Sarg live before Nov 1896?
|
Tony Sarg Anthony Frederick Sarg ( April 21 , 1880–March 7 , 1942 ) , known professionally as Tony Sarg , was a German American puppeteer and illustrator . He was described as Americas Puppet Master , and in his biography as the father of modern puppetry in North America . Early life . Tony Sarg was born in Cobán , Guatemala , to Francis Charles Sarg and his wife , Mary Elizabeth Parker . The elder Sarg , son of Mary Ellen Best , was a consul representing Germany ; Parker was English . The family returned to the German Empire in 1887 [ but note conflict that father Franz Sarg remained Consul until 1894 ] ; Sarg entered a military academy at age 14 and received a commission as lieutenant at 17 ; in 1905 ( in his mid-20s ) he resigned his commission and took up residence in the United Kingdom . There , he pursued a relationship with Bertha Eleanor McGowan , an American he had met when she was a tourist in Germany . They were married in her hometown of Cincinnati , Ohio , January 20 , 1909 , and returned to England , where their daughter Mary was born two years later . In 1914 , with the start of World War I , he sent Bertha and the children to Cincinnati , followed them soon after , and settled the family in New York City in 1915 . In 1920 , he became a naturalized citizen of the United States . Career . He had been raised around puppets , inherited his grandmothers collection of them , developed them as a hobby that enhanced the impression he made on other artists , and finally in 1917 , turned them into a profession . In 1921 , Sarg animated the film The First Circus , an inventive cartoon for producer Herbert M . Dawley , who was credited as co-animator . Sarg went on to produce a series of cartoons known as Tony Sargs Almanac , from 1921 to 1923 . In 1928 , he designed , and his protégé Bil Baird built tethered helium-filled balloons up to 125 feet ( 40 m ) long , resembling animals , for the New York institution of Macys department store . This work involved a number of puppetry-related principles . These creations were featured in the stores Thanksgiving Day parade . In 1935 , he undertook the puppet-related work of designing Macys elaborate animated window display , which was shown between Thanksgiving and Christmas . The pinnacle of Sargs visibility occurred at the 1933 Chicago Worlds Fair , where his cumulative audience was 3 million ; Baird was involved in this production , as were Rufus Rose and Margo Rose . Sarg stepped back from competing with other puppet studios , and pursued illustrating magazine covers , guide books , and original childrens picture books , games , and toys . He designed salons and sophisticated interiors for high-end department stores and restaurants , including the supper club at New Yorks Waldorf Astoria . He designed extensively for the New York Worlds Fair , in 1939 , creating the fairs official pictorial map , and numerous colorful and modernistic fabrics with Worlds Fair themes for ladys scarves , handkerchiefs , dresses , table linens , and upholstery , which were sold through Lord & Taylor Department Store . His protégé , Bil Baird , went on to design the puppets featured in the film The Sound of Music . Death . On February 17 , 1942 , Sarg had surgery for a ruptured appendix , and died on March 7 , 1942 of complications arising from it . He is buried at Spring Grove Cemetery in Cincinnati , Ohio . Legacy . The Academy Film Archive has preserved several of Tony Sargs films , including The Original Movie , When the Whale Was Jonahed , Why They Love Cavemen , The First Earful , and Why Adam Walked the Floor . Filmography . All films co-animated and produced by Herbert M . Dawley - The First Circus ( May 8 , 1921 ) - The Tooth Carpenter ( May 21 , 1921 ) - Why They Love Cavemen ( July 2 , 1921 ) - When The Wale Was Jonahed ( August 20 , 1921 ) - Fireman , Save My Child ( September 11 , 1921 ) - The Original Golfer ( January 7 , 1922 ) - Why Adam Walked the Floor ( February 5 , 1922 ) - The Original Movie ( April 9 , 1922 ) - The First Earful ( May 29 , 1922 ) - Noah Put The Cat Out ( July 9 , 1922 ) - The First Degree ( July 29 , 1922 ) - The First Barber ( August 27 , 1922 ) - Baron Bragg and the Devilish Dragon ( September 24 , 1922 ) - The First Flivver ( October 22 , 1922 ) - The Ogling Ogre ( November 19 , 1922 ) - Baron Bragg and the Haunted Castle ( December 17 , 1922 ) - The Terrible Tree ( January 14,1923 )
|
[
"the German Empire"
] |
[
{
"text": " Anthony Frederick Sarg ( April 21 , 1880–March 7 , 1942 ) , known professionally as Tony Sarg , was a German American puppeteer and illustrator . He was described as Americas Puppet Master , and in his biography as the father of modern puppetry in North America .",
"title": "Tony Sarg"
},
{
"text": " Tony Sarg was born in Cobán , Guatemala , to Francis Charles Sarg and his wife , Mary Elizabeth Parker . The elder Sarg , son of Mary Ellen Best , was a consul representing Germany ; Parker was English .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "The family returned to the German Empire in 1887 [ but note conflict that father Franz Sarg remained Consul until 1894 ] ; Sarg entered a military academy at age 14 and received a commission as lieutenant at 17 ; in 1905 ( in his mid-20s ) he resigned his commission and took up residence in the United Kingdom .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "There , he pursued a relationship with Bertha Eleanor McGowan , an American he had met when she was a tourist in Germany . They were married in her hometown of Cincinnati , Ohio , January 20 , 1909 , and returned to England , where their daughter Mary was born two years later . In 1914 , with the start of World War I , he sent Bertha and the children to Cincinnati , followed them soon after , and settled the family in New York City in 1915 . In 1920 , he became a naturalized citizen of",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "the United States .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " He had been raised around puppets , inherited his grandmothers collection of them , developed them as a hobby that enhanced the impression he made on other artists , and finally in 1917 , turned them into a profession . In 1921 , Sarg animated the film The First Circus , an inventive cartoon for producer Herbert M . Dawley , who was credited as co-animator . Sarg went on to produce a series of cartoons known as Tony Sargs Almanac , from 1921 to 1923 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 1928 , he designed , and his protégé Bil Baird built tethered helium-filled balloons up to 125 feet ( 40 m ) long , resembling animals , for the New York institution of Macys department store . This work involved a number of puppetry-related principles . These creations were featured in the stores Thanksgiving Day parade . In 1935 , he undertook the puppet-related work of designing Macys elaborate animated window display , which was shown between Thanksgiving and Christmas .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " The pinnacle of Sargs visibility occurred at the 1933 Chicago Worlds Fair , where his cumulative audience was 3 million ; Baird was involved in this production , as were Rufus Rose and Margo Rose .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Sarg stepped back from competing with other puppet studios , and pursued illustrating magazine covers , guide books , and original childrens picture books , games , and toys . He designed salons and sophisticated interiors for high-end department stores and restaurants , including the supper club at New Yorks Waldorf Astoria . He designed extensively for the New York Worlds Fair , in 1939 , creating the fairs official pictorial map , and numerous colorful and modernistic fabrics with Worlds Fair themes for ladys scarves , handkerchiefs , dresses , table linens , and upholstery , which were sold",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "through Lord & Taylor Department Store . His protégé , Bil Baird , went on to design the puppets featured in the film The Sound of Music .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " On February 17 , 1942 , Sarg had surgery for a ruptured appendix , and died on March 7 , 1942 of complications arising from it . He is buried at Spring Grove Cemetery in Cincinnati , Ohio .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " The Academy Film Archive has preserved several of Tony Sargs films , including The Original Movie , When the Whale Was Jonahed , Why They Love Cavemen , The First Earful , and Why Adam Walked the Floor .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " All films co-animated and produced by Herbert M . Dawley - The First Circus ( May 8 , 1921 ) - The Tooth Carpenter ( May 21 , 1921 ) - Why They Love Cavemen ( July 2 , 1921 ) - When The Wale Was Jonahed ( August 20 , 1921 ) - Fireman , Save My Child ( September 11 , 1921 ) - The Original Golfer ( January 7 , 1922 ) - Why Adam Walked the Floor ( February 5 , 1922 ) - The Original Movie ( April 9 , 1922 )",
"title": "Filmography"
},
{
"text": "- The First Earful ( May 29 , 1922 )",
"title": "Filmography"
},
{
"text": " - Noah Put The Cat Out ( July 9 , 1922 ) - The First Degree ( July 29 , 1922 ) - The First Barber ( August 27 , 1922 ) - Baron Bragg and the Devilish Dragon ( September 24 , 1922 ) - The First Flivver ( October 22 , 1922 ) - The Ogling Ogre ( November 19 , 1922 ) - Baron Bragg and the Haunted Castle ( December 17 , 1922 ) - The Terrible Tree ( January 14,1923 )",
"title": "Filmography"
}
] |
/wiki/Tony_Sarg#P551#1
|
Where did Tony Sarg live between Feb 1908 and Apr 1909?
|
Tony Sarg Anthony Frederick Sarg ( April 21 , 1880–March 7 , 1942 ) , known professionally as Tony Sarg , was a German American puppeteer and illustrator . He was described as Americas Puppet Master , and in his biography as the father of modern puppetry in North America . Early life . Tony Sarg was born in Cobán , Guatemala , to Francis Charles Sarg and his wife , Mary Elizabeth Parker . The elder Sarg , son of Mary Ellen Best , was a consul representing Germany ; Parker was English . The family returned to the German Empire in 1887 [ but note conflict that father Franz Sarg remained Consul until 1894 ] ; Sarg entered a military academy at age 14 and received a commission as lieutenant at 17 ; in 1905 ( in his mid-20s ) he resigned his commission and took up residence in the United Kingdom . There , he pursued a relationship with Bertha Eleanor McGowan , an American he had met when she was a tourist in Germany . They were married in her hometown of Cincinnati , Ohio , January 20 , 1909 , and returned to England , where their daughter Mary was born two years later . In 1914 , with the start of World War I , he sent Bertha and the children to Cincinnati , followed them soon after , and settled the family in New York City in 1915 . In 1920 , he became a naturalized citizen of the United States . Career . He had been raised around puppets , inherited his grandmothers collection of them , developed them as a hobby that enhanced the impression he made on other artists , and finally in 1917 , turned them into a profession . In 1921 , Sarg animated the film The First Circus , an inventive cartoon for producer Herbert M . Dawley , who was credited as co-animator . Sarg went on to produce a series of cartoons known as Tony Sargs Almanac , from 1921 to 1923 . In 1928 , he designed , and his protégé Bil Baird built tethered helium-filled balloons up to 125 feet ( 40 m ) long , resembling animals , for the New York institution of Macys department store . This work involved a number of puppetry-related principles . These creations were featured in the stores Thanksgiving Day parade . In 1935 , he undertook the puppet-related work of designing Macys elaborate animated window display , which was shown between Thanksgiving and Christmas . The pinnacle of Sargs visibility occurred at the 1933 Chicago Worlds Fair , where his cumulative audience was 3 million ; Baird was involved in this production , as were Rufus Rose and Margo Rose . Sarg stepped back from competing with other puppet studios , and pursued illustrating magazine covers , guide books , and original childrens picture books , games , and toys . He designed salons and sophisticated interiors for high-end department stores and restaurants , including the supper club at New Yorks Waldorf Astoria . He designed extensively for the New York Worlds Fair , in 1939 , creating the fairs official pictorial map , and numerous colorful and modernistic fabrics with Worlds Fair themes for ladys scarves , handkerchiefs , dresses , table linens , and upholstery , which were sold through Lord & Taylor Department Store . His protégé , Bil Baird , went on to design the puppets featured in the film The Sound of Music . Death . On February 17 , 1942 , Sarg had surgery for a ruptured appendix , and died on March 7 , 1942 of complications arising from it . He is buried at Spring Grove Cemetery in Cincinnati , Ohio . Legacy . The Academy Film Archive has preserved several of Tony Sargs films , including The Original Movie , When the Whale Was Jonahed , Why They Love Cavemen , The First Earful , and Why Adam Walked the Floor . Filmography . All films co-animated and produced by Herbert M . Dawley - The First Circus ( May 8 , 1921 ) - The Tooth Carpenter ( May 21 , 1921 ) - Why They Love Cavemen ( July 2 , 1921 ) - When The Wale Was Jonahed ( August 20 , 1921 ) - Fireman , Save My Child ( September 11 , 1921 ) - The Original Golfer ( January 7 , 1922 ) - Why Adam Walked the Floor ( February 5 , 1922 ) - The Original Movie ( April 9 , 1922 ) - The First Earful ( May 29 , 1922 ) - Noah Put The Cat Out ( July 9 , 1922 ) - The First Degree ( July 29 , 1922 ) - The First Barber ( August 27 , 1922 ) - Baron Bragg and the Devilish Dragon ( September 24 , 1922 ) - The First Flivver ( October 22 , 1922 ) - The Ogling Ogre ( November 19 , 1922 ) - Baron Bragg and the Haunted Castle ( December 17 , 1922 ) - The Terrible Tree ( January 14,1923 )
|
[
"the United Kingdom"
] |
[
{
"text": " Anthony Frederick Sarg ( April 21 , 1880–March 7 , 1942 ) , known professionally as Tony Sarg , was a German American puppeteer and illustrator . He was described as Americas Puppet Master , and in his biography as the father of modern puppetry in North America .",
"title": "Tony Sarg"
},
{
"text": " Tony Sarg was born in Cobán , Guatemala , to Francis Charles Sarg and his wife , Mary Elizabeth Parker . The elder Sarg , son of Mary Ellen Best , was a consul representing Germany ; Parker was English .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "The family returned to the German Empire in 1887 [ but note conflict that father Franz Sarg remained Consul until 1894 ] ; Sarg entered a military academy at age 14 and received a commission as lieutenant at 17 ; in 1905 ( in his mid-20s ) he resigned his commission and took up residence in the United Kingdom .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "There , he pursued a relationship with Bertha Eleanor McGowan , an American he had met when she was a tourist in Germany . They were married in her hometown of Cincinnati , Ohio , January 20 , 1909 , and returned to England , where their daughter Mary was born two years later . In 1914 , with the start of World War I , he sent Bertha and the children to Cincinnati , followed them soon after , and settled the family in New York City in 1915 . In 1920 , he became a naturalized citizen of",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "the United States .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " He had been raised around puppets , inherited his grandmothers collection of them , developed them as a hobby that enhanced the impression he made on other artists , and finally in 1917 , turned them into a profession . In 1921 , Sarg animated the film The First Circus , an inventive cartoon for producer Herbert M . Dawley , who was credited as co-animator . Sarg went on to produce a series of cartoons known as Tony Sargs Almanac , from 1921 to 1923 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 1928 , he designed , and his protégé Bil Baird built tethered helium-filled balloons up to 125 feet ( 40 m ) long , resembling animals , for the New York institution of Macys department store . This work involved a number of puppetry-related principles . These creations were featured in the stores Thanksgiving Day parade . In 1935 , he undertook the puppet-related work of designing Macys elaborate animated window display , which was shown between Thanksgiving and Christmas .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " The pinnacle of Sargs visibility occurred at the 1933 Chicago Worlds Fair , where his cumulative audience was 3 million ; Baird was involved in this production , as were Rufus Rose and Margo Rose .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Sarg stepped back from competing with other puppet studios , and pursued illustrating magazine covers , guide books , and original childrens picture books , games , and toys . He designed salons and sophisticated interiors for high-end department stores and restaurants , including the supper club at New Yorks Waldorf Astoria . He designed extensively for the New York Worlds Fair , in 1939 , creating the fairs official pictorial map , and numerous colorful and modernistic fabrics with Worlds Fair themes for ladys scarves , handkerchiefs , dresses , table linens , and upholstery , which were sold",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "through Lord & Taylor Department Store . His protégé , Bil Baird , went on to design the puppets featured in the film The Sound of Music .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " On February 17 , 1942 , Sarg had surgery for a ruptured appendix , and died on March 7 , 1942 of complications arising from it . He is buried at Spring Grove Cemetery in Cincinnati , Ohio .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " The Academy Film Archive has preserved several of Tony Sargs films , including The Original Movie , When the Whale Was Jonahed , Why They Love Cavemen , The First Earful , and Why Adam Walked the Floor .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " All films co-animated and produced by Herbert M . Dawley - The First Circus ( May 8 , 1921 ) - The Tooth Carpenter ( May 21 , 1921 ) - Why They Love Cavemen ( July 2 , 1921 ) - When The Wale Was Jonahed ( August 20 , 1921 ) - Fireman , Save My Child ( September 11 , 1921 ) - The Original Golfer ( January 7 , 1922 ) - Why Adam Walked the Floor ( February 5 , 1922 ) - The Original Movie ( April 9 , 1922 )",
"title": "Filmography"
},
{
"text": "- The First Earful ( May 29 , 1922 )",
"title": "Filmography"
},
{
"text": " - Noah Put The Cat Out ( July 9 , 1922 ) - The First Degree ( July 29 , 1922 ) - The First Barber ( August 27 , 1922 ) - Baron Bragg and the Devilish Dragon ( September 24 , 1922 ) - The First Flivver ( October 22 , 1922 ) - The Ogling Ogre ( November 19 , 1922 ) - Baron Bragg and the Haunted Castle ( December 17 , 1922 ) - The Terrible Tree ( January 14,1923 )",
"title": "Filmography"
}
] |
/wiki/Tony_Sarg#P551#2
|
Where did Tony Sarg live between Feb 1910 and Jul 1910?
|
Tony Sarg Anthony Frederick Sarg ( April 21 , 1880–March 7 , 1942 ) , known professionally as Tony Sarg , was a German American puppeteer and illustrator . He was described as Americas Puppet Master , and in his biography as the father of modern puppetry in North America . Early life . Tony Sarg was born in Cobán , Guatemala , to Francis Charles Sarg and his wife , Mary Elizabeth Parker . The elder Sarg , son of Mary Ellen Best , was a consul representing Germany ; Parker was English . The family returned to the German Empire in 1887 [ but note conflict that father Franz Sarg remained Consul until 1894 ] ; Sarg entered a military academy at age 14 and received a commission as lieutenant at 17 ; in 1905 ( in his mid-20s ) he resigned his commission and took up residence in the United Kingdom . There , he pursued a relationship with Bertha Eleanor McGowan , an American he had met when she was a tourist in Germany . They were married in her hometown of Cincinnati , Ohio , January 20 , 1909 , and returned to England , where their daughter Mary was born two years later . In 1914 , with the start of World War I , he sent Bertha and the children to Cincinnati , followed them soon after , and settled the family in New York City in 1915 . In 1920 , he became a naturalized citizen of the United States . Career . He had been raised around puppets , inherited his grandmothers collection of them , developed them as a hobby that enhanced the impression he made on other artists , and finally in 1917 , turned them into a profession . In 1921 , Sarg animated the film The First Circus , an inventive cartoon for producer Herbert M . Dawley , who was credited as co-animator . Sarg went on to produce a series of cartoons known as Tony Sargs Almanac , from 1921 to 1923 . In 1928 , he designed , and his protégé Bil Baird built tethered helium-filled balloons up to 125 feet ( 40 m ) long , resembling animals , for the New York institution of Macys department store . This work involved a number of puppetry-related principles . These creations were featured in the stores Thanksgiving Day parade . In 1935 , he undertook the puppet-related work of designing Macys elaborate animated window display , which was shown between Thanksgiving and Christmas . The pinnacle of Sargs visibility occurred at the 1933 Chicago Worlds Fair , where his cumulative audience was 3 million ; Baird was involved in this production , as were Rufus Rose and Margo Rose . Sarg stepped back from competing with other puppet studios , and pursued illustrating magazine covers , guide books , and original childrens picture books , games , and toys . He designed salons and sophisticated interiors for high-end department stores and restaurants , including the supper club at New Yorks Waldorf Astoria . He designed extensively for the New York Worlds Fair , in 1939 , creating the fairs official pictorial map , and numerous colorful and modernistic fabrics with Worlds Fair themes for ladys scarves , handkerchiefs , dresses , table linens , and upholstery , which were sold through Lord & Taylor Department Store . His protégé , Bil Baird , went on to design the puppets featured in the film The Sound of Music . Death . On February 17 , 1942 , Sarg had surgery for a ruptured appendix , and died on March 7 , 1942 of complications arising from it . He is buried at Spring Grove Cemetery in Cincinnati , Ohio . Legacy . The Academy Film Archive has preserved several of Tony Sargs films , including The Original Movie , When the Whale Was Jonahed , Why They Love Cavemen , The First Earful , and Why Adam Walked the Floor . Filmography . All films co-animated and produced by Herbert M . Dawley - The First Circus ( May 8 , 1921 ) - The Tooth Carpenter ( May 21 , 1921 ) - Why They Love Cavemen ( July 2 , 1921 ) - When The Wale Was Jonahed ( August 20 , 1921 ) - Fireman , Save My Child ( September 11 , 1921 ) - The Original Golfer ( January 7 , 1922 ) - Why Adam Walked the Floor ( February 5 , 1922 ) - The Original Movie ( April 9 , 1922 ) - The First Earful ( May 29 , 1922 ) - Noah Put The Cat Out ( July 9 , 1922 ) - The First Degree ( July 29 , 1922 ) - The First Barber ( August 27 , 1922 ) - Baron Bragg and the Devilish Dragon ( September 24 , 1922 ) - The First Flivver ( October 22 , 1922 ) - The Ogling Ogre ( November 19 , 1922 ) - Baron Bragg and the Haunted Castle ( December 17 , 1922 ) - The Terrible Tree ( January 14,1923 )
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Anthony Frederick Sarg ( April 21 , 1880–March 7 , 1942 ) , known professionally as Tony Sarg , was a German American puppeteer and illustrator . He was described as Americas Puppet Master , and in his biography as the father of modern puppetry in North America .",
"title": "Tony Sarg"
},
{
"text": " Tony Sarg was born in Cobán , Guatemala , to Francis Charles Sarg and his wife , Mary Elizabeth Parker . The elder Sarg , son of Mary Ellen Best , was a consul representing Germany ; Parker was English .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "The family returned to the German Empire in 1887 [ but note conflict that father Franz Sarg remained Consul until 1894 ] ; Sarg entered a military academy at age 14 and received a commission as lieutenant at 17 ; in 1905 ( in his mid-20s ) he resigned his commission and took up residence in the United Kingdom .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "There , he pursued a relationship with Bertha Eleanor McGowan , an American he had met when she was a tourist in Germany . They were married in her hometown of Cincinnati , Ohio , January 20 , 1909 , and returned to England , where their daughter Mary was born two years later . In 1914 , with the start of World War I , he sent Bertha and the children to Cincinnati , followed them soon after , and settled the family in New York City in 1915 . In 1920 , he became a naturalized citizen of",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "the United States .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " He had been raised around puppets , inherited his grandmothers collection of them , developed them as a hobby that enhanced the impression he made on other artists , and finally in 1917 , turned them into a profession . In 1921 , Sarg animated the film The First Circus , an inventive cartoon for producer Herbert M . Dawley , who was credited as co-animator . Sarg went on to produce a series of cartoons known as Tony Sargs Almanac , from 1921 to 1923 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 1928 , he designed , and his protégé Bil Baird built tethered helium-filled balloons up to 125 feet ( 40 m ) long , resembling animals , for the New York institution of Macys department store . This work involved a number of puppetry-related principles . These creations were featured in the stores Thanksgiving Day parade . In 1935 , he undertook the puppet-related work of designing Macys elaborate animated window display , which was shown between Thanksgiving and Christmas .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " The pinnacle of Sargs visibility occurred at the 1933 Chicago Worlds Fair , where his cumulative audience was 3 million ; Baird was involved in this production , as were Rufus Rose and Margo Rose .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Sarg stepped back from competing with other puppet studios , and pursued illustrating magazine covers , guide books , and original childrens picture books , games , and toys . He designed salons and sophisticated interiors for high-end department stores and restaurants , including the supper club at New Yorks Waldorf Astoria . He designed extensively for the New York Worlds Fair , in 1939 , creating the fairs official pictorial map , and numerous colorful and modernistic fabrics with Worlds Fair themes for ladys scarves , handkerchiefs , dresses , table linens , and upholstery , which were sold",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "through Lord & Taylor Department Store . His protégé , Bil Baird , went on to design the puppets featured in the film The Sound of Music .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " On February 17 , 1942 , Sarg had surgery for a ruptured appendix , and died on March 7 , 1942 of complications arising from it . He is buried at Spring Grove Cemetery in Cincinnati , Ohio .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " The Academy Film Archive has preserved several of Tony Sargs films , including The Original Movie , When the Whale Was Jonahed , Why They Love Cavemen , The First Earful , and Why Adam Walked the Floor .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " All films co-animated and produced by Herbert M . Dawley - The First Circus ( May 8 , 1921 ) - The Tooth Carpenter ( May 21 , 1921 ) - Why They Love Cavemen ( July 2 , 1921 ) - When The Wale Was Jonahed ( August 20 , 1921 ) - Fireman , Save My Child ( September 11 , 1921 ) - The Original Golfer ( January 7 , 1922 ) - Why Adam Walked the Floor ( February 5 , 1922 ) - The Original Movie ( April 9 , 1922 )",
"title": "Filmography"
},
{
"text": "- The First Earful ( May 29 , 1922 )",
"title": "Filmography"
},
{
"text": " - Noah Put The Cat Out ( July 9 , 1922 ) - The First Degree ( July 29 , 1922 ) - The First Barber ( August 27 , 1922 ) - Baron Bragg and the Devilish Dragon ( September 24 , 1922 ) - The First Flivver ( October 22 , 1922 ) - The Ogling Ogre ( November 19 , 1922 ) - Baron Bragg and the Haunted Castle ( December 17 , 1922 ) - The Terrible Tree ( January 14,1923 )",
"title": "Filmography"
}
] |
/wiki/Azwan_Saleh#P54#0
|
Which team did Azwan Saleh play for in late 2000s?
|
Azwan Saleh Club career . Azwan first played club football with QAF FC in the B-League Premier I , gaining his first international appearances while his team was sent to represent the national team for regional qualifying tournaments of the likes of AFC Challenge Cup and the AFF Championship . He transferred to the under-21 team of DPMM in 2007 , initially playing as a striker . He played deeper in midfield as the 2007-08 season progressed , which would be the final season DPMM played in Malaysia . Moving to the Singaporean S.League in 2009 with his club , he was a key player for Vjeran Simunić who deployed him on the left side of DPMMs midfield . Their season was ended abruptly due to FIFAs suspension of Brunei , but not before winning the League Cup . Azwan was loaned to Indera SC in 2010 while his parent club were barred from playing in the S.League . The ban was lifted in 2012 and DPMM retained Azwan who started in their first game back against Tampines Rovers . They replicated their League Cup success that year , with Azwan scoring a direct free-kick in the final . Due to the emergence of namesake Azwan Ali Rahman from 2014 , Azwan switched to a more defensive role , surrendering the number 7 shirt in 2015 . He played in 15 games , half of them substitute appearances as DPMM won their first S.League title . He scored his first league goal in 3 years against Geylang International on 5 August via a long-distance shot with his weaker right foot . International career . Azwan was a member of the Brunei Under-21s for the 2007 Hassanal Bolkiah Trophy held in his home country . He also played for the Under-23s at the 2011 SEA Games in Indonesia . Azwan holds the record number of appearances , with 26 caps to his name . His debut came in the 2006 AFC Challenge Cup in a 0–1 loss against Sri Lanka in Bangladesh . He scored on two occasions in AFF Suzuki Cup qualifying , one against Timor-Leste in 2008 , the other against Cambodia in 2012 . Azwan was appointed captain of the national team for the two-legged 2018 World Cup qualifier against Chinese Taipei . The team went down 0–2 at home after an encouraging 1–0 win at Kaohsiung . Azwan joined up with the Wasps for the 2016 AFF Suzuki Cup qualification held in Cambodia in October 2016 . With Najib Tarif injured since the first game , he was placed at left-back in the third game against Laos which ended in a 4–3 loss . Azwan started the first match of the 2016 AFC Solidarity Cup in central midfield against Timor-Leste in Kuching , Malaysia . The match ended 4–0 to the Wasps in their biggest victory of date . He played a total of four games for the Wasps at central midfield in the tournament . Azwan was in line for an international recall in June 2019 for the 2022 World Cup qualification matches against Mongolia , but made himself unavailable due to unspecified reasons . Honours . Team . - DPMM FC - S.League : 2015 - Singapore Premier League : 2019 - Singapore League Cup ( 3 ) : 2009 , 2012 , 2014
|
[
"QAF FC"
] |
[
{
"text": "Azwan first played club football with QAF FC in the B-League Premier I , gaining his first international appearances while his team was sent to represent the national team for regional qualifying tournaments of the likes of AFC Challenge Cup and the AFF Championship . He transferred to the under-21 team of DPMM in 2007 , initially playing as a striker . He played deeper in midfield as the 2007-08 season progressed , which would be the final season DPMM played in Malaysia . Moving to the Singaporean S.League in 2009 with his club , he was a key player",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": "for Vjeran Simunić who deployed him on the left side of DPMMs midfield . Their season was ended abruptly due to FIFAs suspension of Brunei , but not before winning the League Cup .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " Azwan was loaned to Indera SC in 2010 while his parent club were barred from playing in the S.League . The ban was lifted in 2012 and DPMM retained Azwan who started in their first game back against Tampines Rovers . They replicated their League Cup success that year , with Azwan scoring a direct free-kick in the final .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": "Due to the emergence of namesake Azwan Ali Rahman from 2014 , Azwan switched to a more defensive role , surrendering the number 7 shirt in 2015 . He played in 15 games , half of them substitute appearances as DPMM won their first S.League title . He scored his first league goal in 3 years against Geylang International on 5 August via a long-distance shot with his weaker right foot .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " Azwan was a member of the Brunei Under-21s for the 2007 Hassanal Bolkiah Trophy held in his home country . He also played for the Under-23s at the 2011 SEA Games in Indonesia . Azwan holds the record number of appearances , with 26 caps to his name . His debut came in the 2006 AFC Challenge Cup in a 0–1 loss against Sri Lanka in Bangladesh . He scored on two occasions in AFF Suzuki Cup qualifying , one against Timor-Leste in 2008 , the other against Cambodia in 2012 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Azwan was appointed captain of the national team for the two-legged 2018 World Cup qualifier against Chinese Taipei . The team went down 0–2 at home after an encouraging 1–0 win at Kaohsiung . Azwan joined up with the Wasps for the 2016 AFF Suzuki Cup qualification held in Cambodia in October 2016 . With Najib Tarif injured since the first game , he was placed at left-back in the third game against Laos which ended in a 4–3 loss .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Azwan started the first match of the 2016 AFC Solidarity Cup in central midfield against Timor-Leste in Kuching , Malaysia . The match ended 4–0 to the Wasps in their biggest victory of date . He played a total of four games for the Wasps at central midfield in the tournament . Azwan was in line for an international recall in June 2019 for the 2022 World Cup qualification matches against Mongolia , but made himself unavailable due to unspecified reasons .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " - DPMM FC - S.League : 2015 - Singapore Premier League : 2019 - Singapore League Cup ( 3 ) : 2009 , 2012 , 2014",
"title": "Team"
}
] |
/wiki/Azwan_Saleh#P54#1
|
Which team did Azwan Saleh play for in Dec 2011?
|
Azwan Saleh Club career . Azwan first played club football with QAF FC in the B-League Premier I , gaining his first international appearances while his team was sent to represent the national team for regional qualifying tournaments of the likes of AFC Challenge Cup and the AFF Championship . He transferred to the under-21 team of DPMM in 2007 , initially playing as a striker . He played deeper in midfield as the 2007-08 season progressed , which would be the final season DPMM played in Malaysia . Moving to the Singaporean S.League in 2009 with his club , he was a key player for Vjeran Simunić who deployed him on the left side of DPMMs midfield . Their season was ended abruptly due to FIFAs suspension of Brunei , but not before winning the League Cup . Azwan was loaned to Indera SC in 2010 while his parent club were barred from playing in the S.League . The ban was lifted in 2012 and DPMM retained Azwan who started in their first game back against Tampines Rovers . They replicated their League Cup success that year , with Azwan scoring a direct free-kick in the final . Due to the emergence of namesake Azwan Ali Rahman from 2014 , Azwan switched to a more defensive role , surrendering the number 7 shirt in 2015 . He played in 15 games , half of them substitute appearances as DPMM won their first S.League title . He scored his first league goal in 3 years against Geylang International on 5 August via a long-distance shot with his weaker right foot . International career . Azwan was a member of the Brunei Under-21s for the 2007 Hassanal Bolkiah Trophy held in his home country . He also played for the Under-23s at the 2011 SEA Games in Indonesia . Azwan holds the record number of appearances , with 26 caps to his name . His debut came in the 2006 AFC Challenge Cup in a 0–1 loss against Sri Lanka in Bangladesh . He scored on two occasions in AFF Suzuki Cup qualifying , one against Timor-Leste in 2008 , the other against Cambodia in 2012 . Azwan was appointed captain of the national team for the two-legged 2018 World Cup qualifier against Chinese Taipei . The team went down 0–2 at home after an encouraging 1–0 win at Kaohsiung . Azwan joined up with the Wasps for the 2016 AFF Suzuki Cup qualification held in Cambodia in October 2016 . With Najib Tarif injured since the first game , he was placed at left-back in the third game against Laos which ended in a 4–3 loss . Azwan started the first match of the 2016 AFC Solidarity Cup in central midfield against Timor-Leste in Kuching , Malaysia . The match ended 4–0 to the Wasps in their biggest victory of date . He played a total of four games for the Wasps at central midfield in the tournament . Azwan was in line for an international recall in June 2019 for the 2022 World Cup qualification matches against Mongolia , but made himself unavailable due to unspecified reasons . Honours . Team . - DPMM FC - S.League : 2015 - Singapore Premier League : 2019 - Singapore League Cup ( 3 ) : 2009 , 2012 , 2014
|
[
"Indera SC"
] |
[
{
"text": "Azwan first played club football with QAF FC in the B-League Premier I , gaining his first international appearances while his team was sent to represent the national team for regional qualifying tournaments of the likes of AFC Challenge Cup and the AFF Championship . He transferred to the under-21 team of DPMM in 2007 , initially playing as a striker . He played deeper in midfield as the 2007-08 season progressed , which would be the final season DPMM played in Malaysia . Moving to the Singaporean S.League in 2009 with his club , he was a key player",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": "for Vjeran Simunić who deployed him on the left side of DPMMs midfield . Their season was ended abruptly due to FIFAs suspension of Brunei , but not before winning the League Cup .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " Azwan was loaned to Indera SC in 2010 while his parent club were barred from playing in the S.League . The ban was lifted in 2012 and DPMM retained Azwan who started in their first game back against Tampines Rovers . They replicated their League Cup success that year , with Azwan scoring a direct free-kick in the final .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": "Due to the emergence of namesake Azwan Ali Rahman from 2014 , Azwan switched to a more defensive role , surrendering the number 7 shirt in 2015 . He played in 15 games , half of them substitute appearances as DPMM won their first S.League title . He scored his first league goal in 3 years against Geylang International on 5 August via a long-distance shot with his weaker right foot .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " Azwan was a member of the Brunei Under-21s for the 2007 Hassanal Bolkiah Trophy held in his home country . He also played for the Under-23s at the 2011 SEA Games in Indonesia . Azwan holds the record number of appearances , with 26 caps to his name . His debut came in the 2006 AFC Challenge Cup in a 0–1 loss against Sri Lanka in Bangladesh . He scored on two occasions in AFF Suzuki Cup qualifying , one against Timor-Leste in 2008 , the other against Cambodia in 2012 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Azwan was appointed captain of the national team for the two-legged 2018 World Cup qualifier against Chinese Taipei . The team went down 0–2 at home after an encouraging 1–0 win at Kaohsiung . Azwan joined up with the Wasps for the 2016 AFF Suzuki Cup qualification held in Cambodia in October 2016 . With Najib Tarif injured since the first game , he was placed at left-back in the third game against Laos which ended in a 4–3 loss .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Azwan started the first match of the 2016 AFC Solidarity Cup in central midfield against Timor-Leste in Kuching , Malaysia . The match ended 4–0 to the Wasps in their biggest victory of date . He played a total of four games for the Wasps at central midfield in the tournament . Azwan was in line for an international recall in June 2019 for the 2022 World Cup qualification matches against Mongolia , but made himself unavailable due to unspecified reasons .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " - DPMM FC - S.League : 2015 - Singapore Premier League : 2019 - Singapore League Cup ( 3 ) : 2009 , 2012 , 2014",
"title": "Team"
}
] |
/wiki/Azwan_Saleh#P54#2
|
Which team did Azwan Saleh play for between Jun 2016 and Feb 2018?
|
Azwan Saleh Club career . Azwan first played club football with QAF FC in the B-League Premier I , gaining his first international appearances while his team was sent to represent the national team for regional qualifying tournaments of the likes of AFC Challenge Cup and the AFF Championship . He transferred to the under-21 team of DPMM in 2007 , initially playing as a striker . He played deeper in midfield as the 2007-08 season progressed , which would be the final season DPMM played in Malaysia . Moving to the Singaporean S.League in 2009 with his club , he was a key player for Vjeran Simunić who deployed him on the left side of DPMMs midfield . Their season was ended abruptly due to FIFAs suspension of Brunei , but not before winning the League Cup . Azwan was loaned to Indera SC in 2010 while his parent club were barred from playing in the S.League . The ban was lifted in 2012 and DPMM retained Azwan who started in their first game back against Tampines Rovers . They replicated their League Cup success that year , with Azwan scoring a direct free-kick in the final . Due to the emergence of namesake Azwan Ali Rahman from 2014 , Azwan switched to a more defensive role , surrendering the number 7 shirt in 2015 . He played in 15 games , half of them substitute appearances as DPMM won their first S.League title . He scored his first league goal in 3 years against Geylang International on 5 August via a long-distance shot with his weaker right foot . International career . Azwan was a member of the Brunei Under-21s for the 2007 Hassanal Bolkiah Trophy held in his home country . He also played for the Under-23s at the 2011 SEA Games in Indonesia . Azwan holds the record number of appearances , with 26 caps to his name . His debut came in the 2006 AFC Challenge Cup in a 0–1 loss against Sri Lanka in Bangladesh . He scored on two occasions in AFF Suzuki Cup qualifying , one against Timor-Leste in 2008 , the other against Cambodia in 2012 . Azwan was appointed captain of the national team for the two-legged 2018 World Cup qualifier against Chinese Taipei . The team went down 0–2 at home after an encouraging 1–0 win at Kaohsiung . Azwan joined up with the Wasps for the 2016 AFF Suzuki Cup qualification held in Cambodia in October 2016 . With Najib Tarif injured since the first game , he was placed at left-back in the third game against Laos which ended in a 4–3 loss . Azwan started the first match of the 2016 AFC Solidarity Cup in central midfield against Timor-Leste in Kuching , Malaysia . The match ended 4–0 to the Wasps in their biggest victory of date . He played a total of four games for the Wasps at central midfield in the tournament . Azwan was in line for an international recall in June 2019 for the 2022 World Cup qualification matches against Mongolia , but made himself unavailable due to unspecified reasons . Honours . Team . - DPMM FC - S.League : 2015 - Singapore Premier League : 2019 - Singapore League Cup ( 3 ) : 2009 , 2012 , 2014
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": "Azwan first played club football with QAF FC in the B-League Premier I , gaining his first international appearances while his team was sent to represent the national team for regional qualifying tournaments of the likes of AFC Challenge Cup and the AFF Championship . He transferred to the under-21 team of DPMM in 2007 , initially playing as a striker . He played deeper in midfield as the 2007-08 season progressed , which would be the final season DPMM played in Malaysia . Moving to the Singaporean S.League in 2009 with his club , he was a key player",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": "for Vjeran Simunić who deployed him on the left side of DPMMs midfield . Their season was ended abruptly due to FIFAs suspension of Brunei , but not before winning the League Cup .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " Azwan was loaned to Indera SC in 2010 while his parent club were barred from playing in the S.League . The ban was lifted in 2012 and DPMM retained Azwan who started in their first game back against Tampines Rovers . They replicated their League Cup success that year , with Azwan scoring a direct free-kick in the final .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": "Due to the emergence of namesake Azwan Ali Rahman from 2014 , Azwan switched to a more defensive role , surrendering the number 7 shirt in 2015 . He played in 15 games , half of them substitute appearances as DPMM won their first S.League title . He scored his first league goal in 3 years against Geylang International on 5 August via a long-distance shot with his weaker right foot .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " Azwan was a member of the Brunei Under-21s for the 2007 Hassanal Bolkiah Trophy held in his home country . He also played for the Under-23s at the 2011 SEA Games in Indonesia . Azwan holds the record number of appearances , with 26 caps to his name . His debut came in the 2006 AFC Challenge Cup in a 0–1 loss against Sri Lanka in Bangladesh . He scored on two occasions in AFF Suzuki Cup qualifying , one against Timor-Leste in 2008 , the other against Cambodia in 2012 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Azwan was appointed captain of the national team for the two-legged 2018 World Cup qualifier against Chinese Taipei . The team went down 0–2 at home after an encouraging 1–0 win at Kaohsiung . Azwan joined up with the Wasps for the 2016 AFF Suzuki Cup qualification held in Cambodia in October 2016 . With Najib Tarif injured since the first game , he was placed at left-back in the third game against Laos which ended in a 4–3 loss .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Azwan started the first match of the 2016 AFC Solidarity Cup in central midfield against Timor-Leste in Kuching , Malaysia . The match ended 4–0 to the Wasps in their biggest victory of date . He played a total of four games for the Wasps at central midfield in the tournament . Azwan was in line for an international recall in June 2019 for the 2022 World Cup qualification matches against Mongolia , but made himself unavailable due to unspecified reasons .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " - DPMM FC - S.League : 2015 - Singapore Premier League : 2019 - Singapore League Cup ( 3 ) : 2009 , 2012 , 2014",
"title": "Team"
}
] |
/wiki/La_Samaritaine#P276#0
|
Where was La Samaritaine located before Mar 1922?
|
La Samaritaine La Samaritaine ( French pronunciation : ] ) is a large department store in Paris , France , located in the first arrondissement . The nearest métro station is Pont-Neuf , directly in front at the quai du Louvre and the rue de la Monnaie . The company was owned by Ernest Cognacq and Marie-Louise Jaÿ who hired architect Frantz Jourdain to expand their original store . It started as a small apparel shop and expanded to what became a series of department store buildings with a total of 90 different departments . It has been a member of the International Association of Department Stores from 1985 to 1992 . It is currently owned by LVMH , a luxury-goods maker . The store , which had been operating at a loss since the 1970s , was closed in 2005 purportedly because the building did not meet safety codes . Plans for redeveloping the building involved lengthy complications , as the representatives of the stores founders argued with new owners LVMH over the buildings future as a department store or a mixed-use development . The revamped La Samaritaine is due to re-open its doors in February 2021 with retail offerings targeted at affluent consumers , restaurants , and a boutique hotel that includes a penthouse suite with its own private swimming pool . The building has been listed since 1990 as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture . Construction history . Architect Frantz Jourdain was originally hired to assist in the remodeling and expansion of the existing store building , known as Magasin 1 . However , as the stores success continued to grow , Cognacq decided to expand into a building across the street , Magasin 2 , which became the site for the Samaritaine as designed by Jourdain . The construction of the building was done in stages , partly because the store had to continue to remain open in order to bring in revenue . Much of the building was brought to the site prefabricated , allowing the construction to occur rapidly . The building was proposed in 1905 and after five years of construction , the building , filling the entire block from rues de la Monnaie , Arbre-Sec , des Petres , and Baillet , was complete in 1910 . The original store , Magasin 1 , was eventually updated with a steel and glass structure to match Magasin 2 , which was located across the street . By the time the department store was completed in 1910 , new movements , such as Fauvism , Cubism , and Werkbund , had come about and devalued the style of the Samaritaine . In the 1920s , Cognacq requested for expansions of the department store . City officials allowed for the expansions with the stipulation that Cognacq follow their specifications which centered around the utilization of a more current architectural style . This was done with little opposition as both Cognacq and Jourdain were aware that the original style of the building was outdated . During this reconstruction and expansion phase , the glass domes and decorative ironwork were removed . The new addition was a collaboration between architects Jourdain and Henry Sauvage , completed between 1926 and 1928 , which featured cream colored stone and was of the Art Deco style . Similar to the original building in that it made use of the exposed steel however , its focus was much more geometry-based . At the end of construction , the Samaritaine eventually consisted of four different Magasins of department stores reaching eleven stories in total . La Samaritaine was bought in 2001 by LVMH , the luxury-goods company that had just previously purchased Le Bon Marché . On 15 June 2005 , in order to update the 19th-century building to modern standards of security , or for purposes of restructuring , as the labor unions believe , the department store was closed . LVMH selected the Japanese architectural firm SANAA to renovate the building . Implementation of the new design has been blocked a number a times by local authorities for failure to adhere to planning requirements and for lack of visual compatibility with the surrounding buildings . In June 2015 , one of the Rivoli building permit is finalized and in September of the same year construction began . This modern construction of the Samaritaine is designed to feature a hotel , restaurant , a brewery , cafes , offices , and housing and is projected to be complete in 2019 . Design . Jourdains membership in multiple societies heavily influenced his personal architectural theory and design choices for the Samaritaine . Jourdain was the president of the Societe du Nouveau during the height of the Art Nouveau movement . The buildings original design heavily embodies the ideals of this artistic style . While the skeletal structure of the department store is constructed of steel and glass , the building contains many applied adornments which lessen the harshness of its rigid structure . The buildings exterior has two domes made of glass brick that light up in the nighttime . The extended verticals of the domes , sectioned into eight sides , accentuate the height of the building and draw the viewers eye to the top of the store . The facade of the building consists of ceramic panels in brightly colored hues of yellow , white , green , and gold . The word Samaritaine , as well as some of the available merchandise and ware , are displayed around the facade of the building in colorful enamel using an elaborate lettering . Dispersed around these signs are colorful naturalistic flower motifs , which continue to the interior design of the building as well . The interior features decorative iron staircases , glass tile floors , and frescoes using the repeated floral motif . These elements encompass both ornament and functionality which are core principles of the Art Nouveau movement . The foundational ideas of Art Nouveau , and the Samaritaine , led the way to the modern movements of the 1920s . The Department Store as a Type and Consumerism . The main fundamental difference that distinguishes the department store from other stores is its offering of low-priced , mass-produced goods of a wide variety . Prices were able to be placed just slightly above wholesale as the volume of sales was able to compensate for the small margin . Typically , department stores are located centrally within a city and are in close proximity to transportation . Different department stores targeted people of different class distinctions . However , their main audience is the middle-class city dwellers who were highly conscious of their status . The Samaritaine , in particular , targeted the working class who constantly traveled through the first arrondissement for work . The goal of the department store is to move the consumer through the building and to its upper floors in order to maximize the number of counters an individual has to pass . This posed as a bit of a challenge as their target audience was so used to shopping along the street level at various small boutiques . Architects had to entice these shoppers by utilizing grand and decorative elements to allure consumers to explore the building . Features . The department store is constantly changing to keep up with the architectural trends , yet remains somewhat constant in its appearance as a building type . The design and decor of the building played a major role in enticing the human desire for the consumption of material goods . The common use of iron allowed for minimal skeletal structure and therefore maximized the amount of light that could flow through the interior and allowed more room for the circulation of customers . Many of the structural elements utilized reference to the international exhibition halls built a few years before the original department stores . Another common feature is the monumental stair design , a design element of the first department store , Bon Marche . It was later installed in the Samaritaine as well as other department stores constructed at the turn of the century . The Samaritaine also had the common department store design feature : the light court . The skeletal steel structure allowed for a maximum square footage of glass windows which was intentionally located at the center of the building to bring in ample natural light . The glazed corner rotunda became another crucial element of Parisian department store architecture . It served as a large space for display cases that could be seen by many pedestrians waiting on the street corner . The corner rotunda was also utilized as the entrance of the building , leaving the consumer with two options of vastly-stretching display windows upon entering the building . Finally , the use of a dome structure , and their strategic placement , was useful in identifying the department store as a type . The two domes of the Samaritaine create a sight line between the Seine and the left bank . Consumerism . The organization of each individual department within the stores is based on consumption patterns . For example , impulse items , such as jewelry and cosmetics , were placed on the street floor . This would encourage consumers to make quick impulse buys upon entering or right before leaving the store . Also , demand items , such as childrens clothing or household goods , were located on the upper levels . This would force consumers to move past all of the lower level departments before they reached their desired location , maximizing the opportunity for the individual to make an unplanned purchase . Once the Samaritaine consisted of four Magasins , the first was dedicated as a department store solely for womens clothing while the other three were for items such as supplies and tools . External links . - Official homepage
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": "La Samaritaine ( French pronunciation : ] ) is a large department store in Paris , France , located in the first arrondissement . The nearest métro station is Pont-Neuf , directly in front at the quai du Louvre and the rue de la Monnaie . The company was owned by Ernest Cognacq and Marie-Louise Jaÿ who hired architect Frantz Jourdain to expand their original store . It started as a small apparel shop and expanded to what became a series of department store buildings with a total of 90 different departments . It has been a member of the",
"title": "La Samaritaine"
},
{
"text": "International Association of Department Stores from 1985 to 1992 .",
"title": "La Samaritaine"
},
{
"text": "It is currently owned by LVMH , a luxury-goods maker . The store , which had been operating at a loss since the 1970s , was closed in 2005 purportedly because the building did not meet safety codes . Plans for redeveloping the building involved lengthy complications , as the representatives of the stores founders argued with new owners LVMH over the buildings future as a department store or a mixed-use development . The revamped La Samaritaine is due to re-open its doors in February 2021 with retail offerings targeted at affluent consumers , restaurants , and a boutique hotel",
"title": "La Samaritaine"
},
{
"text": "that includes a penthouse suite with its own private swimming pool . The building has been listed since 1990 as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture .",
"title": "La Samaritaine"
},
{
"text": "Architect Frantz Jourdain was originally hired to assist in the remodeling and expansion of the existing store building , known as Magasin 1 . However , as the stores success continued to grow , Cognacq decided to expand into a building across the street , Magasin 2 , which became the site for the Samaritaine as designed by Jourdain . The construction of the building was done in stages , partly because the store had to continue to remain open in order to bring in revenue . Much of the building was brought to the site prefabricated , allowing the",
"title": "Construction history"
},
{
"text": "construction to occur rapidly . The building was proposed in 1905 and after five years of construction , the building , filling the entire block from rues de la Monnaie , Arbre-Sec , des Petres , and Baillet , was complete in 1910 . The original store , Magasin 1 , was eventually updated with a steel and glass structure to match Magasin 2 , which was located across the street .",
"title": "Construction history"
},
{
"text": "By the time the department store was completed in 1910 , new movements , such as Fauvism , Cubism , and Werkbund , had come about and devalued the style of the Samaritaine . In the 1920s , Cognacq requested for expansions of the department store . City officials allowed for the expansions with the stipulation that Cognacq follow their specifications which centered around the utilization of a more current architectural style . This was done with little opposition as both Cognacq and Jourdain were aware that the original style of the building was outdated . During this reconstruction and",
"title": "Construction history"
},
{
"text": "expansion phase , the glass domes and decorative ironwork were removed . The new addition was a collaboration between architects Jourdain and Henry Sauvage , completed between 1926 and 1928 , which featured cream colored stone and was of the Art Deco style . Similar to the original building in that it made use of the exposed steel however , its focus was much more geometry-based . At the end of construction , the Samaritaine eventually consisted of four different Magasins of department stores reaching eleven stories in total .",
"title": "Construction history"
},
{
"text": "La Samaritaine was bought in 2001 by LVMH , the luxury-goods company that had just previously purchased Le Bon Marché . On 15 June 2005 , in order to update the 19th-century building to modern standards of security , or for purposes of restructuring , as the labor unions believe , the department store was closed . LVMH selected the Japanese architectural firm SANAA to renovate the building . Implementation of the new design has been blocked a number a times by local authorities for failure to adhere to planning requirements and for lack of visual compatibility with the surrounding",
"title": "Construction history"
},
{
"text": "buildings . In June 2015 , one of the Rivoli building permit is finalized and in September of the same year construction began . This modern construction of the Samaritaine is designed to feature a hotel , restaurant , a brewery , cafes , offices , and housing and is projected to be complete in 2019 .",
"title": "Construction history"
},
{
"text": "Jourdains membership in multiple societies heavily influenced his personal architectural theory and design choices for the Samaritaine . Jourdain was the president of the Societe du Nouveau during the height of the Art Nouveau movement . The buildings original design heavily embodies the ideals of this artistic style . While the skeletal structure of the department store is constructed of steel and glass , the building contains many applied adornments which lessen the harshness of its rigid structure . The buildings exterior has two domes made of glass brick that light up in the nighttime . The extended verticals of",
"title": "Design"
},
{
"text": "the domes , sectioned into eight sides , accentuate the height of the building and draw the viewers eye to the top of the store . The facade of the building consists of ceramic panels in brightly colored hues of yellow , white , green , and gold . The word Samaritaine , as well as some of the available merchandise and ware , are displayed around the facade of the building in colorful enamel using an elaborate lettering . Dispersed around these signs are colorful naturalistic flower motifs , which continue to the interior design of the building as",
"title": "Design"
},
{
"text": "well . The interior features decorative iron staircases , glass tile floors , and frescoes using the repeated floral motif . These elements encompass both ornament and functionality which are core principles of the Art Nouveau movement . The foundational ideas of Art Nouveau , and the Samaritaine , led the way to the modern movements of the 1920s .",
"title": "Design"
},
{
"text": "The main fundamental difference that distinguishes the department store from other stores is its offering of low-priced , mass-produced goods of a wide variety . Prices were able to be placed just slightly above wholesale as the volume of sales was able to compensate for the small margin . Typically , department stores are located centrally within a city and are in close proximity to transportation . Different department stores targeted people of different class distinctions . However , their main audience is the middle-class city dwellers who were highly conscious of their status . The Samaritaine , in particular",
"title": "Design"
},
{
"text": ", targeted the working class who constantly traveled through the first arrondissement for work . The goal of the department store is to move the consumer through the building and to its upper floors in order to maximize the number of counters an individual has to pass . This posed as a bit of a challenge as their target audience was so used to shopping along the street level at various small boutiques . Architects had to entice these shoppers by utilizing grand and decorative elements to allure consumers to explore the building .",
"title": "Design"
},
{
"text": "The department store is constantly changing to keep up with the architectural trends , yet remains somewhat constant in its appearance as a building type . The design and decor of the building played a major role in enticing the human desire for the consumption of material goods . The common use of iron allowed for minimal skeletal structure and therefore maximized the amount of light that could flow through the interior and allowed more room for the circulation of customers . Many of the structural elements utilized reference to the international exhibition halls built a few years before the",
"title": "Features"
},
{
"text": "original department stores . Another common feature is the monumental stair design , a design element of the first department store , Bon Marche . It was later installed in the Samaritaine as well as other department stores constructed at the turn of the century . The Samaritaine also had the common department store design feature : the light court . The skeletal steel structure allowed for a maximum square footage of glass windows which was intentionally located at the center of the building to bring in ample natural light . The glazed corner rotunda became another crucial element of",
"title": "Features"
},
{
"text": "Parisian department store architecture . It served as a large space for display cases that could be seen by many pedestrians waiting on the street corner . The corner rotunda was also utilized as the entrance of the building , leaving the consumer with two options of vastly-stretching display windows upon entering the building . Finally , the use of a dome structure , and their strategic placement , was useful in identifying the department store as a type . The two domes of the Samaritaine create a sight line between the Seine and the left bank .",
"title": "Features"
},
{
"text": "The organization of each individual department within the stores is based on consumption patterns . For example , impulse items , such as jewelry and cosmetics , were placed on the street floor . This would encourage consumers to make quick impulse buys upon entering or right before leaving the store . Also , demand items , such as childrens clothing or household goods , were located on the upper levels . This would force consumers to move past all of the lower level departments before they reached their desired location , maximizing the opportunity for the individual to make",
"title": "Consumerism"
},
{
"text": "an unplanned purchase . Once the Samaritaine consisted of four Magasins , the first was dedicated as a department store solely for womens clothing while the other three were for items such as supplies and tools .",
"title": "Consumerism"
},
{
"text": " - Official homepage",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/La_Samaritaine#P276#1
|
Where was La Samaritaine located in early 1990s?
|
La Samaritaine La Samaritaine ( French pronunciation : ] ) is a large department store in Paris , France , located in the first arrondissement . The nearest métro station is Pont-Neuf , directly in front at the quai du Louvre and the rue de la Monnaie . The company was owned by Ernest Cognacq and Marie-Louise Jaÿ who hired architect Frantz Jourdain to expand their original store . It started as a small apparel shop and expanded to what became a series of department store buildings with a total of 90 different departments . It has been a member of the International Association of Department Stores from 1985 to 1992 . It is currently owned by LVMH , a luxury-goods maker . The store , which had been operating at a loss since the 1970s , was closed in 2005 purportedly because the building did not meet safety codes . Plans for redeveloping the building involved lengthy complications , as the representatives of the stores founders argued with new owners LVMH over the buildings future as a department store or a mixed-use development . The revamped La Samaritaine is due to re-open its doors in February 2021 with retail offerings targeted at affluent consumers , restaurants , and a boutique hotel that includes a penthouse suite with its own private swimming pool . The building has been listed since 1990 as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture . Construction history . Architect Frantz Jourdain was originally hired to assist in the remodeling and expansion of the existing store building , known as Magasin 1 . However , as the stores success continued to grow , Cognacq decided to expand into a building across the street , Magasin 2 , which became the site for the Samaritaine as designed by Jourdain . The construction of the building was done in stages , partly because the store had to continue to remain open in order to bring in revenue . Much of the building was brought to the site prefabricated , allowing the construction to occur rapidly . The building was proposed in 1905 and after five years of construction , the building , filling the entire block from rues de la Monnaie , Arbre-Sec , des Petres , and Baillet , was complete in 1910 . The original store , Magasin 1 , was eventually updated with a steel and glass structure to match Magasin 2 , which was located across the street . By the time the department store was completed in 1910 , new movements , such as Fauvism , Cubism , and Werkbund , had come about and devalued the style of the Samaritaine . In the 1920s , Cognacq requested for expansions of the department store . City officials allowed for the expansions with the stipulation that Cognacq follow their specifications which centered around the utilization of a more current architectural style . This was done with little opposition as both Cognacq and Jourdain were aware that the original style of the building was outdated . During this reconstruction and expansion phase , the glass domes and decorative ironwork were removed . The new addition was a collaboration between architects Jourdain and Henry Sauvage , completed between 1926 and 1928 , which featured cream colored stone and was of the Art Deco style . Similar to the original building in that it made use of the exposed steel however , its focus was much more geometry-based . At the end of construction , the Samaritaine eventually consisted of four different Magasins of department stores reaching eleven stories in total . La Samaritaine was bought in 2001 by LVMH , the luxury-goods company that had just previously purchased Le Bon Marché . On 15 June 2005 , in order to update the 19th-century building to modern standards of security , or for purposes of restructuring , as the labor unions believe , the department store was closed . LVMH selected the Japanese architectural firm SANAA to renovate the building . Implementation of the new design has been blocked a number a times by local authorities for failure to adhere to planning requirements and for lack of visual compatibility with the surrounding buildings . In June 2015 , one of the Rivoli building permit is finalized and in September of the same year construction began . This modern construction of the Samaritaine is designed to feature a hotel , restaurant , a brewery , cafes , offices , and housing and is projected to be complete in 2019 . Design . Jourdains membership in multiple societies heavily influenced his personal architectural theory and design choices for the Samaritaine . Jourdain was the president of the Societe du Nouveau during the height of the Art Nouveau movement . The buildings original design heavily embodies the ideals of this artistic style . While the skeletal structure of the department store is constructed of steel and glass , the building contains many applied adornments which lessen the harshness of its rigid structure . The buildings exterior has two domes made of glass brick that light up in the nighttime . The extended verticals of the domes , sectioned into eight sides , accentuate the height of the building and draw the viewers eye to the top of the store . The facade of the building consists of ceramic panels in brightly colored hues of yellow , white , green , and gold . The word Samaritaine , as well as some of the available merchandise and ware , are displayed around the facade of the building in colorful enamel using an elaborate lettering . Dispersed around these signs are colorful naturalistic flower motifs , which continue to the interior design of the building as well . The interior features decorative iron staircases , glass tile floors , and frescoes using the repeated floral motif . These elements encompass both ornament and functionality which are core principles of the Art Nouveau movement . The foundational ideas of Art Nouveau , and the Samaritaine , led the way to the modern movements of the 1920s . The Department Store as a Type and Consumerism . The main fundamental difference that distinguishes the department store from other stores is its offering of low-priced , mass-produced goods of a wide variety . Prices were able to be placed just slightly above wholesale as the volume of sales was able to compensate for the small margin . Typically , department stores are located centrally within a city and are in close proximity to transportation . Different department stores targeted people of different class distinctions . However , their main audience is the middle-class city dwellers who were highly conscious of their status . The Samaritaine , in particular , targeted the working class who constantly traveled through the first arrondissement for work . The goal of the department store is to move the consumer through the building and to its upper floors in order to maximize the number of counters an individual has to pass . This posed as a bit of a challenge as their target audience was so used to shopping along the street level at various small boutiques . Architects had to entice these shoppers by utilizing grand and decorative elements to allure consumers to explore the building . Features . The department store is constantly changing to keep up with the architectural trends , yet remains somewhat constant in its appearance as a building type . The design and decor of the building played a major role in enticing the human desire for the consumption of material goods . The common use of iron allowed for minimal skeletal structure and therefore maximized the amount of light that could flow through the interior and allowed more room for the circulation of customers . Many of the structural elements utilized reference to the international exhibition halls built a few years before the original department stores . Another common feature is the monumental stair design , a design element of the first department store , Bon Marche . It was later installed in the Samaritaine as well as other department stores constructed at the turn of the century . The Samaritaine also had the common department store design feature : the light court . The skeletal steel structure allowed for a maximum square footage of glass windows which was intentionally located at the center of the building to bring in ample natural light . The glazed corner rotunda became another crucial element of Parisian department store architecture . It served as a large space for display cases that could be seen by many pedestrians waiting on the street corner . The corner rotunda was also utilized as the entrance of the building , leaving the consumer with two options of vastly-stretching display windows upon entering the building . Finally , the use of a dome structure , and their strategic placement , was useful in identifying the department store as a type . The two domes of the Samaritaine create a sight line between the Seine and the left bank . Consumerism . The organization of each individual department within the stores is based on consumption patterns . For example , impulse items , such as jewelry and cosmetics , were placed on the street floor . This would encourage consumers to make quick impulse buys upon entering or right before leaving the store . Also , demand items , such as childrens clothing or household goods , were located on the upper levels . This would force consumers to move past all of the lower level departments before they reached their desired location , maximizing the opportunity for the individual to make an unplanned purchase . Once the Samaritaine consisted of four Magasins , the first was dedicated as a department store solely for womens clothing while the other three were for items such as supplies and tools . External links . - Official homepage
|
[
"La Samaritaine"
] |
[
{
"text": "La Samaritaine ( French pronunciation : ] ) is a large department store in Paris , France , located in the first arrondissement . The nearest métro station is Pont-Neuf , directly in front at the quai du Louvre and the rue de la Monnaie . The company was owned by Ernest Cognacq and Marie-Louise Jaÿ who hired architect Frantz Jourdain to expand their original store . It started as a small apparel shop and expanded to what became a series of department store buildings with a total of 90 different departments . It has been a member of the",
"title": "La Samaritaine"
},
{
"text": "International Association of Department Stores from 1985 to 1992 .",
"title": "La Samaritaine"
},
{
"text": "It is currently owned by LVMH , a luxury-goods maker . The store , which had been operating at a loss since the 1970s , was closed in 2005 purportedly because the building did not meet safety codes . Plans for redeveloping the building involved lengthy complications , as the representatives of the stores founders argued with new owners LVMH over the buildings future as a department store or a mixed-use development . The revamped La Samaritaine is due to re-open its doors in February 2021 with retail offerings targeted at affluent consumers , restaurants , and a boutique hotel",
"title": "La Samaritaine"
},
{
"text": "that includes a penthouse suite with its own private swimming pool . The building has been listed since 1990 as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture .",
"title": "La Samaritaine"
},
{
"text": "Architect Frantz Jourdain was originally hired to assist in the remodeling and expansion of the existing store building , known as Magasin 1 . However , as the stores success continued to grow , Cognacq decided to expand into a building across the street , Magasin 2 , which became the site for the Samaritaine as designed by Jourdain . The construction of the building was done in stages , partly because the store had to continue to remain open in order to bring in revenue . Much of the building was brought to the site prefabricated , allowing the",
"title": "Construction history"
},
{
"text": "construction to occur rapidly . The building was proposed in 1905 and after five years of construction , the building , filling the entire block from rues de la Monnaie , Arbre-Sec , des Petres , and Baillet , was complete in 1910 . The original store , Magasin 1 , was eventually updated with a steel and glass structure to match Magasin 2 , which was located across the street .",
"title": "Construction history"
},
{
"text": "By the time the department store was completed in 1910 , new movements , such as Fauvism , Cubism , and Werkbund , had come about and devalued the style of the Samaritaine . In the 1920s , Cognacq requested for expansions of the department store . City officials allowed for the expansions with the stipulation that Cognacq follow their specifications which centered around the utilization of a more current architectural style . This was done with little opposition as both Cognacq and Jourdain were aware that the original style of the building was outdated . During this reconstruction and",
"title": "Construction history"
},
{
"text": "expansion phase , the glass domes and decorative ironwork were removed . The new addition was a collaboration between architects Jourdain and Henry Sauvage , completed between 1926 and 1928 , which featured cream colored stone and was of the Art Deco style . Similar to the original building in that it made use of the exposed steel however , its focus was much more geometry-based . At the end of construction , the Samaritaine eventually consisted of four different Magasins of department stores reaching eleven stories in total .",
"title": "Construction history"
},
{
"text": "La Samaritaine was bought in 2001 by LVMH , the luxury-goods company that had just previously purchased Le Bon Marché . On 15 June 2005 , in order to update the 19th-century building to modern standards of security , or for purposes of restructuring , as the labor unions believe , the department store was closed . LVMH selected the Japanese architectural firm SANAA to renovate the building . Implementation of the new design has been blocked a number a times by local authorities for failure to adhere to planning requirements and for lack of visual compatibility with the surrounding",
"title": "Construction history"
},
{
"text": "buildings . In June 2015 , one of the Rivoli building permit is finalized and in September of the same year construction began . This modern construction of the Samaritaine is designed to feature a hotel , restaurant , a brewery , cafes , offices , and housing and is projected to be complete in 2019 .",
"title": "Construction history"
},
{
"text": "Jourdains membership in multiple societies heavily influenced his personal architectural theory and design choices for the Samaritaine . Jourdain was the president of the Societe du Nouveau during the height of the Art Nouveau movement . The buildings original design heavily embodies the ideals of this artistic style . While the skeletal structure of the department store is constructed of steel and glass , the building contains many applied adornments which lessen the harshness of its rigid structure . The buildings exterior has two domes made of glass brick that light up in the nighttime . The extended verticals of",
"title": "Design"
},
{
"text": "the domes , sectioned into eight sides , accentuate the height of the building and draw the viewers eye to the top of the store . The facade of the building consists of ceramic panels in brightly colored hues of yellow , white , green , and gold . The word Samaritaine , as well as some of the available merchandise and ware , are displayed around the facade of the building in colorful enamel using an elaborate lettering . Dispersed around these signs are colorful naturalistic flower motifs , which continue to the interior design of the building as",
"title": "Design"
},
{
"text": "well . The interior features decorative iron staircases , glass tile floors , and frescoes using the repeated floral motif . These elements encompass both ornament and functionality which are core principles of the Art Nouveau movement . The foundational ideas of Art Nouveau , and the Samaritaine , led the way to the modern movements of the 1920s .",
"title": "Design"
},
{
"text": "The main fundamental difference that distinguishes the department store from other stores is its offering of low-priced , mass-produced goods of a wide variety . Prices were able to be placed just slightly above wholesale as the volume of sales was able to compensate for the small margin . Typically , department stores are located centrally within a city and are in close proximity to transportation . Different department stores targeted people of different class distinctions . However , their main audience is the middle-class city dwellers who were highly conscious of their status . The Samaritaine , in particular",
"title": "Design"
},
{
"text": ", targeted the working class who constantly traveled through the first arrondissement for work . The goal of the department store is to move the consumer through the building and to its upper floors in order to maximize the number of counters an individual has to pass . This posed as a bit of a challenge as their target audience was so used to shopping along the street level at various small boutiques . Architects had to entice these shoppers by utilizing grand and decorative elements to allure consumers to explore the building .",
"title": "Design"
},
{
"text": "The department store is constantly changing to keep up with the architectural trends , yet remains somewhat constant in its appearance as a building type . The design and decor of the building played a major role in enticing the human desire for the consumption of material goods . The common use of iron allowed for minimal skeletal structure and therefore maximized the amount of light that could flow through the interior and allowed more room for the circulation of customers . Many of the structural elements utilized reference to the international exhibition halls built a few years before the",
"title": "Features"
},
{
"text": "original department stores . Another common feature is the monumental stair design , a design element of the first department store , Bon Marche . It was later installed in the Samaritaine as well as other department stores constructed at the turn of the century . The Samaritaine also had the common department store design feature : the light court . The skeletal steel structure allowed for a maximum square footage of glass windows which was intentionally located at the center of the building to bring in ample natural light . The glazed corner rotunda became another crucial element of",
"title": "Features"
},
{
"text": "Parisian department store architecture . It served as a large space for display cases that could be seen by many pedestrians waiting on the street corner . The corner rotunda was also utilized as the entrance of the building , leaving the consumer with two options of vastly-stretching display windows upon entering the building . Finally , the use of a dome structure , and their strategic placement , was useful in identifying the department store as a type . The two domes of the Samaritaine create a sight line between the Seine and the left bank .",
"title": "Features"
},
{
"text": "The organization of each individual department within the stores is based on consumption patterns . For example , impulse items , such as jewelry and cosmetics , were placed on the street floor . This would encourage consumers to make quick impulse buys upon entering or right before leaving the store . Also , demand items , such as childrens clothing or household goods , were located on the upper levels . This would force consumers to move past all of the lower level departments before they reached their desired location , maximizing the opportunity for the individual to make",
"title": "Consumerism"
},
{
"text": "an unplanned purchase . Once the Samaritaine consisted of four Magasins , the first was dedicated as a department store solely for womens clothing while the other three were for items such as supplies and tools .",
"title": "Consumerism"
},
{
"text": " - Official homepage",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/La_Samaritaine#P276#2
|
Where was La Samaritaine located in early 2000s?
|
La Samaritaine La Samaritaine ( French pronunciation : ] ) is a large department store in Paris , France , located in the first arrondissement . The nearest métro station is Pont-Neuf , directly in front at the quai du Louvre and the rue de la Monnaie . The company was owned by Ernest Cognacq and Marie-Louise Jaÿ who hired architect Frantz Jourdain to expand their original store . It started as a small apparel shop and expanded to what became a series of department store buildings with a total of 90 different departments . It has been a member of the International Association of Department Stores from 1985 to 1992 . It is currently owned by LVMH , a luxury-goods maker . The store , which had been operating at a loss since the 1970s , was closed in 2005 purportedly because the building did not meet safety codes . Plans for redeveloping the building involved lengthy complications , as the representatives of the stores founders argued with new owners LVMH over the buildings future as a department store or a mixed-use development . The revamped La Samaritaine is due to re-open its doors in February 2021 with retail offerings targeted at affluent consumers , restaurants , and a boutique hotel that includes a penthouse suite with its own private swimming pool . The building has been listed since 1990 as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture . Construction history . Architect Frantz Jourdain was originally hired to assist in the remodeling and expansion of the existing store building , known as Magasin 1 . However , as the stores success continued to grow , Cognacq decided to expand into a building across the street , Magasin 2 , which became the site for the Samaritaine as designed by Jourdain . The construction of the building was done in stages , partly because the store had to continue to remain open in order to bring in revenue . Much of the building was brought to the site prefabricated , allowing the construction to occur rapidly . The building was proposed in 1905 and after five years of construction , the building , filling the entire block from rues de la Monnaie , Arbre-Sec , des Petres , and Baillet , was complete in 1910 . The original store , Magasin 1 , was eventually updated with a steel and glass structure to match Magasin 2 , which was located across the street . By the time the department store was completed in 1910 , new movements , such as Fauvism , Cubism , and Werkbund , had come about and devalued the style of the Samaritaine . In the 1920s , Cognacq requested for expansions of the department store . City officials allowed for the expansions with the stipulation that Cognacq follow their specifications which centered around the utilization of a more current architectural style . This was done with little opposition as both Cognacq and Jourdain were aware that the original style of the building was outdated . During this reconstruction and expansion phase , the glass domes and decorative ironwork were removed . The new addition was a collaboration between architects Jourdain and Henry Sauvage , completed between 1926 and 1928 , which featured cream colored stone and was of the Art Deco style . Similar to the original building in that it made use of the exposed steel however , its focus was much more geometry-based . At the end of construction , the Samaritaine eventually consisted of four different Magasins of department stores reaching eleven stories in total . La Samaritaine was bought in 2001 by LVMH , the luxury-goods company that had just previously purchased Le Bon Marché . On 15 June 2005 , in order to update the 19th-century building to modern standards of security , or for purposes of restructuring , as the labor unions believe , the department store was closed . LVMH selected the Japanese architectural firm SANAA to renovate the building . Implementation of the new design has been blocked a number a times by local authorities for failure to adhere to planning requirements and for lack of visual compatibility with the surrounding buildings . In June 2015 , one of the Rivoli building permit is finalized and in September of the same year construction began . This modern construction of the Samaritaine is designed to feature a hotel , restaurant , a brewery , cafes , offices , and housing and is projected to be complete in 2019 . Design . Jourdains membership in multiple societies heavily influenced his personal architectural theory and design choices for the Samaritaine . Jourdain was the president of the Societe du Nouveau during the height of the Art Nouveau movement . The buildings original design heavily embodies the ideals of this artistic style . While the skeletal structure of the department store is constructed of steel and glass , the building contains many applied adornments which lessen the harshness of its rigid structure . The buildings exterior has two domes made of glass brick that light up in the nighttime . The extended verticals of the domes , sectioned into eight sides , accentuate the height of the building and draw the viewers eye to the top of the store . The facade of the building consists of ceramic panels in brightly colored hues of yellow , white , green , and gold . The word Samaritaine , as well as some of the available merchandise and ware , are displayed around the facade of the building in colorful enamel using an elaborate lettering . Dispersed around these signs are colorful naturalistic flower motifs , which continue to the interior design of the building as well . The interior features decorative iron staircases , glass tile floors , and frescoes using the repeated floral motif . These elements encompass both ornament and functionality which are core principles of the Art Nouveau movement . The foundational ideas of Art Nouveau , and the Samaritaine , led the way to the modern movements of the 1920s . The Department Store as a Type and Consumerism . The main fundamental difference that distinguishes the department store from other stores is its offering of low-priced , mass-produced goods of a wide variety . Prices were able to be placed just slightly above wholesale as the volume of sales was able to compensate for the small margin . Typically , department stores are located centrally within a city and are in close proximity to transportation . Different department stores targeted people of different class distinctions . However , their main audience is the middle-class city dwellers who were highly conscious of their status . The Samaritaine , in particular , targeted the working class who constantly traveled through the first arrondissement for work . The goal of the department store is to move the consumer through the building and to its upper floors in order to maximize the number of counters an individual has to pass . This posed as a bit of a challenge as their target audience was so used to shopping along the street level at various small boutiques . Architects had to entice these shoppers by utilizing grand and decorative elements to allure consumers to explore the building . Features . The department store is constantly changing to keep up with the architectural trends , yet remains somewhat constant in its appearance as a building type . The design and decor of the building played a major role in enticing the human desire for the consumption of material goods . The common use of iron allowed for minimal skeletal structure and therefore maximized the amount of light that could flow through the interior and allowed more room for the circulation of customers . Many of the structural elements utilized reference to the international exhibition halls built a few years before the original department stores . Another common feature is the monumental stair design , a design element of the first department store , Bon Marche . It was later installed in the Samaritaine as well as other department stores constructed at the turn of the century . The Samaritaine also had the common department store design feature : the light court . The skeletal steel structure allowed for a maximum square footage of glass windows which was intentionally located at the center of the building to bring in ample natural light . The glazed corner rotunda became another crucial element of Parisian department store architecture . It served as a large space for display cases that could be seen by many pedestrians waiting on the street corner . The corner rotunda was also utilized as the entrance of the building , leaving the consumer with two options of vastly-stretching display windows upon entering the building . Finally , the use of a dome structure , and their strategic placement , was useful in identifying the department store as a type . The two domes of the Samaritaine create a sight line between the Seine and the left bank . Consumerism . The organization of each individual department within the stores is based on consumption patterns . For example , impulse items , such as jewelry and cosmetics , were placed on the street floor . This would encourage consumers to make quick impulse buys upon entering or right before leaving the store . Also , demand items , such as childrens clothing or household goods , were located on the upper levels . This would force consumers to move past all of the lower level departments before they reached their desired location , maximizing the opportunity for the individual to make an unplanned purchase . Once the Samaritaine consisted of four Magasins , the first was dedicated as a department store solely for womens clothing while the other three were for items such as supplies and tools . External links . - Official homepage
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": "La Samaritaine ( French pronunciation : ] ) is a large department store in Paris , France , located in the first arrondissement . The nearest métro station is Pont-Neuf , directly in front at the quai du Louvre and the rue de la Monnaie . The company was owned by Ernest Cognacq and Marie-Louise Jaÿ who hired architect Frantz Jourdain to expand their original store . It started as a small apparel shop and expanded to what became a series of department store buildings with a total of 90 different departments . It has been a member of the",
"title": "La Samaritaine"
},
{
"text": "International Association of Department Stores from 1985 to 1992 .",
"title": "La Samaritaine"
},
{
"text": "It is currently owned by LVMH , a luxury-goods maker . The store , which had been operating at a loss since the 1970s , was closed in 2005 purportedly because the building did not meet safety codes . Plans for redeveloping the building involved lengthy complications , as the representatives of the stores founders argued with new owners LVMH over the buildings future as a department store or a mixed-use development . The revamped La Samaritaine is due to re-open its doors in February 2021 with retail offerings targeted at affluent consumers , restaurants , and a boutique hotel",
"title": "La Samaritaine"
},
{
"text": "that includes a penthouse suite with its own private swimming pool . The building has been listed since 1990 as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture .",
"title": "La Samaritaine"
},
{
"text": "Architect Frantz Jourdain was originally hired to assist in the remodeling and expansion of the existing store building , known as Magasin 1 . However , as the stores success continued to grow , Cognacq decided to expand into a building across the street , Magasin 2 , which became the site for the Samaritaine as designed by Jourdain . The construction of the building was done in stages , partly because the store had to continue to remain open in order to bring in revenue . Much of the building was brought to the site prefabricated , allowing the",
"title": "Construction history"
},
{
"text": "construction to occur rapidly . The building was proposed in 1905 and after five years of construction , the building , filling the entire block from rues de la Monnaie , Arbre-Sec , des Petres , and Baillet , was complete in 1910 . The original store , Magasin 1 , was eventually updated with a steel and glass structure to match Magasin 2 , which was located across the street .",
"title": "Construction history"
},
{
"text": "By the time the department store was completed in 1910 , new movements , such as Fauvism , Cubism , and Werkbund , had come about and devalued the style of the Samaritaine . In the 1920s , Cognacq requested for expansions of the department store . City officials allowed for the expansions with the stipulation that Cognacq follow their specifications which centered around the utilization of a more current architectural style . This was done with little opposition as both Cognacq and Jourdain were aware that the original style of the building was outdated . During this reconstruction and",
"title": "Construction history"
},
{
"text": "expansion phase , the glass domes and decorative ironwork were removed . The new addition was a collaboration between architects Jourdain and Henry Sauvage , completed between 1926 and 1928 , which featured cream colored stone and was of the Art Deco style . Similar to the original building in that it made use of the exposed steel however , its focus was much more geometry-based . At the end of construction , the Samaritaine eventually consisted of four different Magasins of department stores reaching eleven stories in total .",
"title": "Construction history"
},
{
"text": "La Samaritaine was bought in 2001 by LVMH , the luxury-goods company that had just previously purchased Le Bon Marché . On 15 June 2005 , in order to update the 19th-century building to modern standards of security , or for purposes of restructuring , as the labor unions believe , the department store was closed . LVMH selected the Japanese architectural firm SANAA to renovate the building . Implementation of the new design has been blocked a number a times by local authorities for failure to adhere to planning requirements and for lack of visual compatibility with the surrounding",
"title": "Construction history"
},
{
"text": "buildings . In June 2015 , one of the Rivoli building permit is finalized and in September of the same year construction began . This modern construction of the Samaritaine is designed to feature a hotel , restaurant , a brewery , cafes , offices , and housing and is projected to be complete in 2019 .",
"title": "Construction history"
},
{
"text": "Jourdains membership in multiple societies heavily influenced his personal architectural theory and design choices for the Samaritaine . Jourdain was the president of the Societe du Nouveau during the height of the Art Nouveau movement . The buildings original design heavily embodies the ideals of this artistic style . While the skeletal structure of the department store is constructed of steel and glass , the building contains many applied adornments which lessen the harshness of its rigid structure . The buildings exterior has two domes made of glass brick that light up in the nighttime . The extended verticals of",
"title": "Design"
},
{
"text": "the domes , sectioned into eight sides , accentuate the height of the building and draw the viewers eye to the top of the store . The facade of the building consists of ceramic panels in brightly colored hues of yellow , white , green , and gold . The word Samaritaine , as well as some of the available merchandise and ware , are displayed around the facade of the building in colorful enamel using an elaborate lettering . Dispersed around these signs are colorful naturalistic flower motifs , which continue to the interior design of the building as",
"title": "Design"
},
{
"text": "well . The interior features decorative iron staircases , glass tile floors , and frescoes using the repeated floral motif . These elements encompass both ornament and functionality which are core principles of the Art Nouveau movement . The foundational ideas of Art Nouveau , and the Samaritaine , led the way to the modern movements of the 1920s .",
"title": "Design"
},
{
"text": "The main fundamental difference that distinguishes the department store from other stores is its offering of low-priced , mass-produced goods of a wide variety . Prices were able to be placed just slightly above wholesale as the volume of sales was able to compensate for the small margin . Typically , department stores are located centrally within a city and are in close proximity to transportation . Different department stores targeted people of different class distinctions . However , their main audience is the middle-class city dwellers who were highly conscious of their status . The Samaritaine , in particular",
"title": "Design"
},
{
"text": ", targeted the working class who constantly traveled through the first arrondissement for work . The goal of the department store is to move the consumer through the building and to its upper floors in order to maximize the number of counters an individual has to pass . This posed as a bit of a challenge as their target audience was so used to shopping along the street level at various small boutiques . Architects had to entice these shoppers by utilizing grand and decorative elements to allure consumers to explore the building .",
"title": "Design"
},
{
"text": "The department store is constantly changing to keep up with the architectural trends , yet remains somewhat constant in its appearance as a building type . The design and decor of the building played a major role in enticing the human desire for the consumption of material goods . The common use of iron allowed for minimal skeletal structure and therefore maximized the amount of light that could flow through the interior and allowed more room for the circulation of customers . Many of the structural elements utilized reference to the international exhibition halls built a few years before the",
"title": "Features"
},
{
"text": "original department stores . Another common feature is the monumental stair design , a design element of the first department store , Bon Marche . It was later installed in the Samaritaine as well as other department stores constructed at the turn of the century . The Samaritaine also had the common department store design feature : the light court . The skeletal steel structure allowed for a maximum square footage of glass windows which was intentionally located at the center of the building to bring in ample natural light . The glazed corner rotunda became another crucial element of",
"title": "Features"
},
{
"text": "Parisian department store architecture . It served as a large space for display cases that could be seen by many pedestrians waiting on the street corner . The corner rotunda was also utilized as the entrance of the building , leaving the consumer with two options of vastly-stretching display windows upon entering the building . Finally , the use of a dome structure , and their strategic placement , was useful in identifying the department store as a type . The two domes of the Samaritaine create a sight line between the Seine and the left bank .",
"title": "Features"
},
{
"text": "The organization of each individual department within the stores is based on consumption patterns . For example , impulse items , such as jewelry and cosmetics , were placed on the street floor . This would encourage consumers to make quick impulse buys upon entering or right before leaving the store . Also , demand items , such as childrens clothing or household goods , were located on the upper levels . This would force consumers to move past all of the lower level departments before they reached their desired location , maximizing the opportunity for the individual to make",
"title": "Consumerism"
},
{
"text": "an unplanned purchase . Once the Samaritaine consisted of four Magasins , the first was dedicated as a department store solely for womens clothing while the other three were for items such as supplies and tools .",
"title": "Consumerism"
},
{
"text": " - Official homepage",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Josiane_Balasko#P26#0
|
Who was Josiane Balasko 's spouse in Feb 1974?
|
Josiane Balasko Josiane Balasko ( born Josiane Balašković ; 15 April 1950 ) is a French actress , writer and director . She has been nominated seven times for César Awards , and won twice . Career . One of Balaskos most recognized roles among English speakers is as a lesbian in 1995s Gazon maudit ( French Twist ) . She won the 1996 César Award ( shared with Telsche Boorman ) for best screenplay , and was also nominated as best director . The movie itself was nominated for best film . Balaskos other César nominations for best actress were for Too Beautiful for You ( 1989 ) , Tout le monde na pas eu la chance davoir des parents communistes ( 1993 ) , and Cette femme-là ( 2003 ) . 1973–1980 : The beginning . She began her career in 1973 and was 23 years old when she first appeared on screen , in the short LAgression , with Patrick Bouchitey . She was in the movie Lan 01 , directed by Jacques Doillon . After an absence of three years she returned to the screen in 1976 in the film The Tenant , directed by Roman Polanski , with a screenplay written by him and Gérard Brach . The movie was based on the novel written by Roland Topor . Her career really exploded in 1977 , with her appearing in seven films over the course of the year . She first appeared in Solveig et le Violon turc , with Eugène Ionesco and Dominique Lavanant . Then , she played Simone in Une fille unique alongside her boyfriend at the time , Bruno Moynot . She made an appearance in Animal , directed by Claude Zidi , on a screenplay written by him , Michel Audiard and Dominique Fabre . It was a big success with more than three million attendances in France , the movie was #5 in 1977 in France . She appeared in Pardon Mon Affaire , Too! , directed by Yves Robert and written by him and Jean-Loup Dabadie . The movie was also a big success with more than two million attending in France alone , and was no.8 in 1977 in France . She played Nadine in This Sweet Sickness , directed by Claude Miller , based on the novel written by Patricia Highsmith . The movie starred Gérard Depardieu , Miou-Miou , Claude Piéplu , Dominique Laffin and Christian Clavier . She also acted , under the direction of Philippe Monnier , in Monsieur Papa , in which the dialogue was written by Jean-Marie Poiré . She starred alongside Claude Brasseur , Nathalie Baye , Daniel Auteuil and Éva Darlan . Finally , she appeared ( in an uncredited role ) in Herbie Goes to Monte Carlo , directed by Vincent McEveety , written by Don Nelson . With almost three millions attendances in France and nearly 30 million worldwide , the movie was a big success . In 1978 , she played in Si vous naimez pas ça , nen dégoûtez pas les autres , with Gérard Jugnot and Thierry Lhermitte , and in Les Petits Câlins , directed by Jean-Marie Poiré , alongside Dominique Laffin , Françoise Bertin and Gérard Jugnot . Then , she was in La Tortue sur le dos . She had the leading role in the comedy Pauline et lOrdinateur , for which she wrote the dialogue and where she acted next to Gérard Jugnot , Éva Darlan , Jacques Attali and Marie-Anne Chazel . Finally , she played Nathalie Morin in the cult comedy Les Bronzés , directed by Patrice Leconte , with her friends from Le Splendid , Marie-Anne Chazel , Michel Blanc , Gérard Jugnot , Thierry Lhermitte , Christian Clavier and Dominique Lavanant . The movie was a hit with more than two million attendances . In 1979 , she played Emma-Ammé in one episode of the TV Mini-Series , Les Quatre Cents Coups de Virginie , alongside Anémone . Then Nathalie Morin again , in the sequel Les Bronzés font du ski with the same cast , which was also a success with more than a millions attendances . She also appeared as a client in the movie Les héros nont pas froid aux oreilles , with Daniel Auteuil , Gérard Jugnot , Roland Giraud , Gérard Lanvin , Michel Blanc , Thierry Lhermitte , Marie-Anne Chazel and Christian Clavier . 1981–1990 : directing debut . The year 1981 was very successful for Josiane . First , she played Louise in Clara et les Chics Types . Later , she had the leading role in the very successful comedy Les hommes préfèrent les grosses . The movie was a commercial success . It was directed by Jean-Marie Poiré , who co-wrote the film , with Balasko . After this , she was in another comedy named Le Maître décole , directed by Claude Berri . This film was also commercially successful , the #9 movie at the French Box Office in 1981 . She then played Colette , a supporting role , in Hotel America , directed by André Téchiné , also starring Catherine Deneuve and Patrick Dewaere . In 1982 , she was in another cult movie , Le Père Noël est une ordure , directed for the third time by Jean-Marie Poiré . The film was commercially successful . In 1983 , she had two comedy hits . Papy fait de la résistance , which was #7 in the 1983 French box office . and Signes extérieurs de richesse , another success . In 1984 , she played a supporting role in the comedy Ptit Con , directed by Gérard Lauzier . She then had the leading role in another comedy , La smala , directed by Jean-Loup Hubert . Finally , she played a supporting role in the comedy La vengeance du serpent à plumes directed by Gérard Oury . The movie was her biggest success of that year . In 1985 , she appeared in the movie Tranches de vie directed by François Leterrier . That year she also made her directional debut with the comedy Sac de noeuds , which she wrote , directed and starred in . 1990 onward . Since 1990 she has enjoyed a busy career acting in numerous films in a very wide variety of roles but having an international directing success in 1995 with Gazon Maudit ( French Twist ) , in which she co-starred with Alain Chabat and gained her a César for best screenplay and a nomination for best film . In 2006 she was re-united once again with the Le Splendid team for another Bronzés film . 2012–present . In 2018 , she record a song with the rapper Mac Tyer on his album Cest la street mon pote . In February 2019 , she received the Crystal Comedy Award during the 4th Festival International du Film de Comédie de Liège to reward her career . Personal life . Bruno Moynot was her partner from 1974 until 1981 . In a second union with sculptor Philippe Berry ( brother of actor Richard Berry ) , she had a daughter , Marilou Berry ( born 1 February 1983 , Paris ) , also an actress , and an adopted son , Rudy Berry ( born 1988 ) . Divorced from Philippe Berry in 1999 , she married Native American actor George Aguilar in 2003 , whom she met on the set of The Frenchmans Son in 1999 . In July 2018 , her daughter Marilou Berry announced on her Instagram account that she was pregnant with her first child . Her boy , Andy , was born in November 2018 and was Balaskos first grandchild . Filmography . Box-office . Movies starring or featuring Josiane Balasko with more than one million tickets sold at movie theatres in France . Writer . - 2004 : Cliente , it became a movie in 2008 directed and starring Balasko , with Nathalie Baye , Éric Caravaca , Isabelle Carré , Catherine Hiegel , Marilou Berry , George Aguilar , Richard Berry and Maria Schneider . - 2006 : Parano express - 2011 : La nuit sera chaude , it became a play in 2011-2012 - 2019 : Jamaiplu
|
[
"Bruno Moynot"
] |
[
{
"text": " Josiane Balasko ( born Josiane Balašković ; 15 April 1950 ) is a French actress , writer and director . She has been nominated seven times for César Awards , and won twice .",
"title": "Josiane Balasko"
},
{
"text": " One of Balaskos most recognized roles among English speakers is as a lesbian in 1995s Gazon maudit ( French Twist ) . She won the 1996 César Award ( shared with Telsche Boorman ) for best screenplay , and was also nominated as best director . The movie itself was nominated for best film . Balaskos other César nominations for best actress were for Too Beautiful for You ( 1989 ) , Tout le monde na pas eu la chance davoir des parents communistes ( 1993 ) , and Cette femme-là ( 2003 ) .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "1973–1980 : The beginning .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " She began her career in 1973 and was 23 years old when she first appeared on screen , in the short LAgression , with Patrick Bouchitey . She was in the movie Lan 01 , directed by Jacques Doillon . After an absence of three years she returned to the screen in 1976 in the film The Tenant , directed by Roman Polanski , with a screenplay written by him and Gérard Brach . The movie was based on the novel written by Roland Topor .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Her career really exploded in 1977 , with her appearing in seven films over the course of the year . She first appeared in Solveig et le Violon turc , with Eugène Ionesco and Dominique Lavanant . Then , she played Simone in Une fille unique alongside her boyfriend at the time , Bruno Moynot . She made an appearance in Animal , directed by Claude Zidi , on a screenplay written by him , Michel Audiard and Dominique Fabre . It was a big success with more than three million attendances in France , the movie was #5 in",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "1977 in France . She appeared in Pardon Mon Affaire , Too! , directed by Yves Robert and written by him and Jean-Loup Dabadie . The movie was also a big success with more than two million attending in France alone , and was no.8 in 1977 in France .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " She played Nadine in This Sweet Sickness , directed by Claude Miller , based on the novel written by Patricia Highsmith . The movie starred Gérard Depardieu , Miou-Miou , Claude Piéplu , Dominique Laffin and Christian Clavier . She also acted , under the direction of Philippe Monnier , in Monsieur Papa , in which the dialogue was written by Jean-Marie Poiré .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "She starred alongside Claude Brasseur , Nathalie Baye , Daniel Auteuil and Éva Darlan . Finally , she appeared ( in an uncredited role ) in Herbie Goes to Monte Carlo , directed by Vincent McEveety , written by Don Nelson . With almost three millions attendances in France and nearly 30 million worldwide , the movie was a big success .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In 1978 , she played in Si vous naimez pas ça , nen dégoûtez pas les autres , with Gérard Jugnot and Thierry Lhermitte , and in Les Petits Câlins , directed by Jean-Marie Poiré , alongside Dominique Laffin , Françoise Bertin and Gérard Jugnot . Then , she was in La Tortue sur le dos .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "She had the leading role in the comedy Pauline et lOrdinateur , for which she wrote the dialogue and where she acted next to Gérard Jugnot , Éva Darlan , Jacques Attali and Marie-Anne Chazel . Finally , she played Nathalie Morin in the cult comedy Les Bronzés , directed by Patrice Leconte , with her friends from Le Splendid , Marie-Anne Chazel , Michel Blanc , Gérard Jugnot , Thierry Lhermitte , Christian Clavier and Dominique Lavanant . The movie was a hit with more than two million attendances .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In 1979 , she played Emma-Ammé in one episode of the TV Mini-Series , Les Quatre Cents Coups de Virginie , alongside Anémone . Then Nathalie Morin again , in the sequel Les Bronzés font du ski with the same cast , which was also a success with more than a millions attendances . She also appeared as a client in the movie Les héros nont pas froid aux oreilles , with Daniel Auteuil , Gérard Jugnot , Roland Giraud , Gérard Lanvin , Michel Blanc , Thierry Lhermitte , Marie-Anne Chazel and Christian Clavier .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "1981–1990 : directing debut .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "The year 1981 was very successful for Josiane . First , she played Louise in Clara et les Chics Types . Later , she had the leading role in the very successful comedy Les hommes préfèrent les grosses . The movie was a commercial success . It was directed by Jean-Marie Poiré , who co-wrote the film , with Balasko . After this , she was in another comedy named Le Maître décole , directed by Claude Berri . This film was also commercially successful , the #9 movie at the French Box Office in 1981 . She then played",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Colette , a supporting role , in Hotel America , directed by André Téchiné , also starring Catherine Deneuve and Patrick Dewaere .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In 1982 , she was in another cult movie , Le Père Noël est une ordure , directed for the third time by Jean-Marie Poiré . The film was commercially successful . In 1983 , she had two comedy hits . Papy fait de la résistance , which was #7 in the 1983 French box office . and Signes extérieurs de richesse , another success .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 1984 , she played a supporting role in the comedy Ptit Con , directed by Gérard Lauzier . She then had the leading role in another comedy , La smala , directed by Jean-Loup Hubert . Finally , she played a supporting role in the comedy La vengeance du serpent à plumes directed by Gérard Oury . The movie was her biggest success of that year . In 1985 , she appeared in the movie Tranches de vie directed by François Leterrier . That year she also made her directional debut with the comedy Sac de noeuds , which",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "she wrote , directed and starred in .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " 1990 onward . Since 1990 she has enjoyed a busy career acting in numerous films in a very wide variety of roles but having an international directing success in 1995 with Gazon Maudit ( French Twist ) , in which she co-starred with Alain Chabat and gained her a César for best screenplay and a nomination for best film . In 2006 she was re-united once again with the Le Splendid team for another Bronzés film . 2012–present .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 2018 , she record a song with the rapper Mac Tyer on his album Cest la street mon pote .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In February 2019 , she received the Crystal Comedy Award during the 4th Festival International du Film de Comédie de Liège to reward her career .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Bruno Moynot was her partner from 1974 until 1981 . In a second union with sculptor Philippe Berry ( brother of actor Richard Berry ) , she had a daughter , Marilou Berry ( born 1 February 1983 , Paris ) , also an actress , and an adopted son , Rudy Berry ( born 1988 ) . Divorced from Philippe Berry in 1999 , she married Native American actor George Aguilar in 2003 , whom she met on the set of The Frenchmans Son in 1999 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "In July 2018 , her daughter Marilou Berry announced on her Instagram account that she was pregnant with her first child . Her boy , Andy , was born in November 2018 and was Balaskos first grandchild .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Movies starring or featuring Josiane Balasko with more than one million tickets sold at movie theatres in France .",
"title": "Box-office"
},
{
"text": " - 2004 : Cliente , it became a movie in 2008 directed and starring Balasko , with Nathalie Baye , Éric Caravaca , Isabelle Carré , Catherine Hiegel , Marilou Berry , George Aguilar , Richard Berry and Maria Schneider . - 2006 : Parano express - 2011 : La nuit sera chaude , it became a play in 2011-2012 - 2019 : Jamaiplu",
"title": "Writer"
}
] |
/wiki/Josiane_Balasko#P26#1
|
Who was Josiane Balasko 's spouse between Dec 1986 and May 1991?
|
Josiane Balasko Josiane Balasko ( born Josiane Balašković ; 15 April 1950 ) is a French actress , writer and director . She has been nominated seven times for César Awards , and won twice . Career . One of Balaskos most recognized roles among English speakers is as a lesbian in 1995s Gazon maudit ( French Twist ) . She won the 1996 César Award ( shared with Telsche Boorman ) for best screenplay , and was also nominated as best director . The movie itself was nominated for best film . Balaskos other César nominations for best actress were for Too Beautiful for You ( 1989 ) , Tout le monde na pas eu la chance davoir des parents communistes ( 1993 ) , and Cette femme-là ( 2003 ) . 1973–1980 : The beginning . She began her career in 1973 and was 23 years old when she first appeared on screen , in the short LAgression , with Patrick Bouchitey . She was in the movie Lan 01 , directed by Jacques Doillon . After an absence of three years she returned to the screen in 1976 in the film The Tenant , directed by Roman Polanski , with a screenplay written by him and Gérard Brach . The movie was based on the novel written by Roland Topor . Her career really exploded in 1977 , with her appearing in seven films over the course of the year . She first appeared in Solveig et le Violon turc , with Eugène Ionesco and Dominique Lavanant . Then , she played Simone in Une fille unique alongside her boyfriend at the time , Bruno Moynot . She made an appearance in Animal , directed by Claude Zidi , on a screenplay written by him , Michel Audiard and Dominique Fabre . It was a big success with more than three million attendances in France , the movie was #5 in 1977 in France . She appeared in Pardon Mon Affaire , Too! , directed by Yves Robert and written by him and Jean-Loup Dabadie . The movie was also a big success with more than two million attending in France alone , and was no.8 in 1977 in France . She played Nadine in This Sweet Sickness , directed by Claude Miller , based on the novel written by Patricia Highsmith . The movie starred Gérard Depardieu , Miou-Miou , Claude Piéplu , Dominique Laffin and Christian Clavier . She also acted , under the direction of Philippe Monnier , in Monsieur Papa , in which the dialogue was written by Jean-Marie Poiré . She starred alongside Claude Brasseur , Nathalie Baye , Daniel Auteuil and Éva Darlan . Finally , she appeared ( in an uncredited role ) in Herbie Goes to Monte Carlo , directed by Vincent McEveety , written by Don Nelson . With almost three millions attendances in France and nearly 30 million worldwide , the movie was a big success . In 1978 , she played in Si vous naimez pas ça , nen dégoûtez pas les autres , with Gérard Jugnot and Thierry Lhermitte , and in Les Petits Câlins , directed by Jean-Marie Poiré , alongside Dominique Laffin , Françoise Bertin and Gérard Jugnot . Then , she was in La Tortue sur le dos . She had the leading role in the comedy Pauline et lOrdinateur , for which she wrote the dialogue and where she acted next to Gérard Jugnot , Éva Darlan , Jacques Attali and Marie-Anne Chazel . Finally , she played Nathalie Morin in the cult comedy Les Bronzés , directed by Patrice Leconte , with her friends from Le Splendid , Marie-Anne Chazel , Michel Blanc , Gérard Jugnot , Thierry Lhermitte , Christian Clavier and Dominique Lavanant . The movie was a hit with more than two million attendances . In 1979 , she played Emma-Ammé in one episode of the TV Mini-Series , Les Quatre Cents Coups de Virginie , alongside Anémone . Then Nathalie Morin again , in the sequel Les Bronzés font du ski with the same cast , which was also a success with more than a millions attendances . She also appeared as a client in the movie Les héros nont pas froid aux oreilles , with Daniel Auteuil , Gérard Jugnot , Roland Giraud , Gérard Lanvin , Michel Blanc , Thierry Lhermitte , Marie-Anne Chazel and Christian Clavier . 1981–1990 : directing debut . The year 1981 was very successful for Josiane . First , she played Louise in Clara et les Chics Types . Later , she had the leading role in the very successful comedy Les hommes préfèrent les grosses . The movie was a commercial success . It was directed by Jean-Marie Poiré , who co-wrote the film , with Balasko . After this , she was in another comedy named Le Maître décole , directed by Claude Berri . This film was also commercially successful , the #9 movie at the French Box Office in 1981 . She then played Colette , a supporting role , in Hotel America , directed by André Téchiné , also starring Catherine Deneuve and Patrick Dewaere . In 1982 , she was in another cult movie , Le Père Noël est une ordure , directed for the third time by Jean-Marie Poiré . The film was commercially successful . In 1983 , she had two comedy hits . Papy fait de la résistance , which was #7 in the 1983 French box office . and Signes extérieurs de richesse , another success . In 1984 , she played a supporting role in the comedy Ptit Con , directed by Gérard Lauzier . She then had the leading role in another comedy , La smala , directed by Jean-Loup Hubert . Finally , she played a supporting role in the comedy La vengeance du serpent à plumes directed by Gérard Oury . The movie was her biggest success of that year . In 1985 , she appeared in the movie Tranches de vie directed by François Leterrier . That year she also made her directional debut with the comedy Sac de noeuds , which she wrote , directed and starred in . 1990 onward . Since 1990 she has enjoyed a busy career acting in numerous films in a very wide variety of roles but having an international directing success in 1995 with Gazon Maudit ( French Twist ) , in which she co-starred with Alain Chabat and gained her a César for best screenplay and a nomination for best film . In 2006 she was re-united once again with the Le Splendid team for another Bronzés film . 2012–present . In 2018 , she record a song with the rapper Mac Tyer on his album Cest la street mon pote . In February 2019 , she received the Crystal Comedy Award during the 4th Festival International du Film de Comédie de Liège to reward her career . Personal life . Bruno Moynot was her partner from 1974 until 1981 . In a second union with sculptor Philippe Berry ( brother of actor Richard Berry ) , she had a daughter , Marilou Berry ( born 1 February 1983 , Paris ) , also an actress , and an adopted son , Rudy Berry ( born 1988 ) . Divorced from Philippe Berry in 1999 , she married Native American actor George Aguilar in 2003 , whom she met on the set of The Frenchmans Son in 1999 . In July 2018 , her daughter Marilou Berry announced on her Instagram account that she was pregnant with her first child . Her boy , Andy , was born in November 2018 and was Balaskos first grandchild . Filmography . Box-office . Movies starring or featuring Josiane Balasko with more than one million tickets sold at movie theatres in France . Writer . - 2004 : Cliente , it became a movie in 2008 directed and starring Balasko , with Nathalie Baye , Éric Caravaca , Isabelle Carré , Catherine Hiegel , Marilou Berry , George Aguilar , Richard Berry and Maria Schneider . - 2006 : Parano express - 2011 : La nuit sera chaude , it became a play in 2011-2012 - 2019 : Jamaiplu
|
[
"Philippe Berry"
] |
[
{
"text": " Josiane Balasko ( born Josiane Balašković ; 15 April 1950 ) is a French actress , writer and director . She has been nominated seven times for César Awards , and won twice .",
"title": "Josiane Balasko"
},
{
"text": " One of Balaskos most recognized roles among English speakers is as a lesbian in 1995s Gazon maudit ( French Twist ) . She won the 1996 César Award ( shared with Telsche Boorman ) for best screenplay , and was also nominated as best director . The movie itself was nominated for best film . Balaskos other César nominations for best actress were for Too Beautiful for You ( 1989 ) , Tout le monde na pas eu la chance davoir des parents communistes ( 1993 ) , and Cette femme-là ( 2003 ) .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "1973–1980 : The beginning .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " She began her career in 1973 and was 23 years old when she first appeared on screen , in the short LAgression , with Patrick Bouchitey . She was in the movie Lan 01 , directed by Jacques Doillon . After an absence of three years she returned to the screen in 1976 in the film The Tenant , directed by Roman Polanski , with a screenplay written by him and Gérard Brach . The movie was based on the novel written by Roland Topor .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Her career really exploded in 1977 , with her appearing in seven films over the course of the year . She first appeared in Solveig et le Violon turc , with Eugène Ionesco and Dominique Lavanant . Then , she played Simone in Une fille unique alongside her boyfriend at the time , Bruno Moynot . She made an appearance in Animal , directed by Claude Zidi , on a screenplay written by him , Michel Audiard and Dominique Fabre . It was a big success with more than three million attendances in France , the movie was #5 in",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "1977 in France . She appeared in Pardon Mon Affaire , Too! , directed by Yves Robert and written by him and Jean-Loup Dabadie . The movie was also a big success with more than two million attending in France alone , and was no.8 in 1977 in France .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " She played Nadine in This Sweet Sickness , directed by Claude Miller , based on the novel written by Patricia Highsmith . The movie starred Gérard Depardieu , Miou-Miou , Claude Piéplu , Dominique Laffin and Christian Clavier . She also acted , under the direction of Philippe Monnier , in Monsieur Papa , in which the dialogue was written by Jean-Marie Poiré .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "She starred alongside Claude Brasseur , Nathalie Baye , Daniel Auteuil and Éva Darlan . Finally , she appeared ( in an uncredited role ) in Herbie Goes to Monte Carlo , directed by Vincent McEveety , written by Don Nelson . With almost three millions attendances in France and nearly 30 million worldwide , the movie was a big success .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In 1978 , she played in Si vous naimez pas ça , nen dégoûtez pas les autres , with Gérard Jugnot and Thierry Lhermitte , and in Les Petits Câlins , directed by Jean-Marie Poiré , alongside Dominique Laffin , Françoise Bertin and Gérard Jugnot . Then , she was in La Tortue sur le dos .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "She had the leading role in the comedy Pauline et lOrdinateur , for which she wrote the dialogue and where she acted next to Gérard Jugnot , Éva Darlan , Jacques Attali and Marie-Anne Chazel . Finally , she played Nathalie Morin in the cult comedy Les Bronzés , directed by Patrice Leconte , with her friends from Le Splendid , Marie-Anne Chazel , Michel Blanc , Gérard Jugnot , Thierry Lhermitte , Christian Clavier and Dominique Lavanant . The movie was a hit with more than two million attendances .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In 1979 , she played Emma-Ammé in one episode of the TV Mini-Series , Les Quatre Cents Coups de Virginie , alongside Anémone . Then Nathalie Morin again , in the sequel Les Bronzés font du ski with the same cast , which was also a success with more than a millions attendances . She also appeared as a client in the movie Les héros nont pas froid aux oreilles , with Daniel Auteuil , Gérard Jugnot , Roland Giraud , Gérard Lanvin , Michel Blanc , Thierry Lhermitte , Marie-Anne Chazel and Christian Clavier .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "1981–1990 : directing debut .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "The year 1981 was very successful for Josiane . First , she played Louise in Clara et les Chics Types . Later , she had the leading role in the very successful comedy Les hommes préfèrent les grosses . The movie was a commercial success . It was directed by Jean-Marie Poiré , who co-wrote the film , with Balasko . After this , she was in another comedy named Le Maître décole , directed by Claude Berri . This film was also commercially successful , the #9 movie at the French Box Office in 1981 . She then played",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Colette , a supporting role , in Hotel America , directed by André Téchiné , also starring Catherine Deneuve and Patrick Dewaere .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In 1982 , she was in another cult movie , Le Père Noël est une ordure , directed for the third time by Jean-Marie Poiré . The film was commercially successful . In 1983 , she had two comedy hits . Papy fait de la résistance , which was #7 in the 1983 French box office . and Signes extérieurs de richesse , another success .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 1984 , she played a supporting role in the comedy Ptit Con , directed by Gérard Lauzier . She then had the leading role in another comedy , La smala , directed by Jean-Loup Hubert . Finally , she played a supporting role in the comedy La vengeance du serpent à plumes directed by Gérard Oury . The movie was her biggest success of that year . In 1985 , she appeared in the movie Tranches de vie directed by François Leterrier . That year she also made her directional debut with the comedy Sac de noeuds , which",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "she wrote , directed and starred in .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " 1990 onward . Since 1990 she has enjoyed a busy career acting in numerous films in a very wide variety of roles but having an international directing success in 1995 with Gazon Maudit ( French Twist ) , in which she co-starred with Alain Chabat and gained her a César for best screenplay and a nomination for best film . In 2006 she was re-united once again with the Le Splendid team for another Bronzés film . 2012–present .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 2018 , she record a song with the rapper Mac Tyer on his album Cest la street mon pote .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In February 2019 , she received the Crystal Comedy Award during the 4th Festival International du Film de Comédie de Liège to reward her career .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Bruno Moynot was her partner from 1974 until 1981 . In a second union with sculptor Philippe Berry ( brother of actor Richard Berry ) , she had a daughter , Marilou Berry ( born 1 February 1983 , Paris ) , also an actress , and an adopted son , Rudy Berry ( born 1988 ) . Divorced from Philippe Berry in 1999 , she married Native American actor George Aguilar in 2003 , whom she met on the set of The Frenchmans Son in 1999 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "In July 2018 , her daughter Marilou Berry announced on her Instagram account that she was pregnant with her first child . Her boy , Andy , was born in November 2018 and was Balaskos first grandchild .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Movies starring or featuring Josiane Balasko with more than one million tickets sold at movie theatres in France .",
"title": "Box-office"
},
{
"text": " - 2004 : Cliente , it became a movie in 2008 directed and starring Balasko , with Nathalie Baye , Éric Caravaca , Isabelle Carré , Catherine Hiegel , Marilou Berry , George Aguilar , Richard Berry and Maria Schneider . - 2006 : Parano express - 2011 : La nuit sera chaude , it became a play in 2011-2012 - 2019 : Jamaiplu",
"title": "Writer"
}
] |
/wiki/Josiane_Balasko#P26#2
|
Who was Josiane Balasko 's spouse between Apr 2003 and Jul 2003?
|
Josiane Balasko Josiane Balasko ( born Josiane Balašković ; 15 April 1950 ) is a French actress , writer and director . She has been nominated seven times for César Awards , and won twice . Career . One of Balaskos most recognized roles among English speakers is as a lesbian in 1995s Gazon maudit ( French Twist ) . She won the 1996 César Award ( shared with Telsche Boorman ) for best screenplay , and was also nominated as best director . The movie itself was nominated for best film . Balaskos other César nominations for best actress were for Too Beautiful for You ( 1989 ) , Tout le monde na pas eu la chance davoir des parents communistes ( 1993 ) , and Cette femme-là ( 2003 ) . 1973–1980 : The beginning . She began her career in 1973 and was 23 years old when she first appeared on screen , in the short LAgression , with Patrick Bouchitey . She was in the movie Lan 01 , directed by Jacques Doillon . After an absence of three years she returned to the screen in 1976 in the film The Tenant , directed by Roman Polanski , with a screenplay written by him and Gérard Brach . The movie was based on the novel written by Roland Topor . Her career really exploded in 1977 , with her appearing in seven films over the course of the year . She first appeared in Solveig et le Violon turc , with Eugène Ionesco and Dominique Lavanant . Then , she played Simone in Une fille unique alongside her boyfriend at the time , Bruno Moynot . She made an appearance in Animal , directed by Claude Zidi , on a screenplay written by him , Michel Audiard and Dominique Fabre . It was a big success with more than three million attendances in France , the movie was #5 in 1977 in France . She appeared in Pardon Mon Affaire , Too! , directed by Yves Robert and written by him and Jean-Loup Dabadie . The movie was also a big success with more than two million attending in France alone , and was no.8 in 1977 in France . She played Nadine in This Sweet Sickness , directed by Claude Miller , based on the novel written by Patricia Highsmith . The movie starred Gérard Depardieu , Miou-Miou , Claude Piéplu , Dominique Laffin and Christian Clavier . She also acted , under the direction of Philippe Monnier , in Monsieur Papa , in which the dialogue was written by Jean-Marie Poiré . She starred alongside Claude Brasseur , Nathalie Baye , Daniel Auteuil and Éva Darlan . Finally , she appeared ( in an uncredited role ) in Herbie Goes to Monte Carlo , directed by Vincent McEveety , written by Don Nelson . With almost three millions attendances in France and nearly 30 million worldwide , the movie was a big success . In 1978 , she played in Si vous naimez pas ça , nen dégoûtez pas les autres , with Gérard Jugnot and Thierry Lhermitte , and in Les Petits Câlins , directed by Jean-Marie Poiré , alongside Dominique Laffin , Françoise Bertin and Gérard Jugnot . Then , she was in La Tortue sur le dos . She had the leading role in the comedy Pauline et lOrdinateur , for which she wrote the dialogue and where she acted next to Gérard Jugnot , Éva Darlan , Jacques Attali and Marie-Anne Chazel . Finally , she played Nathalie Morin in the cult comedy Les Bronzés , directed by Patrice Leconte , with her friends from Le Splendid , Marie-Anne Chazel , Michel Blanc , Gérard Jugnot , Thierry Lhermitte , Christian Clavier and Dominique Lavanant . The movie was a hit with more than two million attendances . In 1979 , she played Emma-Ammé in one episode of the TV Mini-Series , Les Quatre Cents Coups de Virginie , alongside Anémone . Then Nathalie Morin again , in the sequel Les Bronzés font du ski with the same cast , which was also a success with more than a millions attendances . She also appeared as a client in the movie Les héros nont pas froid aux oreilles , with Daniel Auteuil , Gérard Jugnot , Roland Giraud , Gérard Lanvin , Michel Blanc , Thierry Lhermitte , Marie-Anne Chazel and Christian Clavier . 1981–1990 : directing debut . The year 1981 was very successful for Josiane . First , she played Louise in Clara et les Chics Types . Later , she had the leading role in the very successful comedy Les hommes préfèrent les grosses . The movie was a commercial success . It was directed by Jean-Marie Poiré , who co-wrote the film , with Balasko . After this , she was in another comedy named Le Maître décole , directed by Claude Berri . This film was also commercially successful , the #9 movie at the French Box Office in 1981 . She then played Colette , a supporting role , in Hotel America , directed by André Téchiné , also starring Catherine Deneuve and Patrick Dewaere . In 1982 , she was in another cult movie , Le Père Noël est une ordure , directed for the third time by Jean-Marie Poiré . The film was commercially successful . In 1983 , she had two comedy hits . Papy fait de la résistance , which was #7 in the 1983 French box office . and Signes extérieurs de richesse , another success . In 1984 , she played a supporting role in the comedy Ptit Con , directed by Gérard Lauzier . She then had the leading role in another comedy , La smala , directed by Jean-Loup Hubert . Finally , she played a supporting role in the comedy La vengeance du serpent à plumes directed by Gérard Oury . The movie was her biggest success of that year . In 1985 , she appeared in the movie Tranches de vie directed by François Leterrier . That year she also made her directional debut with the comedy Sac de noeuds , which she wrote , directed and starred in . 1990 onward . Since 1990 she has enjoyed a busy career acting in numerous films in a very wide variety of roles but having an international directing success in 1995 with Gazon Maudit ( French Twist ) , in which she co-starred with Alain Chabat and gained her a César for best screenplay and a nomination for best film . In 2006 she was re-united once again with the Le Splendid team for another Bronzés film . 2012–present . In 2018 , she record a song with the rapper Mac Tyer on his album Cest la street mon pote . In February 2019 , she received the Crystal Comedy Award during the 4th Festival International du Film de Comédie de Liège to reward her career . Personal life . Bruno Moynot was her partner from 1974 until 1981 . In a second union with sculptor Philippe Berry ( brother of actor Richard Berry ) , she had a daughter , Marilou Berry ( born 1 February 1983 , Paris ) , also an actress , and an adopted son , Rudy Berry ( born 1988 ) . Divorced from Philippe Berry in 1999 , she married Native American actor George Aguilar in 2003 , whom she met on the set of The Frenchmans Son in 1999 . In July 2018 , her daughter Marilou Berry announced on her Instagram account that she was pregnant with her first child . Her boy , Andy , was born in November 2018 and was Balaskos first grandchild . Filmography . Box-office . Movies starring or featuring Josiane Balasko with more than one million tickets sold at movie theatres in France . Writer . - 2004 : Cliente , it became a movie in 2008 directed and starring Balasko , with Nathalie Baye , Éric Caravaca , Isabelle Carré , Catherine Hiegel , Marilou Berry , George Aguilar , Richard Berry and Maria Schneider . - 2006 : Parano express - 2011 : La nuit sera chaude , it became a play in 2011-2012 - 2019 : Jamaiplu
|
[
"George Aguilar"
] |
[
{
"text": " Josiane Balasko ( born Josiane Balašković ; 15 April 1950 ) is a French actress , writer and director . She has been nominated seven times for César Awards , and won twice .",
"title": "Josiane Balasko"
},
{
"text": " One of Balaskos most recognized roles among English speakers is as a lesbian in 1995s Gazon maudit ( French Twist ) . She won the 1996 César Award ( shared with Telsche Boorman ) for best screenplay , and was also nominated as best director . The movie itself was nominated for best film . Balaskos other César nominations for best actress were for Too Beautiful for You ( 1989 ) , Tout le monde na pas eu la chance davoir des parents communistes ( 1993 ) , and Cette femme-là ( 2003 ) .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "1973–1980 : The beginning .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " She began her career in 1973 and was 23 years old when she first appeared on screen , in the short LAgression , with Patrick Bouchitey . She was in the movie Lan 01 , directed by Jacques Doillon . After an absence of three years she returned to the screen in 1976 in the film The Tenant , directed by Roman Polanski , with a screenplay written by him and Gérard Brach . The movie was based on the novel written by Roland Topor .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Her career really exploded in 1977 , with her appearing in seven films over the course of the year . She first appeared in Solveig et le Violon turc , with Eugène Ionesco and Dominique Lavanant . Then , she played Simone in Une fille unique alongside her boyfriend at the time , Bruno Moynot . She made an appearance in Animal , directed by Claude Zidi , on a screenplay written by him , Michel Audiard and Dominique Fabre . It was a big success with more than three million attendances in France , the movie was #5 in",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "1977 in France . She appeared in Pardon Mon Affaire , Too! , directed by Yves Robert and written by him and Jean-Loup Dabadie . The movie was also a big success with more than two million attending in France alone , and was no.8 in 1977 in France .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " She played Nadine in This Sweet Sickness , directed by Claude Miller , based on the novel written by Patricia Highsmith . The movie starred Gérard Depardieu , Miou-Miou , Claude Piéplu , Dominique Laffin and Christian Clavier . She also acted , under the direction of Philippe Monnier , in Monsieur Papa , in which the dialogue was written by Jean-Marie Poiré .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "She starred alongside Claude Brasseur , Nathalie Baye , Daniel Auteuil and Éva Darlan . Finally , she appeared ( in an uncredited role ) in Herbie Goes to Monte Carlo , directed by Vincent McEveety , written by Don Nelson . With almost three millions attendances in France and nearly 30 million worldwide , the movie was a big success .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In 1978 , she played in Si vous naimez pas ça , nen dégoûtez pas les autres , with Gérard Jugnot and Thierry Lhermitte , and in Les Petits Câlins , directed by Jean-Marie Poiré , alongside Dominique Laffin , Françoise Bertin and Gérard Jugnot . Then , she was in La Tortue sur le dos .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "She had the leading role in the comedy Pauline et lOrdinateur , for which she wrote the dialogue and where she acted next to Gérard Jugnot , Éva Darlan , Jacques Attali and Marie-Anne Chazel . Finally , she played Nathalie Morin in the cult comedy Les Bronzés , directed by Patrice Leconte , with her friends from Le Splendid , Marie-Anne Chazel , Michel Blanc , Gérard Jugnot , Thierry Lhermitte , Christian Clavier and Dominique Lavanant . The movie was a hit with more than two million attendances .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In 1979 , she played Emma-Ammé in one episode of the TV Mini-Series , Les Quatre Cents Coups de Virginie , alongside Anémone . Then Nathalie Morin again , in the sequel Les Bronzés font du ski with the same cast , which was also a success with more than a millions attendances . She also appeared as a client in the movie Les héros nont pas froid aux oreilles , with Daniel Auteuil , Gérard Jugnot , Roland Giraud , Gérard Lanvin , Michel Blanc , Thierry Lhermitte , Marie-Anne Chazel and Christian Clavier .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "1981–1990 : directing debut .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "The year 1981 was very successful for Josiane . First , she played Louise in Clara et les Chics Types . Later , she had the leading role in the very successful comedy Les hommes préfèrent les grosses . The movie was a commercial success . It was directed by Jean-Marie Poiré , who co-wrote the film , with Balasko . After this , she was in another comedy named Le Maître décole , directed by Claude Berri . This film was also commercially successful , the #9 movie at the French Box Office in 1981 . She then played",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Colette , a supporting role , in Hotel America , directed by André Téchiné , also starring Catherine Deneuve and Patrick Dewaere .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In 1982 , she was in another cult movie , Le Père Noël est une ordure , directed for the third time by Jean-Marie Poiré . The film was commercially successful . In 1983 , she had two comedy hits . Papy fait de la résistance , which was #7 in the 1983 French box office . and Signes extérieurs de richesse , another success .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 1984 , she played a supporting role in the comedy Ptit Con , directed by Gérard Lauzier . She then had the leading role in another comedy , La smala , directed by Jean-Loup Hubert . Finally , she played a supporting role in the comedy La vengeance du serpent à plumes directed by Gérard Oury . The movie was her biggest success of that year . In 1985 , she appeared in the movie Tranches de vie directed by François Leterrier . That year she also made her directional debut with the comedy Sac de noeuds , which",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "she wrote , directed and starred in .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " 1990 onward . Since 1990 she has enjoyed a busy career acting in numerous films in a very wide variety of roles but having an international directing success in 1995 with Gazon Maudit ( French Twist ) , in which she co-starred with Alain Chabat and gained her a César for best screenplay and a nomination for best film . In 2006 she was re-united once again with the Le Splendid team for another Bronzés film . 2012–present .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 2018 , she record a song with the rapper Mac Tyer on his album Cest la street mon pote .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In February 2019 , she received the Crystal Comedy Award during the 4th Festival International du Film de Comédie de Liège to reward her career .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Bruno Moynot was her partner from 1974 until 1981 . In a second union with sculptor Philippe Berry ( brother of actor Richard Berry ) , she had a daughter , Marilou Berry ( born 1 February 1983 , Paris ) , also an actress , and an adopted son , Rudy Berry ( born 1988 ) . Divorced from Philippe Berry in 1999 , she married Native American actor George Aguilar in 2003 , whom she met on the set of The Frenchmans Son in 1999 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "In July 2018 , her daughter Marilou Berry announced on her Instagram account that she was pregnant with her first child . Her boy , Andy , was born in November 2018 and was Balaskos first grandchild .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Movies starring or featuring Josiane Balasko with more than one million tickets sold at movie theatres in France .",
"title": "Box-office"
},
{
"text": " - 2004 : Cliente , it became a movie in 2008 directed and starring Balasko , with Nathalie Baye , Éric Caravaca , Isabelle Carré , Catherine Hiegel , Marilou Berry , George Aguilar , Richard Berry and Maria Schneider . - 2006 : Parano express - 2011 : La nuit sera chaude , it became a play in 2011-2012 - 2019 : Jamaiplu",
"title": "Writer"
}
] |
/wiki/Festina_(cycling_team)#P1448#0
|
What was the official name of Festina (cycling team) between Jun 1990 and Feb 1991?
|
Festina ( cycling team ) Festina is a former professional cycling team that was active in the professional peloton from 1989 to 2001 . The team was sponsored by Spanish watch manufacturers Festina . History . Beginnings . The team first appeared as Lotus-Zahor but the following year , 1990 , the team became Lotus-Festina . In 1993 , the team became Festina-Lotus which it was known by until 2000 . The team was a Spanish team from 1989 to 1992 . Then the team was based in Andorra in 1993 and 1994 . In 1995 , the team became French-based from which it would stay until the team retired from the peloton , with the sole exception of 1996 . In 1991 , the team signed the Portuguese cyclist Acacio Da Silva who would not win the sprints classification in that years Vuelta a España . The team signed Sean Kelly in 1992 who won Milan–San Remo , the first Classic victory for the team . The team entered its first Tour de France in 1992 . The team manager and directeur sportifs at this time included Miguel Moreno Cachinero and Carlos Machin Rodriguez but Bruno Roussel joined the team in 1993 and would lead the team during its most successful years . Richard Virenque joined the team in 1993 . The following year the team challenged Miguel Indurain in the 1994 Tour de France whereby teammates Luc Leblanc and Richard Virenque finished the race 4th and 5th overall and Festina won the team classification . Over the following years , Festina would be present in the Tour de France with Virenque finishing the race 3rd overall in 1996 and second overall in 1997 . Festina Doping Scandal . Virenque was a favourite in the 1998 Tour de France but after team soigneur Willy Voet was caught by France-Belgium border officials with large quantities of doping products in his Festina team car , all members of the 1998 Tour team including the World Champion Laurent Brochard and Christophe Moreau were arrested and seven admitted to taking EPO and were ejected from the race . Team doctor Eric Rijkaert was also arrested . Rijkaert was team doctor from 1993 to 1998 . Laurent Brochard , Christophe Moreau and Didier Rous confessed and were served a six-month suspension before returning to racing whereas Richard Virenque did not confess , releasing a book called Ma Vérité where he denied using doping products . However , on 24 October 2000 , Virenque finally confessed and was handed a suspension . The team doctor that was at the heart of the scandal , Eric Rijkaert , released a book in 2000 about the affair and discussing doping in the sport called De Zaak Festina . Post Festina affair . Due to these doping scandals , the team reorganised itself and sponsor Festina set up the Fondation d’Entreprise Festina which aimed to promote any actions that prevent doping taking place that are undertaken by institutions or individuals . After the Festina Affair Juna Fernadez Martin , Yvon Sanquer , Michel Gros , Roberto Torres Toledano , Jacky Lachevere and Gerald Rue directed the team in its final years . The team achieved 3rd and 4th overall in the 2000 Tour de France with Joseba Beloki and Christophe Moreau and won the 2001 Vuelta a España with Angel Casero before retiring from the sport at the end of the 2001 season . The sponsor Festina continued in professional cycling for many years more by being the official timekeeper at the Tour de France , the Giro dItalia , the Vuelta a España and several other stage-races . Major wins . - 1989 - 1990 - 1991 - 1992 - 1993 - 1994 - 1995 - 1996 - 1997 - 1998 - 1999 - 2000 - 2001 Notable riders . - Acacio Da Silva - Sean Kelly - Abraham Olano - Steven Rooks - Richard Virenque - Jean-Paul van Poppel - Thierry Marie - Pascal Lino - Luc Leblanc - Lars Michaelsen - Laurent Brochard - Emmanuel Magnien - Christophe Bassons - Patrice Halgand - Christophe Moreau - Didier Rous - Anthony Neil Stephens - Marcel Wüst - Joseba Beloki - Angel Casero - Alex Zülle
|
[
"Lotus-Festina"
] |
[
{
"text": " Festina is a former professional cycling team that was active in the professional peloton from 1989 to 2001 . The team was sponsored by Spanish watch manufacturers Festina .",
"title": "Festina ( cycling team )"
},
{
"text": " The team first appeared as Lotus-Zahor but the following year , 1990 , the team became Lotus-Festina . In 1993 , the team became Festina-Lotus which it was known by until 2000 . The team was a Spanish team from 1989 to 1992 . Then the team was based in Andorra in 1993 and 1994 . In 1995 , the team became French-based from which it would stay until the team retired from the peloton , with the sole exception of 1996 .",
"title": "Beginnings"
},
{
"text": "In 1991 , the team signed the Portuguese cyclist Acacio Da Silva who would not win the sprints classification in that years Vuelta a España .",
"title": "Beginnings"
},
{
"text": "The team signed Sean Kelly in 1992 who won Milan–San Remo , the first Classic victory for the team . The team entered its first Tour de France in 1992 . The team manager and directeur sportifs at this time included Miguel Moreno Cachinero and Carlos Machin Rodriguez but Bruno Roussel joined the team in 1993 and would lead the team during its most successful years . Richard Virenque joined the team in 1993 . The following year the team challenged Miguel Indurain in the 1994 Tour de France whereby teammates Luc Leblanc and Richard Virenque finished the race 4th",
"title": "Beginnings"
},
{
"text": "and 5th overall and Festina won the team classification . Over the following years , Festina would be present in the Tour de France with Virenque finishing the race 3rd overall in 1996 and second overall in 1997 .",
"title": "Beginnings"
},
{
"text": " Virenque was a favourite in the 1998 Tour de France but after team soigneur Willy Voet was caught by France-Belgium border officials with large quantities of doping products in his Festina team car , all members of the 1998 Tour team including the World Champion Laurent Brochard and Christophe Moreau were arrested and seven admitted to taking EPO and were ejected from the race . Team doctor Eric Rijkaert was also arrested . Rijkaert was team doctor from 1993 to 1998 .",
"title": "Festina Doping Scandal"
},
{
"text": "Laurent Brochard , Christophe Moreau and Didier Rous confessed and were served a six-month suspension before returning to racing whereas Richard Virenque did not confess , releasing a book called Ma Vérité where he denied using doping products . However , on 24 October 2000 , Virenque finally confessed and was handed a suspension . The team doctor that was at the heart of the scandal , Eric Rijkaert , released a book in 2000 about the affair and discussing doping in the sport called De Zaak Festina .",
"title": "Festina Doping Scandal"
},
{
"text": " Due to these doping scandals , the team reorganised itself and sponsor Festina set up the Fondation d’Entreprise Festina which aimed to promote any actions that prevent doping taking place that are undertaken by institutions or individuals .",
"title": "Post Festina affair"
},
{
"text": "After the Festina Affair Juna Fernadez Martin , Yvon Sanquer , Michel Gros , Roberto Torres Toledano , Jacky Lachevere and Gerald Rue directed the team in its final years . The team achieved 3rd and 4th overall in the 2000 Tour de France with Joseba Beloki and Christophe Moreau and won the 2001 Vuelta a España with Angel Casero before retiring from the sport at the end of the 2001 season . The sponsor Festina continued in professional cycling for many years more by being the official timekeeper at the Tour de France , the Giro dItalia , the",
"title": "Post Festina affair"
},
{
"text": "Vuelta a España and several other stage-races .",
"title": "Post Festina affair"
},
{
"text": " - 1989 - 1990 - 1991 - 1992 - 1993 - 1994 - 1995 - 1996 - 1997 - 1998 - 1999 - 2000 - 2001",
"title": "Major wins"
},
{
"text": " - Acacio Da Silva - Sean Kelly - Abraham Olano - Steven Rooks - Richard Virenque - Jean-Paul van Poppel - Thierry Marie - Pascal Lino - Luc Leblanc - Lars Michaelsen - Laurent Brochard - Emmanuel Magnien - Christophe Bassons - Patrice Halgand - Christophe Moreau - Didier Rous - Anthony Neil Stephens - Marcel Wüst - Joseba Beloki - Angel Casero - Alex Zülle",
"title": "Notable riders"
}
] |
/wiki/Festina_(cycling_team)#P1448#1
|
What was the official name of Festina (cycling team) in Nov 1998?
|
Festina ( cycling team ) Festina is a former professional cycling team that was active in the professional peloton from 1989 to 2001 . The team was sponsored by Spanish watch manufacturers Festina . History . Beginnings . The team first appeared as Lotus-Zahor but the following year , 1990 , the team became Lotus-Festina . In 1993 , the team became Festina-Lotus which it was known by until 2000 . The team was a Spanish team from 1989 to 1992 . Then the team was based in Andorra in 1993 and 1994 . In 1995 , the team became French-based from which it would stay until the team retired from the peloton , with the sole exception of 1996 . In 1991 , the team signed the Portuguese cyclist Acacio Da Silva who would not win the sprints classification in that years Vuelta a España . The team signed Sean Kelly in 1992 who won Milan–San Remo , the first Classic victory for the team . The team entered its first Tour de France in 1992 . The team manager and directeur sportifs at this time included Miguel Moreno Cachinero and Carlos Machin Rodriguez but Bruno Roussel joined the team in 1993 and would lead the team during its most successful years . Richard Virenque joined the team in 1993 . The following year the team challenged Miguel Indurain in the 1994 Tour de France whereby teammates Luc Leblanc and Richard Virenque finished the race 4th and 5th overall and Festina won the team classification . Over the following years , Festina would be present in the Tour de France with Virenque finishing the race 3rd overall in 1996 and second overall in 1997 . Festina Doping Scandal . Virenque was a favourite in the 1998 Tour de France but after team soigneur Willy Voet was caught by France-Belgium border officials with large quantities of doping products in his Festina team car , all members of the 1998 Tour team including the World Champion Laurent Brochard and Christophe Moreau were arrested and seven admitted to taking EPO and were ejected from the race . Team doctor Eric Rijkaert was also arrested . Rijkaert was team doctor from 1993 to 1998 . Laurent Brochard , Christophe Moreau and Didier Rous confessed and were served a six-month suspension before returning to racing whereas Richard Virenque did not confess , releasing a book called Ma Vérité where he denied using doping products . However , on 24 October 2000 , Virenque finally confessed and was handed a suspension . The team doctor that was at the heart of the scandal , Eric Rijkaert , released a book in 2000 about the affair and discussing doping in the sport called De Zaak Festina . Post Festina affair . Due to these doping scandals , the team reorganised itself and sponsor Festina set up the Fondation d’Entreprise Festina which aimed to promote any actions that prevent doping taking place that are undertaken by institutions or individuals . After the Festina Affair Juna Fernadez Martin , Yvon Sanquer , Michel Gros , Roberto Torres Toledano , Jacky Lachevere and Gerald Rue directed the team in its final years . The team achieved 3rd and 4th overall in the 2000 Tour de France with Joseba Beloki and Christophe Moreau and won the 2001 Vuelta a España with Angel Casero before retiring from the sport at the end of the 2001 season . The sponsor Festina continued in professional cycling for many years more by being the official timekeeper at the Tour de France , the Giro dItalia , the Vuelta a España and several other stage-races . Major wins . - 1989 - 1990 - 1991 - 1992 - 1993 - 1994 - 1995 - 1996 - 1997 - 1998 - 1999 - 2000 - 2001 Notable riders . - Acacio Da Silva - Sean Kelly - Abraham Olano - Steven Rooks - Richard Virenque - Jean-Paul van Poppel - Thierry Marie - Pascal Lino - Luc Leblanc - Lars Michaelsen - Laurent Brochard - Emmanuel Magnien - Christophe Bassons - Patrice Halgand - Christophe Moreau - Didier Rous - Anthony Neil Stephens - Marcel Wüst - Joseba Beloki - Angel Casero - Alex Zülle
|
[
"Festina-Lotus"
] |
[
{
"text": " Festina is a former professional cycling team that was active in the professional peloton from 1989 to 2001 . The team was sponsored by Spanish watch manufacturers Festina .",
"title": "Festina ( cycling team )"
},
{
"text": " The team first appeared as Lotus-Zahor but the following year , 1990 , the team became Lotus-Festina . In 1993 , the team became Festina-Lotus which it was known by until 2000 . The team was a Spanish team from 1989 to 1992 . Then the team was based in Andorra in 1993 and 1994 . In 1995 , the team became French-based from which it would stay until the team retired from the peloton , with the sole exception of 1996 .",
"title": "Beginnings"
},
{
"text": "In 1991 , the team signed the Portuguese cyclist Acacio Da Silva who would not win the sprints classification in that years Vuelta a España .",
"title": "Beginnings"
},
{
"text": "The team signed Sean Kelly in 1992 who won Milan–San Remo , the first Classic victory for the team . The team entered its first Tour de France in 1992 . The team manager and directeur sportifs at this time included Miguel Moreno Cachinero and Carlos Machin Rodriguez but Bruno Roussel joined the team in 1993 and would lead the team during its most successful years . Richard Virenque joined the team in 1993 . The following year the team challenged Miguel Indurain in the 1994 Tour de France whereby teammates Luc Leblanc and Richard Virenque finished the race 4th",
"title": "Beginnings"
},
{
"text": "and 5th overall and Festina won the team classification . Over the following years , Festina would be present in the Tour de France with Virenque finishing the race 3rd overall in 1996 and second overall in 1997 .",
"title": "Beginnings"
},
{
"text": " Virenque was a favourite in the 1998 Tour de France but after team soigneur Willy Voet was caught by France-Belgium border officials with large quantities of doping products in his Festina team car , all members of the 1998 Tour team including the World Champion Laurent Brochard and Christophe Moreau were arrested and seven admitted to taking EPO and were ejected from the race . Team doctor Eric Rijkaert was also arrested . Rijkaert was team doctor from 1993 to 1998 .",
"title": "Festina Doping Scandal"
},
{
"text": "Laurent Brochard , Christophe Moreau and Didier Rous confessed and were served a six-month suspension before returning to racing whereas Richard Virenque did not confess , releasing a book called Ma Vérité where he denied using doping products . However , on 24 October 2000 , Virenque finally confessed and was handed a suspension . The team doctor that was at the heart of the scandal , Eric Rijkaert , released a book in 2000 about the affair and discussing doping in the sport called De Zaak Festina .",
"title": "Festina Doping Scandal"
},
{
"text": " Due to these doping scandals , the team reorganised itself and sponsor Festina set up the Fondation d’Entreprise Festina which aimed to promote any actions that prevent doping taking place that are undertaken by institutions or individuals .",
"title": "Post Festina affair"
},
{
"text": "After the Festina Affair Juna Fernadez Martin , Yvon Sanquer , Michel Gros , Roberto Torres Toledano , Jacky Lachevere and Gerald Rue directed the team in its final years . The team achieved 3rd and 4th overall in the 2000 Tour de France with Joseba Beloki and Christophe Moreau and won the 2001 Vuelta a España with Angel Casero before retiring from the sport at the end of the 2001 season . The sponsor Festina continued in professional cycling for many years more by being the official timekeeper at the Tour de France , the Giro dItalia , the",
"title": "Post Festina affair"
},
{
"text": "Vuelta a España and several other stage-races .",
"title": "Post Festina affair"
},
{
"text": " - 1989 - 1990 - 1991 - 1992 - 1993 - 1994 - 1995 - 1996 - 1997 - 1998 - 1999 - 2000 - 2001",
"title": "Major wins"
},
{
"text": " - Acacio Da Silva - Sean Kelly - Abraham Olano - Steven Rooks - Richard Virenque - Jean-Paul van Poppel - Thierry Marie - Pascal Lino - Luc Leblanc - Lars Michaelsen - Laurent Brochard - Emmanuel Magnien - Christophe Bassons - Patrice Halgand - Christophe Moreau - Didier Rous - Anthony Neil Stephens - Marcel Wüst - Joseba Beloki - Angel Casero - Alex Zülle",
"title": "Notable riders"
}
] |
/wiki/Festina_(cycling_team)#P1448#2
|
What was the official name of Festina (cycling team) in Feb 2000?
|
Festina ( cycling team ) Festina is a former professional cycling team that was active in the professional peloton from 1989 to 2001 . The team was sponsored by Spanish watch manufacturers Festina . History . Beginnings . The team first appeared as Lotus-Zahor but the following year , 1990 , the team became Lotus-Festina . In 1993 , the team became Festina-Lotus which it was known by until 2000 . The team was a Spanish team from 1989 to 1992 . Then the team was based in Andorra in 1993 and 1994 . In 1995 , the team became French-based from which it would stay until the team retired from the peloton , with the sole exception of 1996 . In 1991 , the team signed the Portuguese cyclist Acacio Da Silva who would not win the sprints classification in that years Vuelta a España . The team signed Sean Kelly in 1992 who won Milan–San Remo , the first Classic victory for the team . The team entered its first Tour de France in 1992 . The team manager and directeur sportifs at this time included Miguel Moreno Cachinero and Carlos Machin Rodriguez but Bruno Roussel joined the team in 1993 and would lead the team during its most successful years . Richard Virenque joined the team in 1993 . The following year the team challenged Miguel Indurain in the 1994 Tour de France whereby teammates Luc Leblanc and Richard Virenque finished the race 4th and 5th overall and Festina won the team classification . Over the following years , Festina would be present in the Tour de France with Virenque finishing the race 3rd overall in 1996 and second overall in 1997 . Festina Doping Scandal . Virenque was a favourite in the 1998 Tour de France but after team soigneur Willy Voet was caught by France-Belgium border officials with large quantities of doping products in his Festina team car , all members of the 1998 Tour team including the World Champion Laurent Brochard and Christophe Moreau were arrested and seven admitted to taking EPO and were ejected from the race . Team doctor Eric Rijkaert was also arrested . Rijkaert was team doctor from 1993 to 1998 . Laurent Brochard , Christophe Moreau and Didier Rous confessed and were served a six-month suspension before returning to racing whereas Richard Virenque did not confess , releasing a book called Ma Vérité where he denied using doping products . However , on 24 October 2000 , Virenque finally confessed and was handed a suspension . The team doctor that was at the heart of the scandal , Eric Rijkaert , released a book in 2000 about the affair and discussing doping in the sport called De Zaak Festina . Post Festina affair . Due to these doping scandals , the team reorganised itself and sponsor Festina set up the Fondation d’Entreprise Festina which aimed to promote any actions that prevent doping taking place that are undertaken by institutions or individuals . After the Festina Affair Juna Fernadez Martin , Yvon Sanquer , Michel Gros , Roberto Torres Toledano , Jacky Lachevere and Gerald Rue directed the team in its final years . The team achieved 3rd and 4th overall in the 2000 Tour de France with Joseba Beloki and Christophe Moreau and won the 2001 Vuelta a España with Angel Casero before retiring from the sport at the end of the 2001 season . The sponsor Festina continued in professional cycling for many years more by being the official timekeeper at the Tour de France , the Giro dItalia , the Vuelta a España and several other stage-races . Major wins . - 1989 - 1990 - 1991 - 1992 - 1993 - 1994 - 1995 - 1996 - 1997 - 1998 - 1999 - 2000 - 2001 Notable riders . - Acacio Da Silva - Sean Kelly - Abraham Olano - Steven Rooks - Richard Virenque - Jean-Paul van Poppel - Thierry Marie - Pascal Lino - Luc Leblanc - Lars Michaelsen - Laurent Brochard - Emmanuel Magnien - Christophe Bassons - Patrice Halgand - Christophe Moreau - Didier Rous - Anthony Neil Stephens - Marcel Wüst - Joseba Beloki - Angel Casero - Alex Zülle
|
[
"Festina"
] |
[
{
"text": " Festina is a former professional cycling team that was active in the professional peloton from 1989 to 2001 . The team was sponsored by Spanish watch manufacturers Festina .",
"title": "Festina ( cycling team )"
},
{
"text": " The team first appeared as Lotus-Zahor but the following year , 1990 , the team became Lotus-Festina . In 1993 , the team became Festina-Lotus which it was known by until 2000 . The team was a Spanish team from 1989 to 1992 . Then the team was based in Andorra in 1993 and 1994 . In 1995 , the team became French-based from which it would stay until the team retired from the peloton , with the sole exception of 1996 .",
"title": "Beginnings"
},
{
"text": "In 1991 , the team signed the Portuguese cyclist Acacio Da Silva who would not win the sprints classification in that years Vuelta a España .",
"title": "Beginnings"
},
{
"text": "The team signed Sean Kelly in 1992 who won Milan–San Remo , the first Classic victory for the team . The team entered its first Tour de France in 1992 . The team manager and directeur sportifs at this time included Miguel Moreno Cachinero and Carlos Machin Rodriguez but Bruno Roussel joined the team in 1993 and would lead the team during its most successful years . Richard Virenque joined the team in 1993 . The following year the team challenged Miguel Indurain in the 1994 Tour de France whereby teammates Luc Leblanc and Richard Virenque finished the race 4th",
"title": "Beginnings"
},
{
"text": "and 5th overall and Festina won the team classification . Over the following years , Festina would be present in the Tour de France with Virenque finishing the race 3rd overall in 1996 and second overall in 1997 .",
"title": "Beginnings"
},
{
"text": " Virenque was a favourite in the 1998 Tour de France but after team soigneur Willy Voet was caught by France-Belgium border officials with large quantities of doping products in his Festina team car , all members of the 1998 Tour team including the World Champion Laurent Brochard and Christophe Moreau were arrested and seven admitted to taking EPO and were ejected from the race . Team doctor Eric Rijkaert was also arrested . Rijkaert was team doctor from 1993 to 1998 .",
"title": "Festina Doping Scandal"
},
{
"text": "Laurent Brochard , Christophe Moreau and Didier Rous confessed and were served a six-month suspension before returning to racing whereas Richard Virenque did not confess , releasing a book called Ma Vérité where he denied using doping products . However , on 24 October 2000 , Virenque finally confessed and was handed a suspension . The team doctor that was at the heart of the scandal , Eric Rijkaert , released a book in 2000 about the affair and discussing doping in the sport called De Zaak Festina .",
"title": "Festina Doping Scandal"
},
{
"text": " Due to these doping scandals , the team reorganised itself and sponsor Festina set up the Fondation d’Entreprise Festina which aimed to promote any actions that prevent doping taking place that are undertaken by institutions or individuals .",
"title": "Post Festina affair"
},
{
"text": "After the Festina Affair Juna Fernadez Martin , Yvon Sanquer , Michel Gros , Roberto Torres Toledano , Jacky Lachevere and Gerald Rue directed the team in its final years . The team achieved 3rd and 4th overall in the 2000 Tour de France with Joseba Beloki and Christophe Moreau and won the 2001 Vuelta a España with Angel Casero before retiring from the sport at the end of the 2001 season . The sponsor Festina continued in professional cycling for many years more by being the official timekeeper at the Tour de France , the Giro dItalia , the",
"title": "Post Festina affair"
},
{
"text": "Vuelta a España and several other stage-races .",
"title": "Post Festina affair"
},
{
"text": " - 1989 - 1990 - 1991 - 1992 - 1993 - 1994 - 1995 - 1996 - 1997 - 1998 - 1999 - 2000 - 2001",
"title": "Major wins"
},
{
"text": " - Acacio Da Silva - Sean Kelly - Abraham Olano - Steven Rooks - Richard Virenque - Jean-Paul van Poppel - Thierry Marie - Pascal Lino - Luc Leblanc - Lars Michaelsen - Laurent Brochard - Emmanuel Magnien - Christophe Bassons - Patrice Halgand - Christophe Moreau - Didier Rous - Anthony Neil Stephens - Marcel Wüst - Joseba Beloki - Angel Casero - Alex Zülle",
"title": "Notable riders"
}
] |
/wiki/Dollywood#P127#0
|
Who owned Dollywood between Sep 1984 and Apr 1985?
|
Dollywood Dollywood is a theme park jointly owned by entertainer Dolly Parton and Herschend Family Entertainment . It is located in the Knoxville-Smoky Mountains metroplex in Pigeon Forge , Tennessee . Hosting nearly 3 million guests in a typical season – mid-March to the Christmas holidays – Dollywood is the biggest ticketed tourist attraction in Tennessee . In addition to standard amusement park thrill rides , Dollywood features traditional crafts and music of the Smoky Mountain area . The park hosts a number of concerts and musical events each year , including appearances by Dolly Parton and her family as well as other national and local musical acts . It is also the site of the Southern Gospel Museum and Hall of Fame . The theme park is the anchor of Partons Dollywood amusement destination , which also includes the sister water park Dollywoods Splash Country , the Dollywoods DreamMore Resort and Spa , and the Dolly Partons Stampede Dinner Attraction . History . Rebel Railroad . The park opened in early 1961 as a small tourist attraction owned by the Robbins brothers from Blowing Rock , North Carolina . Named Rebel Railroad , it included a steam train , general store , blacksmith shop , and saloon . With a theme inspired by the centennial anniversary of the Civil War , the train ride let visitors experience attacks by Union soldiers , train robbers , and Indians . The train and its riders were protected by Confederates who fought off the attacks . The park was modeled after the Robbins brothers first successful theme park , Tweetsie Railroad in Blowing Rock . Goldrush Junction . In 1970 , Art Modell – who also owned the Cleveland Browns football team – bought Rebel Railroad and renamed it Goldrush Junction . The park retained the railroad and added an outdoor theater , a log flume ride , and Robert F . Thomas Church . Silver Dollar City . In 1976 , Jack and Pete Herschend bought Goldrush Junction and renamed it Goldrush for the 1976 season . In 1977 , they renamed it Silver Dollar City Tennessee , making it a sister park to their original Silver Dollar City in Branson , Missouri . The Herschends spent about $1 million upgrading the park upon purchase and added other improvements over the years . Also in 1977 , the train ride added two new steam locomotives , the #70 and the #71 , from the White Pass & Yukon Route Railroad . Dollywood . In 1986 , Dolly Parton , who grew up in the area , bought an interest in Silver Dollar City . As part of the deal , the park reopened for the 1986 season as Dollywood . In 2010 , Parton said she became involved with the operation because she always thought that if I made it big or got successful at what I had started out to do , that I wanted to come back to my part of the country and do something great , something that would bring a lot of jobs into this area . Dollywood has approximately 4,000 people on its payroll , making it the largest employer in the community . From 1986 to 2010 , the park doubled in size to . On November 16 , 2010 , Dollywood earned the industrys most prestigious award , the Liseberg Applause Award , which was accepted by Dolly Parton during a ceremony at IAAPA Attractions Expo 2010 in Orlando . Parton said in 2010 that she would like to open more Dollywood parks in the future . We definitely want to expand with new things every year , eventually with a resort , she said . We may eventually have Dollywoods in other parts of the country , where we can kind of be true to whatevers going on in that part of the world . On August 21 , 2013 , Parton announced Dollywoods DreamMore Resort and Spa , which opened on July 27 , 2015 . 1980s developments . On May 3 , 1986 , Silver Dollar City Tennessee reopened as Dollywood . The new Rivertown Junction area included Smoky Mountain River Rampage , a whitewater rafting ride ; Back Porch Theater ; Aunt Grannys Dixie Fixins Restaurant ; and Dollys Tennessee Mountain Home , a replica of the cabin that was Partons childhood home . Also new was Rags to Riches : The Dolly Parton Story , a museum displaying articles and mementos from Dollys life and career . The Butter Churn ( a Trabant ride ) was removed at the end of the season . Park attendance doubled to more than a million guests during the first season as Dollywood . In 1987 , the Daydream Ridge area opened and included the Mountain Slidewinder water toboggan ride , Mountain Dans Burger House , Sweet Dreams Candy Shop , The Rainbow Factory blown glass shop , and Critter Creek Playground . In 1988 , the 1,739-seat Celebrity Theater , featuring the Showcase of Stars celebrity concert series , was constructed adjacent to the entrance of the park . Five new childrens rides were added to the Fun Country area , including a Zamperla Balloon Race . The Dollywood Foundation was established to provide books and schools supplies to the children of Sevier County . Thunder Express , a steel mine train coaster , was built adjacent to Blazing Fury in 1989 . The ride was relocated to the park from Six Flags Over Mid-America . The 1989 season was the last for the National Mountain Music Festival , which was a carryover from the Silver Dollar City years . 1990s developments . In 1990 , a 1903 antique Dentzel Carousel , originally built for Rocky Springs Park in Lancaster , Pennsylvania , was relocated to the park . Situated near the train depot , it took over the space previously occupied by the Silver Dollar Saloon . The 600-seat Gaslight Theater opened near the carousel . The Smoky Mountain Christmas Festival premiered in November , extending the parks operating season into December . Eagle Mountain Sanctuary , an outdoor aviary , was added in 1991 along with the Wings of America Theater , site of the Birds of Prey show , and the 300-seat Valley Theater . The Showstreet area was added in 1992 and included the Showstreet Palace Theater , The Butterfly Emporium , The Backstage Restaurant , The Spotlight Bakery , Friendship Gardens , and WDLY-FM , a working radio station . To accommodate the expansion , the parks main entrance moved from Rivertown Junction to Showstreet . The Barnwood Theater was converted into Imagination Station , an interactive childrens play area . Dollywoods annual attendance topped 2 million for the first time during the 1992 season . In 1993 , the Fun Country area was renovated and became The Country Fair with three new rides : The Wonder Wheel , a tall Ferris wheel ; Twist and Shout , a scrambler ride ; and Tennessee Twister , a tilt-a-whirl . The Balloon Race ride was relocated to the Daydream Ridge area to make room for the new attractions . Also new at the park was Sunset Musicfest , a summer music festival . A year later , in 1994 , the Gaslight Theater became the Heartsong Theater , named for the multi-media musical presentation that told the story of Dolly Partons life . In 1995 , the Jukebox Junction 1950s Main Street themed area was added and included Rockin Roadway miniature car ride , The Pines Theater , Reds Diner , and Cas Walkers Music Store . The Sunset Musicfest did not return for the 1995 season . The Dollywood Boulevard area was added in 1996 and included Thunder Road , a turbo-simulator ride based on the 1958 movie of the same name . Silver Screen Café , a 1950s cinema-themed restaurant , and Centerstage gift shop were also in the area . In 1997 , the U Pick Nick childrens show focused on themes from the Nickelodeon television network and played in Celebrity Theater . The Flooded Mine dark-ride was closed and demolished in October , and Silver Screen Cafe became DJ Platters in the Dollywood Boulevard area . Daredevil Falls , a new shoot the chutes flume ride , opened in the area formerly occupied by the Flooded Mine a year later in 1997 . At the time , it was billed as The Highest and Fastest Waterfall Ride in America with its drop . Thunder Express was closed in September and sold to Magic Springs Theme Park in Arkansas . The antique carousel was removed at the end of the season and replaced with a new Chance Rides carousel . In 1999 , the Tennessee Tornado , a steel looping coaster , opened in the area formerly occupied by Thunder Express . Also new was the Southern Gospel Museum and Hall of Fame , while the Balloon Race ride was removed . 2000s developments . The Daydream Ridge area was renovated and became Dreamland Forest , a childrens mountain-themed interactive play area in 2000 . The Festival of Nations international music festival premiered a year later in April 2001 . Dollys Splash Country , a new water park opened adjacent to Dollywoods parking lot . Dollywood Boulevard was renovated and became a new area , Adventures in Imagination , in 2002 . Smoky Mountain Wilderness Adventure , a new simulator film , replaced Thunder Road , and a new Dolly museum called Chasing Rainbows opened in the building formerly occupied by DJ Platters . In 2003 , summer childrens festival KidsFest premiered , and Imagination Station was converted into Celebration Hall , a special events facility . It was also the final season for the Showcase of Stars celebrity concert series . A new area of the park , Thunderhead Gap , opened with the Thunderhead wooden roller coaster in 2004 . The construction of the new area opened up a new valley for park expansion . The Country Fair Falls log flume was demolished in November , and most of the other Country Fair rides , including the Swingamajig , Tennessee Twister , The Convoy , and The Barnstormer , were removed at the end of the season to free up space for newer rides that were added for the 2005 season . The new rides included Dizzy Disk , Amazing Flying Elephants , Lemon Twist , Shooting Star , Sky Rider , Veggietales Sideshow Spin ( childrens roller coaster ) , Waltzing Swinger , Piggy Parade , Busy Bees , and Lucky Ducky . The National Southern Gospel & Harvest Celebration was also new in 2005 . In 2006 , the Timber Tower ride , along with Lil Loggers Landing , Beaver Creek , Beaver Creek Boat Float , and Lumberjack Lifts , opened in a new area adjacent to Thunderhead . The Barbeque & Bluegrass festival also premiered . The 2007 season included the addition of Mystery Mine , a Gerstlauer Eurofighter coaster with two vertical lifts , a 95-degree drop , a heartline roll , and a dive loop . The $17 million ( $ in dollars ) ride used an abandoned mine shaft theme . In 2008 , River Battle , an interactive water raft ride , was built in a new section of the park called Wilderness Pass that connected the Timber Canyon and Craftsmans Valley areas . Thunder Road returned to the motion theater ( Imagination Cinema ) and replaced Smoky Mountain Wilderness Adventure . Dellas Lye Soap shop moved from Craftsmans Valley to the Wilderness Pass area . A new exhibit housing the Wings of America show birds moved to its former location . The Polar Express 4-D Experience was shown in Imagination Cinema during the parks Smoky Mountain Christmas . In 2009 , Dollywood presented two new shows , Imaginé by Le Grand Cirque and Sha-Kon-O-Hey ! Land of Blue Smoke , which featured music written by Dolly Parton and told the story of the last family living in the Smoky Mountains at the time it became a national park . Imaginé headlined the parks Festival of Nations . Thunder Road was renamed White Lightning and then changed to a new attraction , , based on the 2008 film . SkyZip owned by Skyline Eco-Adventures of Maui , Hawaii , expanded to Dollywood and opened the first multi-line zip line tour inside a theme park . 2010s developments . The Adventure Mountain attraction opened at a cost of $5 million in the Wilderness Pass area in 2010 . It included three distinct adventure courses , Geyser Gorge , Black Bear Cliff , and Rocky Top , that ranged from easy to expert with 100 different rope features , swinging beams , suspension bridges , flying islands , and floating stairs . Adventure trails ranged from a few inches above the ground to more than in the air . The area also included a scaled-down play area called Camp Teachittoomee for younger children . Also for the 2010 season , Dollywood brought back Sha-Kon-O-Hey ! Land of Blue Smoke and changed its logo for the 25th anniversary . In 2011 , a new area called Owens Farm with a $5.5 million giant swing called Barnstormer replaced Dreamland Forest . The barnyard-themed area included a play area for younger guests . Christmas on Ice , a new ice skating Christmas show , premiered in DPs Celebrity Theater and headlined Smoky Mountain Christmas . Wild Eagle opened March 24 , 2012 and was the first Bolliger & Mabillard Wing Coaster in the United States . It was also the biggest investment in Dollywood history . Dollywood purchased SkyZip from Skyline Eco-Adventures , and Timber Tower was dismantled before opening in 2012 due to a lawsuit with the ride manufacturer . In December 2012 , the park announced that Adventure Mountain would be closing permanently following the 2012 season . Dollywood dedicated 2013 to encouraging families to spend time together . New shows for the season included Cirque Shanghai , Mystic India , and One World Party as part of Festival of Nations along with more than 50 new international food items . The park also introduced Great American Summer , a new summer festival that replaced KidsFest . It included the Great American Country Show , Gazillion Bubbles , The Little Engine Playhouse , and Salute to America . Dollywood extended its hours and added a nightly fireworks show . Smoky Mountain Christmas added a new show that was Dolly Partons version of Charles Dickens A Christmas Carol . Dollywoods slogan for the year was Make Time for Happy ! Imagination Cinema became Dreamsong Theater and played Dollys My People , a show about Dollys family . In 2014 , FireChaser Express , a dual-launch family coaster , replaced Adventure Mountain in the Wilderness Pass area of the park . Dollywoods slogan was changed to Love Every Moment , and Smoky Mountain Christmas added a Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer meet-and-greet called Holly Jolly Junction . Dollywoods DreamMore Resort and Spa opened adjacent to Dollywoods Splash Country in 2015 . For the 30th anniversary of the park , the park redesigned the entrance for resort guests and added two new shows to Festival of Nations called Rhythm of the Dance and Timber . Cas Walkers was demolished to make room for a new attraction , and six new shows were added to Great American Summer along with the revival of the Showcase of Stars concert series . Also new was Rock the Smokies , a Christian music festival , and Rudolph and friends returned to the Smoky Mountain Christmas festival . Lightning Rod , a Rocky Mountain Construction wooden coaster , opened on June 13 , 2016 . It is the worlds first launched wooden coaster as well as the fastest wooden coaster in the world . A year later , in 2017 , a freefall ride called Drop Line , which replaced Timber Tower , opened along with a junior roller coaster called Whistle Punk Chaser . Two new seasonal events debuted , and Dollywoods Splash Country added the TailSpin Racer mat racer slide complex . Sideshow Spin and River Battle were removed . In 2018 , the former River Battle site was transformed into the Plaza at Wilderness Pass , a new open space with covered seating for relaxing and enjoying seasonal events . With the debut of the Spring Mix three-week music series , the 2018 Season of Showstoppers also marked the parks largest investment in entertainment in Dollywoods history . The 2018 Festival of Nations includes three headliners that are new to Dollywood : Flamenco Kings starring Los Vivancos ( Pines Theater ) , National Dance Company of Siberia ( Celebrity Theater ) , and Ladysmith Black Mambazo ( Showstreet Palace Theater ) . The first Summer Celebration event includes various performances and attractions , including DRUMLine Live ! in Celebrity Theater , a show that focuses on the musical styles of marching bands from Historically Black Colleges and Universities . It uses technology , including video screens and special effects , to enhance soul , R&B , country , and other types of music . Renovations included upgrades to Aunt Grannys and re-branding and renaming of two shops . Work began in October 2017 on Wildwood Grove , adding eleven new experiences to the park . Attractions include a suspended family coaster ( Dragonflier ) , a restaurant ( Till & Harvest ) , an indoor play area ( Hidden Hollow ) , an outdoor splash pad ( Wildwood Creek ) , a swinging boat ride ( The Great Tree Swing ) , and a 50 ft tall tree with a canopy covered in butterflies ( The Wildwood Tree ) . The $37 million 5-acre development , described as a land built from Dolly Partons dreams , opened May 10 , 2019 . It was part of a $300 million 6-year expansion project . 2020s developments . In October 2019 , it was announced that the park would add its first new festival in 14 years . Dollywoods Flower & Food Festival will feature 10 to 15 feet tall topiaries based on Dollys songs like Coat of Many Colors , colorful photo opportunities , a rainbow sky over Showstreet , and delicious eats . The festival was to have commemorated the parks 35th season and run from 8 May to 14 June 2020 , but was deferred to 7 May to 13 June 2021 . Dollywood filed plans in October 2019 for a new resort adjacent to Splash Country and DreamMore Resort . It is planned to feature a 310-room hotel , a 325-seat restaurant , and a conference space . The plans indicate the resort will create 100 jobs . Areas of the park . Dollywood is organized into 11 themed areas : Showstreet , Rivertown Junction , Craftsmans Valley , The Village , Country Fair , Timber Canyon , Wilderness Pass , Jukebox Junction , Owens Farm , Adventures in Imagination and Wilwood Grove reflect the historical eras and culture of East Tennessee , while Owens Farm and Adventures in Imagination explore Dolly Partons life and imagination . Many attractions focus on the history and culture of the Southern Appalachian region . - Showstreet – Attractions include Showstreet Palace Theater , Celebrity Theater , and Southern Gospel Museum and Hall of Fame . - Rivertown Junction – Attractions include Dollys Tennessee Mountain Home , Back Porch Theater , and Smoky Mountain River Rampage whitewater rafting ride . - Craftsmans Valley – Attractions include Dollywood Grist Mill , Valley Theater , Eagle Mountain Sanctuary , Wings of America Theater , Robert F . Thomas Chapel , Calico Falls Schoolhouse , Tennessee Tornado coaster , Blazing Fury coaster , Daredevil Falls flume ride , and craft exhibits . - The Village ( formerly Village Square ) – Attractions include the narrow gauge Dollywood Express steam train , Heartsong Theater , Village Carousel , and Costner and Sons Magic Shop . - Country Fair ( formerly Fun Country ) – Rides include Dizzy Disk , The Amazing Flying Elephants , Lemon Twist , Shooting Star , Sky Rider , The Waltzing Swinger , Piggy Parade , Busy Bees , Lucky Ducky , Dollys Demolition Derby , and The Scrambler . - Timber Canyon ( formerly Thunderhead Gap ) – Attractions include the Mystery Mine coaster , the Thunderhead coaster , Drop Line , Whistle Punk Chaser , and Lumberjack Lifts . - Jukebox Junction – Attractions include the Rockin Roadway car ride and Pines Theater . Also featured is Lightning Rod , which holds the record as the fastest wooden roller coaster in the world . - Owens Farm ( formerly Daydream Ridge 1987–1999 , Dreamland Forest 2000–2010 ) – Attractions include Barnstormer , a barn and plane styled giant swing attraction . It also includes soft play areas and a splash pad . - Adventures in Imagination ( formerly Dollywood Boulevard ) – Attractions include Dolly Partons My People ! show at Dreamsong Theater and the Chasing Rainbows Museum . - Wilderness Pass – Attractions include the SkyZip zip line attraction , The Plaza at Wilderness Pass , Wild Eagle – Americas first winged coaster – and FireChaser Express , a dual-launch coaster that launches forward and backward . - Wildwood Grove – Opened in 2019 ; attractions include the Dragonflier,a suspended family coaster , The Mad Mockingbird , a swing ride , The Wildwood Tree , a lighted tree , and Till and Harvest , a Mexican-inspired restaurant . Festivals and annual events . Dollywood hosts six of the Souths largest festivals between the months of March and December : - Running normally from mid-March to mid-April , Festival of Nations offers cultural events by performers from around the world . - From late April until mid-May the Barbeque & Bluegrass presented by Bush Brothers and Company is a bluegrass music and barbecue festival . - Starting in 2021 ( originally 2020 ) , and scheduled to run from mid-May and running until early June , is the Flower and Food Festival . - Summer Celebration ( formerly Great American Summer ) includes Night of Many Colors , a nightly fireworks display set to music ; Night Experience , night performances and rides in the dark ; and new shows , such as DRUMLine Live ! and iLuminate . - Harvest Festival presented by Humana features Southern Gospel music , professional craftsmen , and Great Pumpkin LumiNights . - Smoky Mountain Christmas presented by Humana is a nine-time award winner of Golden Tickets Best Christmas Event and features seven holiday performances , 5 million Christmas lights , Glacier Ridge ( in which part of the park has frozen over ) , and a nightly parade . Rankings and awards . In 2017 , Dollywood won Golden Ticket awards from Amusement Today for Friendliest Park , Best Christmas Event , Best Food and Best Show . In 2018 , Dollywood received a Golden Ticket award from Amusement Today – a leading trade publication for the amusement park industry – in the Best Food category , marking the parks fourth win in seven years . In addition to three dinner show options , more than 25 vendors serve meals and snacks , ranging from barbecue ribs , pizza , corn dogs , and pork rinds to cinnamon bread , funnel cakes , cotton candy , and banana pudding made using Dollys recipe . The park also received Golden Tickets for Best Shows , Friendliest Park , and Best Christmas Event and was ranked the third best park in the world . In the 2018 USA Today 10Best Readers Choice Awards – awards voted on by the general public – Dollywood was ranked as the sixth Best Amusement Park in the U.S . Additionally , Dollywoods DreamMore Resort and Spa was ranked first in the Best Amusement Park Hotel category , and Aunt Grannys Restaurant was ranked first in the Best Amusement Park Restaurant category . DreamMore focuses on the themes of family and storytelling and has a zero-entry ( beach-style ) pool , transportation to the park , and a splash pad . Aunt Grannys opened the first year the park operated as Dollywood . It uses an all-you-can-eat buffet format with comfort foods like chicken and dumplings , tacos , and steaks along with a salad bar and health-conscious choices . Dreamland Drive-In was ranked third in the Best Amusement Park Entertainment category , and Dollywoods Splash Country was ranked sixth in the Best Outdoor Water Park category . In 2019 , Dollywood won Golden Ticket awards for Best Kids Area , Best Guest Experience , and Best Christmas Event of 2018 . Lightning Rod won the Wooden Coaster of the Decade in 2019 .
|
[
"Herschend Family Entertainment"
] |
[
{
"text": " Dollywood is a theme park jointly owned by entertainer Dolly Parton and Herschend Family Entertainment . It is located in the Knoxville-Smoky Mountains metroplex in Pigeon Forge , Tennessee . Hosting nearly 3 million guests in a typical season – mid-March to the Christmas holidays – Dollywood is the biggest ticketed tourist attraction in Tennessee .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "In addition to standard amusement park thrill rides , Dollywood features traditional crafts and music of the Smoky Mountain area . The park hosts a number of concerts and musical events each year , including appearances by Dolly Parton and her family as well as other national and local musical acts . It is also the site of the Southern Gospel Museum and Hall of Fame .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": " The theme park is the anchor of Partons Dollywood amusement destination , which also includes the sister water park Dollywoods Splash Country , the Dollywoods DreamMore Resort and Spa , and the Dolly Partons Stampede Dinner Attraction .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "The park opened in early 1961 as a small tourist attraction owned by the Robbins brothers from Blowing Rock , North Carolina . Named Rebel Railroad , it included a steam train , general store , blacksmith shop , and saloon . With a theme inspired by the centennial anniversary of the Civil War , the train ride let visitors experience attacks by Union soldiers , train robbers , and Indians . The train and its riders were protected by Confederates who fought off the attacks . The park was modeled after the Robbins brothers first successful theme park ,",
"title": "Rebel Railroad"
},
{
"text": "Tweetsie Railroad in Blowing Rock .",
"title": "Rebel Railroad"
},
{
"text": " In 1970 , Art Modell – who also owned the Cleveland Browns football team – bought Rebel Railroad and renamed it Goldrush Junction . The park retained the railroad and added an outdoor theater , a log flume ride , and Robert F . Thomas Church .",
"title": "Goldrush Junction"
},
{
"text": " In 1976 , Jack and Pete Herschend bought Goldrush Junction and renamed it Goldrush for the 1976 season . In 1977 , they renamed it Silver Dollar City Tennessee , making it a sister park to their original Silver Dollar City in Branson , Missouri . The Herschends spent about $1 million upgrading the park upon purchase and added other improvements over the years . Also in 1977 , the train ride added two new steam locomotives , the #70 and the #71 , from the White Pass & Yukon Route Railroad .",
"title": "Silver Dollar City"
},
{
"text": " In 1986 , Dolly Parton , who grew up in the area , bought an interest in Silver Dollar City . As part of the deal , the park reopened for the 1986 season as Dollywood . In 2010 , Parton said she became involved with the operation because she always thought that if I made it big or got successful at what I had started out to do , that I wanted to come back to my part of the country and do something great , something that would bring a lot of jobs into this area .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "Dollywood has approximately 4,000 people on its payroll , making it the largest employer in the community . From 1986 to 2010 , the park doubled in size to . On November 16 , 2010 , Dollywood earned the industrys most prestigious award , the Liseberg Applause Award , which was accepted by Dolly Parton during a ceremony at IAAPA Attractions Expo 2010 in Orlando .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": " Parton said in 2010 that she would like to open more Dollywood parks in the future . We definitely want to expand with new things every year , eventually with a resort , she said . We may eventually have Dollywoods in other parts of the country , where we can kind of be true to whatevers going on in that part of the world . On August 21 , 2013 , Parton announced Dollywoods DreamMore Resort and Spa , which opened on July 27 , 2015 . 1980s developments .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "On May 3 , 1986 , Silver Dollar City Tennessee reopened as Dollywood . The new Rivertown Junction area included Smoky Mountain River Rampage , a whitewater rafting ride ; Back Porch Theater ; Aunt Grannys Dixie Fixins Restaurant ; and Dollys Tennessee Mountain Home , a replica of the cabin that was Partons childhood home . Also new was Rags to Riches : The Dolly Parton Story , a museum displaying articles and mementos from Dollys life and career . The Butter Churn ( a Trabant ride ) was removed at the end of the season . Park attendance",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "doubled to more than a million guests during the first season as Dollywood .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "In 1987 , the Daydream Ridge area opened and included the Mountain Slidewinder water toboggan ride , Mountain Dans Burger House , Sweet Dreams Candy Shop , The Rainbow Factory blown glass shop , and Critter Creek Playground . In 1988 , the 1,739-seat Celebrity Theater , featuring the Showcase of Stars celebrity concert series , was constructed adjacent to the entrance of the park . Five new childrens rides were added to the Fun Country area , including a Zamperla Balloon Race . The Dollywood Foundation was established to provide books and schools supplies to the children of Sevier",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "County . Thunder Express , a steel mine train coaster , was built adjacent to Blazing Fury in 1989 . The ride was relocated to the park from Six Flags Over Mid-America . The 1989 season was the last for the National Mountain Music Festival , which was a carryover from the Silver Dollar City years .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "In 1990 , a 1903 antique Dentzel Carousel , originally built for Rocky Springs Park in Lancaster , Pennsylvania , was relocated to the park . Situated near the train depot , it took over the space previously occupied by the Silver Dollar Saloon . The 600-seat Gaslight Theater opened near the carousel . The Smoky Mountain Christmas Festival premiered in November , extending the parks operating season into December . Eagle Mountain Sanctuary , an outdoor aviary , was added in 1991 along with the Wings of America Theater , site of the Birds of Prey show , and",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "the 300-seat Valley Theater .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": " The Showstreet area was added in 1992 and included the Showstreet Palace Theater , The Butterfly Emporium , The Backstage Restaurant , The Spotlight Bakery , Friendship Gardens , and WDLY-FM , a working radio station . To accommodate the expansion , the parks main entrance moved from Rivertown Junction to Showstreet . The Barnwood Theater was converted into Imagination Station , an interactive childrens play area . Dollywoods annual attendance topped 2 million for the first time during the 1992 season .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "In 1993 , the Fun Country area was renovated and became The Country Fair with three new rides : The Wonder Wheel , a tall Ferris wheel ; Twist and Shout , a scrambler ride ; and Tennessee Twister , a tilt-a-whirl . The Balloon Race ride was relocated to the Daydream Ridge area to make room for the new attractions . Also new at the park was Sunset Musicfest , a summer music festival . A year later , in 1994 , the Gaslight Theater became the Heartsong Theater , named for the multi-media musical presentation that told the",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "story of Dolly Partons life . In 1995 , the Jukebox Junction 1950s Main Street themed area was added and included Rockin Roadway miniature car ride , The Pines Theater , Reds Diner , and Cas Walkers Music Store . The Sunset Musicfest did not return for the 1995 season .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "The Dollywood Boulevard area was added in 1996 and included Thunder Road , a turbo-simulator ride based on the 1958 movie of the same name . Silver Screen Café , a 1950s cinema-themed restaurant , and Centerstage gift shop were also in the area . In 1997 , the U Pick Nick childrens show focused on themes from the Nickelodeon television network and played in Celebrity Theater . The Flooded Mine dark-ride was closed and demolished in October , and Silver Screen Cafe became DJ Platters in the Dollywood Boulevard area . Daredevil Falls , a new shoot the chutes",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "flume ride , opened in the area formerly occupied by the Flooded Mine a year later in 1997 . At the time , it was billed as The Highest and Fastest Waterfall Ride in America with its drop . Thunder Express was closed in September and sold to Magic Springs Theme Park in Arkansas . The antique carousel was removed at the end of the season and replaced with a new Chance Rides carousel .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": " In 1999 , the Tennessee Tornado , a steel looping coaster , opened in the area formerly occupied by Thunder Express . Also new was the Southern Gospel Museum and Hall of Fame , while the Balloon Race ride was removed . 2000s developments . The Daydream Ridge area was renovated and became Dreamland Forest , a childrens mountain-themed interactive play area in 2000 . The Festival of Nations international music festival premiered a year later in April 2001 . Dollys Splash Country , a new water park opened adjacent to Dollywoods parking lot .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "Dollywood Boulevard was renovated and became a new area , Adventures in Imagination , in 2002 . Smoky Mountain Wilderness Adventure , a new simulator film , replaced Thunder Road , and a new Dolly museum called Chasing Rainbows opened in the building formerly occupied by DJ Platters . In 2003 , summer childrens festival KidsFest premiered , and Imagination Station was converted into Celebration Hall , a special events facility . It was also the final season for the Showcase of Stars celebrity concert series .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "A new area of the park , Thunderhead Gap , opened with the Thunderhead wooden roller coaster in 2004 . The construction of the new area opened up a new valley for park expansion . The Country Fair Falls log flume was demolished in November , and most of the other Country Fair rides , including the Swingamajig , Tennessee Twister , The Convoy , and The Barnstormer , were removed at the end of the season to free up space for newer rides that were added for the 2005 season . The new rides included Dizzy Disk , Amazing",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "Flying Elephants , Lemon Twist , Shooting Star , Sky Rider , Veggietales Sideshow Spin ( childrens roller coaster ) , Waltzing Swinger , Piggy Parade , Busy Bees , and Lucky Ducky . The National Southern Gospel & Harvest Celebration was also new in 2005 .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "In 2006 , the Timber Tower ride , along with Lil Loggers Landing , Beaver Creek , Beaver Creek Boat Float , and Lumberjack Lifts , opened in a new area adjacent to Thunderhead . The Barbeque & Bluegrass festival also premiered . The 2007 season included the addition of Mystery Mine , a Gerstlauer Eurofighter coaster with two vertical lifts , a 95-degree drop , a heartline roll , and a dive loop . The $17 million ( $ in dollars ) ride used an abandoned mine shaft theme . In 2008 , River Battle , an interactive water",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "raft ride , was built in a new section of the park called Wilderness Pass that connected the Timber Canyon and Craftsmans Valley areas . Thunder Road returned to the motion theater ( Imagination Cinema ) and replaced Smoky Mountain Wilderness Adventure . Dellas Lye Soap shop moved from Craftsmans Valley to the Wilderness Pass area . A new exhibit housing the Wings of America show birds moved to its former location . The Polar Express 4-D Experience was shown in Imagination Cinema during the parks Smoky Mountain Christmas .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "In 2009 , Dollywood presented two new shows , Imaginé by Le Grand Cirque and Sha-Kon-O-Hey ! Land of Blue Smoke , which featured music written by Dolly Parton and told the story of the last family living in the Smoky Mountains at the time it became a national park . Imaginé headlined the parks Festival of Nations . Thunder Road was renamed White Lightning and then changed to a new attraction , , based on the 2008 film . SkyZip owned by Skyline Eco-Adventures of Maui , Hawaii , expanded to Dollywood and opened the first multi-line zip line",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "tour inside a theme park .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "The Adventure Mountain attraction opened at a cost of $5 million in the Wilderness Pass area in 2010 . It included three distinct adventure courses , Geyser Gorge , Black Bear Cliff , and Rocky Top , that ranged from easy to expert with 100 different rope features , swinging beams , suspension bridges , flying islands , and floating stairs . Adventure trails ranged from a few inches above the ground to more than in the air . The area also included a scaled-down play area called Camp Teachittoomee for younger children . Also for the 2010 season ,",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "Dollywood brought back Sha-Kon-O-Hey ! Land of Blue Smoke and changed its logo for the 25th anniversary .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "In 2011 , a new area called Owens Farm with a $5.5 million giant swing called Barnstormer replaced Dreamland Forest . The barnyard-themed area included a play area for younger guests . Christmas on Ice , a new ice skating Christmas show , premiered in DPs Celebrity Theater and headlined Smoky Mountain Christmas . Wild Eagle opened March 24 , 2012 and was the first Bolliger & Mabillard Wing Coaster in the United States . It was also the biggest investment in Dollywood history . Dollywood purchased SkyZip from Skyline Eco-Adventures , and Timber Tower was dismantled before opening in",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "2012 due to a lawsuit with the ride manufacturer . In December 2012 , the park announced that Adventure Mountain would be closing permanently following the 2012 season .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "Dollywood dedicated 2013 to encouraging families to spend time together . New shows for the season included Cirque Shanghai , Mystic India , and One World Party as part of Festival of Nations along with more than 50 new international food items . The park also introduced Great American Summer , a new summer festival that replaced KidsFest . It included the Great American Country Show , Gazillion Bubbles , The Little Engine Playhouse , and Salute to America . Dollywood extended its hours and added a nightly fireworks show . Smoky Mountain Christmas added a new show that was",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "Dolly Partons version of Charles Dickens A Christmas Carol . Dollywoods slogan for the year was Make Time for Happy ! Imagination Cinema became Dreamsong Theater and played Dollys My People , a show about Dollys family .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "In 2014 , FireChaser Express , a dual-launch family coaster , replaced Adventure Mountain in the Wilderness Pass area of the park . Dollywoods slogan was changed to Love Every Moment , and Smoky Mountain Christmas added a Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer meet-and-greet called Holly Jolly Junction . Dollywoods DreamMore Resort and Spa opened adjacent to Dollywoods Splash Country in 2015 . For the 30th anniversary of the park , the park redesigned the entrance for resort guests and added two new shows to Festival of Nations called Rhythm of the Dance and Timber . Cas Walkers was demolished to",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "make room for a new attraction , and six new shows were added to Great American Summer along with the revival of the Showcase of Stars concert series . Also new was Rock the Smokies , a Christian music festival , and Rudolph and friends returned to the Smoky Mountain Christmas festival .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": " Lightning Rod , a Rocky Mountain Construction wooden coaster , opened on June 13 , 2016 . It is the worlds first launched wooden coaster as well as the fastest wooden coaster in the world . A year later , in 2017 , a freefall ride called Drop Line , which replaced Timber Tower , opened along with a junior roller coaster called Whistle Punk Chaser . Two new seasonal events debuted , and Dollywoods Splash Country added the TailSpin Racer mat racer slide complex . Sideshow Spin and River Battle were removed .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "In 2018 , the former River Battle site was transformed into the Plaza at Wilderness Pass , a new open space with covered seating for relaxing and enjoying seasonal events . With the debut of the Spring Mix three-week music series , the 2018 Season of Showstoppers also marked the parks largest investment in entertainment in Dollywoods history . The 2018 Festival of Nations includes three headliners that are new to Dollywood : Flamenco Kings starring Los Vivancos ( Pines Theater ) , National Dance Company of Siberia ( Celebrity Theater ) , and Ladysmith Black Mambazo ( Showstreet Palace",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "Theater ) . The first Summer Celebration event includes various performances and attractions , including DRUMLine Live ! in Celebrity Theater , a show that focuses on the musical styles of marching bands from Historically Black Colleges and Universities . It uses technology , including video screens and special effects , to enhance soul , R&B , country , and other types of music . Renovations included upgrades to Aunt Grannys and re-branding and renaming of two shops .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "Work began in October 2017 on Wildwood Grove , adding eleven new experiences to the park . Attractions include a suspended family coaster ( Dragonflier ) , a restaurant ( Till & Harvest ) , an indoor play area ( Hidden Hollow ) , an outdoor splash pad ( Wildwood Creek ) , a swinging boat ride ( The Great Tree Swing ) , and a 50 ft tall tree with a canopy covered in butterflies ( The Wildwood Tree ) . The $37 million 5-acre development , described as a land built from Dolly Partons dreams , opened May",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "10 , 2019 . It was part of a $300 million 6-year expansion project .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": " 2020s developments . In October 2019 , it was announced that the park would add its first new festival in 14 years . Dollywoods Flower & Food Festival will feature 10 to 15 feet tall topiaries based on Dollys songs like Coat of Many Colors , colorful photo opportunities , a rainbow sky over Showstreet , and delicious eats . The festival was to have commemorated the parks 35th season and run from 8 May to 14 June 2020 , but was deferred to 7 May to 13 June 2021 .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "Dollywood filed plans in October 2019 for a new resort adjacent to Splash Country and DreamMore Resort . It is planned to feature a 310-room hotel , a 325-seat restaurant , and a conference space . The plans indicate the resort will create 100 jobs .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": " Areas of the park . Dollywood is organized into 11 themed areas : Showstreet , Rivertown Junction , Craftsmans Valley , The Village , Country Fair , Timber Canyon , Wilderness Pass , Jukebox Junction , Owens Farm , Adventures in Imagination and Wilwood Grove reflect the historical eras and culture of East Tennessee , while Owens Farm and Adventures in Imagination explore Dolly Partons life and imagination . Many attractions focus on the history and culture of the Southern Appalachian region .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "- Showstreet – Attractions include Showstreet Palace Theater , Celebrity Theater , and Southern Gospel Museum and Hall of Fame .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": " - Rivertown Junction – Attractions include Dollys Tennessee Mountain Home , Back Porch Theater , and Smoky Mountain River Rampage whitewater rafting ride . - Craftsmans Valley – Attractions include Dollywood Grist Mill , Valley Theater , Eagle Mountain Sanctuary , Wings of America Theater , Robert F . Thomas Chapel , Calico Falls Schoolhouse , Tennessee Tornado coaster , Blazing Fury coaster , Daredevil Falls flume ride , and craft exhibits .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "- The Village ( formerly Village Square ) – Attractions include the narrow gauge Dollywood Express steam train , Heartsong Theater , Village Carousel , and Costner and Sons Magic Shop .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": " - Country Fair ( formerly Fun Country ) – Rides include Dizzy Disk , The Amazing Flying Elephants , Lemon Twist , Shooting Star , Sky Rider , The Waltzing Swinger , Piggy Parade , Busy Bees , Lucky Ducky , Dollys Demolition Derby , and The Scrambler . - Timber Canyon ( formerly Thunderhead Gap ) – Attractions include the Mystery Mine coaster , the Thunderhead coaster , Drop Line , Whistle Punk Chaser , and Lumberjack Lifts .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "- Jukebox Junction – Attractions include the Rockin Roadway car ride and Pines Theater . Also featured is Lightning Rod , which holds the record as the fastest wooden roller coaster in the world .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": " - Owens Farm ( formerly Daydream Ridge 1987–1999 , Dreamland Forest 2000–2010 ) – Attractions include Barnstormer , a barn and plane styled giant swing attraction . It also includes soft play areas and a splash pad . - Adventures in Imagination ( formerly Dollywood Boulevard ) – Attractions include Dolly Partons My People ! show at Dreamsong Theater and the Chasing Rainbows Museum .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "- Wilderness Pass – Attractions include the SkyZip zip line attraction , The Plaza at Wilderness Pass , Wild Eagle – Americas first winged coaster – and FireChaser Express , a dual-launch coaster that launches forward and backward .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": " - Wildwood Grove – Opened in 2019 ; attractions include the Dragonflier,a suspended family coaster , The Mad Mockingbird , a swing ride , The Wildwood Tree , a lighted tree , and Till and Harvest , a Mexican-inspired restaurant . Festivals and annual events . Dollywood hosts six of the Souths largest festivals between the months of March and December : - Running normally from mid-March to mid-April , Festival of Nations offers cultural events by performers from around the world .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "- From late April until mid-May the Barbeque & Bluegrass presented by Bush Brothers and Company is a bluegrass music and barbecue festival .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": " - Starting in 2021 ( originally 2020 ) , and scheduled to run from mid-May and running until early June , is the Flower and Food Festival . - Summer Celebration ( formerly Great American Summer ) includes Night of Many Colors , a nightly fireworks display set to music ; Night Experience , night performances and rides in the dark ; and new shows , such as DRUMLine Live ! and iLuminate . - Harvest Festival presented by Humana features Southern Gospel music , professional craftsmen , and Great Pumpkin LumiNights .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "- Smoky Mountain Christmas presented by Humana is a nine-time award winner of Golden Tickets Best Christmas Event and features seven holiday performances , 5 million Christmas lights , Glacier Ridge ( in which part of the park has frozen over ) , and a nightly parade .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": " In 2017 , Dollywood won Golden Ticket awards from Amusement Today for Friendliest Park , Best Christmas Event , Best Food and Best Show .",
"title": "Rankings and awards"
},
{
"text": "In 2018 , Dollywood received a Golden Ticket award from Amusement Today – a leading trade publication for the amusement park industry – in the Best Food category , marking the parks fourth win in seven years . In addition to three dinner show options , more than 25 vendors serve meals and snacks , ranging from barbecue ribs , pizza , corn dogs , and pork rinds to cinnamon bread , funnel cakes , cotton candy , and banana pudding made using Dollys recipe . The park also received Golden Tickets for Best Shows , Friendliest Park , and",
"title": "Rankings and awards"
},
{
"text": "Best Christmas Event and was ranked the third best park in the world .",
"title": "Rankings and awards"
},
{
"text": "In the 2018 USA Today 10Best Readers Choice Awards – awards voted on by the general public – Dollywood was ranked as the sixth Best Amusement Park in the U.S . Additionally , Dollywoods DreamMore Resort and Spa was ranked first in the Best Amusement Park Hotel category , and Aunt Grannys Restaurant was ranked first in the Best Amusement Park Restaurant category . DreamMore focuses on the themes of family and storytelling and has a zero-entry ( beach-style ) pool , transportation to the park , and a splash pad . Aunt Grannys opened the first year the park",
"title": "Rankings and awards"
},
{
"text": "operated as Dollywood . It uses an all-you-can-eat buffet format with comfort foods like chicken and dumplings , tacos , and steaks along with a salad bar and health-conscious choices .",
"title": "Rankings and awards"
},
{
"text": " Dreamland Drive-In was ranked third in the Best Amusement Park Entertainment category , and Dollywoods Splash Country was ranked sixth in the Best Outdoor Water Park category . In 2019 , Dollywood won Golden Ticket awards for Best Kids Area , Best Guest Experience , and Best Christmas Event of 2018 . Lightning Rod won the Wooden Coaster of the Decade in 2019 .",
"title": "Rankings and awards"
}
] |
/wiki/Dollywood#P127#1
|
Who owned Dollywood between Jun 1986 and Jul 1986?
|
Dollywood Dollywood is a theme park jointly owned by entertainer Dolly Parton and Herschend Family Entertainment . It is located in the Knoxville-Smoky Mountains metroplex in Pigeon Forge , Tennessee . Hosting nearly 3 million guests in a typical season – mid-March to the Christmas holidays – Dollywood is the biggest ticketed tourist attraction in Tennessee . In addition to standard amusement park thrill rides , Dollywood features traditional crafts and music of the Smoky Mountain area . The park hosts a number of concerts and musical events each year , including appearances by Dolly Parton and her family as well as other national and local musical acts . It is also the site of the Southern Gospel Museum and Hall of Fame . The theme park is the anchor of Partons Dollywood amusement destination , which also includes the sister water park Dollywoods Splash Country , the Dollywoods DreamMore Resort and Spa , and the Dolly Partons Stampede Dinner Attraction . History . Rebel Railroad . The park opened in early 1961 as a small tourist attraction owned by the Robbins brothers from Blowing Rock , North Carolina . Named Rebel Railroad , it included a steam train , general store , blacksmith shop , and saloon . With a theme inspired by the centennial anniversary of the Civil War , the train ride let visitors experience attacks by Union soldiers , train robbers , and Indians . The train and its riders were protected by Confederates who fought off the attacks . The park was modeled after the Robbins brothers first successful theme park , Tweetsie Railroad in Blowing Rock . Goldrush Junction . In 1970 , Art Modell – who also owned the Cleveland Browns football team – bought Rebel Railroad and renamed it Goldrush Junction . The park retained the railroad and added an outdoor theater , a log flume ride , and Robert F . Thomas Church . Silver Dollar City . In 1976 , Jack and Pete Herschend bought Goldrush Junction and renamed it Goldrush for the 1976 season . In 1977 , they renamed it Silver Dollar City Tennessee , making it a sister park to their original Silver Dollar City in Branson , Missouri . The Herschends spent about $1 million upgrading the park upon purchase and added other improvements over the years . Also in 1977 , the train ride added two new steam locomotives , the #70 and the #71 , from the White Pass & Yukon Route Railroad . Dollywood . In 1986 , Dolly Parton , who grew up in the area , bought an interest in Silver Dollar City . As part of the deal , the park reopened for the 1986 season as Dollywood . In 2010 , Parton said she became involved with the operation because she always thought that if I made it big or got successful at what I had started out to do , that I wanted to come back to my part of the country and do something great , something that would bring a lot of jobs into this area . Dollywood has approximately 4,000 people on its payroll , making it the largest employer in the community . From 1986 to 2010 , the park doubled in size to . On November 16 , 2010 , Dollywood earned the industrys most prestigious award , the Liseberg Applause Award , which was accepted by Dolly Parton during a ceremony at IAAPA Attractions Expo 2010 in Orlando . Parton said in 2010 that she would like to open more Dollywood parks in the future . We definitely want to expand with new things every year , eventually with a resort , she said . We may eventually have Dollywoods in other parts of the country , where we can kind of be true to whatevers going on in that part of the world . On August 21 , 2013 , Parton announced Dollywoods DreamMore Resort and Spa , which opened on July 27 , 2015 . 1980s developments . On May 3 , 1986 , Silver Dollar City Tennessee reopened as Dollywood . The new Rivertown Junction area included Smoky Mountain River Rampage , a whitewater rafting ride ; Back Porch Theater ; Aunt Grannys Dixie Fixins Restaurant ; and Dollys Tennessee Mountain Home , a replica of the cabin that was Partons childhood home . Also new was Rags to Riches : The Dolly Parton Story , a museum displaying articles and mementos from Dollys life and career . The Butter Churn ( a Trabant ride ) was removed at the end of the season . Park attendance doubled to more than a million guests during the first season as Dollywood . In 1987 , the Daydream Ridge area opened and included the Mountain Slidewinder water toboggan ride , Mountain Dans Burger House , Sweet Dreams Candy Shop , The Rainbow Factory blown glass shop , and Critter Creek Playground . In 1988 , the 1,739-seat Celebrity Theater , featuring the Showcase of Stars celebrity concert series , was constructed adjacent to the entrance of the park . Five new childrens rides were added to the Fun Country area , including a Zamperla Balloon Race . The Dollywood Foundation was established to provide books and schools supplies to the children of Sevier County . Thunder Express , a steel mine train coaster , was built adjacent to Blazing Fury in 1989 . The ride was relocated to the park from Six Flags Over Mid-America . The 1989 season was the last for the National Mountain Music Festival , which was a carryover from the Silver Dollar City years . 1990s developments . In 1990 , a 1903 antique Dentzel Carousel , originally built for Rocky Springs Park in Lancaster , Pennsylvania , was relocated to the park . Situated near the train depot , it took over the space previously occupied by the Silver Dollar Saloon . The 600-seat Gaslight Theater opened near the carousel . The Smoky Mountain Christmas Festival premiered in November , extending the parks operating season into December . Eagle Mountain Sanctuary , an outdoor aviary , was added in 1991 along with the Wings of America Theater , site of the Birds of Prey show , and the 300-seat Valley Theater . The Showstreet area was added in 1992 and included the Showstreet Palace Theater , The Butterfly Emporium , The Backstage Restaurant , The Spotlight Bakery , Friendship Gardens , and WDLY-FM , a working radio station . To accommodate the expansion , the parks main entrance moved from Rivertown Junction to Showstreet . The Barnwood Theater was converted into Imagination Station , an interactive childrens play area . Dollywoods annual attendance topped 2 million for the first time during the 1992 season . In 1993 , the Fun Country area was renovated and became The Country Fair with three new rides : The Wonder Wheel , a tall Ferris wheel ; Twist and Shout , a scrambler ride ; and Tennessee Twister , a tilt-a-whirl . The Balloon Race ride was relocated to the Daydream Ridge area to make room for the new attractions . Also new at the park was Sunset Musicfest , a summer music festival . A year later , in 1994 , the Gaslight Theater became the Heartsong Theater , named for the multi-media musical presentation that told the story of Dolly Partons life . In 1995 , the Jukebox Junction 1950s Main Street themed area was added and included Rockin Roadway miniature car ride , The Pines Theater , Reds Diner , and Cas Walkers Music Store . The Sunset Musicfest did not return for the 1995 season . The Dollywood Boulevard area was added in 1996 and included Thunder Road , a turbo-simulator ride based on the 1958 movie of the same name . Silver Screen Café , a 1950s cinema-themed restaurant , and Centerstage gift shop were also in the area . In 1997 , the U Pick Nick childrens show focused on themes from the Nickelodeon television network and played in Celebrity Theater . The Flooded Mine dark-ride was closed and demolished in October , and Silver Screen Cafe became DJ Platters in the Dollywood Boulevard area . Daredevil Falls , a new shoot the chutes flume ride , opened in the area formerly occupied by the Flooded Mine a year later in 1997 . At the time , it was billed as The Highest and Fastest Waterfall Ride in America with its drop . Thunder Express was closed in September and sold to Magic Springs Theme Park in Arkansas . The antique carousel was removed at the end of the season and replaced with a new Chance Rides carousel . In 1999 , the Tennessee Tornado , a steel looping coaster , opened in the area formerly occupied by Thunder Express . Also new was the Southern Gospel Museum and Hall of Fame , while the Balloon Race ride was removed . 2000s developments . The Daydream Ridge area was renovated and became Dreamland Forest , a childrens mountain-themed interactive play area in 2000 . The Festival of Nations international music festival premiered a year later in April 2001 . Dollys Splash Country , a new water park opened adjacent to Dollywoods parking lot . Dollywood Boulevard was renovated and became a new area , Adventures in Imagination , in 2002 . Smoky Mountain Wilderness Adventure , a new simulator film , replaced Thunder Road , and a new Dolly museum called Chasing Rainbows opened in the building formerly occupied by DJ Platters . In 2003 , summer childrens festival KidsFest premiered , and Imagination Station was converted into Celebration Hall , a special events facility . It was also the final season for the Showcase of Stars celebrity concert series . A new area of the park , Thunderhead Gap , opened with the Thunderhead wooden roller coaster in 2004 . The construction of the new area opened up a new valley for park expansion . The Country Fair Falls log flume was demolished in November , and most of the other Country Fair rides , including the Swingamajig , Tennessee Twister , The Convoy , and The Barnstormer , were removed at the end of the season to free up space for newer rides that were added for the 2005 season . The new rides included Dizzy Disk , Amazing Flying Elephants , Lemon Twist , Shooting Star , Sky Rider , Veggietales Sideshow Spin ( childrens roller coaster ) , Waltzing Swinger , Piggy Parade , Busy Bees , and Lucky Ducky . The National Southern Gospel & Harvest Celebration was also new in 2005 . In 2006 , the Timber Tower ride , along with Lil Loggers Landing , Beaver Creek , Beaver Creek Boat Float , and Lumberjack Lifts , opened in a new area adjacent to Thunderhead . The Barbeque & Bluegrass festival also premiered . The 2007 season included the addition of Mystery Mine , a Gerstlauer Eurofighter coaster with two vertical lifts , a 95-degree drop , a heartline roll , and a dive loop . The $17 million ( $ in dollars ) ride used an abandoned mine shaft theme . In 2008 , River Battle , an interactive water raft ride , was built in a new section of the park called Wilderness Pass that connected the Timber Canyon and Craftsmans Valley areas . Thunder Road returned to the motion theater ( Imagination Cinema ) and replaced Smoky Mountain Wilderness Adventure . Dellas Lye Soap shop moved from Craftsmans Valley to the Wilderness Pass area . A new exhibit housing the Wings of America show birds moved to its former location . The Polar Express 4-D Experience was shown in Imagination Cinema during the parks Smoky Mountain Christmas . In 2009 , Dollywood presented two new shows , Imaginé by Le Grand Cirque and Sha-Kon-O-Hey ! Land of Blue Smoke , which featured music written by Dolly Parton and told the story of the last family living in the Smoky Mountains at the time it became a national park . Imaginé headlined the parks Festival of Nations . Thunder Road was renamed White Lightning and then changed to a new attraction , , based on the 2008 film . SkyZip owned by Skyline Eco-Adventures of Maui , Hawaii , expanded to Dollywood and opened the first multi-line zip line tour inside a theme park . 2010s developments . The Adventure Mountain attraction opened at a cost of $5 million in the Wilderness Pass area in 2010 . It included three distinct adventure courses , Geyser Gorge , Black Bear Cliff , and Rocky Top , that ranged from easy to expert with 100 different rope features , swinging beams , suspension bridges , flying islands , and floating stairs . Adventure trails ranged from a few inches above the ground to more than in the air . The area also included a scaled-down play area called Camp Teachittoomee for younger children . Also for the 2010 season , Dollywood brought back Sha-Kon-O-Hey ! Land of Blue Smoke and changed its logo for the 25th anniversary . In 2011 , a new area called Owens Farm with a $5.5 million giant swing called Barnstormer replaced Dreamland Forest . The barnyard-themed area included a play area for younger guests . Christmas on Ice , a new ice skating Christmas show , premiered in DPs Celebrity Theater and headlined Smoky Mountain Christmas . Wild Eagle opened March 24 , 2012 and was the first Bolliger & Mabillard Wing Coaster in the United States . It was also the biggest investment in Dollywood history . Dollywood purchased SkyZip from Skyline Eco-Adventures , and Timber Tower was dismantled before opening in 2012 due to a lawsuit with the ride manufacturer . In December 2012 , the park announced that Adventure Mountain would be closing permanently following the 2012 season . Dollywood dedicated 2013 to encouraging families to spend time together . New shows for the season included Cirque Shanghai , Mystic India , and One World Party as part of Festival of Nations along with more than 50 new international food items . The park also introduced Great American Summer , a new summer festival that replaced KidsFest . It included the Great American Country Show , Gazillion Bubbles , The Little Engine Playhouse , and Salute to America . Dollywood extended its hours and added a nightly fireworks show . Smoky Mountain Christmas added a new show that was Dolly Partons version of Charles Dickens A Christmas Carol . Dollywoods slogan for the year was Make Time for Happy ! Imagination Cinema became Dreamsong Theater and played Dollys My People , a show about Dollys family . In 2014 , FireChaser Express , a dual-launch family coaster , replaced Adventure Mountain in the Wilderness Pass area of the park . Dollywoods slogan was changed to Love Every Moment , and Smoky Mountain Christmas added a Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer meet-and-greet called Holly Jolly Junction . Dollywoods DreamMore Resort and Spa opened adjacent to Dollywoods Splash Country in 2015 . For the 30th anniversary of the park , the park redesigned the entrance for resort guests and added two new shows to Festival of Nations called Rhythm of the Dance and Timber . Cas Walkers was demolished to make room for a new attraction , and six new shows were added to Great American Summer along with the revival of the Showcase of Stars concert series . Also new was Rock the Smokies , a Christian music festival , and Rudolph and friends returned to the Smoky Mountain Christmas festival . Lightning Rod , a Rocky Mountain Construction wooden coaster , opened on June 13 , 2016 . It is the worlds first launched wooden coaster as well as the fastest wooden coaster in the world . A year later , in 2017 , a freefall ride called Drop Line , which replaced Timber Tower , opened along with a junior roller coaster called Whistle Punk Chaser . Two new seasonal events debuted , and Dollywoods Splash Country added the TailSpin Racer mat racer slide complex . Sideshow Spin and River Battle were removed . In 2018 , the former River Battle site was transformed into the Plaza at Wilderness Pass , a new open space with covered seating for relaxing and enjoying seasonal events . With the debut of the Spring Mix three-week music series , the 2018 Season of Showstoppers also marked the parks largest investment in entertainment in Dollywoods history . The 2018 Festival of Nations includes three headliners that are new to Dollywood : Flamenco Kings starring Los Vivancos ( Pines Theater ) , National Dance Company of Siberia ( Celebrity Theater ) , and Ladysmith Black Mambazo ( Showstreet Palace Theater ) . The first Summer Celebration event includes various performances and attractions , including DRUMLine Live ! in Celebrity Theater , a show that focuses on the musical styles of marching bands from Historically Black Colleges and Universities . It uses technology , including video screens and special effects , to enhance soul , R&B , country , and other types of music . Renovations included upgrades to Aunt Grannys and re-branding and renaming of two shops . Work began in October 2017 on Wildwood Grove , adding eleven new experiences to the park . Attractions include a suspended family coaster ( Dragonflier ) , a restaurant ( Till & Harvest ) , an indoor play area ( Hidden Hollow ) , an outdoor splash pad ( Wildwood Creek ) , a swinging boat ride ( The Great Tree Swing ) , and a 50 ft tall tree with a canopy covered in butterflies ( The Wildwood Tree ) . The $37 million 5-acre development , described as a land built from Dolly Partons dreams , opened May 10 , 2019 . It was part of a $300 million 6-year expansion project . 2020s developments . In October 2019 , it was announced that the park would add its first new festival in 14 years . Dollywoods Flower & Food Festival will feature 10 to 15 feet tall topiaries based on Dollys songs like Coat of Many Colors , colorful photo opportunities , a rainbow sky over Showstreet , and delicious eats . The festival was to have commemorated the parks 35th season and run from 8 May to 14 June 2020 , but was deferred to 7 May to 13 June 2021 . Dollywood filed plans in October 2019 for a new resort adjacent to Splash Country and DreamMore Resort . It is planned to feature a 310-room hotel , a 325-seat restaurant , and a conference space . The plans indicate the resort will create 100 jobs . Areas of the park . Dollywood is organized into 11 themed areas : Showstreet , Rivertown Junction , Craftsmans Valley , The Village , Country Fair , Timber Canyon , Wilderness Pass , Jukebox Junction , Owens Farm , Adventures in Imagination and Wilwood Grove reflect the historical eras and culture of East Tennessee , while Owens Farm and Adventures in Imagination explore Dolly Partons life and imagination . Many attractions focus on the history and culture of the Southern Appalachian region . - Showstreet – Attractions include Showstreet Palace Theater , Celebrity Theater , and Southern Gospel Museum and Hall of Fame . - Rivertown Junction – Attractions include Dollys Tennessee Mountain Home , Back Porch Theater , and Smoky Mountain River Rampage whitewater rafting ride . - Craftsmans Valley – Attractions include Dollywood Grist Mill , Valley Theater , Eagle Mountain Sanctuary , Wings of America Theater , Robert F . Thomas Chapel , Calico Falls Schoolhouse , Tennessee Tornado coaster , Blazing Fury coaster , Daredevil Falls flume ride , and craft exhibits . - The Village ( formerly Village Square ) – Attractions include the narrow gauge Dollywood Express steam train , Heartsong Theater , Village Carousel , and Costner and Sons Magic Shop . - Country Fair ( formerly Fun Country ) – Rides include Dizzy Disk , The Amazing Flying Elephants , Lemon Twist , Shooting Star , Sky Rider , The Waltzing Swinger , Piggy Parade , Busy Bees , Lucky Ducky , Dollys Demolition Derby , and The Scrambler . - Timber Canyon ( formerly Thunderhead Gap ) – Attractions include the Mystery Mine coaster , the Thunderhead coaster , Drop Line , Whistle Punk Chaser , and Lumberjack Lifts . - Jukebox Junction – Attractions include the Rockin Roadway car ride and Pines Theater . Also featured is Lightning Rod , which holds the record as the fastest wooden roller coaster in the world . - Owens Farm ( formerly Daydream Ridge 1987–1999 , Dreamland Forest 2000–2010 ) – Attractions include Barnstormer , a barn and plane styled giant swing attraction . It also includes soft play areas and a splash pad . - Adventures in Imagination ( formerly Dollywood Boulevard ) – Attractions include Dolly Partons My People ! show at Dreamsong Theater and the Chasing Rainbows Museum . - Wilderness Pass – Attractions include the SkyZip zip line attraction , The Plaza at Wilderness Pass , Wild Eagle – Americas first winged coaster – and FireChaser Express , a dual-launch coaster that launches forward and backward . - Wildwood Grove – Opened in 2019 ; attractions include the Dragonflier,a suspended family coaster , The Mad Mockingbird , a swing ride , The Wildwood Tree , a lighted tree , and Till and Harvest , a Mexican-inspired restaurant . Festivals and annual events . Dollywood hosts six of the Souths largest festivals between the months of March and December : - Running normally from mid-March to mid-April , Festival of Nations offers cultural events by performers from around the world . - From late April until mid-May the Barbeque & Bluegrass presented by Bush Brothers and Company is a bluegrass music and barbecue festival . - Starting in 2021 ( originally 2020 ) , and scheduled to run from mid-May and running until early June , is the Flower and Food Festival . - Summer Celebration ( formerly Great American Summer ) includes Night of Many Colors , a nightly fireworks display set to music ; Night Experience , night performances and rides in the dark ; and new shows , such as DRUMLine Live ! and iLuminate . - Harvest Festival presented by Humana features Southern Gospel music , professional craftsmen , and Great Pumpkin LumiNights . - Smoky Mountain Christmas presented by Humana is a nine-time award winner of Golden Tickets Best Christmas Event and features seven holiday performances , 5 million Christmas lights , Glacier Ridge ( in which part of the park has frozen over ) , and a nightly parade . Rankings and awards . In 2017 , Dollywood won Golden Ticket awards from Amusement Today for Friendliest Park , Best Christmas Event , Best Food and Best Show . In 2018 , Dollywood received a Golden Ticket award from Amusement Today – a leading trade publication for the amusement park industry – in the Best Food category , marking the parks fourth win in seven years . In addition to three dinner show options , more than 25 vendors serve meals and snacks , ranging from barbecue ribs , pizza , corn dogs , and pork rinds to cinnamon bread , funnel cakes , cotton candy , and banana pudding made using Dollys recipe . The park also received Golden Tickets for Best Shows , Friendliest Park , and Best Christmas Event and was ranked the third best park in the world . In the 2018 USA Today 10Best Readers Choice Awards – awards voted on by the general public – Dollywood was ranked as the sixth Best Amusement Park in the U.S . Additionally , Dollywoods DreamMore Resort and Spa was ranked first in the Best Amusement Park Hotel category , and Aunt Grannys Restaurant was ranked first in the Best Amusement Park Restaurant category . DreamMore focuses on the themes of family and storytelling and has a zero-entry ( beach-style ) pool , transportation to the park , and a splash pad . Aunt Grannys opened the first year the park operated as Dollywood . It uses an all-you-can-eat buffet format with comfort foods like chicken and dumplings , tacos , and steaks along with a salad bar and health-conscious choices . Dreamland Drive-In was ranked third in the Best Amusement Park Entertainment category , and Dollywoods Splash Country was ranked sixth in the Best Outdoor Water Park category . In 2019 , Dollywood won Golden Ticket awards for Best Kids Area , Best Guest Experience , and Best Christmas Event of 2018 . Lightning Rod won the Wooden Coaster of the Decade in 2019 .
|
[
"Herschend Family Entertainment",
"Dolly Parton"
] |
[
{
"text": " Dollywood is a theme park jointly owned by entertainer Dolly Parton and Herschend Family Entertainment . It is located in the Knoxville-Smoky Mountains metroplex in Pigeon Forge , Tennessee . Hosting nearly 3 million guests in a typical season – mid-March to the Christmas holidays – Dollywood is the biggest ticketed tourist attraction in Tennessee .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "In addition to standard amusement park thrill rides , Dollywood features traditional crafts and music of the Smoky Mountain area . The park hosts a number of concerts and musical events each year , including appearances by Dolly Parton and her family as well as other national and local musical acts . It is also the site of the Southern Gospel Museum and Hall of Fame .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": " The theme park is the anchor of Partons Dollywood amusement destination , which also includes the sister water park Dollywoods Splash Country , the Dollywoods DreamMore Resort and Spa , and the Dolly Partons Stampede Dinner Attraction .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "The park opened in early 1961 as a small tourist attraction owned by the Robbins brothers from Blowing Rock , North Carolina . Named Rebel Railroad , it included a steam train , general store , blacksmith shop , and saloon . With a theme inspired by the centennial anniversary of the Civil War , the train ride let visitors experience attacks by Union soldiers , train robbers , and Indians . The train and its riders were protected by Confederates who fought off the attacks . The park was modeled after the Robbins brothers first successful theme park ,",
"title": "Rebel Railroad"
},
{
"text": "Tweetsie Railroad in Blowing Rock .",
"title": "Rebel Railroad"
},
{
"text": " In 1970 , Art Modell – who also owned the Cleveland Browns football team – bought Rebel Railroad and renamed it Goldrush Junction . The park retained the railroad and added an outdoor theater , a log flume ride , and Robert F . Thomas Church .",
"title": "Goldrush Junction"
},
{
"text": " In 1976 , Jack and Pete Herschend bought Goldrush Junction and renamed it Goldrush for the 1976 season . In 1977 , they renamed it Silver Dollar City Tennessee , making it a sister park to their original Silver Dollar City in Branson , Missouri . The Herschends spent about $1 million upgrading the park upon purchase and added other improvements over the years . Also in 1977 , the train ride added two new steam locomotives , the #70 and the #71 , from the White Pass & Yukon Route Railroad .",
"title": "Silver Dollar City"
},
{
"text": " In 1986 , Dolly Parton , who grew up in the area , bought an interest in Silver Dollar City . As part of the deal , the park reopened for the 1986 season as Dollywood . In 2010 , Parton said she became involved with the operation because she always thought that if I made it big or got successful at what I had started out to do , that I wanted to come back to my part of the country and do something great , something that would bring a lot of jobs into this area .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "Dollywood has approximately 4,000 people on its payroll , making it the largest employer in the community . From 1986 to 2010 , the park doubled in size to . On November 16 , 2010 , Dollywood earned the industrys most prestigious award , the Liseberg Applause Award , which was accepted by Dolly Parton during a ceremony at IAAPA Attractions Expo 2010 in Orlando .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": " Parton said in 2010 that she would like to open more Dollywood parks in the future . We definitely want to expand with new things every year , eventually with a resort , she said . We may eventually have Dollywoods in other parts of the country , where we can kind of be true to whatevers going on in that part of the world . On August 21 , 2013 , Parton announced Dollywoods DreamMore Resort and Spa , which opened on July 27 , 2015 . 1980s developments .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "On May 3 , 1986 , Silver Dollar City Tennessee reopened as Dollywood . The new Rivertown Junction area included Smoky Mountain River Rampage , a whitewater rafting ride ; Back Porch Theater ; Aunt Grannys Dixie Fixins Restaurant ; and Dollys Tennessee Mountain Home , a replica of the cabin that was Partons childhood home . Also new was Rags to Riches : The Dolly Parton Story , a museum displaying articles and mementos from Dollys life and career . The Butter Churn ( a Trabant ride ) was removed at the end of the season . Park attendance",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "doubled to more than a million guests during the first season as Dollywood .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "In 1987 , the Daydream Ridge area opened and included the Mountain Slidewinder water toboggan ride , Mountain Dans Burger House , Sweet Dreams Candy Shop , The Rainbow Factory blown glass shop , and Critter Creek Playground . In 1988 , the 1,739-seat Celebrity Theater , featuring the Showcase of Stars celebrity concert series , was constructed adjacent to the entrance of the park . Five new childrens rides were added to the Fun Country area , including a Zamperla Balloon Race . The Dollywood Foundation was established to provide books and schools supplies to the children of Sevier",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "County . Thunder Express , a steel mine train coaster , was built adjacent to Blazing Fury in 1989 . The ride was relocated to the park from Six Flags Over Mid-America . The 1989 season was the last for the National Mountain Music Festival , which was a carryover from the Silver Dollar City years .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "In 1990 , a 1903 antique Dentzel Carousel , originally built for Rocky Springs Park in Lancaster , Pennsylvania , was relocated to the park . Situated near the train depot , it took over the space previously occupied by the Silver Dollar Saloon . The 600-seat Gaslight Theater opened near the carousel . The Smoky Mountain Christmas Festival premiered in November , extending the parks operating season into December . Eagle Mountain Sanctuary , an outdoor aviary , was added in 1991 along with the Wings of America Theater , site of the Birds of Prey show , and",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "the 300-seat Valley Theater .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": " The Showstreet area was added in 1992 and included the Showstreet Palace Theater , The Butterfly Emporium , The Backstage Restaurant , The Spotlight Bakery , Friendship Gardens , and WDLY-FM , a working radio station . To accommodate the expansion , the parks main entrance moved from Rivertown Junction to Showstreet . The Barnwood Theater was converted into Imagination Station , an interactive childrens play area . Dollywoods annual attendance topped 2 million for the first time during the 1992 season .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "In 1993 , the Fun Country area was renovated and became The Country Fair with three new rides : The Wonder Wheel , a tall Ferris wheel ; Twist and Shout , a scrambler ride ; and Tennessee Twister , a tilt-a-whirl . The Balloon Race ride was relocated to the Daydream Ridge area to make room for the new attractions . Also new at the park was Sunset Musicfest , a summer music festival . A year later , in 1994 , the Gaslight Theater became the Heartsong Theater , named for the multi-media musical presentation that told the",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "story of Dolly Partons life . In 1995 , the Jukebox Junction 1950s Main Street themed area was added and included Rockin Roadway miniature car ride , The Pines Theater , Reds Diner , and Cas Walkers Music Store . The Sunset Musicfest did not return for the 1995 season .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "The Dollywood Boulevard area was added in 1996 and included Thunder Road , a turbo-simulator ride based on the 1958 movie of the same name . Silver Screen Café , a 1950s cinema-themed restaurant , and Centerstage gift shop were also in the area . In 1997 , the U Pick Nick childrens show focused on themes from the Nickelodeon television network and played in Celebrity Theater . The Flooded Mine dark-ride was closed and demolished in October , and Silver Screen Cafe became DJ Platters in the Dollywood Boulevard area . Daredevil Falls , a new shoot the chutes",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "flume ride , opened in the area formerly occupied by the Flooded Mine a year later in 1997 . At the time , it was billed as The Highest and Fastest Waterfall Ride in America with its drop . Thunder Express was closed in September and sold to Magic Springs Theme Park in Arkansas . The antique carousel was removed at the end of the season and replaced with a new Chance Rides carousel .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": " In 1999 , the Tennessee Tornado , a steel looping coaster , opened in the area formerly occupied by Thunder Express . Also new was the Southern Gospel Museum and Hall of Fame , while the Balloon Race ride was removed . 2000s developments . The Daydream Ridge area was renovated and became Dreamland Forest , a childrens mountain-themed interactive play area in 2000 . The Festival of Nations international music festival premiered a year later in April 2001 . Dollys Splash Country , a new water park opened adjacent to Dollywoods parking lot .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "Dollywood Boulevard was renovated and became a new area , Adventures in Imagination , in 2002 . Smoky Mountain Wilderness Adventure , a new simulator film , replaced Thunder Road , and a new Dolly museum called Chasing Rainbows opened in the building formerly occupied by DJ Platters . In 2003 , summer childrens festival KidsFest premiered , and Imagination Station was converted into Celebration Hall , a special events facility . It was also the final season for the Showcase of Stars celebrity concert series .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "A new area of the park , Thunderhead Gap , opened with the Thunderhead wooden roller coaster in 2004 . The construction of the new area opened up a new valley for park expansion . The Country Fair Falls log flume was demolished in November , and most of the other Country Fair rides , including the Swingamajig , Tennessee Twister , The Convoy , and The Barnstormer , were removed at the end of the season to free up space for newer rides that were added for the 2005 season . The new rides included Dizzy Disk , Amazing",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "Flying Elephants , Lemon Twist , Shooting Star , Sky Rider , Veggietales Sideshow Spin ( childrens roller coaster ) , Waltzing Swinger , Piggy Parade , Busy Bees , and Lucky Ducky . The National Southern Gospel & Harvest Celebration was also new in 2005 .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "In 2006 , the Timber Tower ride , along with Lil Loggers Landing , Beaver Creek , Beaver Creek Boat Float , and Lumberjack Lifts , opened in a new area adjacent to Thunderhead . The Barbeque & Bluegrass festival also premiered . The 2007 season included the addition of Mystery Mine , a Gerstlauer Eurofighter coaster with two vertical lifts , a 95-degree drop , a heartline roll , and a dive loop . The $17 million ( $ in dollars ) ride used an abandoned mine shaft theme . In 2008 , River Battle , an interactive water",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "raft ride , was built in a new section of the park called Wilderness Pass that connected the Timber Canyon and Craftsmans Valley areas . Thunder Road returned to the motion theater ( Imagination Cinema ) and replaced Smoky Mountain Wilderness Adventure . Dellas Lye Soap shop moved from Craftsmans Valley to the Wilderness Pass area . A new exhibit housing the Wings of America show birds moved to its former location . The Polar Express 4-D Experience was shown in Imagination Cinema during the parks Smoky Mountain Christmas .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "In 2009 , Dollywood presented two new shows , Imaginé by Le Grand Cirque and Sha-Kon-O-Hey ! Land of Blue Smoke , which featured music written by Dolly Parton and told the story of the last family living in the Smoky Mountains at the time it became a national park . Imaginé headlined the parks Festival of Nations . Thunder Road was renamed White Lightning and then changed to a new attraction , , based on the 2008 film . SkyZip owned by Skyline Eco-Adventures of Maui , Hawaii , expanded to Dollywood and opened the first multi-line zip line",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "tour inside a theme park .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "The Adventure Mountain attraction opened at a cost of $5 million in the Wilderness Pass area in 2010 . It included three distinct adventure courses , Geyser Gorge , Black Bear Cliff , and Rocky Top , that ranged from easy to expert with 100 different rope features , swinging beams , suspension bridges , flying islands , and floating stairs . Adventure trails ranged from a few inches above the ground to more than in the air . The area also included a scaled-down play area called Camp Teachittoomee for younger children . Also for the 2010 season ,",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "Dollywood brought back Sha-Kon-O-Hey ! Land of Blue Smoke and changed its logo for the 25th anniversary .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "In 2011 , a new area called Owens Farm with a $5.5 million giant swing called Barnstormer replaced Dreamland Forest . The barnyard-themed area included a play area for younger guests . Christmas on Ice , a new ice skating Christmas show , premiered in DPs Celebrity Theater and headlined Smoky Mountain Christmas . Wild Eagle opened March 24 , 2012 and was the first Bolliger & Mabillard Wing Coaster in the United States . It was also the biggest investment in Dollywood history . Dollywood purchased SkyZip from Skyline Eco-Adventures , and Timber Tower was dismantled before opening in",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "2012 due to a lawsuit with the ride manufacturer . In December 2012 , the park announced that Adventure Mountain would be closing permanently following the 2012 season .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "Dollywood dedicated 2013 to encouraging families to spend time together . New shows for the season included Cirque Shanghai , Mystic India , and One World Party as part of Festival of Nations along with more than 50 new international food items . The park also introduced Great American Summer , a new summer festival that replaced KidsFest . It included the Great American Country Show , Gazillion Bubbles , The Little Engine Playhouse , and Salute to America . Dollywood extended its hours and added a nightly fireworks show . Smoky Mountain Christmas added a new show that was",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "Dolly Partons version of Charles Dickens A Christmas Carol . Dollywoods slogan for the year was Make Time for Happy ! Imagination Cinema became Dreamsong Theater and played Dollys My People , a show about Dollys family .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "In 2014 , FireChaser Express , a dual-launch family coaster , replaced Adventure Mountain in the Wilderness Pass area of the park . Dollywoods slogan was changed to Love Every Moment , and Smoky Mountain Christmas added a Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer meet-and-greet called Holly Jolly Junction . Dollywoods DreamMore Resort and Spa opened adjacent to Dollywoods Splash Country in 2015 . For the 30th anniversary of the park , the park redesigned the entrance for resort guests and added two new shows to Festival of Nations called Rhythm of the Dance and Timber . Cas Walkers was demolished to",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "make room for a new attraction , and six new shows were added to Great American Summer along with the revival of the Showcase of Stars concert series . Also new was Rock the Smokies , a Christian music festival , and Rudolph and friends returned to the Smoky Mountain Christmas festival .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": " Lightning Rod , a Rocky Mountain Construction wooden coaster , opened on June 13 , 2016 . It is the worlds first launched wooden coaster as well as the fastest wooden coaster in the world . A year later , in 2017 , a freefall ride called Drop Line , which replaced Timber Tower , opened along with a junior roller coaster called Whistle Punk Chaser . Two new seasonal events debuted , and Dollywoods Splash Country added the TailSpin Racer mat racer slide complex . Sideshow Spin and River Battle were removed .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "In 2018 , the former River Battle site was transformed into the Plaza at Wilderness Pass , a new open space with covered seating for relaxing and enjoying seasonal events . With the debut of the Spring Mix three-week music series , the 2018 Season of Showstoppers also marked the parks largest investment in entertainment in Dollywoods history . The 2018 Festival of Nations includes three headliners that are new to Dollywood : Flamenco Kings starring Los Vivancos ( Pines Theater ) , National Dance Company of Siberia ( Celebrity Theater ) , and Ladysmith Black Mambazo ( Showstreet Palace",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "Theater ) . The first Summer Celebration event includes various performances and attractions , including DRUMLine Live ! in Celebrity Theater , a show that focuses on the musical styles of marching bands from Historically Black Colleges and Universities . It uses technology , including video screens and special effects , to enhance soul , R&B , country , and other types of music . Renovations included upgrades to Aunt Grannys and re-branding and renaming of two shops .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "Work began in October 2017 on Wildwood Grove , adding eleven new experiences to the park . Attractions include a suspended family coaster ( Dragonflier ) , a restaurant ( Till & Harvest ) , an indoor play area ( Hidden Hollow ) , an outdoor splash pad ( Wildwood Creek ) , a swinging boat ride ( The Great Tree Swing ) , and a 50 ft tall tree with a canopy covered in butterflies ( The Wildwood Tree ) . The $37 million 5-acre development , described as a land built from Dolly Partons dreams , opened May",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "10 , 2019 . It was part of a $300 million 6-year expansion project .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": " 2020s developments . In October 2019 , it was announced that the park would add its first new festival in 14 years . Dollywoods Flower & Food Festival will feature 10 to 15 feet tall topiaries based on Dollys songs like Coat of Many Colors , colorful photo opportunities , a rainbow sky over Showstreet , and delicious eats . The festival was to have commemorated the parks 35th season and run from 8 May to 14 June 2020 , but was deferred to 7 May to 13 June 2021 .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "Dollywood filed plans in October 2019 for a new resort adjacent to Splash Country and DreamMore Resort . It is planned to feature a 310-room hotel , a 325-seat restaurant , and a conference space . The plans indicate the resort will create 100 jobs .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": " Areas of the park . Dollywood is organized into 11 themed areas : Showstreet , Rivertown Junction , Craftsmans Valley , The Village , Country Fair , Timber Canyon , Wilderness Pass , Jukebox Junction , Owens Farm , Adventures in Imagination and Wilwood Grove reflect the historical eras and culture of East Tennessee , while Owens Farm and Adventures in Imagination explore Dolly Partons life and imagination . Many attractions focus on the history and culture of the Southern Appalachian region .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "- Showstreet – Attractions include Showstreet Palace Theater , Celebrity Theater , and Southern Gospel Museum and Hall of Fame .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": " - Rivertown Junction – Attractions include Dollys Tennessee Mountain Home , Back Porch Theater , and Smoky Mountain River Rampage whitewater rafting ride . - Craftsmans Valley – Attractions include Dollywood Grist Mill , Valley Theater , Eagle Mountain Sanctuary , Wings of America Theater , Robert F . Thomas Chapel , Calico Falls Schoolhouse , Tennessee Tornado coaster , Blazing Fury coaster , Daredevil Falls flume ride , and craft exhibits .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "- The Village ( formerly Village Square ) – Attractions include the narrow gauge Dollywood Express steam train , Heartsong Theater , Village Carousel , and Costner and Sons Magic Shop .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": " - Country Fair ( formerly Fun Country ) – Rides include Dizzy Disk , The Amazing Flying Elephants , Lemon Twist , Shooting Star , Sky Rider , The Waltzing Swinger , Piggy Parade , Busy Bees , Lucky Ducky , Dollys Demolition Derby , and The Scrambler . - Timber Canyon ( formerly Thunderhead Gap ) – Attractions include the Mystery Mine coaster , the Thunderhead coaster , Drop Line , Whistle Punk Chaser , and Lumberjack Lifts .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "- Jukebox Junction – Attractions include the Rockin Roadway car ride and Pines Theater . Also featured is Lightning Rod , which holds the record as the fastest wooden roller coaster in the world .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": " - Owens Farm ( formerly Daydream Ridge 1987–1999 , Dreamland Forest 2000–2010 ) – Attractions include Barnstormer , a barn and plane styled giant swing attraction . It also includes soft play areas and a splash pad . - Adventures in Imagination ( formerly Dollywood Boulevard ) – Attractions include Dolly Partons My People ! show at Dreamsong Theater and the Chasing Rainbows Museum .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "- Wilderness Pass – Attractions include the SkyZip zip line attraction , The Plaza at Wilderness Pass , Wild Eagle – Americas first winged coaster – and FireChaser Express , a dual-launch coaster that launches forward and backward .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": " - Wildwood Grove – Opened in 2019 ; attractions include the Dragonflier,a suspended family coaster , The Mad Mockingbird , a swing ride , The Wildwood Tree , a lighted tree , and Till and Harvest , a Mexican-inspired restaurant . Festivals and annual events . Dollywood hosts six of the Souths largest festivals between the months of March and December : - Running normally from mid-March to mid-April , Festival of Nations offers cultural events by performers from around the world .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "- From late April until mid-May the Barbeque & Bluegrass presented by Bush Brothers and Company is a bluegrass music and barbecue festival .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": " - Starting in 2021 ( originally 2020 ) , and scheduled to run from mid-May and running until early June , is the Flower and Food Festival . - Summer Celebration ( formerly Great American Summer ) includes Night of Many Colors , a nightly fireworks display set to music ; Night Experience , night performances and rides in the dark ; and new shows , such as DRUMLine Live ! and iLuminate . - Harvest Festival presented by Humana features Southern Gospel music , professional craftsmen , and Great Pumpkin LumiNights .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "- Smoky Mountain Christmas presented by Humana is a nine-time award winner of Golden Tickets Best Christmas Event and features seven holiday performances , 5 million Christmas lights , Glacier Ridge ( in which part of the park has frozen over ) , and a nightly parade .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": " In 2017 , Dollywood won Golden Ticket awards from Amusement Today for Friendliest Park , Best Christmas Event , Best Food and Best Show .",
"title": "Rankings and awards"
},
{
"text": "In 2018 , Dollywood received a Golden Ticket award from Amusement Today – a leading trade publication for the amusement park industry – in the Best Food category , marking the parks fourth win in seven years . In addition to three dinner show options , more than 25 vendors serve meals and snacks , ranging from barbecue ribs , pizza , corn dogs , and pork rinds to cinnamon bread , funnel cakes , cotton candy , and banana pudding made using Dollys recipe . The park also received Golden Tickets for Best Shows , Friendliest Park , and",
"title": "Rankings and awards"
},
{
"text": "Best Christmas Event and was ranked the third best park in the world .",
"title": "Rankings and awards"
},
{
"text": "In the 2018 USA Today 10Best Readers Choice Awards – awards voted on by the general public – Dollywood was ranked as the sixth Best Amusement Park in the U.S . Additionally , Dollywoods DreamMore Resort and Spa was ranked first in the Best Amusement Park Hotel category , and Aunt Grannys Restaurant was ranked first in the Best Amusement Park Restaurant category . DreamMore focuses on the themes of family and storytelling and has a zero-entry ( beach-style ) pool , transportation to the park , and a splash pad . Aunt Grannys opened the first year the park",
"title": "Rankings and awards"
},
{
"text": "operated as Dollywood . It uses an all-you-can-eat buffet format with comfort foods like chicken and dumplings , tacos , and steaks along with a salad bar and health-conscious choices .",
"title": "Rankings and awards"
},
{
"text": " Dreamland Drive-In was ranked third in the Best Amusement Park Entertainment category , and Dollywoods Splash Country was ranked sixth in the Best Outdoor Water Park category . In 2019 , Dollywood won Golden Ticket awards for Best Kids Area , Best Guest Experience , and Best Christmas Event of 2018 . Lightning Rod won the Wooden Coaster of the Decade in 2019 .",
"title": "Rankings and awards"
}
] |
/wiki/Dollywood#P127#2
|
Who owned Dollywood before Jan 1966?
|
Dollywood Dollywood is a theme park jointly owned by entertainer Dolly Parton and Herschend Family Entertainment . It is located in the Knoxville-Smoky Mountains metroplex in Pigeon Forge , Tennessee . Hosting nearly 3 million guests in a typical season – mid-March to the Christmas holidays – Dollywood is the biggest ticketed tourist attraction in Tennessee . In addition to standard amusement park thrill rides , Dollywood features traditional crafts and music of the Smoky Mountain area . The park hosts a number of concerts and musical events each year , including appearances by Dolly Parton and her family as well as other national and local musical acts . It is also the site of the Southern Gospel Museum and Hall of Fame . The theme park is the anchor of Partons Dollywood amusement destination , which also includes the sister water park Dollywoods Splash Country , the Dollywoods DreamMore Resort and Spa , and the Dolly Partons Stampede Dinner Attraction . History . Rebel Railroad . The park opened in early 1961 as a small tourist attraction owned by the Robbins brothers from Blowing Rock , North Carolina . Named Rebel Railroad , it included a steam train , general store , blacksmith shop , and saloon . With a theme inspired by the centennial anniversary of the Civil War , the train ride let visitors experience attacks by Union soldiers , train robbers , and Indians . The train and its riders were protected by Confederates who fought off the attacks . The park was modeled after the Robbins brothers first successful theme park , Tweetsie Railroad in Blowing Rock . Goldrush Junction . In 1970 , Art Modell – who also owned the Cleveland Browns football team – bought Rebel Railroad and renamed it Goldrush Junction . The park retained the railroad and added an outdoor theater , a log flume ride , and Robert F . Thomas Church . Silver Dollar City . In 1976 , Jack and Pete Herschend bought Goldrush Junction and renamed it Goldrush for the 1976 season . In 1977 , they renamed it Silver Dollar City Tennessee , making it a sister park to their original Silver Dollar City in Branson , Missouri . The Herschends spent about $1 million upgrading the park upon purchase and added other improvements over the years . Also in 1977 , the train ride added two new steam locomotives , the #70 and the #71 , from the White Pass & Yukon Route Railroad . Dollywood . In 1986 , Dolly Parton , who grew up in the area , bought an interest in Silver Dollar City . As part of the deal , the park reopened for the 1986 season as Dollywood . In 2010 , Parton said she became involved with the operation because she always thought that if I made it big or got successful at what I had started out to do , that I wanted to come back to my part of the country and do something great , something that would bring a lot of jobs into this area . Dollywood has approximately 4,000 people on its payroll , making it the largest employer in the community . From 1986 to 2010 , the park doubled in size to . On November 16 , 2010 , Dollywood earned the industrys most prestigious award , the Liseberg Applause Award , which was accepted by Dolly Parton during a ceremony at IAAPA Attractions Expo 2010 in Orlando . Parton said in 2010 that she would like to open more Dollywood parks in the future . We definitely want to expand with new things every year , eventually with a resort , she said . We may eventually have Dollywoods in other parts of the country , where we can kind of be true to whatevers going on in that part of the world . On August 21 , 2013 , Parton announced Dollywoods DreamMore Resort and Spa , which opened on July 27 , 2015 . 1980s developments . On May 3 , 1986 , Silver Dollar City Tennessee reopened as Dollywood . The new Rivertown Junction area included Smoky Mountain River Rampage , a whitewater rafting ride ; Back Porch Theater ; Aunt Grannys Dixie Fixins Restaurant ; and Dollys Tennessee Mountain Home , a replica of the cabin that was Partons childhood home . Also new was Rags to Riches : The Dolly Parton Story , a museum displaying articles and mementos from Dollys life and career . The Butter Churn ( a Trabant ride ) was removed at the end of the season . Park attendance doubled to more than a million guests during the first season as Dollywood . In 1987 , the Daydream Ridge area opened and included the Mountain Slidewinder water toboggan ride , Mountain Dans Burger House , Sweet Dreams Candy Shop , The Rainbow Factory blown glass shop , and Critter Creek Playground . In 1988 , the 1,739-seat Celebrity Theater , featuring the Showcase of Stars celebrity concert series , was constructed adjacent to the entrance of the park . Five new childrens rides were added to the Fun Country area , including a Zamperla Balloon Race . The Dollywood Foundation was established to provide books and schools supplies to the children of Sevier County . Thunder Express , a steel mine train coaster , was built adjacent to Blazing Fury in 1989 . The ride was relocated to the park from Six Flags Over Mid-America . The 1989 season was the last for the National Mountain Music Festival , which was a carryover from the Silver Dollar City years . 1990s developments . In 1990 , a 1903 antique Dentzel Carousel , originally built for Rocky Springs Park in Lancaster , Pennsylvania , was relocated to the park . Situated near the train depot , it took over the space previously occupied by the Silver Dollar Saloon . The 600-seat Gaslight Theater opened near the carousel . The Smoky Mountain Christmas Festival premiered in November , extending the parks operating season into December . Eagle Mountain Sanctuary , an outdoor aviary , was added in 1991 along with the Wings of America Theater , site of the Birds of Prey show , and the 300-seat Valley Theater . The Showstreet area was added in 1992 and included the Showstreet Palace Theater , The Butterfly Emporium , The Backstage Restaurant , The Spotlight Bakery , Friendship Gardens , and WDLY-FM , a working radio station . To accommodate the expansion , the parks main entrance moved from Rivertown Junction to Showstreet . The Barnwood Theater was converted into Imagination Station , an interactive childrens play area . Dollywoods annual attendance topped 2 million for the first time during the 1992 season . In 1993 , the Fun Country area was renovated and became The Country Fair with three new rides : The Wonder Wheel , a tall Ferris wheel ; Twist and Shout , a scrambler ride ; and Tennessee Twister , a tilt-a-whirl . The Balloon Race ride was relocated to the Daydream Ridge area to make room for the new attractions . Also new at the park was Sunset Musicfest , a summer music festival . A year later , in 1994 , the Gaslight Theater became the Heartsong Theater , named for the multi-media musical presentation that told the story of Dolly Partons life . In 1995 , the Jukebox Junction 1950s Main Street themed area was added and included Rockin Roadway miniature car ride , The Pines Theater , Reds Diner , and Cas Walkers Music Store . The Sunset Musicfest did not return for the 1995 season . The Dollywood Boulevard area was added in 1996 and included Thunder Road , a turbo-simulator ride based on the 1958 movie of the same name . Silver Screen Café , a 1950s cinema-themed restaurant , and Centerstage gift shop were also in the area . In 1997 , the U Pick Nick childrens show focused on themes from the Nickelodeon television network and played in Celebrity Theater . The Flooded Mine dark-ride was closed and demolished in October , and Silver Screen Cafe became DJ Platters in the Dollywood Boulevard area . Daredevil Falls , a new shoot the chutes flume ride , opened in the area formerly occupied by the Flooded Mine a year later in 1997 . At the time , it was billed as The Highest and Fastest Waterfall Ride in America with its drop . Thunder Express was closed in September and sold to Magic Springs Theme Park in Arkansas . The antique carousel was removed at the end of the season and replaced with a new Chance Rides carousel . In 1999 , the Tennessee Tornado , a steel looping coaster , opened in the area formerly occupied by Thunder Express . Also new was the Southern Gospel Museum and Hall of Fame , while the Balloon Race ride was removed . 2000s developments . The Daydream Ridge area was renovated and became Dreamland Forest , a childrens mountain-themed interactive play area in 2000 . The Festival of Nations international music festival premiered a year later in April 2001 . Dollys Splash Country , a new water park opened adjacent to Dollywoods parking lot . Dollywood Boulevard was renovated and became a new area , Adventures in Imagination , in 2002 . Smoky Mountain Wilderness Adventure , a new simulator film , replaced Thunder Road , and a new Dolly museum called Chasing Rainbows opened in the building formerly occupied by DJ Platters . In 2003 , summer childrens festival KidsFest premiered , and Imagination Station was converted into Celebration Hall , a special events facility . It was also the final season for the Showcase of Stars celebrity concert series . A new area of the park , Thunderhead Gap , opened with the Thunderhead wooden roller coaster in 2004 . The construction of the new area opened up a new valley for park expansion . The Country Fair Falls log flume was demolished in November , and most of the other Country Fair rides , including the Swingamajig , Tennessee Twister , The Convoy , and The Barnstormer , were removed at the end of the season to free up space for newer rides that were added for the 2005 season . The new rides included Dizzy Disk , Amazing Flying Elephants , Lemon Twist , Shooting Star , Sky Rider , Veggietales Sideshow Spin ( childrens roller coaster ) , Waltzing Swinger , Piggy Parade , Busy Bees , and Lucky Ducky . The National Southern Gospel & Harvest Celebration was also new in 2005 . In 2006 , the Timber Tower ride , along with Lil Loggers Landing , Beaver Creek , Beaver Creek Boat Float , and Lumberjack Lifts , opened in a new area adjacent to Thunderhead . The Barbeque & Bluegrass festival also premiered . The 2007 season included the addition of Mystery Mine , a Gerstlauer Eurofighter coaster with two vertical lifts , a 95-degree drop , a heartline roll , and a dive loop . The $17 million ( $ in dollars ) ride used an abandoned mine shaft theme . In 2008 , River Battle , an interactive water raft ride , was built in a new section of the park called Wilderness Pass that connected the Timber Canyon and Craftsmans Valley areas . Thunder Road returned to the motion theater ( Imagination Cinema ) and replaced Smoky Mountain Wilderness Adventure . Dellas Lye Soap shop moved from Craftsmans Valley to the Wilderness Pass area . A new exhibit housing the Wings of America show birds moved to its former location . The Polar Express 4-D Experience was shown in Imagination Cinema during the parks Smoky Mountain Christmas . In 2009 , Dollywood presented two new shows , Imaginé by Le Grand Cirque and Sha-Kon-O-Hey ! Land of Blue Smoke , which featured music written by Dolly Parton and told the story of the last family living in the Smoky Mountains at the time it became a national park . Imaginé headlined the parks Festival of Nations . Thunder Road was renamed White Lightning and then changed to a new attraction , , based on the 2008 film . SkyZip owned by Skyline Eco-Adventures of Maui , Hawaii , expanded to Dollywood and opened the first multi-line zip line tour inside a theme park . 2010s developments . The Adventure Mountain attraction opened at a cost of $5 million in the Wilderness Pass area in 2010 . It included three distinct adventure courses , Geyser Gorge , Black Bear Cliff , and Rocky Top , that ranged from easy to expert with 100 different rope features , swinging beams , suspension bridges , flying islands , and floating stairs . Adventure trails ranged from a few inches above the ground to more than in the air . The area also included a scaled-down play area called Camp Teachittoomee for younger children . Also for the 2010 season , Dollywood brought back Sha-Kon-O-Hey ! Land of Blue Smoke and changed its logo for the 25th anniversary . In 2011 , a new area called Owens Farm with a $5.5 million giant swing called Barnstormer replaced Dreamland Forest . The barnyard-themed area included a play area for younger guests . Christmas on Ice , a new ice skating Christmas show , premiered in DPs Celebrity Theater and headlined Smoky Mountain Christmas . Wild Eagle opened March 24 , 2012 and was the first Bolliger & Mabillard Wing Coaster in the United States . It was also the biggest investment in Dollywood history . Dollywood purchased SkyZip from Skyline Eco-Adventures , and Timber Tower was dismantled before opening in 2012 due to a lawsuit with the ride manufacturer . In December 2012 , the park announced that Adventure Mountain would be closing permanently following the 2012 season . Dollywood dedicated 2013 to encouraging families to spend time together . New shows for the season included Cirque Shanghai , Mystic India , and One World Party as part of Festival of Nations along with more than 50 new international food items . The park also introduced Great American Summer , a new summer festival that replaced KidsFest . It included the Great American Country Show , Gazillion Bubbles , The Little Engine Playhouse , and Salute to America . Dollywood extended its hours and added a nightly fireworks show . Smoky Mountain Christmas added a new show that was Dolly Partons version of Charles Dickens A Christmas Carol . Dollywoods slogan for the year was Make Time for Happy ! Imagination Cinema became Dreamsong Theater and played Dollys My People , a show about Dollys family . In 2014 , FireChaser Express , a dual-launch family coaster , replaced Adventure Mountain in the Wilderness Pass area of the park . Dollywoods slogan was changed to Love Every Moment , and Smoky Mountain Christmas added a Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer meet-and-greet called Holly Jolly Junction . Dollywoods DreamMore Resort and Spa opened adjacent to Dollywoods Splash Country in 2015 . For the 30th anniversary of the park , the park redesigned the entrance for resort guests and added two new shows to Festival of Nations called Rhythm of the Dance and Timber . Cas Walkers was demolished to make room for a new attraction , and six new shows were added to Great American Summer along with the revival of the Showcase of Stars concert series . Also new was Rock the Smokies , a Christian music festival , and Rudolph and friends returned to the Smoky Mountain Christmas festival . Lightning Rod , a Rocky Mountain Construction wooden coaster , opened on June 13 , 2016 . It is the worlds first launched wooden coaster as well as the fastest wooden coaster in the world . A year later , in 2017 , a freefall ride called Drop Line , which replaced Timber Tower , opened along with a junior roller coaster called Whistle Punk Chaser . Two new seasonal events debuted , and Dollywoods Splash Country added the TailSpin Racer mat racer slide complex . Sideshow Spin and River Battle were removed . In 2018 , the former River Battle site was transformed into the Plaza at Wilderness Pass , a new open space with covered seating for relaxing and enjoying seasonal events . With the debut of the Spring Mix three-week music series , the 2018 Season of Showstoppers also marked the parks largest investment in entertainment in Dollywoods history . The 2018 Festival of Nations includes three headliners that are new to Dollywood : Flamenco Kings starring Los Vivancos ( Pines Theater ) , National Dance Company of Siberia ( Celebrity Theater ) , and Ladysmith Black Mambazo ( Showstreet Palace Theater ) . The first Summer Celebration event includes various performances and attractions , including DRUMLine Live ! in Celebrity Theater , a show that focuses on the musical styles of marching bands from Historically Black Colleges and Universities . It uses technology , including video screens and special effects , to enhance soul , R&B , country , and other types of music . Renovations included upgrades to Aunt Grannys and re-branding and renaming of two shops . Work began in October 2017 on Wildwood Grove , adding eleven new experiences to the park . Attractions include a suspended family coaster ( Dragonflier ) , a restaurant ( Till & Harvest ) , an indoor play area ( Hidden Hollow ) , an outdoor splash pad ( Wildwood Creek ) , a swinging boat ride ( The Great Tree Swing ) , and a 50 ft tall tree with a canopy covered in butterflies ( The Wildwood Tree ) . The $37 million 5-acre development , described as a land built from Dolly Partons dreams , opened May 10 , 2019 . It was part of a $300 million 6-year expansion project . 2020s developments . In October 2019 , it was announced that the park would add its first new festival in 14 years . Dollywoods Flower & Food Festival will feature 10 to 15 feet tall topiaries based on Dollys songs like Coat of Many Colors , colorful photo opportunities , a rainbow sky over Showstreet , and delicious eats . The festival was to have commemorated the parks 35th season and run from 8 May to 14 June 2020 , but was deferred to 7 May to 13 June 2021 . Dollywood filed plans in October 2019 for a new resort adjacent to Splash Country and DreamMore Resort . It is planned to feature a 310-room hotel , a 325-seat restaurant , and a conference space . The plans indicate the resort will create 100 jobs . Areas of the park . Dollywood is organized into 11 themed areas : Showstreet , Rivertown Junction , Craftsmans Valley , The Village , Country Fair , Timber Canyon , Wilderness Pass , Jukebox Junction , Owens Farm , Adventures in Imagination and Wilwood Grove reflect the historical eras and culture of East Tennessee , while Owens Farm and Adventures in Imagination explore Dolly Partons life and imagination . Many attractions focus on the history and culture of the Southern Appalachian region . - Showstreet – Attractions include Showstreet Palace Theater , Celebrity Theater , and Southern Gospel Museum and Hall of Fame . - Rivertown Junction – Attractions include Dollys Tennessee Mountain Home , Back Porch Theater , and Smoky Mountain River Rampage whitewater rafting ride . - Craftsmans Valley – Attractions include Dollywood Grist Mill , Valley Theater , Eagle Mountain Sanctuary , Wings of America Theater , Robert F . Thomas Chapel , Calico Falls Schoolhouse , Tennessee Tornado coaster , Blazing Fury coaster , Daredevil Falls flume ride , and craft exhibits . - The Village ( formerly Village Square ) – Attractions include the narrow gauge Dollywood Express steam train , Heartsong Theater , Village Carousel , and Costner and Sons Magic Shop . - Country Fair ( formerly Fun Country ) – Rides include Dizzy Disk , The Amazing Flying Elephants , Lemon Twist , Shooting Star , Sky Rider , The Waltzing Swinger , Piggy Parade , Busy Bees , Lucky Ducky , Dollys Demolition Derby , and The Scrambler . - Timber Canyon ( formerly Thunderhead Gap ) – Attractions include the Mystery Mine coaster , the Thunderhead coaster , Drop Line , Whistle Punk Chaser , and Lumberjack Lifts . - Jukebox Junction – Attractions include the Rockin Roadway car ride and Pines Theater . Also featured is Lightning Rod , which holds the record as the fastest wooden roller coaster in the world . - Owens Farm ( formerly Daydream Ridge 1987–1999 , Dreamland Forest 2000–2010 ) – Attractions include Barnstormer , a barn and plane styled giant swing attraction . It also includes soft play areas and a splash pad . - Adventures in Imagination ( formerly Dollywood Boulevard ) – Attractions include Dolly Partons My People ! show at Dreamsong Theater and the Chasing Rainbows Museum . - Wilderness Pass – Attractions include the SkyZip zip line attraction , The Plaza at Wilderness Pass , Wild Eagle – Americas first winged coaster – and FireChaser Express , a dual-launch coaster that launches forward and backward . - Wildwood Grove – Opened in 2019 ; attractions include the Dragonflier,a suspended family coaster , The Mad Mockingbird , a swing ride , The Wildwood Tree , a lighted tree , and Till and Harvest , a Mexican-inspired restaurant . Festivals and annual events . Dollywood hosts six of the Souths largest festivals between the months of March and December : - Running normally from mid-March to mid-April , Festival of Nations offers cultural events by performers from around the world . - From late April until mid-May the Barbeque & Bluegrass presented by Bush Brothers and Company is a bluegrass music and barbecue festival . - Starting in 2021 ( originally 2020 ) , and scheduled to run from mid-May and running until early June , is the Flower and Food Festival . - Summer Celebration ( formerly Great American Summer ) includes Night of Many Colors , a nightly fireworks display set to music ; Night Experience , night performances and rides in the dark ; and new shows , such as DRUMLine Live ! and iLuminate . - Harvest Festival presented by Humana features Southern Gospel music , professional craftsmen , and Great Pumpkin LumiNights . - Smoky Mountain Christmas presented by Humana is a nine-time award winner of Golden Tickets Best Christmas Event and features seven holiday performances , 5 million Christmas lights , Glacier Ridge ( in which part of the park has frozen over ) , and a nightly parade . Rankings and awards . In 2017 , Dollywood won Golden Ticket awards from Amusement Today for Friendliest Park , Best Christmas Event , Best Food and Best Show . In 2018 , Dollywood received a Golden Ticket award from Amusement Today – a leading trade publication for the amusement park industry – in the Best Food category , marking the parks fourth win in seven years . In addition to three dinner show options , more than 25 vendors serve meals and snacks , ranging from barbecue ribs , pizza , corn dogs , and pork rinds to cinnamon bread , funnel cakes , cotton candy , and banana pudding made using Dollys recipe . The park also received Golden Tickets for Best Shows , Friendliest Park , and Best Christmas Event and was ranked the third best park in the world . In the 2018 USA Today 10Best Readers Choice Awards – awards voted on by the general public – Dollywood was ranked as the sixth Best Amusement Park in the U.S . Additionally , Dollywoods DreamMore Resort and Spa was ranked first in the Best Amusement Park Hotel category , and Aunt Grannys Restaurant was ranked first in the Best Amusement Park Restaurant category . DreamMore focuses on the themes of family and storytelling and has a zero-entry ( beach-style ) pool , transportation to the park , and a splash pad . Aunt Grannys opened the first year the park operated as Dollywood . It uses an all-you-can-eat buffet format with comfort foods like chicken and dumplings , tacos , and steaks along with a salad bar and health-conscious choices . Dreamland Drive-In was ranked third in the Best Amusement Park Entertainment category , and Dollywoods Splash Country was ranked sixth in the Best Outdoor Water Park category . In 2019 , Dollywood won Golden Ticket awards for Best Kids Area , Best Guest Experience , and Best Christmas Event of 2018 . Lightning Rod won the Wooden Coaster of the Decade in 2019 .
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Dollywood is a theme park jointly owned by entertainer Dolly Parton and Herschend Family Entertainment . It is located in the Knoxville-Smoky Mountains metroplex in Pigeon Forge , Tennessee . Hosting nearly 3 million guests in a typical season – mid-March to the Christmas holidays – Dollywood is the biggest ticketed tourist attraction in Tennessee .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "In addition to standard amusement park thrill rides , Dollywood features traditional crafts and music of the Smoky Mountain area . The park hosts a number of concerts and musical events each year , including appearances by Dolly Parton and her family as well as other national and local musical acts . It is also the site of the Southern Gospel Museum and Hall of Fame .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": " The theme park is the anchor of Partons Dollywood amusement destination , which also includes the sister water park Dollywoods Splash Country , the Dollywoods DreamMore Resort and Spa , and the Dolly Partons Stampede Dinner Attraction .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "The park opened in early 1961 as a small tourist attraction owned by the Robbins brothers from Blowing Rock , North Carolina . Named Rebel Railroad , it included a steam train , general store , blacksmith shop , and saloon . With a theme inspired by the centennial anniversary of the Civil War , the train ride let visitors experience attacks by Union soldiers , train robbers , and Indians . The train and its riders were protected by Confederates who fought off the attacks . The park was modeled after the Robbins brothers first successful theme park ,",
"title": "Rebel Railroad"
},
{
"text": "Tweetsie Railroad in Blowing Rock .",
"title": "Rebel Railroad"
},
{
"text": " In 1970 , Art Modell – who also owned the Cleveland Browns football team – bought Rebel Railroad and renamed it Goldrush Junction . The park retained the railroad and added an outdoor theater , a log flume ride , and Robert F . Thomas Church .",
"title": "Goldrush Junction"
},
{
"text": " In 1976 , Jack and Pete Herschend bought Goldrush Junction and renamed it Goldrush for the 1976 season . In 1977 , they renamed it Silver Dollar City Tennessee , making it a sister park to their original Silver Dollar City in Branson , Missouri . The Herschends spent about $1 million upgrading the park upon purchase and added other improvements over the years . Also in 1977 , the train ride added two new steam locomotives , the #70 and the #71 , from the White Pass & Yukon Route Railroad .",
"title": "Silver Dollar City"
},
{
"text": " In 1986 , Dolly Parton , who grew up in the area , bought an interest in Silver Dollar City . As part of the deal , the park reopened for the 1986 season as Dollywood . In 2010 , Parton said she became involved with the operation because she always thought that if I made it big or got successful at what I had started out to do , that I wanted to come back to my part of the country and do something great , something that would bring a lot of jobs into this area .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "Dollywood has approximately 4,000 people on its payroll , making it the largest employer in the community . From 1986 to 2010 , the park doubled in size to . On November 16 , 2010 , Dollywood earned the industrys most prestigious award , the Liseberg Applause Award , which was accepted by Dolly Parton during a ceremony at IAAPA Attractions Expo 2010 in Orlando .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": " Parton said in 2010 that she would like to open more Dollywood parks in the future . We definitely want to expand with new things every year , eventually with a resort , she said . We may eventually have Dollywoods in other parts of the country , where we can kind of be true to whatevers going on in that part of the world . On August 21 , 2013 , Parton announced Dollywoods DreamMore Resort and Spa , which opened on July 27 , 2015 . 1980s developments .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "On May 3 , 1986 , Silver Dollar City Tennessee reopened as Dollywood . The new Rivertown Junction area included Smoky Mountain River Rampage , a whitewater rafting ride ; Back Porch Theater ; Aunt Grannys Dixie Fixins Restaurant ; and Dollys Tennessee Mountain Home , a replica of the cabin that was Partons childhood home . Also new was Rags to Riches : The Dolly Parton Story , a museum displaying articles and mementos from Dollys life and career . The Butter Churn ( a Trabant ride ) was removed at the end of the season . Park attendance",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "doubled to more than a million guests during the first season as Dollywood .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "In 1987 , the Daydream Ridge area opened and included the Mountain Slidewinder water toboggan ride , Mountain Dans Burger House , Sweet Dreams Candy Shop , The Rainbow Factory blown glass shop , and Critter Creek Playground . In 1988 , the 1,739-seat Celebrity Theater , featuring the Showcase of Stars celebrity concert series , was constructed adjacent to the entrance of the park . Five new childrens rides were added to the Fun Country area , including a Zamperla Balloon Race . The Dollywood Foundation was established to provide books and schools supplies to the children of Sevier",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "County . Thunder Express , a steel mine train coaster , was built adjacent to Blazing Fury in 1989 . The ride was relocated to the park from Six Flags Over Mid-America . The 1989 season was the last for the National Mountain Music Festival , which was a carryover from the Silver Dollar City years .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "In 1990 , a 1903 antique Dentzel Carousel , originally built for Rocky Springs Park in Lancaster , Pennsylvania , was relocated to the park . Situated near the train depot , it took over the space previously occupied by the Silver Dollar Saloon . The 600-seat Gaslight Theater opened near the carousel . The Smoky Mountain Christmas Festival premiered in November , extending the parks operating season into December . Eagle Mountain Sanctuary , an outdoor aviary , was added in 1991 along with the Wings of America Theater , site of the Birds of Prey show , and",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "the 300-seat Valley Theater .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": " The Showstreet area was added in 1992 and included the Showstreet Palace Theater , The Butterfly Emporium , The Backstage Restaurant , The Spotlight Bakery , Friendship Gardens , and WDLY-FM , a working radio station . To accommodate the expansion , the parks main entrance moved from Rivertown Junction to Showstreet . The Barnwood Theater was converted into Imagination Station , an interactive childrens play area . Dollywoods annual attendance topped 2 million for the first time during the 1992 season .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "In 1993 , the Fun Country area was renovated and became The Country Fair with three new rides : The Wonder Wheel , a tall Ferris wheel ; Twist and Shout , a scrambler ride ; and Tennessee Twister , a tilt-a-whirl . The Balloon Race ride was relocated to the Daydream Ridge area to make room for the new attractions . Also new at the park was Sunset Musicfest , a summer music festival . A year later , in 1994 , the Gaslight Theater became the Heartsong Theater , named for the multi-media musical presentation that told the",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "story of Dolly Partons life . In 1995 , the Jukebox Junction 1950s Main Street themed area was added and included Rockin Roadway miniature car ride , The Pines Theater , Reds Diner , and Cas Walkers Music Store . The Sunset Musicfest did not return for the 1995 season .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "The Dollywood Boulevard area was added in 1996 and included Thunder Road , a turbo-simulator ride based on the 1958 movie of the same name . Silver Screen Café , a 1950s cinema-themed restaurant , and Centerstage gift shop were also in the area . In 1997 , the U Pick Nick childrens show focused on themes from the Nickelodeon television network and played in Celebrity Theater . The Flooded Mine dark-ride was closed and demolished in October , and Silver Screen Cafe became DJ Platters in the Dollywood Boulevard area . Daredevil Falls , a new shoot the chutes",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "flume ride , opened in the area formerly occupied by the Flooded Mine a year later in 1997 . At the time , it was billed as The Highest and Fastest Waterfall Ride in America with its drop . Thunder Express was closed in September and sold to Magic Springs Theme Park in Arkansas . The antique carousel was removed at the end of the season and replaced with a new Chance Rides carousel .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": " In 1999 , the Tennessee Tornado , a steel looping coaster , opened in the area formerly occupied by Thunder Express . Also new was the Southern Gospel Museum and Hall of Fame , while the Balloon Race ride was removed . 2000s developments . The Daydream Ridge area was renovated and became Dreamland Forest , a childrens mountain-themed interactive play area in 2000 . The Festival of Nations international music festival premiered a year later in April 2001 . Dollys Splash Country , a new water park opened adjacent to Dollywoods parking lot .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "Dollywood Boulevard was renovated and became a new area , Adventures in Imagination , in 2002 . Smoky Mountain Wilderness Adventure , a new simulator film , replaced Thunder Road , and a new Dolly museum called Chasing Rainbows opened in the building formerly occupied by DJ Platters . In 2003 , summer childrens festival KidsFest premiered , and Imagination Station was converted into Celebration Hall , a special events facility . It was also the final season for the Showcase of Stars celebrity concert series .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "A new area of the park , Thunderhead Gap , opened with the Thunderhead wooden roller coaster in 2004 . The construction of the new area opened up a new valley for park expansion . The Country Fair Falls log flume was demolished in November , and most of the other Country Fair rides , including the Swingamajig , Tennessee Twister , The Convoy , and The Barnstormer , were removed at the end of the season to free up space for newer rides that were added for the 2005 season . The new rides included Dizzy Disk , Amazing",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "Flying Elephants , Lemon Twist , Shooting Star , Sky Rider , Veggietales Sideshow Spin ( childrens roller coaster ) , Waltzing Swinger , Piggy Parade , Busy Bees , and Lucky Ducky . The National Southern Gospel & Harvest Celebration was also new in 2005 .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "In 2006 , the Timber Tower ride , along with Lil Loggers Landing , Beaver Creek , Beaver Creek Boat Float , and Lumberjack Lifts , opened in a new area adjacent to Thunderhead . The Barbeque & Bluegrass festival also premiered . The 2007 season included the addition of Mystery Mine , a Gerstlauer Eurofighter coaster with two vertical lifts , a 95-degree drop , a heartline roll , and a dive loop . The $17 million ( $ in dollars ) ride used an abandoned mine shaft theme . In 2008 , River Battle , an interactive water",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "raft ride , was built in a new section of the park called Wilderness Pass that connected the Timber Canyon and Craftsmans Valley areas . Thunder Road returned to the motion theater ( Imagination Cinema ) and replaced Smoky Mountain Wilderness Adventure . Dellas Lye Soap shop moved from Craftsmans Valley to the Wilderness Pass area . A new exhibit housing the Wings of America show birds moved to its former location . The Polar Express 4-D Experience was shown in Imagination Cinema during the parks Smoky Mountain Christmas .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "In 2009 , Dollywood presented two new shows , Imaginé by Le Grand Cirque and Sha-Kon-O-Hey ! Land of Blue Smoke , which featured music written by Dolly Parton and told the story of the last family living in the Smoky Mountains at the time it became a national park . Imaginé headlined the parks Festival of Nations . Thunder Road was renamed White Lightning and then changed to a new attraction , , based on the 2008 film . SkyZip owned by Skyline Eco-Adventures of Maui , Hawaii , expanded to Dollywood and opened the first multi-line zip line",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "tour inside a theme park .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "The Adventure Mountain attraction opened at a cost of $5 million in the Wilderness Pass area in 2010 . It included three distinct adventure courses , Geyser Gorge , Black Bear Cliff , and Rocky Top , that ranged from easy to expert with 100 different rope features , swinging beams , suspension bridges , flying islands , and floating stairs . Adventure trails ranged from a few inches above the ground to more than in the air . The area also included a scaled-down play area called Camp Teachittoomee for younger children . Also for the 2010 season ,",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "Dollywood brought back Sha-Kon-O-Hey ! Land of Blue Smoke and changed its logo for the 25th anniversary .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "In 2011 , a new area called Owens Farm with a $5.5 million giant swing called Barnstormer replaced Dreamland Forest . The barnyard-themed area included a play area for younger guests . Christmas on Ice , a new ice skating Christmas show , premiered in DPs Celebrity Theater and headlined Smoky Mountain Christmas . Wild Eagle opened March 24 , 2012 and was the first Bolliger & Mabillard Wing Coaster in the United States . It was also the biggest investment in Dollywood history . Dollywood purchased SkyZip from Skyline Eco-Adventures , and Timber Tower was dismantled before opening in",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "2012 due to a lawsuit with the ride manufacturer . In December 2012 , the park announced that Adventure Mountain would be closing permanently following the 2012 season .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "Dollywood dedicated 2013 to encouraging families to spend time together . New shows for the season included Cirque Shanghai , Mystic India , and One World Party as part of Festival of Nations along with more than 50 new international food items . The park also introduced Great American Summer , a new summer festival that replaced KidsFest . It included the Great American Country Show , Gazillion Bubbles , The Little Engine Playhouse , and Salute to America . Dollywood extended its hours and added a nightly fireworks show . Smoky Mountain Christmas added a new show that was",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "Dolly Partons version of Charles Dickens A Christmas Carol . Dollywoods slogan for the year was Make Time for Happy ! Imagination Cinema became Dreamsong Theater and played Dollys My People , a show about Dollys family .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "In 2014 , FireChaser Express , a dual-launch family coaster , replaced Adventure Mountain in the Wilderness Pass area of the park . Dollywoods slogan was changed to Love Every Moment , and Smoky Mountain Christmas added a Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer meet-and-greet called Holly Jolly Junction . Dollywoods DreamMore Resort and Spa opened adjacent to Dollywoods Splash Country in 2015 . For the 30th anniversary of the park , the park redesigned the entrance for resort guests and added two new shows to Festival of Nations called Rhythm of the Dance and Timber . Cas Walkers was demolished to",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "make room for a new attraction , and six new shows were added to Great American Summer along with the revival of the Showcase of Stars concert series . Also new was Rock the Smokies , a Christian music festival , and Rudolph and friends returned to the Smoky Mountain Christmas festival .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": " Lightning Rod , a Rocky Mountain Construction wooden coaster , opened on June 13 , 2016 . It is the worlds first launched wooden coaster as well as the fastest wooden coaster in the world . A year later , in 2017 , a freefall ride called Drop Line , which replaced Timber Tower , opened along with a junior roller coaster called Whistle Punk Chaser . Two new seasonal events debuted , and Dollywoods Splash Country added the TailSpin Racer mat racer slide complex . Sideshow Spin and River Battle were removed .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "In 2018 , the former River Battle site was transformed into the Plaza at Wilderness Pass , a new open space with covered seating for relaxing and enjoying seasonal events . With the debut of the Spring Mix three-week music series , the 2018 Season of Showstoppers also marked the parks largest investment in entertainment in Dollywoods history . The 2018 Festival of Nations includes three headliners that are new to Dollywood : Flamenco Kings starring Los Vivancos ( Pines Theater ) , National Dance Company of Siberia ( Celebrity Theater ) , and Ladysmith Black Mambazo ( Showstreet Palace",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "Theater ) . The first Summer Celebration event includes various performances and attractions , including DRUMLine Live ! in Celebrity Theater , a show that focuses on the musical styles of marching bands from Historically Black Colleges and Universities . It uses technology , including video screens and special effects , to enhance soul , R&B , country , and other types of music . Renovations included upgrades to Aunt Grannys and re-branding and renaming of two shops .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "Work began in October 2017 on Wildwood Grove , adding eleven new experiences to the park . Attractions include a suspended family coaster ( Dragonflier ) , a restaurant ( Till & Harvest ) , an indoor play area ( Hidden Hollow ) , an outdoor splash pad ( Wildwood Creek ) , a swinging boat ride ( The Great Tree Swing ) , and a 50 ft tall tree with a canopy covered in butterflies ( The Wildwood Tree ) . The $37 million 5-acre development , described as a land built from Dolly Partons dreams , opened May",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "10 , 2019 . It was part of a $300 million 6-year expansion project .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": " 2020s developments . In October 2019 , it was announced that the park would add its first new festival in 14 years . Dollywoods Flower & Food Festival will feature 10 to 15 feet tall topiaries based on Dollys songs like Coat of Many Colors , colorful photo opportunities , a rainbow sky over Showstreet , and delicious eats . The festival was to have commemorated the parks 35th season and run from 8 May to 14 June 2020 , but was deferred to 7 May to 13 June 2021 .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "Dollywood filed plans in October 2019 for a new resort adjacent to Splash Country and DreamMore Resort . It is planned to feature a 310-room hotel , a 325-seat restaurant , and a conference space . The plans indicate the resort will create 100 jobs .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": " Areas of the park . Dollywood is organized into 11 themed areas : Showstreet , Rivertown Junction , Craftsmans Valley , The Village , Country Fair , Timber Canyon , Wilderness Pass , Jukebox Junction , Owens Farm , Adventures in Imagination and Wilwood Grove reflect the historical eras and culture of East Tennessee , while Owens Farm and Adventures in Imagination explore Dolly Partons life and imagination . Many attractions focus on the history and culture of the Southern Appalachian region .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "- Showstreet – Attractions include Showstreet Palace Theater , Celebrity Theater , and Southern Gospel Museum and Hall of Fame .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": " - Rivertown Junction – Attractions include Dollys Tennessee Mountain Home , Back Porch Theater , and Smoky Mountain River Rampage whitewater rafting ride . - Craftsmans Valley – Attractions include Dollywood Grist Mill , Valley Theater , Eagle Mountain Sanctuary , Wings of America Theater , Robert F . Thomas Chapel , Calico Falls Schoolhouse , Tennessee Tornado coaster , Blazing Fury coaster , Daredevil Falls flume ride , and craft exhibits .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "- The Village ( formerly Village Square ) – Attractions include the narrow gauge Dollywood Express steam train , Heartsong Theater , Village Carousel , and Costner and Sons Magic Shop .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": " - Country Fair ( formerly Fun Country ) – Rides include Dizzy Disk , The Amazing Flying Elephants , Lemon Twist , Shooting Star , Sky Rider , The Waltzing Swinger , Piggy Parade , Busy Bees , Lucky Ducky , Dollys Demolition Derby , and The Scrambler . - Timber Canyon ( formerly Thunderhead Gap ) – Attractions include the Mystery Mine coaster , the Thunderhead coaster , Drop Line , Whistle Punk Chaser , and Lumberjack Lifts .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "- Jukebox Junction – Attractions include the Rockin Roadway car ride and Pines Theater . Also featured is Lightning Rod , which holds the record as the fastest wooden roller coaster in the world .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": " - Owens Farm ( formerly Daydream Ridge 1987–1999 , Dreamland Forest 2000–2010 ) – Attractions include Barnstormer , a barn and plane styled giant swing attraction . It also includes soft play areas and a splash pad . - Adventures in Imagination ( formerly Dollywood Boulevard ) – Attractions include Dolly Partons My People ! show at Dreamsong Theater and the Chasing Rainbows Museum .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "- Wilderness Pass – Attractions include the SkyZip zip line attraction , The Plaza at Wilderness Pass , Wild Eagle – Americas first winged coaster – and FireChaser Express , a dual-launch coaster that launches forward and backward .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": " - Wildwood Grove – Opened in 2019 ; attractions include the Dragonflier,a suspended family coaster , The Mad Mockingbird , a swing ride , The Wildwood Tree , a lighted tree , and Till and Harvest , a Mexican-inspired restaurant . Festivals and annual events . Dollywood hosts six of the Souths largest festivals between the months of March and December : - Running normally from mid-March to mid-April , Festival of Nations offers cultural events by performers from around the world .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "- From late April until mid-May the Barbeque & Bluegrass presented by Bush Brothers and Company is a bluegrass music and barbecue festival .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": " - Starting in 2021 ( originally 2020 ) , and scheduled to run from mid-May and running until early June , is the Flower and Food Festival . - Summer Celebration ( formerly Great American Summer ) includes Night of Many Colors , a nightly fireworks display set to music ; Night Experience , night performances and rides in the dark ; and new shows , such as DRUMLine Live ! and iLuminate . - Harvest Festival presented by Humana features Southern Gospel music , professional craftsmen , and Great Pumpkin LumiNights .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": "- Smoky Mountain Christmas presented by Humana is a nine-time award winner of Golden Tickets Best Christmas Event and features seven holiday performances , 5 million Christmas lights , Glacier Ridge ( in which part of the park has frozen over ) , and a nightly parade .",
"title": "Dollywood"
},
{
"text": " In 2017 , Dollywood won Golden Ticket awards from Amusement Today for Friendliest Park , Best Christmas Event , Best Food and Best Show .",
"title": "Rankings and awards"
},
{
"text": "In 2018 , Dollywood received a Golden Ticket award from Amusement Today – a leading trade publication for the amusement park industry – in the Best Food category , marking the parks fourth win in seven years . In addition to three dinner show options , more than 25 vendors serve meals and snacks , ranging from barbecue ribs , pizza , corn dogs , and pork rinds to cinnamon bread , funnel cakes , cotton candy , and banana pudding made using Dollys recipe . The park also received Golden Tickets for Best Shows , Friendliest Park , and",
"title": "Rankings and awards"
},
{
"text": "Best Christmas Event and was ranked the third best park in the world .",
"title": "Rankings and awards"
},
{
"text": "In the 2018 USA Today 10Best Readers Choice Awards – awards voted on by the general public – Dollywood was ranked as the sixth Best Amusement Park in the U.S . Additionally , Dollywoods DreamMore Resort and Spa was ranked first in the Best Amusement Park Hotel category , and Aunt Grannys Restaurant was ranked first in the Best Amusement Park Restaurant category . DreamMore focuses on the themes of family and storytelling and has a zero-entry ( beach-style ) pool , transportation to the park , and a splash pad . Aunt Grannys opened the first year the park",
"title": "Rankings and awards"
},
{
"text": "operated as Dollywood . It uses an all-you-can-eat buffet format with comfort foods like chicken and dumplings , tacos , and steaks along with a salad bar and health-conscious choices .",
"title": "Rankings and awards"
},
{
"text": " Dreamland Drive-In was ranked third in the Best Amusement Park Entertainment category , and Dollywoods Splash Country was ranked sixth in the Best Outdoor Water Park category . In 2019 , Dollywood won Golden Ticket awards for Best Kids Area , Best Guest Experience , and Best Christmas Event of 2018 . Lightning Rod won the Wooden Coaster of the Decade in 2019 .",
"title": "Rankings and awards"
}
] |
/wiki/Visa_Inc.#P159#0
|
Where was the headquarter of Visa Inc. located before Dec 1969?
|
Visa Inc . Visa Inc . ( ; stylized as VISA ) is an American multinational financial services corporation headquartered in Foster City , California , United States . It facilitates electronic funds transfers throughout the world , most commonly through Visa-branded credit cards , debit cards and prepaid cards . Visa is one of the worlds most valuable companies . Visa does not issue cards , extend credit or set rates and fees for consumers ; rather , Visa provides financial institutions with Visa-branded payment products that they then use to offer credit , debit , prepaid and cash access programs to their customers . In 2015 , the Nilson Report , a publication that tracks the credit card industry , found that Visas global network ( known as VisaNet ) processed 100 billion transactions during 2014 with a total volume of US$6.8 trillion . It was launched in September 1958 by Bank of America ( BofA ) as the BankAmericard credit card program . In response to competitor Master Charge ( now Mastercard ) , BofA began to license the BankAmericard program to other financial institutions in 1966 . By 1970 , BofA gave up direct control of the BankAmericard program , forming a consortium with the other various BankAmericard issuer banks to take over its management . It was then renamed Visa in 1976 . Nearly all Visa transactions worldwide are processed through the companys directly operated VisaNet at one of four secure data centers , located in Ashburn , Virginia ; Highlands Ranch , Colorado ; London , England ; and Singapore . These facilities are heavily secured against natural disasters , crime , and terrorism ; can operate independently of each other and from external utilities if necessary ; and can handle up to 30,000 simultaneous transactions and up to 100 billion computations every second . Visa is the worlds second-largest card payment organization ( debit and credit cards combined ) , after being surpassed by China UnionPay in 2015 , based on annual value of card payments transacted and number of issued cards . However , because UnionPays size is based primarily on the size of its domestic market in China , Visa is still considered the dominant banking card company in the rest of the world , where it commands a 50% market share of total card payments . History . On September 18 , 1958 , Bank of America ( BofA ) officially launched its BankAmericard credit card program in Fresno , California . In the weeks leading up to the launch of BankAmericard , BofA had saturated Fresno mailboxes with an initial mass mailing ( or drop , as they came to be called ) of 65,000 unsolicited credit cards . BankAmericard was the brainchild of BofAs in-house product development think tank , the Customer Services Research Group , and its leader , Joseph P . Williams . Williams convinced senior BofA executives in 1956 to let him pursue what became the worlds first successful mass mailing of unsolicited credit cards ( actual working cards , not mere applications ) to a large population . Williams pioneering accomplishment was that he brought about the successful implementation of the all-purpose credit card ( in the sense that his project was not canceled outright ) , not in coming up with the idea . By the mid-1950s , the typical middle-class American already maintained revolving credit accounts with several different merchants , which was clearly inefficient and inconvenient due to the need to carry so many cards and pay so many separate bills each month . The need for a unified financial instrument was already evident to the American financial services industry , but no one could figure out how to do it . There were already charge cards like Diners Club ( which had to be paid in full at the end of each billing cycle ) , and by the mid-1950s , there had been at least a dozen attempts to create an all-purpose credit card . However , these prior attempts had been carried out by small banks which lacked the resources to make them work . Williams and his team studied these failures carefully and believed they could avoid replicating those banks mistakes ; they also studied existing revolving credit operations at Sears and Mobil Oil to learn why they were successful . Fresno was selected for its population of 250,000 ( big enough to make a credit card work , small enough to control initial startup cost ) , BofAs market share of that population ( 45% ) , and relative isolation , to control public relations damage in case the project failed . The 1958 test at first went smoothly , but then BofA panicked when it confirmed rumors that another bank was about to initiate its own drop in San Francisco , BofAs home market . By March 1959 , drops began in San Francisco and Sacramento ; by June , BofA was dropping cards in Los Angeles ; by October , the entire state of California had been saturated with over 2 million credit cards and BankAmericard was being accepted by 20,000 merchants . However , the program was riddled with problems , as Williams ( who had never worked in a banks loan department ) had been too earnest and trusting in his belief in the basic goodness of the banks customers , and he resigned in December 1959 . 22% of accounts were delinquent , not the 4% expected , and police departments around the state were confronted by numerous incidents of the brand new crime of credit card fraud . Both politicians and journalists joined the general uproar against Bank of America and its newfangled credit card , especially when it was pointed out that the cardholder agreement held customers liable for all charges , even those resulting from fraud . BofA officially lost over $8.8 million on the launch of BankAmericard , but when the full cost of advertising and overhead was included , the banks actual loss was probably around $20 million . However , after Williams and some of his closest associates left , BofA management realized that BankAmericard was salvageable . They conducted a massive effort to clean up after Williams , imposed proper financial controls , published an open letter to 3 million households across the state apologizing for the credit card fraud and other issues their card raised and eventually were able to make the new financial instrument work . By May 1961 , the BankAmericard program became profitable for the first time . At the time , BofA deliberately kept this information secret and allowed then-widespread negative impressions to linger in order to ward off competition . This strategy worked until 1966 , when BankAmericards profitability had become far too big to hide . The original goal of BofA was to offer the BankAmericard product across California , but in 1966 , BofA began to sign licensing agreements with a group of banks outside of California , in response to a new competitor , Master Charge ( now MasterCard ) , which had been created by an alliance of several regional bankcard associations to compete against BankAmericard . BofA itself ( like all other U.S . banks at the time ) could not expand directly into other states due to federal restrictions not repealed until 1994 . Over the following 11 years , various banks licensed the card system from Bank of America , thus forming a network of banks backing the BankAmericard system across the United States . The drops of unsolicited credit cards continued unabated , thanks to BofA and its licensees and competitors until they were outlawed in 1970 , but not before over 100 million credit cards had been distributed into the American population . During the late 1960s , BofA also licensed the BankAmericard program to banks in several other countries , which began issuing cards with localized brand names . For example : - In Canada , an alliance of banks ( including Toronto-Dominion Bank , Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce , Royal Bank of Canada , Banque Canadienne Nationale and Bank of Nova Scotia ) issued credit cards under the Chargex name from 1968 to 1977 . - In France , it was known as Carte Bleue ( Blue Card ) . The logo still appears on many French-issued Visa cards today . - In Japan , The Sumitomo Bank issued BankAmericards through the Sumitomo Credit Service . - In the UK , the only BankAmericard issuer for some years was Barclaycard . The branding still exists today , but is used not only on Visa cards issued by Barclays , but on its MasterCard and American Express cards as well . - In Spain until 1979 the only issuer was Banco de Bilbao . In 1968 , a manager at the National Bank of Commerce ( later Rainier Bancorp ) , Dee Hock , was asked to supervise that banks launch of its own licensed version of BankAmericard in the Pacific Northwest market . Although Bank of America had cultivated the public image that BankAmericards troubled startup issues were now safely in the past , Hock realized that the BankAmericard licensee program itself was in terrible disarray because it had developed and grown very rapidly in an ad hoc fashion . For example , interchange transaction issues between banks were becoming a very serious problem , which had not been seen before when Bank of America was the sole issuer of BankAmericards . Hock suggested to other licensees that they form a committee to investigate and analyze the various problems with the licensee program ; they promptly made him the chair of that committee . After lengthy negotiations , the committee led by Hock was able to persuade Bank of America that a bright future lay ahead for BankAmericard — outside Bank of America . In June 1970 , Bank of America gave up control of the BankAmericard program . The various BankAmericard issuer banks took control of the program , creating National BankAmericard Inc . ( NBI ) , an independent Delaware corporation which would be in charge of managing , promoting and developing the BankAmericard system within the United States . In other words , BankAmericard was transformed from a franchising system into a jointly controlled consortium or alliance , like its competitor Master Charge . Hock became NBIs first president and CEO . However , Bank of America retained the right to directly license BankAmericard to banks outside the United States and continued to issue and support such licenses . By 1972 , licenses had been granted in 15 countries . The international licensees soon encountered a variety of problems with their licensing programs , and they hired Hock as a consultant to help them restructure their relationship with BofA as he had done for the domestic licensees . As a result , in 1974 , the International Bankcard Company ( IBANCO ) , a multinational member corporation , was founded in order to manage the international BankAmericard program . In 1976 , the directors of IBANCO determined that bringing the various international networks together into a single network with a single name internationally would be in the best interests of the corporation ; however , in many countries , there was still great reluctance to issue a card associated with Bank of America , even though the association was entirely nominal in nature . For this reason , in 1976 , BankAmericard , Barclaycard , Carte Bleue , Chargex , Sumitomo Card , and all other licensees united under the new name , Visa , which retained the distinctive blue , white and gold flag . NBI became Visa USA and IBANCO became Visa International . The term Visa was conceived by the companys founder , Dee Hock . He believed that the word was instantly recognizable in many languages in many countries and that it also denoted universal acceptance . In October 2007 , Bank of America announced it was resurrecting the BankAmericard brand name as the BankAmericard Rewards Visa . Corporate structure . Prior to October 3 , 2007 , Visa comprised four non-stock , separately incorporated companies that employed 6,000 people worldwide : the worldwide parent entity Visa International Service Association ( Visa ) , Visa USA Inc. , Visa Canada Association , and Visa Europe Ltd . The latter three separately incorporated regions had the status of group members of Visa International Service Association . The unincorporated regions Visa Latin America ( LAC ) , Visa Asia Pacific and Visa Central and Eastern Europe , Middle East and Africa ( CEMEA ) were divisions within Visa . Billing and finance charge methods . Initially , signed copies of sales drafts were included in each customers monthly billing statement for verification purposes—an industry practice known as country club billing . By the late 1970s , however , billing statements no longer contained these enclosures , but rather a summary statement showing posting date , purchase date , reference number , merchant name , and the dollar amount of each purchase . At the same time , many issuers , particularly Bank of America , were in the process of changing their methods of finance charge calculation . Initially , a previous balance method was used—calculation of finance charge on the unpaid balance shown on the prior months statement . Later , it was decided to use average daily balance which resulted in increased revenue for the issuers by calculating the number of days each purchase was included on the prior months statement . Several years later , new average daily balance—in which transactions from previous and current billing cycles were used in the calculation—was introduced . By the early 1980s , many issuers introduced the concept of the annual fee as yet another revenue enhancer . IPO and restructuring . On October 11 , 2006 , Visa announced that some of its businesses would be merged and become a publicly traded company , Visa Inc . Under the IPO restructuring , Visa Canada , Visa International , and Visa USA were merged into the new public company . Visas Western Europe operation became a separate company , owned by its member banks who will also have a minority stake in Visa Inc . In total , more than 35 investment banks participated in the deal in several capacities , most notably as underwriters . On October 3 , 2007 , Visa completed its corporate restructuring with the formation of Visa Inc . The new company was the first step towards Visas IPO . The second step came on November 9 , 2007 , when the new Visa Inc . submitted its $10 billion IPO filing with the U.S . Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ) . On February 25 , 2008 , Visa announced it would go ahead with an IPO of half its shares . The IPO took place on March 18 , 2008 . Visa sold 406 million shares at US$44 per share ( $2 above the high end of the expected $37–42 pricing range ) , raising US$17.9 billion in what was then the largest initial public offering in U.S . history . On March 20 , 2008 , the IPO underwriters ( including JP Morgan , Goldman Sachs & Co. , Banc of America Securities LLC , Citi , HSBC , Merrill Lynch & Co. , UBS Investment Bank and Wachovia Securities ) exercised their overallotment option , purchasing an additional 40.6 million shares , bringing Visas total IPO share count to 446.6 million , and bringing the total proceeds to US$19.1 billion . Visa now trades under the ticker symbol V on the New York Stock Exchange . Visa Europe . Visa Europe Ltd . was a membership association and cooperative of over 3,700 European banks and other payment service providers that operated Visa branded products and services within Europe . Visa Europe was a company entirely separate from Visa Inc . having gained independence of Visa International Service Association in October 2007 when Visa Inc . became a publicly traded company on the New York Stock Exchange . Visa Inc . announced the plan to acquire Visa Europe on November 5 , 2015 , creating a single global company . On April 21 , 2016 the agreement was amended in response to the feedback of European Commission . The acquisition of Visa Europe was completed on June 21 , 2016 . Acquisition of Plaid . On January 13 , 2020 , Plaid announced that it had signed a definitive agreement to be acquired by Visa for $5.3 billion . The deal was double the companys most recent Series C round valuation of $2.65 billion , and was expected to close in the next 3–6 months , subject to regulatory review and closing conditions . According to the deal , Visa would pay $4.9 billion in cash and approximately $400 million of retention equity and deferred equity , according to a presentation deck prepared by Visa . On November 5 , 2020 , the United States Department of Justice filed a lawsuit seeking to block the acquisition , arguing that Visa is a monopolist trying to eliminate a competitive threat by purchasing Plaid . Visa said it disagrees with the lawsuit and intends to defend the transaction vigorously . Digital Currencies . On February 3 , 2021 , Visa announced a partnership with First Boulevard , a neobank focused on building generational wealth for the Black community . First Boulevard will be first to pilot Visa’s new suite of cryptocurrency APIs , which will enable their customers to buy , sell , hold , and trade digital assets held by Anchorage , a federally chartered digital asset bank . The pilot will serve as a key first step in supporting API capabilities that help additional Visa clients access and integrate cryptocurrencies . On March 29 , 2021 , Visa announced the acceptance of stable coin USDC to settle transactions on its network . Visa Foundation . Registered in the United States as a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) entity , the Visa Foundation was created with the mission of supporting inclusive economies . In particular , economies in which individuals , businesses and communities can thrive with the support of grants and investments . Supporting resiliency , as well as the growth , of micro and small businesses that benefit women is a priority of the Visa Foundation . Furthermore , the Foundation prioritizes providing support to the community from a broad standpoint , as well as responding to disasters during crisis . Other Initiatives . In December 2020 , Visa Announced the launch of a new accelerator program across Asia Pacific to further develop the regions financial technology ecosystem . The accelerator program aims to find and partner with startup companies providing financial and payments technologies that could potentially leverage on Visas network of bank and merchant partners in the region . Finance . For the fiscal year 2018 , Visa reported earnings of US$10.3 billion , with an annual revenue of US$20.61 billion , an increase of 12.3% over the previous fiscal cycle . Visas shares traded at over $143 per share , and its market capitalization was valued at over US$280.2 billion in September 2018 . As of 2018 , the company ranked 161st on the Fortune 500 list of the largest United States corporations by revenue . Criticism and controversy . WikiLeaks . Visa Europe began suspending payments to WikiLeaks on December 7 , 2010 . The company said it was awaiting an investigation into the nature of its business and whether it contravenes Visa operating rules – though it did not go into details . In return DataCell , the IT company that enables WikiLeaks to accept credit and debit card donations , announced that it would take legal action against Visa Europe . On December 8 , the group Anonymous performed a DDoS attack on visa.com , bringing the site down . Although the Norway-based financial services company Teller AS , which Visa ordered to look into WikiLeaks and its fundraising body , the Sunshine Press , found no proof of any wrongdoing , Salon reported in January 2011 that Visa Europe would continue blocking donations to the secret-spilling site until it completes its own investigation . The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Navi Pillay stated that Visa may be violating WikiLeaks right to freedom of expression by withdrawing their services . In July 2012 , the Reykjavík District Court decided that Valitor ( the Icelandic partner of Visa and MasterCard ) was violating the law when it prevented donations to the site by credit card . It was ruled that the donations be allowed to return to the site within 14 days or they would be fined in the amount of US$6,000 per day . Litigation and regulatory actions . Anti-competitive conduct in Australia . In 2015 , the Australian Federal Court ordered Visa to pay a pecuniary penalty of $20 million ( including legal fees ) for engaging in anti-competitive conduct against dynamic currency conversion operators , in proceedings brought by the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission . Antitrust lawsuit by ATM operators . In 2011 , MasterCard and Visa were sued in a class action by ATM operators claiming the credit card networks rules effectively fix ATM access fees . The suit claimed that this is a restraint on trade in violation of US federal law . The lawsuit was filed by the National ATM Council and independent operators of automated teller machines . More specifically , it is alleged that MasterCards and Visas network rules prohibit ATM operators from offering lower prices for transactions over PIN-debit networks that are not affiliated with Visa or MasterCard . The suit says that this price-fixing artificially raises the price that consumers pay using ATMs , limits the revenue that ATM-operators earn , and violates the Sherman Acts prohibition against unreasonable restraints of trade . Johnathan Rubin , an attorney for the plaintiffs said , Visa and MasterCard are the ringleaders , organizers , and enforcers of a conspiracy among U.S . banks to fix the price of ATM access fees in order to keep the competition at bay . In 2017 , a US district court denied the ATM operators request to stop Visa from enforcing the ATM fees . Debit card swipe fees . Visa settled a 1996 antitrust lawsuit brought by a class of U.S . merchants , including Walmart , for billions of dollars in 2003 . Over 4 million class members were represented by the plaintiffs . According to a website associated with the suit , Visa and MasterCard settled the plaintiffs claims for a total of $3.05 billion . Visas share of this settlement is reported to have been the larger . U.S . Justice Department actions . In October 2010 , Visa and MasterCard reached a settlement with the U.S . Justice Department in another antitrust case . The companies agreed to allow merchants displaying their logos to decline certain types of cards ( because interchange fees differ ) , or to offer consumers discounts for using cheaper cards . In 1998 , the Department of Justice sued Visa over rules prohibiting its issuing banks from doing business with American Express and Discover . The Department of Justice won its case at trial in 2001 and the verdict was upheld on appeal . American Express and Discover filed suit as well . Antitrust issues in Europe . In 2002 , the European Commission exempted Visas multilateral interchange fees from Article 81 of the EC Treaty that prohibits anti-competitive arrangements . However , this exemption expired on December 31 , 2007 . In the United Kingdom , Mastercard has reduced its interchange fees while it is under investigation by the Office of Fair Trading . In January 2007 , the European Commission issued the results of a two-year inquiry into the retail banking sector . The report focuses on payment cards and interchange fees . Upon publishing the report , Commissioner Neelie Kroes said the present level of interchange fees in many of the schemes we have examined does not seem justified . The report called for further study of the issue . On March 26 , 2008 , the European Commission opened an investigation into Visas multilateral interchange fees for cross-border transactions within the EEA as well as into the Honor All Cards rule ( under which merchants are required to accept all valid Visa-branded cards ) . The antitrust authorities of EU member states ( other than the United Kingdom ) also investigated Mastercards and Visas interchange fees . For example , on January 4 , 2007 , the Polish Office of Competition and Consumer Protection fined twenty banks a total of PLN 164 million ( about $56 million ) for jointly setting Mastercards and Visas interchange fees . In December 2010 , Visa reached a settlement with the European Union in yet another antitrust case , promising to reduce debit card payments to 0.2 percent of a purchase . A senior official from the European Central Bank called for a break-up of the Visa/Mastercard duopoly by creation of a new European debit card for use in the Single Euro Payments Area ( SEPA ) . After Visas blocking of payments to WikiLeaks , members of the European Parliament expressed concern that payments from European citizens to a European corporation could apparently be blocked by the US , and called for a further reduction in the dominance of Visa and Mastercard in the European payment system . Payment Card Interchange Fee and Merchant Discount Antitrust Litigation . On November 27 , 2012 , a federal judge entered an order granting preliminary approval to a proposed settlement to a class-action lawsuit filed in 2005 by merchants and trade associations against Mastercard and Visa . The suit was filed due to alleged price-fixing practices employed by Mastercard and Visa . About one-quarter of the named class plaintiffs have decided to opt out of the settlement . Opponents object to provisions that would bar future lawsuits and even prevent merchants from opting out of significant portions of the proposed settlement . Plaintiffs allege that Visa and Mastercard fixed interchange fees , also known as swipe fees , that are charged to merchants for the privilege of accepting payment cards . In their complaint , the plaintiffs also alleged that the defendants unfairly interfere with merchants from encouraging customers to use less expensive forms of payment such as lower-cost cards , cash , and checks . A settlement of US$6.24 billion has been reached and a court is scheduled to approve or deny the agreement on November 7 , 2019 . High swipe fees in Poland . Very high interchange fee for Visa ( 1.5–1.6% from every transactions final price , which also includes VAT ) in Poland started discussion about legality and need for government regulations of interchange fees to avoid high costs for business ( which also block electronic payment market and acceptability of cards ) . This situation also led to the birth of new methods of payment in the year 2013 , which avoid the need for go-between ( middleman ) companies like Visa or Mastercard , for example mobile application issued by major banks , and system by big chain of discount shops , or older public transport tickets buying systems . Confrontation with Walmart over high fees . In June 2016 , the Wall Street Journal reported that Walmart threatened to stop accepting Visa cards in Canada . Visa objected saying that consumers should not be dragged into a dispute between the companies . In January 2017 , Walmart Canada and Visa reached a deal to allow the continued acceptance of Visa . Dispute with Kroger over high credit card fees . In March 2019 , U.S . retailer Kroger announced that its 250-strong Smiths chain would stop accepting Visa credit cards as of April 3 , 2019 , due to the cards’ high ‘swipe’ fees . Krogers California-based Foods Co stores stopped accepting Visa cards in August 2018 . Mike Schlotman , Krogers executive vice president/chief financial officer , said Visa had been “misusing its position and charging retailers excessive fees for a long time.” In response , Visa issued a statement saying it was “unfair and disappointing that Kroger is putting shoppers in the middle of a business dispute.” As of October 31 , 2019 , Kroger has settled their dispute with Visa and is now accepting the payment method . Antitrust investigation over debit card practices . In March 2021 , the United States Justice Department announced its investigation with Visa to discover if the company is engaging in anticompetitive practices in the debit card market . The main question at hand is whether or not Visa is limiting merchants ability to route debit card transactions over card networks that are often less expensive , focusing more so on online debit card transactions . The probe highlights the role of network fees , which are invisible to consumers and place pressure on merchants , who mitigate the fees by raising prices of goods for customers . The probe was confirmed through a regulatory filing on March 19 , 2021 , stating they will be cooperating with the Justice Department . Visas shares fell more than 6% following the announcement . Corporate affairs . Headquarters . As of October 1 , 2012 , Visas headquarters are located in Foster City , California . Visa had been headquartered in San Francisco until 1985 , when it moved to San Mateo . Around 1993 , Visa began consolidating various scattered offices in San Mateo to a location in Foster City . Visa became Foster Citys largest employer . In 2009 , Visa moved its corporate headquarters back to San Francisco when it leased the top three floors of the 595 Market Street office building , although most of its employees remained at its Foster City campus . In 2012 , Visa decided to consolidate its headquarters in Foster City where 3,100 of its 7,700 global workers are employed . Visa owns four buildings at the intersection of Metro Center Boulevard and Vintage Park Drive . In December 2012 , Visa Inc . confirmed that it will build a global information technology center off of the US 183 Expressway in northwest Austin , Texas . By 2019 , Visa leased space in 4 buildings near Austin and employed nearly 2,000 people . On November 6 , 2019 , Visa announced plans to move its headquarters back to San Francisco by 2024 upon completion of a new 13-story , 300,000-square-foot building . Operations . Visa offers through its issuing members the following types of cards : - Debit cards ( pay from a checking/savings account ) - Credit cards ( pay monthly payments with or without interest depending on a customer paying on time. ) - Prepaid cards ( pay from a cash account that has no check writing privileges ) Visa operates the Plus automated teller machine network and the Interlink EFTPOS point-of-sale network , which facilitate the debit protocol used with debit cards and prepaid cards . They also provide commercial payment solutions for small businesses , midsize and large corporations , and governments . Visa teamed with Apple in September 2014 , to incorporate a new mobile wallet feature into Apples new iPhone models , enabling users to more readily use their Visa , and other credit/debit cards . Operating regulations . Visa has a set of rules that govern the participation of financial institutions in its payment system . Acquiring banks are responsible for ensuring that their merchants comply with the rules . Rules address how a cardholder must be identified for security , how transactions may be denied by the bank , and how banks may cooperate for fraud prevention , and how to keep that identification and fraud protection standard and non-discriminatory . Other rules govern what creates an enforceable proof of authorization by the cardholder . The rules prohibit merchants from imposing a minimum or maximum purchase amount in order to accept a Visa card and from charging cardholders a fee for using a Visa card . In ten U.S . states , surcharges for the use of a credit card are forbidden by law ( California , Colorado , Connecticut , Florida , Kansas , Maine , Massachusetts , New York , Oklahoma and Texas ) but a discount for cash is permitted under specific rules . Some countries have banned the no-surcharge rule , most notably in Australia retailers may apply surcharges to any credit-card transaction , Visa or otherwise . In the UK the law was changed in January 2018 to prevent retailers from adding a surcharge to a transaction as per The Consumer Rights ( Payment Surcharges ) Regulations 2012 . Visa permits merchants to ask for photo ID , although the merchant rule book states that this practice is discouraged . As long as the Visa card is signed , a merchant may not deny a transaction because a cardholder refuses to show a photo ID . The Dodd–Frank Act allows U.S . merchants to set a minimum purchase amount on credit card transactions , not to exceed $10 . Recent complications include the addition of exceptions for non-signed purchases by telephone or on the Internet and an additional security system called Verified by Visa for purchases on the Internet . In September 2014 , Visa Inc , launched a new service to replace account information on plastic cards with token – a digital account number . Visa Contactless ( formerly payWave ) . In September 2007 , Visa introduced Visa payWave , a contactless payment technology feature that allows cardholders to wave their card in front of contactless payment terminals without the need to physically swipe or insert the card into a point-of-sale device . This is similar to the Mastercard Contactless service and the American Express ExpressPay , with both using RFID technology . All three use the same symbol as shown on the right . In Europe , Visa has introduced the V Pay card , which is a chip-only and PIN-only debit card . In Australia , take up has been the highest in the world , with more than 50% of in store Visa transactions now made via Visa payWave . mVisa . mVisa is a mobile payment app allowing payment via smartphones using QR code . This QR code payment method was first introduced in India in 2015 . It was later expanded to a number of other countries , including in Africa and south east Asia . Visa Checkout . In 2013 Visa launched Visa Checkout , an online payment system that removes the need to share card details with retailers . The Visa Checkout service allows users to enter all their personal details and card information , then use a single username and password to make purchases from online retailers . The service works with Visa credit , debit , and prepaid cards . On November 27 , 2013 V.me went live in the UK , France , Spain and Poland , with Nationwide Building Society being the first financial institution in Britain to support it , although Nationwide subsequently withdrew this service in 2016 . Trademark and design . Logo design . The blue and gold in Visas logo were chosen to represent the blue sky and gold-colored hills of California , where the Bank of America was founded . In 2005 , Visa changed its logo , removing the horizontal stripes in favor of a simple white background with the name Visa in blue with an orange flick on the V . The orange flick was removed in favor of the logo being a solid blue gradient in 2014 . In 2015 , the gold and blue stripes were restored as card branding on Visa Debit and Visa Electron , although not as the companys logotype . Card design . In 1984 , most Visa cards around the world began to feature a hologram of a dove on its face , generally under the last four digits of the Visa number . This was implemented as a security feature – true holograms would appear three-dimensional and the image would change as the card was turned . At the same time , the Visa logo , which had previously covered the whole card face , was reduced in size to a strip on the cards right incorporating the hologram . This allowed issuing banks to customize the appearance of the card . Similar changes were implemented with MasterCard cards . Today , cards may be co-branded with various merchants , airlines , etc. , and marketed as reward cards . On older Visa cards , holding the face of the card under an ultraviolet light will reveal the dove picture , dubbed the Ultra-Sensitive Dove , as an additional security test . ( On newer Visa cards , the UV dove is replaced by a small V over the Visa logo. ) Beginning in 2005 , the Visa standard was changed to allow for the hologram to be placed on the back of the card , or to be replaced with a holographic magnetic stripe ( HoloMag ) . The HoloMag card was shown to occasionally cause interference with card readers , so Visa eventually withdrew designs of HoloMag cards and reverted to traditional magnetic strips . Signatures . Visa made a statement on January 12 , 2018 , that the signature requirement would become optional for all EMV contact or contactless chip-enabled merchants in North America starting in April 2018 . It was noted that the signatures are no longer necessary to fight fraud and the fraud capabilities have advanced allowing this elimination leading to a faster in-store purchase experience . Visa was the last of the major credit card issuers to relax the signature requirements . The first to eliminate the signature was MasterCard Inc . followed by Discover Financial Services and American Express Co . Sponsorships . Olympics and Paralympics . - Visa has been a worldwide sponsor of the Olympic Games since 1986 and the International Paralympic Committee since 2002 . Visa is the only card accepted at all Olympic and Paralympic venues . Its current contract with the International Olympic Committee and International Paralympic Committee as the exclusive services sponsor will continue through 2032 and 2020 respectively . This includes the Singapore 2010 Youth Olympic Games , London 2012 Olympic Games , the Sochi 2014 Olympic Winter Games , the Rio de Janeiro 2016 Olympic Games , the 2018 PyeongChang Olympic Winter Games , and the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games . - In 2002 , Visa became the first global sponsor of the IPC . Visa extended its partnership with the International Paralympic Committee through 2020 , which includes the 2010 Vancouver Paralympic Winter Games , the 2012 London Paralympic Games , 2014 Sochi Paralympic Games , 2018 Pyeongchang Paralympic Games and 2020 Tokyo Paralympic Games . Others . - Visa was the jersey sponsor of Argentinas national basketball team at the 2015 FIBA Americas Championship in Mexico City . - Visa is the shirt sponsor for the Argentina national rugby union team , nicknamed the Pumas . Also , Visa sponsors the Copa Libertadores and the Copa Sudamericana , the most important football club tournaments in South America . - Until 2005 , Visa was the exclusive sponsor of the Triple Crown thoroughbred tournament . - Visa sponsored the Rugby World Cup , and the 2007 tournament in France was its last . - In 2007 , Visa became the sponsor of the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa . The FIFA partnership provides Visa with global rights to a broad range of FIFA activities – including both the 2010 and 2014 FIFA World Cup and the FIFA Womens World Cup . - Since 1995 , Visa has sponsored the U.S . National Football League ( NFL ) and a number of NFL teams , including the San Francisco 49ers whose practice jerseys display the Visa logo . Visas sponsorship of the NFL extended through the 2014 season . - Starting from the 2012 season , Visa became a partner of the Caterham F1 Team . Visa is also known for motorsport sponsorship in the past : it sponsored PacWest Racings IndyCar team in 1995 and 1996 , with drivers Danny Sullivan and Mark Blundell respectively . - Visa is currently a jersey sponsor of professional gaming ( eSports ) team SK Gaming for 2017 - Visa is the main sponsor of the Argentine Hockey Confederation . The Visa logo is present on both the mens and womens playing kits .
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{
"text": " Visa Inc . ( ; stylized as VISA ) is an American multinational financial services corporation headquartered in Foster City , California , United States . It facilitates electronic funds transfers throughout the world , most commonly through Visa-branded credit cards , debit cards and prepaid cards . Visa is one of the worlds most valuable companies .",
"title": "Visa Inc ."
},
{
"text": "Visa does not issue cards , extend credit or set rates and fees for consumers ; rather , Visa provides financial institutions with Visa-branded payment products that they then use to offer credit , debit , prepaid and cash access programs to their customers . In 2015 , the Nilson Report , a publication that tracks the credit card industry , found that Visas global network ( known as VisaNet ) processed 100 billion transactions during 2014 with a total volume of US$6.8 trillion .",
"title": "Visa Inc ."
},
{
"text": " It was launched in September 1958 by Bank of America ( BofA ) as the BankAmericard credit card program . In response to competitor Master Charge ( now Mastercard ) , BofA began to license the BankAmericard program to other financial institutions in 1966 . By 1970 , BofA gave up direct control of the BankAmericard program , forming a consortium with the other various BankAmericard issuer banks to take over its management . It was then renamed Visa in 1976 .",
"title": "Visa Inc ."
},
{
"text": "Nearly all Visa transactions worldwide are processed through the companys directly operated VisaNet at one of four secure data centers , located in Ashburn , Virginia ; Highlands Ranch , Colorado ; London , England ; and Singapore . These facilities are heavily secured against natural disasters , crime , and terrorism ; can operate independently of each other and from external utilities if necessary ; and can handle up to 30,000 simultaneous transactions and up to 100 billion computations every second .",
"title": "Visa Inc ."
},
{
"text": " Visa is the worlds second-largest card payment organization ( debit and credit cards combined ) , after being surpassed by China UnionPay in 2015 , based on annual value of card payments transacted and number of issued cards . However , because UnionPays size is based primarily on the size of its domestic market in China , Visa is still considered the dominant banking card company in the rest of the world , where it commands a 50% market share of total card payments .",
"title": "Visa Inc ."
},
{
"text": "On September 18 , 1958 , Bank of America ( BofA ) officially launched its BankAmericard credit card program in Fresno , California . In the weeks leading up to the launch of BankAmericard , BofA had saturated Fresno mailboxes with an initial mass mailing ( or drop , as they came to be called ) of 65,000 unsolicited credit cards . BankAmericard was the brainchild of BofAs in-house product development think tank , the Customer Services Research Group , and its leader , Joseph P . Williams . Williams convinced senior BofA executives in 1956 to let him pursue",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "what became the worlds first successful mass mailing of unsolicited credit cards ( actual working cards , not mere applications ) to a large population .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Williams pioneering accomplishment was that he brought about the successful implementation of the all-purpose credit card ( in the sense that his project was not canceled outright ) , not in coming up with the idea . By the mid-1950s , the typical middle-class American already maintained revolving credit accounts with several different merchants , which was clearly inefficient and inconvenient due to the need to carry so many cards and pay so many separate bills each month . The need for a unified financial instrument was already evident to the American financial services industry , but no one could",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "figure out how to do it . There were already charge cards like Diners Club ( which had to be paid in full at the end of each billing cycle ) , and by the mid-1950s , there had been at least a dozen attempts to create an all-purpose credit card . However , these prior attempts had been carried out by small banks which lacked the resources to make them work . Williams and his team studied these failures carefully and believed they could avoid replicating those banks mistakes ; they also studied existing revolving credit operations at Sears",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "and Mobil Oil to learn why they were successful . Fresno was selected for its population of 250,000 ( big enough to make a credit card work , small enough to control initial startup cost ) , BofAs market share of that population ( 45% ) , and relative isolation , to control public relations damage in case the project failed .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The 1958 test at first went smoothly , but then BofA panicked when it confirmed rumors that another bank was about to initiate its own drop in San Francisco , BofAs home market . By March 1959 , drops began in San Francisco and Sacramento ; by June , BofA was dropping cards in Los Angeles ; by October , the entire state of California had been saturated with over 2 million credit cards and BankAmericard was being accepted by 20,000 merchants . However , the program was riddled with problems , as Williams ( who had never worked in",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "a banks loan department ) had been too earnest and trusting in his belief in the basic goodness of the banks customers , and he resigned in December 1959 . 22% of accounts were delinquent , not the 4% expected , and police departments around the state were confronted by numerous incidents of the brand new crime of credit card fraud . Both politicians and journalists joined the general uproar against Bank of America and its newfangled credit card , especially when it was pointed out that the cardholder agreement held customers liable for all charges , even those resulting",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "from fraud . BofA officially lost over $8.8 million on the launch of BankAmericard , but when the full cost of advertising and overhead was included , the banks actual loss was probably around $20 million .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "However , after Williams and some of his closest associates left , BofA management realized that BankAmericard was salvageable . They conducted a massive effort to clean up after Williams , imposed proper financial controls , published an open letter to 3 million households across the state apologizing for the credit card fraud and other issues their card raised and eventually were able to make the new financial instrument work . By May 1961 , the BankAmericard program became profitable for the first time . At the time , BofA deliberately kept this information secret and allowed then-widespread negative impressions",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "to linger in order to ward off competition . This strategy worked until 1966 , when BankAmericards profitability had become far too big to hide .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The original goal of BofA was to offer the BankAmericard product across California , but in 1966 , BofA began to sign licensing agreements with a group of banks outside of California , in response to a new competitor , Master Charge ( now MasterCard ) , which had been created by an alliance of several regional bankcard associations to compete against BankAmericard . BofA itself ( like all other U.S . banks at the time ) could not expand directly into other states due to federal restrictions not repealed until 1994 . Over the following 11 years , various",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "banks licensed the card system from Bank of America , thus forming a network of banks backing the BankAmericard system across the United States . The drops of unsolicited credit cards continued unabated , thanks to BofA and its licensees and competitors until they were outlawed in 1970 , but not before over 100 million credit cards had been distributed into the American population .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " During the late 1960s , BofA also licensed the BankAmericard program to banks in several other countries , which began issuing cards with localized brand names . For example : - In Canada , an alliance of banks ( including Toronto-Dominion Bank , Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce , Royal Bank of Canada , Banque Canadienne Nationale and Bank of Nova Scotia ) issued credit cards under the Chargex name from 1968 to 1977 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "- In France , it was known as Carte Bleue ( Blue Card ) . The logo still appears on many French-issued Visa cards today .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " - In Japan , The Sumitomo Bank issued BankAmericards through the Sumitomo Credit Service . - In the UK , the only BankAmericard issuer for some years was Barclaycard . The branding still exists today , but is used not only on Visa cards issued by Barclays , but on its MasterCard and American Express cards as well . - In Spain until 1979 the only issuer was Banco de Bilbao .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1968 , a manager at the National Bank of Commerce ( later Rainier Bancorp ) , Dee Hock , was asked to supervise that banks launch of its own licensed version of BankAmericard in the Pacific Northwest market . Although Bank of America had cultivated the public image that BankAmericards troubled startup issues were now safely in the past , Hock realized that the BankAmericard licensee program itself was in terrible disarray because it had developed and grown very rapidly in an ad hoc fashion . For example , interchange transaction issues between banks were becoming a very serious",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "problem , which had not been seen before when Bank of America was the sole issuer of BankAmericards . Hock suggested to other licensees that they form a committee to investigate and analyze the various problems with the licensee program ; they promptly made him the chair of that committee .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "After lengthy negotiations , the committee led by Hock was able to persuade Bank of America that a bright future lay ahead for BankAmericard — outside Bank of America . In June 1970 , Bank of America gave up control of the BankAmericard program . The various BankAmericard issuer banks took control of the program , creating National BankAmericard Inc . ( NBI ) , an independent Delaware corporation which would be in charge of managing , promoting and developing the BankAmericard system within the United States . In other words , BankAmericard was transformed from a franchising system into",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "a jointly controlled consortium or alliance , like its competitor Master Charge . Hock became NBIs first president and CEO .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "However , Bank of America retained the right to directly license BankAmericard to banks outside the United States and continued to issue and support such licenses . By 1972 , licenses had been granted in 15 countries . The international licensees soon encountered a variety of problems with their licensing programs , and they hired Hock as a consultant to help them restructure their relationship with BofA as he had done for the domestic licensees . As a result , in 1974 , the International Bankcard Company ( IBANCO ) , a multinational member corporation , was founded in order",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "to manage the international BankAmericard program .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1976 , the directors of IBANCO determined that bringing the various international networks together into a single network with a single name internationally would be in the best interests of the corporation ; however , in many countries , there was still great reluctance to issue a card associated with Bank of America , even though the association was entirely nominal in nature . For this reason , in 1976 , BankAmericard , Barclaycard , Carte Bleue , Chargex , Sumitomo Card , and all other licensees united under the new name , Visa , which retained the distinctive",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "blue , white and gold flag . NBI became Visa USA and IBANCO became Visa International .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The term Visa was conceived by the companys founder , Dee Hock . He believed that the word was instantly recognizable in many languages in many countries and that it also denoted universal acceptance . In October 2007 , Bank of America announced it was resurrecting the BankAmericard brand name as the BankAmericard Rewards Visa .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Prior to October 3 , 2007 , Visa comprised four non-stock , separately incorporated companies that employed 6,000 people worldwide : the worldwide parent entity Visa International Service Association ( Visa ) , Visa USA Inc. , Visa Canada Association , and Visa Europe Ltd . The latter three separately incorporated regions had the status of group members of Visa International Service Association . The unincorporated regions Visa Latin America ( LAC ) , Visa Asia Pacific and Visa Central and Eastern Europe , Middle East and Africa ( CEMEA ) were divisions within Visa .",
"title": "Corporate structure"
},
{
"text": "Billing and finance charge methods .",
"title": "Corporate structure"
},
{
"text": "Initially , signed copies of sales drafts were included in each customers monthly billing statement for verification purposes—an industry practice known as country club billing . By the late 1970s , however , billing statements no longer contained these enclosures , but rather a summary statement showing posting date , purchase date , reference number , merchant name , and the dollar amount of each purchase . At the same time , many issuers , particularly Bank of America , were in the process of changing their methods of finance charge calculation . Initially , a previous balance method was",
"title": "Corporate structure"
},
{
"text": "used—calculation of finance charge on the unpaid balance shown on the prior months statement . Later , it was decided to use average daily balance which resulted in increased revenue for the issuers by calculating the number of days each purchase was included on the prior months statement . Several years later , new average daily balance—in which transactions from previous and current billing cycles were used in the calculation—was introduced . By the early 1980s , many issuers introduced the concept of the annual fee as yet another revenue enhancer .",
"title": "Corporate structure"
},
{
"text": " On October 11 , 2006 , Visa announced that some of its businesses would be merged and become a publicly traded company , Visa Inc . Under the IPO restructuring , Visa Canada , Visa International , and Visa USA were merged into the new public company . Visas Western Europe operation became a separate company , owned by its member banks who will also have a minority stake in Visa Inc . In total , more than 35 investment banks participated in the deal in several capacities , most notably as underwriters .",
"title": "IPO and restructuring"
},
{
"text": "On October 3 , 2007 , Visa completed its corporate restructuring with the formation of Visa Inc . The new company was the first step towards Visas IPO . The second step came on November 9 , 2007 , when the new Visa Inc . submitted its $10 billion IPO filing with the U.S . Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ) . On February 25 , 2008 , Visa announced it would go ahead with an IPO of half its shares . The IPO took place on March 18 , 2008 . Visa sold 406 million shares at US$44",
"title": "IPO and restructuring"
},
{
"text": "per share ( $2 above the high end of the expected $37–42 pricing range ) , raising US$17.9 billion in what was then the largest initial public offering in U.S . history . On March 20 , 2008 , the IPO underwriters ( including JP Morgan , Goldman Sachs & Co. , Banc of America Securities LLC , Citi , HSBC , Merrill Lynch & Co. , UBS Investment Bank and Wachovia Securities ) exercised their overallotment option , purchasing an additional 40.6 million shares , bringing Visas total IPO share count to 446.6 million , and bringing the total",
"title": "IPO and restructuring"
},
{
"text": "proceeds to US$19.1 billion . Visa now trades under the ticker symbol V on the New York Stock Exchange .",
"title": "IPO and restructuring"
},
{
"text": "Visa Europe Ltd . was a membership association and cooperative of over 3,700 European banks and other payment service providers that operated Visa branded products and services within Europe . Visa Europe was a company entirely separate from Visa Inc . having gained independence of Visa International Service Association in October 2007 when Visa Inc . became a publicly traded company on the New York Stock Exchange . Visa Inc . announced the plan to acquire Visa Europe on November 5 , 2015 , creating a single global company . On April 21 , 2016 the agreement was amended in",
"title": "Visa Europe"
},
{
"text": "response to the feedback of European Commission . The acquisition of Visa Europe was completed on June 21 , 2016 .",
"title": "Visa Europe"
},
{
"text": " On January 13 , 2020 , Plaid announced that it had signed a definitive agreement to be acquired by Visa for $5.3 billion . The deal was double the companys most recent Series C round valuation of $2.65 billion , and was expected to close in the next 3–6 months , subject to regulatory review and closing conditions . According to the deal , Visa would pay $4.9 billion in cash and approximately $400 million of retention equity and deferred equity , according to a presentation deck prepared by Visa .",
"title": "Acquisition of Plaid"
},
{
"text": "On November 5 , 2020 , the United States Department of Justice filed a lawsuit seeking to block the acquisition , arguing that Visa is a monopolist trying to eliminate a competitive threat by purchasing Plaid . Visa said it disagrees with the lawsuit and intends to defend the transaction vigorously .",
"title": "Acquisition of Plaid"
},
{
"text": " On February 3 , 2021 , Visa announced a partnership with First Boulevard , a neobank focused on building generational wealth for the Black community . First Boulevard will be first to pilot Visa’s new suite of cryptocurrency APIs , which will enable their customers to buy , sell , hold , and trade digital assets held by Anchorage , a federally chartered digital asset bank . The pilot will serve as a key first step in supporting API capabilities that help additional Visa clients access and integrate cryptocurrencies .",
"title": "Digital Currencies"
},
{
"text": "On March 29 , 2021 , Visa announced the acceptance of stable coin USDC to settle transactions on its network .",
"title": "Digital Currencies"
},
{
"text": " Registered in the United States as a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) entity , the Visa Foundation was created with the mission of supporting inclusive economies . In particular , economies in which individuals , businesses and communities can thrive with the support of grants and investments . Supporting resiliency , as well as the growth , of micro and small businesses that benefit women is a priority of the Visa Foundation . Furthermore , the Foundation prioritizes providing support to the community from a broad standpoint , as well as responding to disasters during crisis .",
"title": "Visa Foundation"
},
{
"text": " In December 2020 , Visa Announced the launch of a new accelerator program across Asia Pacific to further develop the regions financial technology ecosystem . The accelerator program aims to find and partner with startup companies providing financial and payments technologies that could potentially leverage on Visas network of bank and merchant partners in the region .",
"title": "Other Initiatives"
},
{
"text": " For the fiscal year 2018 , Visa reported earnings of US$10.3 billion , with an annual revenue of US$20.61 billion , an increase of 12.3% over the previous fiscal cycle . Visas shares traded at over $143 per share , and its market capitalization was valued at over US$280.2 billion in September 2018 . As of 2018 , the company ranked 161st on the Fortune 500 list of the largest United States corporations by revenue .",
"title": "Finance"
},
{
"text": "Visa Europe began suspending payments to WikiLeaks on December 7 , 2010 . The company said it was awaiting an investigation into the nature of its business and whether it contravenes Visa operating rules – though it did not go into details . In return DataCell , the IT company that enables WikiLeaks to accept credit and debit card donations , announced that it would take legal action against Visa Europe . On December 8 , the group Anonymous performed a DDoS attack on visa.com , bringing the site down . Although the Norway-based financial services company Teller AS ,",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": "which Visa ordered to look into WikiLeaks and its fundraising body , the Sunshine Press , found no proof of any wrongdoing , Salon reported in January 2011 that Visa Europe would continue blocking donations to the secret-spilling site until it completes its own investigation .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": " The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Navi Pillay stated that Visa may be violating WikiLeaks right to freedom of expression by withdrawing their services . In July 2012 , the Reykjavík District Court decided that Valitor ( the Icelandic partner of Visa and MasterCard ) was violating the law when it prevented donations to the site by credit card . It was ruled that the donations be allowed to return to the site within 14 days or they would be fined in the amount of US$6,000 per day . Litigation and regulatory actions .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": "Anti-competitive conduct in Australia .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": " In 2015 , the Australian Federal Court ordered Visa to pay a pecuniary penalty of $20 million ( including legal fees ) for engaging in anti-competitive conduct against dynamic currency conversion operators , in proceedings brought by the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission . Antitrust lawsuit by ATM operators .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": "In 2011 , MasterCard and Visa were sued in a class action by ATM operators claiming the credit card networks rules effectively fix ATM access fees . The suit claimed that this is a restraint on trade in violation of US federal law . The lawsuit was filed by the National ATM Council and independent operators of automated teller machines . More specifically , it is alleged that MasterCards and Visas network rules prohibit ATM operators from offering lower prices for transactions over PIN-debit networks that are not affiliated with Visa or MasterCard . The suit says that this price-fixing",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": "artificially raises the price that consumers pay using ATMs , limits the revenue that ATM-operators earn , and violates the Sherman Acts prohibition against unreasonable restraints of trade .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": " Johnathan Rubin , an attorney for the plaintiffs said , Visa and MasterCard are the ringleaders , organizers , and enforcers of a conspiracy among U.S . banks to fix the price of ATM access fees in order to keep the competition at bay . In 2017 , a US district court denied the ATM operators request to stop Visa from enforcing the ATM fees . Debit card swipe fees .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": "Visa settled a 1996 antitrust lawsuit brought by a class of U.S . merchants , including Walmart , for billions of dollars in 2003 . Over 4 million class members were represented by the plaintiffs . According to a website associated with the suit , Visa and MasterCard settled the plaintiffs claims for a total of $3.05 billion . Visas share of this settlement is reported to have been the larger .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": " U.S . Justice Department actions . In October 2010 , Visa and MasterCard reached a settlement with the U.S . Justice Department in another antitrust case . The companies agreed to allow merchants displaying their logos to decline certain types of cards ( because interchange fees differ ) , or to offer consumers discounts for using cheaper cards .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": "In 1998 , the Department of Justice sued Visa over rules prohibiting its issuing banks from doing business with American Express and Discover . The Department of Justice won its case at trial in 2001 and the verdict was upheld on appeal . American Express and Discover filed suit as well .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": " Antitrust issues in Europe . In 2002 , the European Commission exempted Visas multilateral interchange fees from Article 81 of the EC Treaty that prohibits anti-competitive arrangements . However , this exemption expired on December 31 , 2007 . In the United Kingdom , Mastercard has reduced its interchange fees while it is under investigation by the Office of Fair Trading .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": "In January 2007 , the European Commission issued the results of a two-year inquiry into the retail banking sector . The report focuses on payment cards and interchange fees . Upon publishing the report , Commissioner Neelie Kroes said the present level of interchange fees in many of the schemes we have examined does not seem justified . The report called for further study of the issue .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": " On March 26 , 2008 , the European Commission opened an investigation into Visas multilateral interchange fees for cross-border transactions within the EEA as well as into the Honor All Cards rule ( under which merchants are required to accept all valid Visa-branded cards ) .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": "The antitrust authorities of EU member states ( other than the United Kingdom ) also investigated Mastercards and Visas interchange fees . For example , on January 4 , 2007 , the Polish Office of Competition and Consumer Protection fined twenty banks a total of PLN 164 million ( about $56 million ) for jointly setting Mastercards and Visas interchange fees .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": "In December 2010 , Visa reached a settlement with the European Union in yet another antitrust case , promising to reduce debit card payments to 0.2 percent of a purchase . A senior official from the European Central Bank called for a break-up of the Visa/Mastercard duopoly by creation of a new European debit card for use in the Single Euro Payments Area ( SEPA ) . After Visas blocking of payments to WikiLeaks , members of the European Parliament expressed concern that payments from European citizens to a European corporation could apparently be blocked by the US , and",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": "called for a further reduction in the dominance of Visa and Mastercard in the European payment system .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": "On November 27 , 2012 , a federal judge entered an order granting preliminary approval to a proposed settlement to a class-action lawsuit filed in 2005 by merchants and trade associations against Mastercard and Visa . The suit was filed due to alleged price-fixing practices employed by Mastercard and Visa . About one-quarter of the named class plaintiffs have decided to opt out of the settlement . Opponents object to provisions that would bar future lawsuits and even prevent merchants from opting out of significant portions of the proposed settlement .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": " Plaintiffs allege that Visa and Mastercard fixed interchange fees , also known as swipe fees , that are charged to merchants for the privilege of accepting payment cards . In their complaint , the plaintiffs also alleged that the defendants unfairly interfere with merchants from encouraging customers to use less expensive forms of payment such as lower-cost cards , cash , and checks . A settlement of US$6.24 billion has been reached and a court is scheduled to approve or deny the agreement on November 7 , 2019 . High swipe fees in Poland .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": "Very high interchange fee for Visa ( 1.5–1.6% from every transactions final price , which also includes VAT ) in Poland started discussion about legality and need for government regulations of interchange fees to avoid high costs for business ( which also block electronic payment market and acceptability of cards ) . This situation also led to the birth of new methods of payment in the year 2013 , which avoid the need for go-between ( middleman ) companies like Visa or Mastercard , for example mobile application issued by major banks , and system by big chain of discount",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": "shops , or older public transport tickets buying systems .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": " Confrontation with Walmart over high fees . In June 2016 , the Wall Street Journal reported that Walmart threatened to stop accepting Visa cards in Canada . Visa objected saying that consumers should not be dragged into a dispute between the companies . In January 2017 , Walmart Canada and Visa reached a deal to allow the continued acceptance of Visa . Dispute with Kroger over high credit card fees .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": "In March 2019 , U.S . retailer Kroger announced that its 250-strong Smiths chain would stop accepting Visa credit cards as of April 3 , 2019 , due to the cards’ high ‘swipe’ fees . Krogers California-based Foods Co stores stopped accepting Visa cards in August 2018 . Mike Schlotman , Krogers executive vice president/chief financial officer , said Visa had been “misusing its position and charging retailers excessive fees for a long time.” In response , Visa issued a statement saying it was “unfair and disappointing that Kroger is putting shoppers in the middle of a business dispute.” As",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": "of October 31 , 2019 , Kroger has settled their dispute with Visa and is now accepting the payment method .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": "In March 2021 , the United States Justice Department announced its investigation with Visa to discover if the company is engaging in anticompetitive practices in the debit card market . The main question at hand is whether or not Visa is limiting merchants ability to route debit card transactions over card networks that are often less expensive , focusing more so on online debit card transactions . The probe highlights the role of network fees , which are invisible to consumers and place pressure on merchants , who mitigate the fees by raising prices of goods for customers . The",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": "probe was confirmed through a regulatory filing on March 19 , 2021 , stating they will be cooperating with the Justice Department . Visas shares fell more than 6% following the announcement .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": " As of October 1 , 2012 , Visas headquarters are located in Foster City , California . Visa had been headquartered in San Francisco until 1985 , when it moved to San Mateo . Around 1993 , Visa began consolidating various scattered offices in San Mateo to a location in Foster City . Visa became Foster Citys largest employer .",
"title": "Headquarters"
},
{
"text": "In 2009 , Visa moved its corporate headquarters back to San Francisco when it leased the top three floors of the 595 Market Street office building , although most of its employees remained at its Foster City campus . In 2012 , Visa decided to consolidate its headquarters in Foster City where 3,100 of its 7,700 global workers are employed . Visa owns four buildings at the intersection of Metro Center Boulevard and Vintage Park Drive .",
"title": "Headquarters"
},
{
"text": " In December 2012 , Visa Inc . confirmed that it will build a global information technology center off of the US 183 Expressway in northwest Austin , Texas . By 2019 , Visa leased space in 4 buildings near Austin and employed nearly 2,000 people . On November 6 , 2019 , Visa announced plans to move its headquarters back to San Francisco by 2024 upon completion of a new 13-story , 300,000-square-foot building .",
"title": "Headquarters"
},
{
"text": " Visa offers through its issuing members the following types of cards : - Debit cards ( pay from a checking/savings account ) - Credit cards ( pay monthly payments with or without interest depending on a customer paying on time. ) - Prepaid cards ( pay from a cash account that has no check writing privileges )",
"title": "Operations"
},
{
"text": "Visa operates the Plus automated teller machine network and the Interlink EFTPOS point-of-sale network , which facilitate the debit protocol used with debit cards and prepaid cards . They also provide commercial payment solutions for small businesses , midsize and large corporations , and governments .",
"title": "Operations"
},
{
"text": " Visa teamed with Apple in September 2014 , to incorporate a new mobile wallet feature into Apples new iPhone models , enabling users to more readily use their Visa , and other credit/debit cards .",
"title": "Operations"
},
{
"text": " Visa has a set of rules that govern the participation of financial institutions in its payment system . Acquiring banks are responsible for ensuring that their merchants comply with the rules . Rules address how a cardholder must be identified for security , how transactions may be denied by the bank , and how banks may cooperate for fraud prevention , and how to keep that identification and fraud protection standard and non-discriminatory . Other rules govern what creates an enforceable proof of authorization by the cardholder .",
"title": "Operating regulations"
},
{
"text": "The rules prohibit merchants from imposing a minimum or maximum purchase amount in order to accept a Visa card and from charging cardholders a fee for using a Visa card . In ten U.S . states , surcharges for the use of a credit card are forbidden by law ( California , Colorado , Connecticut , Florida , Kansas , Maine , Massachusetts , New York , Oklahoma and Texas ) but a discount for cash is permitted under specific rules . Some countries have banned the no-surcharge rule , most notably in Australia retailers may apply surcharges to any",
"title": "Operating regulations"
},
{
"text": "credit-card transaction , Visa or otherwise . In the UK the law was changed in January 2018 to prevent retailers from adding a surcharge to a transaction as per The Consumer Rights ( Payment Surcharges ) Regulations 2012 .",
"title": "Operating regulations"
},
{
"text": " Visa permits merchants to ask for photo ID , although the merchant rule book states that this practice is discouraged . As long as the Visa card is signed , a merchant may not deny a transaction because a cardholder refuses to show a photo ID . The Dodd–Frank Act allows U.S . merchants to set a minimum purchase amount on credit card transactions , not to exceed $10 .",
"title": "Operating regulations"
},
{
"text": "Recent complications include the addition of exceptions for non-signed purchases by telephone or on the Internet and an additional security system called Verified by Visa for purchases on the Internet .",
"title": "Operating regulations"
},
{
"text": " In September 2014 , Visa Inc , launched a new service to replace account information on plastic cards with token – a digital account number . Visa Contactless ( formerly payWave ) .",
"title": "Operating regulations"
},
{
"text": "In September 2007 , Visa introduced Visa payWave , a contactless payment technology feature that allows cardholders to wave their card in front of contactless payment terminals without the need to physically swipe or insert the card into a point-of-sale device . This is similar to the Mastercard Contactless service and the American Express ExpressPay , with both using RFID technology . All three use the same symbol as shown on the right .",
"title": "Operating regulations"
},
{
"text": " In Europe , Visa has introduced the V Pay card , which is a chip-only and PIN-only debit card . In Australia , take up has been the highest in the world , with more than 50% of in store Visa transactions now made via Visa payWave . mVisa . mVisa is a mobile payment app allowing payment via smartphones using QR code . This QR code payment method was first introduced in India in 2015 . It was later expanded to a number of other countries , including in Africa and south east Asia .",
"title": "Operating regulations"
},
{
"text": "In 2013 Visa launched Visa Checkout , an online payment system that removes the need to share card details with retailers . The Visa Checkout service allows users to enter all their personal details and card information , then use a single username and password to make purchases from online retailers . The service works with Visa credit , debit , and prepaid cards . On November 27 , 2013 V.me went live in the UK , France , Spain and Poland , with Nationwide Building Society being the first financial institution in Britain to support it , although Nationwide",
"title": "Visa Checkout"
},
{
"text": "subsequently withdrew this service in 2016 .",
"title": "Visa Checkout"
},
{
"text": " The blue and gold in Visas logo were chosen to represent the blue sky and gold-colored hills of California , where the Bank of America was founded .",
"title": "Logo design"
},
{
"text": "In 2005 , Visa changed its logo , removing the horizontal stripes in favor of a simple white background with the name Visa in blue with an orange flick on the V . The orange flick was removed in favor of the logo being a solid blue gradient in 2014 . In 2015 , the gold and blue stripes were restored as card branding on Visa Debit and Visa Electron , although not as the companys logotype .",
"title": "Logo design"
},
{
"text": "In 1984 , most Visa cards around the world began to feature a hologram of a dove on its face , generally under the last four digits of the Visa number . This was implemented as a security feature – true holograms would appear three-dimensional and the image would change as the card was turned . At the same time , the Visa logo , which had previously covered the whole card face , was reduced in size to a strip on the cards right incorporating the hologram . This allowed issuing banks to customize the appearance of the card",
"title": "Card design"
},
{
"text": ". Similar changes were implemented with MasterCard cards . Today , cards may be co-branded with various merchants , airlines , etc. , and marketed as reward cards .",
"title": "Card design"
},
{
"text": " On older Visa cards , holding the face of the card under an ultraviolet light will reveal the dove picture , dubbed the Ultra-Sensitive Dove , as an additional security test . ( On newer Visa cards , the UV dove is replaced by a small V over the Visa logo. )",
"title": "Card design"
},
{
"text": "Beginning in 2005 , the Visa standard was changed to allow for the hologram to be placed on the back of the card , or to be replaced with a holographic magnetic stripe ( HoloMag ) . The HoloMag card was shown to occasionally cause interference with card readers , so Visa eventually withdrew designs of HoloMag cards and reverted to traditional magnetic strips .",
"title": "Card design"
},
{
"text": " Visa made a statement on January 12 , 2018 , that the signature requirement would become optional for all EMV contact or contactless chip-enabled merchants in North America starting in April 2018 . It was noted that the signatures are no longer necessary to fight fraud and the fraud capabilities have advanced allowing this elimination leading to a faster in-store purchase experience . Visa was the last of the major credit card issuers to relax the signature requirements . The first to eliminate the signature was MasterCard Inc . followed by Discover Financial Services and American Express Co .",
"title": "Signatures"
},
{
"text": "- Visa has been a worldwide sponsor of the Olympic Games since 1986 and the International Paralympic Committee since 2002 . Visa is the only card accepted at all Olympic and Paralympic venues . Its current contract with the International Olympic Committee and International Paralympic Committee as the exclusive services sponsor will continue through 2032 and 2020 respectively . This includes the Singapore 2010 Youth Olympic Games , London 2012 Olympic Games , the Sochi 2014 Olympic Winter Games , the Rio de Janeiro 2016 Olympic Games , the 2018 PyeongChang Olympic Winter Games , and the Tokyo 2020 Olympic",
"title": "Olympics and Paralympics"
},
{
"text": "Games .",
"title": "Olympics and Paralympics"
},
{
"text": " - In 2002 , Visa became the first global sponsor of the IPC . Visa extended its partnership with the International Paralympic Committee through 2020 , which includes the 2010 Vancouver Paralympic Winter Games , the 2012 London Paralympic Games , 2014 Sochi Paralympic Games , 2018 Pyeongchang Paralympic Games and 2020 Tokyo Paralympic Games .",
"title": "Olympics and Paralympics"
},
{
"text": " - Visa was the jersey sponsor of Argentinas national basketball team at the 2015 FIBA Americas Championship in Mexico City . - Visa is the shirt sponsor for the Argentina national rugby union team , nicknamed the Pumas . Also , Visa sponsors the Copa Libertadores and the Copa Sudamericana , the most important football club tournaments in South America . - Until 2005 , Visa was the exclusive sponsor of the Triple Crown thoroughbred tournament . - Visa sponsored the Rugby World Cup , and the 2007 tournament in France was its last .",
"title": "Others"
},
{
"text": "- In 2007 , Visa became the sponsor of the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa . The FIFA partnership provides Visa with global rights to a broad range of FIFA activities – including both the 2010 and 2014 FIFA World Cup and the FIFA Womens World Cup .",
"title": "Others"
}
] |
/wiki/Visa_Inc.#P159#1
|
Where was the headquarter of Visa Inc. located between Jul 1989 and Feb 1991?
|
Visa Inc . Visa Inc . ( ; stylized as VISA ) is an American multinational financial services corporation headquartered in Foster City , California , United States . It facilitates electronic funds transfers throughout the world , most commonly through Visa-branded credit cards , debit cards and prepaid cards . Visa is one of the worlds most valuable companies . Visa does not issue cards , extend credit or set rates and fees for consumers ; rather , Visa provides financial institutions with Visa-branded payment products that they then use to offer credit , debit , prepaid and cash access programs to their customers . In 2015 , the Nilson Report , a publication that tracks the credit card industry , found that Visas global network ( known as VisaNet ) processed 100 billion transactions during 2014 with a total volume of US$6.8 trillion . It was launched in September 1958 by Bank of America ( BofA ) as the BankAmericard credit card program . In response to competitor Master Charge ( now Mastercard ) , BofA began to license the BankAmericard program to other financial institutions in 1966 . By 1970 , BofA gave up direct control of the BankAmericard program , forming a consortium with the other various BankAmericard issuer banks to take over its management . It was then renamed Visa in 1976 . Nearly all Visa transactions worldwide are processed through the companys directly operated VisaNet at one of four secure data centers , located in Ashburn , Virginia ; Highlands Ranch , Colorado ; London , England ; and Singapore . These facilities are heavily secured against natural disasters , crime , and terrorism ; can operate independently of each other and from external utilities if necessary ; and can handle up to 30,000 simultaneous transactions and up to 100 billion computations every second . Visa is the worlds second-largest card payment organization ( debit and credit cards combined ) , after being surpassed by China UnionPay in 2015 , based on annual value of card payments transacted and number of issued cards . However , because UnionPays size is based primarily on the size of its domestic market in China , Visa is still considered the dominant banking card company in the rest of the world , where it commands a 50% market share of total card payments . History . On September 18 , 1958 , Bank of America ( BofA ) officially launched its BankAmericard credit card program in Fresno , California . In the weeks leading up to the launch of BankAmericard , BofA had saturated Fresno mailboxes with an initial mass mailing ( or drop , as they came to be called ) of 65,000 unsolicited credit cards . BankAmericard was the brainchild of BofAs in-house product development think tank , the Customer Services Research Group , and its leader , Joseph P . Williams . Williams convinced senior BofA executives in 1956 to let him pursue what became the worlds first successful mass mailing of unsolicited credit cards ( actual working cards , not mere applications ) to a large population . Williams pioneering accomplishment was that he brought about the successful implementation of the all-purpose credit card ( in the sense that his project was not canceled outright ) , not in coming up with the idea . By the mid-1950s , the typical middle-class American already maintained revolving credit accounts with several different merchants , which was clearly inefficient and inconvenient due to the need to carry so many cards and pay so many separate bills each month . The need for a unified financial instrument was already evident to the American financial services industry , but no one could figure out how to do it . There were already charge cards like Diners Club ( which had to be paid in full at the end of each billing cycle ) , and by the mid-1950s , there had been at least a dozen attempts to create an all-purpose credit card . However , these prior attempts had been carried out by small banks which lacked the resources to make them work . Williams and his team studied these failures carefully and believed they could avoid replicating those banks mistakes ; they also studied existing revolving credit operations at Sears and Mobil Oil to learn why they were successful . Fresno was selected for its population of 250,000 ( big enough to make a credit card work , small enough to control initial startup cost ) , BofAs market share of that population ( 45% ) , and relative isolation , to control public relations damage in case the project failed . The 1958 test at first went smoothly , but then BofA panicked when it confirmed rumors that another bank was about to initiate its own drop in San Francisco , BofAs home market . By March 1959 , drops began in San Francisco and Sacramento ; by June , BofA was dropping cards in Los Angeles ; by October , the entire state of California had been saturated with over 2 million credit cards and BankAmericard was being accepted by 20,000 merchants . However , the program was riddled with problems , as Williams ( who had never worked in a banks loan department ) had been too earnest and trusting in his belief in the basic goodness of the banks customers , and he resigned in December 1959 . 22% of accounts were delinquent , not the 4% expected , and police departments around the state were confronted by numerous incidents of the brand new crime of credit card fraud . Both politicians and journalists joined the general uproar against Bank of America and its newfangled credit card , especially when it was pointed out that the cardholder agreement held customers liable for all charges , even those resulting from fraud . BofA officially lost over $8.8 million on the launch of BankAmericard , but when the full cost of advertising and overhead was included , the banks actual loss was probably around $20 million . However , after Williams and some of his closest associates left , BofA management realized that BankAmericard was salvageable . They conducted a massive effort to clean up after Williams , imposed proper financial controls , published an open letter to 3 million households across the state apologizing for the credit card fraud and other issues their card raised and eventually were able to make the new financial instrument work . By May 1961 , the BankAmericard program became profitable for the first time . At the time , BofA deliberately kept this information secret and allowed then-widespread negative impressions to linger in order to ward off competition . This strategy worked until 1966 , when BankAmericards profitability had become far too big to hide . The original goal of BofA was to offer the BankAmericard product across California , but in 1966 , BofA began to sign licensing agreements with a group of banks outside of California , in response to a new competitor , Master Charge ( now MasterCard ) , which had been created by an alliance of several regional bankcard associations to compete against BankAmericard . BofA itself ( like all other U.S . banks at the time ) could not expand directly into other states due to federal restrictions not repealed until 1994 . Over the following 11 years , various banks licensed the card system from Bank of America , thus forming a network of banks backing the BankAmericard system across the United States . The drops of unsolicited credit cards continued unabated , thanks to BofA and its licensees and competitors until they were outlawed in 1970 , but not before over 100 million credit cards had been distributed into the American population . During the late 1960s , BofA also licensed the BankAmericard program to banks in several other countries , which began issuing cards with localized brand names . For example : - In Canada , an alliance of banks ( including Toronto-Dominion Bank , Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce , Royal Bank of Canada , Banque Canadienne Nationale and Bank of Nova Scotia ) issued credit cards under the Chargex name from 1968 to 1977 . - In France , it was known as Carte Bleue ( Blue Card ) . The logo still appears on many French-issued Visa cards today . - In Japan , The Sumitomo Bank issued BankAmericards through the Sumitomo Credit Service . - In the UK , the only BankAmericard issuer for some years was Barclaycard . The branding still exists today , but is used not only on Visa cards issued by Barclays , but on its MasterCard and American Express cards as well . - In Spain until 1979 the only issuer was Banco de Bilbao . In 1968 , a manager at the National Bank of Commerce ( later Rainier Bancorp ) , Dee Hock , was asked to supervise that banks launch of its own licensed version of BankAmericard in the Pacific Northwest market . Although Bank of America had cultivated the public image that BankAmericards troubled startup issues were now safely in the past , Hock realized that the BankAmericard licensee program itself was in terrible disarray because it had developed and grown very rapidly in an ad hoc fashion . For example , interchange transaction issues between banks were becoming a very serious problem , which had not been seen before when Bank of America was the sole issuer of BankAmericards . Hock suggested to other licensees that they form a committee to investigate and analyze the various problems with the licensee program ; they promptly made him the chair of that committee . After lengthy negotiations , the committee led by Hock was able to persuade Bank of America that a bright future lay ahead for BankAmericard — outside Bank of America . In June 1970 , Bank of America gave up control of the BankAmericard program . The various BankAmericard issuer banks took control of the program , creating National BankAmericard Inc . ( NBI ) , an independent Delaware corporation which would be in charge of managing , promoting and developing the BankAmericard system within the United States . In other words , BankAmericard was transformed from a franchising system into a jointly controlled consortium or alliance , like its competitor Master Charge . Hock became NBIs first president and CEO . However , Bank of America retained the right to directly license BankAmericard to banks outside the United States and continued to issue and support such licenses . By 1972 , licenses had been granted in 15 countries . The international licensees soon encountered a variety of problems with their licensing programs , and they hired Hock as a consultant to help them restructure their relationship with BofA as he had done for the domestic licensees . As a result , in 1974 , the International Bankcard Company ( IBANCO ) , a multinational member corporation , was founded in order to manage the international BankAmericard program . In 1976 , the directors of IBANCO determined that bringing the various international networks together into a single network with a single name internationally would be in the best interests of the corporation ; however , in many countries , there was still great reluctance to issue a card associated with Bank of America , even though the association was entirely nominal in nature . For this reason , in 1976 , BankAmericard , Barclaycard , Carte Bleue , Chargex , Sumitomo Card , and all other licensees united under the new name , Visa , which retained the distinctive blue , white and gold flag . NBI became Visa USA and IBANCO became Visa International . The term Visa was conceived by the companys founder , Dee Hock . He believed that the word was instantly recognizable in many languages in many countries and that it also denoted universal acceptance . In October 2007 , Bank of America announced it was resurrecting the BankAmericard brand name as the BankAmericard Rewards Visa . Corporate structure . Prior to October 3 , 2007 , Visa comprised four non-stock , separately incorporated companies that employed 6,000 people worldwide : the worldwide parent entity Visa International Service Association ( Visa ) , Visa USA Inc. , Visa Canada Association , and Visa Europe Ltd . The latter three separately incorporated regions had the status of group members of Visa International Service Association . The unincorporated regions Visa Latin America ( LAC ) , Visa Asia Pacific and Visa Central and Eastern Europe , Middle East and Africa ( CEMEA ) were divisions within Visa . Billing and finance charge methods . Initially , signed copies of sales drafts were included in each customers monthly billing statement for verification purposes—an industry practice known as country club billing . By the late 1970s , however , billing statements no longer contained these enclosures , but rather a summary statement showing posting date , purchase date , reference number , merchant name , and the dollar amount of each purchase . At the same time , many issuers , particularly Bank of America , were in the process of changing their methods of finance charge calculation . Initially , a previous balance method was used—calculation of finance charge on the unpaid balance shown on the prior months statement . Later , it was decided to use average daily balance which resulted in increased revenue for the issuers by calculating the number of days each purchase was included on the prior months statement . Several years later , new average daily balance—in which transactions from previous and current billing cycles were used in the calculation—was introduced . By the early 1980s , many issuers introduced the concept of the annual fee as yet another revenue enhancer . IPO and restructuring . On October 11 , 2006 , Visa announced that some of its businesses would be merged and become a publicly traded company , Visa Inc . Under the IPO restructuring , Visa Canada , Visa International , and Visa USA were merged into the new public company . Visas Western Europe operation became a separate company , owned by its member banks who will also have a minority stake in Visa Inc . In total , more than 35 investment banks participated in the deal in several capacities , most notably as underwriters . On October 3 , 2007 , Visa completed its corporate restructuring with the formation of Visa Inc . The new company was the first step towards Visas IPO . The second step came on November 9 , 2007 , when the new Visa Inc . submitted its $10 billion IPO filing with the U.S . Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ) . On February 25 , 2008 , Visa announced it would go ahead with an IPO of half its shares . The IPO took place on March 18 , 2008 . Visa sold 406 million shares at US$44 per share ( $2 above the high end of the expected $37–42 pricing range ) , raising US$17.9 billion in what was then the largest initial public offering in U.S . history . On March 20 , 2008 , the IPO underwriters ( including JP Morgan , Goldman Sachs & Co. , Banc of America Securities LLC , Citi , HSBC , Merrill Lynch & Co. , UBS Investment Bank and Wachovia Securities ) exercised their overallotment option , purchasing an additional 40.6 million shares , bringing Visas total IPO share count to 446.6 million , and bringing the total proceeds to US$19.1 billion . Visa now trades under the ticker symbol V on the New York Stock Exchange . Visa Europe . Visa Europe Ltd . was a membership association and cooperative of over 3,700 European banks and other payment service providers that operated Visa branded products and services within Europe . Visa Europe was a company entirely separate from Visa Inc . having gained independence of Visa International Service Association in October 2007 when Visa Inc . became a publicly traded company on the New York Stock Exchange . Visa Inc . announced the plan to acquire Visa Europe on November 5 , 2015 , creating a single global company . On April 21 , 2016 the agreement was amended in response to the feedback of European Commission . The acquisition of Visa Europe was completed on June 21 , 2016 . Acquisition of Plaid . On January 13 , 2020 , Plaid announced that it had signed a definitive agreement to be acquired by Visa for $5.3 billion . The deal was double the companys most recent Series C round valuation of $2.65 billion , and was expected to close in the next 3–6 months , subject to regulatory review and closing conditions . According to the deal , Visa would pay $4.9 billion in cash and approximately $400 million of retention equity and deferred equity , according to a presentation deck prepared by Visa . On November 5 , 2020 , the United States Department of Justice filed a lawsuit seeking to block the acquisition , arguing that Visa is a monopolist trying to eliminate a competitive threat by purchasing Plaid . Visa said it disagrees with the lawsuit and intends to defend the transaction vigorously . Digital Currencies . On February 3 , 2021 , Visa announced a partnership with First Boulevard , a neobank focused on building generational wealth for the Black community . First Boulevard will be first to pilot Visa’s new suite of cryptocurrency APIs , which will enable their customers to buy , sell , hold , and trade digital assets held by Anchorage , a federally chartered digital asset bank . The pilot will serve as a key first step in supporting API capabilities that help additional Visa clients access and integrate cryptocurrencies . On March 29 , 2021 , Visa announced the acceptance of stable coin USDC to settle transactions on its network . Visa Foundation . Registered in the United States as a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) entity , the Visa Foundation was created with the mission of supporting inclusive economies . In particular , economies in which individuals , businesses and communities can thrive with the support of grants and investments . Supporting resiliency , as well as the growth , of micro and small businesses that benefit women is a priority of the Visa Foundation . Furthermore , the Foundation prioritizes providing support to the community from a broad standpoint , as well as responding to disasters during crisis . Other Initiatives . In December 2020 , Visa Announced the launch of a new accelerator program across Asia Pacific to further develop the regions financial technology ecosystem . The accelerator program aims to find and partner with startup companies providing financial and payments technologies that could potentially leverage on Visas network of bank and merchant partners in the region . Finance . For the fiscal year 2018 , Visa reported earnings of US$10.3 billion , with an annual revenue of US$20.61 billion , an increase of 12.3% over the previous fiscal cycle . Visas shares traded at over $143 per share , and its market capitalization was valued at over US$280.2 billion in September 2018 . As of 2018 , the company ranked 161st on the Fortune 500 list of the largest United States corporations by revenue . Criticism and controversy . WikiLeaks . Visa Europe began suspending payments to WikiLeaks on December 7 , 2010 . The company said it was awaiting an investigation into the nature of its business and whether it contravenes Visa operating rules – though it did not go into details . In return DataCell , the IT company that enables WikiLeaks to accept credit and debit card donations , announced that it would take legal action against Visa Europe . On December 8 , the group Anonymous performed a DDoS attack on visa.com , bringing the site down . Although the Norway-based financial services company Teller AS , which Visa ordered to look into WikiLeaks and its fundraising body , the Sunshine Press , found no proof of any wrongdoing , Salon reported in January 2011 that Visa Europe would continue blocking donations to the secret-spilling site until it completes its own investigation . The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Navi Pillay stated that Visa may be violating WikiLeaks right to freedom of expression by withdrawing their services . In July 2012 , the Reykjavík District Court decided that Valitor ( the Icelandic partner of Visa and MasterCard ) was violating the law when it prevented donations to the site by credit card . It was ruled that the donations be allowed to return to the site within 14 days or they would be fined in the amount of US$6,000 per day . Litigation and regulatory actions . Anti-competitive conduct in Australia . In 2015 , the Australian Federal Court ordered Visa to pay a pecuniary penalty of $20 million ( including legal fees ) for engaging in anti-competitive conduct against dynamic currency conversion operators , in proceedings brought by the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission . Antitrust lawsuit by ATM operators . In 2011 , MasterCard and Visa were sued in a class action by ATM operators claiming the credit card networks rules effectively fix ATM access fees . The suit claimed that this is a restraint on trade in violation of US federal law . The lawsuit was filed by the National ATM Council and independent operators of automated teller machines . More specifically , it is alleged that MasterCards and Visas network rules prohibit ATM operators from offering lower prices for transactions over PIN-debit networks that are not affiliated with Visa or MasterCard . The suit says that this price-fixing artificially raises the price that consumers pay using ATMs , limits the revenue that ATM-operators earn , and violates the Sherman Acts prohibition against unreasonable restraints of trade . Johnathan Rubin , an attorney for the plaintiffs said , Visa and MasterCard are the ringleaders , organizers , and enforcers of a conspiracy among U.S . banks to fix the price of ATM access fees in order to keep the competition at bay . In 2017 , a US district court denied the ATM operators request to stop Visa from enforcing the ATM fees . Debit card swipe fees . Visa settled a 1996 antitrust lawsuit brought by a class of U.S . merchants , including Walmart , for billions of dollars in 2003 . Over 4 million class members were represented by the plaintiffs . According to a website associated with the suit , Visa and MasterCard settled the plaintiffs claims for a total of $3.05 billion . Visas share of this settlement is reported to have been the larger . U.S . Justice Department actions . In October 2010 , Visa and MasterCard reached a settlement with the U.S . Justice Department in another antitrust case . The companies agreed to allow merchants displaying their logos to decline certain types of cards ( because interchange fees differ ) , or to offer consumers discounts for using cheaper cards . In 1998 , the Department of Justice sued Visa over rules prohibiting its issuing banks from doing business with American Express and Discover . The Department of Justice won its case at trial in 2001 and the verdict was upheld on appeal . American Express and Discover filed suit as well . Antitrust issues in Europe . In 2002 , the European Commission exempted Visas multilateral interchange fees from Article 81 of the EC Treaty that prohibits anti-competitive arrangements . However , this exemption expired on December 31 , 2007 . In the United Kingdom , Mastercard has reduced its interchange fees while it is under investigation by the Office of Fair Trading . In January 2007 , the European Commission issued the results of a two-year inquiry into the retail banking sector . The report focuses on payment cards and interchange fees . Upon publishing the report , Commissioner Neelie Kroes said the present level of interchange fees in many of the schemes we have examined does not seem justified . The report called for further study of the issue . On March 26 , 2008 , the European Commission opened an investigation into Visas multilateral interchange fees for cross-border transactions within the EEA as well as into the Honor All Cards rule ( under which merchants are required to accept all valid Visa-branded cards ) . The antitrust authorities of EU member states ( other than the United Kingdom ) also investigated Mastercards and Visas interchange fees . For example , on January 4 , 2007 , the Polish Office of Competition and Consumer Protection fined twenty banks a total of PLN 164 million ( about $56 million ) for jointly setting Mastercards and Visas interchange fees . In December 2010 , Visa reached a settlement with the European Union in yet another antitrust case , promising to reduce debit card payments to 0.2 percent of a purchase . A senior official from the European Central Bank called for a break-up of the Visa/Mastercard duopoly by creation of a new European debit card for use in the Single Euro Payments Area ( SEPA ) . After Visas blocking of payments to WikiLeaks , members of the European Parliament expressed concern that payments from European citizens to a European corporation could apparently be blocked by the US , and called for a further reduction in the dominance of Visa and Mastercard in the European payment system . Payment Card Interchange Fee and Merchant Discount Antitrust Litigation . On November 27 , 2012 , a federal judge entered an order granting preliminary approval to a proposed settlement to a class-action lawsuit filed in 2005 by merchants and trade associations against Mastercard and Visa . The suit was filed due to alleged price-fixing practices employed by Mastercard and Visa . About one-quarter of the named class plaintiffs have decided to opt out of the settlement . Opponents object to provisions that would bar future lawsuits and even prevent merchants from opting out of significant portions of the proposed settlement . Plaintiffs allege that Visa and Mastercard fixed interchange fees , also known as swipe fees , that are charged to merchants for the privilege of accepting payment cards . In their complaint , the plaintiffs also alleged that the defendants unfairly interfere with merchants from encouraging customers to use less expensive forms of payment such as lower-cost cards , cash , and checks . A settlement of US$6.24 billion has been reached and a court is scheduled to approve or deny the agreement on November 7 , 2019 . High swipe fees in Poland . Very high interchange fee for Visa ( 1.5–1.6% from every transactions final price , which also includes VAT ) in Poland started discussion about legality and need for government regulations of interchange fees to avoid high costs for business ( which also block electronic payment market and acceptability of cards ) . This situation also led to the birth of new methods of payment in the year 2013 , which avoid the need for go-between ( middleman ) companies like Visa or Mastercard , for example mobile application issued by major banks , and system by big chain of discount shops , or older public transport tickets buying systems . Confrontation with Walmart over high fees . In June 2016 , the Wall Street Journal reported that Walmart threatened to stop accepting Visa cards in Canada . Visa objected saying that consumers should not be dragged into a dispute between the companies . In January 2017 , Walmart Canada and Visa reached a deal to allow the continued acceptance of Visa . Dispute with Kroger over high credit card fees . In March 2019 , U.S . retailer Kroger announced that its 250-strong Smiths chain would stop accepting Visa credit cards as of April 3 , 2019 , due to the cards’ high ‘swipe’ fees . Krogers California-based Foods Co stores stopped accepting Visa cards in August 2018 . Mike Schlotman , Krogers executive vice president/chief financial officer , said Visa had been “misusing its position and charging retailers excessive fees for a long time.” In response , Visa issued a statement saying it was “unfair and disappointing that Kroger is putting shoppers in the middle of a business dispute.” As of October 31 , 2019 , Kroger has settled their dispute with Visa and is now accepting the payment method . Antitrust investigation over debit card practices . In March 2021 , the United States Justice Department announced its investigation with Visa to discover if the company is engaging in anticompetitive practices in the debit card market . The main question at hand is whether or not Visa is limiting merchants ability to route debit card transactions over card networks that are often less expensive , focusing more so on online debit card transactions . The probe highlights the role of network fees , which are invisible to consumers and place pressure on merchants , who mitigate the fees by raising prices of goods for customers . The probe was confirmed through a regulatory filing on March 19 , 2021 , stating they will be cooperating with the Justice Department . Visas shares fell more than 6% following the announcement . Corporate affairs . Headquarters . As of October 1 , 2012 , Visas headquarters are located in Foster City , California . Visa had been headquartered in San Francisco until 1985 , when it moved to San Mateo . Around 1993 , Visa began consolidating various scattered offices in San Mateo to a location in Foster City . Visa became Foster Citys largest employer . In 2009 , Visa moved its corporate headquarters back to San Francisco when it leased the top three floors of the 595 Market Street office building , although most of its employees remained at its Foster City campus . In 2012 , Visa decided to consolidate its headquarters in Foster City where 3,100 of its 7,700 global workers are employed . Visa owns four buildings at the intersection of Metro Center Boulevard and Vintage Park Drive . In December 2012 , Visa Inc . confirmed that it will build a global information technology center off of the US 183 Expressway in northwest Austin , Texas . By 2019 , Visa leased space in 4 buildings near Austin and employed nearly 2,000 people . On November 6 , 2019 , Visa announced plans to move its headquarters back to San Francisco by 2024 upon completion of a new 13-story , 300,000-square-foot building . Operations . Visa offers through its issuing members the following types of cards : - Debit cards ( pay from a checking/savings account ) - Credit cards ( pay monthly payments with or without interest depending on a customer paying on time. ) - Prepaid cards ( pay from a cash account that has no check writing privileges ) Visa operates the Plus automated teller machine network and the Interlink EFTPOS point-of-sale network , which facilitate the debit protocol used with debit cards and prepaid cards . They also provide commercial payment solutions for small businesses , midsize and large corporations , and governments . Visa teamed with Apple in September 2014 , to incorporate a new mobile wallet feature into Apples new iPhone models , enabling users to more readily use their Visa , and other credit/debit cards . Operating regulations . Visa has a set of rules that govern the participation of financial institutions in its payment system . Acquiring banks are responsible for ensuring that their merchants comply with the rules . Rules address how a cardholder must be identified for security , how transactions may be denied by the bank , and how banks may cooperate for fraud prevention , and how to keep that identification and fraud protection standard and non-discriminatory . Other rules govern what creates an enforceable proof of authorization by the cardholder . The rules prohibit merchants from imposing a minimum or maximum purchase amount in order to accept a Visa card and from charging cardholders a fee for using a Visa card . In ten U.S . states , surcharges for the use of a credit card are forbidden by law ( California , Colorado , Connecticut , Florida , Kansas , Maine , Massachusetts , New York , Oklahoma and Texas ) but a discount for cash is permitted under specific rules . Some countries have banned the no-surcharge rule , most notably in Australia retailers may apply surcharges to any credit-card transaction , Visa or otherwise . In the UK the law was changed in January 2018 to prevent retailers from adding a surcharge to a transaction as per The Consumer Rights ( Payment Surcharges ) Regulations 2012 . Visa permits merchants to ask for photo ID , although the merchant rule book states that this practice is discouraged . As long as the Visa card is signed , a merchant may not deny a transaction because a cardholder refuses to show a photo ID . The Dodd–Frank Act allows U.S . merchants to set a minimum purchase amount on credit card transactions , not to exceed $10 . Recent complications include the addition of exceptions for non-signed purchases by telephone or on the Internet and an additional security system called Verified by Visa for purchases on the Internet . In September 2014 , Visa Inc , launched a new service to replace account information on plastic cards with token – a digital account number . Visa Contactless ( formerly payWave ) . In September 2007 , Visa introduced Visa payWave , a contactless payment technology feature that allows cardholders to wave their card in front of contactless payment terminals without the need to physically swipe or insert the card into a point-of-sale device . This is similar to the Mastercard Contactless service and the American Express ExpressPay , with both using RFID technology . All three use the same symbol as shown on the right . In Europe , Visa has introduced the V Pay card , which is a chip-only and PIN-only debit card . In Australia , take up has been the highest in the world , with more than 50% of in store Visa transactions now made via Visa payWave . mVisa . mVisa is a mobile payment app allowing payment via smartphones using QR code . This QR code payment method was first introduced in India in 2015 . It was later expanded to a number of other countries , including in Africa and south east Asia . Visa Checkout . In 2013 Visa launched Visa Checkout , an online payment system that removes the need to share card details with retailers . The Visa Checkout service allows users to enter all their personal details and card information , then use a single username and password to make purchases from online retailers . The service works with Visa credit , debit , and prepaid cards . On November 27 , 2013 V.me went live in the UK , France , Spain and Poland , with Nationwide Building Society being the first financial institution in Britain to support it , although Nationwide subsequently withdrew this service in 2016 . Trademark and design . Logo design . The blue and gold in Visas logo were chosen to represent the blue sky and gold-colored hills of California , where the Bank of America was founded . In 2005 , Visa changed its logo , removing the horizontal stripes in favor of a simple white background with the name Visa in blue with an orange flick on the V . The orange flick was removed in favor of the logo being a solid blue gradient in 2014 . In 2015 , the gold and blue stripes were restored as card branding on Visa Debit and Visa Electron , although not as the companys logotype . Card design . In 1984 , most Visa cards around the world began to feature a hologram of a dove on its face , generally under the last four digits of the Visa number . This was implemented as a security feature – true holograms would appear three-dimensional and the image would change as the card was turned . At the same time , the Visa logo , which had previously covered the whole card face , was reduced in size to a strip on the cards right incorporating the hologram . This allowed issuing banks to customize the appearance of the card . Similar changes were implemented with MasterCard cards . Today , cards may be co-branded with various merchants , airlines , etc. , and marketed as reward cards . On older Visa cards , holding the face of the card under an ultraviolet light will reveal the dove picture , dubbed the Ultra-Sensitive Dove , as an additional security test . ( On newer Visa cards , the UV dove is replaced by a small V over the Visa logo. ) Beginning in 2005 , the Visa standard was changed to allow for the hologram to be placed on the back of the card , or to be replaced with a holographic magnetic stripe ( HoloMag ) . The HoloMag card was shown to occasionally cause interference with card readers , so Visa eventually withdrew designs of HoloMag cards and reverted to traditional magnetic strips . Signatures . Visa made a statement on January 12 , 2018 , that the signature requirement would become optional for all EMV contact or contactless chip-enabled merchants in North America starting in April 2018 . It was noted that the signatures are no longer necessary to fight fraud and the fraud capabilities have advanced allowing this elimination leading to a faster in-store purchase experience . Visa was the last of the major credit card issuers to relax the signature requirements . The first to eliminate the signature was MasterCard Inc . followed by Discover Financial Services and American Express Co . Sponsorships . Olympics and Paralympics . - Visa has been a worldwide sponsor of the Olympic Games since 1986 and the International Paralympic Committee since 2002 . Visa is the only card accepted at all Olympic and Paralympic venues . Its current contract with the International Olympic Committee and International Paralympic Committee as the exclusive services sponsor will continue through 2032 and 2020 respectively . This includes the Singapore 2010 Youth Olympic Games , London 2012 Olympic Games , the Sochi 2014 Olympic Winter Games , the Rio de Janeiro 2016 Olympic Games , the 2018 PyeongChang Olympic Winter Games , and the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games . - In 2002 , Visa became the first global sponsor of the IPC . Visa extended its partnership with the International Paralympic Committee through 2020 , which includes the 2010 Vancouver Paralympic Winter Games , the 2012 London Paralympic Games , 2014 Sochi Paralympic Games , 2018 Pyeongchang Paralympic Games and 2020 Tokyo Paralympic Games . Others . - Visa was the jersey sponsor of Argentinas national basketball team at the 2015 FIBA Americas Championship in Mexico City . - Visa is the shirt sponsor for the Argentina national rugby union team , nicknamed the Pumas . Also , Visa sponsors the Copa Libertadores and the Copa Sudamericana , the most important football club tournaments in South America . - Until 2005 , Visa was the exclusive sponsor of the Triple Crown thoroughbred tournament . - Visa sponsored the Rugby World Cup , and the 2007 tournament in France was its last . - In 2007 , Visa became the sponsor of the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa . The FIFA partnership provides Visa with global rights to a broad range of FIFA activities – including both the 2010 and 2014 FIFA World Cup and the FIFA Womens World Cup . - Since 1995 , Visa has sponsored the U.S . National Football League ( NFL ) and a number of NFL teams , including the San Francisco 49ers whose practice jerseys display the Visa logo . Visas sponsorship of the NFL extended through the 2014 season . - Starting from the 2012 season , Visa became a partner of the Caterham F1 Team . Visa is also known for motorsport sponsorship in the past : it sponsored PacWest Racings IndyCar team in 1995 and 1996 , with drivers Danny Sullivan and Mark Blundell respectively . - Visa is currently a jersey sponsor of professional gaming ( eSports ) team SK Gaming for 2017 - Visa is the main sponsor of the Argentine Hockey Confederation . The Visa logo is present on both the mens and womens playing kits .
|
[
"San Mateo"
] |
[
{
"text": " Visa Inc . ( ; stylized as VISA ) is an American multinational financial services corporation headquartered in Foster City , California , United States . It facilitates electronic funds transfers throughout the world , most commonly through Visa-branded credit cards , debit cards and prepaid cards . Visa is one of the worlds most valuable companies .",
"title": "Visa Inc ."
},
{
"text": "Visa does not issue cards , extend credit or set rates and fees for consumers ; rather , Visa provides financial institutions with Visa-branded payment products that they then use to offer credit , debit , prepaid and cash access programs to their customers . In 2015 , the Nilson Report , a publication that tracks the credit card industry , found that Visas global network ( known as VisaNet ) processed 100 billion transactions during 2014 with a total volume of US$6.8 trillion .",
"title": "Visa Inc ."
},
{
"text": " It was launched in September 1958 by Bank of America ( BofA ) as the BankAmericard credit card program . In response to competitor Master Charge ( now Mastercard ) , BofA began to license the BankAmericard program to other financial institutions in 1966 . By 1970 , BofA gave up direct control of the BankAmericard program , forming a consortium with the other various BankAmericard issuer banks to take over its management . It was then renamed Visa in 1976 .",
"title": "Visa Inc ."
},
{
"text": "Nearly all Visa transactions worldwide are processed through the companys directly operated VisaNet at one of four secure data centers , located in Ashburn , Virginia ; Highlands Ranch , Colorado ; London , England ; and Singapore . These facilities are heavily secured against natural disasters , crime , and terrorism ; can operate independently of each other and from external utilities if necessary ; and can handle up to 30,000 simultaneous transactions and up to 100 billion computations every second .",
"title": "Visa Inc ."
},
{
"text": " Visa is the worlds second-largest card payment organization ( debit and credit cards combined ) , after being surpassed by China UnionPay in 2015 , based on annual value of card payments transacted and number of issued cards . However , because UnionPays size is based primarily on the size of its domestic market in China , Visa is still considered the dominant banking card company in the rest of the world , where it commands a 50% market share of total card payments .",
"title": "Visa Inc ."
},
{
"text": "On September 18 , 1958 , Bank of America ( BofA ) officially launched its BankAmericard credit card program in Fresno , California . In the weeks leading up to the launch of BankAmericard , BofA had saturated Fresno mailboxes with an initial mass mailing ( or drop , as they came to be called ) of 65,000 unsolicited credit cards . BankAmericard was the brainchild of BofAs in-house product development think tank , the Customer Services Research Group , and its leader , Joseph P . Williams . Williams convinced senior BofA executives in 1956 to let him pursue",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "what became the worlds first successful mass mailing of unsolicited credit cards ( actual working cards , not mere applications ) to a large population .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Williams pioneering accomplishment was that he brought about the successful implementation of the all-purpose credit card ( in the sense that his project was not canceled outright ) , not in coming up with the idea . By the mid-1950s , the typical middle-class American already maintained revolving credit accounts with several different merchants , which was clearly inefficient and inconvenient due to the need to carry so many cards and pay so many separate bills each month . The need for a unified financial instrument was already evident to the American financial services industry , but no one could",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "figure out how to do it . There were already charge cards like Diners Club ( which had to be paid in full at the end of each billing cycle ) , and by the mid-1950s , there had been at least a dozen attempts to create an all-purpose credit card . However , these prior attempts had been carried out by small banks which lacked the resources to make them work . Williams and his team studied these failures carefully and believed they could avoid replicating those banks mistakes ; they also studied existing revolving credit operations at Sears",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "and Mobil Oil to learn why they were successful . Fresno was selected for its population of 250,000 ( big enough to make a credit card work , small enough to control initial startup cost ) , BofAs market share of that population ( 45% ) , and relative isolation , to control public relations damage in case the project failed .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The 1958 test at first went smoothly , but then BofA panicked when it confirmed rumors that another bank was about to initiate its own drop in San Francisco , BofAs home market . By March 1959 , drops began in San Francisco and Sacramento ; by June , BofA was dropping cards in Los Angeles ; by October , the entire state of California had been saturated with over 2 million credit cards and BankAmericard was being accepted by 20,000 merchants . However , the program was riddled with problems , as Williams ( who had never worked in",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "a banks loan department ) had been too earnest and trusting in his belief in the basic goodness of the banks customers , and he resigned in December 1959 . 22% of accounts were delinquent , not the 4% expected , and police departments around the state were confronted by numerous incidents of the brand new crime of credit card fraud . Both politicians and journalists joined the general uproar against Bank of America and its newfangled credit card , especially when it was pointed out that the cardholder agreement held customers liable for all charges , even those resulting",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "from fraud . BofA officially lost over $8.8 million on the launch of BankAmericard , but when the full cost of advertising and overhead was included , the banks actual loss was probably around $20 million .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "However , after Williams and some of his closest associates left , BofA management realized that BankAmericard was salvageable . They conducted a massive effort to clean up after Williams , imposed proper financial controls , published an open letter to 3 million households across the state apologizing for the credit card fraud and other issues their card raised and eventually were able to make the new financial instrument work . By May 1961 , the BankAmericard program became profitable for the first time . At the time , BofA deliberately kept this information secret and allowed then-widespread negative impressions",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "to linger in order to ward off competition . This strategy worked until 1966 , when BankAmericards profitability had become far too big to hide .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The original goal of BofA was to offer the BankAmericard product across California , but in 1966 , BofA began to sign licensing agreements with a group of banks outside of California , in response to a new competitor , Master Charge ( now MasterCard ) , which had been created by an alliance of several regional bankcard associations to compete against BankAmericard . BofA itself ( like all other U.S . banks at the time ) could not expand directly into other states due to federal restrictions not repealed until 1994 . Over the following 11 years , various",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "banks licensed the card system from Bank of America , thus forming a network of banks backing the BankAmericard system across the United States . The drops of unsolicited credit cards continued unabated , thanks to BofA and its licensees and competitors until they were outlawed in 1970 , but not before over 100 million credit cards had been distributed into the American population .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " During the late 1960s , BofA also licensed the BankAmericard program to banks in several other countries , which began issuing cards with localized brand names . For example : - In Canada , an alliance of banks ( including Toronto-Dominion Bank , Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce , Royal Bank of Canada , Banque Canadienne Nationale and Bank of Nova Scotia ) issued credit cards under the Chargex name from 1968 to 1977 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "- In France , it was known as Carte Bleue ( Blue Card ) . The logo still appears on many French-issued Visa cards today .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " - In Japan , The Sumitomo Bank issued BankAmericards through the Sumitomo Credit Service . - In the UK , the only BankAmericard issuer for some years was Barclaycard . The branding still exists today , but is used not only on Visa cards issued by Barclays , but on its MasterCard and American Express cards as well . - In Spain until 1979 the only issuer was Banco de Bilbao .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1968 , a manager at the National Bank of Commerce ( later Rainier Bancorp ) , Dee Hock , was asked to supervise that banks launch of its own licensed version of BankAmericard in the Pacific Northwest market . Although Bank of America had cultivated the public image that BankAmericards troubled startup issues were now safely in the past , Hock realized that the BankAmericard licensee program itself was in terrible disarray because it had developed and grown very rapidly in an ad hoc fashion . For example , interchange transaction issues between banks were becoming a very serious",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "problem , which had not been seen before when Bank of America was the sole issuer of BankAmericards . Hock suggested to other licensees that they form a committee to investigate and analyze the various problems with the licensee program ; they promptly made him the chair of that committee .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "After lengthy negotiations , the committee led by Hock was able to persuade Bank of America that a bright future lay ahead for BankAmericard — outside Bank of America . In June 1970 , Bank of America gave up control of the BankAmericard program . The various BankAmericard issuer banks took control of the program , creating National BankAmericard Inc . ( NBI ) , an independent Delaware corporation which would be in charge of managing , promoting and developing the BankAmericard system within the United States . In other words , BankAmericard was transformed from a franchising system into",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "a jointly controlled consortium or alliance , like its competitor Master Charge . Hock became NBIs first president and CEO .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "However , Bank of America retained the right to directly license BankAmericard to banks outside the United States and continued to issue and support such licenses . By 1972 , licenses had been granted in 15 countries . The international licensees soon encountered a variety of problems with their licensing programs , and they hired Hock as a consultant to help them restructure their relationship with BofA as he had done for the domestic licensees . As a result , in 1974 , the International Bankcard Company ( IBANCO ) , a multinational member corporation , was founded in order",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "to manage the international BankAmericard program .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1976 , the directors of IBANCO determined that bringing the various international networks together into a single network with a single name internationally would be in the best interests of the corporation ; however , in many countries , there was still great reluctance to issue a card associated with Bank of America , even though the association was entirely nominal in nature . For this reason , in 1976 , BankAmericard , Barclaycard , Carte Bleue , Chargex , Sumitomo Card , and all other licensees united under the new name , Visa , which retained the distinctive",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "blue , white and gold flag . NBI became Visa USA and IBANCO became Visa International .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The term Visa was conceived by the companys founder , Dee Hock . He believed that the word was instantly recognizable in many languages in many countries and that it also denoted universal acceptance . In October 2007 , Bank of America announced it was resurrecting the BankAmericard brand name as the BankAmericard Rewards Visa .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Prior to October 3 , 2007 , Visa comprised four non-stock , separately incorporated companies that employed 6,000 people worldwide : the worldwide parent entity Visa International Service Association ( Visa ) , Visa USA Inc. , Visa Canada Association , and Visa Europe Ltd . The latter three separately incorporated regions had the status of group members of Visa International Service Association . The unincorporated regions Visa Latin America ( LAC ) , Visa Asia Pacific and Visa Central and Eastern Europe , Middle East and Africa ( CEMEA ) were divisions within Visa .",
"title": "Corporate structure"
},
{
"text": "Billing and finance charge methods .",
"title": "Corporate structure"
},
{
"text": "Initially , signed copies of sales drafts were included in each customers monthly billing statement for verification purposes—an industry practice known as country club billing . By the late 1970s , however , billing statements no longer contained these enclosures , but rather a summary statement showing posting date , purchase date , reference number , merchant name , and the dollar amount of each purchase . At the same time , many issuers , particularly Bank of America , were in the process of changing their methods of finance charge calculation . Initially , a previous balance method was",
"title": "Corporate structure"
},
{
"text": "used—calculation of finance charge on the unpaid balance shown on the prior months statement . Later , it was decided to use average daily balance which resulted in increased revenue for the issuers by calculating the number of days each purchase was included on the prior months statement . Several years later , new average daily balance—in which transactions from previous and current billing cycles were used in the calculation—was introduced . By the early 1980s , many issuers introduced the concept of the annual fee as yet another revenue enhancer .",
"title": "Corporate structure"
},
{
"text": " On October 11 , 2006 , Visa announced that some of its businesses would be merged and become a publicly traded company , Visa Inc . Under the IPO restructuring , Visa Canada , Visa International , and Visa USA were merged into the new public company . Visas Western Europe operation became a separate company , owned by its member banks who will also have a minority stake in Visa Inc . In total , more than 35 investment banks participated in the deal in several capacities , most notably as underwriters .",
"title": "IPO and restructuring"
},
{
"text": "On October 3 , 2007 , Visa completed its corporate restructuring with the formation of Visa Inc . The new company was the first step towards Visas IPO . The second step came on November 9 , 2007 , when the new Visa Inc . submitted its $10 billion IPO filing with the U.S . Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ) . On February 25 , 2008 , Visa announced it would go ahead with an IPO of half its shares . The IPO took place on March 18 , 2008 . Visa sold 406 million shares at US$44",
"title": "IPO and restructuring"
},
{
"text": "per share ( $2 above the high end of the expected $37–42 pricing range ) , raising US$17.9 billion in what was then the largest initial public offering in U.S . history . On March 20 , 2008 , the IPO underwriters ( including JP Morgan , Goldman Sachs & Co. , Banc of America Securities LLC , Citi , HSBC , Merrill Lynch & Co. , UBS Investment Bank and Wachovia Securities ) exercised their overallotment option , purchasing an additional 40.6 million shares , bringing Visas total IPO share count to 446.6 million , and bringing the total",
"title": "IPO and restructuring"
},
{
"text": "proceeds to US$19.1 billion . Visa now trades under the ticker symbol V on the New York Stock Exchange .",
"title": "IPO and restructuring"
},
{
"text": "Visa Europe Ltd . was a membership association and cooperative of over 3,700 European banks and other payment service providers that operated Visa branded products and services within Europe . Visa Europe was a company entirely separate from Visa Inc . having gained independence of Visa International Service Association in October 2007 when Visa Inc . became a publicly traded company on the New York Stock Exchange . Visa Inc . announced the plan to acquire Visa Europe on November 5 , 2015 , creating a single global company . On April 21 , 2016 the agreement was amended in",
"title": "Visa Europe"
},
{
"text": "response to the feedback of European Commission . The acquisition of Visa Europe was completed on June 21 , 2016 .",
"title": "Visa Europe"
},
{
"text": " On January 13 , 2020 , Plaid announced that it had signed a definitive agreement to be acquired by Visa for $5.3 billion . The deal was double the companys most recent Series C round valuation of $2.65 billion , and was expected to close in the next 3–6 months , subject to regulatory review and closing conditions . According to the deal , Visa would pay $4.9 billion in cash and approximately $400 million of retention equity and deferred equity , according to a presentation deck prepared by Visa .",
"title": "Acquisition of Plaid"
},
{
"text": "On November 5 , 2020 , the United States Department of Justice filed a lawsuit seeking to block the acquisition , arguing that Visa is a monopolist trying to eliminate a competitive threat by purchasing Plaid . Visa said it disagrees with the lawsuit and intends to defend the transaction vigorously .",
"title": "Acquisition of Plaid"
},
{
"text": " On February 3 , 2021 , Visa announced a partnership with First Boulevard , a neobank focused on building generational wealth for the Black community . First Boulevard will be first to pilot Visa’s new suite of cryptocurrency APIs , which will enable their customers to buy , sell , hold , and trade digital assets held by Anchorage , a federally chartered digital asset bank . The pilot will serve as a key first step in supporting API capabilities that help additional Visa clients access and integrate cryptocurrencies .",
"title": "Digital Currencies"
},
{
"text": "On March 29 , 2021 , Visa announced the acceptance of stable coin USDC to settle transactions on its network .",
"title": "Digital Currencies"
},
{
"text": " Registered in the United States as a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) entity , the Visa Foundation was created with the mission of supporting inclusive economies . In particular , economies in which individuals , businesses and communities can thrive with the support of grants and investments . Supporting resiliency , as well as the growth , of micro and small businesses that benefit women is a priority of the Visa Foundation . Furthermore , the Foundation prioritizes providing support to the community from a broad standpoint , as well as responding to disasters during crisis .",
"title": "Visa Foundation"
},
{
"text": " In December 2020 , Visa Announced the launch of a new accelerator program across Asia Pacific to further develop the regions financial technology ecosystem . The accelerator program aims to find and partner with startup companies providing financial and payments technologies that could potentially leverage on Visas network of bank and merchant partners in the region .",
"title": "Other Initiatives"
},
{
"text": " For the fiscal year 2018 , Visa reported earnings of US$10.3 billion , with an annual revenue of US$20.61 billion , an increase of 12.3% over the previous fiscal cycle . Visas shares traded at over $143 per share , and its market capitalization was valued at over US$280.2 billion in September 2018 . As of 2018 , the company ranked 161st on the Fortune 500 list of the largest United States corporations by revenue .",
"title": "Finance"
},
{
"text": "Visa Europe began suspending payments to WikiLeaks on December 7 , 2010 . The company said it was awaiting an investigation into the nature of its business and whether it contravenes Visa operating rules – though it did not go into details . In return DataCell , the IT company that enables WikiLeaks to accept credit and debit card donations , announced that it would take legal action against Visa Europe . On December 8 , the group Anonymous performed a DDoS attack on visa.com , bringing the site down . Although the Norway-based financial services company Teller AS ,",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": "which Visa ordered to look into WikiLeaks and its fundraising body , the Sunshine Press , found no proof of any wrongdoing , Salon reported in January 2011 that Visa Europe would continue blocking donations to the secret-spilling site until it completes its own investigation .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": " The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Navi Pillay stated that Visa may be violating WikiLeaks right to freedom of expression by withdrawing their services . In July 2012 , the Reykjavík District Court decided that Valitor ( the Icelandic partner of Visa and MasterCard ) was violating the law when it prevented donations to the site by credit card . It was ruled that the donations be allowed to return to the site within 14 days or they would be fined in the amount of US$6,000 per day . Litigation and regulatory actions .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": "Anti-competitive conduct in Australia .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": " In 2015 , the Australian Federal Court ordered Visa to pay a pecuniary penalty of $20 million ( including legal fees ) for engaging in anti-competitive conduct against dynamic currency conversion operators , in proceedings brought by the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission . Antitrust lawsuit by ATM operators .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": "In 2011 , MasterCard and Visa were sued in a class action by ATM operators claiming the credit card networks rules effectively fix ATM access fees . The suit claimed that this is a restraint on trade in violation of US federal law . The lawsuit was filed by the National ATM Council and independent operators of automated teller machines . More specifically , it is alleged that MasterCards and Visas network rules prohibit ATM operators from offering lower prices for transactions over PIN-debit networks that are not affiliated with Visa or MasterCard . The suit says that this price-fixing",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": "artificially raises the price that consumers pay using ATMs , limits the revenue that ATM-operators earn , and violates the Sherman Acts prohibition against unreasonable restraints of trade .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": " Johnathan Rubin , an attorney for the plaintiffs said , Visa and MasterCard are the ringleaders , organizers , and enforcers of a conspiracy among U.S . banks to fix the price of ATM access fees in order to keep the competition at bay . In 2017 , a US district court denied the ATM operators request to stop Visa from enforcing the ATM fees . Debit card swipe fees .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": "Visa settled a 1996 antitrust lawsuit brought by a class of U.S . merchants , including Walmart , for billions of dollars in 2003 . Over 4 million class members were represented by the plaintiffs . According to a website associated with the suit , Visa and MasterCard settled the plaintiffs claims for a total of $3.05 billion . Visas share of this settlement is reported to have been the larger .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": " U.S . Justice Department actions . In October 2010 , Visa and MasterCard reached a settlement with the U.S . Justice Department in another antitrust case . The companies agreed to allow merchants displaying their logos to decline certain types of cards ( because interchange fees differ ) , or to offer consumers discounts for using cheaper cards .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": "In 1998 , the Department of Justice sued Visa over rules prohibiting its issuing banks from doing business with American Express and Discover . The Department of Justice won its case at trial in 2001 and the verdict was upheld on appeal . American Express and Discover filed suit as well .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": " Antitrust issues in Europe . In 2002 , the European Commission exempted Visas multilateral interchange fees from Article 81 of the EC Treaty that prohibits anti-competitive arrangements . However , this exemption expired on December 31 , 2007 . In the United Kingdom , Mastercard has reduced its interchange fees while it is under investigation by the Office of Fair Trading .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": "In January 2007 , the European Commission issued the results of a two-year inquiry into the retail banking sector . The report focuses on payment cards and interchange fees . Upon publishing the report , Commissioner Neelie Kroes said the present level of interchange fees in many of the schemes we have examined does not seem justified . The report called for further study of the issue .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": " On March 26 , 2008 , the European Commission opened an investigation into Visas multilateral interchange fees for cross-border transactions within the EEA as well as into the Honor All Cards rule ( under which merchants are required to accept all valid Visa-branded cards ) .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": "The antitrust authorities of EU member states ( other than the United Kingdom ) also investigated Mastercards and Visas interchange fees . For example , on January 4 , 2007 , the Polish Office of Competition and Consumer Protection fined twenty banks a total of PLN 164 million ( about $56 million ) for jointly setting Mastercards and Visas interchange fees .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": "In December 2010 , Visa reached a settlement with the European Union in yet another antitrust case , promising to reduce debit card payments to 0.2 percent of a purchase . A senior official from the European Central Bank called for a break-up of the Visa/Mastercard duopoly by creation of a new European debit card for use in the Single Euro Payments Area ( SEPA ) . After Visas blocking of payments to WikiLeaks , members of the European Parliament expressed concern that payments from European citizens to a European corporation could apparently be blocked by the US , and",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": "called for a further reduction in the dominance of Visa and Mastercard in the European payment system .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": "On November 27 , 2012 , a federal judge entered an order granting preliminary approval to a proposed settlement to a class-action lawsuit filed in 2005 by merchants and trade associations against Mastercard and Visa . The suit was filed due to alleged price-fixing practices employed by Mastercard and Visa . About one-quarter of the named class plaintiffs have decided to opt out of the settlement . Opponents object to provisions that would bar future lawsuits and even prevent merchants from opting out of significant portions of the proposed settlement .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": " Plaintiffs allege that Visa and Mastercard fixed interchange fees , also known as swipe fees , that are charged to merchants for the privilege of accepting payment cards . In their complaint , the plaintiffs also alleged that the defendants unfairly interfere with merchants from encouraging customers to use less expensive forms of payment such as lower-cost cards , cash , and checks . A settlement of US$6.24 billion has been reached and a court is scheduled to approve or deny the agreement on November 7 , 2019 . High swipe fees in Poland .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": "Very high interchange fee for Visa ( 1.5–1.6% from every transactions final price , which also includes VAT ) in Poland started discussion about legality and need for government regulations of interchange fees to avoid high costs for business ( which also block electronic payment market and acceptability of cards ) . This situation also led to the birth of new methods of payment in the year 2013 , which avoid the need for go-between ( middleman ) companies like Visa or Mastercard , for example mobile application issued by major banks , and system by big chain of discount",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": "shops , or older public transport tickets buying systems .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": " Confrontation with Walmart over high fees . In June 2016 , the Wall Street Journal reported that Walmart threatened to stop accepting Visa cards in Canada . Visa objected saying that consumers should not be dragged into a dispute between the companies . In January 2017 , Walmart Canada and Visa reached a deal to allow the continued acceptance of Visa . Dispute with Kroger over high credit card fees .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": "In March 2019 , U.S . retailer Kroger announced that its 250-strong Smiths chain would stop accepting Visa credit cards as of April 3 , 2019 , due to the cards’ high ‘swipe’ fees . Krogers California-based Foods Co stores stopped accepting Visa cards in August 2018 . Mike Schlotman , Krogers executive vice president/chief financial officer , said Visa had been “misusing its position and charging retailers excessive fees for a long time.” In response , Visa issued a statement saying it was “unfair and disappointing that Kroger is putting shoppers in the middle of a business dispute.” As",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": "of October 31 , 2019 , Kroger has settled their dispute with Visa and is now accepting the payment method .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": "In March 2021 , the United States Justice Department announced its investigation with Visa to discover if the company is engaging in anticompetitive practices in the debit card market . The main question at hand is whether or not Visa is limiting merchants ability to route debit card transactions over card networks that are often less expensive , focusing more so on online debit card transactions . The probe highlights the role of network fees , which are invisible to consumers and place pressure on merchants , who mitigate the fees by raising prices of goods for customers . The",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": "probe was confirmed through a regulatory filing on March 19 , 2021 , stating they will be cooperating with the Justice Department . Visas shares fell more than 6% following the announcement .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": " As of October 1 , 2012 , Visas headquarters are located in Foster City , California . Visa had been headquartered in San Francisco until 1985 , when it moved to San Mateo . Around 1993 , Visa began consolidating various scattered offices in San Mateo to a location in Foster City . Visa became Foster Citys largest employer .",
"title": "Headquarters"
},
{
"text": "In 2009 , Visa moved its corporate headquarters back to San Francisco when it leased the top three floors of the 595 Market Street office building , although most of its employees remained at its Foster City campus . In 2012 , Visa decided to consolidate its headquarters in Foster City where 3,100 of its 7,700 global workers are employed . Visa owns four buildings at the intersection of Metro Center Boulevard and Vintage Park Drive .",
"title": "Headquarters"
},
{
"text": " In December 2012 , Visa Inc . confirmed that it will build a global information technology center off of the US 183 Expressway in northwest Austin , Texas . By 2019 , Visa leased space in 4 buildings near Austin and employed nearly 2,000 people . On November 6 , 2019 , Visa announced plans to move its headquarters back to San Francisco by 2024 upon completion of a new 13-story , 300,000-square-foot building .",
"title": "Headquarters"
},
{
"text": " Visa offers through its issuing members the following types of cards : - Debit cards ( pay from a checking/savings account ) - Credit cards ( pay monthly payments with or without interest depending on a customer paying on time. ) - Prepaid cards ( pay from a cash account that has no check writing privileges )",
"title": "Operations"
},
{
"text": "Visa operates the Plus automated teller machine network and the Interlink EFTPOS point-of-sale network , which facilitate the debit protocol used with debit cards and prepaid cards . They also provide commercial payment solutions for small businesses , midsize and large corporations , and governments .",
"title": "Operations"
},
{
"text": " Visa teamed with Apple in September 2014 , to incorporate a new mobile wallet feature into Apples new iPhone models , enabling users to more readily use their Visa , and other credit/debit cards .",
"title": "Operations"
},
{
"text": " Visa has a set of rules that govern the participation of financial institutions in its payment system . Acquiring banks are responsible for ensuring that their merchants comply with the rules . Rules address how a cardholder must be identified for security , how transactions may be denied by the bank , and how banks may cooperate for fraud prevention , and how to keep that identification and fraud protection standard and non-discriminatory . Other rules govern what creates an enforceable proof of authorization by the cardholder .",
"title": "Operating regulations"
},
{
"text": "The rules prohibit merchants from imposing a minimum or maximum purchase amount in order to accept a Visa card and from charging cardholders a fee for using a Visa card . In ten U.S . states , surcharges for the use of a credit card are forbidden by law ( California , Colorado , Connecticut , Florida , Kansas , Maine , Massachusetts , New York , Oklahoma and Texas ) but a discount for cash is permitted under specific rules . Some countries have banned the no-surcharge rule , most notably in Australia retailers may apply surcharges to any",
"title": "Operating regulations"
},
{
"text": "credit-card transaction , Visa or otherwise . In the UK the law was changed in January 2018 to prevent retailers from adding a surcharge to a transaction as per The Consumer Rights ( Payment Surcharges ) Regulations 2012 .",
"title": "Operating regulations"
},
{
"text": " Visa permits merchants to ask for photo ID , although the merchant rule book states that this practice is discouraged . As long as the Visa card is signed , a merchant may not deny a transaction because a cardholder refuses to show a photo ID . The Dodd–Frank Act allows U.S . merchants to set a minimum purchase amount on credit card transactions , not to exceed $10 .",
"title": "Operating regulations"
},
{
"text": "Recent complications include the addition of exceptions for non-signed purchases by telephone or on the Internet and an additional security system called Verified by Visa for purchases on the Internet .",
"title": "Operating regulations"
},
{
"text": " In September 2014 , Visa Inc , launched a new service to replace account information on plastic cards with token – a digital account number . Visa Contactless ( formerly payWave ) .",
"title": "Operating regulations"
},
{
"text": "In September 2007 , Visa introduced Visa payWave , a contactless payment technology feature that allows cardholders to wave their card in front of contactless payment terminals without the need to physically swipe or insert the card into a point-of-sale device . This is similar to the Mastercard Contactless service and the American Express ExpressPay , with both using RFID technology . All three use the same symbol as shown on the right .",
"title": "Operating regulations"
},
{
"text": " In Europe , Visa has introduced the V Pay card , which is a chip-only and PIN-only debit card . In Australia , take up has been the highest in the world , with more than 50% of in store Visa transactions now made via Visa payWave . mVisa . mVisa is a mobile payment app allowing payment via smartphones using QR code . This QR code payment method was first introduced in India in 2015 . It was later expanded to a number of other countries , including in Africa and south east Asia .",
"title": "Operating regulations"
},
{
"text": "In 2013 Visa launched Visa Checkout , an online payment system that removes the need to share card details with retailers . The Visa Checkout service allows users to enter all their personal details and card information , then use a single username and password to make purchases from online retailers . The service works with Visa credit , debit , and prepaid cards . On November 27 , 2013 V.me went live in the UK , France , Spain and Poland , with Nationwide Building Society being the first financial institution in Britain to support it , although Nationwide",
"title": "Visa Checkout"
},
{
"text": "subsequently withdrew this service in 2016 .",
"title": "Visa Checkout"
},
{
"text": " The blue and gold in Visas logo were chosen to represent the blue sky and gold-colored hills of California , where the Bank of America was founded .",
"title": "Logo design"
},
{
"text": "In 2005 , Visa changed its logo , removing the horizontal stripes in favor of a simple white background with the name Visa in blue with an orange flick on the V . The orange flick was removed in favor of the logo being a solid blue gradient in 2014 . In 2015 , the gold and blue stripes were restored as card branding on Visa Debit and Visa Electron , although not as the companys logotype .",
"title": "Logo design"
},
{
"text": "In 1984 , most Visa cards around the world began to feature a hologram of a dove on its face , generally under the last four digits of the Visa number . This was implemented as a security feature – true holograms would appear three-dimensional and the image would change as the card was turned . At the same time , the Visa logo , which had previously covered the whole card face , was reduced in size to a strip on the cards right incorporating the hologram . This allowed issuing banks to customize the appearance of the card",
"title": "Card design"
},
{
"text": ". Similar changes were implemented with MasterCard cards . Today , cards may be co-branded with various merchants , airlines , etc. , and marketed as reward cards .",
"title": "Card design"
},
{
"text": " On older Visa cards , holding the face of the card under an ultraviolet light will reveal the dove picture , dubbed the Ultra-Sensitive Dove , as an additional security test . ( On newer Visa cards , the UV dove is replaced by a small V over the Visa logo. )",
"title": "Card design"
},
{
"text": "Beginning in 2005 , the Visa standard was changed to allow for the hologram to be placed on the back of the card , or to be replaced with a holographic magnetic stripe ( HoloMag ) . The HoloMag card was shown to occasionally cause interference with card readers , so Visa eventually withdrew designs of HoloMag cards and reverted to traditional magnetic strips .",
"title": "Card design"
},
{
"text": " Visa made a statement on January 12 , 2018 , that the signature requirement would become optional for all EMV contact or contactless chip-enabled merchants in North America starting in April 2018 . It was noted that the signatures are no longer necessary to fight fraud and the fraud capabilities have advanced allowing this elimination leading to a faster in-store purchase experience . Visa was the last of the major credit card issuers to relax the signature requirements . The first to eliminate the signature was MasterCard Inc . followed by Discover Financial Services and American Express Co .",
"title": "Signatures"
},
{
"text": "- Visa has been a worldwide sponsor of the Olympic Games since 1986 and the International Paralympic Committee since 2002 . Visa is the only card accepted at all Olympic and Paralympic venues . Its current contract with the International Olympic Committee and International Paralympic Committee as the exclusive services sponsor will continue through 2032 and 2020 respectively . This includes the Singapore 2010 Youth Olympic Games , London 2012 Olympic Games , the Sochi 2014 Olympic Winter Games , the Rio de Janeiro 2016 Olympic Games , the 2018 PyeongChang Olympic Winter Games , and the Tokyo 2020 Olympic",
"title": "Olympics and Paralympics"
},
{
"text": "Games .",
"title": "Olympics and Paralympics"
},
{
"text": " - In 2002 , Visa became the first global sponsor of the IPC . Visa extended its partnership with the International Paralympic Committee through 2020 , which includes the 2010 Vancouver Paralympic Winter Games , the 2012 London Paralympic Games , 2014 Sochi Paralympic Games , 2018 Pyeongchang Paralympic Games and 2020 Tokyo Paralympic Games .",
"title": "Olympics and Paralympics"
},
{
"text": " - Visa was the jersey sponsor of Argentinas national basketball team at the 2015 FIBA Americas Championship in Mexico City . - Visa is the shirt sponsor for the Argentina national rugby union team , nicknamed the Pumas . Also , Visa sponsors the Copa Libertadores and the Copa Sudamericana , the most important football club tournaments in South America . - Until 2005 , Visa was the exclusive sponsor of the Triple Crown thoroughbred tournament . - Visa sponsored the Rugby World Cup , and the 2007 tournament in France was its last .",
"title": "Others"
},
{
"text": "- In 2007 , Visa became the sponsor of the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa . The FIFA partnership provides Visa with global rights to a broad range of FIFA activities – including both the 2010 and 2014 FIFA World Cup and the FIFA Womens World Cup .",
"title": "Others"
}
] |
/wiki/Visa_Inc.#P159#2
|
Where was the headquarter of Visa Inc. located in early 2000s?
|
Visa Inc . Visa Inc . ( ; stylized as VISA ) is an American multinational financial services corporation headquartered in Foster City , California , United States . It facilitates electronic funds transfers throughout the world , most commonly through Visa-branded credit cards , debit cards and prepaid cards . Visa is one of the worlds most valuable companies . Visa does not issue cards , extend credit or set rates and fees for consumers ; rather , Visa provides financial institutions with Visa-branded payment products that they then use to offer credit , debit , prepaid and cash access programs to their customers . In 2015 , the Nilson Report , a publication that tracks the credit card industry , found that Visas global network ( known as VisaNet ) processed 100 billion transactions during 2014 with a total volume of US$6.8 trillion . It was launched in September 1958 by Bank of America ( BofA ) as the BankAmericard credit card program . In response to competitor Master Charge ( now Mastercard ) , BofA began to license the BankAmericard program to other financial institutions in 1966 . By 1970 , BofA gave up direct control of the BankAmericard program , forming a consortium with the other various BankAmericard issuer banks to take over its management . It was then renamed Visa in 1976 . Nearly all Visa transactions worldwide are processed through the companys directly operated VisaNet at one of four secure data centers , located in Ashburn , Virginia ; Highlands Ranch , Colorado ; London , England ; and Singapore . These facilities are heavily secured against natural disasters , crime , and terrorism ; can operate independently of each other and from external utilities if necessary ; and can handle up to 30,000 simultaneous transactions and up to 100 billion computations every second . Visa is the worlds second-largest card payment organization ( debit and credit cards combined ) , after being surpassed by China UnionPay in 2015 , based on annual value of card payments transacted and number of issued cards . However , because UnionPays size is based primarily on the size of its domestic market in China , Visa is still considered the dominant banking card company in the rest of the world , where it commands a 50% market share of total card payments . History . On September 18 , 1958 , Bank of America ( BofA ) officially launched its BankAmericard credit card program in Fresno , California . In the weeks leading up to the launch of BankAmericard , BofA had saturated Fresno mailboxes with an initial mass mailing ( or drop , as they came to be called ) of 65,000 unsolicited credit cards . BankAmericard was the brainchild of BofAs in-house product development think tank , the Customer Services Research Group , and its leader , Joseph P . Williams . Williams convinced senior BofA executives in 1956 to let him pursue what became the worlds first successful mass mailing of unsolicited credit cards ( actual working cards , not mere applications ) to a large population . Williams pioneering accomplishment was that he brought about the successful implementation of the all-purpose credit card ( in the sense that his project was not canceled outright ) , not in coming up with the idea . By the mid-1950s , the typical middle-class American already maintained revolving credit accounts with several different merchants , which was clearly inefficient and inconvenient due to the need to carry so many cards and pay so many separate bills each month . The need for a unified financial instrument was already evident to the American financial services industry , but no one could figure out how to do it . There were already charge cards like Diners Club ( which had to be paid in full at the end of each billing cycle ) , and by the mid-1950s , there had been at least a dozen attempts to create an all-purpose credit card . However , these prior attempts had been carried out by small banks which lacked the resources to make them work . Williams and his team studied these failures carefully and believed they could avoid replicating those banks mistakes ; they also studied existing revolving credit operations at Sears and Mobil Oil to learn why they were successful . Fresno was selected for its population of 250,000 ( big enough to make a credit card work , small enough to control initial startup cost ) , BofAs market share of that population ( 45% ) , and relative isolation , to control public relations damage in case the project failed . The 1958 test at first went smoothly , but then BofA panicked when it confirmed rumors that another bank was about to initiate its own drop in San Francisco , BofAs home market . By March 1959 , drops began in San Francisco and Sacramento ; by June , BofA was dropping cards in Los Angeles ; by October , the entire state of California had been saturated with over 2 million credit cards and BankAmericard was being accepted by 20,000 merchants . However , the program was riddled with problems , as Williams ( who had never worked in a banks loan department ) had been too earnest and trusting in his belief in the basic goodness of the banks customers , and he resigned in December 1959 . 22% of accounts were delinquent , not the 4% expected , and police departments around the state were confronted by numerous incidents of the brand new crime of credit card fraud . Both politicians and journalists joined the general uproar against Bank of America and its newfangled credit card , especially when it was pointed out that the cardholder agreement held customers liable for all charges , even those resulting from fraud . BofA officially lost over $8.8 million on the launch of BankAmericard , but when the full cost of advertising and overhead was included , the banks actual loss was probably around $20 million . However , after Williams and some of his closest associates left , BofA management realized that BankAmericard was salvageable . They conducted a massive effort to clean up after Williams , imposed proper financial controls , published an open letter to 3 million households across the state apologizing for the credit card fraud and other issues their card raised and eventually were able to make the new financial instrument work . By May 1961 , the BankAmericard program became profitable for the first time . At the time , BofA deliberately kept this information secret and allowed then-widespread negative impressions to linger in order to ward off competition . This strategy worked until 1966 , when BankAmericards profitability had become far too big to hide . The original goal of BofA was to offer the BankAmericard product across California , but in 1966 , BofA began to sign licensing agreements with a group of banks outside of California , in response to a new competitor , Master Charge ( now MasterCard ) , which had been created by an alliance of several regional bankcard associations to compete against BankAmericard . BofA itself ( like all other U.S . banks at the time ) could not expand directly into other states due to federal restrictions not repealed until 1994 . Over the following 11 years , various banks licensed the card system from Bank of America , thus forming a network of banks backing the BankAmericard system across the United States . The drops of unsolicited credit cards continued unabated , thanks to BofA and its licensees and competitors until they were outlawed in 1970 , but not before over 100 million credit cards had been distributed into the American population . During the late 1960s , BofA also licensed the BankAmericard program to banks in several other countries , which began issuing cards with localized brand names . For example : - In Canada , an alliance of banks ( including Toronto-Dominion Bank , Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce , Royal Bank of Canada , Banque Canadienne Nationale and Bank of Nova Scotia ) issued credit cards under the Chargex name from 1968 to 1977 . - In France , it was known as Carte Bleue ( Blue Card ) . The logo still appears on many French-issued Visa cards today . - In Japan , The Sumitomo Bank issued BankAmericards through the Sumitomo Credit Service . - In the UK , the only BankAmericard issuer for some years was Barclaycard . The branding still exists today , but is used not only on Visa cards issued by Barclays , but on its MasterCard and American Express cards as well . - In Spain until 1979 the only issuer was Banco de Bilbao . In 1968 , a manager at the National Bank of Commerce ( later Rainier Bancorp ) , Dee Hock , was asked to supervise that banks launch of its own licensed version of BankAmericard in the Pacific Northwest market . Although Bank of America had cultivated the public image that BankAmericards troubled startup issues were now safely in the past , Hock realized that the BankAmericard licensee program itself was in terrible disarray because it had developed and grown very rapidly in an ad hoc fashion . For example , interchange transaction issues between banks were becoming a very serious problem , which had not been seen before when Bank of America was the sole issuer of BankAmericards . Hock suggested to other licensees that they form a committee to investigate and analyze the various problems with the licensee program ; they promptly made him the chair of that committee . After lengthy negotiations , the committee led by Hock was able to persuade Bank of America that a bright future lay ahead for BankAmericard — outside Bank of America . In June 1970 , Bank of America gave up control of the BankAmericard program . The various BankAmericard issuer banks took control of the program , creating National BankAmericard Inc . ( NBI ) , an independent Delaware corporation which would be in charge of managing , promoting and developing the BankAmericard system within the United States . In other words , BankAmericard was transformed from a franchising system into a jointly controlled consortium or alliance , like its competitor Master Charge . Hock became NBIs first president and CEO . However , Bank of America retained the right to directly license BankAmericard to banks outside the United States and continued to issue and support such licenses . By 1972 , licenses had been granted in 15 countries . The international licensees soon encountered a variety of problems with their licensing programs , and they hired Hock as a consultant to help them restructure their relationship with BofA as he had done for the domestic licensees . As a result , in 1974 , the International Bankcard Company ( IBANCO ) , a multinational member corporation , was founded in order to manage the international BankAmericard program . In 1976 , the directors of IBANCO determined that bringing the various international networks together into a single network with a single name internationally would be in the best interests of the corporation ; however , in many countries , there was still great reluctance to issue a card associated with Bank of America , even though the association was entirely nominal in nature . For this reason , in 1976 , BankAmericard , Barclaycard , Carte Bleue , Chargex , Sumitomo Card , and all other licensees united under the new name , Visa , which retained the distinctive blue , white and gold flag . NBI became Visa USA and IBANCO became Visa International . The term Visa was conceived by the companys founder , Dee Hock . He believed that the word was instantly recognizable in many languages in many countries and that it also denoted universal acceptance . In October 2007 , Bank of America announced it was resurrecting the BankAmericard brand name as the BankAmericard Rewards Visa . Corporate structure . Prior to October 3 , 2007 , Visa comprised four non-stock , separately incorporated companies that employed 6,000 people worldwide : the worldwide parent entity Visa International Service Association ( Visa ) , Visa USA Inc. , Visa Canada Association , and Visa Europe Ltd . The latter three separately incorporated regions had the status of group members of Visa International Service Association . The unincorporated regions Visa Latin America ( LAC ) , Visa Asia Pacific and Visa Central and Eastern Europe , Middle East and Africa ( CEMEA ) were divisions within Visa . Billing and finance charge methods . Initially , signed copies of sales drafts were included in each customers monthly billing statement for verification purposes—an industry practice known as country club billing . By the late 1970s , however , billing statements no longer contained these enclosures , but rather a summary statement showing posting date , purchase date , reference number , merchant name , and the dollar amount of each purchase . At the same time , many issuers , particularly Bank of America , were in the process of changing their methods of finance charge calculation . Initially , a previous balance method was used—calculation of finance charge on the unpaid balance shown on the prior months statement . Later , it was decided to use average daily balance which resulted in increased revenue for the issuers by calculating the number of days each purchase was included on the prior months statement . Several years later , new average daily balance—in which transactions from previous and current billing cycles were used in the calculation—was introduced . By the early 1980s , many issuers introduced the concept of the annual fee as yet another revenue enhancer . IPO and restructuring . On October 11 , 2006 , Visa announced that some of its businesses would be merged and become a publicly traded company , Visa Inc . Under the IPO restructuring , Visa Canada , Visa International , and Visa USA were merged into the new public company . Visas Western Europe operation became a separate company , owned by its member banks who will also have a minority stake in Visa Inc . In total , more than 35 investment banks participated in the deal in several capacities , most notably as underwriters . On October 3 , 2007 , Visa completed its corporate restructuring with the formation of Visa Inc . The new company was the first step towards Visas IPO . The second step came on November 9 , 2007 , when the new Visa Inc . submitted its $10 billion IPO filing with the U.S . Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ) . On February 25 , 2008 , Visa announced it would go ahead with an IPO of half its shares . The IPO took place on March 18 , 2008 . Visa sold 406 million shares at US$44 per share ( $2 above the high end of the expected $37–42 pricing range ) , raising US$17.9 billion in what was then the largest initial public offering in U.S . history . On March 20 , 2008 , the IPO underwriters ( including JP Morgan , Goldman Sachs & Co. , Banc of America Securities LLC , Citi , HSBC , Merrill Lynch & Co. , UBS Investment Bank and Wachovia Securities ) exercised their overallotment option , purchasing an additional 40.6 million shares , bringing Visas total IPO share count to 446.6 million , and bringing the total proceeds to US$19.1 billion . Visa now trades under the ticker symbol V on the New York Stock Exchange . Visa Europe . Visa Europe Ltd . was a membership association and cooperative of over 3,700 European banks and other payment service providers that operated Visa branded products and services within Europe . Visa Europe was a company entirely separate from Visa Inc . having gained independence of Visa International Service Association in October 2007 when Visa Inc . became a publicly traded company on the New York Stock Exchange . Visa Inc . announced the plan to acquire Visa Europe on November 5 , 2015 , creating a single global company . On April 21 , 2016 the agreement was amended in response to the feedback of European Commission . The acquisition of Visa Europe was completed on June 21 , 2016 . Acquisition of Plaid . On January 13 , 2020 , Plaid announced that it had signed a definitive agreement to be acquired by Visa for $5.3 billion . The deal was double the companys most recent Series C round valuation of $2.65 billion , and was expected to close in the next 3–6 months , subject to regulatory review and closing conditions . According to the deal , Visa would pay $4.9 billion in cash and approximately $400 million of retention equity and deferred equity , according to a presentation deck prepared by Visa . On November 5 , 2020 , the United States Department of Justice filed a lawsuit seeking to block the acquisition , arguing that Visa is a monopolist trying to eliminate a competitive threat by purchasing Plaid . Visa said it disagrees with the lawsuit and intends to defend the transaction vigorously . Digital Currencies . On February 3 , 2021 , Visa announced a partnership with First Boulevard , a neobank focused on building generational wealth for the Black community . First Boulevard will be first to pilot Visa’s new suite of cryptocurrency APIs , which will enable their customers to buy , sell , hold , and trade digital assets held by Anchorage , a federally chartered digital asset bank . The pilot will serve as a key first step in supporting API capabilities that help additional Visa clients access and integrate cryptocurrencies . On March 29 , 2021 , Visa announced the acceptance of stable coin USDC to settle transactions on its network . Visa Foundation . Registered in the United States as a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) entity , the Visa Foundation was created with the mission of supporting inclusive economies . In particular , economies in which individuals , businesses and communities can thrive with the support of grants and investments . Supporting resiliency , as well as the growth , of micro and small businesses that benefit women is a priority of the Visa Foundation . Furthermore , the Foundation prioritizes providing support to the community from a broad standpoint , as well as responding to disasters during crisis . Other Initiatives . In December 2020 , Visa Announced the launch of a new accelerator program across Asia Pacific to further develop the regions financial technology ecosystem . The accelerator program aims to find and partner with startup companies providing financial and payments technologies that could potentially leverage on Visas network of bank and merchant partners in the region . Finance . For the fiscal year 2018 , Visa reported earnings of US$10.3 billion , with an annual revenue of US$20.61 billion , an increase of 12.3% over the previous fiscal cycle . Visas shares traded at over $143 per share , and its market capitalization was valued at over US$280.2 billion in September 2018 . As of 2018 , the company ranked 161st on the Fortune 500 list of the largest United States corporations by revenue . Criticism and controversy . WikiLeaks . Visa Europe began suspending payments to WikiLeaks on December 7 , 2010 . The company said it was awaiting an investigation into the nature of its business and whether it contravenes Visa operating rules – though it did not go into details . In return DataCell , the IT company that enables WikiLeaks to accept credit and debit card donations , announced that it would take legal action against Visa Europe . On December 8 , the group Anonymous performed a DDoS attack on visa.com , bringing the site down . Although the Norway-based financial services company Teller AS , which Visa ordered to look into WikiLeaks and its fundraising body , the Sunshine Press , found no proof of any wrongdoing , Salon reported in January 2011 that Visa Europe would continue blocking donations to the secret-spilling site until it completes its own investigation . The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Navi Pillay stated that Visa may be violating WikiLeaks right to freedom of expression by withdrawing their services . In July 2012 , the Reykjavík District Court decided that Valitor ( the Icelandic partner of Visa and MasterCard ) was violating the law when it prevented donations to the site by credit card . It was ruled that the donations be allowed to return to the site within 14 days or they would be fined in the amount of US$6,000 per day . Litigation and regulatory actions . Anti-competitive conduct in Australia . In 2015 , the Australian Federal Court ordered Visa to pay a pecuniary penalty of $20 million ( including legal fees ) for engaging in anti-competitive conduct against dynamic currency conversion operators , in proceedings brought by the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission . Antitrust lawsuit by ATM operators . In 2011 , MasterCard and Visa were sued in a class action by ATM operators claiming the credit card networks rules effectively fix ATM access fees . The suit claimed that this is a restraint on trade in violation of US federal law . The lawsuit was filed by the National ATM Council and independent operators of automated teller machines . More specifically , it is alleged that MasterCards and Visas network rules prohibit ATM operators from offering lower prices for transactions over PIN-debit networks that are not affiliated with Visa or MasterCard . The suit says that this price-fixing artificially raises the price that consumers pay using ATMs , limits the revenue that ATM-operators earn , and violates the Sherman Acts prohibition against unreasonable restraints of trade . Johnathan Rubin , an attorney for the plaintiffs said , Visa and MasterCard are the ringleaders , organizers , and enforcers of a conspiracy among U.S . banks to fix the price of ATM access fees in order to keep the competition at bay . In 2017 , a US district court denied the ATM operators request to stop Visa from enforcing the ATM fees . Debit card swipe fees . Visa settled a 1996 antitrust lawsuit brought by a class of U.S . merchants , including Walmart , for billions of dollars in 2003 . Over 4 million class members were represented by the plaintiffs . According to a website associated with the suit , Visa and MasterCard settled the plaintiffs claims for a total of $3.05 billion . Visas share of this settlement is reported to have been the larger . U.S . Justice Department actions . In October 2010 , Visa and MasterCard reached a settlement with the U.S . Justice Department in another antitrust case . The companies agreed to allow merchants displaying their logos to decline certain types of cards ( because interchange fees differ ) , or to offer consumers discounts for using cheaper cards . In 1998 , the Department of Justice sued Visa over rules prohibiting its issuing banks from doing business with American Express and Discover . The Department of Justice won its case at trial in 2001 and the verdict was upheld on appeal . American Express and Discover filed suit as well . Antitrust issues in Europe . In 2002 , the European Commission exempted Visas multilateral interchange fees from Article 81 of the EC Treaty that prohibits anti-competitive arrangements . However , this exemption expired on December 31 , 2007 . In the United Kingdom , Mastercard has reduced its interchange fees while it is under investigation by the Office of Fair Trading . In January 2007 , the European Commission issued the results of a two-year inquiry into the retail banking sector . The report focuses on payment cards and interchange fees . Upon publishing the report , Commissioner Neelie Kroes said the present level of interchange fees in many of the schemes we have examined does not seem justified . The report called for further study of the issue . On March 26 , 2008 , the European Commission opened an investigation into Visas multilateral interchange fees for cross-border transactions within the EEA as well as into the Honor All Cards rule ( under which merchants are required to accept all valid Visa-branded cards ) . The antitrust authorities of EU member states ( other than the United Kingdom ) also investigated Mastercards and Visas interchange fees . For example , on January 4 , 2007 , the Polish Office of Competition and Consumer Protection fined twenty banks a total of PLN 164 million ( about $56 million ) for jointly setting Mastercards and Visas interchange fees . In December 2010 , Visa reached a settlement with the European Union in yet another antitrust case , promising to reduce debit card payments to 0.2 percent of a purchase . A senior official from the European Central Bank called for a break-up of the Visa/Mastercard duopoly by creation of a new European debit card for use in the Single Euro Payments Area ( SEPA ) . After Visas blocking of payments to WikiLeaks , members of the European Parliament expressed concern that payments from European citizens to a European corporation could apparently be blocked by the US , and called for a further reduction in the dominance of Visa and Mastercard in the European payment system . Payment Card Interchange Fee and Merchant Discount Antitrust Litigation . On November 27 , 2012 , a federal judge entered an order granting preliminary approval to a proposed settlement to a class-action lawsuit filed in 2005 by merchants and trade associations against Mastercard and Visa . The suit was filed due to alleged price-fixing practices employed by Mastercard and Visa . About one-quarter of the named class plaintiffs have decided to opt out of the settlement . Opponents object to provisions that would bar future lawsuits and even prevent merchants from opting out of significant portions of the proposed settlement . Plaintiffs allege that Visa and Mastercard fixed interchange fees , also known as swipe fees , that are charged to merchants for the privilege of accepting payment cards . In their complaint , the plaintiffs also alleged that the defendants unfairly interfere with merchants from encouraging customers to use less expensive forms of payment such as lower-cost cards , cash , and checks . A settlement of US$6.24 billion has been reached and a court is scheduled to approve or deny the agreement on November 7 , 2019 . High swipe fees in Poland . Very high interchange fee for Visa ( 1.5–1.6% from every transactions final price , which also includes VAT ) in Poland started discussion about legality and need for government regulations of interchange fees to avoid high costs for business ( which also block electronic payment market and acceptability of cards ) . This situation also led to the birth of new methods of payment in the year 2013 , which avoid the need for go-between ( middleman ) companies like Visa or Mastercard , for example mobile application issued by major banks , and system by big chain of discount shops , or older public transport tickets buying systems . Confrontation with Walmart over high fees . In June 2016 , the Wall Street Journal reported that Walmart threatened to stop accepting Visa cards in Canada . Visa objected saying that consumers should not be dragged into a dispute between the companies . In January 2017 , Walmart Canada and Visa reached a deal to allow the continued acceptance of Visa . Dispute with Kroger over high credit card fees . In March 2019 , U.S . retailer Kroger announced that its 250-strong Smiths chain would stop accepting Visa credit cards as of April 3 , 2019 , due to the cards’ high ‘swipe’ fees . Krogers California-based Foods Co stores stopped accepting Visa cards in August 2018 . Mike Schlotman , Krogers executive vice president/chief financial officer , said Visa had been “misusing its position and charging retailers excessive fees for a long time.” In response , Visa issued a statement saying it was “unfair and disappointing that Kroger is putting shoppers in the middle of a business dispute.” As of October 31 , 2019 , Kroger has settled their dispute with Visa and is now accepting the payment method . Antitrust investigation over debit card practices . In March 2021 , the United States Justice Department announced its investigation with Visa to discover if the company is engaging in anticompetitive practices in the debit card market . The main question at hand is whether or not Visa is limiting merchants ability to route debit card transactions over card networks that are often less expensive , focusing more so on online debit card transactions . The probe highlights the role of network fees , which are invisible to consumers and place pressure on merchants , who mitigate the fees by raising prices of goods for customers . The probe was confirmed through a regulatory filing on March 19 , 2021 , stating they will be cooperating with the Justice Department . Visas shares fell more than 6% following the announcement . Corporate affairs . Headquarters . As of October 1 , 2012 , Visas headquarters are located in Foster City , California . Visa had been headquartered in San Francisco until 1985 , when it moved to San Mateo . Around 1993 , Visa began consolidating various scattered offices in San Mateo to a location in Foster City . Visa became Foster Citys largest employer . In 2009 , Visa moved its corporate headquarters back to San Francisco when it leased the top three floors of the 595 Market Street office building , although most of its employees remained at its Foster City campus . In 2012 , Visa decided to consolidate its headquarters in Foster City where 3,100 of its 7,700 global workers are employed . Visa owns four buildings at the intersection of Metro Center Boulevard and Vintage Park Drive . In December 2012 , Visa Inc . confirmed that it will build a global information technology center off of the US 183 Expressway in northwest Austin , Texas . By 2019 , Visa leased space in 4 buildings near Austin and employed nearly 2,000 people . On November 6 , 2019 , Visa announced plans to move its headquarters back to San Francisco by 2024 upon completion of a new 13-story , 300,000-square-foot building . Operations . Visa offers through its issuing members the following types of cards : - Debit cards ( pay from a checking/savings account ) - Credit cards ( pay monthly payments with or without interest depending on a customer paying on time. ) - Prepaid cards ( pay from a cash account that has no check writing privileges ) Visa operates the Plus automated teller machine network and the Interlink EFTPOS point-of-sale network , which facilitate the debit protocol used with debit cards and prepaid cards . They also provide commercial payment solutions for small businesses , midsize and large corporations , and governments . Visa teamed with Apple in September 2014 , to incorporate a new mobile wallet feature into Apples new iPhone models , enabling users to more readily use their Visa , and other credit/debit cards . Operating regulations . Visa has a set of rules that govern the participation of financial institutions in its payment system . Acquiring banks are responsible for ensuring that their merchants comply with the rules . Rules address how a cardholder must be identified for security , how transactions may be denied by the bank , and how banks may cooperate for fraud prevention , and how to keep that identification and fraud protection standard and non-discriminatory . Other rules govern what creates an enforceable proof of authorization by the cardholder . The rules prohibit merchants from imposing a minimum or maximum purchase amount in order to accept a Visa card and from charging cardholders a fee for using a Visa card . In ten U.S . states , surcharges for the use of a credit card are forbidden by law ( California , Colorado , Connecticut , Florida , Kansas , Maine , Massachusetts , New York , Oklahoma and Texas ) but a discount for cash is permitted under specific rules . Some countries have banned the no-surcharge rule , most notably in Australia retailers may apply surcharges to any credit-card transaction , Visa or otherwise . In the UK the law was changed in January 2018 to prevent retailers from adding a surcharge to a transaction as per The Consumer Rights ( Payment Surcharges ) Regulations 2012 . Visa permits merchants to ask for photo ID , although the merchant rule book states that this practice is discouraged . As long as the Visa card is signed , a merchant may not deny a transaction because a cardholder refuses to show a photo ID . The Dodd–Frank Act allows U.S . merchants to set a minimum purchase amount on credit card transactions , not to exceed $10 . Recent complications include the addition of exceptions for non-signed purchases by telephone or on the Internet and an additional security system called Verified by Visa for purchases on the Internet . In September 2014 , Visa Inc , launched a new service to replace account information on plastic cards with token – a digital account number . Visa Contactless ( formerly payWave ) . In September 2007 , Visa introduced Visa payWave , a contactless payment technology feature that allows cardholders to wave their card in front of contactless payment terminals without the need to physically swipe or insert the card into a point-of-sale device . This is similar to the Mastercard Contactless service and the American Express ExpressPay , with both using RFID technology . All three use the same symbol as shown on the right . In Europe , Visa has introduced the V Pay card , which is a chip-only and PIN-only debit card . In Australia , take up has been the highest in the world , with more than 50% of in store Visa transactions now made via Visa payWave . mVisa . mVisa is a mobile payment app allowing payment via smartphones using QR code . This QR code payment method was first introduced in India in 2015 . It was later expanded to a number of other countries , including in Africa and south east Asia . Visa Checkout . In 2013 Visa launched Visa Checkout , an online payment system that removes the need to share card details with retailers . The Visa Checkout service allows users to enter all their personal details and card information , then use a single username and password to make purchases from online retailers . The service works with Visa credit , debit , and prepaid cards . On November 27 , 2013 V.me went live in the UK , France , Spain and Poland , with Nationwide Building Society being the first financial institution in Britain to support it , although Nationwide subsequently withdrew this service in 2016 . Trademark and design . Logo design . The blue and gold in Visas logo were chosen to represent the blue sky and gold-colored hills of California , where the Bank of America was founded . In 2005 , Visa changed its logo , removing the horizontal stripes in favor of a simple white background with the name Visa in blue with an orange flick on the V . The orange flick was removed in favor of the logo being a solid blue gradient in 2014 . In 2015 , the gold and blue stripes were restored as card branding on Visa Debit and Visa Electron , although not as the companys logotype . Card design . In 1984 , most Visa cards around the world began to feature a hologram of a dove on its face , generally under the last four digits of the Visa number . This was implemented as a security feature – true holograms would appear three-dimensional and the image would change as the card was turned . At the same time , the Visa logo , which had previously covered the whole card face , was reduced in size to a strip on the cards right incorporating the hologram . This allowed issuing banks to customize the appearance of the card . Similar changes were implemented with MasterCard cards . Today , cards may be co-branded with various merchants , airlines , etc. , and marketed as reward cards . On older Visa cards , holding the face of the card under an ultraviolet light will reveal the dove picture , dubbed the Ultra-Sensitive Dove , as an additional security test . ( On newer Visa cards , the UV dove is replaced by a small V over the Visa logo. ) Beginning in 2005 , the Visa standard was changed to allow for the hologram to be placed on the back of the card , or to be replaced with a holographic magnetic stripe ( HoloMag ) . The HoloMag card was shown to occasionally cause interference with card readers , so Visa eventually withdrew designs of HoloMag cards and reverted to traditional magnetic strips . Signatures . Visa made a statement on January 12 , 2018 , that the signature requirement would become optional for all EMV contact or contactless chip-enabled merchants in North America starting in April 2018 . It was noted that the signatures are no longer necessary to fight fraud and the fraud capabilities have advanced allowing this elimination leading to a faster in-store purchase experience . Visa was the last of the major credit card issuers to relax the signature requirements . The first to eliminate the signature was MasterCard Inc . followed by Discover Financial Services and American Express Co . Sponsorships . Olympics and Paralympics . - Visa has been a worldwide sponsor of the Olympic Games since 1986 and the International Paralympic Committee since 2002 . Visa is the only card accepted at all Olympic and Paralympic venues . Its current contract with the International Olympic Committee and International Paralympic Committee as the exclusive services sponsor will continue through 2032 and 2020 respectively . This includes the Singapore 2010 Youth Olympic Games , London 2012 Olympic Games , the Sochi 2014 Olympic Winter Games , the Rio de Janeiro 2016 Olympic Games , the 2018 PyeongChang Olympic Winter Games , and the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games . - In 2002 , Visa became the first global sponsor of the IPC . Visa extended its partnership with the International Paralympic Committee through 2020 , which includes the 2010 Vancouver Paralympic Winter Games , the 2012 London Paralympic Games , 2014 Sochi Paralympic Games , 2018 Pyeongchang Paralympic Games and 2020 Tokyo Paralympic Games . Others . - Visa was the jersey sponsor of Argentinas national basketball team at the 2015 FIBA Americas Championship in Mexico City . - Visa is the shirt sponsor for the Argentina national rugby union team , nicknamed the Pumas . Also , Visa sponsors the Copa Libertadores and the Copa Sudamericana , the most important football club tournaments in South America . - Until 2005 , Visa was the exclusive sponsor of the Triple Crown thoroughbred tournament . - Visa sponsored the Rugby World Cup , and the 2007 tournament in France was its last . - In 2007 , Visa became the sponsor of the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa . The FIFA partnership provides Visa with global rights to a broad range of FIFA activities – including both the 2010 and 2014 FIFA World Cup and the FIFA Womens World Cup . - Since 1995 , Visa has sponsored the U.S . National Football League ( NFL ) and a number of NFL teams , including the San Francisco 49ers whose practice jerseys display the Visa logo . Visas sponsorship of the NFL extended through the 2014 season . - Starting from the 2012 season , Visa became a partner of the Caterham F1 Team . Visa is also known for motorsport sponsorship in the past : it sponsored PacWest Racings IndyCar team in 1995 and 1996 , with drivers Danny Sullivan and Mark Blundell respectively . - Visa is currently a jersey sponsor of professional gaming ( eSports ) team SK Gaming for 2017 - Visa is the main sponsor of the Argentine Hockey Confederation . The Visa logo is present on both the mens and womens playing kits .
|
[
"Foster City"
] |
[
{
"text": " Visa Inc . ( ; stylized as VISA ) is an American multinational financial services corporation headquartered in Foster City , California , United States . It facilitates electronic funds transfers throughout the world , most commonly through Visa-branded credit cards , debit cards and prepaid cards . Visa is one of the worlds most valuable companies .",
"title": "Visa Inc ."
},
{
"text": "Visa does not issue cards , extend credit or set rates and fees for consumers ; rather , Visa provides financial institutions with Visa-branded payment products that they then use to offer credit , debit , prepaid and cash access programs to their customers . In 2015 , the Nilson Report , a publication that tracks the credit card industry , found that Visas global network ( known as VisaNet ) processed 100 billion transactions during 2014 with a total volume of US$6.8 trillion .",
"title": "Visa Inc ."
},
{
"text": " It was launched in September 1958 by Bank of America ( BofA ) as the BankAmericard credit card program . In response to competitor Master Charge ( now Mastercard ) , BofA began to license the BankAmericard program to other financial institutions in 1966 . By 1970 , BofA gave up direct control of the BankAmericard program , forming a consortium with the other various BankAmericard issuer banks to take over its management . It was then renamed Visa in 1976 .",
"title": "Visa Inc ."
},
{
"text": "Nearly all Visa transactions worldwide are processed through the companys directly operated VisaNet at one of four secure data centers , located in Ashburn , Virginia ; Highlands Ranch , Colorado ; London , England ; and Singapore . These facilities are heavily secured against natural disasters , crime , and terrorism ; can operate independently of each other and from external utilities if necessary ; and can handle up to 30,000 simultaneous transactions and up to 100 billion computations every second .",
"title": "Visa Inc ."
},
{
"text": " Visa is the worlds second-largest card payment organization ( debit and credit cards combined ) , after being surpassed by China UnionPay in 2015 , based on annual value of card payments transacted and number of issued cards . However , because UnionPays size is based primarily on the size of its domestic market in China , Visa is still considered the dominant banking card company in the rest of the world , where it commands a 50% market share of total card payments .",
"title": "Visa Inc ."
},
{
"text": "On September 18 , 1958 , Bank of America ( BofA ) officially launched its BankAmericard credit card program in Fresno , California . In the weeks leading up to the launch of BankAmericard , BofA had saturated Fresno mailboxes with an initial mass mailing ( or drop , as they came to be called ) of 65,000 unsolicited credit cards . BankAmericard was the brainchild of BofAs in-house product development think tank , the Customer Services Research Group , and its leader , Joseph P . Williams . Williams convinced senior BofA executives in 1956 to let him pursue",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "what became the worlds first successful mass mailing of unsolicited credit cards ( actual working cards , not mere applications ) to a large population .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Williams pioneering accomplishment was that he brought about the successful implementation of the all-purpose credit card ( in the sense that his project was not canceled outright ) , not in coming up with the idea . By the mid-1950s , the typical middle-class American already maintained revolving credit accounts with several different merchants , which was clearly inefficient and inconvenient due to the need to carry so many cards and pay so many separate bills each month . The need for a unified financial instrument was already evident to the American financial services industry , but no one could",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "figure out how to do it . There were already charge cards like Diners Club ( which had to be paid in full at the end of each billing cycle ) , and by the mid-1950s , there had been at least a dozen attempts to create an all-purpose credit card . However , these prior attempts had been carried out by small banks which lacked the resources to make them work . Williams and his team studied these failures carefully and believed they could avoid replicating those banks mistakes ; they also studied existing revolving credit operations at Sears",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "and Mobil Oil to learn why they were successful . Fresno was selected for its population of 250,000 ( big enough to make a credit card work , small enough to control initial startup cost ) , BofAs market share of that population ( 45% ) , and relative isolation , to control public relations damage in case the project failed .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The 1958 test at first went smoothly , but then BofA panicked when it confirmed rumors that another bank was about to initiate its own drop in San Francisco , BofAs home market . By March 1959 , drops began in San Francisco and Sacramento ; by June , BofA was dropping cards in Los Angeles ; by October , the entire state of California had been saturated with over 2 million credit cards and BankAmericard was being accepted by 20,000 merchants . However , the program was riddled with problems , as Williams ( who had never worked in",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "a banks loan department ) had been too earnest and trusting in his belief in the basic goodness of the banks customers , and he resigned in December 1959 . 22% of accounts were delinquent , not the 4% expected , and police departments around the state were confronted by numerous incidents of the brand new crime of credit card fraud . Both politicians and journalists joined the general uproar against Bank of America and its newfangled credit card , especially when it was pointed out that the cardholder agreement held customers liable for all charges , even those resulting",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "from fraud . BofA officially lost over $8.8 million on the launch of BankAmericard , but when the full cost of advertising and overhead was included , the banks actual loss was probably around $20 million .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "However , after Williams and some of his closest associates left , BofA management realized that BankAmericard was salvageable . They conducted a massive effort to clean up after Williams , imposed proper financial controls , published an open letter to 3 million households across the state apologizing for the credit card fraud and other issues their card raised and eventually were able to make the new financial instrument work . By May 1961 , the BankAmericard program became profitable for the first time . At the time , BofA deliberately kept this information secret and allowed then-widespread negative impressions",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "to linger in order to ward off competition . This strategy worked until 1966 , when BankAmericards profitability had become far too big to hide .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The original goal of BofA was to offer the BankAmericard product across California , but in 1966 , BofA began to sign licensing agreements with a group of banks outside of California , in response to a new competitor , Master Charge ( now MasterCard ) , which had been created by an alliance of several regional bankcard associations to compete against BankAmericard . BofA itself ( like all other U.S . banks at the time ) could not expand directly into other states due to federal restrictions not repealed until 1994 . Over the following 11 years , various",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "banks licensed the card system from Bank of America , thus forming a network of banks backing the BankAmericard system across the United States . The drops of unsolicited credit cards continued unabated , thanks to BofA and its licensees and competitors until they were outlawed in 1970 , but not before over 100 million credit cards had been distributed into the American population .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " During the late 1960s , BofA also licensed the BankAmericard program to banks in several other countries , which began issuing cards with localized brand names . For example : - In Canada , an alliance of banks ( including Toronto-Dominion Bank , Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce , Royal Bank of Canada , Banque Canadienne Nationale and Bank of Nova Scotia ) issued credit cards under the Chargex name from 1968 to 1977 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "- In France , it was known as Carte Bleue ( Blue Card ) . The logo still appears on many French-issued Visa cards today .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " - In Japan , The Sumitomo Bank issued BankAmericards through the Sumitomo Credit Service . - In the UK , the only BankAmericard issuer for some years was Barclaycard . The branding still exists today , but is used not only on Visa cards issued by Barclays , but on its MasterCard and American Express cards as well . - In Spain until 1979 the only issuer was Banco de Bilbao .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1968 , a manager at the National Bank of Commerce ( later Rainier Bancorp ) , Dee Hock , was asked to supervise that banks launch of its own licensed version of BankAmericard in the Pacific Northwest market . Although Bank of America had cultivated the public image that BankAmericards troubled startup issues were now safely in the past , Hock realized that the BankAmericard licensee program itself was in terrible disarray because it had developed and grown very rapidly in an ad hoc fashion . For example , interchange transaction issues between banks were becoming a very serious",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "problem , which had not been seen before when Bank of America was the sole issuer of BankAmericards . Hock suggested to other licensees that they form a committee to investigate and analyze the various problems with the licensee program ; they promptly made him the chair of that committee .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "After lengthy negotiations , the committee led by Hock was able to persuade Bank of America that a bright future lay ahead for BankAmericard — outside Bank of America . In June 1970 , Bank of America gave up control of the BankAmericard program . The various BankAmericard issuer banks took control of the program , creating National BankAmericard Inc . ( NBI ) , an independent Delaware corporation which would be in charge of managing , promoting and developing the BankAmericard system within the United States . In other words , BankAmericard was transformed from a franchising system into",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "a jointly controlled consortium or alliance , like its competitor Master Charge . Hock became NBIs first president and CEO .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "However , Bank of America retained the right to directly license BankAmericard to banks outside the United States and continued to issue and support such licenses . By 1972 , licenses had been granted in 15 countries . The international licensees soon encountered a variety of problems with their licensing programs , and they hired Hock as a consultant to help them restructure their relationship with BofA as he had done for the domestic licensees . As a result , in 1974 , the International Bankcard Company ( IBANCO ) , a multinational member corporation , was founded in order",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "to manage the international BankAmericard program .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1976 , the directors of IBANCO determined that bringing the various international networks together into a single network with a single name internationally would be in the best interests of the corporation ; however , in many countries , there was still great reluctance to issue a card associated with Bank of America , even though the association was entirely nominal in nature . For this reason , in 1976 , BankAmericard , Barclaycard , Carte Bleue , Chargex , Sumitomo Card , and all other licensees united under the new name , Visa , which retained the distinctive",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "blue , white and gold flag . NBI became Visa USA and IBANCO became Visa International .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The term Visa was conceived by the companys founder , Dee Hock . He believed that the word was instantly recognizable in many languages in many countries and that it also denoted universal acceptance . In October 2007 , Bank of America announced it was resurrecting the BankAmericard brand name as the BankAmericard Rewards Visa .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Prior to October 3 , 2007 , Visa comprised four non-stock , separately incorporated companies that employed 6,000 people worldwide : the worldwide parent entity Visa International Service Association ( Visa ) , Visa USA Inc. , Visa Canada Association , and Visa Europe Ltd . The latter three separately incorporated regions had the status of group members of Visa International Service Association . The unincorporated regions Visa Latin America ( LAC ) , Visa Asia Pacific and Visa Central and Eastern Europe , Middle East and Africa ( CEMEA ) were divisions within Visa .",
"title": "Corporate structure"
},
{
"text": "Billing and finance charge methods .",
"title": "Corporate structure"
},
{
"text": "Initially , signed copies of sales drafts were included in each customers monthly billing statement for verification purposes—an industry practice known as country club billing . By the late 1970s , however , billing statements no longer contained these enclosures , but rather a summary statement showing posting date , purchase date , reference number , merchant name , and the dollar amount of each purchase . At the same time , many issuers , particularly Bank of America , were in the process of changing their methods of finance charge calculation . Initially , a previous balance method was",
"title": "Corporate structure"
},
{
"text": "used—calculation of finance charge on the unpaid balance shown on the prior months statement . Later , it was decided to use average daily balance which resulted in increased revenue for the issuers by calculating the number of days each purchase was included on the prior months statement . Several years later , new average daily balance—in which transactions from previous and current billing cycles were used in the calculation—was introduced . By the early 1980s , many issuers introduced the concept of the annual fee as yet another revenue enhancer .",
"title": "Corporate structure"
},
{
"text": " On October 11 , 2006 , Visa announced that some of its businesses would be merged and become a publicly traded company , Visa Inc . Under the IPO restructuring , Visa Canada , Visa International , and Visa USA were merged into the new public company . Visas Western Europe operation became a separate company , owned by its member banks who will also have a minority stake in Visa Inc . In total , more than 35 investment banks participated in the deal in several capacities , most notably as underwriters .",
"title": "IPO and restructuring"
},
{
"text": "On October 3 , 2007 , Visa completed its corporate restructuring with the formation of Visa Inc . The new company was the first step towards Visas IPO . The second step came on November 9 , 2007 , when the new Visa Inc . submitted its $10 billion IPO filing with the U.S . Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ) . On February 25 , 2008 , Visa announced it would go ahead with an IPO of half its shares . The IPO took place on March 18 , 2008 . Visa sold 406 million shares at US$44",
"title": "IPO and restructuring"
},
{
"text": "per share ( $2 above the high end of the expected $37–42 pricing range ) , raising US$17.9 billion in what was then the largest initial public offering in U.S . history . On March 20 , 2008 , the IPO underwriters ( including JP Morgan , Goldman Sachs & Co. , Banc of America Securities LLC , Citi , HSBC , Merrill Lynch & Co. , UBS Investment Bank and Wachovia Securities ) exercised their overallotment option , purchasing an additional 40.6 million shares , bringing Visas total IPO share count to 446.6 million , and bringing the total",
"title": "IPO and restructuring"
},
{
"text": "proceeds to US$19.1 billion . Visa now trades under the ticker symbol V on the New York Stock Exchange .",
"title": "IPO and restructuring"
},
{
"text": "Visa Europe Ltd . was a membership association and cooperative of over 3,700 European banks and other payment service providers that operated Visa branded products and services within Europe . Visa Europe was a company entirely separate from Visa Inc . having gained independence of Visa International Service Association in October 2007 when Visa Inc . became a publicly traded company on the New York Stock Exchange . Visa Inc . announced the plan to acquire Visa Europe on November 5 , 2015 , creating a single global company . On April 21 , 2016 the agreement was amended in",
"title": "Visa Europe"
},
{
"text": "response to the feedback of European Commission . The acquisition of Visa Europe was completed on June 21 , 2016 .",
"title": "Visa Europe"
},
{
"text": " On January 13 , 2020 , Plaid announced that it had signed a definitive agreement to be acquired by Visa for $5.3 billion . The deal was double the companys most recent Series C round valuation of $2.65 billion , and was expected to close in the next 3–6 months , subject to regulatory review and closing conditions . According to the deal , Visa would pay $4.9 billion in cash and approximately $400 million of retention equity and deferred equity , according to a presentation deck prepared by Visa .",
"title": "Acquisition of Plaid"
},
{
"text": "On November 5 , 2020 , the United States Department of Justice filed a lawsuit seeking to block the acquisition , arguing that Visa is a monopolist trying to eliminate a competitive threat by purchasing Plaid . Visa said it disagrees with the lawsuit and intends to defend the transaction vigorously .",
"title": "Acquisition of Plaid"
},
{
"text": " On February 3 , 2021 , Visa announced a partnership with First Boulevard , a neobank focused on building generational wealth for the Black community . First Boulevard will be first to pilot Visa’s new suite of cryptocurrency APIs , which will enable their customers to buy , sell , hold , and trade digital assets held by Anchorage , a federally chartered digital asset bank . The pilot will serve as a key first step in supporting API capabilities that help additional Visa clients access and integrate cryptocurrencies .",
"title": "Digital Currencies"
},
{
"text": "On March 29 , 2021 , Visa announced the acceptance of stable coin USDC to settle transactions on its network .",
"title": "Digital Currencies"
},
{
"text": " Registered in the United States as a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) entity , the Visa Foundation was created with the mission of supporting inclusive economies . In particular , economies in which individuals , businesses and communities can thrive with the support of grants and investments . Supporting resiliency , as well as the growth , of micro and small businesses that benefit women is a priority of the Visa Foundation . Furthermore , the Foundation prioritizes providing support to the community from a broad standpoint , as well as responding to disasters during crisis .",
"title": "Visa Foundation"
},
{
"text": " In December 2020 , Visa Announced the launch of a new accelerator program across Asia Pacific to further develop the regions financial technology ecosystem . The accelerator program aims to find and partner with startup companies providing financial and payments technologies that could potentially leverage on Visas network of bank and merchant partners in the region .",
"title": "Other Initiatives"
},
{
"text": " For the fiscal year 2018 , Visa reported earnings of US$10.3 billion , with an annual revenue of US$20.61 billion , an increase of 12.3% over the previous fiscal cycle . Visas shares traded at over $143 per share , and its market capitalization was valued at over US$280.2 billion in September 2018 . As of 2018 , the company ranked 161st on the Fortune 500 list of the largest United States corporations by revenue .",
"title": "Finance"
},
{
"text": "Visa Europe began suspending payments to WikiLeaks on December 7 , 2010 . The company said it was awaiting an investigation into the nature of its business and whether it contravenes Visa operating rules – though it did not go into details . In return DataCell , the IT company that enables WikiLeaks to accept credit and debit card donations , announced that it would take legal action against Visa Europe . On December 8 , the group Anonymous performed a DDoS attack on visa.com , bringing the site down . Although the Norway-based financial services company Teller AS ,",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": "which Visa ordered to look into WikiLeaks and its fundraising body , the Sunshine Press , found no proof of any wrongdoing , Salon reported in January 2011 that Visa Europe would continue blocking donations to the secret-spilling site until it completes its own investigation .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": " The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Navi Pillay stated that Visa may be violating WikiLeaks right to freedom of expression by withdrawing their services . In July 2012 , the Reykjavík District Court decided that Valitor ( the Icelandic partner of Visa and MasterCard ) was violating the law when it prevented donations to the site by credit card . It was ruled that the donations be allowed to return to the site within 14 days or they would be fined in the amount of US$6,000 per day . Litigation and regulatory actions .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": "Anti-competitive conduct in Australia .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": " In 2015 , the Australian Federal Court ordered Visa to pay a pecuniary penalty of $20 million ( including legal fees ) for engaging in anti-competitive conduct against dynamic currency conversion operators , in proceedings brought by the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission . Antitrust lawsuit by ATM operators .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": "In 2011 , MasterCard and Visa were sued in a class action by ATM operators claiming the credit card networks rules effectively fix ATM access fees . The suit claimed that this is a restraint on trade in violation of US federal law . The lawsuit was filed by the National ATM Council and independent operators of automated teller machines . More specifically , it is alleged that MasterCards and Visas network rules prohibit ATM operators from offering lower prices for transactions over PIN-debit networks that are not affiliated with Visa or MasterCard . The suit says that this price-fixing",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": "artificially raises the price that consumers pay using ATMs , limits the revenue that ATM-operators earn , and violates the Sherman Acts prohibition against unreasonable restraints of trade .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": " Johnathan Rubin , an attorney for the plaintiffs said , Visa and MasterCard are the ringleaders , organizers , and enforcers of a conspiracy among U.S . banks to fix the price of ATM access fees in order to keep the competition at bay . In 2017 , a US district court denied the ATM operators request to stop Visa from enforcing the ATM fees . Debit card swipe fees .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": "Visa settled a 1996 antitrust lawsuit brought by a class of U.S . merchants , including Walmart , for billions of dollars in 2003 . Over 4 million class members were represented by the plaintiffs . According to a website associated with the suit , Visa and MasterCard settled the plaintiffs claims for a total of $3.05 billion . Visas share of this settlement is reported to have been the larger .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": " U.S . Justice Department actions . In October 2010 , Visa and MasterCard reached a settlement with the U.S . Justice Department in another antitrust case . The companies agreed to allow merchants displaying their logos to decline certain types of cards ( because interchange fees differ ) , or to offer consumers discounts for using cheaper cards .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": "In 1998 , the Department of Justice sued Visa over rules prohibiting its issuing banks from doing business with American Express and Discover . The Department of Justice won its case at trial in 2001 and the verdict was upheld on appeal . American Express and Discover filed suit as well .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": " Antitrust issues in Europe . In 2002 , the European Commission exempted Visas multilateral interchange fees from Article 81 of the EC Treaty that prohibits anti-competitive arrangements . However , this exemption expired on December 31 , 2007 . In the United Kingdom , Mastercard has reduced its interchange fees while it is under investigation by the Office of Fair Trading .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": "In January 2007 , the European Commission issued the results of a two-year inquiry into the retail banking sector . The report focuses on payment cards and interchange fees . Upon publishing the report , Commissioner Neelie Kroes said the present level of interchange fees in many of the schemes we have examined does not seem justified . The report called for further study of the issue .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": " On March 26 , 2008 , the European Commission opened an investigation into Visas multilateral interchange fees for cross-border transactions within the EEA as well as into the Honor All Cards rule ( under which merchants are required to accept all valid Visa-branded cards ) .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": "The antitrust authorities of EU member states ( other than the United Kingdom ) also investigated Mastercards and Visas interchange fees . For example , on January 4 , 2007 , the Polish Office of Competition and Consumer Protection fined twenty banks a total of PLN 164 million ( about $56 million ) for jointly setting Mastercards and Visas interchange fees .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": "In December 2010 , Visa reached a settlement with the European Union in yet another antitrust case , promising to reduce debit card payments to 0.2 percent of a purchase . A senior official from the European Central Bank called for a break-up of the Visa/Mastercard duopoly by creation of a new European debit card for use in the Single Euro Payments Area ( SEPA ) . After Visas blocking of payments to WikiLeaks , members of the European Parliament expressed concern that payments from European citizens to a European corporation could apparently be blocked by the US , and",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": "called for a further reduction in the dominance of Visa and Mastercard in the European payment system .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": "On November 27 , 2012 , a federal judge entered an order granting preliminary approval to a proposed settlement to a class-action lawsuit filed in 2005 by merchants and trade associations against Mastercard and Visa . The suit was filed due to alleged price-fixing practices employed by Mastercard and Visa . About one-quarter of the named class plaintiffs have decided to opt out of the settlement . Opponents object to provisions that would bar future lawsuits and even prevent merchants from opting out of significant portions of the proposed settlement .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": " Plaintiffs allege that Visa and Mastercard fixed interchange fees , also known as swipe fees , that are charged to merchants for the privilege of accepting payment cards . In their complaint , the plaintiffs also alleged that the defendants unfairly interfere with merchants from encouraging customers to use less expensive forms of payment such as lower-cost cards , cash , and checks . A settlement of US$6.24 billion has been reached and a court is scheduled to approve or deny the agreement on November 7 , 2019 . High swipe fees in Poland .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": "Very high interchange fee for Visa ( 1.5–1.6% from every transactions final price , which also includes VAT ) in Poland started discussion about legality and need for government regulations of interchange fees to avoid high costs for business ( which also block electronic payment market and acceptability of cards ) . This situation also led to the birth of new methods of payment in the year 2013 , which avoid the need for go-between ( middleman ) companies like Visa or Mastercard , for example mobile application issued by major banks , and system by big chain of discount",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": "shops , or older public transport tickets buying systems .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": " Confrontation with Walmart over high fees . In June 2016 , the Wall Street Journal reported that Walmart threatened to stop accepting Visa cards in Canada . Visa objected saying that consumers should not be dragged into a dispute between the companies . In January 2017 , Walmart Canada and Visa reached a deal to allow the continued acceptance of Visa . Dispute with Kroger over high credit card fees .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": "In March 2019 , U.S . retailer Kroger announced that its 250-strong Smiths chain would stop accepting Visa credit cards as of April 3 , 2019 , due to the cards’ high ‘swipe’ fees . Krogers California-based Foods Co stores stopped accepting Visa cards in August 2018 . Mike Schlotman , Krogers executive vice president/chief financial officer , said Visa had been “misusing its position and charging retailers excessive fees for a long time.” In response , Visa issued a statement saying it was “unfair and disappointing that Kroger is putting shoppers in the middle of a business dispute.” As",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": "of October 31 , 2019 , Kroger has settled their dispute with Visa and is now accepting the payment method .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": "In March 2021 , the United States Justice Department announced its investigation with Visa to discover if the company is engaging in anticompetitive practices in the debit card market . The main question at hand is whether or not Visa is limiting merchants ability to route debit card transactions over card networks that are often less expensive , focusing more so on online debit card transactions . The probe highlights the role of network fees , which are invisible to consumers and place pressure on merchants , who mitigate the fees by raising prices of goods for customers . The",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": "probe was confirmed through a regulatory filing on March 19 , 2021 , stating they will be cooperating with the Justice Department . Visas shares fell more than 6% following the announcement .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": " As of October 1 , 2012 , Visas headquarters are located in Foster City , California . Visa had been headquartered in San Francisco until 1985 , when it moved to San Mateo . Around 1993 , Visa began consolidating various scattered offices in San Mateo to a location in Foster City . Visa became Foster Citys largest employer .",
"title": "Headquarters"
},
{
"text": "In 2009 , Visa moved its corporate headquarters back to San Francisco when it leased the top three floors of the 595 Market Street office building , although most of its employees remained at its Foster City campus . In 2012 , Visa decided to consolidate its headquarters in Foster City where 3,100 of its 7,700 global workers are employed . Visa owns four buildings at the intersection of Metro Center Boulevard and Vintage Park Drive .",
"title": "Headquarters"
},
{
"text": " In December 2012 , Visa Inc . confirmed that it will build a global information technology center off of the US 183 Expressway in northwest Austin , Texas . By 2019 , Visa leased space in 4 buildings near Austin and employed nearly 2,000 people . On November 6 , 2019 , Visa announced plans to move its headquarters back to San Francisco by 2024 upon completion of a new 13-story , 300,000-square-foot building .",
"title": "Headquarters"
},
{
"text": " Visa offers through its issuing members the following types of cards : - Debit cards ( pay from a checking/savings account ) - Credit cards ( pay monthly payments with or without interest depending on a customer paying on time. ) - Prepaid cards ( pay from a cash account that has no check writing privileges )",
"title": "Operations"
},
{
"text": "Visa operates the Plus automated teller machine network and the Interlink EFTPOS point-of-sale network , which facilitate the debit protocol used with debit cards and prepaid cards . They also provide commercial payment solutions for small businesses , midsize and large corporations , and governments .",
"title": "Operations"
},
{
"text": " Visa teamed with Apple in September 2014 , to incorporate a new mobile wallet feature into Apples new iPhone models , enabling users to more readily use their Visa , and other credit/debit cards .",
"title": "Operations"
},
{
"text": " Visa has a set of rules that govern the participation of financial institutions in its payment system . Acquiring banks are responsible for ensuring that their merchants comply with the rules . Rules address how a cardholder must be identified for security , how transactions may be denied by the bank , and how banks may cooperate for fraud prevention , and how to keep that identification and fraud protection standard and non-discriminatory . Other rules govern what creates an enforceable proof of authorization by the cardholder .",
"title": "Operating regulations"
},
{
"text": "The rules prohibit merchants from imposing a minimum or maximum purchase amount in order to accept a Visa card and from charging cardholders a fee for using a Visa card . In ten U.S . states , surcharges for the use of a credit card are forbidden by law ( California , Colorado , Connecticut , Florida , Kansas , Maine , Massachusetts , New York , Oklahoma and Texas ) but a discount for cash is permitted under specific rules . Some countries have banned the no-surcharge rule , most notably in Australia retailers may apply surcharges to any",
"title": "Operating regulations"
},
{
"text": "credit-card transaction , Visa or otherwise . In the UK the law was changed in January 2018 to prevent retailers from adding a surcharge to a transaction as per The Consumer Rights ( Payment Surcharges ) Regulations 2012 .",
"title": "Operating regulations"
},
{
"text": " Visa permits merchants to ask for photo ID , although the merchant rule book states that this practice is discouraged . As long as the Visa card is signed , a merchant may not deny a transaction because a cardholder refuses to show a photo ID . The Dodd–Frank Act allows U.S . merchants to set a minimum purchase amount on credit card transactions , not to exceed $10 .",
"title": "Operating regulations"
},
{
"text": "Recent complications include the addition of exceptions for non-signed purchases by telephone or on the Internet and an additional security system called Verified by Visa for purchases on the Internet .",
"title": "Operating regulations"
},
{
"text": " In September 2014 , Visa Inc , launched a new service to replace account information on plastic cards with token – a digital account number . Visa Contactless ( formerly payWave ) .",
"title": "Operating regulations"
},
{
"text": "In September 2007 , Visa introduced Visa payWave , a contactless payment technology feature that allows cardholders to wave their card in front of contactless payment terminals without the need to physically swipe or insert the card into a point-of-sale device . This is similar to the Mastercard Contactless service and the American Express ExpressPay , with both using RFID technology . All three use the same symbol as shown on the right .",
"title": "Operating regulations"
},
{
"text": " In Europe , Visa has introduced the V Pay card , which is a chip-only and PIN-only debit card . In Australia , take up has been the highest in the world , with more than 50% of in store Visa transactions now made via Visa payWave . mVisa . mVisa is a mobile payment app allowing payment via smartphones using QR code . This QR code payment method was first introduced in India in 2015 . It was later expanded to a number of other countries , including in Africa and south east Asia .",
"title": "Operating regulations"
},
{
"text": "In 2013 Visa launched Visa Checkout , an online payment system that removes the need to share card details with retailers . The Visa Checkout service allows users to enter all their personal details and card information , then use a single username and password to make purchases from online retailers . The service works with Visa credit , debit , and prepaid cards . On November 27 , 2013 V.me went live in the UK , France , Spain and Poland , with Nationwide Building Society being the first financial institution in Britain to support it , although Nationwide",
"title": "Visa Checkout"
},
{
"text": "subsequently withdrew this service in 2016 .",
"title": "Visa Checkout"
},
{
"text": " The blue and gold in Visas logo were chosen to represent the blue sky and gold-colored hills of California , where the Bank of America was founded .",
"title": "Logo design"
},
{
"text": "In 2005 , Visa changed its logo , removing the horizontal stripes in favor of a simple white background with the name Visa in blue with an orange flick on the V . The orange flick was removed in favor of the logo being a solid blue gradient in 2014 . In 2015 , the gold and blue stripes were restored as card branding on Visa Debit and Visa Electron , although not as the companys logotype .",
"title": "Logo design"
},
{
"text": "In 1984 , most Visa cards around the world began to feature a hologram of a dove on its face , generally under the last four digits of the Visa number . This was implemented as a security feature – true holograms would appear three-dimensional and the image would change as the card was turned . At the same time , the Visa logo , which had previously covered the whole card face , was reduced in size to a strip on the cards right incorporating the hologram . This allowed issuing banks to customize the appearance of the card",
"title": "Card design"
},
{
"text": ". Similar changes were implemented with MasterCard cards . Today , cards may be co-branded with various merchants , airlines , etc. , and marketed as reward cards .",
"title": "Card design"
},
{
"text": " On older Visa cards , holding the face of the card under an ultraviolet light will reveal the dove picture , dubbed the Ultra-Sensitive Dove , as an additional security test . ( On newer Visa cards , the UV dove is replaced by a small V over the Visa logo. )",
"title": "Card design"
},
{
"text": "Beginning in 2005 , the Visa standard was changed to allow for the hologram to be placed on the back of the card , or to be replaced with a holographic magnetic stripe ( HoloMag ) . The HoloMag card was shown to occasionally cause interference with card readers , so Visa eventually withdrew designs of HoloMag cards and reverted to traditional magnetic strips .",
"title": "Card design"
},
{
"text": " Visa made a statement on January 12 , 2018 , that the signature requirement would become optional for all EMV contact or contactless chip-enabled merchants in North America starting in April 2018 . It was noted that the signatures are no longer necessary to fight fraud and the fraud capabilities have advanced allowing this elimination leading to a faster in-store purchase experience . Visa was the last of the major credit card issuers to relax the signature requirements . The first to eliminate the signature was MasterCard Inc . followed by Discover Financial Services and American Express Co .",
"title": "Signatures"
},
{
"text": "- Visa has been a worldwide sponsor of the Olympic Games since 1986 and the International Paralympic Committee since 2002 . Visa is the only card accepted at all Olympic and Paralympic venues . Its current contract with the International Olympic Committee and International Paralympic Committee as the exclusive services sponsor will continue through 2032 and 2020 respectively . This includes the Singapore 2010 Youth Olympic Games , London 2012 Olympic Games , the Sochi 2014 Olympic Winter Games , the Rio de Janeiro 2016 Olympic Games , the 2018 PyeongChang Olympic Winter Games , and the Tokyo 2020 Olympic",
"title": "Olympics and Paralympics"
},
{
"text": "Games .",
"title": "Olympics and Paralympics"
},
{
"text": " - In 2002 , Visa became the first global sponsor of the IPC . Visa extended its partnership with the International Paralympic Committee through 2020 , which includes the 2010 Vancouver Paralympic Winter Games , the 2012 London Paralympic Games , 2014 Sochi Paralympic Games , 2018 Pyeongchang Paralympic Games and 2020 Tokyo Paralympic Games .",
"title": "Olympics and Paralympics"
},
{
"text": " - Visa was the jersey sponsor of Argentinas national basketball team at the 2015 FIBA Americas Championship in Mexico City . - Visa is the shirt sponsor for the Argentina national rugby union team , nicknamed the Pumas . Also , Visa sponsors the Copa Libertadores and the Copa Sudamericana , the most important football club tournaments in South America . - Until 2005 , Visa was the exclusive sponsor of the Triple Crown thoroughbred tournament . - Visa sponsored the Rugby World Cup , and the 2007 tournament in France was its last .",
"title": "Others"
},
{
"text": "- In 2007 , Visa became the sponsor of the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa . The FIFA partnership provides Visa with global rights to a broad range of FIFA activities – including both the 2010 and 2014 FIFA World Cup and the FIFA Womens World Cup .",
"title": "Others"
}
] |
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