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Where was the headquarter of Visa Inc. located between Sep 2009 and Mar 2010?
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Visa Inc . Visa Inc . ( ; stylized as VISA ) is an American multinational financial services corporation headquartered in Foster City , California , United States . It facilitates electronic funds transfers throughout the world , most commonly through Visa-branded credit cards , debit cards and prepaid cards . Visa is one of the worlds most valuable companies . Visa does not issue cards , extend credit or set rates and fees for consumers ; rather , Visa provides financial institutions with Visa-branded payment products that they then use to offer credit , debit , prepaid and cash access programs to their customers . In 2015 , the Nilson Report , a publication that tracks the credit card industry , found that Visas global network ( known as VisaNet ) processed 100 billion transactions during 2014 with a total volume of US$6.8 trillion . It was launched in September 1958 by Bank of America ( BofA ) as the BankAmericard credit card program . In response to competitor Master Charge ( now Mastercard ) , BofA began to license the BankAmericard program to other financial institutions in 1966 . By 1970 , BofA gave up direct control of the BankAmericard program , forming a consortium with the other various BankAmericard issuer banks to take over its management . It was then renamed Visa in 1976 . Nearly all Visa transactions worldwide are processed through the companys directly operated VisaNet at one of four secure data centers , located in Ashburn , Virginia ; Highlands Ranch , Colorado ; London , England ; and Singapore . These facilities are heavily secured against natural disasters , crime , and terrorism ; can operate independently of each other and from external utilities if necessary ; and can handle up to 30,000 simultaneous transactions and up to 100 billion computations every second . Visa is the worlds second-largest card payment organization ( debit and credit cards combined ) , after being surpassed by China UnionPay in 2015 , based on annual value of card payments transacted and number of issued cards . However , because UnionPays size is based primarily on the size of its domestic market in China , Visa is still considered the dominant banking card company in the rest of the world , where it commands a 50% market share of total card payments . History . On September 18 , 1958 , Bank of America ( BofA ) officially launched its BankAmericard credit card program in Fresno , California . In the weeks leading up to the launch of BankAmericard , BofA had saturated Fresno mailboxes with an initial mass mailing ( or drop , as they came to be called ) of 65,000 unsolicited credit cards . BankAmericard was the brainchild of BofAs in-house product development think tank , the Customer Services Research Group , and its leader , Joseph P . Williams . Williams convinced senior BofA executives in 1956 to let him pursue what became the worlds first successful mass mailing of unsolicited credit cards ( actual working cards , not mere applications ) to a large population . Williams pioneering accomplishment was that he brought about the successful implementation of the all-purpose credit card ( in the sense that his project was not canceled outright ) , not in coming up with the idea . By the mid-1950s , the typical middle-class American already maintained revolving credit accounts with several different merchants , which was clearly inefficient and inconvenient due to the need to carry so many cards and pay so many separate bills each month . The need for a unified financial instrument was already evident to the American financial services industry , but no one could figure out how to do it . There were already charge cards like Diners Club ( which had to be paid in full at the end of each billing cycle ) , and by the mid-1950s , there had been at least a dozen attempts to create an all-purpose credit card . However , these prior attempts had been carried out by small banks which lacked the resources to make them work . Williams and his team studied these failures carefully and believed they could avoid replicating those banks mistakes ; they also studied existing revolving credit operations at Sears and Mobil Oil to learn why they were successful . Fresno was selected for its population of 250,000 ( big enough to make a credit card work , small enough to control initial startup cost ) , BofAs market share of that population ( 45% ) , and relative isolation , to control public relations damage in case the project failed . The 1958 test at first went smoothly , but then BofA panicked when it confirmed rumors that another bank was about to initiate its own drop in San Francisco , BofAs home market . By March 1959 , drops began in San Francisco and Sacramento ; by June , BofA was dropping cards in Los Angeles ; by October , the entire state of California had been saturated with over 2 million credit cards and BankAmericard was being accepted by 20,000 merchants . However , the program was riddled with problems , as Williams ( who had never worked in a banks loan department ) had been too earnest and trusting in his belief in the basic goodness of the banks customers , and he resigned in December 1959 . 22% of accounts were delinquent , not the 4% expected , and police departments around the state were confronted by numerous incidents of the brand new crime of credit card fraud . Both politicians and journalists joined the general uproar against Bank of America and its newfangled credit card , especially when it was pointed out that the cardholder agreement held customers liable for all charges , even those resulting from fraud . BofA officially lost over $8.8 million on the launch of BankAmericard , but when the full cost of advertising and overhead was included , the banks actual loss was probably around $20 million . However , after Williams and some of his closest associates left , BofA management realized that BankAmericard was salvageable . They conducted a massive effort to clean up after Williams , imposed proper financial controls , published an open letter to 3 million households across the state apologizing for the credit card fraud and other issues their card raised and eventually were able to make the new financial instrument work . By May 1961 , the BankAmericard program became profitable for the first time . At the time , BofA deliberately kept this information secret and allowed then-widespread negative impressions to linger in order to ward off competition . This strategy worked until 1966 , when BankAmericards profitability had become far too big to hide . The original goal of BofA was to offer the BankAmericard product across California , but in 1966 , BofA began to sign licensing agreements with a group of banks outside of California , in response to a new competitor , Master Charge ( now MasterCard ) , which had been created by an alliance of several regional bankcard associations to compete against BankAmericard . BofA itself ( like all other U.S . banks at the time ) could not expand directly into other states due to federal restrictions not repealed until 1994 . Over the following 11 years , various banks licensed the card system from Bank of America , thus forming a network of banks backing the BankAmericard system across the United States . The drops of unsolicited credit cards continued unabated , thanks to BofA and its licensees and competitors until they were outlawed in 1970 , but not before over 100 million credit cards had been distributed into the American population . During the late 1960s , BofA also licensed the BankAmericard program to banks in several other countries , which began issuing cards with localized brand names . For example : - In Canada , an alliance of banks ( including Toronto-Dominion Bank , Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce , Royal Bank of Canada , Banque Canadienne Nationale and Bank of Nova Scotia ) issued credit cards under the Chargex name from 1968 to 1977 . - In France , it was known as Carte Bleue ( Blue Card ) . The logo still appears on many French-issued Visa cards today . - In Japan , The Sumitomo Bank issued BankAmericards through the Sumitomo Credit Service . - In the UK , the only BankAmericard issuer for some years was Barclaycard . The branding still exists today , but is used not only on Visa cards issued by Barclays , but on its MasterCard and American Express cards as well . - In Spain until 1979 the only issuer was Banco de Bilbao . In 1968 , a manager at the National Bank of Commerce ( later Rainier Bancorp ) , Dee Hock , was asked to supervise that banks launch of its own licensed version of BankAmericard in the Pacific Northwest market . Although Bank of America had cultivated the public image that BankAmericards troubled startup issues were now safely in the past , Hock realized that the BankAmericard licensee program itself was in terrible disarray because it had developed and grown very rapidly in an ad hoc fashion . For example , interchange transaction issues between banks were becoming a very serious problem , which had not been seen before when Bank of America was the sole issuer of BankAmericards . Hock suggested to other licensees that they form a committee to investigate and analyze the various problems with the licensee program ; they promptly made him the chair of that committee . After lengthy negotiations , the committee led by Hock was able to persuade Bank of America that a bright future lay ahead for BankAmericard — outside Bank of America . In June 1970 , Bank of America gave up control of the BankAmericard program . The various BankAmericard issuer banks took control of the program , creating National BankAmericard Inc . ( NBI ) , an independent Delaware corporation which would be in charge of managing , promoting and developing the BankAmericard system within the United States . In other words , BankAmericard was transformed from a franchising system into a jointly controlled consortium or alliance , like its competitor Master Charge . Hock became NBIs first president and CEO . However , Bank of America retained the right to directly license BankAmericard to banks outside the United States and continued to issue and support such licenses . By 1972 , licenses had been granted in 15 countries . The international licensees soon encountered a variety of problems with their licensing programs , and they hired Hock as a consultant to help them restructure their relationship with BofA as he had done for the domestic licensees . As a result , in 1974 , the International Bankcard Company ( IBANCO ) , a multinational member corporation , was founded in order to manage the international BankAmericard program . In 1976 , the directors of IBANCO determined that bringing the various international networks together into a single network with a single name internationally would be in the best interests of the corporation ; however , in many countries , there was still great reluctance to issue a card associated with Bank of America , even though the association was entirely nominal in nature . For this reason , in 1976 , BankAmericard , Barclaycard , Carte Bleue , Chargex , Sumitomo Card , and all other licensees united under the new name , Visa , which retained the distinctive blue , white and gold flag . NBI became Visa USA and IBANCO became Visa International . The term Visa was conceived by the companys founder , Dee Hock . He believed that the word was instantly recognizable in many languages in many countries and that it also denoted universal acceptance . In October 2007 , Bank of America announced it was resurrecting the BankAmericard brand name as the BankAmericard Rewards Visa . Corporate structure . Prior to October 3 , 2007 , Visa comprised four non-stock , separately incorporated companies that employed 6,000 people worldwide : the worldwide parent entity Visa International Service Association ( Visa ) , Visa USA Inc. , Visa Canada Association , and Visa Europe Ltd . The latter three separately incorporated regions had the status of group members of Visa International Service Association . The unincorporated regions Visa Latin America ( LAC ) , Visa Asia Pacific and Visa Central and Eastern Europe , Middle East and Africa ( CEMEA ) were divisions within Visa . Billing and finance charge methods . Initially , signed copies of sales drafts were included in each customers monthly billing statement for verification purposes—an industry practice known as country club billing . By the late 1970s , however , billing statements no longer contained these enclosures , but rather a summary statement showing posting date , purchase date , reference number , merchant name , and the dollar amount of each purchase . At the same time , many issuers , particularly Bank of America , were in the process of changing their methods of finance charge calculation . Initially , a previous balance method was used—calculation of finance charge on the unpaid balance shown on the prior months statement . Later , it was decided to use average daily balance which resulted in increased revenue for the issuers by calculating the number of days each purchase was included on the prior months statement . Several years later , new average daily balance—in which transactions from previous and current billing cycles were used in the calculation—was introduced . By the early 1980s , many issuers introduced the concept of the annual fee as yet another revenue enhancer . IPO and restructuring . On October 11 , 2006 , Visa announced that some of its businesses would be merged and become a publicly traded company , Visa Inc . Under the IPO restructuring , Visa Canada , Visa International , and Visa USA were merged into the new public company . Visas Western Europe operation became a separate company , owned by its member banks who will also have a minority stake in Visa Inc . In total , more than 35 investment banks participated in the deal in several capacities , most notably as underwriters . On October 3 , 2007 , Visa completed its corporate restructuring with the formation of Visa Inc . The new company was the first step towards Visas IPO . The second step came on November 9 , 2007 , when the new Visa Inc . submitted its $10 billion IPO filing with the U.S . Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ) . On February 25 , 2008 , Visa announced it would go ahead with an IPO of half its shares . The IPO took place on March 18 , 2008 . Visa sold 406 million shares at US$44 per share ( $2 above the high end of the expected $37–42 pricing range ) , raising US$17.9 billion in what was then the largest initial public offering in U.S . history . On March 20 , 2008 , the IPO underwriters ( including JP Morgan , Goldman Sachs & Co. , Banc of America Securities LLC , Citi , HSBC , Merrill Lynch & Co. , UBS Investment Bank and Wachovia Securities ) exercised their overallotment option , purchasing an additional 40.6 million shares , bringing Visas total IPO share count to 446.6 million , and bringing the total proceeds to US$19.1 billion . Visa now trades under the ticker symbol V on the New York Stock Exchange . Visa Europe . Visa Europe Ltd . was a membership association and cooperative of over 3,700 European banks and other payment service providers that operated Visa branded products and services within Europe . Visa Europe was a company entirely separate from Visa Inc . having gained independence of Visa International Service Association in October 2007 when Visa Inc . became a publicly traded company on the New York Stock Exchange . Visa Inc . announced the plan to acquire Visa Europe on November 5 , 2015 , creating a single global company . On April 21 , 2016 the agreement was amended in response to the feedback of European Commission . The acquisition of Visa Europe was completed on June 21 , 2016 . Acquisition of Plaid . On January 13 , 2020 , Plaid announced that it had signed a definitive agreement to be acquired by Visa for $5.3 billion . The deal was double the companys most recent Series C round valuation of $2.65 billion , and was expected to close in the next 3–6 months , subject to regulatory review and closing conditions . According to the deal , Visa would pay $4.9 billion in cash and approximately $400 million of retention equity and deferred equity , according to a presentation deck prepared by Visa . On November 5 , 2020 , the United States Department of Justice filed a lawsuit seeking to block the acquisition , arguing that Visa is a monopolist trying to eliminate a competitive threat by purchasing Plaid . Visa said it disagrees with the lawsuit and intends to defend the transaction vigorously . Digital Currencies . On February 3 , 2021 , Visa announced a partnership with First Boulevard , a neobank focused on building generational wealth for the Black community . First Boulevard will be first to pilot Visa’s new suite of cryptocurrency APIs , which will enable their customers to buy , sell , hold , and trade digital assets held by Anchorage , a federally chartered digital asset bank . The pilot will serve as a key first step in supporting API capabilities that help additional Visa clients access and integrate cryptocurrencies . On March 29 , 2021 , Visa announced the acceptance of stable coin USDC to settle transactions on its network . Visa Foundation . Registered in the United States as a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) entity , the Visa Foundation was created with the mission of supporting inclusive economies . In particular , economies in which individuals , businesses and communities can thrive with the support of grants and investments . Supporting resiliency , as well as the growth , of micro and small businesses that benefit women is a priority of the Visa Foundation . Furthermore , the Foundation prioritizes providing support to the community from a broad standpoint , as well as responding to disasters during crisis . Other Initiatives . In December 2020 , Visa Announced the launch of a new accelerator program across Asia Pacific to further develop the regions financial technology ecosystem . The accelerator program aims to find and partner with startup companies providing financial and payments technologies that could potentially leverage on Visas network of bank and merchant partners in the region . Finance . For the fiscal year 2018 , Visa reported earnings of US$10.3 billion , with an annual revenue of US$20.61 billion , an increase of 12.3% over the previous fiscal cycle . Visas shares traded at over $143 per share , and its market capitalization was valued at over US$280.2 billion in September 2018 . As of 2018 , the company ranked 161st on the Fortune 500 list of the largest United States corporations by revenue . Criticism and controversy . WikiLeaks . Visa Europe began suspending payments to WikiLeaks on December 7 , 2010 . The company said it was awaiting an investigation into the nature of its business and whether it contravenes Visa operating rules – though it did not go into details . In return DataCell , the IT company that enables WikiLeaks to accept credit and debit card donations , announced that it would take legal action against Visa Europe . On December 8 , the group Anonymous performed a DDoS attack on visa.com , bringing the site down . Although the Norway-based financial services company Teller AS , which Visa ordered to look into WikiLeaks and its fundraising body , the Sunshine Press , found no proof of any wrongdoing , Salon reported in January 2011 that Visa Europe would continue blocking donations to the secret-spilling site until it completes its own investigation . The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Navi Pillay stated that Visa may be violating WikiLeaks right to freedom of expression by withdrawing their services . In July 2012 , the Reykjavík District Court decided that Valitor ( the Icelandic partner of Visa and MasterCard ) was violating the law when it prevented donations to the site by credit card . It was ruled that the donations be allowed to return to the site within 14 days or they would be fined in the amount of US$6,000 per day . Litigation and regulatory actions . Anti-competitive conduct in Australia . In 2015 , the Australian Federal Court ordered Visa to pay a pecuniary penalty of $20 million ( including legal fees ) for engaging in anti-competitive conduct against dynamic currency conversion operators , in proceedings brought by the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission . Antitrust lawsuit by ATM operators . In 2011 , MasterCard and Visa were sued in a class action by ATM operators claiming the credit card networks rules effectively fix ATM access fees . The suit claimed that this is a restraint on trade in violation of US federal law . The lawsuit was filed by the National ATM Council and independent operators of automated teller machines . More specifically , it is alleged that MasterCards and Visas network rules prohibit ATM operators from offering lower prices for transactions over PIN-debit networks that are not affiliated with Visa or MasterCard . The suit says that this price-fixing artificially raises the price that consumers pay using ATMs , limits the revenue that ATM-operators earn , and violates the Sherman Acts prohibition against unreasonable restraints of trade . Johnathan Rubin , an attorney for the plaintiffs said , Visa and MasterCard are the ringleaders , organizers , and enforcers of a conspiracy among U.S . banks to fix the price of ATM access fees in order to keep the competition at bay . In 2017 , a US district court denied the ATM operators request to stop Visa from enforcing the ATM fees . Debit card swipe fees . Visa settled a 1996 antitrust lawsuit brought by a class of U.S . merchants , including Walmart , for billions of dollars in 2003 . Over 4 million class members were represented by the plaintiffs . According to a website associated with the suit , Visa and MasterCard settled the plaintiffs claims for a total of $3.05 billion . Visas share of this settlement is reported to have been the larger . U.S . Justice Department actions . In October 2010 , Visa and MasterCard reached a settlement with the U.S . Justice Department in another antitrust case . The companies agreed to allow merchants displaying their logos to decline certain types of cards ( because interchange fees differ ) , or to offer consumers discounts for using cheaper cards . In 1998 , the Department of Justice sued Visa over rules prohibiting its issuing banks from doing business with American Express and Discover . The Department of Justice won its case at trial in 2001 and the verdict was upheld on appeal . American Express and Discover filed suit as well . Antitrust issues in Europe . In 2002 , the European Commission exempted Visas multilateral interchange fees from Article 81 of the EC Treaty that prohibits anti-competitive arrangements . However , this exemption expired on December 31 , 2007 . In the United Kingdom , Mastercard has reduced its interchange fees while it is under investigation by the Office of Fair Trading . In January 2007 , the European Commission issued the results of a two-year inquiry into the retail banking sector . The report focuses on payment cards and interchange fees . Upon publishing the report , Commissioner Neelie Kroes said the present level of interchange fees in many of the schemes we have examined does not seem justified . The report called for further study of the issue . On March 26 , 2008 , the European Commission opened an investigation into Visas multilateral interchange fees for cross-border transactions within the EEA as well as into the Honor All Cards rule ( under which merchants are required to accept all valid Visa-branded cards ) . The antitrust authorities of EU member states ( other than the United Kingdom ) also investigated Mastercards and Visas interchange fees . For example , on January 4 , 2007 , the Polish Office of Competition and Consumer Protection fined twenty banks a total of PLN 164 million ( about $56 million ) for jointly setting Mastercards and Visas interchange fees . In December 2010 , Visa reached a settlement with the European Union in yet another antitrust case , promising to reduce debit card payments to 0.2 percent of a purchase . A senior official from the European Central Bank called for a break-up of the Visa/Mastercard duopoly by creation of a new European debit card for use in the Single Euro Payments Area ( SEPA ) . After Visas blocking of payments to WikiLeaks , members of the European Parliament expressed concern that payments from European citizens to a European corporation could apparently be blocked by the US , and called for a further reduction in the dominance of Visa and Mastercard in the European payment system . Payment Card Interchange Fee and Merchant Discount Antitrust Litigation . On November 27 , 2012 , a federal judge entered an order granting preliminary approval to a proposed settlement to a class-action lawsuit filed in 2005 by merchants and trade associations against Mastercard and Visa . The suit was filed due to alleged price-fixing practices employed by Mastercard and Visa . About one-quarter of the named class plaintiffs have decided to opt out of the settlement . Opponents object to provisions that would bar future lawsuits and even prevent merchants from opting out of significant portions of the proposed settlement . Plaintiffs allege that Visa and Mastercard fixed interchange fees , also known as swipe fees , that are charged to merchants for the privilege of accepting payment cards . In their complaint , the plaintiffs also alleged that the defendants unfairly interfere with merchants from encouraging customers to use less expensive forms of payment such as lower-cost cards , cash , and checks . A settlement of US$6.24 billion has been reached and a court is scheduled to approve or deny the agreement on November 7 , 2019 . High swipe fees in Poland . Very high interchange fee for Visa ( 1.5–1.6% from every transactions final price , which also includes VAT ) in Poland started discussion about legality and need for government regulations of interchange fees to avoid high costs for business ( which also block electronic payment market and acceptability of cards ) . This situation also led to the birth of new methods of payment in the year 2013 , which avoid the need for go-between ( middleman ) companies like Visa or Mastercard , for example mobile application issued by major banks , and system by big chain of discount shops , or older public transport tickets buying systems . Confrontation with Walmart over high fees . In June 2016 , the Wall Street Journal reported that Walmart threatened to stop accepting Visa cards in Canada . Visa objected saying that consumers should not be dragged into a dispute between the companies . In January 2017 , Walmart Canada and Visa reached a deal to allow the continued acceptance of Visa . Dispute with Kroger over high credit card fees . In March 2019 , U.S . retailer Kroger announced that its 250-strong Smiths chain would stop accepting Visa credit cards as of April 3 , 2019 , due to the cards’ high ‘swipe’ fees . Krogers California-based Foods Co stores stopped accepting Visa cards in August 2018 . Mike Schlotman , Krogers executive vice president/chief financial officer , said Visa had been “misusing its position and charging retailers excessive fees for a long time.” In response , Visa issued a statement saying it was “unfair and disappointing that Kroger is putting shoppers in the middle of a business dispute.” As of October 31 , 2019 , Kroger has settled their dispute with Visa and is now accepting the payment method . Antitrust investigation over debit card practices . In March 2021 , the United States Justice Department announced its investigation with Visa to discover if the company is engaging in anticompetitive practices in the debit card market . The main question at hand is whether or not Visa is limiting merchants ability to route debit card transactions over card networks that are often less expensive , focusing more so on online debit card transactions . The probe highlights the role of network fees , which are invisible to consumers and place pressure on merchants , who mitigate the fees by raising prices of goods for customers . The probe was confirmed through a regulatory filing on March 19 , 2021 , stating they will be cooperating with the Justice Department . Visas shares fell more than 6% following the announcement . Corporate affairs . Headquarters . As of October 1 , 2012 , Visas headquarters are located in Foster City , California . Visa had been headquartered in San Francisco until 1985 , when it moved to San Mateo . Around 1993 , Visa began consolidating various scattered offices in San Mateo to a location in Foster City . Visa became Foster Citys largest employer . In 2009 , Visa moved its corporate headquarters back to San Francisco when it leased the top three floors of the 595 Market Street office building , although most of its employees remained at its Foster City campus . In 2012 , Visa decided to consolidate its headquarters in Foster City where 3,100 of its 7,700 global workers are employed . Visa owns four buildings at the intersection of Metro Center Boulevard and Vintage Park Drive . In December 2012 , Visa Inc . confirmed that it will build a global information technology center off of the US 183 Expressway in northwest Austin , Texas . By 2019 , Visa leased space in 4 buildings near Austin and employed nearly 2,000 people . On November 6 , 2019 , Visa announced plans to move its headquarters back to San Francisco by 2024 upon completion of a new 13-story , 300,000-square-foot building . Operations . Visa offers through its issuing members the following types of cards : - Debit cards ( pay from a checking/savings account ) - Credit cards ( pay monthly payments with or without interest depending on a customer paying on time. ) - Prepaid cards ( pay from a cash account that has no check writing privileges ) Visa operates the Plus automated teller machine network and the Interlink EFTPOS point-of-sale network , which facilitate the debit protocol used with debit cards and prepaid cards . They also provide commercial payment solutions for small businesses , midsize and large corporations , and governments . Visa teamed with Apple in September 2014 , to incorporate a new mobile wallet feature into Apples new iPhone models , enabling users to more readily use their Visa , and other credit/debit cards . Operating regulations . Visa has a set of rules that govern the participation of financial institutions in its payment system . Acquiring banks are responsible for ensuring that their merchants comply with the rules . Rules address how a cardholder must be identified for security , how transactions may be denied by the bank , and how banks may cooperate for fraud prevention , and how to keep that identification and fraud protection standard and non-discriminatory . Other rules govern what creates an enforceable proof of authorization by the cardholder . The rules prohibit merchants from imposing a minimum or maximum purchase amount in order to accept a Visa card and from charging cardholders a fee for using a Visa card . In ten U.S . states , surcharges for the use of a credit card are forbidden by law ( California , Colorado , Connecticut , Florida , Kansas , Maine , Massachusetts , New York , Oklahoma and Texas ) but a discount for cash is permitted under specific rules . Some countries have banned the no-surcharge rule , most notably in Australia retailers may apply surcharges to any credit-card transaction , Visa or otherwise . In the UK the law was changed in January 2018 to prevent retailers from adding a surcharge to a transaction as per The Consumer Rights ( Payment Surcharges ) Regulations 2012 . Visa permits merchants to ask for photo ID , although the merchant rule book states that this practice is discouraged . As long as the Visa card is signed , a merchant may not deny a transaction because a cardholder refuses to show a photo ID . The Dodd–Frank Act allows U.S . merchants to set a minimum purchase amount on credit card transactions , not to exceed $10 . Recent complications include the addition of exceptions for non-signed purchases by telephone or on the Internet and an additional security system called Verified by Visa for purchases on the Internet . In September 2014 , Visa Inc , launched a new service to replace account information on plastic cards with token – a digital account number . Visa Contactless ( formerly payWave ) . In September 2007 , Visa introduced Visa payWave , a contactless payment technology feature that allows cardholders to wave their card in front of contactless payment terminals without the need to physically swipe or insert the card into a point-of-sale device . This is similar to the Mastercard Contactless service and the American Express ExpressPay , with both using RFID technology . All three use the same symbol as shown on the right . In Europe , Visa has introduced the V Pay card , which is a chip-only and PIN-only debit card . In Australia , take up has been the highest in the world , with more than 50% of in store Visa transactions now made via Visa payWave . mVisa . mVisa is a mobile payment app allowing payment via smartphones using QR code . This QR code payment method was first introduced in India in 2015 . It was later expanded to a number of other countries , including in Africa and south east Asia . Visa Checkout . In 2013 Visa launched Visa Checkout , an online payment system that removes the need to share card details with retailers . The Visa Checkout service allows users to enter all their personal details and card information , then use a single username and password to make purchases from online retailers . The service works with Visa credit , debit , and prepaid cards . On November 27 , 2013 V.me went live in the UK , France , Spain and Poland , with Nationwide Building Society being the first financial institution in Britain to support it , although Nationwide subsequently withdrew this service in 2016 . Trademark and design . Logo design . The blue and gold in Visas logo were chosen to represent the blue sky and gold-colored hills of California , where the Bank of America was founded . In 2005 , Visa changed its logo , removing the horizontal stripes in favor of a simple white background with the name Visa in blue with an orange flick on the V . The orange flick was removed in favor of the logo being a solid blue gradient in 2014 . In 2015 , the gold and blue stripes were restored as card branding on Visa Debit and Visa Electron , although not as the companys logotype . Card design . In 1984 , most Visa cards around the world began to feature a hologram of a dove on its face , generally under the last four digits of the Visa number . This was implemented as a security feature – true holograms would appear three-dimensional and the image would change as the card was turned . At the same time , the Visa logo , which had previously covered the whole card face , was reduced in size to a strip on the cards right incorporating the hologram . This allowed issuing banks to customize the appearance of the card . Similar changes were implemented with MasterCard cards . Today , cards may be co-branded with various merchants , airlines , etc. , and marketed as reward cards . On older Visa cards , holding the face of the card under an ultraviolet light will reveal the dove picture , dubbed the Ultra-Sensitive Dove , as an additional security test . ( On newer Visa cards , the UV dove is replaced by a small V over the Visa logo. ) Beginning in 2005 , the Visa standard was changed to allow for the hologram to be placed on the back of the card , or to be replaced with a holographic magnetic stripe ( HoloMag ) . The HoloMag card was shown to occasionally cause interference with card readers , so Visa eventually withdrew designs of HoloMag cards and reverted to traditional magnetic strips . Signatures . Visa made a statement on January 12 , 2018 , that the signature requirement would become optional for all EMV contact or contactless chip-enabled merchants in North America starting in April 2018 . It was noted that the signatures are no longer necessary to fight fraud and the fraud capabilities have advanced allowing this elimination leading to a faster in-store purchase experience . Visa was the last of the major credit card issuers to relax the signature requirements . The first to eliminate the signature was MasterCard Inc . followed by Discover Financial Services and American Express Co . Sponsorships . Olympics and Paralympics . - Visa has been a worldwide sponsor of the Olympic Games since 1986 and the International Paralympic Committee since 2002 . Visa is the only card accepted at all Olympic and Paralympic venues . Its current contract with the International Olympic Committee and International Paralympic Committee as the exclusive services sponsor will continue through 2032 and 2020 respectively . This includes the Singapore 2010 Youth Olympic Games , London 2012 Olympic Games , the Sochi 2014 Olympic Winter Games , the Rio de Janeiro 2016 Olympic Games , the 2018 PyeongChang Olympic Winter Games , and the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games . - In 2002 , Visa became the first global sponsor of the IPC . Visa extended its partnership with the International Paralympic Committee through 2020 , which includes the 2010 Vancouver Paralympic Winter Games , the 2012 London Paralympic Games , 2014 Sochi Paralympic Games , 2018 Pyeongchang Paralympic Games and 2020 Tokyo Paralympic Games . Others . - Visa was the jersey sponsor of Argentinas national basketball team at the 2015 FIBA Americas Championship in Mexico City . - Visa is the shirt sponsor for the Argentina national rugby union team , nicknamed the Pumas . Also , Visa sponsors the Copa Libertadores and the Copa Sudamericana , the most important football club tournaments in South America . - Until 2005 , Visa was the exclusive sponsor of the Triple Crown thoroughbred tournament . - Visa sponsored the Rugby World Cup , and the 2007 tournament in France was its last . - In 2007 , Visa became the sponsor of the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa . The FIFA partnership provides Visa with global rights to a broad range of FIFA activities – including both the 2010 and 2014 FIFA World Cup and the FIFA Womens World Cup . - Since 1995 , Visa has sponsored the U.S . National Football League ( NFL ) and a number of NFL teams , including the San Francisco 49ers whose practice jerseys display the Visa logo . Visas sponsorship of the NFL extended through the 2014 season . - Starting from the 2012 season , Visa became a partner of the Caterham F1 Team . Visa is also known for motorsport sponsorship in the past : it sponsored PacWest Racings IndyCar team in 1995 and 1996 , with drivers Danny Sullivan and Mark Blundell respectively . - Visa is currently a jersey sponsor of professional gaming ( eSports ) team SK Gaming for 2017 - Visa is the main sponsor of the Argentine Hockey Confederation . The Visa logo is present on both the mens and womens playing kits .
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[
{
"text": " Visa Inc . ( ; stylized as VISA ) is an American multinational financial services corporation headquartered in Foster City , California , United States . It facilitates electronic funds transfers throughout the world , most commonly through Visa-branded credit cards , debit cards and prepaid cards . Visa is one of the worlds most valuable companies .",
"title": "Visa Inc ."
},
{
"text": "Visa does not issue cards , extend credit or set rates and fees for consumers ; rather , Visa provides financial institutions with Visa-branded payment products that they then use to offer credit , debit , prepaid and cash access programs to their customers . In 2015 , the Nilson Report , a publication that tracks the credit card industry , found that Visas global network ( known as VisaNet ) processed 100 billion transactions during 2014 with a total volume of US$6.8 trillion .",
"title": "Visa Inc ."
},
{
"text": " It was launched in September 1958 by Bank of America ( BofA ) as the BankAmericard credit card program . In response to competitor Master Charge ( now Mastercard ) , BofA began to license the BankAmericard program to other financial institutions in 1966 . By 1970 , BofA gave up direct control of the BankAmericard program , forming a consortium with the other various BankAmericard issuer banks to take over its management . It was then renamed Visa in 1976 .",
"title": "Visa Inc ."
},
{
"text": "Nearly all Visa transactions worldwide are processed through the companys directly operated VisaNet at one of four secure data centers , located in Ashburn , Virginia ; Highlands Ranch , Colorado ; London , England ; and Singapore . These facilities are heavily secured against natural disasters , crime , and terrorism ; can operate independently of each other and from external utilities if necessary ; and can handle up to 30,000 simultaneous transactions and up to 100 billion computations every second .",
"title": "Visa Inc ."
},
{
"text": " Visa is the worlds second-largest card payment organization ( debit and credit cards combined ) , after being surpassed by China UnionPay in 2015 , based on annual value of card payments transacted and number of issued cards . However , because UnionPays size is based primarily on the size of its domestic market in China , Visa is still considered the dominant banking card company in the rest of the world , where it commands a 50% market share of total card payments .",
"title": "Visa Inc ."
},
{
"text": "On September 18 , 1958 , Bank of America ( BofA ) officially launched its BankAmericard credit card program in Fresno , California . In the weeks leading up to the launch of BankAmericard , BofA had saturated Fresno mailboxes with an initial mass mailing ( or drop , as they came to be called ) of 65,000 unsolicited credit cards . BankAmericard was the brainchild of BofAs in-house product development think tank , the Customer Services Research Group , and its leader , Joseph P . Williams . Williams convinced senior BofA executives in 1956 to let him pursue",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "what became the worlds first successful mass mailing of unsolicited credit cards ( actual working cards , not mere applications ) to a large population .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Williams pioneering accomplishment was that he brought about the successful implementation of the all-purpose credit card ( in the sense that his project was not canceled outright ) , not in coming up with the idea . By the mid-1950s , the typical middle-class American already maintained revolving credit accounts with several different merchants , which was clearly inefficient and inconvenient due to the need to carry so many cards and pay so many separate bills each month . The need for a unified financial instrument was already evident to the American financial services industry , but no one could",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "figure out how to do it . There were already charge cards like Diners Club ( which had to be paid in full at the end of each billing cycle ) , and by the mid-1950s , there had been at least a dozen attempts to create an all-purpose credit card . However , these prior attempts had been carried out by small banks which lacked the resources to make them work . Williams and his team studied these failures carefully and believed they could avoid replicating those banks mistakes ; they also studied existing revolving credit operations at Sears",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "and Mobil Oil to learn why they were successful . Fresno was selected for its population of 250,000 ( big enough to make a credit card work , small enough to control initial startup cost ) , BofAs market share of that population ( 45% ) , and relative isolation , to control public relations damage in case the project failed .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The 1958 test at first went smoothly , but then BofA panicked when it confirmed rumors that another bank was about to initiate its own drop in San Francisco , BofAs home market . By March 1959 , drops began in San Francisco and Sacramento ; by June , BofA was dropping cards in Los Angeles ; by October , the entire state of California had been saturated with over 2 million credit cards and BankAmericard was being accepted by 20,000 merchants . However , the program was riddled with problems , as Williams ( who had never worked in",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "a banks loan department ) had been too earnest and trusting in his belief in the basic goodness of the banks customers , and he resigned in December 1959 . 22% of accounts were delinquent , not the 4% expected , and police departments around the state were confronted by numerous incidents of the brand new crime of credit card fraud . Both politicians and journalists joined the general uproar against Bank of America and its newfangled credit card , especially when it was pointed out that the cardholder agreement held customers liable for all charges , even those resulting",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "from fraud . BofA officially lost over $8.8 million on the launch of BankAmericard , but when the full cost of advertising and overhead was included , the banks actual loss was probably around $20 million .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "However , after Williams and some of his closest associates left , BofA management realized that BankAmericard was salvageable . They conducted a massive effort to clean up after Williams , imposed proper financial controls , published an open letter to 3 million households across the state apologizing for the credit card fraud and other issues their card raised and eventually were able to make the new financial instrument work . By May 1961 , the BankAmericard program became profitable for the first time . At the time , BofA deliberately kept this information secret and allowed then-widespread negative impressions",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "to linger in order to ward off competition . This strategy worked until 1966 , when BankAmericards profitability had become far too big to hide .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The original goal of BofA was to offer the BankAmericard product across California , but in 1966 , BofA began to sign licensing agreements with a group of banks outside of California , in response to a new competitor , Master Charge ( now MasterCard ) , which had been created by an alliance of several regional bankcard associations to compete against BankAmericard . BofA itself ( like all other U.S . banks at the time ) could not expand directly into other states due to federal restrictions not repealed until 1994 . Over the following 11 years , various",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "banks licensed the card system from Bank of America , thus forming a network of banks backing the BankAmericard system across the United States . The drops of unsolicited credit cards continued unabated , thanks to BofA and its licensees and competitors until they were outlawed in 1970 , but not before over 100 million credit cards had been distributed into the American population .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " During the late 1960s , BofA also licensed the BankAmericard program to banks in several other countries , which began issuing cards with localized brand names . For example : - In Canada , an alliance of banks ( including Toronto-Dominion Bank , Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce , Royal Bank of Canada , Banque Canadienne Nationale and Bank of Nova Scotia ) issued credit cards under the Chargex name from 1968 to 1977 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "- In France , it was known as Carte Bleue ( Blue Card ) . The logo still appears on many French-issued Visa cards today .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " - In Japan , The Sumitomo Bank issued BankAmericards through the Sumitomo Credit Service . - In the UK , the only BankAmericard issuer for some years was Barclaycard . The branding still exists today , but is used not only on Visa cards issued by Barclays , but on its MasterCard and American Express cards as well . - In Spain until 1979 the only issuer was Banco de Bilbao .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1968 , a manager at the National Bank of Commerce ( later Rainier Bancorp ) , Dee Hock , was asked to supervise that banks launch of its own licensed version of BankAmericard in the Pacific Northwest market . Although Bank of America had cultivated the public image that BankAmericards troubled startup issues were now safely in the past , Hock realized that the BankAmericard licensee program itself was in terrible disarray because it had developed and grown very rapidly in an ad hoc fashion . For example , interchange transaction issues between banks were becoming a very serious",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "problem , which had not been seen before when Bank of America was the sole issuer of BankAmericards . Hock suggested to other licensees that they form a committee to investigate and analyze the various problems with the licensee program ; they promptly made him the chair of that committee .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "After lengthy negotiations , the committee led by Hock was able to persuade Bank of America that a bright future lay ahead for BankAmericard — outside Bank of America . In June 1970 , Bank of America gave up control of the BankAmericard program . The various BankAmericard issuer banks took control of the program , creating National BankAmericard Inc . ( NBI ) , an independent Delaware corporation which would be in charge of managing , promoting and developing the BankAmericard system within the United States . In other words , BankAmericard was transformed from a franchising system into",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "a jointly controlled consortium or alliance , like its competitor Master Charge . Hock became NBIs first president and CEO .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "However , Bank of America retained the right to directly license BankAmericard to banks outside the United States and continued to issue and support such licenses . By 1972 , licenses had been granted in 15 countries . The international licensees soon encountered a variety of problems with their licensing programs , and they hired Hock as a consultant to help them restructure their relationship with BofA as he had done for the domestic licensees . As a result , in 1974 , the International Bankcard Company ( IBANCO ) , a multinational member corporation , was founded in order",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "to manage the international BankAmericard program .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1976 , the directors of IBANCO determined that bringing the various international networks together into a single network with a single name internationally would be in the best interests of the corporation ; however , in many countries , there was still great reluctance to issue a card associated with Bank of America , even though the association was entirely nominal in nature . For this reason , in 1976 , BankAmericard , Barclaycard , Carte Bleue , Chargex , Sumitomo Card , and all other licensees united under the new name , Visa , which retained the distinctive",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "blue , white and gold flag . NBI became Visa USA and IBANCO became Visa International .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The term Visa was conceived by the companys founder , Dee Hock . He believed that the word was instantly recognizable in many languages in many countries and that it also denoted universal acceptance . In October 2007 , Bank of America announced it was resurrecting the BankAmericard brand name as the BankAmericard Rewards Visa .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Prior to October 3 , 2007 , Visa comprised four non-stock , separately incorporated companies that employed 6,000 people worldwide : the worldwide parent entity Visa International Service Association ( Visa ) , Visa USA Inc. , Visa Canada Association , and Visa Europe Ltd . The latter three separately incorporated regions had the status of group members of Visa International Service Association . The unincorporated regions Visa Latin America ( LAC ) , Visa Asia Pacific and Visa Central and Eastern Europe , Middle East and Africa ( CEMEA ) were divisions within Visa .",
"title": "Corporate structure"
},
{
"text": "Billing and finance charge methods .",
"title": "Corporate structure"
},
{
"text": "Initially , signed copies of sales drafts were included in each customers monthly billing statement for verification purposes—an industry practice known as country club billing . By the late 1970s , however , billing statements no longer contained these enclosures , but rather a summary statement showing posting date , purchase date , reference number , merchant name , and the dollar amount of each purchase . At the same time , many issuers , particularly Bank of America , were in the process of changing their methods of finance charge calculation . Initially , a previous balance method was",
"title": "Corporate structure"
},
{
"text": "used—calculation of finance charge on the unpaid balance shown on the prior months statement . Later , it was decided to use average daily balance which resulted in increased revenue for the issuers by calculating the number of days each purchase was included on the prior months statement . Several years later , new average daily balance—in which transactions from previous and current billing cycles were used in the calculation—was introduced . By the early 1980s , many issuers introduced the concept of the annual fee as yet another revenue enhancer .",
"title": "Corporate structure"
},
{
"text": " On October 11 , 2006 , Visa announced that some of its businesses would be merged and become a publicly traded company , Visa Inc . Under the IPO restructuring , Visa Canada , Visa International , and Visa USA were merged into the new public company . Visas Western Europe operation became a separate company , owned by its member banks who will also have a minority stake in Visa Inc . In total , more than 35 investment banks participated in the deal in several capacities , most notably as underwriters .",
"title": "IPO and restructuring"
},
{
"text": "On October 3 , 2007 , Visa completed its corporate restructuring with the formation of Visa Inc . The new company was the first step towards Visas IPO . The second step came on November 9 , 2007 , when the new Visa Inc . submitted its $10 billion IPO filing with the U.S . Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ) . On February 25 , 2008 , Visa announced it would go ahead with an IPO of half its shares . The IPO took place on March 18 , 2008 . Visa sold 406 million shares at US$44",
"title": "IPO and restructuring"
},
{
"text": "per share ( $2 above the high end of the expected $37–42 pricing range ) , raising US$17.9 billion in what was then the largest initial public offering in U.S . history . On March 20 , 2008 , the IPO underwriters ( including JP Morgan , Goldman Sachs & Co. , Banc of America Securities LLC , Citi , HSBC , Merrill Lynch & Co. , UBS Investment Bank and Wachovia Securities ) exercised their overallotment option , purchasing an additional 40.6 million shares , bringing Visas total IPO share count to 446.6 million , and bringing the total",
"title": "IPO and restructuring"
},
{
"text": "proceeds to US$19.1 billion . Visa now trades under the ticker symbol V on the New York Stock Exchange .",
"title": "IPO and restructuring"
},
{
"text": "Visa Europe Ltd . was a membership association and cooperative of over 3,700 European banks and other payment service providers that operated Visa branded products and services within Europe . Visa Europe was a company entirely separate from Visa Inc . having gained independence of Visa International Service Association in October 2007 when Visa Inc . became a publicly traded company on the New York Stock Exchange . Visa Inc . announced the plan to acquire Visa Europe on November 5 , 2015 , creating a single global company . On April 21 , 2016 the agreement was amended in",
"title": "Visa Europe"
},
{
"text": "response to the feedback of European Commission . The acquisition of Visa Europe was completed on June 21 , 2016 .",
"title": "Visa Europe"
},
{
"text": " On January 13 , 2020 , Plaid announced that it had signed a definitive agreement to be acquired by Visa for $5.3 billion . The deal was double the companys most recent Series C round valuation of $2.65 billion , and was expected to close in the next 3–6 months , subject to regulatory review and closing conditions . According to the deal , Visa would pay $4.9 billion in cash and approximately $400 million of retention equity and deferred equity , according to a presentation deck prepared by Visa .",
"title": "Acquisition of Plaid"
},
{
"text": "On November 5 , 2020 , the United States Department of Justice filed a lawsuit seeking to block the acquisition , arguing that Visa is a monopolist trying to eliminate a competitive threat by purchasing Plaid . Visa said it disagrees with the lawsuit and intends to defend the transaction vigorously .",
"title": "Acquisition of Plaid"
},
{
"text": " On February 3 , 2021 , Visa announced a partnership with First Boulevard , a neobank focused on building generational wealth for the Black community . First Boulevard will be first to pilot Visa’s new suite of cryptocurrency APIs , which will enable their customers to buy , sell , hold , and trade digital assets held by Anchorage , a federally chartered digital asset bank . The pilot will serve as a key first step in supporting API capabilities that help additional Visa clients access and integrate cryptocurrencies .",
"title": "Digital Currencies"
},
{
"text": "On March 29 , 2021 , Visa announced the acceptance of stable coin USDC to settle transactions on its network .",
"title": "Digital Currencies"
},
{
"text": " Registered in the United States as a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) entity , the Visa Foundation was created with the mission of supporting inclusive economies . In particular , economies in which individuals , businesses and communities can thrive with the support of grants and investments . Supporting resiliency , as well as the growth , of micro and small businesses that benefit women is a priority of the Visa Foundation . Furthermore , the Foundation prioritizes providing support to the community from a broad standpoint , as well as responding to disasters during crisis .",
"title": "Visa Foundation"
},
{
"text": " In December 2020 , Visa Announced the launch of a new accelerator program across Asia Pacific to further develop the regions financial technology ecosystem . The accelerator program aims to find and partner with startup companies providing financial and payments technologies that could potentially leverage on Visas network of bank and merchant partners in the region .",
"title": "Other Initiatives"
},
{
"text": " For the fiscal year 2018 , Visa reported earnings of US$10.3 billion , with an annual revenue of US$20.61 billion , an increase of 12.3% over the previous fiscal cycle . Visas shares traded at over $143 per share , and its market capitalization was valued at over US$280.2 billion in September 2018 . As of 2018 , the company ranked 161st on the Fortune 500 list of the largest United States corporations by revenue .",
"title": "Finance"
},
{
"text": "Visa Europe began suspending payments to WikiLeaks on December 7 , 2010 . The company said it was awaiting an investigation into the nature of its business and whether it contravenes Visa operating rules – though it did not go into details . In return DataCell , the IT company that enables WikiLeaks to accept credit and debit card donations , announced that it would take legal action against Visa Europe . On December 8 , the group Anonymous performed a DDoS attack on visa.com , bringing the site down . Although the Norway-based financial services company Teller AS ,",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": "which Visa ordered to look into WikiLeaks and its fundraising body , the Sunshine Press , found no proof of any wrongdoing , Salon reported in January 2011 that Visa Europe would continue blocking donations to the secret-spilling site until it completes its own investigation .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": " The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Navi Pillay stated that Visa may be violating WikiLeaks right to freedom of expression by withdrawing their services . In July 2012 , the Reykjavík District Court decided that Valitor ( the Icelandic partner of Visa and MasterCard ) was violating the law when it prevented donations to the site by credit card . It was ruled that the donations be allowed to return to the site within 14 days or they would be fined in the amount of US$6,000 per day . Litigation and regulatory actions .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": "Anti-competitive conduct in Australia .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": " In 2015 , the Australian Federal Court ordered Visa to pay a pecuniary penalty of $20 million ( including legal fees ) for engaging in anti-competitive conduct against dynamic currency conversion operators , in proceedings brought by the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission . Antitrust lawsuit by ATM operators .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": "In 2011 , MasterCard and Visa were sued in a class action by ATM operators claiming the credit card networks rules effectively fix ATM access fees . The suit claimed that this is a restraint on trade in violation of US federal law . The lawsuit was filed by the National ATM Council and independent operators of automated teller machines . More specifically , it is alleged that MasterCards and Visas network rules prohibit ATM operators from offering lower prices for transactions over PIN-debit networks that are not affiliated with Visa or MasterCard . The suit says that this price-fixing",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": "artificially raises the price that consumers pay using ATMs , limits the revenue that ATM-operators earn , and violates the Sherman Acts prohibition against unreasonable restraints of trade .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": " Johnathan Rubin , an attorney for the plaintiffs said , Visa and MasterCard are the ringleaders , organizers , and enforcers of a conspiracy among U.S . banks to fix the price of ATM access fees in order to keep the competition at bay . In 2017 , a US district court denied the ATM operators request to stop Visa from enforcing the ATM fees . Debit card swipe fees .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": "Visa settled a 1996 antitrust lawsuit brought by a class of U.S . merchants , including Walmart , for billions of dollars in 2003 . Over 4 million class members were represented by the plaintiffs . According to a website associated with the suit , Visa and MasterCard settled the plaintiffs claims for a total of $3.05 billion . Visas share of this settlement is reported to have been the larger .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": " U.S . Justice Department actions . In October 2010 , Visa and MasterCard reached a settlement with the U.S . Justice Department in another antitrust case . The companies agreed to allow merchants displaying their logos to decline certain types of cards ( because interchange fees differ ) , or to offer consumers discounts for using cheaper cards .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": "In 1998 , the Department of Justice sued Visa over rules prohibiting its issuing banks from doing business with American Express and Discover . The Department of Justice won its case at trial in 2001 and the verdict was upheld on appeal . American Express and Discover filed suit as well .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": " Antitrust issues in Europe . In 2002 , the European Commission exempted Visas multilateral interchange fees from Article 81 of the EC Treaty that prohibits anti-competitive arrangements . However , this exemption expired on December 31 , 2007 . In the United Kingdom , Mastercard has reduced its interchange fees while it is under investigation by the Office of Fair Trading .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": "In January 2007 , the European Commission issued the results of a two-year inquiry into the retail banking sector . The report focuses on payment cards and interchange fees . Upon publishing the report , Commissioner Neelie Kroes said the present level of interchange fees in many of the schemes we have examined does not seem justified . The report called for further study of the issue .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": " On March 26 , 2008 , the European Commission opened an investigation into Visas multilateral interchange fees for cross-border transactions within the EEA as well as into the Honor All Cards rule ( under which merchants are required to accept all valid Visa-branded cards ) .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": "The antitrust authorities of EU member states ( other than the United Kingdom ) also investigated Mastercards and Visas interchange fees . For example , on January 4 , 2007 , the Polish Office of Competition and Consumer Protection fined twenty banks a total of PLN 164 million ( about $56 million ) for jointly setting Mastercards and Visas interchange fees .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": "In December 2010 , Visa reached a settlement with the European Union in yet another antitrust case , promising to reduce debit card payments to 0.2 percent of a purchase . A senior official from the European Central Bank called for a break-up of the Visa/Mastercard duopoly by creation of a new European debit card for use in the Single Euro Payments Area ( SEPA ) . After Visas blocking of payments to WikiLeaks , members of the European Parliament expressed concern that payments from European citizens to a European corporation could apparently be blocked by the US , and",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": "called for a further reduction in the dominance of Visa and Mastercard in the European payment system .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": "On November 27 , 2012 , a federal judge entered an order granting preliminary approval to a proposed settlement to a class-action lawsuit filed in 2005 by merchants and trade associations against Mastercard and Visa . The suit was filed due to alleged price-fixing practices employed by Mastercard and Visa . About one-quarter of the named class plaintiffs have decided to opt out of the settlement . Opponents object to provisions that would bar future lawsuits and even prevent merchants from opting out of significant portions of the proposed settlement .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": " Plaintiffs allege that Visa and Mastercard fixed interchange fees , also known as swipe fees , that are charged to merchants for the privilege of accepting payment cards . In their complaint , the plaintiffs also alleged that the defendants unfairly interfere with merchants from encouraging customers to use less expensive forms of payment such as lower-cost cards , cash , and checks . A settlement of US$6.24 billion has been reached and a court is scheduled to approve or deny the agreement on November 7 , 2019 . High swipe fees in Poland .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": "Very high interchange fee for Visa ( 1.5–1.6% from every transactions final price , which also includes VAT ) in Poland started discussion about legality and need for government regulations of interchange fees to avoid high costs for business ( which also block electronic payment market and acceptability of cards ) . This situation also led to the birth of new methods of payment in the year 2013 , which avoid the need for go-between ( middleman ) companies like Visa or Mastercard , for example mobile application issued by major banks , and system by big chain of discount",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": "shops , or older public transport tickets buying systems .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": " Confrontation with Walmart over high fees . In June 2016 , the Wall Street Journal reported that Walmart threatened to stop accepting Visa cards in Canada . Visa objected saying that consumers should not be dragged into a dispute between the companies . In January 2017 , Walmart Canada and Visa reached a deal to allow the continued acceptance of Visa . Dispute with Kroger over high credit card fees .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": "In March 2019 , U.S . retailer Kroger announced that its 250-strong Smiths chain would stop accepting Visa credit cards as of April 3 , 2019 , due to the cards’ high ‘swipe’ fees . Krogers California-based Foods Co stores stopped accepting Visa cards in August 2018 . Mike Schlotman , Krogers executive vice president/chief financial officer , said Visa had been “misusing its position and charging retailers excessive fees for a long time.” In response , Visa issued a statement saying it was “unfair and disappointing that Kroger is putting shoppers in the middle of a business dispute.” As",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": "of October 31 , 2019 , Kroger has settled their dispute with Visa and is now accepting the payment method .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": "In March 2021 , the United States Justice Department announced its investigation with Visa to discover if the company is engaging in anticompetitive practices in the debit card market . The main question at hand is whether or not Visa is limiting merchants ability to route debit card transactions over card networks that are often less expensive , focusing more so on online debit card transactions . The probe highlights the role of network fees , which are invisible to consumers and place pressure on merchants , who mitigate the fees by raising prices of goods for customers . The",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": "probe was confirmed through a regulatory filing on March 19 , 2021 , stating they will be cooperating with the Justice Department . Visas shares fell more than 6% following the announcement .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": " As of October 1 , 2012 , Visas headquarters are located in Foster City , California . Visa had been headquartered in San Francisco until 1985 , when it moved to San Mateo . Around 1993 , Visa began consolidating various scattered offices in San Mateo to a location in Foster City . Visa became Foster Citys largest employer .",
"title": "Headquarters"
},
{
"text": "In 2009 , Visa moved its corporate headquarters back to San Francisco when it leased the top three floors of the 595 Market Street office building , although most of its employees remained at its Foster City campus . In 2012 , Visa decided to consolidate its headquarters in Foster City where 3,100 of its 7,700 global workers are employed . Visa owns four buildings at the intersection of Metro Center Boulevard and Vintage Park Drive .",
"title": "Headquarters"
},
{
"text": " In December 2012 , Visa Inc . confirmed that it will build a global information technology center off of the US 183 Expressway in northwest Austin , Texas . By 2019 , Visa leased space in 4 buildings near Austin and employed nearly 2,000 people . On November 6 , 2019 , Visa announced plans to move its headquarters back to San Francisco by 2024 upon completion of a new 13-story , 300,000-square-foot building .",
"title": "Headquarters"
},
{
"text": " Visa offers through its issuing members the following types of cards : - Debit cards ( pay from a checking/savings account ) - Credit cards ( pay monthly payments with or without interest depending on a customer paying on time. ) - Prepaid cards ( pay from a cash account that has no check writing privileges )",
"title": "Operations"
},
{
"text": "Visa operates the Plus automated teller machine network and the Interlink EFTPOS point-of-sale network , which facilitate the debit protocol used with debit cards and prepaid cards . They also provide commercial payment solutions for small businesses , midsize and large corporations , and governments .",
"title": "Operations"
},
{
"text": " Visa teamed with Apple in September 2014 , to incorporate a new mobile wallet feature into Apples new iPhone models , enabling users to more readily use their Visa , and other credit/debit cards .",
"title": "Operations"
},
{
"text": " Visa has a set of rules that govern the participation of financial institutions in its payment system . Acquiring banks are responsible for ensuring that their merchants comply with the rules . Rules address how a cardholder must be identified for security , how transactions may be denied by the bank , and how banks may cooperate for fraud prevention , and how to keep that identification and fraud protection standard and non-discriminatory . Other rules govern what creates an enforceable proof of authorization by the cardholder .",
"title": "Operating regulations"
},
{
"text": "The rules prohibit merchants from imposing a minimum or maximum purchase amount in order to accept a Visa card and from charging cardholders a fee for using a Visa card . In ten U.S . states , surcharges for the use of a credit card are forbidden by law ( California , Colorado , Connecticut , Florida , Kansas , Maine , Massachusetts , New York , Oklahoma and Texas ) but a discount for cash is permitted under specific rules . Some countries have banned the no-surcharge rule , most notably in Australia retailers may apply surcharges to any",
"title": "Operating regulations"
},
{
"text": "credit-card transaction , Visa or otherwise . In the UK the law was changed in January 2018 to prevent retailers from adding a surcharge to a transaction as per The Consumer Rights ( Payment Surcharges ) Regulations 2012 .",
"title": "Operating regulations"
},
{
"text": " Visa permits merchants to ask for photo ID , although the merchant rule book states that this practice is discouraged . As long as the Visa card is signed , a merchant may not deny a transaction because a cardholder refuses to show a photo ID . The Dodd–Frank Act allows U.S . merchants to set a minimum purchase amount on credit card transactions , not to exceed $10 .",
"title": "Operating regulations"
},
{
"text": "Recent complications include the addition of exceptions for non-signed purchases by telephone or on the Internet and an additional security system called Verified by Visa for purchases on the Internet .",
"title": "Operating regulations"
},
{
"text": " In September 2014 , Visa Inc , launched a new service to replace account information on plastic cards with token – a digital account number . Visa Contactless ( formerly payWave ) .",
"title": "Operating regulations"
},
{
"text": "In September 2007 , Visa introduced Visa payWave , a contactless payment technology feature that allows cardholders to wave their card in front of contactless payment terminals without the need to physically swipe or insert the card into a point-of-sale device . This is similar to the Mastercard Contactless service and the American Express ExpressPay , with both using RFID technology . All three use the same symbol as shown on the right .",
"title": "Operating regulations"
},
{
"text": " In Europe , Visa has introduced the V Pay card , which is a chip-only and PIN-only debit card . In Australia , take up has been the highest in the world , with more than 50% of in store Visa transactions now made via Visa payWave . mVisa . mVisa is a mobile payment app allowing payment via smartphones using QR code . This QR code payment method was first introduced in India in 2015 . It was later expanded to a number of other countries , including in Africa and south east Asia .",
"title": "Operating regulations"
},
{
"text": "In 2013 Visa launched Visa Checkout , an online payment system that removes the need to share card details with retailers . The Visa Checkout service allows users to enter all their personal details and card information , then use a single username and password to make purchases from online retailers . The service works with Visa credit , debit , and prepaid cards . On November 27 , 2013 V.me went live in the UK , France , Spain and Poland , with Nationwide Building Society being the first financial institution in Britain to support it , although Nationwide",
"title": "Visa Checkout"
},
{
"text": "subsequently withdrew this service in 2016 .",
"title": "Visa Checkout"
},
{
"text": " The blue and gold in Visas logo were chosen to represent the blue sky and gold-colored hills of California , where the Bank of America was founded .",
"title": "Logo design"
},
{
"text": "In 2005 , Visa changed its logo , removing the horizontal stripes in favor of a simple white background with the name Visa in blue with an orange flick on the V . The orange flick was removed in favor of the logo being a solid blue gradient in 2014 . In 2015 , the gold and blue stripes were restored as card branding on Visa Debit and Visa Electron , although not as the companys logotype .",
"title": "Logo design"
},
{
"text": "In 1984 , most Visa cards around the world began to feature a hologram of a dove on its face , generally under the last four digits of the Visa number . This was implemented as a security feature – true holograms would appear three-dimensional and the image would change as the card was turned . At the same time , the Visa logo , which had previously covered the whole card face , was reduced in size to a strip on the cards right incorporating the hologram . This allowed issuing banks to customize the appearance of the card",
"title": "Card design"
},
{
"text": ". Similar changes were implemented with MasterCard cards . Today , cards may be co-branded with various merchants , airlines , etc. , and marketed as reward cards .",
"title": "Card design"
},
{
"text": " On older Visa cards , holding the face of the card under an ultraviolet light will reveal the dove picture , dubbed the Ultra-Sensitive Dove , as an additional security test . ( On newer Visa cards , the UV dove is replaced by a small V over the Visa logo. )",
"title": "Card design"
},
{
"text": "Beginning in 2005 , the Visa standard was changed to allow for the hologram to be placed on the back of the card , or to be replaced with a holographic magnetic stripe ( HoloMag ) . The HoloMag card was shown to occasionally cause interference with card readers , so Visa eventually withdrew designs of HoloMag cards and reverted to traditional magnetic strips .",
"title": "Card design"
},
{
"text": " Visa made a statement on January 12 , 2018 , that the signature requirement would become optional for all EMV contact or contactless chip-enabled merchants in North America starting in April 2018 . It was noted that the signatures are no longer necessary to fight fraud and the fraud capabilities have advanced allowing this elimination leading to a faster in-store purchase experience . Visa was the last of the major credit card issuers to relax the signature requirements . The first to eliminate the signature was MasterCard Inc . followed by Discover Financial Services and American Express Co .",
"title": "Signatures"
},
{
"text": "- Visa has been a worldwide sponsor of the Olympic Games since 1986 and the International Paralympic Committee since 2002 . Visa is the only card accepted at all Olympic and Paralympic venues . Its current contract with the International Olympic Committee and International Paralympic Committee as the exclusive services sponsor will continue through 2032 and 2020 respectively . This includes the Singapore 2010 Youth Olympic Games , London 2012 Olympic Games , the Sochi 2014 Olympic Winter Games , the Rio de Janeiro 2016 Olympic Games , the 2018 PyeongChang Olympic Winter Games , and the Tokyo 2020 Olympic",
"title": "Olympics and Paralympics"
},
{
"text": "Games .",
"title": "Olympics and Paralympics"
},
{
"text": " - In 2002 , Visa became the first global sponsor of the IPC . Visa extended its partnership with the International Paralympic Committee through 2020 , which includes the 2010 Vancouver Paralympic Winter Games , the 2012 London Paralympic Games , 2014 Sochi Paralympic Games , 2018 Pyeongchang Paralympic Games and 2020 Tokyo Paralympic Games .",
"title": "Olympics and Paralympics"
},
{
"text": " - Visa was the jersey sponsor of Argentinas national basketball team at the 2015 FIBA Americas Championship in Mexico City . - Visa is the shirt sponsor for the Argentina national rugby union team , nicknamed the Pumas . Also , Visa sponsors the Copa Libertadores and the Copa Sudamericana , the most important football club tournaments in South America . - Until 2005 , Visa was the exclusive sponsor of the Triple Crown thoroughbred tournament . - Visa sponsored the Rugby World Cup , and the 2007 tournament in France was its last .",
"title": "Others"
},
{
"text": "- In 2007 , Visa became the sponsor of the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa . The FIFA partnership provides Visa with global rights to a broad range of FIFA activities – including both the 2010 and 2014 FIFA World Cup and the FIFA Womens World Cup .",
"title": "Others"
}
] |
/wiki/Visa_Inc.#P159#4
|
Where was the headquarter of Visa Inc. located in May 2012?
|
Visa Inc . Visa Inc . ( ; stylized as VISA ) is an American multinational financial services corporation headquartered in Foster City , California , United States . It facilitates electronic funds transfers throughout the world , most commonly through Visa-branded credit cards , debit cards and prepaid cards . Visa is one of the worlds most valuable companies . Visa does not issue cards , extend credit or set rates and fees for consumers ; rather , Visa provides financial institutions with Visa-branded payment products that they then use to offer credit , debit , prepaid and cash access programs to their customers . In 2015 , the Nilson Report , a publication that tracks the credit card industry , found that Visas global network ( known as VisaNet ) processed 100 billion transactions during 2014 with a total volume of US$6.8 trillion . It was launched in September 1958 by Bank of America ( BofA ) as the BankAmericard credit card program . In response to competitor Master Charge ( now Mastercard ) , BofA began to license the BankAmericard program to other financial institutions in 1966 . By 1970 , BofA gave up direct control of the BankAmericard program , forming a consortium with the other various BankAmericard issuer banks to take over its management . It was then renamed Visa in 1976 . Nearly all Visa transactions worldwide are processed through the companys directly operated VisaNet at one of four secure data centers , located in Ashburn , Virginia ; Highlands Ranch , Colorado ; London , England ; and Singapore . These facilities are heavily secured against natural disasters , crime , and terrorism ; can operate independently of each other and from external utilities if necessary ; and can handle up to 30,000 simultaneous transactions and up to 100 billion computations every second . Visa is the worlds second-largest card payment organization ( debit and credit cards combined ) , after being surpassed by China UnionPay in 2015 , based on annual value of card payments transacted and number of issued cards . However , because UnionPays size is based primarily on the size of its domestic market in China , Visa is still considered the dominant banking card company in the rest of the world , where it commands a 50% market share of total card payments . History . On September 18 , 1958 , Bank of America ( BofA ) officially launched its BankAmericard credit card program in Fresno , California . In the weeks leading up to the launch of BankAmericard , BofA had saturated Fresno mailboxes with an initial mass mailing ( or drop , as they came to be called ) of 65,000 unsolicited credit cards . BankAmericard was the brainchild of BofAs in-house product development think tank , the Customer Services Research Group , and its leader , Joseph P . Williams . Williams convinced senior BofA executives in 1956 to let him pursue what became the worlds first successful mass mailing of unsolicited credit cards ( actual working cards , not mere applications ) to a large population . Williams pioneering accomplishment was that he brought about the successful implementation of the all-purpose credit card ( in the sense that his project was not canceled outright ) , not in coming up with the idea . By the mid-1950s , the typical middle-class American already maintained revolving credit accounts with several different merchants , which was clearly inefficient and inconvenient due to the need to carry so many cards and pay so many separate bills each month . The need for a unified financial instrument was already evident to the American financial services industry , but no one could figure out how to do it . There were already charge cards like Diners Club ( which had to be paid in full at the end of each billing cycle ) , and by the mid-1950s , there had been at least a dozen attempts to create an all-purpose credit card . However , these prior attempts had been carried out by small banks which lacked the resources to make them work . Williams and his team studied these failures carefully and believed they could avoid replicating those banks mistakes ; they also studied existing revolving credit operations at Sears and Mobil Oil to learn why they were successful . Fresno was selected for its population of 250,000 ( big enough to make a credit card work , small enough to control initial startup cost ) , BofAs market share of that population ( 45% ) , and relative isolation , to control public relations damage in case the project failed . The 1958 test at first went smoothly , but then BofA panicked when it confirmed rumors that another bank was about to initiate its own drop in San Francisco , BofAs home market . By March 1959 , drops began in San Francisco and Sacramento ; by June , BofA was dropping cards in Los Angeles ; by October , the entire state of California had been saturated with over 2 million credit cards and BankAmericard was being accepted by 20,000 merchants . However , the program was riddled with problems , as Williams ( who had never worked in a banks loan department ) had been too earnest and trusting in his belief in the basic goodness of the banks customers , and he resigned in December 1959 . 22% of accounts were delinquent , not the 4% expected , and police departments around the state were confronted by numerous incidents of the brand new crime of credit card fraud . Both politicians and journalists joined the general uproar against Bank of America and its newfangled credit card , especially when it was pointed out that the cardholder agreement held customers liable for all charges , even those resulting from fraud . BofA officially lost over $8.8 million on the launch of BankAmericard , but when the full cost of advertising and overhead was included , the banks actual loss was probably around $20 million . However , after Williams and some of his closest associates left , BofA management realized that BankAmericard was salvageable . They conducted a massive effort to clean up after Williams , imposed proper financial controls , published an open letter to 3 million households across the state apologizing for the credit card fraud and other issues their card raised and eventually were able to make the new financial instrument work . By May 1961 , the BankAmericard program became profitable for the first time . At the time , BofA deliberately kept this information secret and allowed then-widespread negative impressions to linger in order to ward off competition . This strategy worked until 1966 , when BankAmericards profitability had become far too big to hide . The original goal of BofA was to offer the BankAmericard product across California , but in 1966 , BofA began to sign licensing agreements with a group of banks outside of California , in response to a new competitor , Master Charge ( now MasterCard ) , which had been created by an alliance of several regional bankcard associations to compete against BankAmericard . BofA itself ( like all other U.S . banks at the time ) could not expand directly into other states due to federal restrictions not repealed until 1994 . Over the following 11 years , various banks licensed the card system from Bank of America , thus forming a network of banks backing the BankAmericard system across the United States . The drops of unsolicited credit cards continued unabated , thanks to BofA and its licensees and competitors until they were outlawed in 1970 , but not before over 100 million credit cards had been distributed into the American population . During the late 1960s , BofA also licensed the BankAmericard program to banks in several other countries , which began issuing cards with localized brand names . For example : - In Canada , an alliance of banks ( including Toronto-Dominion Bank , Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce , Royal Bank of Canada , Banque Canadienne Nationale and Bank of Nova Scotia ) issued credit cards under the Chargex name from 1968 to 1977 . - In France , it was known as Carte Bleue ( Blue Card ) . The logo still appears on many French-issued Visa cards today . - In Japan , The Sumitomo Bank issued BankAmericards through the Sumitomo Credit Service . - In the UK , the only BankAmericard issuer for some years was Barclaycard . The branding still exists today , but is used not only on Visa cards issued by Barclays , but on its MasterCard and American Express cards as well . - In Spain until 1979 the only issuer was Banco de Bilbao . In 1968 , a manager at the National Bank of Commerce ( later Rainier Bancorp ) , Dee Hock , was asked to supervise that banks launch of its own licensed version of BankAmericard in the Pacific Northwest market . Although Bank of America had cultivated the public image that BankAmericards troubled startup issues were now safely in the past , Hock realized that the BankAmericard licensee program itself was in terrible disarray because it had developed and grown very rapidly in an ad hoc fashion . For example , interchange transaction issues between banks were becoming a very serious problem , which had not been seen before when Bank of America was the sole issuer of BankAmericards . Hock suggested to other licensees that they form a committee to investigate and analyze the various problems with the licensee program ; they promptly made him the chair of that committee . After lengthy negotiations , the committee led by Hock was able to persuade Bank of America that a bright future lay ahead for BankAmericard — outside Bank of America . In June 1970 , Bank of America gave up control of the BankAmericard program . The various BankAmericard issuer banks took control of the program , creating National BankAmericard Inc . ( NBI ) , an independent Delaware corporation which would be in charge of managing , promoting and developing the BankAmericard system within the United States . In other words , BankAmericard was transformed from a franchising system into a jointly controlled consortium or alliance , like its competitor Master Charge . Hock became NBIs first president and CEO . However , Bank of America retained the right to directly license BankAmericard to banks outside the United States and continued to issue and support such licenses . By 1972 , licenses had been granted in 15 countries . The international licensees soon encountered a variety of problems with their licensing programs , and they hired Hock as a consultant to help them restructure their relationship with BofA as he had done for the domestic licensees . As a result , in 1974 , the International Bankcard Company ( IBANCO ) , a multinational member corporation , was founded in order to manage the international BankAmericard program . In 1976 , the directors of IBANCO determined that bringing the various international networks together into a single network with a single name internationally would be in the best interests of the corporation ; however , in many countries , there was still great reluctance to issue a card associated with Bank of America , even though the association was entirely nominal in nature . For this reason , in 1976 , BankAmericard , Barclaycard , Carte Bleue , Chargex , Sumitomo Card , and all other licensees united under the new name , Visa , which retained the distinctive blue , white and gold flag . NBI became Visa USA and IBANCO became Visa International . The term Visa was conceived by the companys founder , Dee Hock . He believed that the word was instantly recognizable in many languages in many countries and that it also denoted universal acceptance . In October 2007 , Bank of America announced it was resurrecting the BankAmericard brand name as the BankAmericard Rewards Visa . Corporate structure . Prior to October 3 , 2007 , Visa comprised four non-stock , separately incorporated companies that employed 6,000 people worldwide : the worldwide parent entity Visa International Service Association ( Visa ) , Visa USA Inc. , Visa Canada Association , and Visa Europe Ltd . The latter three separately incorporated regions had the status of group members of Visa International Service Association . The unincorporated regions Visa Latin America ( LAC ) , Visa Asia Pacific and Visa Central and Eastern Europe , Middle East and Africa ( CEMEA ) were divisions within Visa . Billing and finance charge methods . Initially , signed copies of sales drafts were included in each customers monthly billing statement for verification purposes—an industry practice known as country club billing . By the late 1970s , however , billing statements no longer contained these enclosures , but rather a summary statement showing posting date , purchase date , reference number , merchant name , and the dollar amount of each purchase . At the same time , many issuers , particularly Bank of America , were in the process of changing their methods of finance charge calculation . Initially , a previous balance method was used—calculation of finance charge on the unpaid balance shown on the prior months statement . Later , it was decided to use average daily balance which resulted in increased revenue for the issuers by calculating the number of days each purchase was included on the prior months statement . Several years later , new average daily balance—in which transactions from previous and current billing cycles were used in the calculation—was introduced . By the early 1980s , many issuers introduced the concept of the annual fee as yet another revenue enhancer . IPO and restructuring . On October 11 , 2006 , Visa announced that some of its businesses would be merged and become a publicly traded company , Visa Inc . Under the IPO restructuring , Visa Canada , Visa International , and Visa USA were merged into the new public company . Visas Western Europe operation became a separate company , owned by its member banks who will also have a minority stake in Visa Inc . In total , more than 35 investment banks participated in the deal in several capacities , most notably as underwriters . On October 3 , 2007 , Visa completed its corporate restructuring with the formation of Visa Inc . The new company was the first step towards Visas IPO . The second step came on November 9 , 2007 , when the new Visa Inc . submitted its $10 billion IPO filing with the U.S . Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ) . On February 25 , 2008 , Visa announced it would go ahead with an IPO of half its shares . The IPO took place on March 18 , 2008 . Visa sold 406 million shares at US$44 per share ( $2 above the high end of the expected $37–42 pricing range ) , raising US$17.9 billion in what was then the largest initial public offering in U.S . history . On March 20 , 2008 , the IPO underwriters ( including JP Morgan , Goldman Sachs & Co. , Banc of America Securities LLC , Citi , HSBC , Merrill Lynch & Co. , UBS Investment Bank and Wachovia Securities ) exercised their overallotment option , purchasing an additional 40.6 million shares , bringing Visas total IPO share count to 446.6 million , and bringing the total proceeds to US$19.1 billion . Visa now trades under the ticker symbol V on the New York Stock Exchange . Visa Europe . Visa Europe Ltd . was a membership association and cooperative of over 3,700 European banks and other payment service providers that operated Visa branded products and services within Europe . Visa Europe was a company entirely separate from Visa Inc . having gained independence of Visa International Service Association in October 2007 when Visa Inc . became a publicly traded company on the New York Stock Exchange . Visa Inc . announced the plan to acquire Visa Europe on November 5 , 2015 , creating a single global company . On April 21 , 2016 the agreement was amended in response to the feedback of European Commission . The acquisition of Visa Europe was completed on June 21 , 2016 . Acquisition of Plaid . On January 13 , 2020 , Plaid announced that it had signed a definitive agreement to be acquired by Visa for $5.3 billion . The deal was double the companys most recent Series C round valuation of $2.65 billion , and was expected to close in the next 3–6 months , subject to regulatory review and closing conditions . According to the deal , Visa would pay $4.9 billion in cash and approximately $400 million of retention equity and deferred equity , according to a presentation deck prepared by Visa . On November 5 , 2020 , the United States Department of Justice filed a lawsuit seeking to block the acquisition , arguing that Visa is a monopolist trying to eliminate a competitive threat by purchasing Plaid . Visa said it disagrees with the lawsuit and intends to defend the transaction vigorously . Digital Currencies . On February 3 , 2021 , Visa announced a partnership with First Boulevard , a neobank focused on building generational wealth for the Black community . First Boulevard will be first to pilot Visa’s new suite of cryptocurrency APIs , which will enable their customers to buy , sell , hold , and trade digital assets held by Anchorage , a federally chartered digital asset bank . The pilot will serve as a key first step in supporting API capabilities that help additional Visa clients access and integrate cryptocurrencies . On March 29 , 2021 , Visa announced the acceptance of stable coin USDC to settle transactions on its network . Visa Foundation . Registered in the United States as a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) entity , the Visa Foundation was created with the mission of supporting inclusive economies . In particular , economies in which individuals , businesses and communities can thrive with the support of grants and investments . Supporting resiliency , as well as the growth , of micro and small businesses that benefit women is a priority of the Visa Foundation . Furthermore , the Foundation prioritizes providing support to the community from a broad standpoint , as well as responding to disasters during crisis . Other Initiatives . In December 2020 , Visa Announced the launch of a new accelerator program across Asia Pacific to further develop the regions financial technology ecosystem . The accelerator program aims to find and partner with startup companies providing financial and payments technologies that could potentially leverage on Visas network of bank and merchant partners in the region . Finance . For the fiscal year 2018 , Visa reported earnings of US$10.3 billion , with an annual revenue of US$20.61 billion , an increase of 12.3% over the previous fiscal cycle . Visas shares traded at over $143 per share , and its market capitalization was valued at over US$280.2 billion in September 2018 . As of 2018 , the company ranked 161st on the Fortune 500 list of the largest United States corporations by revenue . Criticism and controversy . WikiLeaks . Visa Europe began suspending payments to WikiLeaks on December 7 , 2010 . The company said it was awaiting an investigation into the nature of its business and whether it contravenes Visa operating rules – though it did not go into details . In return DataCell , the IT company that enables WikiLeaks to accept credit and debit card donations , announced that it would take legal action against Visa Europe . On December 8 , the group Anonymous performed a DDoS attack on visa.com , bringing the site down . Although the Norway-based financial services company Teller AS , which Visa ordered to look into WikiLeaks and its fundraising body , the Sunshine Press , found no proof of any wrongdoing , Salon reported in January 2011 that Visa Europe would continue blocking donations to the secret-spilling site until it completes its own investigation . The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Navi Pillay stated that Visa may be violating WikiLeaks right to freedom of expression by withdrawing their services . In July 2012 , the Reykjavík District Court decided that Valitor ( the Icelandic partner of Visa and MasterCard ) was violating the law when it prevented donations to the site by credit card . It was ruled that the donations be allowed to return to the site within 14 days or they would be fined in the amount of US$6,000 per day . Litigation and regulatory actions . Anti-competitive conduct in Australia . In 2015 , the Australian Federal Court ordered Visa to pay a pecuniary penalty of $20 million ( including legal fees ) for engaging in anti-competitive conduct against dynamic currency conversion operators , in proceedings brought by the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission . Antitrust lawsuit by ATM operators . In 2011 , MasterCard and Visa were sued in a class action by ATM operators claiming the credit card networks rules effectively fix ATM access fees . The suit claimed that this is a restraint on trade in violation of US federal law . The lawsuit was filed by the National ATM Council and independent operators of automated teller machines . More specifically , it is alleged that MasterCards and Visas network rules prohibit ATM operators from offering lower prices for transactions over PIN-debit networks that are not affiliated with Visa or MasterCard . The suit says that this price-fixing artificially raises the price that consumers pay using ATMs , limits the revenue that ATM-operators earn , and violates the Sherman Acts prohibition against unreasonable restraints of trade . Johnathan Rubin , an attorney for the plaintiffs said , Visa and MasterCard are the ringleaders , organizers , and enforcers of a conspiracy among U.S . banks to fix the price of ATM access fees in order to keep the competition at bay . In 2017 , a US district court denied the ATM operators request to stop Visa from enforcing the ATM fees . Debit card swipe fees . Visa settled a 1996 antitrust lawsuit brought by a class of U.S . merchants , including Walmart , for billions of dollars in 2003 . Over 4 million class members were represented by the plaintiffs . According to a website associated with the suit , Visa and MasterCard settled the plaintiffs claims for a total of $3.05 billion . Visas share of this settlement is reported to have been the larger . U.S . Justice Department actions . In October 2010 , Visa and MasterCard reached a settlement with the U.S . Justice Department in another antitrust case . The companies agreed to allow merchants displaying their logos to decline certain types of cards ( because interchange fees differ ) , or to offer consumers discounts for using cheaper cards . In 1998 , the Department of Justice sued Visa over rules prohibiting its issuing banks from doing business with American Express and Discover . The Department of Justice won its case at trial in 2001 and the verdict was upheld on appeal . American Express and Discover filed suit as well . Antitrust issues in Europe . In 2002 , the European Commission exempted Visas multilateral interchange fees from Article 81 of the EC Treaty that prohibits anti-competitive arrangements . However , this exemption expired on December 31 , 2007 . In the United Kingdom , Mastercard has reduced its interchange fees while it is under investigation by the Office of Fair Trading . In January 2007 , the European Commission issued the results of a two-year inquiry into the retail banking sector . The report focuses on payment cards and interchange fees . Upon publishing the report , Commissioner Neelie Kroes said the present level of interchange fees in many of the schemes we have examined does not seem justified . The report called for further study of the issue . On March 26 , 2008 , the European Commission opened an investigation into Visas multilateral interchange fees for cross-border transactions within the EEA as well as into the Honor All Cards rule ( under which merchants are required to accept all valid Visa-branded cards ) . The antitrust authorities of EU member states ( other than the United Kingdom ) also investigated Mastercards and Visas interchange fees . For example , on January 4 , 2007 , the Polish Office of Competition and Consumer Protection fined twenty banks a total of PLN 164 million ( about $56 million ) for jointly setting Mastercards and Visas interchange fees . In December 2010 , Visa reached a settlement with the European Union in yet another antitrust case , promising to reduce debit card payments to 0.2 percent of a purchase . A senior official from the European Central Bank called for a break-up of the Visa/Mastercard duopoly by creation of a new European debit card for use in the Single Euro Payments Area ( SEPA ) . After Visas blocking of payments to WikiLeaks , members of the European Parliament expressed concern that payments from European citizens to a European corporation could apparently be blocked by the US , and called for a further reduction in the dominance of Visa and Mastercard in the European payment system . Payment Card Interchange Fee and Merchant Discount Antitrust Litigation . On November 27 , 2012 , a federal judge entered an order granting preliminary approval to a proposed settlement to a class-action lawsuit filed in 2005 by merchants and trade associations against Mastercard and Visa . The suit was filed due to alleged price-fixing practices employed by Mastercard and Visa . About one-quarter of the named class plaintiffs have decided to opt out of the settlement . Opponents object to provisions that would bar future lawsuits and even prevent merchants from opting out of significant portions of the proposed settlement . Plaintiffs allege that Visa and Mastercard fixed interchange fees , also known as swipe fees , that are charged to merchants for the privilege of accepting payment cards . In their complaint , the plaintiffs also alleged that the defendants unfairly interfere with merchants from encouraging customers to use less expensive forms of payment such as lower-cost cards , cash , and checks . A settlement of US$6.24 billion has been reached and a court is scheduled to approve or deny the agreement on November 7 , 2019 . High swipe fees in Poland . Very high interchange fee for Visa ( 1.5–1.6% from every transactions final price , which also includes VAT ) in Poland started discussion about legality and need for government regulations of interchange fees to avoid high costs for business ( which also block electronic payment market and acceptability of cards ) . This situation also led to the birth of new methods of payment in the year 2013 , which avoid the need for go-between ( middleman ) companies like Visa or Mastercard , for example mobile application issued by major banks , and system by big chain of discount shops , or older public transport tickets buying systems . Confrontation with Walmart over high fees . In June 2016 , the Wall Street Journal reported that Walmart threatened to stop accepting Visa cards in Canada . Visa objected saying that consumers should not be dragged into a dispute between the companies . In January 2017 , Walmart Canada and Visa reached a deal to allow the continued acceptance of Visa . Dispute with Kroger over high credit card fees . In March 2019 , U.S . retailer Kroger announced that its 250-strong Smiths chain would stop accepting Visa credit cards as of April 3 , 2019 , due to the cards’ high ‘swipe’ fees . Krogers California-based Foods Co stores stopped accepting Visa cards in August 2018 . Mike Schlotman , Krogers executive vice president/chief financial officer , said Visa had been “misusing its position and charging retailers excessive fees for a long time.” In response , Visa issued a statement saying it was “unfair and disappointing that Kroger is putting shoppers in the middle of a business dispute.” As of October 31 , 2019 , Kroger has settled their dispute with Visa and is now accepting the payment method . Antitrust investigation over debit card practices . In March 2021 , the United States Justice Department announced its investigation with Visa to discover if the company is engaging in anticompetitive practices in the debit card market . The main question at hand is whether or not Visa is limiting merchants ability to route debit card transactions over card networks that are often less expensive , focusing more so on online debit card transactions . The probe highlights the role of network fees , which are invisible to consumers and place pressure on merchants , who mitigate the fees by raising prices of goods for customers . The probe was confirmed through a regulatory filing on March 19 , 2021 , stating they will be cooperating with the Justice Department . Visas shares fell more than 6% following the announcement . Corporate affairs . Headquarters . As of October 1 , 2012 , Visas headquarters are located in Foster City , California . Visa had been headquartered in San Francisco until 1985 , when it moved to San Mateo . Around 1993 , Visa began consolidating various scattered offices in San Mateo to a location in Foster City . Visa became Foster Citys largest employer . In 2009 , Visa moved its corporate headquarters back to San Francisco when it leased the top three floors of the 595 Market Street office building , although most of its employees remained at its Foster City campus . In 2012 , Visa decided to consolidate its headquarters in Foster City where 3,100 of its 7,700 global workers are employed . Visa owns four buildings at the intersection of Metro Center Boulevard and Vintage Park Drive . In December 2012 , Visa Inc . confirmed that it will build a global information technology center off of the US 183 Expressway in northwest Austin , Texas . By 2019 , Visa leased space in 4 buildings near Austin and employed nearly 2,000 people . On November 6 , 2019 , Visa announced plans to move its headquarters back to San Francisco by 2024 upon completion of a new 13-story , 300,000-square-foot building . Operations . Visa offers through its issuing members the following types of cards : - Debit cards ( pay from a checking/savings account ) - Credit cards ( pay monthly payments with or without interest depending on a customer paying on time. ) - Prepaid cards ( pay from a cash account that has no check writing privileges ) Visa operates the Plus automated teller machine network and the Interlink EFTPOS point-of-sale network , which facilitate the debit protocol used with debit cards and prepaid cards . They also provide commercial payment solutions for small businesses , midsize and large corporations , and governments . Visa teamed with Apple in September 2014 , to incorporate a new mobile wallet feature into Apples new iPhone models , enabling users to more readily use their Visa , and other credit/debit cards . Operating regulations . Visa has a set of rules that govern the participation of financial institutions in its payment system . Acquiring banks are responsible for ensuring that their merchants comply with the rules . Rules address how a cardholder must be identified for security , how transactions may be denied by the bank , and how banks may cooperate for fraud prevention , and how to keep that identification and fraud protection standard and non-discriminatory . Other rules govern what creates an enforceable proof of authorization by the cardholder . The rules prohibit merchants from imposing a minimum or maximum purchase amount in order to accept a Visa card and from charging cardholders a fee for using a Visa card . In ten U.S . states , surcharges for the use of a credit card are forbidden by law ( California , Colorado , Connecticut , Florida , Kansas , Maine , Massachusetts , New York , Oklahoma and Texas ) but a discount for cash is permitted under specific rules . Some countries have banned the no-surcharge rule , most notably in Australia retailers may apply surcharges to any credit-card transaction , Visa or otherwise . In the UK the law was changed in January 2018 to prevent retailers from adding a surcharge to a transaction as per The Consumer Rights ( Payment Surcharges ) Regulations 2012 . Visa permits merchants to ask for photo ID , although the merchant rule book states that this practice is discouraged . As long as the Visa card is signed , a merchant may not deny a transaction because a cardholder refuses to show a photo ID . The Dodd–Frank Act allows U.S . merchants to set a minimum purchase amount on credit card transactions , not to exceed $10 . Recent complications include the addition of exceptions for non-signed purchases by telephone or on the Internet and an additional security system called Verified by Visa for purchases on the Internet . In September 2014 , Visa Inc , launched a new service to replace account information on plastic cards with token – a digital account number . Visa Contactless ( formerly payWave ) . In September 2007 , Visa introduced Visa payWave , a contactless payment technology feature that allows cardholders to wave their card in front of contactless payment terminals without the need to physically swipe or insert the card into a point-of-sale device . This is similar to the Mastercard Contactless service and the American Express ExpressPay , with both using RFID technology . All three use the same symbol as shown on the right . In Europe , Visa has introduced the V Pay card , which is a chip-only and PIN-only debit card . In Australia , take up has been the highest in the world , with more than 50% of in store Visa transactions now made via Visa payWave . mVisa . mVisa is a mobile payment app allowing payment via smartphones using QR code . This QR code payment method was first introduced in India in 2015 . It was later expanded to a number of other countries , including in Africa and south east Asia . Visa Checkout . In 2013 Visa launched Visa Checkout , an online payment system that removes the need to share card details with retailers . The Visa Checkout service allows users to enter all their personal details and card information , then use a single username and password to make purchases from online retailers . The service works with Visa credit , debit , and prepaid cards . On November 27 , 2013 V.me went live in the UK , France , Spain and Poland , with Nationwide Building Society being the first financial institution in Britain to support it , although Nationwide subsequently withdrew this service in 2016 . Trademark and design . Logo design . The blue and gold in Visas logo were chosen to represent the blue sky and gold-colored hills of California , where the Bank of America was founded . In 2005 , Visa changed its logo , removing the horizontal stripes in favor of a simple white background with the name Visa in blue with an orange flick on the V . The orange flick was removed in favor of the logo being a solid blue gradient in 2014 . In 2015 , the gold and blue stripes were restored as card branding on Visa Debit and Visa Electron , although not as the companys logotype . Card design . In 1984 , most Visa cards around the world began to feature a hologram of a dove on its face , generally under the last four digits of the Visa number . This was implemented as a security feature – true holograms would appear three-dimensional and the image would change as the card was turned . At the same time , the Visa logo , which had previously covered the whole card face , was reduced in size to a strip on the cards right incorporating the hologram . This allowed issuing banks to customize the appearance of the card . Similar changes were implemented with MasterCard cards . Today , cards may be co-branded with various merchants , airlines , etc. , and marketed as reward cards . On older Visa cards , holding the face of the card under an ultraviolet light will reveal the dove picture , dubbed the Ultra-Sensitive Dove , as an additional security test . ( On newer Visa cards , the UV dove is replaced by a small V over the Visa logo. ) Beginning in 2005 , the Visa standard was changed to allow for the hologram to be placed on the back of the card , or to be replaced with a holographic magnetic stripe ( HoloMag ) . The HoloMag card was shown to occasionally cause interference with card readers , so Visa eventually withdrew designs of HoloMag cards and reverted to traditional magnetic strips . Signatures . Visa made a statement on January 12 , 2018 , that the signature requirement would become optional for all EMV contact or contactless chip-enabled merchants in North America starting in April 2018 . It was noted that the signatures are no longer necessary to fight fraud and the fraud capabilities have advanced allowing this elimination leading to a faster in-store purchase experience . Visa was the last of the major credit card issuers to relax the signature requirements . The first to eliminate the signature was MasterCard Inc . followed by Discover Financial Services and American Express Co . Sponsorships . Olympics and Paralympics . - Visa has been a worldwide sponsor of the Olympic Games since 1986 and the International Paralympic Committee since 2002 . Visa is the only card accepted at all Olympic and Paralympic venues . Its current contract with the International Olympic Committee and International Paralympic Committee as the exclusive services sponsor will continue through 2032 and 2020 respectively . This includes the Singapore 2010 Youth Olympic Games , London 2012 Olympic Games , the Sochi 2014 Olympic Winter Games , the Rio de Janeiro 2016 Olympic Games , the 2018 PyeongChang Olympic Winter Games , and the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games . - In 2002 , Visa became the first global sponsor of the IPC . Visa extended its partnership with the International Paralympic Committee through 2020 , which includes the 2010 Vancouver Paralympic Winter Games , the 2012 London Paralympic Games , 2014 Sochi Paralympic Games , 2018 Pyeongchang Paralympic Games and 2020 Tokyo Paralympic Games . Others . - Visa was the jersey sponsor of Argentinas national basketball team at the 2015 FIBA Americas Championship in Mexico City . - Visa is the shirt sponsor for the Argentina national rugby union team , nicknamed the Pumas . Also , Visa sponsors the Copa Libertadores and the Copa Sudamericana , the most important football club tournaments in South America . - Until 2005 , Visa was the exclusive sponsor of the Triple Crown thoroughbred tournament . - Visa sponsored the Rugby World Cup , and the 2007 tournament in France was its last . - In 2007 , Visa became the sponsor of the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa . The FIFA partnership provides Visa with global rights to a broad range of FIFA activities – including both the 2010 and 2014 FIFA World Cup and the FIFA Womens World Cup . - Since 1995 , Visa has sponsored the U.S . National Football League ( NFL ) and a number of NFL teams , including the San Francisco 49ers whose practice jerseys display the Visa logo . Visas sponsorship of the NFL extended through the 2014 season . - Starting from the 2012 season , Visa became a partner of the Caterham F1 Team . Visa is also known for motorsport sponsorship in the past : it sponsored PacWest Racings IndyCar team in 1995 and 1996 , with drivers Danny Sullivan and Mark Blundell respectively . - Visa is currently a jersey sponsor of professional gaming ( eSports ) team SK Gaming for 2017 - Visa is the main sponsor of the Argentine Hockey Confederation . The Visa logo is present on both the mens and womens playing kits .
|
[
"Foster City"
] |
[
{
"text": " Visa Inc . ( ; stylized as VISA ) is an American multinational financial services corporation headquartered in Foster City , California , United States . It facilitates electronic funds transfers throughout the world , most commonly through Visa-branded credit cards , debit cards and prepaid cards . Visa is one of the worlds most valuable companies .",
"title": "Visa Inc ."
},
{
"text": "Visa does not issue cards , extend credit or set rates and fees for consumers ; rather , Visa provides financial institutions with Visa-branded payment products that they then use to offer credit , debit , prepaid and cash access programs to their customers . In 2015 , the Nilson Report , a publication that tracks the credit card industry , found that Visas global network ( known as VisaNet ) processed 100 billion transactions during 2014 with a total volume of US$6.8 trillion .",
"title": "Visa Inc ."
},
{
"text": " It was launched in September 1958 by Bank of America ( BofA ) as the BankAmericard credit card program . In response to competitor Master Charge ( now Mastercard ) , BofA began to license the BankAmericard program to other financial institutions in 1966 . By 1970 , BofA gave up direct control of the BankAmericard program , forming a consortium with the other various BankAmericard issuer banks to take over its management . It was then renamed Visa in 1976 .",
"title": "Visa Inc ."
},
{
"text": "Nearly all Visa transactions worldwide are processed through the companys directly operated VisaNet at one of four secure data centers , located in Ashburn , Virginia ; Highlands Ranch , Colorado ; London , England ; and Singapore . These facilities are heavily secured against natural disasters , crime , and terrorism ; can operate independently of each other and from external utilities if necessary ; and can handle up to 30,000 simultaneous transactions and up to 100 billion computations every second .",
"title": "Visa Inc ."
},
{
"text": " Visa is the worlds second-largest card payment organization ( debit and credit cards combined ) , after being surpassed by China UnionPay in 2015 , based on annual value of card payments transacted and number of issued cards . However , because UnionPays size is based primarily on the size of its domestic market in China , Visa is still considered the dominant banking card company in the rest of the world , where it commands a 50% market share of total card payments .",
"title": "Visa Inc ."
},
{
"text": "On September 18 , 1958 , Bank of America ( BofA ) officially launched its BankAmericard credit card program in Fresno , California . In the weeks leading up to the launch of BankAmericard , BofA had saturated Fresno mailboxes with an initial mass mailing ( or drop , as they came to be called ) of 65,000 unsolicited credit cards . BankAmericard was the brainchild of BofAs in-house product development think tank , the Customer Services Research Group , and its leader , Joseph P . Williams . Williams convinced senior BofA executives in 1956 to let him pursue",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "what became the worlds first successful mass mailing of unsolicited credit cards ( actual working cards , not mere applications ) to a large population .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Williams pioneering accomplishment was that he brought about the successful implementation of the all-purpose credit card ( in the sense that his project was not canceled outright ) , not in coming up with the idea . By the mid-1950s , the typical middle-class American already maintained revolving credit accounts with several different merchants , which was clearly inefficient and inconvenient due to the need to carry so many cards and pay so many separate bills each month . The need for a unified financial instrument was already evident to the American financial services industry , but no one could",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "figure out how to do it . There were already charge cards like Diners Club ( which had to be paid in full at the end of each billing cycle ) , and by the mid-1950s , there had been at least a dozen attempts to create an all-purpose credit card . However , these prior attempts had been carried out by small banks which lacked the resources to make them work . Williams and his team studied these failures carefully and believed they could avoid replicating those banks mistakes ; they also studied existing revolving credit operations at Sears",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "and Mobil Oil to learn why they were successful . Fresno was selected for its population of 250,000 ( big enough to make a credit card work , small enough to control initial startup cost ) , BofAs market share of that population ( 45% ) , and relative isolation , to control public relations damage in case the project failed .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The 1958 test at first went smoothly , but then BofA panicked when it confirmed rumors that another bank was about to initiate its own drop in San Francisco , BofAs home market . By March 1959 , drops began in San Francisco and Sacramento ; by June , BofA was dropping cards in Los Angeles ; by October , the entire state of California had been saturated with over 2 million credit cards and BankAmericard was being accepted by 20,000 merchants . However , the program was riddled with problems , as Williams ( who had never worked in",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "a banks loan department ) had been too earnest and trusting in his belief in the basic goodness of the banks customers , and he resigned in December 1959 . 22% of accounts were delinquent , not the 4% expected , and police departments around the state were confronted by numerous incidents of the brand new crime of credit card fraud . Both politicians and journalists joined the general uproar against Bank of America and its newfangled credit card , especially when it was pointed out that the cardholder agreement held customers liable for all charges , even those resulting",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "from fraud . BofA officially lost over $8.8 million on the launch of BankAmericard , but when the full cost of advertising and overhead was included , the banks actual loss was probably around $20 million .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "However , after Williams and some of his closest associates left , BofA management realized that BankAmericard was salvageable . They conducted a massive effort to clean up after Williams , imposed proper financial controls , published an open letter to 3 million households across the state apologizing for the credit card fraud and other issues their card raised and eventually were able to make the new financial instrument work . By May 1961 , the BankAmericard program became profitable for the first time . At the time , BofA deliberately kept this information secret and allowed then-widespread negative impressions",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "to linger in order to ward off competition . This strategy worked until 1966 , when BankAmericards profitability had become far too big to hide .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The original goal of BofA was to offer the BankAmericard product across California , but in 1966 , BofA began to sign licensing agreements with a group of banks outside of California , in response to a new competitor , Master Charge ( now MasterCard ) , which had been created by an alliance of several regional bankcard associations to compete against BankAmericard . BofA itself ( like all other U.S . banks at the time ) could not expand directly into other states due to federal restrictions not repealed until 1994 . Over the following 11 years , various",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "banks licensed the card system from Bank of America , thus forming a network of banks backing the BankAmericard system across the United States . The drops of unsolicited credit cards continued unabated , thanks to BofA and its licensees and competitors until they were outlawed in 1970 , but not before over 100 million credit cards had been distributed into the American population .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " During the late 1960s , BofA also licensed the BankAmericard program to banks in several other countries , which began issuing cards with localized brand names . For example : - In Canada , an alliance of banks ( including Toronto-Dominion Bank , Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce , Royal Bank of Canada , Banque Canadienne Nationale and Bank of Nova Scotia ) issued credit cards under the Chargex name from 1968 to 1977 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "- In France , it was known as Carte Bleue ( Blue Card ) . The logo still appears on many French-issued Visa cards today .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " - In Japan , The Sumitomo Bank issued BankAmericards through the Sumitomo Credit Service . - In the UK , the only BankAmericard issuer for some years was Barclaycard . The branding still exists today , but is used not only on Visa cards issued by Barclays , but on its MasterCard and American Express cards as well . - In Spain until 1979 the only issuer was Banco de Bilbao .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1968 , a manager at the National Bank of Commerce ( later Rainier Bancorp ) , Dee Hock , was asked to supervise that banks launch of its own licensed version of BankAmericard in the Pacific Northwest market . Although Bank of America had cultivated the public image that BankAmericards troubled startup issues were now safely in the past , Hock realized that the BankAmericard licensee program itself was in terrible disarray because it had developed and grown very rapidly in an ad hoc fashion . For example , interchange transaction issues between banks were becoming a very serious",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "problem , which had not been seen before when Bank of America was the sole issuer of BankAmericards . Hock suggested to other licensees that they form a committee to investigate and analyze the various problems with the licensee program ; they promptly made him the chair of that committee .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "After lengthy negotiations , the committee led by Hock was able to persuade Bank of America that a bright future lay ahead for BankAmericard — outside Bank of America . In June 1970 , Bank of America gave up control of the BankAmericard program . The various BankAmericard issuer banks took control of the program , creating National BankAmericard Inc . ( NBI ) , an independent Delaware corporation which would be in charge of managing , promoting and developing the BankAmericard system within the United States . In other words , BankAmericard was transformed from a franchising system into",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "a jointly controlled consortium or alliance , like its competitor Master Charge . Hock became NBIs first president and CEO .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "However , Bank of America retained the right to directly license BankAmericard to banks outside the United States and continued to issue and support such licenses . By 1972 , licenses had been granted in 15 countries . The international licensees soon encountered a variety of problems with their licensing programs , and they hired Hock as a consultant to help them restructure their relationship with BofA as he had done for the domestic licensees . As a result , in 1974 , the International Bankcard Company ( IBANCO ) , a multinational member corporation , was founded in order",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "to manage the international BankAmericard program .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1976 , the directors of IBANCO determined that bringing the various international networks together into a single network with a single name internationally would be in the best interests of the corporation ; however , in many countries , there was still great reluctance to issue a card associated with Bank of America , even though the association was entirely nominal in nature . For this reason , in 1976 , BankAmericard , Barclaycard , Carte Bleue , Chargex , Sumitomo Card , and all other licensees united under the new name , Visa , which retained the distinctive",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "blue , white and gold flag . NBI became Visa USA and IBANCO became Visa International .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The term Visa was conceived by the companys founder , Dee Hock . He believed that the word was instantly recognizable in many languages in many countries and that it also denoted universal acceptance . In October 2007 , Bank of America announced it was resurrecting the BankAmericard brand name as the BankAmericard Rewards Visa .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Prior to October 3 , 2007 , Visa comprised four non-stock , separately incorporated companies that employed 6,000 people worldwide : the worldwide parent entity Visa International Service Association ( Visa ) , Visa USA Inc. , Visa Canada Association , and Visa Europe Ltd . The latter three separately incorporated regions had the status of group members of Visa International Service Association . The unincorporated regions Visa Latin America ( LAC ) , Visa Asia Pacific and Visa Central and Eastern Europe , Middle East and Africa ( CEMEA ) were divisions within Visa .",
"title": "Corporate structure"
},
{
"text": "Billing and finance charge methods .",
"title": "Corporate structure"
},
{
"text": "Initially , signed copies of sales drafts were included in each customers monthly billing statement for verification purposes—an industry practice known as country club billing . By the late 1970s , however , billing statements no longer contained these enclosures , but rather a summary statement showing posting date , purchase date , reference number , merchant name , and the dollar amount of each purchase . At the same time , many issuers , particularly Bank of America , were in the process of changing their methods of finance charge calculation . Initially , a previous balance method was",
"title": "Corporate structure"
},
{
"text": "used—calculation of finance charge on the unpaid balance shown on the prior months statement . Later , it was decided to use average daily balance which resulted in increased revenue for the issuers by calculating the number of days each purchase was included on the prior months statement . Several years later , new average daily balance—in which transactions from previous and current billing cycles were used in the calculation—was introduced . By the early 1980s , many issuers introduced the concept of the annual fee as yet another revenue enhancer .",
"title": "Corporate structure"
},
{
"text": " On October 11 , 2006 , Visa announced that some of its businesses would be merged and become a publicly traded company , Visa Inc . Under the IPO restructuring , Visa Canada , Visa International , and Visa USA were merged into the new public company . Visas Western Europe operation became a separate company , owned by its member banks who will also have a minority stake in Visa Inc . In total , more than 35 investment banks participated in the deal in several capacities , most notably as underwriters .",
"title": "IPO and restructuring"
},
{
"text": "On October 3 , 2007 , Visa completed its corporate restructuring with the formation of Visa Inc . The new company was the first step towards Visas IPO . The second step came on November 9 , 2007 , when the new Visa Inc . submitted its $10 billion IPO filing with the U.S . Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ) . On February 25 , 2008 , Visa announced it would go ahead with an IPO of half its shares . The IPO took place on March 18 , 2008 . Visa sold 406 million shares at US$44",
"title": "IPO and restructuring"
},
{
"text": "per share ( $2 above the high end of the expected $37–42 pricing range ) , raising US$17.9 billion in what was then the largest initial public offering in U.S . history . On March 20 , 2008 , the IPO underwriters ( including JP Morgan , Goldman Sachs & Co. , Banc of America Securities LLC , Citi , HSBC , Merrill Lynch & Co. , UBS Investment Bank and Wachovia Securities ) exercised their overallotment option , purchasing an additional 40.6 million shares , bringing Visas total IPO share count to 446.6 million , and bringing the total",
"title": "IPO and restructuring"
},
{
"text": "proceeds to US$19.1 billion . Visa now trades under the ticker symbol V on the New York Stock Exchange .",
"title": "IPO and restructuring"
},
{
"text": "Visa Europe Ltd . was a membership association and cooperative of over 3,700 European banks and other payment service providers that operated Visa branded products and services within Europe . Visa Europe was a company entirely separate from Visa Inc . having gained independence of Visa International Service Association in October 2007 when Visa Inc . became a publicly traded company on the New York Stock Exchange . Visa Inc . announced the plan to acquire Visa Europe on November 5 , 2015 , creating a single global company . On April 21 , 2016 the agreement was amended in",
"title": "Visa Europe"
},
{
"text": "response to the feedback of European Commission . The acquisition of Visa Europe was completed on June 21 , 2016 .",
"title": "Visa Europe"
},
{
"text": " On January 13 , 2020 , Plaid announced that it had signed a definitive agreement to be acquired by Visa for $5.3 billion . The deal was double the companys most recent Series C round valuation of $2.65 billion , and was expected to close in the next 3–6 months , subject to regulatory review and closing conditions . According to the deal , Visa would pay $4.9 billion in cash and approximately $400 million of retention equity and deferred equity , according to a presentation deck prepared by Visa .",
"title": "Acquisition of Plaid"
},
{
"text": "On November 5 , 2020 , the United States Department of Justice filed a lawsuit seeking to block the acquisition , arguing that Visa is a monopolist trying to eliminate a competitive threat by purchasing Plaid . Visa said it disagrees with the lawsuit and intends to defend the transaction vigorously .",
"title": "Acquisition of Plaid"
},
{
"text": " On February 3 , 2021 , Visa announced a partnership with First Boulevard , a neobank focused on building generational wealth for the Black community . First Boulevard will be first to pilot Visa’s new suite of cryptocurrency APIs , which will enable their customers to buy , sell , hold , and trade digital assets held by Anchorage , a federally chartered digital asset bank . The pilot will serve as a key first step in supporting API capabilities that help additional Visa clients access and integrate cryptocurrencies .",
"title": "Digital Currencies"
},
{
"text": "On March 29 , 2021 , Visa announced the acceptance of stable coin USDC to settle transactions on its network .",
"title": "Digital Currencies"
},
{
"text": " Registered in the United States as a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) entity , the Visa Foundation was created with the mission of supporting inclusive economies . In particular , economies in which individuals , businesses and communities can thrive with the support of grants and investments . Supporting resiliency , as well as the growth , of micro and small businesses that benefit women is a priority of the Visa Foundation . Furthermore , the Foundation prioritizes providing support to the community from a broad standpoint , as well as responding to disasters during crisis .",
"title": "Visa Foundation"
},
{
"text": " In December 2020 , Visa Announced the launch of a new accelerator program across Asia Pacific to further develop the regions financial technology ecosystem . The accelerator program aims to find and partner with startup companies providing financial and payments technologies that could potentially leverage on Visas network of bank and merchant partners in the region .",
"title": "Other Initiatives"
},
{
"text": " For the fiscal year 2018 , Visa reported earnings of US$10.3 billion , with an annual revenue of US$20.61 billion , an increase of 12.3% over the previous fiscal cycle . Visas shares traded at over $143 per share , and its market capitalization was valued at over US$280.2 billion in September 2018 . As of 2018 , the company ranked 161st on the Fortune 500 list of the largest United States corporations by revenue .",
"title": "Finance"
},
{
"text": "Visa Europe began suspending payments to WikiLeaks on December 7 , 2010 . The company said it was awaiting an investigation into the nature of its business and whether it contravenes Visa operating rules – though it did not go into details . In return DataCell , the IT company that enables WikiLeaks to accept credit and debit card donations , announced that it would take legal action against Visa Europe . On December 8 , the group Anonymous performed a DDoS attack on visa.com , bringing the site down . Although the Norway-based financial services company Teller AS ,",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": "which Visa ordered to look into WikiLeaks and its fundraising body , the Sunshine Press , found no proof of any wrongdoing , Salon reported in January 2011 that Visa Europe would continue blocking donations to the secret-spilling site until it completes its own investigation .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": " The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Navi Pillay stated that Visa may be violating WikiLeaks right to freedom of expression by withdrawing their services . In July 2012 , the Reykjavík District Court decided that Valitor ( the Icelandic partner of Visa and MasterCard ) was violating the law when it prevented donations to the site by credit card . It was ruled that the donations be allowed to return to the site within 14 days or they would be fined in the amount of US$6,000 per day . Litigation and regulatory actions .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": "Anti-competitive conduct in Australia .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": " In 2015 , the Australian Federal Court ordered Visa to pay a pecuniary penalty of $20 million ( including legal fees ) for engaging in anti-competitive conduct against dynamic currency conversion operators , in proceedings brought by the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission . Antitrust lawsuit by ATM operators .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": "In 2011 , MasterCard and Visa were sued in a class action by ATM operators claiming the credit card networks rules effectively fix ATM access fees . The suit claimed that this is a restraint on trade in violation of US federal law . The lawsuit was filed by the National ATM Council and independent operators of automated teller machines . More specifically , it is alleged that MasterCards and Visas network rules prohibit ATM operators from offering lower prices for transactions over PIN-debit networks that are not affiliated with Visa or MasterCard . The suit says that this price-fixing",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": "artificially raises the price that consumers pay using ATMs , limits the revenue that ATM-operators earn , and violates the Sherman Acts prohibition against unreasonable restraints of trade .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": " Johnathan Rubin , an attorney for the plaintiffs said , Visa and MasterCard are the ringleaders , organizers , and enforcers of a conspiracy among U.S . banks to fix the price of ATM access fees in order to keep the competition at bay . In 2017 , a US district court denied the ATM operators request to stop Visa from enforcing the ATM fees . Debit card swipe fees .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": "Visa settled a 1996 antitrust lawsuit brought by a class of U.S . merchants , including Walmart , for billions of dollars in 2003 . Over 4 million class members were represented by the plaintiffs . According to a website associated with the suit , Visa and MasterCard settled the plaintiffs claims for a total of $3.05 billion . Visas share of this settlement is reported to have been the larger .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": " U.S . Justice Department actions . In October 2010 , Visa and MasterCard reached a settlement with the U.S . Justice Department in another antitrust case . The companies agreed to allow merchants displaying their logos to decline certain types of cards ( because interchange fees differ ) , or to offer consumers discounts for using cheaper cards .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": "In 1998 , the Department of Justice sued Visa over rules prohibiting its issuing banks from doing business with American Express and Discover . The Department of Justice won its case at trial in 2001 and the verdict was upheld on appeal . American Express and Discover filed suit as well .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": " Antitrust issues in Europe . In 2002 , the European Commission exempted Visas multilateral interchange fees from Article 81 of the EC Treaty that prohibits anti-competitive arrangements . However , this exemption expired on December 31 , 2007 . In the United Kingdom , Mastercard has reduced its interchange fees while it is under investigation by the Office of Fair Trading .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": "In January 2007 , the European Commission issued the results of a two-year inquiry into the retail banking sector . The report focuses on payment cards and interchange fees . Upon publishing the report , Commissioner Neelie Kroes said the present level of interchange fees in many of the schemes we have examined does not seem justified . The report called for further study of the issue .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": " On March 26 , 2008 , the European Commission opened an investigation into Visas multilateral interchange fees for cross-border transactions within the EEA as well as into the Honor All Cards rule ( under which merchants are required to accept all valid Visa-branded cards ) .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": "The antitrust authorities of EU member states ( other than the United Kingdom ) also investigated Mastercards and Visas interchange fees . For example , on January 4 , 2007 , the Polish Office of Competition and Consumer Protection fined twenty banks a total of PLN 164 million ( about $56 million ) for jointly setting Mastercards and Visas interchange fees .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": "In December 2010 , Visa reached a settlement with the European Union in yet another antitrust case , promising to reduce debit card payments to 0.2 percent of a purchase . A senior official from the European Central Bank called for a break-up of the Visa/Mastercard duopoly by creation of a new European debit card for use in the Single Euro Payments Area ( SEPA ) . After Visas blocking of payments to WikiLeaks , members of the European Parliament expressed concern that payments from European citizens to a European corporation could apparently be blocked by the US , and",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": "called for a further reduction in the dominance of Visa and Mastercard in the European payment system .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": "On November 27 , 2012 , a federal judge entered an order granting preliminary approval to a proposed settlement to a class-action lawsuit filed in 2005 by merchants and trade associations against Mastercard and Visa . The suit was filed due to alleged price-fixing practices employed by Mastercard and Visa . About one-quarter of the named class plaintiffs have decided to opt out of the settlement . Opponents object to provisions that would bar future lawsuits and even prevent merchants from opting out of significant portions of the proposed settlement .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": " Plaintiffs allege that Visa and Mastercard fixed interchange fees , also known as swipe fees , that are charged to merchants for the privilege of accepting payment cards . In their complaint , the plaintiffs also alleged that the defendants unfairly interfere with merchants from encouraging customers to use less expensive forms of payment such as lower-cost cards , cash , and checks . A settlement of US$6.24 billion has been reached and a court is scheduled to approve or deny the agreement on November 7 , 2019 . High swipe fees in Poland .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": "Very high interchange fee for Visa ( 1.5–1.6% from every transactions final price , which also includes VAT ) in Poland started discussion about legality and need for government regulations of interchange fees to avoid high costs for business ( which also block electronic payment market and acceptability of cards ) . This situation also led to the birth of new methods of payment in the year 2013 , which avoid the need for go-between ( middleman ) companies like Visa or Mastercard , for example mobile application issued by major banks , and system by big chain of discount",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": "shops , or older public transport tickets buying systems .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": " Confrontation with Walmart over high fees . In June 2016 , the Wall Street Journal reported that Walmart threatened to stop accepting Visa cards in Canada . Visa objected saying that consumers should not be dragged into a dispute between the companies . In January 2017 , Walmart Canada and Visa reached a deal to allow the continued acceptance of Visa . Dispute with Kroger over high credit card fees .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": "In March 2019 , U.S . retailer Kroger announced that its 250-strong Smiths chain would stop accepting Visa credit cards as of April 3 , 2019 , due to the cards’ high ‘swipe’ fees . Krogers California-based Foods Co stores stopped accepting Visa cards in August 2018 . Mike Schlotman , Krogers executive vice president/chief financial officer , said Visa had been “misusing its position and charging retailers excessive fees for a long time.” In response , Visa issued a statement saying it was “unfair and disappointing that Kroger is putting shoppers in the middle of a business dispute.” As",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": "of October 31 , 2019 , Kroger has settled their dispute with Visa and is now accepting the payment method .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": "In March 2021 , the United States Justice Department announced its investigation with Visa to discover if the company is engaging in anticompetitive practices in the debit card market . The main question at hand is whether or not Visa is limiting merchants ability to route debit card transactions over card networks that are often less expensive , focusing more so on online debit card transactions . The probe highlights the role of network fees , which are invisible to consumers and place pressure on merchants , who mitigate the fees by raising prices of goods for customers . The",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": "probe was confirmed through a regulatory filing on March 19 , 2021 , stating they will be cooperating with the Justice Department . Visas shares fell more than 6% following the announcement .",
"title": "WikiLeaks"
},
{
"text": " As of October 1 , 2012 , Visas headquarters are located in Foster City , California . Visa had been headquartered in San Francisco until 1985 , when it moved to San Mateo . Around 1993 , Visa began consolidating various scattered offices in San Mateo to a location in Foster City . Visa became Foster Citys largest employer .",
"title": "Headquarters"
},
{
"text": "In 2009 , Visa moved its corporate headquarters back to San Francisco when it leased the top three floors of the 595 Market Street office building , although most of its employees remained at its Foster City campus . In 2012 , Visa decided to consolidate its headquarters in Foster City where 3,100 of its 7,700 global workers are employed . Visa owns four buildings at the intersection of Metro Center Boulevard and Vintage Park Drive .",
"title": "Headquarters"
},
{
"text": " In December 2012 , Visa Inc . confirmed that it will build a global information technology center off of the US 183 Expressway in northwest Austin , Texas . By 2019 , Visa leased space in 4 buildings near Austin and employed nearly 2,000 people . On November 6 , 2019 , Visa announced plans to move its headquarters back to San Francisco by 2024 upon completion of a new 13-story , 300,000-square-foot building .",
"title": "Headquarters"
},
{
"text": " Visa offers through its issuing members the following types of cards : - Debit cards ( pay from a checking/savings account ) - Credit cards ( pay monthly payments with or without interest depending on a customer paying on time. ) - Prepaid cards ( pay from a cash account that has no check writing privileges )",
"title": "Operations"
},
{
"text": "Visa operates the Plus automated teller machine network and the Interlink EFTPOS point-of-sale network , which facilitate the debit protocol used with debit cards and prepaid cards . They also provide commercial payment solutions for small businesses , midsize and large corporations , and governments .",
"title": "Operations"
},
{
"text": " Visa teamed with Apple in September 2014 , to incorporate a new mobile wallet feature into Apples new iPhone models , enabling users to more readily use their Visa , and other credit/debit cards .",
"title": "Operations"
},
{
"text": " Visa has a set of rules that govern the participation of financial institutions in its payment system . Acquiring banks are responsible for ensuring that their merchants comply with the rules . Rules address how a cardholder must be identified for security , how transactions may be denied by the bank , and how banks may cooperate for fraud prevention , and how to keep that identification and fraud protection standard and non-discriminatory . Other rules govern what creates an enforceable proof of authorization by the cardholder .",
"title": "Operating regulations"
},
{
"text": "The rules prohibit merchants from imposing a minimum or maximum purchase amount in order to accept a Visa card and from charging cardholders a fee for using a Visa card . In ten U.S . states , surcharges for the use of a credit card are forbidden by law ( California , Colorado , Connecticut , Florida , Kansas , Maine , Massachusetts , New York , Oklahoma and Texas ) but a discount for cash is permitted under specific rules . Some countries have banned the no-surcharge rule , most notably in Australia retailers may apply surcharges to any",
"title": "Operating regulations"
},
{
"text": "credit-card transaction , Visa or otherwise . In the UK the law was changed in January 2018 to prevent retailers from adding a surcharge to a transaction as per The Consumer Rights ( Payment Surcharges ) Regulations 2012 .",
"title": "Operating regulations"
},
{
"text": " Visa permits merchants to ask for photo ID , although the merchant rule book states that this practice is discouraged . As long as the Visa card is signed , a merchant may not deny a transaction because a cardholder refuses to show a photo ID . The Dodd–Frank Act allows U.S . merchants to set a minimum purchase amount on credit card transactions , not to exceed $10 .",
"title": "Operating regulations"
},
{
"text": "Recent complications include the addition of exceptions for non-signed purchases by telephone or on the Internet and an additional security system called Verified by Visa for purchases on the Internet .",
"title": "Operating regulations"
},
{
"text": " In September 2014 , Visa Inc , launched a new service to replace account information on plastic cards with token – a digital account number . Visa Contactless ( formerly payWave ) .",
"title": "Operating regulations"
},
{
"text": "In September 2007 , Visa introduced Visa payWave , a contactless payment technology feature that allows cardholders to wave their card in front of contactless payment terminals without the need to physically swipe or insert the card into a point-of-sale device . This is similar to the Mastercard Contactless service and the American Express ExpressPay , with both using RFID technology . All three use the same symbol as shown on the right .",
"title": "Operating regulations"
},
{
"text": " In Europe , Visa has introduced the V Pay card , which is a chip-only and PIN-only debit card . In Australia , take up has been the highest in the world , with more than 50% of in store Visa transactions now made via Visa payWave . mVisa . mVisa is a mobile payment app allowing payment via smartphones using QR code . This QR code payment method was first introduced in India in 2015 . It was later expanded to a number of other countries , including in Africa and south east Asia .",
"title": "Operating regulations"
},
{
"text": "In 2013 Visa launched Visa Checkout , an online payment system that removes the need to share card details with retailers . The Visa Checkout service allows users to enter all their personal details and card information , then use a single username and password to make purchases from online retailers . The service works with Visa credit , debit , and prepaid cards . On November 27 , 2013 V.me went live in the UK , France , Spain and Poland , with Nationwide Building Society being the first financial institution in Britain to support it , although Nationwide",
"title": "Visa Checkout"
},
{
"text": "subsequently withdrew this service in 2016 .",
"title": "Visa Checkout"
},
{
"text": " The blue and gold in Visas logo were chosen to represent the blue sky and gold-colored hills of California , where the Bank of America was founded .",
"title": "Logo design"
},
{
"text": "In 2005 , Visa changed its logo , removing the horizontal stripes in favor of a simple white background with the name Visa in blue with an orange flick on the V . The orange flick was removed in favor of the logo being a solid blue gradient in 2014 . In 2015 , the gold and blue stripes were restored as card branding on Visa Debit and Visa Electron , although not as the companys logotype .",
"title": "Logo design"
},
{
"text": "In 1984 , most Visa cards around the world began to feature a hologram of a dove on its face , generally under the last four digits of the Visa number . This was implemented as a security feature – true holograms would appear three-dimensional and the image would change as the card was turned . At the same time , the Visa logo , which had previously covered the whole card face , was reduced in size to a strip on the cards right incorporating the hologram . This allowed issuing banks to customize the appearance of the card",
"title": "Card design"
},
{
"text": ". Similar changes were implemented with MasterCard cards . Today , cards may be co-branded with various merchants , airlines , etc. , and marketed as reward cards .",
"title": "Card design"
},
{
"text": " On older Visa cards , holding the face of the card under an ultraviolet light will reveal the dove picture , dubbed the Ultra-Sensitive Dove , as an additional security test . ( On newer Visa cards , the UV dove is replaced by a small V over the Visa logo. )",
"title": "Card design"
},
{
"text": "Beginning in 2005 , the Visa standard was changed to allow for the hologram to be placed on the back of the card , or to be replaced with a holographic magnetic stripe ( HoloMag ) . The HoloMag card was shown to occasionally cause interference with card readers , so Visa eventually withdrew designs of HoloMag cards and reverted to traditional magnetic strips .",
"title": "Card design"
},
{
"text": " Visa made a statement on January 12 , 2018 , that the signature requirement would become optional for all EMV contact or contactless chip-enabled merchants in North America starting in April 2018 . It was noted that the signatures are no longer necessary to fight fraud and the fraud capabilities have advanced allowing this elimination leading to a faster in-store purchase experience . Visa was the last of the major credit card issuers to relax the signature requirements . The first to eliminate the signature was MasterCard Inc . followed by Discover Financial Services and American Express Co .",
"title": "Signatures"
},
{
"text": "- Visa has been a worldwide sponsor of the Olympic Games since 1986 and the International Paralympic Committee since 2002 . Visa is the only card accepted at all Olympic and Paralympic venues . Its current contract with the International Olympic Committee and International Paralympic Committee as the exclusive services sponsor will continue through 2032 and 2020 respectively . This includes the Singapore 2010 Youth Olympic Games , London 2012 Olympic Games , the Sochi 2014 Olympic Winter Games , the Rio de Janeiro 2016 Olympic Games , the 2018 PyeongChang Olympic Winter Games , and the Tokyo 2020 Olympic",
"title": "Olympics and Paralympics"
},
{
"text": "Games .",
"title": "Olympics and Paralympics"
},
{
"text": " - In 2002 , Visa became the first global sponsor of the IPC . Visa extended its partnership with the International Paralympic Committee through 2020 , which includes the 2010 Vancouver Paralympic Winter Games , the 2012 London Paralympic Games , 2014 Sochi Paralympic Games , 2018 Pyeongchang Paralympic Games and 2020 Tokyo Paralympic Games .",
"title": "Olympics and Paralympics"
},
{
"text": " - Visa was the jersey sponsor of Argentinas national basketball team at the 2015 FIBA Americas Championship in Mexico City . - Visa is the shirt sponsor for the Argentina national rugby union team , nicknamed the Pumas . Also , Visa sponsors the Copa Libertadores and the Copa Sudamericana , the most important football club tournaments in South America . - Until 2005 , Visa was the exclusive sponsor of the Triple Crown thoroughbred tournament . - Visa sponsored the Rugby World Cup , and the 2007 tournament in France was its last .",
"title": "Others"
},
{
"text": "- In 2007 , Visa became the sponsor of the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa . The FIFA partnership provides Visa with global rights to a broad range of FIFA activities – including both the 2010 and 2014 FIFA World Cup and the FIFA Womens World Cup .",
"title": "Others"
}
] |
/wiki/Marie_McDonald#P26#0
|
Who was the spouse of Marie McDonald between Jul 1943 and Nov 1943?
|
Marie McDonald Marie McDonald ( born Cora Marie Frye , July 6 , 1923 – October 21 , 1965 ) was an American singer and actress known as The Body Beautiful and later nicknamed The Body . Early life . Born in Burgin , Kentucky , McDonald was the daughter of Evertt Ed Frye and Marie Taboni ( née McDonald ) who performed in the Ziegfeld Follies . After her parents divorced , she eventually moved with her mother and stepfather to Yonkers , New York . At the age of 15 , she began competing in numerous beauty pageants and was named The Queen of Coney Island , Miss Yonkers and Miss Loews Paradise . At the age of 15 , she dropped out of school and began modeling . In 1939 , McDonald was named Miss New York State . Later that same year , she debuted in George Whites Scandals of 1939 . The following year , at age 17 , she landed a showgirl role in the Broadway production at the Earl Carroll Theatre called Earl Carrolls Vanities . Shortly thereafter , she moved to Hollywood hoping to develop a career in show business . She continued modeling and continued to work for the owner of the Broadway theatre as a showgirl at his Sunset Boulevard nightclub . Career . After auditioning for Tommy Dorsey in December 1940 , she joined Dorsey & His Orchestra on his radio show and she later performed with other big bands . Dorsey suggested that she change her last name from Frye to her mothers maiden name McDonald , which she used professionally for the rest of her life . In 1942 , she was put under contract by Universal for $75 a week and immediately appeared in several minor roles . That year , she appeared in three motion pictures , most notably , Pardon My Sarong , which earned her the nickname The Body for her shapely physique . She was eventually dropped by Universal and signed with Paramount Pictures , earning $100 a week . While at Paramount , McDonald appeared in Lucky Jordan ( 1942 ) . The following year , she was lent to Republic Pictures , where she co-starred in A Scream in the Dark , a B detective mystery that met with reasonable success . During World War II , McDonald became one of Hollywoods most popular pin-up girls and posed for the United States military magazine , Yank . While she initially did not mind being called The Body , McDonald soon grew tired of the nickname and focus on her body and expressed a desire to be known for her acting and singing skills . She returned to Paramount where she appeared in supporting roles . In 1944 , McDonald co-starred in Guest in the House , in which she received the first positive reviews in her career . Her next starring role came when she worked for independent producer Edward Small as the title character in the 1945 screwball comedy Getting Gerties Garter . In 1947 , McDonald signed with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and co-starred with Gene Kelly in Living in a Big Way ( 1947 ) . McDonald and Kelly did not get along while shooting and the film was a financial failure . McDonald bought out the rest of her contract at M-G-M and went to Columbia Pictures where she appeared in a supporting role in Tell It to the Judge ( 1949 ) . In 1950 , McDonald appeared in Once a Thief and Hit Parade of 1951 , which would be her final films for the next eight years . For the remainder of the 1950s , McDonald focused on theatre and music . McDonald recorded an LP for RCA Victor in 1957 , The Body Sings , backed by Hal Borne and His Orchestra , which consisted of twelve standard ballads . She also toured the world in a very successful nightclub act . She returned to the screen in 1958 , when she was cast as actress Lola Livingston in The Geisha Boy , a slapstick comedy , opposite Jerry Lewis . In 1963 , she made her last film appearance in the sex comedy Promises ! Promises! , opposite Jayne Mansfield . Personal life . McDonalds seven marriages and various romances kept her in the media throughout her career . McDonalds first marriage was to sportswriter Richard Allord in 1940 . The marriage was annulled after three weeks . In January 1943 , McDonald married her agent , Victor Orsatti , in Reno , Nevada . They divorced in May 1947 . While awaiting her divorce from Orsatti , McDonald had an affair with mobster Benjamin Bugsy Siegel . Siegel reportedly dumped McDonald because of her chronic tardiness . McDonalds third and fourth marriages were to millionaire shoe manufacturer Harry Karl . They initially married in September 1947 . After McDonald suffered several miscarriages , the couple adopted two children , Denice and Harrison . They separated in August 1954 and were divorced that November . Shortly thereafter , the couple announced that they would remarry . By January 1955 however , McDonald claimed that plans to remarry were all off because she discovered she was allergic to Karl . Despite this claim , McDonald and Karl remarried in Arizona in June 1955 . They separated in March 1956 and , in May , Karl filed for divorce claiming that McDonald had beat him , causing him grievous mental suffering . At the time of their separation , McDonald was pregnant with the couples first biological child . Karl dropped the divorce suit in June . In July , McDonald filed for divorce from Karl and was granted an interlocutory divorce decree later that month but their divorce was never finalized . Their daughter , Tina Marie , was born in September 1956 . During their separation , McDonald dated Michael Wilding . McDonald and Karl reconciled again in 1957 but separated again in December 1957 . They divorced for good on April 16 , 1958 . Karl would go on to marry actress Debbie Reynolds . During her final separation from Karl , McDonald began dating George Capri . Capri was one of the owners of the Flamingo Las Vegas . On June 12 , 1958 , Capri accompanied McDonald to the hospital after she accidentally overdosed on sleeping pills while the two were staying in Las Vegas . The following month , McDonald told the media that the two planned to marry after Capris divorce . They broke up in September 1958 . On May 23 , 1959 , McDonald married television executive Louis Bass in Las Vegas . She filed for divorce after ten months , charging Bass with mental cruelty . On August 6 , 1961 , she married banker and attorney Edward Callahan in Las Vegas . On September 17 , 1962 , Callahan filed suit in Los Angeles asking for a divorce from McDonald for mental cruelty or that the marriage be annulled due to fraud . Callahan claimed that the two had only lived together for two days because McDonald had no intention of making a home with him or having his children . Callahan also charged that McDonald would not convert to Roman Catholicism . McDonald counter sued dismissing Callahans claim , stating that they had lived together until September 7 . She also claimed that Callahan had committed adultery and borrowed $2600 from her to finance their wedding and honeymoon which he did not repay . McDonald married for the sixth time to Donald Taylor in 1963 . They met while McDonald was appearing in Promises , Promises , the final film which Taylor produced . They remained married until McDonalds death . Alleged kidnapping . On January 4 , 1957 , McDonalds mother phoned police claiming that a man who sounded nervous called her at her home in Woodland Hills , Los Angeles at around 12 a.m . and told her that he had abducted McDonald from her Los Angeles home . McDonalds mother went to her daughters house and discovered a note in the mailbox instructing her not to call the police and that they would be in touch with her . Approximately two hours later , McDonalds then estranged husband Harry Karl also received a call from a male who sounded like a nervous young kid also informing him not to call police if he wanted to see McDonald alive again . While McDonald was supposedly being held by her abductors at another home , she telephoned her agent Harold Plant , actor Michael Wilding ( whom she was dating at the time ) , and columnist Harrison Carroll . McDonald told Carroll that two men kidnapped her from her house , demanded that she give them her ring and money and gave her a shot of something . McDonald later said one of the men discovered her making the call to Carroll ; he then took the phone from her , slapped her , blindfolded her and loaded her into a car . According to McDonald , the two men drove with her for some time and discussed taking her to a house in Mexico but , after hearing reports of her kidnapping on the radio , decided against this idea and dumped her on the side of the road . On January 5 , a truck driver discovered McDonald on a highway near Indio , California . After being rescued , McDonald told police that on January 4 , two swarthy men came to her house brandishing a sawed-off gun demanding that she open the door or they would shoot into the bedrooms of her children . After entering the home , McDonald said the two men took some jewelry , prepared a note and discussed demanding a $30,000 ransom for her return . The men then allowed McDonald to put on a robe and slippers and pack a small carrying case . They then forced McDonald into their car where she claimed she was blindfolded and driven to a home . At the home , McDonald said the men forced her to swallow pills which made her drowsy . She also claimed that she was able to make the three phone calls when the men left the room . A doctor who examined McDonald discovered she had two cracked teeth , bruises on her face and abrasions on her neck , legs and cheek but was otherwise unharmed . The doctor concluded that McDonalds injuries were not consistent with the supposed assault she claimed the two men inflicted on her . Police immediately began to doubt McDonalds story , which changed several times . Those doubts were furthered when it was discovered that the newspapers which the two supposed abductors used to construct the note found in McDonalds mailbox were found in McDonalds fireplace . Upon searching McDonalds home , police found a copy of the novel The Fuzzy Pink Nightgown , by Sylvia Tate . The book tells the story of a movie star who is kidnapped by two men . One investigator noticed that details in the book matched McDonalds story . Police then asked McDonald to undergo a polygraph test but her lawyer refused . McDonald agreed to reenact the abduction which the police filmed . McDonalds estranged husband Harry Karl also doubted the story and claimed McDonald was not a well woman . He also said that he doubted that two men would have easily abducted her as she would have surely fought back . McDonald then accused Karl of orchestrating the abduction for publicity purposes ( Karl denied this , calling McDonalds claims absurd and ridiculous ) . She later admitted that she made up Karls alleged involvement . After investigating the alleged kidnapping , police admitted that they could find no conclusive evidence that the event took place , due to perplexing discrepancies . On January 16 , a grand jury convened to investigate the kidnapping . McDonald testified that her story changed frequently because she was in shock when she gave her initial statement and had been taking sedatives when she gave other statements . After weighing the evidence , the grand jury could not come up with any conclusive evidence to bring charges against anyone . Death . On October 21 , 1965 , McDonalds sixth husband , Donald F . Taylor , found McDonalds body slumped over her dressing table in their Hidden Hills , California home . On October 30 , the coroner announced that McDonalds death was caused by active drug intoxication due to multiple drugs and was determined to be an accident or a suicide . The case was then referred to a suicide team of psychologists and psychiatrists who would determine the final mode of McDonalds death . McDonalds funeral was held on October 23 at the Church of the Recessional at Forest Lawn Memorial Park , Glendale in Glendale , California . Her remains were interred in the Freedom Mausoleum at Forest Lawn Memorial Park , Glendale . In December 1965 , the suicide team classified her death as accidental after determining that McDonald likely did not choose to commit suicide . Three months after McDonalds death , on January 3 , 1966 , her widower , Donald F . Taylor , died of an intentional overdose of Seconal . McDonalds three surviving children were raised by Harry Karl ( her former husband ) and his wife , Debbie Reynolds . On May 4 , 1967 , McDonalds father , Evertt Ed Frye , committed suicide by a self-inflicted gunshot to the head in the garage of his New Smyrna Beach , Florida home .
|
[
"Victor Orsatti"
] |
[
{
"text": " Marie McDonald ( born Cora Marie Frye , July 6 , 1923 – October 21 , 1965 ) was an American singer and actress known as The Body Beautiful and later nicknamed The Body .",
"title": "Marie McDonald"
},
{
"text": "Born in Burgin , Kentucky , McDonald was the daughter of Evertt Ed Frye and Marie Taboni ( née McDonald ) who performed in the Ziegfeld Follies . After her parents divorced , she eventually moved with her mother and stepfather to Yonkers , New York . At the age of 15 , she began competing in numerous beauty pageants and was named The Queen of Coney Island , Miss Yonkers and Miss Loews Paradise . At the age of 15 , she dropped out of school and began modeling . In 1939 , McDonald was named Miss New York",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "State . Later that same year , she debuted in George Whites Scandals of 1939 . The following year , at age 17 , she landed a showgirl role in the Broadway production at the Earl Carroll Theatre called Earl Carrolls Vanities .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Shortly thereafter , she moved to Hollywood hoping to develop a career in show business . She continued modeling and continued to work for the owner of the Broadway theatre as a showgirl at his Sunset Boulevard nightclub .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "After auditioning for Tommy Dorsey in December 1940 , she joined Dorsey & His Orchestra on his radio show and she later performed with other big bands . Dorsey suggested that she change her last name from Frye to her mothers maiden name McDonald , which she used professionally for the rest of her life . In 1942 , she was put under contract by Universal for $75 a week and immediately appeared in several minor roles . That year , she appeared in three motion pictures , most notably , Pardon My Sarong , which earned her the nickname",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "The Body for her shapely physique .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "She was eventually dropped by Universal and signed with Paramount Pictures , earning $100 a week . While at Paramount , McDonald appeared in Lucky Jordan ( 1942 ) . The following year , she was lent to Republic Pictures , where she co-starred in A Scream in the Dark , a B detective mystery that met with reasonable success . During World War II , McDonald became one of Hollywoods most popular pin-up girls and posed for the United States military magazine , Yank . While she initially did not mind being called The Body , McDonald soon grew",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "tired of the nickname and focus on her body and expressed a desire to be known for her acting and singing skills .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "She returned to Paramount where she appeared in supporting roles . In 1944 , McDonald co-starred in Guest in the House , in which she received the first positive reviews in her career . Her next starring role came when she worked for independent producer Edward Small as the title character in the 1945 screwball comedy Getting Gerties Garter . In 1947 , McDonald signed with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and co-starred with Gene Kelly in Living in a Big Way ( 1947 ) . McDonald and Kelly did not get along while shooting and the film was a financial failure . McDonald",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "bought out the rest of her contract at M-G-M and went to Columbia Pictures where she appeared in a supporting role in Tell It to the Judge ( 1949 ) .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 1950 , McDonald appeared in Once a Thief and Hit Parade of 1951 , which would be her final films for the next eight years . For the remainder of the 1950s , McDonald focused on theatre and music . McDonald recorded an LP for RCA Victor in 1957 , The Body Sings , backed by Hal Borne and His Orchestra , which consisted of twelve standard ballads . She also toured the world in a very successful nightclub act . She returned to the screen in 1958 , when she was cast as actress Lola Livingston in The",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Geisha Boy , a slapstick comedy , opposite Jerry Lewis . In 1963 , she made her last film appearance in the sex comedy Promises ! Promises! , opposite Jayne Mansfield .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " McDonalds seven marriages and various romances kept her in the media throughout her career . McDonalds first marriage was to sportswriter Richard Allord in 1940 . The marriage was annulled after three weeks . In January 1943 , McDonald married her agent , Victor Orsatti , in Reno , Nevada . They divorced in May 1947 . While awaiting her divorce from Orsatti , McDonald had an affair with mobster Benjamin Bugsy Siegel . Siegel reportedly dumped McDonald because of her chronic tardiness .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "McDonalds third and fourth marriages were to millionaire shoe manufacturer Harry Karl . They initially married in September 1947 . After McDonald suffered several miscarriages , the couple adopted two children , Denice and Harrison . They separated in August 1954 and were divorced that November . Shortly thereafter , the couple announced that they would remarry . By January 1955 however , McDonald claimed that plans to remarry were all off because she discovered she was allergic to Karl . Despite this claim , McDonald and Karl remarried in Arizona in June 1955 . They separated in March 1956",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "and , in May , Karl filed for divorce claiming that McDonald had beat him , causing him grievous mental suffering . At the time of their separation , McDonald was pregnant with the couples first biological child . Karl dropped the divorce suit in June . In July , McDonald filed for divorce from Karl and was granted an interlocutory divorce decree later that month but their divorce was never finalized . Their daughter , Tina Marie , was born in September 1956 . During their separation , McDonald dated Michael Wilding . McDonald and Karl reconciled again in",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "1957 but separated again in December 1957 . They divorced for good on April 16 , 1958 . Karl would go on to marry actress Debbie Reynolds .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " During her final separation from Karl , McDonald began dating George Capri . Capri was one of the owners of the Flamingo Las Vegas . On June 12 , 1958 , Capri accompanied McDonald to the hospital after she accidentally overdosed on sleeping pills while the two were staying in Las Vegas . The following month , McDonald told the media that the two planned to marry after Capris divorce . They broke up in September 1958 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "On May 23 , 1959 , McDonald married television executive Louis Bass in Las Vegas . She filed for divorce after ten months , charging Bass with mental cruelty . On August 6 , 1961 , she married banker and attorney Edward Callahan in Las Vegas . On September 17 , 1962 , Callahan filed suit in Los Angeles asking for a divorce from McDonald for mental cruelty or that the marriage be annulled due to fraud . Callahan claimed that the two had only lived together for two days because McDonald had no intention of making a home with",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "him or having his children . Callahan also charged that McDonald would not convert to Roman Catholicism . McDonald counter sued dismissing Callahans claim , stating that they had lived together until September 7 . She also claimed that Callahan had committed adultery and borrowed $2600 from her to finance their wedding and honeymoon which he did not repay . McDonald married for the sixth time to Donald Taylor in 1963 . They met while McDonald was appearing in Promises , Promises , the final film which Taylor produced . They remained married until McDonalds death .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "On January 4 , 1957 , McDonalds mother phoned police claiming that a man who sounded nervous called her at her home in Woodland Hills , Los Angeles at around 12 a.m . and told her that he had abducted McDonald from her Los Angeles home . McDonalds mother went to her daughters house and discovered a note in the mailbox instructing her not to call the police and that they would be in touch with her . Approximately two hours later , McDonalds then estranged husband Harry Karl also received a call from a male who sounded like a",
"title": "Alleged kidnapping"
},
{
"text": "nervous young kid also informing him not to call police if he wanted to see McDonald alive again .",
"title": "Alleged kidnapping"
},
{
"text": "While McDonald was supposedly being held by her abductors at another home , she telephoned her agent Harold Plant , actor Michael Wilding ( whom she was dating at the time ) , and columnist Harrison Carroll . McDonald told Carroll that two men kidnapped her from her house , demanded that she give them her ring and money and gave her a shot of something . McDonald later said one of the men discovered her making the call to Carroll ; he then took the phone from her , slapped her , blindfolded her and loaded her into a",
"title": "Alleged kidnapping"
},
{
"text": "car . According to McDonald , the two men drove with her for some time and discussed taking her to a house in Mexico but , after hearing reports of her kidnapping on the radio , decided against this idea and dumped her on the side of the road .",
"title": "Alleged kidnapping"
},
{
"text": "On January 5 , a truck driver discovered McDonald on a highway near Indio , California . After being rescued , McDonald told police that on January 4 , two swarthy men came to her house brandishing a sawed-off gun demanding that she open the door or they would shoot into the bedrooms of her children . After entering the home , McDonald said the two men took some jewelry , prepared a note and discussed demanding a $30,000 ransom for her return . The men then allowed McDonald to put on a robe and slippers and pack a small",
"title": "Alleged kidnapping"
},
{
"text": "carrying case . They then forced McDonald into their car where she claimed she was blindfolded and driven to a home . At the home , McDonald said the men forced her to swallow pills which made her drowsy . She also claimed that she was able to make the three phone calls when the men left the room . A doctor who examined McDonald discovered she had two cracked teeth , bruises on her face and abrasions on her neck , legs and cheek but was otherwise unharmed . The doctor concluded that McDonalds injuries were not consistent with",
"title": "Alleged kidnapping"
},
{
"text": "the supposed assault she claimed the two men inflicted on her .",
"title": "Alleged kidnapping"
},
{
"text": "Police immediately began to doubt McDonalds story , which changed several times . Those doubts were furthered when it was discovered that the newspapers which the two supposed abductors used to construct the note found in McDonalds mailbox were found in McDonalds fireplace . Upon searching McDonalds home , police found a copy of the novel The Fuzzy Pink Nightgown , by Sylvia Tate . The book tells the story of a movie star who is kidnapped by two men . One investigator noticed that details in the book matched McDonalds story . Police then asked McDonald to undergo a",
"title": "Alleged kidnapping"
},
{
"text": "polygraph test but her lawyer refused . McDonald agreed to reenact the abduction which the police filmed . McDonalds estranged husband Harry Karl also doubted the story and claimed McDonald was not a well woman . He also said that he doubted that two men would have easily abducted her as she would have surely fought back . McDonald then accused Karl of orchestrating the abduction for publicity purposes ( Karl denied this , calling McDonalds claims absurd and ridiculous ) . She later admitted that she made up Karls alleged involvement .",
"title": "Alleged kidnapping"
},
{
"text": " After investigating the alleged kidnapping , police admitted that they could find no conclusive evidence that the event took place , due to perplexing discrepancies . On January 16 , a grand jury convened to investigate the kidnapping . McDonald testified that her story changed frequently because she was in shock when she gave her initial statement and had been taking sedatives when she gave other statements . After weighing the evidence , the grand jury could not come up with any conclusive evidence to bring charges against anyone .",
"title": "Alleged kidnapping"
},
{
"text": "On October 21 , 1965 , McDonalds sixth husband , Donald F . Taylor , found McDonalds body slumped over her dressing table in their Hidden Hills , California home . On October 30 , the coroner announced that McDonalds death was caused by active drug intoxication due to multiple drugs and was determined to be an accident or a suicide . The case was then referred to a suicide team of psychologists and psychiatrists who would determine the final mode of McDonalds death . McDonalds funeral was held on October 23 at the Church of the Recessional at Forest",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "Lawn Memorial Park , Glendale in Glendale , California . Her remains were interred in the Freedom Mausoleum at Forest Lawn Memorial Park , Glendale . In December 1965 , the suicide team classified her death as accidental after determining that McDonald likely did not choose to commit suicide .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " Three months after McDonalds death , on January 3 , 1966 , her widower , Donald F . Taylor , died of an intentional overdose of Seconal . McDonalds three surviving children were raised by Harry Karl ( her former husband ) and his wife , Debbie Reynolds . On May 4 , 1967 , McDonalds father , Evertt Ed Frye , committed suicide by a self-inflicted gunshot to the head in the garage of his New Smyrna Beach , Florida home .",
"title": "Death"
}
] |
/wiki/Marie_McDonald#P26#1
|
Who was the spouse of Marie McDonald between Sep 1949 and Feb 1950?
|
Marie McDonald Marie McDonald ( born Cora Marie Frye , July 6 , 1923 – October 21 , 1965 ) was an American singer and actress known as The Body Beautiful and later nicknamed The Body . Early life . Born in Burgin , Kentucky , McDonald was the daughter of Evertt Ed Frye and Marie Taboni ( née McDonald ) who performed in the Ziegfeld Follies . After her parents divorced , she eventually moved with her mother and stepfather to Yonkers , New York . At the age of 15 , she began competing in numerous beauty pageants and was named The Queen of Coney Island , Miss Yonkers and Miss Loews Paradise . At the age of 15 , she dropped out of school and began modeling . In 1939 , McDonald was named Miss New York State . Later that same year , she debuted in George Whites Scandals of 1939 . The following year , at age 17 , she landed a showgirl role in the Broadway production at the Earl Carroll Theatre called Earl Carrolls Vanities . Shortly thereafter , she moved to Hollywood hoping to develop a career in show business . She continued modeling and continued to work for the owner of the Broadway theatre as a showgirl at his Sunset Boulevard nightclub . Career . After auditioning for Tommy Dorsey in December 1940 , she joined Dorsey & His Orchestra on his radio show and she later performed with other big bands . Dorsey suggested that she change her last name from Frye to her mothers maiden name McDonald , which she used professionally for the rest of her life . In 1942 , she was put under contract by Universal for $75 a week and immediately appeared in several minor roles . That year , she appeared in three motion pictures , most notably , Pardon My Sarong , which earned her the nickname The Body for her shapely physique . She was eventually dropped by Universal and signed with Paramount Pictures , earning $100 a week . While at Paramount , McDonald appeared in Lucky Jordan ( 1942 ) . The following year , she was lent to Republic Pictures , where she co-starred in A Scream in the Dark , a B detective mystery that met with reasonable success . During World War II , McDonald became one of Hollywoods most popular pin-up girls and posed for the United States military magazine , Yank . While she initially did not mind being called The Body , McDonald soon grew tired of the nickname and focus on her body and expressed a desire to be known for her acting and singing skills . She returned to Paramount where she appeared in supporting roles . In 1944 , McDonald co-starred in Guest in the House , in which she received the first positive reviews in her career . Her next starring role came when she worked for independent producer Edward Small as the title character in the 1945 screwball comedy Getting Gerties Garter . In 1947 , McDonald signed with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and co-starred with Gene Kelly in Living in a Big Way ( 1947 ) . McDonald and Kelly did not get along while shooting and the film was a financial failure . McDonald bought out the rest of her contract at M-G-M and went to Columbia Pictures where she appeared in a supporting role in Tell It to the Judge ( 1949 ) . In 1950 , McDonald appeared in Once a Thief and Hit Parade of 1951 , which would be her final films for the next eight years . For the remainder of the 1950s , McDonald focused on theatre and music . McDonald recorded an LP for RCA Victor in 1957 , The Body Sings , backed by Hal Borne and His Orchestra , which consisted of twelve standard ballads . She also toured the world in a very successful nightclub act . She returned to the screen in 1958 , when she was cast as actress Lola Livingston in The Geisha Boy , a slapstick comedy , opposite Jerry Lewis . In 1963 , she made her last film appearance in the sex comedy Promises ! Promises! , opposite Jayne Mansfield . Personal life . McDonalds seven marriages and various romances kept her in the media throughout her career . McDonalds first marriage was to sportswriter Richard Allord in 1940 . The marriage was annulled after three weeks . In January 1943 , McDonald married her agent , Victor Orsatti , in Reno , Nevada . They divorced in May 1947 . While awaiting her divorce from Orsatti , McDonald had an affair with mobster Benjamin Bugsy Siegel . Siegel reportedly dumped McDonald because of her chronic tardiness . McDonalds third and fourth marriages were to millionaire shoe manufacturer Harry Karl . They initially married in September 1947 . After McDonald suffered several miscarriages , the couple adopted two children , Denice and Harrison . They separated in August 1954 and were divorced that November . Shortly thereafter , the couple announced that they would remarry . By January 1955 however , McDonald claimed that plans to remarry were all off because she discovered she was allergic to Karl . Despite this claim , McDonald and Karl remarried in Arizona in June 1955 . They separated in March 1956 and , in May , Karl filed for divorce claiming that McDonald had beat him , causing him grievous mental suffering . At the time of their separation , McDonald was pregnant with the couples first biological child . Karl dropped the divorce suit in June . In July , McDonald filed for divorce from Karl and was granted an interlocutory divorce decree later that month but their divorce was never finalized . Their daughter , Tina Marie , was born in September 1956 . During their separation , McDonald dated Michael Wilding . McDonald and Karl reconciled again in 1957 but separated again in December 1957 . They divorced for good on April 16 , 1958 . Karl would go on to marry actress Debbie Reynolds . During her final separation from Karl , McDonald began dating George Capri . Capri was one of the owners of the Flamingo Las Vegas . On June 12 , 1958 , Capri accompanied McDonald to the hospital after she accidentally overdosed on sleeping pills while the two were staying in Las Vegas . The following month , McDonald told the media that the two planned to marry after Capris divorce . They broke up in September 1958 . On May 23 , 1959 , McDonald married television executive Louis Bass in Las Vegas . She filed for divorce after ten months , charging Bass with mental cruelty . On August 6 , 1961 , she married banker and attorney Edward Callahan in Las Vegas . On September 17 , 1962 , Callahan filed suit in Los Angeles asking for a divorce from McDonald for mental cruelty or that the marriage be annulled due to fraud . Callahan claimed that the two had only lived together for two days because McDonald had no intention of making a home with him or having his children . Callahan also charged that McDonald would not convert to Roman Catholicism . McDonald counter sued dismissing Callahans claim , stating that they had lived together until September 7 . She also claimed that Callahan had committed adultery and borrowed $2600 from her to finance their wedding and honeymoon which he did not repay . McDonald married for the sixth time to Donald Taylor in 1963 . They met while McDonald was appearing in Promises , Promises , the final film which Taylor produced . They remained married until McDonalds death . Alleged kidnapping . On January 4 , 1957 , McDonalds mother phoned police claiming that a man who sounded nervous called her at her home in Woodland Hills , Los Angeles at around 12 a.m . and told her that he had abducted McDonald from her Los Angeles home . McDonalds mother went to her daughters house and discovered a note in the mailbox instructing her not to call the police and that they would be in touch with her . Approximately two hours later , McDonalds then estranged husband Harry Karl also received a call from a male who sounded like a nervous young kid also informing him not to call police if he wanted to see McDonald alive again . While McDonald was supposedly being held by her abductors at another home , she telephoned her agent Harold Plant , actor Michael Wilding ( whom she was dating at the time ) , and columnist Harrison Carroll . McDonald told Carroll that two men kidnapped her from her house , demanded that she give them her ring and money and gave her a shot of something . McDonald later said one of the men discovered her making the call to Carroll ; he then took the phone from her , slapped her , blindfolded her and loaded her into a car . According to McDonald , the two men drove with her for some time and discussed taking her to a house in Mexico but , after hearing reports of her kidnapping on the radio , decided against this idea and dumped her on the side of the road . On January 5 , a truck driver discovered McDonald on a highway near Indio , California . After being rescued , McDonald told police that on January 4 , two swarthy men came to her house brandishing a sawed-off gun demanding that she open the door or they would shoot into the bedrooms of her children . After entering the home , McDonald said the two men took some jewelry , prepared a note and discussed demanding a $30,000 ransom for her return . The men then allowed McDonald to put on a robe and slippers and pack a small carrying case . They then forced McDonald into their car where she claimed she was blindfolded and driven to a home . At the home , McDonald said the men forced her to swallow pills which made her drowsy . She also claimed that she was able to make the three phone calls when the men left the room . A doctor who examined McDonald discovered she had two cracked teeth , bruises on her face and abrasions on her neck , legs and cheek but was otherwise unharmed . The doctor concluded that McDonalds injuries were not consistent with the supposed assault she claimed the two men inflicted on her . Police immediately began to doubt McDonalds story , which changed several times . Those doubts were furthered when it was discovered that the newspapers which the two supposed abductors used to construct the note found in McDonalds mailbox were found in McDonalds fireplace . Upon searching McDonalds home , police found a copy of the novel The Fuzzy Pink Nightgown , by Sylvia Tate . The book tells the story of a movie star who is kidnapped by two men . One investigator noticed that details in the book matched McDonalds story . Police then asked McDonald to undergo a polygraph test but her lawyer refused . McDonald agreed to reenact the abduction which the police filmed . McDonalds estranged husband Harry Karl also doubted the story and claimed McDonald was not a well woman . He also said that he doubted that two men would have easily abducted her as she would have surely fought back . McDonald then accused Karl of orchestrating the abduction for publicity purposes ( Karl denied this , calling McDonalds claims absurd and ridiculous ) . She later admitted that she made up Karls alleged involvement . After investigating the alleged kidnapping , police admitted that they could find no conclusive evidence that the event took place , due to perplexing discrepancies . On January 16 , a grand jury convened to investigate the kidnapping . McDonald testified that her story changed frequently because she was in shock when she gave her initial statement and had been taking sedatives when she gave other statements . After weighing the evidence , the grand jury could not come up with any conclusive evidence to bring charges against anyone . Death . On October 21 , 1965 , McDonalds sixth husband , Donald F . Taylor , found McDonalds body slumped over her dressing table in their Hidden Hills , California home . On October 30 , the coroner announced that McDonalds death was caused by active drug intoxication due to multiple drugs and was determined to be an accident or a suicide . The case was then referred to a suicide team of psychologists and psychiatrists who would determine the final mode of McDonalds death . McDonalds funeral was held on October 23 at the Church of the Recessional at Forest Lawn Memorial Park , Glendale in Glendale , California . Her remains were interred in the Freedom Mausoleum at Forest Lawn Memorial Park , Glendale . In December 1965 , the suicide team classified her death as accidental after determining that McDonald likely did not choose to commit suicide . Three months after McDonalds death , on January 3 , 1966 , her widower , Donald F . Taylor , died of an intentional overdose of Seconal . McDonalds three surviving children were raised by Harry Karl ( her former husband ) and his wife , Debbie Reynolds . On May 4 , 1967 , McDonalds father , Evertt Ed Frye , committed suicide by a self-inflicted gunshot to the head in the garage of his New Smyrna Beach , Florida home .
|
[
"Harry Karl"
] |
[
{
"text": " Marie McDonald ( born Cora Marie Frye , July 6 , 1923 – October 21 , 1965 ) was an American singer and actress known as The Body Beautiful and later nicknamed The Body .",
"title": "Marie McDonald"
},
{
"text": "Born in Burgin , Kentucky , McDonald was the daughter of Evertt Ed Frye and Marie Taboni ( née McDonald ) who performed in the Ziegfeld Follies . After her parents divorced , she eventually moved with her mother and stepfather to Yonkers , New York . At the age of 15 , she began competing in numerous beauty pageants and was named The Queen of Coney Island , Miss Yonkers and Miss Loews Paradise . At the age of 15 , she dropped out of school and began modeling . In 1939 , McDonald was named Miss New York",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "State . Later that same year , she debuted in George Whites Scandals of 1939 . The following year , at age 17 , she landed a showgirl role in the Broadway production at the Earl Carroll Theatre called Earl Carrolls Vanities .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Shortly thereafter , she moved to Hollywood hoping to develop a career in show business . She continued modeling and continued to work for the owner of the Broadway theatre as a showgirl at his Sunset Boulevard nightclub .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "After auditioning for Tommy Dorsey in December 1940 , she joined Dorsey & His Orchestra on his radio show and she later performed with other big bands . Dorsey suggested that she change her last name from Frye to her mothers maiden name McDonald , which she used professionally for the rest of her life . In 1942 , she was put under contract by Universal for $75 a week and immediately appeared in several minor roles . That year , she appeared in three motion pictures , most notably , Pardon My Sarong , which earned her the nickname",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "The Body for her shapely physique .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "She was eventually dropped by Universal and signed with Paramount Pictures , earning $100 a week . While at Paramount , McDonald appeared in Lucky Jordan ( 1942 ) . The following year , she was lent to Republic Pictures , where she co-starred in A Scream in the Dark , a B detective mystery that met with reasonable success . During World War II , McDonald became one of Hollywoods most popular pin-up girls and posed for the United States military magazine , Yank . While she initially did not mind being called The Body , McDonald soon grew",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "tired of the nickname and focus on her body and expressed a desire to be known for her acting and singing skills .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "She returned to Paramount where she appeared in supporting roles . In 1944 , McDonald co-starred in Guest in the House , in which she received the first positive reviews in her career . Her next starring role came when she worked for independent producer Edward Small as the title character in the 1945 screwball comedy Getting Gerties Garter . In 1947 , McDonald signed with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and co-starred with Gene Kelly in Living in a Big Way ( 1947 ) . McDonald and Kelly did not get along while shooting and the film was a financial failure . McDonald",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "bought out the rest of her contract at M-G-M and went to Columbia Pictures where she appeared in a supporting role in Tell It to the Judge ( 1949 ) .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 1950 , McDonald appeared in Once a Thief and Hit Parade of 1951 , which would be her final films for the next eight years . For the remainder of the 1950s , McDonald focused on theatre and music . McDonald recorded an LP for RCA Victor in 1957 , The Body Sings , backed by Hal Borne and His Orchestra , which consisted of twelve standard ballads . She also toured the world in a very successful nightclub act . She returned to the screen in 1958 , when she was cast as actress Lola Livingston in The",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Geisha Boy , a slapstick comedy , opposite Jerry Lewis . In 1963 , she made her last film appearance in the sex comedy Promises ! Promises! , opposite Jayne Mansfield .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " McDonalds seven marriages and various romances kept her in the media throughout her career . McDonalds first marriage was to sportswriter Richard Allord in 1940 . The marriage was annulled after three weeks . In January 1943 , McDonald married her agent , Victor Orsatti , in Reno , Nevada . They divorced in May 1947 . While awaiting her divorce from Orsatti , McDonald had an affair with mobster Benjamin Bugsy Siegel . Siegel reportedly dumped McDonald because of her chronic tardiness .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "McDonalds third and fourth marriages were to millionaire shoe manufacturer Harry Karl . They initially married in September 1947 . After McDonald suffered several miscarriages , the couple adopted two children , Denice and Harrison . They separated in August 1954 and were divorced that November . Shortly thereafter , the couple announced that they would remarry . By January 1955 however , McDonald claimed that plans to remarry were all off because she discovered she was allergic to Karl . Despite this claim , McDonald and Karl remarried in Arizona in June 1955 . They separated in March 1956",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "and , in May , Karl filed for divorce claiming that McDonald had beat him , causing him grievous mental suffering . At the time of their separation , McDonald was pregnant with the couples first biological child . Karl dropped the divorce suit in June . In July , McDonald filed for divorce from Karl and was granted an interlocutory divorce decree later that month but their divorce was never finalized . Their daughter , Tina Marie , was born in September 1956 . During their separation , McDonald dated Michael Wilding . McDonald and Karl reconciled again in",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "1957 but separated again in December 1957 . They divorced for good on April 16 , 1958 . Karl would go on to marry actress Debbie Reynolds .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " During her final separation from Karl , McDonald began dating George Capri . Capri was one of the owners of the Flamingo Las Vegas . On June 12 , 1958 , Capri accompanied McDonald to the hospital after she accidentally overdosed on sleeping pills while the two were staying in Las Vegas . The following month , McDonald told the media that the two planned to marry after Capris divorce . They broke up in September 1958 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "On May 23 , 1959 , McDonald married television executive Louis Bass in Las Vegas . She filed for divorce after ten months , charging Bass with mental cruelty . On August 6 , 1961 , she married banker and attorney Edward Callahan in Las Vegas . On September 17 , 1962 , Callahan filed suit in Los Angeles asking for a divorce from McDonald for mental cruelty or that the marriage be annulled due to fraud . Callahan claimed that the two had only lived together for two days because McDonald had no intention of making a home with",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "him or having his children . Callahan also charged that McDonald would not convert to Roman Catholicism . McDonald counter sued dismissing Callahans claim , stating that they had lived together until September 7 . She also claimed that Callahan had committed adultery and borrowed $2600 from her to finance their wedding and honeymoon which he did not repay . McDonald married for the sixth time to Donald Taylor in 1963 . They met while McDonald was appearing in Promises , Promises , the final film which Taylor produced . They remained married until McDonalds death .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "On January 4 , 1957 , McDonalds mother phoned police claiming that a man who sounded nervous called her at her home in Woodland Hills , Los Angeles at around 12 a.m . and told her that he had abducted McDonald from her Los Angeles home . McDonalds mother went to her daughters house and discovered a note in the mailbox instructing her not to call the police and that they would be in touch with her . Approximately two hours later , McDonalds then estranged husband Harry Karl also received a call from a male who sounded like a",
"title": "Alleged kidnapping"
},
{
"text": "nervous young kid also informing him not to call police if he wanted to see McDonald alive again .",
"title": "Alleged kidnapping"
},
{
"text": "While McDonald was supposedly being held by her abductors at another home , she telephoned her agent Harold Plant , actor Michael Wilding ( whom she was dating at the time ) , and columnist Harrison Carroll . McDonald told Carroll that two men kidnapped her from her house , demanded that she give them her ring and money and gave her a shot of something . McDonald later said one of the men discovered her making the call to Carroll ; he then took the phone from her , slapped her , blindfolded her and loaded her into a",
"title": "Alleged kidnapping"
},
{
"text": "car . According to McDonald , the two men drove with her for some time and discussed taking her to a house in Mexico but , after hearing reports of her kidnapping on the radio , decided against this idea and dumped her on the side of the road .",
"title": "Alleged kidnapping"
},
{
"text": "On January 5 , a truck driver discovered McDonald on a highway near Indio , California . After being rescued , McDonald told police that on January 4 , two swarthy men came to her house brandishing a sawed-off gun demanding that she open the door or they would shoot into the bedrooms of her children . After entering the home , McDonald said the two men took some jewelry , prepared a note and discussed demanding a $30,000 ransom for her return . The men then allowed McDonald to put on a robe and slippers and pack a small",
"title": "Alleged kidnapping"
},
{
"text": "carrying case . They then forced McDonald into their car where she claimed she was blindfolded and driven to a home . At the home , McDonald said the men forced her to swallow pills which made her drowsy . She also claimed that she was able to make the three phone calls when the men left the room . A doctor who examined McDonald discovered she had two cracked teeth , bruises on her face and abrasions on her neck , legs and cheek but was otherwise unharmed . The doctor concluded that McDonalds injuries were not consistent with",
"title": "Alleged kidnapping"
},
{
"text": "the supposed assault she claimed the two men inflicted on her .",
"title": "Alleged kidnapping"
},
{
"text": "Police immediately began to doubt McDonalds story , which changed several times . Those doubts were furthered when it was discovered that the newspapers which the two supposed abductors used to construct the note found in McDonalds mailbox were found in McDonalds fireplace . Upon searching McDonalds home , police found a copy of the novel The Fuzzy Pink Nightgown , by Sylvia Tate . The book tells the story of a movie star who is kidnapped by two men . One investigator noticed that details in the book matched McDonalds story . Police then asked McDonald to undergo a",
"title": "Alleged kidnapping"
},
{
"text": "polygraph test but her lawyer refused . McDonald agreed to reenact the abduction which the police filmed . McDonalds estranged husband Harry Karl also doubted the story and claimed McDonald was not a well woman . He also said that he doubted that two men would have easily abducted her as she would have surely fought back . McDonald then accused Karl of orchestrating the abduction for publicity purposes ( Karl denied this , calling McDonalds claims absurd and ridiculous ) . She later admitted that she made up Karls alleged involvement .",
"title": "Alleged kidnapping"
},
{
"text": " After investigating the alleged kidnapping , police admitted that they could find no conclusive evidence that the event took place , due to perplexing discrepancies . On January 16 , a grand jury convened to investigate the kidnapping . McDonald testified that her story changed frequently because she was in shock when she gave her initial statement and had been taking sedatives when she gave other statements . After weighing the evidence , the grand jury could not come up with any conclusive evidence to bring charges against anyone .",
"title": "Alleged kidnapping"
},
{
"text": "On October 21 , 1965 , McDonalds sixth husband , Donald F . Taylor , found McDonalds body slumped over her dressing table in their Hidden Hills , California home . On October 30 , the coroner announced that McDonalds death was caused by active drug intoxication due to multiple drugs and was determined to be an accident or a suicide . The case was then referred to a suicide team of psychologists and psychiatrists who would determine the final mode of McDonalds death . McDonalds funeral was held on October 23 at the Church of the Recessional at Forest",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "Lawn Memorial Park , Glendale in Glendale , California . Her remains were interred in the Freedom Mausoleum at Forest Lawn Memorial Park , Glendale . In December 1965 , the suicide team classified her death as accidental after determining that McDonald likely did not choose to commit suicide .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " Three months after McDonalds death , on January 3 , 1966 , her widower , Donald F . Taylor , died of an intentional overdose of Seconal . McDonalds three surviving children were raised by Harry Karl ( her former husband ) and his wife , Debbie Reynolds . On May 4 , 1967 , McDonalds father , Evertt Ed Frye , committed suicide by a self-inflicted gunshot to the head in the garage of his New Smyrna Beach , Florida home .",
"title": "Death"
}
] |
/wiki/Marie_McDonald#P26#2
|
Who was the spouse of Marie McDonald after Jun 1955?
|
Marie McDonald Marie McDonald ( born Cora Marie Frye , July 6 , 1923 – October 21 , 1965 ) was an American singer and actress known as The Body Beautiful and later nicknamed The Body . Early life . Born in Burgin , Kentucky , McDonald was the daughter of Evertt Ed Frye and Marie Taboni ( née McDonald ) who performed in the Ziegfeld Follies . After her parents divorced , she eventually moved with her mother and stepfather to Yonkers , New York . At the age of 15 , she began competing in numerous beauty pageants and was named The Queen of Coney Island , Miss Yonkers and Miss Loews Paradise . At the age of 15 , she dropped out of school and began modeling . In 1939 , McDonald was named Miss New York State . Later that same year , she debuted in George Whites Scandals of 1939 . The following year , at age 17 , she landed a showgirl role in the Broadway production at the Earl Carroll Theatre called Earl Carrolls Vanities . Shortly thereafter , she moved to Hollywood hoping to develop a career in show business . She continued modeling and continued to work for the owner of the Broadway theatre as a showgirl at his Sunset Boulevard nightclub . Career . After auditioning for Tommy Dorsey in December 1940 , she joined Dorsey & His Orchestra on his radio show and she later performed with other big bands . Dorsey suggested that she change her last name from Frye to her mothers maiden name McDonald , which she used professionally for the rest of her life . In 1942 , she was put under contract by Universal for $75 a week and immediately appeared in several minor roles . That year , she appeared in three motion pictures , most notably , Pardon My Sarong , which earned her the nickname The Body for her shapely physique . She was eventually dropped by Universal and signed with Paramount Pictures , earning $100 a week . While at Paramount , McDonald appeared in Lucky Jordan ( 1942 ) . The following year , she was lent to Republic Pictures , where she co-starred in A Scream in the Dark , a B detective mystery that met with reasonable success . During World War II , McDonald became one of Hollywoods most popular pin-up girls and posed for the United States military magazine , Yank . While she initially did not mind being called The Body , McDonald soon grew tired of the nickname and focus on her body and expressed a desire to be known for her acting and singing skills . She returned to Paramount where she appeared in supporting roles . In 1944 , McDonald co-starred in Guest in the House , in which she received the first positive reviews in her career . Her next starring role came when she worked for independent producer Edward Small as the title character in the 1945 screwball comedy Getting Gerties Garter . In 1947 , McDonald signed with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and co-starred with Gene Kelly in Living in a Big Way ( 1947 ) . McDonald and Kelly did not get along while shooting and the film was a financial failure . McDonald bought out the rest of her contract at M-G-M and went to Columbia Pictures where she appeared in a supporting role in Tell It to the Judge ( 1949 ) . In 1950 , McDonald appeared in Once a Thief and Hit Parade of 1951 , which would be her final films for the next eight years . For the remainder of the 1950s , McDonald focused on theatre and music . McDonald recorded an LP for RCA Victor in 1957 , The Body Sings , backed by Hal Borne and His Orchestra , which consisted of twelve standard ballads . She also toured the world in a very successful nightclub act . She returned to the screen in 1958 , when she was cast as actress Lola Livingston in The Geisha Boy , a slapstick comedy , opposite Jerry Lewis . In 1963 , she made her last film appearance in the sex comedy Promises ! Promises! , opposite Jayne Mansfield . Personal life . McDonalds seven marriages and various romances kept her in the media throughout her career . McDonalds first marriage was to sportswriter Richard Allord in 1940 . The marriage was annulled after three weeks . In January 1943 , McDonald married her agent , Victor Orsatti , in Reno , Nevada . They divorced in May 1947 . While awaiting her divorce from Orsatti , McDonald had an affair with mobster Benjamin Bugsy Siegel . Siegel reportedly dumped McDonald because of her chronic tardiness . McDonalds third and fourth marriages were to millionaire shoe manufacturer Harry Karl . They initially married in September 1947 . After McDonald suffered several miscarriages , the couple adopted two children , Denice and Harrison . They separated in August 1954 and were divorced that November . Shortly thereafter , the couple announced that they would remarry . By January 1955 however , McDonald claimed that plans to remarry were all off because she discovered she was allergic to Karl . Despite this claim , McDonald and Karl remarried in Arizona in June 1955 . They separated in March 1956 and , in May , Karl filed for divorce claiming that McDonald had beat him , causing him grievous mental suffering . At the time of their separation , McDonald was pregnant with the couples first biological child . Karl dropped the divorce suit in June . In July , McDonald filed for divorce from Karl and was granted an interlocutory divorce decree later that month but their divorce was never finalized . Their daughter , Tina Marie , was born in September 1956 . During their separation , McDonald dated Michael Wilding . McDonald and Karl reconciled again in 1957 but separated again in December 1957 . They divorced for good on April 16 , 1958 . Karl would go on to marry actress Debbie Reynolds . During her final separation from Karl , McDonald began dating George Capri . Capri was one of the owners of the Flamingo Las Vegas . On June 12 , 1958 , Capri accompanied McDonald to the hospital after she accidentally overdosed on sleeping pills while the two were staying in Las Vegas . The following month , McDonald told the media that the two planned to marry after Capris divorce . They broke up in September 1958 . On May 23 , 1959 , McDonald married television executive Louis Bass in Las Vegas . She filed for divorce after ten months , charging Bass with mental cruelty . On August 6 , 1961 , she married banker and attorney Edward Callahan in Las Vegas . On September 17 , 1962 , Callahan filed suit in Los Angeles asking for a divorce from McDonald for mental cruelty or that the marriage be annulled due to fraud . Callahan claimed that the two had only lived together for two days because McDonald had no intention of making a home with him or having his children . Callahan also charged that McDonald would not convert to Roman Catholicism . McDonald counter sued dismissing Callahans claim , stating that they had lived together until September 7 . She also claimed that Callahan had committed adultery and borrowed $2600 from her to finance their wedding and honeymoon which he did not repay . McDonald married for the sixth time to Donald Taylor in 1963 . They met while McDonald was appearing in Promises , Promises , the final film which Taylor produced . They remained married until McDonalds death . Alleged kidnapping . On January 4 , 1957 , McDonalds mother phoned police claiming that a man who sounded nervous called her at her home in Woodland Hills , Los Angeles at around 12 a.m . and told her that he had abducted McDonald from her Los Angeles home . McDonalds mother went to her daughters house and discovered a note in the mailbox instructing her not to call the police and that they would be in touch with her . Approximately two hours later , McDonalds then estranged husband Harry Karl also received a call from a male who sounded like a nervous young kid also informing him not to call police if he wanted to see McDonald alive again . While McDonald was supposedly being held by her abductors at another home , she telephoned her agent Harold Plant , actor Michael Wilding ( whom she was dating at the time ) , and columnist Harrison Carroll . McDonald told Carroll that two men kidnapped her from her house , demanded that she give them her ring and money and gave her a shot of something . McDonald later said one of the men discovered her making the call to Carroll ; he then took the phone from her , slapped her , blindfolded her and loaded her into a car . According to McDonald , the two men drove with her for some time and discussed taking her to a house in Mexico but , after hearing reports of her kidnapping on the radio , decided against this idea and dumped her on the side of the road . On January 5 , a truck driver discovered McDonald on a highway near Indio , California . After being rescued , McDonald told police that on January 4 , two swarthy men came to her house brandishing a sawed-off gun demanding that she open the door or they would shoot into the bedrooms of her children . After entering the home , McDonald said the two men took some jewelry , prepared a note and discussed demanding a $30,000 ransom for her return . The men then allowed McDonald to put on a robe and slippers and pack a small carrying case . They then forced McDonald into their car where she claimed she was blindfolded and driven to a home . At the home , McDonald said the men forced her to swallow pills which made her drowsy . She also claimed that she was able to make the three phone calls when the men left the room . A doctor who examined McDonald discovered she had two cracked teeth , bruises on her face and abrasions on her neck , legs and cheek but was otherwise unharmed . The doctor concluded that McDonalds injuries were not consistent with the supposed assault she claimed the two men inflicted on her . Police immediately began to doubt McDonalds story , which changed several times . Those doubts were furthered when it was discovered that the newspapers which the two supposed abductors used to construct the note found in McDonalds mailbox were found in McDonalds fireplace . Upon searching McDonalds home , police found a copy of the novel The Fuzzy Pink Nightgown , by Sylvia Tate . The book tells the story of a movie star who is kidnapped by two men . One investigator noticed that details in the book matched McDonalds story . Police then asked McDonald to undergo a polygraph test but her lawyer refused . McDonald agreed to reenact the abduction which the police filmed . McDonalds estranged husband Harry Karl also doubted the story and claimed McDonald was not a well woman . He also said that he doubted that two men would have easily abducted her as she would have surely fought back . McDonald then accused Karl of orchestrating the abduction for publicity purposes ( Karl denied this , calling McDonalds claims absurd and ridiculous ) . She later admitted that she made up Karls alleged involvement . After investigating the alleged kidnapping , police admitted that they could find no conclusive evidence that the event took place , due to perplexing discrepancies . On January 16 , a grand jury convened to investigate the kidnapping . McDonald testified that her story changed frequently because she was in shock when she gave her initial statement and had been taking sedatives when she gave other statements . After weighing the evidence , the grand jury could not come up with any conclusive evidence to bring charges against anyone . Death . On October 21 , 1965 , McDonalds sixth husband , Donald F . Taylor , found McDonalds body slumped over her dressing table in their Hidden Hills , California home . On October 30 , the coroner announced that McDonalds death was caused by active drug intoxication due to multiple drugs and was determined to be an accident or a suicide . The case was then referred to a suicide team of psychologists and psychiatrists who would determine the final mode of McDonalds death . McDonalds funeral was held on October 23 at the Church of the Recessional at Forest Lawn Memorial Park , Glendale in Glendale , California . Her remains were interred in the Freedom Mausoleum at Forest Lawn Memorial Park , Glendale . In December 1965 , the suicide team classified her death as accidental after determining that McDonald likely did not choose to commit suicide . Three months after McDonalds death , on January 3 , 1966 , her widower , Donald F . Taylor , died of an intentional overdose of Seconal . McDonalds three surviving children were raised by Harry Karl ( her former husband ) and his wife , Debbie Reynolds . On May 4 , 1967 , McDonalds father , Evertt Ed Frye , committed suicide by a self-inflicted gunshot to the head in the garage of his New Smyrna Beach , Florida home .
|
[
"Harry Karl"
] |
[
{
"text": " Marie McDonald ( born Cora Marie Frye , July 6 , 1923 – October 21 , 1965 ) was an American singer and actress known as The Body Beautiful and later nicknamed The Body .",
"title": "Marie McDonald"
},
{
"text": "Born in Burgin , Kentucky , McDonald was the daughter of Evertt Ed Frye and Marie Taboni ( née McDonald ) who performed in the Ziegfeld Follies . After her parents divorced , she eventually moved with her mother and stepfather to Yonkers , New York . At the age of 15 , she began competing in numerous beauty pageants and was named The Queen of Coney Island , Miss Yonkers and Miss Loews Paradise . At the age of 15 , she dropped out of school and began modeling . In 1939 , McDonald was named Miss New York",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "State . Later that same year , she debuted in George Whites Scandals of 1939 . The following year , at age 17 , she landed a showgirl role in the Broadway production at the Earl Carroll Theatre called Earl Carrolls Vanities .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Shortly thereafter , she moved to Hollywood hoping to develop a career in show business . She continued modeling and continued to work for the owner of the Broadway theatre as a showgirl at his Sunset Boulevard nightclub .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "After auditioning for Tommy Dorsey in December 1940 , she joined Dorsey & His Orchestra on his radio show and she later performed with other big bands . Dorsey suggested that she change her last name from Frye to her mothers maiden name McDonald , which she used professionally for the rest of her life . In 1942 , she was put under contract by Universal for $75 a week and immediately appeared in several minor roles . That year , she appeared in three motion pictures , most notably , Pardon My Sarong , which earned her the nickname",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "The Body for her shapely physique .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "She was eventually dropped by Universal and signed with Paramount Pictures , earning $100 a week . While at Paramount , McDonald appeared in Lucky Jordan ( 1942 ) . The following year , she was lent to Republic Pictures , where she co-starred in A Scream in the Dark , a B detective mystery that met with reasonable success . During World War II , McDonald became one of Hollywoods most popular pin-up girls and posed for the United States military magazine , Yank . While she initially did not mind being called The Body , McDonald soon grew",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "tired of the nickname and focus on her body and expressed a desire to be known for her acting and singing skills .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "She returned to Paramount where she appeared in supporting roles . In 1944 , McDonald co-starred in Guest in the House , in which she received the first positive reviews in her career . Her next starring role came when she worked for independent producer Edward Small as the title character in the 1945 screwball comedy Getting Gerties Garter . In 1947 , McDonald signed with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and co-starred with Gene Kelly in Living in a Big Way ( 1947 ) . McDonald and Kelly did not get along while shooting and the film was a financial failure . McDonald",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "bought out the rest of her contract at M-G-M and went to Columbia Pictures where she appeared in a supporting role in Tell It to the Judge ( 1949 ) .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 1950 , McDonald appeared in Once a Thief and Hit Parade of 1951 , which would be her final films for the next eight years . For the remainder of the 1950s , McDonald focused on theatre and music . McDonald recorded an LP for RCA Victor in 1957 , The Body Sings , backed by Hal Borne and His Orchestra , which consisted of twelve standard ballads . She also toured the world in a very successful nightclub act . She returned to the screen in 1958 , when she was cast as actress Lola Livingston in The",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Geisha Boy , a slapstick comedy , opposite Jerry Lewis . In 1963 , she made her last film appearance in the sex comedy Promises ! Promises! , opposite Jayne Mansfield .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " McDonalds seven marriages and various romances kept her in the media throughout her career . McDonalds first marriage was to sportswriter Richard Allord in 1940 . The marriage was annulled after three weeks . In January 1943 , McDonald married her agent , Victor Orsatti , in Reno , Nevada . They divorced in May 1947 . While awaiting her divorce from Orsatti , McDonald had an affair with mobster Benjamin Bugsy Siegel . Siegel reportedly dumped McDonald because of her chronic tardiness .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "McDonalds third and fourth marriages were to millionaire shoe manufacturer Harry Karl . They initially married in September 1947 . After McDonald suffered several miscarriages , the couple adopted two children , Denice and Harrison . They separated in August 1954 and were divorced that November . Shortly thereafter , the couple announced that they would remarry . By January 1955 however , McDonald claimed that plans to remarry were all off because she discovered she was allergic to Karl . Despite this claim , McDonald and Karl remarried in Arizona in June 1955 . They separated in March 1956",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "and , in May , Karl filed for divorce claiming that McDonald had beat him , causing him grievous mental suffering . At the time of their separation , McDonald was pregnant with the couples first biological child . Karl dropped the divorce suit in June . In July , McDonald filed for divorce from Karl and was granted an interlocutory divorce decree later that month but their divorce was never finalized . Their daughter , Tina Marie , was born in September 1956 . During their separation , McDonald dated Michael Wilding . McDonald and Karl reconciled again in",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "1957 but separated again in December 1957 . They divorced for good on April 16 , 1958 . Karl would go on to marry actress Debbie Reynolds .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " During her final separation from Karl , McDonald began dating George Capri . Capri was one of the owners of the Flamingo Las Vegas . On June 12 , 1958 , Capri accompanied McDonald to the hospital after she accidentally overdosed on sleeping pills while the two were staying in Las Vegas . The following month , McDonald told the media that the two planned to marry after Capris divorce . They broke up in September 1958 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "On May 23 , 1959 , McDonald married television executive Louis Bass in Las Vegas . She filed for divorce after ten months , charging Bass with mental cruelty . On August 6 , 1961 , she married banker and attorney Edward Callahan in Las Vegas . On September 17 , 1962 , Callahan filed suit in Los Angeles asking for a divorce from McDonald for mental cruelty or that the marriage be annulled due to fraud . Callahan claimed that the two had only lived together for two days because McDonald had no intention of making a home with",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "him or having his children . Callahan also charged that McDonald would not convert to Roman Catholicism . McDonald counter sued dismissing Callahans claim , stating that they had lived together until September 7 . She also claimed that Callahan had committed adultery and borrowed $2600 from her to finance their wedding and honeymoon which he did not repay . McDonald married for the sixth time to Donald Taylor in 1963 . They met while McDonald was appearing in Promises , Promises , the final film which Taylor produced . They remained married until McDonalds death .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "On January 4 , 1957 , McDonalds mother phoned police claiming that a man who sounded nervous called her at her home in Woodland Hills , Los Angeles at around 12 a.m . and told her that he had abducted McDonald from her Los Angeles home . McDonalds mother went to her daughters house and discovered a note in the mailbox instructing her not to call the police and that they would be in touch with her . Approximately two hours later , McDonalds then estranged husband Harry Karl also received a call from a male who sounded like a",
"title": "Alleged kidnapping"
},
{
"text": "nervous young kid also informing him not to call police if he wanted to see McDonald alive again .",
"title": "Alleged kidnapping"
},
{
"text": "While McDonald was supposedly being held by her abductors at another home , she telephoned her agent Harold Plant , actor Michael Wilding ( whom she was dating at the time ) , and columnist Harrison Carroll . McDonald told Carroll that two men kidnapped her from her house , demanded that she give them her ring and money and gave her a shot of something . McDonald later said one of the men discovered her making the call to Carroll ; he then took the phone from her , slapped her , blindfolded her and loaded her into a",
"title": "Alleged kidnapping"
},
{
"text": "car . According to McDonald , the two men drove with her for some time and discussed taking her to a house in Mexico but , after hearing reports of her kidnapping on the radio , decided against this idea and dumped her on the side of the road .",
"title": "Alleged kidnapping"
},
{
"text": "On January 5 , a truck driver discovered McDonald on a highway near Indio , California . After being rescued , McDonald told police that on January 4 , two swarthy men came to her house brandishing a sawed-off gun demanding that she open the door or they would shoot into the bedrooms of her children . After entering the home , McDonald said the two men took some jewelry , prepared a note and discussed demanding a $30,000 ransom for her return . The men then allowed McDonald to put on a robe and slippers and pack a small",
"title": "Alleged kidnapping"
},
{
"text": "carrying case . They then forced McDonald into their car where she claimed she was blindfolded and driven to a home . At the home , McDonald said the men forced her to swallow pills which made her drowsy . She also claimed that she was able to make the three phone calls when the men left the room . A doctor who examined McDonald discovered she had two cracked teeth , bruises on her face and abrasions on her neck , legs and cheek but was otherwise unharmed . The doctor concluded that McDonalds injuries were not consistent with",
"title": "Alleged kidnapping"
},
{
"text": "the supposed assault she claimed the two men inflicted on her .",
"title": "Alleged kidnapping"
},
{
"text": "Police immediately began to doubt McDonalds story , which changed several times . Those doubts were furthered when it was discovered that the newspapers which the two supposed abductors used to construct the note found in McDonalds mailbox were found in McDonalds fireplace . Upon searching McDonalds home , police found a copy of the novel The Fuzzy Pink Nightgown , by Sylvia Tate . The book tells the story of a movie star who is kidnapped by two men . One investigator noticed that details in the book matched McDonalds story . Police then asked McDonald to undergo a",
"title": "Alleged kidnapping"
},
{
"text": "polygraph test but her lawyer refused . McDonald agreed to reenact the abduction which the police filmed . McDonalds estranged husband Harry Karl also doubted the story and claimed McDonald was not a well woman . He also said that he doubted that two men would have easily abducted her as she would have surely fought back . McDonald then accused Karl of orchestrating the abduction for publicity purposes ( Karl denied this , calling McDonalds claims absurd and ridiculous ) . She later admitted that she made up Karls alleged involvement .",
"title": "Alleged kidnapping"
},
{
"text": " After investigating the alleged kidnapping , police admitted that they could find no conclusive evidence that the event took place , due to perplexing discrepancies . On January 16 , a grand jury convened to investigate the kidnapping . McDonald testified that her story changed frequently because she was in shock when she gave her initial statement and had been taking sedatives when she gave other statements . After weighing the evidence , the grand jury could not come up with any conclusive evidence to bring charges against anyone .",
"title": "Alleged kidnapping"
},
{
"text": "On October 21 , 1965 , McDonalds sixth husband , Donald F . Taylor , found McDonalds body slumped over her dressing table in their Hidden Hills , California home . On October 30 , the coroner announced that McDonalds death was caused by active drug intoxication due to multiple drugs and was determined to be an accident or a suicide . The case was then referred to a suicide team of psychologists and psychiatrists who would determine the final mode of McDonalds death . McDonalds funeral was held on October 23 at the Church of the Recessional at Forest",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "Lawn Memorial Park , Glendale in Glendale , California . Her remains were interred in the Freedom Mausoleum at Forest Lawn Memorial Park , Glendale . In December 1965 , the suicide team classified her death as accidental after determining that McDonald likely did not choose to commit suicide .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " Three months after McDonalds death , on January 3 , 1966 , her widower , Donald F . Taylor , died of an intentional overdose of Seconal . McDonalds three surviving children were raised by Harry Karl ( her former husband ) and his wife , Debbie Reynolds . On May 4 , 1967 , McDonalds father , Evertt Ed Frye , committed suicide by a self-inflicted gunshot to the head in the garage of his New Smyrna Beach , Florida home .",
"title": "Death"
}
] |
/wiki/Simferopol#P17#0
|
Which country did Simferopol belong to before Jun 1795?
|
Simferopol Simferopol ( ) is the second-largest city on the Crimean Peninsula , and the capital of the ( Autonomous ) Republic of Crimea . Simferopol is an important political , economic and transport hub of the peninsula , and serves as the administrative centre of both Simferopol Municipality and the surrounding Simferopol District . Founded on the site of a Crimean Tatar town Aqmescit , the city adopted its current name after the annexation of the Crimean Khanate to the Russian Empire . The population was Etymologies . The name Simferopol ( ; ) comes from the Greek Sympheropoli ( , Symferópoli ) , meaning city of common good . The spelling Symferopil ( ) is also used . In Crimean Tatar , the name of the city is Aqmescit , which means The white mosque ( Aq white , and mescit mosque ) . In fact , aq does not refer to the color of the mosque , but to its location . This is due to the color designation of the cardinal points among the Turkic peoples , where white is the west . Thus , the exact translation of the name of the town is the Western Mosque . In English , the name was often given as Akmechet or Ak-Mechet ( e.g . in Encyclopædia Britannica ) , a transliteration from Russian spelling of Crimean Tatar word Акмечет , Ак-Мечеть , where Mechet ( Мечеть ) is the Russian word for mosque . History . Early history . Archaeological evidence in the Chokurcha cave shows the presence of ancient people living in the territory of modern Simferopol . The Scythian Neapolis , known by its Greek name , is also located in the city , which is the remnants of an ancient capital of the Crimean Scythians who lived on the territory from the 3rd century BC to the 4th century AD . Later , the Crimean Tatars founded the town of Aqmescit . For some time , Aqmescit served as the residence of the Qalğa-Sultan , the second most important position in the Crimean Khanate after the Khan himself . Russian Empire . The city was renamed Simferopol in 1784 after the annexation of the Crimean Khanate to the Russian Empire by Catherine II of Russia . The name Simferopol is in Greek , Συμφερόπολις ( Simferopolis ) , and literally means the city of usefulness . The tradition to give Greek names to places in newly acquired southern territories was carried out by Empress Catherine the Great as part of her Greek Plan . In 1802 , Simferopol became the administrative centre of the Taurida Governorate . During the Crimean War of 1854–1856 , the Russian Imperial Army reserves and a hospital were stationed in the city . After the war , more than 30,000 Russian soldiers were buried in the citys vicinity . 20th-century wars . In the 20th century , Simferopol was once again affected by wars and conflicts in the region . At the end of the Russian Civil War , the headquarters of General Pyotr Wrangel , leader of the anti-Bolshevik White Army , were located there . On 13 November 1920 , the Red Army captured the city and on 18 October 1921 , Simferopol became the capital of the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic . During World War II , Simferopol was occupied by Nazi Germany from 1 November 1941 to 13 April 1944 . Retreating NKVD police shot a number of prisoners on 31 October 1941 in the NKVD building and the citys prison . Germans perpetrated one of the largest war-time massacres in Simferopol , killing in total over 22,000 locals—mostly Jews , Russians , Krymchaks , and Romani . On one occasion , starting 9 December 1941 , the Einsatzgruppen D under Otto Ohlendorfs command killed an estimated 14,300 Simferopol residents ; most of them were Jews . In April 1944 the Red Army liberated Simferopol . On 18 May 1944 the Crimean Tatar population of the city , along with the whole Crimean Tatar nation of Crimea , was forcibly deported to Central Asia in a form of collective punishment . Within Ukraine . On 26 April 1954 Simferopol , together with the rest of the Crimean Oblast , was transferred from the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic to the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic by Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev . An asteroid , discovered in 1970 by Soviet astronomer Tamara Mikhailovna Smirnova , is named after the city ( 2141 Simferopol ) . Following a referendum on 20 January 1991 , the Crimean Oblast was upgraded an Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic on 12 February 1991 by the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR . Simferopol became the capital of the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic . After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 , Simferopol became the capital of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea within newly independent Ukraine . Today , the city has a population of 340,600 ( 2006 ) most of whom are ethnic Russians , with the rest being Ukrainian and Crimean Tatar minorities . After the Crimean Tatars were allowed to return from exile in the 1990s , several new Crimean Tatar suburbs were constructed , as many more Tatars returned to the city compared to number exiled in 1944 . Land ownership between the current residents and returning Crimean Tatars is a major area of conflict today with the Tatars requesting the return of lands seized after their deportation . Russian annexation . On 16 March 2014 , a referendum was held whose results showed that a majority of Crimeans voted in favour of independence of Crimea from Ukraine and joining Russia as a federal subject . The legitimacy of the referendums results has been questioned by several nations and independent news organizations . On 21 March , Simferopol officially became the capital of a new federal subject of the Russian Federation . The referendum was not recognized internationally , and the event was viewed by many as an annexation of the Crimean land by the Russian Federation . On 14 September 2014 , municipal elections were held as part of the Russian Federation , the first elections since the Crimean status referendum of 16 March 2014 . Geography and climate . Location . Simferopol is located in the south-central portion of the Crimean Peninsula . The city lies on the Salhir River and near the artificial Simferopol Reservoir , which provides the city with clean drinking water . The Simferopol Reservoirs earth dam is the biggest in Europe . Climate . The city experiences a humid subtropical or oceanic climate ( depending on which version of the Köppen climate classification is used ) , near the boundary of the humid continental climate . The average temperature in January is and in July . The average rainfall is per year , and there is a total of 2,471 hours of sunshine per year . Politics and administrative divisions . As the capital of the Republic , Simferopol houses its political structure including the Parliament and the Council of Ministers . Simferopol is also the administrative centre of the Simferopolskyi District ( raion ) , however , it is directly subordinate to the Crimean authorities rather than to the district authorities housed in the city itself . The city of Simferopol is administratively divided into three districts ( Zaliznychnyi , Tsentralnyi , and Kyivskyi ) , four urban-type settlements ( Ahrarne , Aeroflotskyi , Hriesivskyi , Komsomolske ) and one village ( Bitumne ) . Viktor Ageev became city mayor on 11 November 2010 and was then elected chairman of the Simferopol City Council on 29 September 2014 . Igor Lukashyov was installed as the head of Simferopol City administration ( i.e . local executive ) after Russia annexed the region in 2014 . He served in this position until his dismissal on 9 November 2018 . Transportation . Simferopol has a major railway station , which serves millions of tourists each year . In December 2014 Ukraine cut the railway line to Crimea at the border . Currently , the station serves only a commuter ( regional ) passenger train and the Moscow – Simferopol train every day . The city is also connected via the Simferopol International Airport , which was constructed in 1936 . Zavodskoye Airport is situated southwest of Simferopol . The city has several main bus stations , with routes towards many cities , including Sevastopol , Kerch , Yalta , and Yevpatoriya . The Crimean Trolleybus connects Simferopol to the city of Yalta on Crimean Black Sea coast . The line is the longest trolleybus line in the world with a total length of ( since 2014 again ) . The streets of Simferopol have a rare house numbering – the odd numbers are on the right side of the road , looking in the direction in which the numbers increase . Demographics . At the last census in 2014 , the population of Simferopol was 332,317 , the highest of any city in the Republic of Crimea and second only to Sevastopol within the Crimean peninsula . Economy . When it existed , Crimea Air had its head office on the grounds of Simferopol Airport . Simferopol hosts some industries , such as producing Marine automation control systems ; Precise electrical micro machines of low input power ; Power tools , for both professional and household usage . - Simferopol Airport , new terminal is to be open with at least 8 gates , the structure of the hall has a wave-like layout . Industry . - Fiolent ( two locations ) - Simferopol chemical industry plants - PO Foton - Simferopol Airport - SEM SElktroMash SELMZ - Plastotekhnika and else plastics related - Santekhprom SSTP - PEK PromElektroKontakt and PromSchitKontakt , ChPO Sfera IzmertelnPribor , SELTZ ElectroTechnical Plant - Pnevmatika , other pneumatics tires etc . related industry - Monolit SMZKon , TsSI Tavrida SKMKZ , Slava Truda SCMNG , SiMZ Motor Plants - Chornomornaftogaz - Digital Valley ( Tsifrovaya Dolina ) : silicon industry , computers , wafers and microelectronics , it , other related . It will located ( most likely ) near the airport for convenience . Education . The largest collection of higher education institutions in Crimea is located in Simferopol . Among them is the largest university in Simferopol and Crimea , the Taurida V.Vernadsky National University , which was founded in 1917 . Crimea State Medical University named after S . I . Georgievsky , also located in Simferopol , is one of the most prominent medical schools of Ukraine . The Crimean Medical University is situated on the plot , where in 1855 a nursery garden was planted by the founder of the Nikita Botanical Gardens Ch.Ch.Steven ( 1781–1863 ) . In 1863–66 a school for girls was built here and in 1931 a medical institute was opened . On the same plot P.Krzhizhanovsky built a three-storey hostel for medical students after the design in 1934 . The building with clear geometric masses was completed in 1938 . A new federal university campus was opened 4 August 2014 . Sports . Simferopol is home to the football club FC TSK Simferopol which plays in the Crimean Premier League . It was formed as a Russian club in 2014 , following the 2014 Crimean Conflict , to replace the Ukrainian club Tavriya Simferopol which had been the first winners of the Ukraine Premier League , and also won the Ukrainian Cup in 2010 . Famous people . - Max Alpert , a prominent Soviet photographer , who was mostly known for his frontiline work during World War II - Lyudmila Blonska , Ukrainian heptathlete - Nadya Dorofeeva , female vocalist of the pop duo Vremya i Steklo - Viktor Grebennikov , Russian scientist , naturalist , entomologist , entomological artist and writer - Andriy Hryvko , a Ukrainian cyclist who rides for Astana - Adolph Joffe , a Russian Communist revolutionary , a Bolshevik politician and a Soviet diplomat - Sergey Karjakin , the youngest chess grandmaster in history at the age of 12 years and 7 months - Yana Klochkova , a Ukrainian swimmer , who has won five Olympic medals in her career , with four of them being gold - Oleg Kotov , Russian Air Force colonel , Expedition 15 Soyuz commander and flight engineer - Zara Levina , Russian composer - Saint Luke of Simferopol , born Valentin Felixovich Voino-Yasenetsky , Russian surgeon and Archbishop of Simferopol - Alisa Melekhina , chess master , attorney , author , and classically trained ballerina - Sergey Mergelyan , Armenian scientist and mathematician - Yuri I . Manin , Russian-born mathematician - Ganna Rizatdinova , an individual rhythmic gymnast , silver medallist at the individual all-around competition , ribbon final and gold medallist at the hoop final in the World Championships held in Kyiv 2013 - Ekaterina Serebrianskaya , Ukrainian individual rhythmic gymnast . Olympic champion in Atlanta 1996 . - Valery Sigalevitch , Russian pianist - Alexei Stepanov , Russian genre painter - Evhen Tsybulenko , Estonian professor of international law - Oleksandr Usyk , Ukrainian boxer , olympic gold medalist at heavyweight in 2012 , and undisputed cruiserweight champion . - Rostislaw Wygranienko , Polish organist International relations . Twin towns – Sister cities . Simferopol is currently twinned with : - Salem , Oregon , United States ( 1986 ) - Heidelberg , Germany ( 1991 ) - Kecskemét , Hungary ( 2006 ) - Tepebaşı , Turkey ( 2007 ) - Bursa , Turkey - Irkutsk , Russia ( 2008 ) - Moscow , Russia ( 2008 ) - Novocherkassk , Russia ( 2008 ) - Omsk , Russia ( 2008 ) - Ruse , Bulgaria ( 2008 ) - Nizhny Novgorod , Russia ( 2016 ) External links . - Simferopol Government Official website - The murder of the Jews of Simferopol during World War II , at Yad Vashem website .
|
[
"Russian Empire"
] |
[
{
"text": " Simferopol ( ) is the second-largest city on the Crimean Peninsula , and the capital of the ( Autonomous ) Republic of Crimea . Simferopol is an important political , economic and transport hub of the peninsula , and serves as the administrative centre of both Simferopol Municipality and the surrounding Simferopol District . Founded on the site of a Crimean Tatar town Aqmescit , the city adopted its current name after the annexation of the Crimean Khanate to the Russian Empire . The population was",
"title": "Simferopol"
},
{
"text": " The name Simferopol ( ; ) comes from the Greek Sympheropoli ( , Symferópoli ) , meaning city of common good . The spelling Symferopil ( ) is also used .",
"title": "Etymologies"
},
{
"text": "In Crimean Tatar , the name of the city is Aqmescit , which means The white mosque ( Aq white , and mescit mosque ) . In fact , aq does not refer to the color of the mosque , but to its location . This is due to the color designation of the cardinal points among the Turkic peoples , where white is the west . Thus , the exact translation of the name of the town is the Western Mosque .",
"title": "Etymologies"
},
{
"text": " In English , the name was often given as Akmechet or Ak-Mechet ( e.g . in Encyclopædia Britannica ) , a transliteration from Russian spelling of Crimean Tatar word Акмечет , Ак-Мечеть , where Mechet ( Мечеть ) is the Russian word for mosque .",
"title": "Etymologies"
},
{
"text": " Archaeological evidence in the Chokurcha cave shows the presence of ancient people living in the territory of modern Simferopol . The Scythian Neapolis , known by its Greek name , is also located in the city , which is the remnants of an ancient capital of the Crimean Scythians who lived on the territory from the 3rd century BC to the 4th century AD .",
"title": "Early history"
},
{
"text": "Later , the Crimean Tatars founded the town of Aqmescit . For some time , Aqmescit served as the residence of the Qalğa-Sultan , the second most important position in the Crimean Khanate after the Khan himself .",
"title": "Early history"
},
{
"text": "The city was renamed Simferopol in 1784 after the annexation of the Crimean Khanate to the Russian Empire by Catherine II of Russia . The name Simferopol is in Greek , Συμφερόπολις ( Simferopolis ) , and literally means the city of usefulness . The tradition to give Greek names to places in newly acquired southern territories was carried out by Empress Catherine the Great as part of her Greek Plan . In 1802 , Simferopol became the administrative centre of the Taurida Governorate . During the Crimean War of 1854–1856 , the Russian Imperial Army reserves and a hospital",
"title": "Russian Empire"
},
{
"text": "were stationed in the city . After the war , more than 30,000 Russian soldiers were buried in the citys vicinity .",
"title": "Russian Empire"
},
{
"text": " 20th-century wars . In the 20th century , Simferopol was once again affected by wars and conflicts in the region . At the end of the Russian Civil War , the headquarters of General Pyotr Wrangel , leader of the anti-Bolshevik White Army , were located there . On 13 November 1920 , the Red Army captured the city and on 18 October 1921 , Simferopol became the capital of the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic .",
"title": "Russian Empire"
},
{
"text": "During World War II , Simferopol was occupied by Nazi Germany from 1 November 1941 to 13 April 1944 . Retreating NKVD police shot a number of prisoners on 31 October 1941 in the NKVD building and the citys prison . Germans perpetrated one of the largest war-time massacres in Simferopol , killing in total over 22,000 locals—mostly Jews , Russians , Krymchaks , and Romani . On one occasion , starting 9 December 1941 , the Einsatzgruppen D under Otto Ohlendorfs command killed an estimated 14,300 Simferopol residents ; most of them were Jews .",
"title": "Russian Empire"
},
{
"text": " In April 1944 the Red Army liberated Simferopol . On 18 May 1944 the Crimean Tatar population of the city , along with the whole Crimean Tatar nation of Crimea , was forcibly deported to Central Asia in a form of collective punishment .",
"title": "Russian Empire"
},
{
"text": " On 26 April 1954 Simferopol , together with the rest of the Crimean Oblast , was transferred from the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic to the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic by Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev . An asteroid , discovered in 1970 by Soviet astronomer Tamara Mikhailovna Smirnova , is named after the city ( 2141 Simferopol ) . Following a referendum on 20 January 1991 , the Crimean Oblast was upgraded an Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic on 12 February 1991 by the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR .",
"title": "Within Ukraine"
},
{
"text": "Simferopol became the capital of the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic .",
"title": "Within Ukraine"
},
{
"text": " After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 , Simferopol became the capital of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea within newly independent Ukraine . Today , the city has a population of 340,600 ( 2006 ) most of whom are ethnic Russians , with the rest being Ukrainian and Crimean Tatar minorities .",
"title": "Within Ukraine"
},
{
"text": "After the Crimean Tatars were allowed to return from exile in the 1990s , several new Crimean Tatar suburbs were constructed , as many more Tatars returned to the city compared to number exiled in 1944 . Land ownership between the current residents and returning Crimean Tatars is a major area of conflict today with the Tatars requesting the return of lands seized after their deportation .",
"title": "Within Ukraine"
},
{
"text": " On 16 March 2014 , a referendum was held whose results showed that a majority of Crimeans voted in favour of independence of Crimea from Ukraine and joining Russia as a federal subject . The legitimacy of the referendums results has been questioned by several nations and independent news organizations . On 21 March , Simferopol officially became the capital of a new federal subject of the Russian Federation . The referendum was not recognized internationally , and the event was viewed by many as an annexation of the Crimean land by the Russian Federation .",
"title": "Russian annexation"
},
{
"text": "On 14 September 2014 , municipal elections were held as part of the Russian Federation , the first elections since the Crimean status referendum of 16 March 2014 .",
"title": "Russian annexation"
},
{
"text": " Simferopol is located in the south-central portion of the Crimean Peninsula . The city lies on the Salhir River and near the artificial Simferopol Reservoir , which provides the city with clean drinking water . The Simferopol Reservoirs earth dam is the biggest in Europe .",
"title": "Location"
},
{
"text": " The city experiences a humid subtropical or oceanic climate ( depending on which version of the Köppen climate classification is used ) , near the boundary of the humid continental climate . The average temperature in January is and in July . The average rainfall is per year , and there is a total of 2,471 hours of sunshine per year . Politics and administrative divisions .",
"title": "Climate"
},
{
"text": "As the capital of the Republic , Simferopol houses its political structure including the Parliament and the Council of Ministers . Simferopol is also the administrative centre of the Simferopolskyi District ( raion ) , however , it is directly subordinate to the Crimean authorities rather than to the district authorities housed in the city itself .",
"title": "Climate"
},
{
"text": " The city of Simferopol is administratively divided into three districts ( Zaliznychnyi , Tsentralnyi , and Kyivskyi ) , four urban-type settlements ( Ahrarne , Aeroflotskyi , Hriesivskyi , Komsomolske ) and one village ( Bitumne ) . Viktor Ageev became city mayor on 11 November 2010 and was then elected chairman of the Simferopol City Council on 29 September 2014 .",
"title": "Climate"
},
{
"text": "Igor Lukashyov was installed as the head of Simferopol City administration ( i.e . local executive ) after Russia annexed the region in 2014 . He served in this position until his dismissal on 9 November 2018 .",
"title": "Climate"
},
{
"text": " Simferopol has a major railway station , which serves millions of tourists each year . In December 2014 Ukraine cut the railway line to Crimea at the border . Currently , the station serves only a commuter ( regional ) passenger train and the Moscow – Simferopol train every day . The city is also connected via the Simferopol International Airport , which was constructed in 1936 . Zavodskoye Airport is situated southwest of Simferopol .",
"title": "Transportation"
},
{
"text": "The city has several main bus stations , with routes towards many cities , including Sevastopol , Kerch , Yalta , and Yevpatoriya . The Crimean Trolleybus connects Simferopol to the city of Yalta on Crimean Black Sea coast . The line is the longest trolleybus line in the world with a total length of ( since 2014 again ) .",
"title": "Transportation"
},
{
"text": " The streets of Simferopol have a rare house numbering – the odd numbers are on the right side of the road , looking in the direction in which the numbers increase .",
"title": "Transportation"
},
{
"text": " At the last census in 2014 , the population of Simferopol was 332,317 , the highest of any city in the Republic of Crimea and second only to Sevastopol within the Crimean peninsula .",
"title": "Demographics"
},
{
"text": " When it existed , Crimea Air had its head office on the grounds of Simferopol Airport . Simferopol hosts some industries , such as producing Marine automation control systems ; Precise electrical micro machines of low input power ; Power tools , for both professional and household usage . - Simferopol Airport , new terminal is to be open with at least 8 gates , the structure of the hall has a wave-like layout .",
"title": "Economy"
},
{
"text": " - Fiolent ( two locations ) - Simferopol chemical industry plants - PO Foton - Simferopol Airport - SEM SElktroMash SELMZ - Plastotekhnika and else plastics related - Santekhprom SSTP - PEK PromElektroKontakt and PromSchitKontakt , ChPO Sfera IzmertelnPribor , SELTZ ElectroTechnical Plant - Pnevmatika , other pneumatics tires etc . related industry - Monolit SMZKon , TsSI Tavrida SKMKZ , Slava Truda SCMNG , SiMZ Motor Plants - Chornomornaftogaz",
"title": "Industry"
},
{
"text": "- Digital Valley ( Tsifrovaya Dolina ) : silicon industry , computers , wafers and microelectronics , it , other related . It will located ( most likely ) near the airport for convenience .",
"title": "Industry"
},
{
"text": "The largest collection of higher education institutions in Crimea is located in Simferopol . Among them is the largest university in Simferopol and Crimea , the Taurida V.Vernadsky National University , which was founded in 1917 . Crimea State Medical University named after S . I . Georgievsky , also located in Simferopol , is one of the most prominent medical schools of Ukraine . The Crimean Medical University is situated on the plot , where in 1855 a nursery garden was planted by the founder of the Nikita Botanical Gardens Ch.Ch.Steven ( 1781–1863 ) . In 1863–66 a school",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"text": "for girls was built here and in 1931 a medical institute was opened . On the same plot P.Krzhizhanovsky built a three-storey hostel for medical students after the design in 1934 . The building with clear geometric masses was completed in 1938 . A new federal university campus was opened 4 August 2014 .",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"text": " Simferopol is home to the football club FC TSK Simferopol which plays in the Crimean Premier League . It was formed as a Russian club in 2014 , following the 2014 Crimean Conflict , to replace the Ukrainian club Tavriya Simferopol which had been the first winners of the Ukraine Premier League , and also won the Ukrainian Cup in 2010 .",
"title": "Sports"
},
{
"text": " - Max Alpert , a prominent Soviet photographer , who was mostly known for his frontiline work during World War II - Lyudmila Blonska , Ukrainian heptathlete - Nadya Dorofeeva , female vocalist of the pop duo Vremya i Steklo - Viktor Grebennikov , Russian scientist , naturalist , entomologist , entomological artist and writer - Andriy Hryvko , a Ukrainian cyclist who rides for Astana - Adolph Joffe , a Russian Communist revolutionary , a Bolshevik politician and a Soviet diplomat",
"title": "Famous people"
},
{
"text": "- Sergey Karjakin , the youngest chess grandmaster in history at the age of 12 years and 7 months",
"title": "Famous people"
},
{
"text": " - Yana Klochkova , a Ukrainian swimmer , who has won five Olympic medals in her career , with four of them being gold - Oleg Kotov , Russian Air Force colonel , Expedition 15 Soyuz commander and flight engineer - Zara Levina , Russian composer - Saint Luke of Simferopol , born Valentin Felixovich Voino-Yasenetsky , Russian surgeon and Archbishop of Simferopol - Alisa Melekhina , chess master , attorney , author , and classically trained ballerina - Sergey Mergelyan , Armenian scientist and mathematician - Yuri I . Manin , Russian-born mathematician",
"title": "Famous people"
},
{
"text": "- Ganna Rizatdinova , an individual rhythmic gymnast , silver medallist at the individual all-around competition , ribbon final and gold medallist at the hoop final in the World Championships held in Kyiv 2013",
"title": "Famous people"
},
{
"text": " - Ekaterina Serebrianskaya , Ukrainian individual rhythmic gymnast . Olympic champion in Atlanta 1996 . - Valery Sigalevitch , Russian pianist - Alexei Stepanov , Russian genre painter - Evhen Tsybulenko , Estonian professor of international law - Oleksandr Usyk , Ukrainian boxer , olympic gold medalist at heavyweight in 2012 , and undisputed cruiserweight champion . - Rostislaw Wygranienko , Polish organist",
"title": "Famous people"
},
{
"text": " Twin towns – Sister cities . Simferopol is currently twinned with : - Salem , Oregon , United States ( 1986 ) - Heidelberg , Germany ( 1991 ) - Kecskemét , Hungary ( 2006 ) - Tepebaşı , Turkey ( 2007 ) - Bursa , Turkey - Irkutsk , Russia ( 2008 ) - Moscow , Russia ( 2008 ) - Novocherkassk , Russia ( 2008 ) - Omsk , Russia ( 2008 ) - Ruse , Bulgaria ( 2008 ) - Nizhny Novgorod , Russia ( 2016 )",
"title": "International relations"
},
{
"text": " - Simferopol Government Official website - The murder of the Jews of Simferopol during World War II , at Yad Vashem website .",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Simferopol#P17#1
|
Which country did Simferopol belong to in late 1920s?
|
Simferopol Simferopol ( ) is the second-largest city on the Crimean Peninsula , and the capital of the ( Autonomous ) Republic of Crimea . Simferopol is an important political , economic and transport hub of the peninsula , and serves as the administrative centre of both Simferopol Municipality and the surrounding Simferopol District . Founded on the site of a Crimean Tatar town Aqmescit , the city adopted its current name after the annexation of the Crimean Khanate to the Russian Empire . The population was Etymologies . The name Simferopol ( ; ) comes from the Greek Sympheropoli ( , Symferópoli ) , meaning city of common good . The spelling Symferopil ( ) is also used . In Crimean Tatar , the name of the city is Aqmescit , which means The white mosque ( Aq white , and mescit mosque ) . In fact , aq does not refer to the color of the mosque , but to its location . This is due to the color designation of the cardinal points among the Turkic peoples , where white is the west . Thus , the exact translation of the name of the town is the Western Mosque . In English , the name was often given as Akmechet or Ak-Mechet ( e.g . in Encyclopædia Britannica ) , a transliteration from Russian spelling of Crimean Tatar word Акмечет , Ак-Мечеть , where Mechet ( Мечеть ) is the Russian word for mosque . History . Early history . Archaeological evidence in the Chokurcha cave shows the presence of ancient people living in the territory of modern Simferopol . The Scythian Neapolis , known by its Greek name , is also located in the city , which is the remnants of an ancient capital of the Crimean Scythians who lived on the territory from the 3rd century BC to the 4th century AD . Later , the Crimean Tatars founded the town of Aqmescit . For some time , Aqmescit served as the residence of the Qalğa-Sultan , the second most important position in the Crimean Khanate after the Khan himself . Russian Empire . The city was renamed Simferopol in 1784 after the annexation of the Crimean Khanate to the Russian Empire by Catherine II of Russia . The name Simferopol is in Greek , Συμφερόπολις ( Simferopolis ) , and literally means the city of usefulness . The tradition to give Greek names to places in newly acquired southern territories was carried out by Empress Catherine the Great as part of her Greek Plan . In 1802 , Simferopol became the administrative centre of the Taurida Governorate . During the Crimean War of 1854–1856 , the Russian Imperial Army reserves and a hospital were stationed in the city . After the war , more than 30,000 Russian soldiers were buried in the citys vicinity . 20th-century wars . In the 20th century , Simferopol was once again affected by wars and conflicts in the region . At the end of the Russian Civil War , the headquarters of General Pyotr Wrangel , leader of the anti-Bolshevik White Army , were located there . On 13 November 1920 , the Red Army captured the city and on 18 October 1921 , Simferopol became the capital of the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic . During World War II , Simferopol was occupied by Nazi Germany from 1 November 1941 to 13 April 1944 . Retreating NKVD police shot a number of prisoners on 31 October 1941 in the NKVD building and the citys prison . Germans perpetrated one of the largest war-time massacres in Simferopol , killing in total over 22,000 locals—mostly Jews , Russians , Krymchaks , and Romani . On one occasion , starting 9 December 1941 , the Einsatzgruppen D under Otto Ohlendorfs command killed an estimated 14,300 Simferopol residents ; most of them were Jews . In April 1944 the Red Army liberated Simferopol . On 18 May 1944 the Crimean Tatar population of the city , along with the whole Crimean Tatar nation of Crimea , was forcibly deported to Central Asia in a form of collective punishment . Within Ukraine . On 26 April 1954 Simferopol , together with the rest of the Crimean Oblast , was transferred from the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic to the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic by Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev . An asteroid , discovered in 1970 by Soviet astronomer Tamara Mikhailovna Smirnova , is named after the city ( 2141 Simferopol ) . Following a referendum on 20 January 1991 , the Crimean Oblast was upgraded an Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic on 12 February 1991 by the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR . Simferopol became the capital of the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic . After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 , Simferopol became the capital of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea within newly independent Ukraine . Today , the city has a population of 340,600 ( 2006 ) most of whom are ethnic Russians , with the rest being Ukrainian and Crimean Tatar minorities . After the Crimean Tatars were allowed to return from exile in the 1990s , several new Crimean Tatar suburbs were constructed , as many more Tatars returned to the city compared to number exiled in 1944 . Land ownership between the current residents and returning Crimean Tatars is a major area of conflict today with the Tatars requesting the return of lands seized after their deportation . Russian annexation . On 16 March 2014 , a referendum was held whose results showed that a majority of Crimeans voted in favour of independence of Crimea from Ukraine and joining Russia as a federal subject . The legitimacy of the referendums results has been questioned by several nations and independent news organizations . On 21 March , Simferopol officially became the capital of a new federal subject of the Russian Federation . The referendum was not recognized internationally , and the event was viewed by many as an annexation of the Crimean land by the Russian Federation . On 14 September 2014 , municipal elections were held as part of the Russian Federation , the first elections since the Crimean status referendum of 16 March 2014 . Geography and climate . Location . Simferopol is located in the south-central portion of the Crimean Peninsula . The city lies on the Salhir River and near the artificial Simferopol Reservoir , which provides the city with clean drinking water . The Simferopol Reservoirs earth dam is the biggest in Europe . Climate . The city experiences a humid subtropical or oceanic climate ( depending on which version of the Köppen climate classification is used ) , near the boundary of the humid continental climate . The average temperature in January is and in July . The average rainfall is per year , and there is a total of 2,471 hours of sunshine per year . Politics and administrative divisions . As the capital of the Republic , Simferopol houses its political structure including the Parliament and the Council of Ministers . Simferopol is also the administrative centre of the Simferopolskyi District ( raion ) , however , it is directly subordinate to the Crimean authorities rather than to the district authorities housed in the city itself . The city of Simferopol is administratively divided into three districts ( Zaliznychnyi , Tsentralnyi , and Kyivskyi ) , four urban-type settlements ( Ahrarne , Aeroflotskyi , Hriesivskyi , Komsomolske ) and one village ( Bitumne ) . Viktor Ageev became city mayor on 11 November 2010 and was then elected chairman of the Simferopol City Council on 29 September 2014 . Igor Lukashyov was installed as the head of Simferopol City administration ( i.e . local executive ) after Russia annexed the region in 2014 . He served in this position until his dismissal on 9 November 2018 . Transportation . Simferopol has a major railway station , which serves millions of tourists each year . In December 2014 Ukraine cut the railway line to Crimea at the border . Currently , the station serves only a commuter ( regional ) passenger train and the Moscow – Simferopol train every day . The city is also connected via the Simferopol International Airport , which was constructed in 1936 . Zavodskoye Airport is situated southwest of Simferopol . The city has several main bus stations , with routes towards many cities , including Sevastopol , Kerch , Yalta , and Yevpatoriya . The Crimean Trolleybus connects Simferopol to the city of Yalta on Crimean Black Sea coast . The line is the longest trolleybus line in the world with a total length of ( since 2014 again ) . The streets of Simferopol have a rare house numbering – the odd numbers are on the right side of the road , looking in the direction in which the numbers increase . Demographics . At the last census in 2014 , the population of Simferopol was 332,317 , the highest of any city in the Republic of Crimea and second only to Sevastopol within the Crimean peninsula . Economy . When it existed , Crimea Air had its head office on the grounds of Simferopol Airport . Simferopol hosts some industries , such as producing Marine automation control systems ; Precise electrical micro machines of low input power ; Power tools , for both professional and household usage . - Simferopol Airport , new terminal is to be open with at least 8 gates , the structure of the hall has a wave-like layout . Industry . - Fiolent ( two locations ) - Simferopol chemical industry plants - PO Foton - Simferopol Airport - SEM SElktroMash SELMZ - Plastotekhnika and else plastics related - Santekhprom SSTP - PEK PromElektroKontakt and PromSchitKontakt , ChPO Sfera IzmertelnPribor , SELTZ ElectroTechnical Plant - Pnevmatika , other pneumatics tires etc . related industry - Monolit SMZKon , TsSI Tavrida SKMKZ , Slava Truda SCMNG , SiMZ Motor Plants - Chornomornaftogaz - Digital Valley ( Tsifrovaya Dolina ) : silicon industry , computers , wafers and microelectronics , it , other related . It will located ( most likely ) near the airport for convenience . Education . The largest collection of higher education institutions in Crimea is located in Simferopol . Among them is the largest university in Simferopol and Crimea , the Taurida V.Vernadsky National University , which was founded in 1917 . Crimea State Medical University named after S . I . Georgievsky , also located in Simferopol , is one of the most prominent medical schools of Ukraine . The Crimean Medical University is situated on the plot , where in 1855 a nursery garden was planted by the founder of the Nikita Botanical Gardens Ch.Ch.Steven ( 1781–1863 ) . In 1863–66 a school for girls was built here and in 1931 a medical institute was opened . On the same plot P.Krzhizhanovsky built a three-storey hostel for medical students after the design in 1934 . The building with clear geometric masses was completed in 1938 . A new federal university campus was opened 4 August 2014 . Sports . Simferopol is home to the football club FC TSK Simferopol which plays in the Crimean Premier League . It was formed as a Russian club in 2014 , following the 2014 Crimean Conflict , to replace the Ukrainian club Tavriya Simferopol which had been the first winners of the Ukraine Premier League , and also won the Ukrainian Cup in 2010 . Famous people . - Max Alpert , a prominent Soviet photographer , who was mostly known for his frontiline work during World War II - Lyudmila Blonska , Ukrainian heptathlete - Nadya Dorofeeva , female vocalist of the pop duo Vremya i Steklo - Viktor Grebennikov , Russian scientist , naturalist , entomologist , entomological artist and writer - Andriy Hryvko , a Ukrainian cyclist who rides for Astana - Adolph Joffe , a Russian Communist revolutionary , a Bolshevik politician and a Soviet diplomat - Sergey Karjakin , the youngest chess grandmaster in history at the age of 12 years and 7 months - Yana Klochkova , a Ukrainian swimmer , who has won five Olympic medals in her career , with four of them being gold - Oleg Kotov , Russian Air Force colonel , Expedition 15 Soyuz commander and flight engineer - Zara Levina , Russian composer - Saint Luke of Simferopol , born Valentin Felixovich Voino-Yasenetsky , Russian surgeon and Archbishop of Simferopol - Alisa Melekhina , chess master , attorney , author , and classically trained ballerina - Sergey Mergelyan , Armenian scientist and mathematician - Yuri I . Manin , Russian-born mathematician - Ganna Rizatdinova , an individual rhythmic gymnast , silver medallist at the individual all-around competition , ribbon final and gold medallist at the hoop final in the World Championships held in Kyiv 2013 - Ekaterina Serebrianskaya , Ukrainian individual rhythmic gymnast . Olympic champion in Atlanta 1996 . - Valery Sigalevitch , Russian pianist - Alexei Stepanov , Russian genre painter - Evhen Tsybulenko , Estonian professor of international law - Oleksandr Usyk , Ukrainian boxer , olympic gold medalist at heavyweight in 2012 , and undisputed cruiserweight champion . - Rostislaw Wygranienko , Polish organist International relations . Twin towns – Sister cities . Simferopol is currently twinned with : - Salem , Oregon , United States ( 1986 ) - Heidelberg , Germany ( 1991 ) - Kecskemét , Hungary ( 2006 ) - Tepebaşı , Turkey ( 2007 ) - Bursa , Turkey - Irkutsk , Russia ( 2008 ) - Moscow , Russia ( 2008 ) - Novocherkassk , Russia ( 2008 ) - Omsk , Russia ( 2008 ) - Ruse , Bulgaria ( 2008 ) - Nizhny Novgorod , Russia ( 2016 ) External links . - Simferopol Government Official website - The murder of the Jews of Simferopol during World War II , at Yad Vashem website .
|
[
"Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic"
] |
[
{
"text": " Simferopol ( ) is the second-largest city on the Crimean Peninsula , and the capital of the ( Autonomous ) Republic of Crimea . Simferopol is an important political , economic and transport hub of the peninsula , and serves as the administrative centre of both Simferopol Municipality and the surrounding Simferopol District . Founded on the site of a Crimean Tatar town Aqmescit , the city adopted its current name after the annexation of the Crimean Khanate to the Russian Empire . The population was",
"title": "Simferopol"
},
{
"text": " The name Simferopol ( ; ) comes from the Greek Sympheropoli ( , Symferópoli ) , meaning city of common good . The spelling Symferopil ( ) is also used .",
"title": "Etymologies"
},
{
"text": "In Crimean Tatar , the name of the city is Aqmescit , which means The white mosque ( Aq white , and mescit mosque ) . In fact , aq does not refer to the color of the mosque , but to its location . This is due to the color designation of the cardinal points among the Turkic peoples , where white is the west . Thus , the exact translation of the name of the town is the Western Mosque .",
"title": "Etymologies"
},
{
"text": " In English , the name was often given as Akmechet or Ak-Mechet ( e.g . in Encyclopædia Britannica ) , a transliteration from Russian spelling of Crimean Tatar word Акмечет , Ак-Мечеть , where Mechet ( Мечеть ) is the Russian word for mosque .",
"title": "Etymologies"
},
{
"text": " Archaeological evidence in the Chokurcha cave shows the presence of ancient people living in the territory of modern Simferopol . The Scythian Neapolis , known by its Greek name , is also located in the city , which is the remnants of an ancient capital of the Crimean Scythians who lived on the territory from the 3rd century BC to the 4th century AD .",
"title": "Early history"
},
{
"text": "Later , the Crimean Tatars founded the town of Aqmescit . For some time , Aqmescit served as the residence of the Qalğa-Sultan , the second most important position in the Crimean Khanate after the Khan himself .",
"title": "Early history"
},
{
"text": "The city was renamed Simferopol in 1784 after the annexation of the Crimean Khanate to the Russian Empire by Catherine II of Russia . The name Simferopol is in Greek , Συμφερόπολις ( Simferopolis ) , and literally means the city of usefulness . The tradition to give Greek names to places in newly acquired southern territories was carried out by Empress Catherine the Great as part of her Greek Plan . In 1802 , Simferopol became the administrative centre of the Taurida Governorate . During the Crimean War of 1854–1856 , the Russian Imperial Army reserves and a hospital",
"title": "Russian Empire"
},
{
"text": "were stationed in the city . After the war , more than 30,000 Russian soldiers were buried in the citys vicinity .",
"title": "Russian Empire"
},
{
"text": " 20th-century wars . In the 20th century , Simferopol was once again affected by wars and conflicts in the region . At the end of the Russian Civil War , the headquarters of General Pyotr Wrangel , leader of the anti-Bolshevik White Army , were located there . On 13 November 1920 , the Red Army captured the city and on 18 October 1921 , Simferopol became the capital of the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic .",
"title": "Russian Empire"
},
{
"text": "During World War II , Simferopol was occupied by Nazi Germany from 1 November 1941 to 13 April 1944 . Retreating NKVD police shot a number of prisoners on 31 October 1941 in the NKVD building and the citys prison . Germans perpetrated one of the largest war-time massacres in Simferopol , killing in total over 22,000 locals—mostly Jews , Russians , Krymchaks , and Romani . On one occasion , starting 9 December 1941 , the Einsatzgruppen D under Otto Ohlendorfs command killed an estimated 14,300 Simferopol residents ; most of them were Jews .",
"title": "Russian Empire"
},
{
"text": " In April 1944 the Red Army liberated Simferopol . On 18 May 1944 the Crimean Tatar population of the city , along with the whole Crimean Tatar nation of Crimea , was forcibly deported to Central Asia in a form of collective punishment .",
"title": "Russian Empire"
},
{
"text": " On 26 April 1954 Simferopol , together with the rest of the Crimean Oblast , was transferred from the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic to the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic by Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev . An asteroid , discovered in 1970 by Soviet astronomer Tamara Mikhailovna Smirnova , is named after the city ( 2141 Simferopol ) . Following a referendum on 20 January 1991 , the Crimean Oblast was upgraded an Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic on 12 February 1991 by the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR .",
"title": "Within Ukraine"
},
{
"text": "Simferopol became the capital of the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic .",
"title": "Within Ukraine"
},
{
"text": " After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 , Simferopol became the capital of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea within newly independent Ukraine . Today , the city has a population of 340,600 ( 2006 ) most of whom are ethnic Russians , with the rest being Ukrainian and Crimean Tatar minorities .",
"title": "Within Ukraine"
},
{
"text": "After the Crimean Tatars were allowed to return from exile in the 1990s , several new Crimean Tatar suburbs were constructed , as many more Tatars returned to the city compared to number exiled in 1944 . Land ownership between the current residents and returning Crimean Tatars is a major area of conflict today with the Tatars requesting the return of lands seized after their deportation .",
"title": "Within Ukraine"
},
{
"text": " On 16 March 2014 , a referendum was held whose results showed that a majority of Crimeans voted in favour of independence of Crimea from Ukraine and joining Russia as a federal subject . The legitimacy of the referendums results has been questioned by several nations and independent news organizations . On 21 March , Simferopol officially became the capital of a new federal subject of the Russian Federation . The referendum was not recognized internationally , and the event was viewed by many as an annexation of the Crimean land by the Russian Federation .",
"title": "Russian annexation"
},
{
"text": "On 14 September 2014 , municipal elections were held as part of the Russian Federation , the first elections since the Crimean status referendum of 16 March 2014 .",
"title": "Russian annexation"
},
{
"text": " Simferopol is located in the south-central portion of the Crimean Peninsula . The city lies on the Salhir River and near the artificial Simferopol Reservoir , which provides the city with clean drinking water . The Simferopol Reservoirs earth dam is the biggest in Europe .",
"title": "Location"
},
{
"text": " The city experiences a humid subtropical or oceanic climate ( depending on which version of the Köppen climate classification is used ) , near the boundary of the humid continental climate . The average temperature in January is and in July . The average rainfall is per year , and there is a total of 2,471 hours of sunshine per year . Politics and administrative divisions .",
"title": "Climate"
},
{
"text": "As the capital of the Republic , Simferopol houses its political structure including the Parliament and the Council of Ministers . Simferopol is also the administrative centre of the Simferopolskyi District ( raion ) , however , it is directly subordinate to the Crimean authorities rather than to the district authorities housed in the city itself .",
"title": "Climate"
},
{
"text": " The city of Simferopol is administratively divided into three districts ( Zaliznychnyi , Tsentralnyi , and Kyivskyi ) , four urban-type settlements ( Ahrarne , Aeroflotskyi , Hriesivskyi , Komsomolske ) and one village ( Bitumne ) . Viktor Ageev became city mayor on 11 November 2010 and was then elected chairman of the Simferopol City Council on 29 September 2014 .",
"title": "Climate"
},
{
"text": "Igor Lukashyov was installed as the head of Simferopol City administration ( i.e . local executive ) after Russia annexed the region in 2014 . He served in this position until his dismissal on 9 November 2018 .",
"title": "Climate"
},
{
"text": " Simferopol has a major railway station , which serves millions of tourists each year . In December 2014 Ukraine cut the railway line to Crimea at the border . Currently , the station serves only a commuter ( regional ) passenger train and the Moscow – Simferopol train every day . The city is also connected via the Simferopol International Airport , which was constructed in 1936 . Zavodskoye Airport is situated southwest of Simferopol .",
"title": "Transportation"
},
{
"text": "The city has several main bus stations , with routes towards many cities , including Sevastopol , Kerch , Yalta , and Yevpatoriya . The Crimean Trolleybus connects Simferopol to the city of Yalta on Crimean Black Sea coast . The line is the longest trolleybus line in the world with a total length of ( since 2014 again ) .",
"title": "Transportation"
},
{
"text": " The streets of Simferopol have a rare house numbering – the odd numbers are on the right side of the road , looking in the direction in which the numbers increase .",
"title": "Transportation"
},
{
"text": " At the last census in 2014 , the population of Simferopol was 332,317 , the highest of any city in the Republic of Crimea and second only to Sevastopol within the Crimean peninsula .",
"title": "Demographics"
},
{
"text": " When it existed , Crimea Air had its head office on the grounds of Simferopol Airport . Simferopol hosts some industries , such as producing Marine automation control systems ; Precise electrical micro machines of low input power ; Power tools , for both professional and household usage . - Simferopol Airport , new terminal is to be open with at least 8 gates , the structure of the hall has a wave-like layout .",
"title": "Economy"
},
{
"text": " - Fiolent ( two locations ) - Simferopol chemical industry plants - PO Foton - Simferopol Airport - SEM SElktroMash SELMZ - Plastotekhnika and else plastics related - Santekhprom SSTP - PEK PromElektroKontakt and PromSchitKontakt , ChPO Sfera IzmertelnPribor , SELTZ ElectroTechnical Plant - Pnevmatika , other pneumatics tires etc . related industry - Monolit SMZKon , TsSI Tavrida SKMKZ , Slava Truda SCMNG , SiMZ Motor Plants - Chornomornaftogaz",
"title": "Industry"
},
{
"text": "- Digital Valley ( Tsifrovaya Dolina ) : silicon industry , computers , wafers and microelectronics , it , other related . It will located ( most likely ) near the airport for convenience .",
"title": "Industry"
},
{
"text": "The largest collection of higher education institutions in Crimea is located in Simferopol . Among them is the largest university in Simferopol and Crimea , the Taurida V.Vernadsky National University , which was founded in 1917 . Crimea State Medical University named after S . I . Georgievsky , also located in Simferopol , is one of the most prominent medical schools of Ukraine . The Crimean Medical University is situated on the plot , where in 1855 a nursery garden was planted by the founder of the Nikita Botanical Gardens Ch.Ch.Steven ( 1781–1863 ) . In 1863–66 a school",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"text": "for girls was built here and in 1931 a medical institute was opened . On the same plot P.Krzhizhanovsky built a three-storey hostel for medical students after the design in 1934 . The building with clear geometric masses was completed in 1938 . A new federal university campus was opened 4 August 2014 .",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"text": " Simferopol is home to the football club FC TSK Simferopol which plays in the Crimean Premier League . It was formed as a Russian club in 2014 , following the 2014 Crimean Conflict , to replace the Ukrainian club Tavriya Simferopol which had been the first winners of the Ukraine Premier League , and also won the Ukrainian Cup in 2010 .",
"title": "Sports"
},
{
"text": " - Max Alpert , a prominent Soviet photographer , who was mostly known for his frontiline work during World War II - Lyudmila Blonska , Ukrainian heptathlete - Nadya Dorofeeva , female vocalist of the pop duo Vremya i Steklo - Viktor Grebennikov , Russian scientist , naturalist , entomologist , entomological artist and writer - Andriy Hryvko , a Ukrainian cyclist who rides for Astana - Adolph Joffe , a Russian Communist revolutionary , a Bolshevik politician and a Soviet diplomat",
"title": "Famous people"
},
{
"text": "- Sergey Karjakin , the youngest chess grandmaster in history at the age of 12 years and 7 months",
"title": "Famous people"
},
{
"text": " - Yana Klochkova , a Ukrainian swimmer , who has won five Olympic medals in her career , with four of them being gold - Oleg Kotov , Russian Air Force colonel , Expedition 15 Soyuz commander and flight engineer - Zara Levina , Russian composer - Saint Luke of Simferopol , born Valentin Felixovich Voino-Yasenetsky , Russian surgeon and Archbishop of Simferopol - Alisa Melekhina , chess master , attorney , author , and classically trained ballerina - Sergey Mergelyan , Armenian scientist and mathematician - Yuri I . Manin , Russian-born mathematician",
"title": "Famous people"
},
{
"text": "- Ganna Rizatdinova , an individual rhythmic gymnast , silver medallist at the individual all-around competition , ribbon final and gold medallist at the hoop final in the World Championships held in Kyiv 2013",
"title": "Famous people"
},
{
"text": " - Ekaterina Serebrianskaya , Ukrainian individual rhythmic gymnast . Olympic champion in Atlanta 1996 . - Valery Sigalevitch , Russian pianist - Alexei Stepanov , Russian genre painter - Evhen Tsybulenko , Estonian professor of international law - Oleksandr Usyk , Ukrainian boxer , olympic gold medalist at heavyweight in 2012 , and undisputed cruiserweight champion . - Rostislaw Wygranienko , Polish organist",
"title": "Famous people"
},
{
"text": " Twin towns – Sister cities . Simferopol is currently twinned with : - Salem , Oregon , United States ( 1986 ) - Heidelberg , Germany ( 1991 ) - Kecskemét , Hungary ( 2006 ) - Tepebaşı , Turkey ( 2007 ) - Bursa , Turkey - Irkutsk , Russia ( 2008 ) - Moscow , Russia ( 2008 ) - Novocherkassk , Russia ( 2008 ) - Omsk , Russia ( 2008 ) - Ruse , Bulgaria ( 2008 ) - Nizhny Novgorod , Russia ( 2016 )",
"title": "International relations"
},
{
"text": " - Simferopol Government Official website - The murder of the Jews of Simferopol during World War II , at Yad Vashem website .",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Simferopol#P17#2
|
Which country did Simferopol belong to in late 1990s?
|
Simferopol Simferopol ( ) is the second-largest city on the Crimean Peninsula , and the capital of the ( Autonomous ) Republic of Crimea . Simferopol is an important political , economic and transport hub of the peninsula , and serves as the administrative centre of both Simferopol Municipality and the surrounding Simferopol District . Founded on the site of a Crimean Tatar town Aqmescit , the city adopted its current name after the annexation of the Crimean Khanate to the Russian Empire . The population was Etymologies . The name Simferopol ( ; ) comes from the Greek Sympheropoli ( , Symferópoli ) , meaning city of common good . The spelling Symferopil ( ) is also used . In Crimean Tatar , the name of the city is Aqmescit , which means The white mosque ( Aq white , and mescit mosque ) . In fact , aq does not refer to the color of the mosque , but to its location . This is due to the color designation of the cardinal points among the Turkic peoples , where white is the west . Thus , the exact translation of the name of the town is the Western Mosque . In English , the name was often given as Akmechet or Ak-Mechet ( e.g . in Encyclopædia Britannica ) , a transliteration from Russian spelling of Crimean Tatar word Акмечет , Ак-Мечеть , where Mechet ( Мечеть ) is the Russian word for mosque . History . Early history . Archaeological evidence in the Chokurcha cave shows the presence of ancient people living in the territory of modern Simferopol . The Scythian Neapolis , known by its Greek name , is also located in the city , which is the remnants of an ancient capital of the Crimean Scythians who lived on the territory from the 3rd century BC to the 4th century AD . Later , the Crimean Tatars founded the town of Aqmescit . For some time , Aqmescit served as the residence of the Qalğa-Sultan , the second most important position in the Crimean Khanate after the Khan himself . Russian Empire . The city was renamed Simferopol in 1784 after the annexation of the Crimean Khanate to the Russian Empire by Catherine II of Russia . The name Simferopol is in Greek , Συμφερόπολις ( Simferopolis ) , and literally means the city of usefulness . The tradition to give Greek names to places in newly acquired southern territories was carried out by Empress Catherine the Great as part of her Greek Plan . In 1802 , Simferopol became the administrative centre of the Taurida Governorate . During the Crimean War of 1854–1856 , the Russian Imperial Army reserves and a hospital were stationed in the city . After the war , more than 30,000 Russian soldiers were buried in the citys vicinity . 20th-century wars . In the 20th century , Simferopol was once again affected by wars and conflicts in the region . At the end of the Russian Civil War , the headquarters of General Pyotr Wrangel , leader of the anti-Bolshevik White Army , were located there . On 13 November 1920 , the Red Army captured the city and on 18 October 1921 , Simferopol became the capital of the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic . During World War II , Simferopol was occupied by Nazi Germany from 1 November 1941 to 13 April 1944 . Retreating NKVD police shot a number of prisoners on 31 October 1941 in the NKVD building and the citys prison . Germans perpetrated one of the largest war-time massacres in Simferopol , killing in total over 22,000 locals—mostly Jews , Russians , Krymchaks , and Romani . On one occasion , starting 9 December 1941 , the Einsatzgruppen D under Otto Ohlendorfs command killed an estimated 14,300 Simferopol residents ; most of them were Jews . In April 1944 the Red Army liberated Simferopol . On 18 May 1944 the Crimean Tatar population of the city , along with the whole Crimean Tatar nation of Crimea , was forcibly deported to Central Asia in a form of collective punishment . Within Ukraine . On 26 April 1954 Simferopol , together with the rest of the Crimean Oblast , was transferred from the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic to the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic by Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev . An asteroid , discovered in 1970 by Soviet astronomer Tamara Mikhailovna Smirnova , is named after the city ( 2141 Simferopol ) . Following a referendum on 20 January 1991 , the Crimean Oblast was upgraded an Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic on 12 February 1991 by the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR . Simferopol became the capital of the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic . After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 , Simferopol became the capital of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea within newly independent Ukraine . Today , the city has a population of 340,600 ( 2006 ) most of whom are ethnic Russians , with the rest being Ukrainian and Crimean Tatar minorities . After the Crimean Tatars were allowed to return from exile in the 1990s , several new Crimean Tatar suburbs were constructed , as many more Tatars returned to the city compared to number exiled in 1944 . Land ownership between the current residents and returning Crimean Tatars is a major area of conflict today with the Tatars requesting the return of lands seized after their deportation . Russian annexation . On 16 March 2014 , a referendum was held whose results showed that a majority of Crimeans voted in favour of independence of Crimea from Ukraine and joining Russia as a federal subject . The legitimacy of the referendums results has been questioned by several nations and independent news organizations . On 21 March , Simferopol officially became the capital of a new federal subject of the Russian Federation . The referendum was not recognized internationally , and the event was viewed by many as an annexation of the Crimean land by the Russian Federation . On 14 September 2014 , municipal elections were held as part of the Russian Federation , the first elections since the Crimean status referendum of 16 March 2014 . Geography and climate . Location . Simferopol is located in the south-central portion of the Crimean Peninsula . The city lies on the Salhir River and near the artificial Simferopol Reservoir , which provides the city with clean drinking water . The Simferopol Reservoirs earth dam is the biggest in Europe . Climate . The city experiences a humid subtropical or oceanic climate ( depending on which version of the Köppen climate classification is used ) , near the boundary of the humid continental climate . The average temperature in January is and in July . The average rainfall is per year , and there is a total of 2,471 hours of sunshine per year . Politics and administrative divisions . As the capital of the Republic , Simferopol houses its political structure including the Parliament and the Council of Ministers . Simferopol is also the administrative centre of the Simferopolskyi District ( raion ) , however , it is directly subordinate to the Crimean authorities rather than to the district authorities housed in the city itself . The city of Simferopol is administratively divided into three districts ( Zaliznychnyi , Tsentralnyi , and Kyivskyi ) , four urban-type settlements ( Ahrarne , Aeroflotskyi , Hriesivskyi , Komsomolske ) and one village ( Bitumne ) . Viktor Ageev became city mayor on 11 November 2010 and was then elected chairman of the Simferopol City Council on 29 September 2014 . Igor Lukashyov was installed as the head of Simferopol City administration ( i.e . local executive ) after Russia annexed the region in 2014 . He served in this position until his dismissal on 9 November 2018 . Transportation . Simferopol has a major railway station , which serves millions of tourists each year . In December 2014 Ukraine cut the railway line to Crimea at the border . Currently , the station serves only a commuter ( regional ) passenger train and the Moscow – Simferopol train every day . The city is also connected via the Simferopol International Airport , which was constructed in 1936 . Zavodskoye Airport is situated southwest of Simferopol . The city has several main bus stations , with routes towards many cities , including Sevastopol , Kerch , Yalta , and Yevpatoriya . The Crimean Trolleybus connects Simferopol to the city of Yalta on Crimean Black Sea coast . The line is the longest trolleybus line in the world with a total length of ( since 2014 again ) . The streets of Simferopol have a rare house numbering – the odd numbers are on the right side of the road , looking in the direction in which the numbers increase . Demographics . At the last census in 2014 , the population of Simferopol was 332,317 , the highest of any city in the Republic of Crimea and second only to Sevastopol within the Crimean peninsula . Economy . When it existed , Crimea Air had its head office on the grounds of Simferopol Airport . Simferopol hosts some industries , such as producing Marine automation control systems ; Precise electrical micro machines of low input power ; Power tools , for both professional and household usage . - Simferopol Airport , new terminal is to be open with at least 8 gates , the structure of the hall has a wave-like layout . Industry . - Fiolent ( two locations ) - Simferopol chemical industry plants - PO Foton - Simferopol Airport - SEM SElktroMash SELMZ - Plastotekhnika and else plastics related - Santekhprom SSTP - PEK PromElektroKontakt and PromSchitKontakt , ChPO Sfera IzmertelnPribor , SELTZ ElectroTechnical Plant - Pnevmatika , other pneumatics tires etc . related industry - Monolit SMZKon , TsSI Tavrida SKMKZ , Slava Truda SCMNG , SiMZ Motor Plants - Chornomornaftogaz - Digital Valley ( Tsifrovaya Dolina ) : silicon industry , computers , wafers and microelectronics , it , other related . It will located ( most likely ) near the airport for convenience . Education . The largest collection of higher education institutions in Crimea is located in Simferopol . Among them is the largest university in Simferopol and Crimea , the Taurida V.Vernadsky National University , which was founded in 1917 . Crimea State Medical University named after S . I . Georgievsky , also located in Simferopol , is one of the most prominent medical schools of Ukraine . The Crimean Medical University is situated on the plot , where in 1855 a nursery garden was planted by the founder of the Nikita Botanical Gardens Ch.Ch.Steven ( 1781–1863 ) . In 1863–66 a school for girls was built here and in 1931 a medical institute was opened . On the same plot P.Krzhizhanovsky built a three-storey hostel for medical students after the design in 1934 . The building with clear geometric masses was completed in 1938 . A new federal university campus was opened 4 August 2014 . Sports . Simferopol is home to the football club FC TSK Simferopol which plays in the Crimean Premier League . It was formed as a Russian club in 2014 , following the 2014 Crimean Conflict , to replace the Ukrainian club Tavriya Simferopol which had been the first winners of the Ukraine Premier League , and also won the Ukrainian Cup in 2010 . Famous people . - Max Alpert , a prominent Soviet photographer , who was mostly known for his frontiline work during World War II - Lyudmila Blonska , Ukrainian heptathlete - Nadya Dorofeeva , female vocalist of the pop duo Vremya i Steklo - Viktor Grebennikov , Russian scientist , naturalist , entomologist , entomological artist and writer - Andriy Hryvko , a Ukrainian cyclist who rides for Astana - Adolph Joffe , a Russian Communist revolutionary , a Bolshevik politician and a Soviet diplomat - Sergey Karjakin , the youngest chess grandmaster in history at the age of 12 years and 7 months - Yana Klochkova , a Ukrainian swimmer , who has won five Olympic medals in her career , with four of them being gold - Oleg Kotov , Russian Air Force colonel , Expedition 15 Soyuz commander and flight engineer - Zara Levina , Russian composer - Saint Luke of Simferopol , born Valentin Felixovich Voino-Yasenetsky , Russian surgeon and Archbishop of Simferopol - Alisa Melekhina , chess master , attorney , author , and classically trained ballerina - Sergey Mergelyan , Armenian scientist and mathematician - Yuri I . Manin , Russian-born mathematician - Ganna Rizatdinova , an individual rhythmic gymnast , silver medallist at the individual all-around competition , ribbon final and gold medallist at the hoop final in the World Championships held in Kyiv 2013 - Ekaterina Serebrianskaya , Ukrainian individual rhythmic gymnast . Olympic champion in Atlanta 1996 . - Valery Sigalevitch , Russian pianist - Alexei Stepanov , Russian genre painter - Evhen Tsybulenko , Estonian professor of international law - Oleksandr Usyk , Ukrainian boxer , olympic gold medalist at heavyweight in 2012 , and undisputed cruiserweight champion . - Rostislaw Wygranienko , Polish organist International relations . Twin towns – Sister cities . Simferopol is currently twinned with : - Salem , Oregon , United States ( 1986 ) - Heidelberg , Germany ( 1991 ) - Kecskemét , Hungary ( 2006 ) - Tepebaşı , Turkey ( 2007 ) - Bursa , Turkey - Irkutsk , Russia ( 2008 ) - Moscow , Russia ( 2008 ) - Novocherkassk , Russia ( 2008 ) - Omsk , Russia ( 2008 ) - Ruse , Bulgaria ( 2008 ) - Nizhny Novgorod , Russia ( 2016 ) External links . - Simferopol Government Official website - The murder of the Jews of Simferopol during World War II , at Yad Vashem website .
|
[
"Ukraine"
] |
[
{
"text": " Simferopol ( ) is the second-largest city on the Crimean Peninsula , and the capital of the ( Autonomous ) Republic of Crimea . Simferopol is an important political , economic and transport hub of the peninsula , and serves as the administrative centre of both Simferopol Municipality and the surrounding Simferopol District . Founded on the site of a Crimean Tatar town Aqmescit , the city adopted its current name after the annexation of the Crimean Khanate to the Russian Empire . The population was",
"title": "Simferopol"
},
{
"text": " The name Simferopol ( ; ) comes from the Greek Sympheropoli ( , Symferópoli ) , meaning city of common good . The spelling Symferopil ( ) is also used .",
"title": "Etymologies"
},
{
"text": "In Crimean Tatar , the name of the city is Aqmescit , which means The white mosque ( Aq white , and mescit mosque ) . In fact , aq does not refer to the color of the mosque , but to its location . This is due to the color designation of the cardinal points among the Turkic peoples , where white is the west . Thus , the exact translation of the name of the town is the Western Mosque .",
"title": "Etymologies"
},
{
"text": " In English , the name was often given as Akmechet or Ak-Mechet ( e.g . in Encyclopædia Britannica ) , a transliteration from Russian spelling of Crimean Tatar word Акмечет , Ак-Мечеть , where Mechet ( Мечеть ) is the Russian word for mosque .",
"title": "Etymologies"
},
{
"text": " Archaeological evidence in the Chokurcha cave shows the presence of ancient people living in the territory of modern Simferopol . The Scythian Neapolis , known by its Greek name , is also located in the city , which is the remnants of an ancient capital of the Crimean Scythians who lived on the territory from the 3rd century BC to the 4th century AD .",
"title": "Early history"
},
{
"text": "Later , the Crimean Tatars founded the town of Aqmescit . For some time , Aqmescit served as the residence of the Qalğa-Sultan , the second most important position in the Crimean Khanate after the Khan himself .",
"title": "Early history"
},
{
"text": "The city was renamed Simferopol in 1784 after the annexation of the Crimean Khanate to the Russian Empire by Catherine II of Russia . The name Simferopol is in Greek , Συμφερόπολις ( Simferopolis ) , and literally means the city of usefulness . The tradition to give Greek names to places in newly acquired southern territories was carried out by Empress Catherine the Great as part of her Greek Plan . In 1802 , Simferopol became the administrative centre of the Taurida Governorate . During the Crimean War of 1854–1856 , the Russian Imperial Army reserves and a hospital",
"title": "Russian Empire"
},
{
"text": "were stationed in the city . After the war , more than 30,000 Russian soldiers were buried in the citys vicinity .",
"title": "Russian Empire"
},
{
"text": " 20th-century wars . In the 20th century , Simferopol was once again affected by wars and conflicts in the region . At the end of the Russian Civil War , the headquarters of General Pyotr Wrangel , leader of the anti-Bolshevik White Army , were located there . On 13 November 1920 , the Red Army captured the city and on 18 October 1921 , Simferopol became the capital of the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic .",
"title": "Russian Empire"
},
{
"text": "During World War II , Simferopol was occupied by Nazi Germany from 1 November 1941 to 13 April 1944 . Retreating NKVD police shot a number of prisoners on 31 October 1941 in the NKVD building and the citys prison . Germans perpetrated one of the largest war-time massacres in Simferopol , killing in total over 22,000 locals—mostly Jews , Russians , Krymchaks , and Romani . On one occasion , starting 9 December 1941 , the Einsatzgruppen D under Otto Ohlendorfs command killed an estimated 14,300 Simferopol residents ; most of them were Jews .",
"title": "Russian Empire"
},
{
"text": " In April 1944 the Red Army liberated Simferopol . On 18 May 1944 the Crimean Tatar population of the city , along with the whole Crimean Tatar nation of Crimea , was forcibly deported to Central Asia in a form of collective punishment .",
"title": "Russian Empire"
},
{
"text": " On 26 April 1954 Simferopol , together with the rest of the Crimean Oblast , was transferred from the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic to the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic by Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev . An asteroid , discovered in 1970 by Soviet astronomer Tamara Mikhailovna Smirnova , is named after the city ( 2141 Simferopol ) . Following a referendum on 20 January 1991 , the Crimean Oblast was upgraded an Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic on 12 February 1991 by the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR .",
"title": "Within Ukraine"
},
{
"text": "Simferopol became the capital of the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic .",
"title": "Within Ukraine"
},
{
"text": " After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 , Simferopol became the capital of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea within newly independent Ukraine . Today , the city has a population of 340,600 ( 2006 ) most of whom are ethnic Russians , with the rest being Ukrainian and Crimean Tatar minorities .",
"title": "Within Ukraine"
},
{
"text": "After the Crimean Tatars were allowed to return from exile in the 1990s , several new Crimean Tatar suburbs were constructed , as many more Tatars returned to the city compared to number exiled in 1944 . Land ownership between the current residents and returning Crimean Tatars is a major area of conflict today with the Tatars requesting the return of lands seized after their deportation .",
"title": "Within Ukraine"
},
{
"text": " On 16 March 2014 , a referendum was held whose results showed that a majority of Crimeans voted in favour of independence of Crimea from Ukraine and joining Russia as a federal subject . The legitimacy of the referendums results has been questioned by several nations and independent news organizations . On 21 March , Simferopol officially became the capital of a new federal subject of the Russian Federation . The referendum was not recognized internationally , and the event was viewed by many as an annexation of the Crimean land by the Russian Federation .",
"title": "Russian annexation"
},
{
"text": "On 14 September 2014 , municipal elections were held as part of the Russian Federation , the first elections since the Crimean status referendum of 16 March 2014 .",
"title": "Russian annexation"
},
{
"text": " Simferopol is located in the south-central portion of the Crimean Peninsula . The city lies on the Salhir River and near the artificial Simferopol Reservoir , which provides the city with clean drinking water . The Simferopol Reservoirs earth dam is the biggest in Europe .",
"title": "Location"
},
{
"text": " The city experiences a humid subtropical or oceanic climate ( depending on which version of the Köppen climate classification is used ) , near the boundary of the humid continental climate . The average temperature in January is and in July . The average rainfall is per year , and there is a total of 2,471 hours of sunshine per year . Politics and administrative divisions .",
"title": "Climate"
},
{
"text": "As the capital of the Republic , Simferopol houses its political structure including the Parliament and the Council of Ministers . Simferopol is also the administrative centre of the Simferopolskyi District ( raion ) , however , it is directly subordinate to the Crimean authorities rather than to the district authorities housed in the city itself .",
"title": "Climate"
},
{
"text": " The city of Simferopol is administratively divided into three districts ( Zaliznychnyi , Tsentralnyi , and Kyivskyi ) , four urban-type settlements ( Ahrarne , Aeroflotskyi , Hriesivskyi , Komsomolske ) and one village ( Bitumne ) . Viktor Ageev became city mayor on 11 November 2010 and was then elected chairman of the Simferopol City Council on 29 September 2014 .",
"title": "Climate"
},
{
"text": "Igor Lukashyov was installed as the head of Simferopol City administration ( i.e . local executive ) after Russia annexed the region in 2014 . He served in this position until his dismissal on 9 November 2018 .",
"title": "Climate"
},
{
"text": " Simferopol has a major railway station , which serves millions of tourists each year . In December 2014 Ukraine cut the railway line to Crimea at the border . Currently , the station serves only a commuter ( regional ) passenger train and the Moscow – Simferopol train every day . The city is also connected via the Simferopol International Airport , which was constructed in 1936 . Zavodskoye Airport is situated southwest of Simferopol .",
"title": "Transportation"
},
{
"text": "The city has several main bus stations , with routes towards many cities , including Sevastopol , Kerch , Yalta , and Yevpatoriya . The Crimean Trolleybus connects Simferopol to the city of Yalta on Crimean Black Sea coast . The line is the longest trolleybus line in the world with a total length of ( since 2014 again ) .",
"title": "Transportation"
},
{
"text": " The streets of Simferopol have a rare house numbering – the odd numbers are on the right side of the road , looking in the direction in which the numbers increase .",
"title": "Transportation"
},
{
"text": " At the last census in 2014 , the population of Simferopol was 332,317 , the highest of any city in the Republic of Crimea and second only to Sevastopol within the Crimean peninsula .",
"title": "Demographics"
},
{
"text": " When it existed , Crimea Air had its head office on the grounds of Simferopol Airport . Simferopol hosts some industries , such as producing Marine automation control systems ; Precise electrical micro machines of low input power ; Power tools , for both professional and household usage . - Simferopol Airport , new terminal is to be open with at least 8 gates , the structure of the hall has a wave-like layout .",
"title": "Economy"
},
{
"text": " - Fiolent ( two locations ) - Simferopol chemical industry plants - PO Foton - Simferopol Airport - SEM SElktroMash SELMZ - Plastotekhnika and else plastics related - Santekhprom SSTP - PEK PromElektroKontakt and PromSchitKontakt , ChPO Sfera IzmertelnPribor , SELTZ ElectroTechnical Plant - Pnevmatika , other pneumatics tires etc . related industry - Monolit SMZKon , TsSI Tavrida SKMKZ , Slava Truda SCMNG , SiMZ Motor Plants - Chornomornaftogaz",
"title": "Industry"
},
{
"text": "- Digital Valley ( Tsifrovaya Dolina ) : silicon industry , computers , wafers and microelectronics , it , other related . It will located ( most likely ) near the airport for convenience .",
"title": "Industry"
},
{
"text": "The largest collection of higher education institutions in Crimea is located in Simferopol . Among them is the largest university in Simferopol and Crimea , the Taurida V.Vernadsky National University , which was founded in 1917 . Crimea State Medical University named after S . I . Georgievsky , also located in Simferopol , is one of the most prominent medical schools of Ukraine . The Crimean Medical University is situated on the plot , where in 1855 a nursery garden was planted by the founder of the Nikita Botanical Gardens Ch.Ch.Steven ( 1781–1863 ) . In 1863–66 a school",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"text": "for girls was built here and in 1931 a medical institute was opened . On the same plot P.Krzhizhanovsky built a three-storey hostel for medical students after the design in 1934 . The building with clear geometric masses was completed in 1938 . A new federal university campus was opened 4 August 2014 .",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"text": " Simferopol is home to the football club FC TSK Simferopol which plays in the Crimean Premier League . It was formed as a Russian club in 2014 , following the 2014 Crimean Conflict , to replace the Ukrainian club Tavriya Simferopol which had been the first winners of the Ukraine Premier League , and also won the Ukrainian Cup in 2010 .",
"title": "Sports"
},
{
"text": " - Max Alpert , a prominent Soviet photographer , who was mostly known for his frontiline work during World War II - Lyudmila Blonska , Ukrainian heptathlete - Nadya Dorofeeva , female vocalist of the pop duo Vremya i Steklo - Viktor Grebennikov , Russian scientist , naturalist , entomologist , entomological artist and writer - Andriy Hryvko , a Ukrainian cyclist who rides for Astana - Adolph Joffe , a Russian Communist revolutionary , a Bolshevik politician and a Soviet diplomat",
"title": "Famous people"
},
{
"text": "- Sergey Karjakin , the youngest chess grandmaster in history at the age of 12 years and 7 months",
"title": "Famous people"
},
{
"text": " - Yana Klochkova , a Ukrainian swimmer , who has won five Olympic medals in her career , with four of them being gold - Oleg Kotov , Russian Air Force colonel , Expedition 15 Soyuz commander and flight engineer - Zara Levina , Russian composer - Saint Luke of Simferopol , born Valentin Felixovich Voino-Yasenetsky , Russian surgeon and Archbishop of Simferopol - Alisa Melekhina , chess master , attorney , author , and classically trained ballerina - Sergey Mergelyan , Armenian scientist and mathematician - Yuri I . Manin , Russian-born mathematician",
"title": "Famous people"
},
{
"text": "- Ganna Rizatdinova , an individual rhythmic gymnast , silver medallist at the individual all-around competition , ribbon final and gold medallist at the hoop final in the World Championships held in Kyiv 2013",
"title": "Famous people"
},
{
"text": " - Ekaterina Serebrianskaya , Ukrainian individual rhythmic gymnast . Olympic champion in Atlanta 1996 . - Valery Sigalevitch , Russian pianist - Alexei Stepanov , Russian genre painter - Evhen Tsybulenko , Estonian professor of international law - Oleksandr Usyk , Ukrainian boxer , olympic gold medalist at heavyweight in 2012 , and undisputed cruiserweight champion . - Rostislaw Wygranienko , Polish organist",
"title": "Famous people"
},
{
"text": " Twin towns – Sister cities . Simferopol is currently twinned with : - Salem , Oregon , United States ( 1986 ) - Heidelberg , Germany ( 1991 ) - Kecskemét , Hungary ( 2006 ) - Tepebaşı , Turkey ( 2007 ) - Bursa , Turkey - Irkutsk , Russia ( 2008 ) - Moscow , Russia ( 2008 ) - Novocherkassk , Russia ( 2008 ) - Omsk , Russia ( 2008 ) - Ruse , Bulgaria ( 2008 ) - Nizhny Novgorod , Russia ( 2016 )",
"title": "International relations"
},
{
"text": " - Simferopol Government Official website - The murder of the Jews of Simferopol during World War II , at Yad Vashem website .",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Simferopol#P17#3
|
Which country did Simferopol belong to in Mar 2014?
|
Simferopol Simferopol ( ) is the second-largest city on the Crimean Peninsula , and the capital of the ( Autonomous ) Republic of Crimea . Simferopol is an important political , economic and transport hub of the peninsula , and serves as the administrative centre of both Simferopol Municipality and the surrounding Simferopol District . Founded on the site of a Crimean Tatar town Aqmescit , the city adopted its current name after the annexation of the Crimean Khanate to the Russian Empire . The population was Etymologies . The name Simferopol ( ; ) comes from the Greek Sympheropoli ( , Symferópoli ) , meaning city of common good . The spelling Symferopil ( ) is also used . In Crimean Tatar , the name of the city is Aqmescit , which means The white mosque ( Aq white , and mescit mosque ) . In fact , aq does not refer to the color of the mosque , but to its location . This is due to the color designation of the cardinal points among the Turkic peoples , where white is the west . Thus , the exact translation of the name of the town is the Western Mosque . In English , the name was often given as Akmechet or Ak-Mechet ( e.g . in Encyclopædia Britannica ) , a transliteration from Russian spelling of Crimean Tatar word Акмечет , Ак-Мечеть , where Mechet ( Мечеть ) is the Russian word for mosque . History . Early history . Archaeological evidence in the Chokurcha cave shows the presence of ancient people living in the territory of modern Simferopol . The Scythian Neapolis , known by its Greek name , is also located in the city , which is the remnants of an ancient capital of the Crimean Scythians who lived on the territory from the 3rd century BC to the 4th century AD . Later , the Crimean Tatars founded the town of Aqmescit . For some time , Aqmescit served as the residence of the Qalğa-Sultan , the second most important position in the Crimean Khanate after the Khan himself . Russian Empire . The city was renamed Simferopol in 1784 after the annexation of the Crimean Khanate to the Russian Empire by Catherine II of Russia . The name Simferopol is in Greek , Συμφερόπολις ( Simferopolis ) , and literally means the city of usefulness . The tradition to give Greek names to places in newly acquired southern territories was carried out by Empress Catherine the Great as part of her Greek Plan . In 1802 , Simferopol became the administrative centre of the Taurida Governorate . During the Crimean War of 1854–1856 , the Russian Imperial Army reserves and a hospital were stationed in the city . After the war , more than 30,000 Russian soldiers were buried in the citys vicinity . 20th-century wars . In the 20th century , Simferopol was once again affected by wars and conflicts in the region . At the end of the Russian Civil War , the headquarters of General Pyotr Wrangel , leader of the anti-Bolshevik White Army , were located there . On 13 November 1920 , the Red Army captured the city and on 18 October 1921 , Simferopol became the capital of the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic . During World War II , Simferopol was occupied by Nazi Germany from 1 November 1941 to 13 April 1944 . Retreating NKVD police shot a number of prisoners on 31 October 1941 in the NKVD building and the citys prison . Germans perpetrated one of the largest war-time massacres in Simferopol , killing in total over 22,000 locals—mostly Jews , Russians , Krymchaks , and Romani . On one occasion , starting 9 December 1941 , the Einsatzgruppen D under Otto Ohlendorfs command killed an estimated 14,300 Simferopol residents ; most of them were Jews . In April 1944 the Red Army liberated Simferopol . On 18 May 1944 the Crimean Tatar population of the city , along with the whole Crimean Tatar nation of Crimea , was forcibly deported to Central Asia in a form of collective punishment . Within Ukraine . On 26 April 1954 Simferopol , together with the rest of the Crimean Oblast , was transferred from the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic to the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic by Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev . An asteroid , discovered in 1970 by Soviet astronomer Tamara Mikhailovna Smirnova , is named after the city ( 2141 Simferopol ) . Following a referendum on 20 January 1991 , the Crimean Oblast was upgraded an Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic on 12 February 1991 by the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR . Simferopol became the capital of the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic . After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 , Simferopol became the capital of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea within newly independent Ukraine . Today , the city has a population of 340,600 ( 2006 ) most of whom are ethnic Russians , with the rest being Ukrainian and Crimean Tatar minorities . After the Crimean Tatars were allowed to return from exile in the 1990s , several new Crimean Tatar suburbs were constructed , as many more Tatars returned to the city compared to number exiled in 1944 . Land ownership between the current residents and returning Crimean Tatars is a major area of conflict today with the Tatars requesting the return of lands seized after their deportation . Russian annexation . On 16 March 2014 , a referendum was held whose results showed that a majority of Crimeans voted in favour of independence of Crimea from Ukraine and joining Russia as a federal subject . The legitimacy of the referendums results has been questioned by several nations and independent news organizations . On 21 March , Simferopol officially became the capital of a new federal subject of the Russian Federation . The referendum was not recognized internationally , and the event was viewed by many as an annexation of the Crimean land by the Russian Federation . On 14 September 2014 , municipal elections were held as part of the Russian Federation , the first elections since the Crimean status referendum of 16 March 2014 . Geography and climate . Location . Simferopol is located in the south-central portion of the Crimean Peninsula . The city lies on the Salhir River and near the artificial Simferopol Reservoir , which provides the city with clean drinking water . The Simferopol Reservoirs earth dam is the biggest in Europe . Climate . The city experiences a humid subtropical or oceanic climate ( depending on which version of the Köppen climate classification is used ) , near the boundary of the humid continental climate . The average temperature in January is and in July . The average rainfall is per year , and there is a total of 2,471 hours of sunshine per year . Politics and administrative divisions . As the capital of the Republic , Simferopol houses its political structure including the Parliament and the Council of Ministers . Simferopol is also the administrative centre of the Simferopolskyi District ( raion ) , however , it is directly subordinate to the Crimean authorities rather than to the district authorities housed in the city itself . The city of Simferopol is administratively divided into three districts ( Zaliznychnyi , Tsentralnyi , and Kyivskyi ) , four urban-type settlements ( Ahrarne , Aeroflotskyi , Hriesivskyi , Komsomolske ) and one village ( Bitumne ) . Viktor Ageev became city mayor on 11 November 2010 and was then elected chairman of the Simferopol City Council on 29 September 2014 . Igor Lukashyov was installed as the head of Simferopol City administration ( i.e . local executive ) after Russia annexed the region in 2014 . He served in this position until his dismissal on 9 November 2018 . Transportation . Simferopol has a major railway station , which serves millions of tourists each year . In December 2014 Ukraine cut the railway line to Crimea at the border . Currently , the station serves only a commuter ( regional ) passenger train and the Moscow – Simferopol train every day . The city is also connected via the Simferopol International Airport , which was constructed in 1936 . Zavodskoye Airport is situated southwest of Simferopol . The city has several main bus stations , with routes towards many cities , including Sevastopol , Kerch , Yalta , and Yevpatoriya . The Crimean Trolleybus connects Simferopol to the city of Yalta on Crimean Black Sea coast . The line is the longest trolleybus line in the world with a total length of ( since 2014 again ) . The streets of Simferopol have a rare house numbering – the odd numbers are on the right side of the road , looking in the direction in which the numbers increase . Demographics . At the last census in 2014 , the population of Simferopol was 332,317 , the highest of any city in the Republic of Crimea and second only to Sevastopol within the Crimean peninsula . Economy . When it existed , Crimea Air had its head office on the grounds of Simferopol Airport . Simferopol hosts some industries , such as producing Marine automation control systems ; Precise electrical micro machines of low input power ; Power tools , for both professional and household usage . - Simferopol Airport , new terminal is to be open with at least 8 gates , the structure of the hall has a wave-like layout . Industry . - Fiolent ( two locations ) - Simferopol chemical industry plants - PO Foton - Simferopol Airport - SEM SElktroMash SELMZ - Plastotekhnika and else plastics related - Santekhprom SSTP - PEK PromElektroKontakt and PromSchitKontakt , ChPO Sfera IzmertelnPribor , SELTZ ElectroTechnical Plant - Pnevmatika , other pneumatics tires etc . related industry - Monolit SMZKon , TsSI Tavrida SKMKZ , Slava Truda SCMNG , SiMZ Motor Plants - Chornomornaftogaz - Digital Valley ( Tsifrovaya Dolina ) : silicon industry , computers , wafers and microelectronics , it , other related . It will located ( most likely ) near the airport for convenience . Education . The largest collection of higher education institutions in Crimea is located in Simferopol . Among them is the largest university in Simferopol and Crimea , the Taurida V.Vernadsky National University , which was founded in 1917 . Crimea State Medical University named after S . I . Georgievsky , also located in Simferopol , is one of the most prominent medical schools of Ukraine . The Crimean Medical University is situated on the plot , where in 1855 a nursery garden was planted by the founder of the Nikita Botanical Gardens Ch.Ch.Steven ( 1781–1863 ) . In 1863–66 a school for girls was built here and in 1931 a medical institute was opened . On the same plot P.Krzhizhanovsky built a three-storey hostel for medical students after the design in 1934 . The building with clear geometric masses was completed in 1938 . A new federal university campus was opened 4 August 2014 . Sports . Simferopol is home to the football club FC TSK Simferopol which plays in the Crimean Premier League . It was formed as a Russian club in 2014 , following the 2014 Crimean Conflict , to replace the Ukrainian club Tavriya Simferopol which had been the first winners of the Ukraine Premier League , and also won the Ukrainian Cup in 2010 . Famous people . - Max Alpert , a prominent Soviet photographer , who was mostly known for his frontiline work during World War II - Lyudmila Blonska , Ukrainian heptathlete - Nadya Dorofeeva , female vocalist of the pop duo Vremya i Steklo - Viktor Grebennikov , Russian scientist , naturalist , entomologist , entomological artist and writer - Andriy Hryvko , a Ukrainian cyclist who rides for Astana - Adolph Joffe , a Russian Communist revolutionary , a Bolshevik politician and a Soviet diplomat - Sergey Karjakin , the youngest chess grandmaster in history at the age of 12 years and 7 months - Yana Klochkova , a Ukrainian swimmer , who has won five Olympic medals in her career , with four of them being gold - Oleg Kotov , Russian Air Force colonel , Expedition 15 Soyuz commander and flight engineer - Zara Levina , Russian composer - Saint Luke of Simferopol , born Valentin Felixovich Voino-Yasenetsky , Russian surgeon and Archbishop of Simferopol - Alisa Melekhina , chess master , attorney , author , and classically trained ballerina - Sergey Mergelyan , Armenian scientist and mathematician - Yuri I . Manin , Russian-born mathematician - Ganna Rizatdinova , an individual rhythmic gymnast , silver medallist at the individual all-around competition , ribbon final and gold medallist at the hoop final in the World Championships held in Kyiv 2013 - Ekaterina Serebrianskaya , Ukrainian individual rhythmic gymnast . Olympic champion in Atlanta 1996 . - Valery Sigalevitch , Russian pianist - Alexei Stepanov , Russian genre painter - Evhen Tsybulenko , Estonian professor of international law - Oleksandr Usyk , Ukrainian boxer , olympic gold medalist at heavyweight in 2012 , and undisputed cruiserweight champion . - Rostislaw Wygranienko , Polish organist International relations . Twin towns – Sister cities . Simferopol is currently twinned with : - Salem , Oregon , United States ( 1986 ) - Heidelberg , Germany ( 1991 ) - Kecskemét , Hungary ( 2006 ) - Tepebaşı , Turkey ( 2007 ) - Bursa , Turkey - Irkutsk , Russia ( 2008 ) - Moscow , Russia ( 2008 ) - Novocherkassk , Russia ( 2008 ) - Omsk , Russia ( 2008 ) - Ruse , Bulgaria ( 2008 ) - Nizhny Novgorod , Russia ( 2016 ) External links . - Simferopol Government Official website - The murder of the Jews of Simferopol during World War II , at Yad Vashem website .
|
[
"Republic of Crimea"
] |
[
{
"text": " Simferopol ( ) is the second-largest city on the Crimean Peninsula , and the capital of the ( Autonomous ) Republic of Crimea . Simferopol is an important political , economic and transport hub of the peninsula , and serves as the administrative centre of both Simferopol Municipality and the surrounding Simferopol District . Founded on the site of a Crimean Tatar town Aqmescit , the city adopted its current name after the annexation of the Crimean Khanate to the Russian Empire . The population was",
"title": "Simferopol"
},
{
"text": " The name Simferopol ( ; ) comes from the Greek Sympheropoli ( , Symferópoli ) , meaning city of common good . The spelling Symferopil ( ) is also used .",
"title": "Etymologies"
},
{
"text": "In Crimean Tatar , the name of the city is Aqmescit , which means The white mosque ( Aq white , and mescit mosque ) . In fact , aq does not refer to the color of the mosque , but to its location . This is due to the color designation of the cardinal points among the Turkic peoples , where white is the west . Thus , the exact translation of the name of the town is the Western Mosque .",
"title": "Etymologies"
},
{
"text": " In English , the name was often given as Akmechet or Ak-Mechet ( e.g . in Encyclopædia Britannica ) , a transliteration from Russian spelling of Crimean Tatar word Акмечет , Ак-Мечеть , where Mechet ( Мечеть ) is the Russian word for mosque .",
"title": "Etymologies"
},
{
"text": " Archaeological evidence in the Chokurcha cave shows the presence of ancient people living in the territory of modern Simferopol . The Scythian Neapolis , known by its Greek name , is also located in the city , which is the remnants of an ancient capital of the Crimean Scythians who lived on the territory from the 3rd century BC to the 4th century AD .",
"title": "Early history"
},
{
"text": "Later , the Crimean Tatars founded the town of Aqmescit . For some time , Aqmescit served as the residence of the Qalğa-Sultan , the second most important position in the Crimean Khanate after the Khan himself .",
"title": "Early history"
},
{
"text": "The city was renamed Simferopol in 1784 after the annexation of the Crimean Khanate to the Russian Empire by Catherine II of Russia . The name Simferopol is in Greek , Συμφερόπολις ( Simferopolis ) , and literally means the city of usefulness . The tradition to give Greek names to places in newly acquired southern territories was carried out by Empress Catherine the Great as part of her Greek Plan . In 1802 , Simferopol became the administrative centre of the Taurida Governorate . During the Crimean War of 1854–1856 , the Russian Imperial Army reserves and a hospital",
"title": "Russian Empire"
},
{
"text": "were stationed in the city . After the war , more than 30,000 Russian soldiers were buried in the citys vicinity .",
"title": "Russian Empire"
},
{
"text": " 20th-century wars . In the 20th century , Simferopol was once again affected by wars and conflicts in the region . At the end of the Russian Civil War , the headquarters of General Pyotr Wrangel , leader of the anti-Bolshevik White Army , were located there . On 13 November 1920 , the Red Army captured the city and on 18 October 1921 , Simferopol became the capital of the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic .",
"title": "Russian Empire"
},
{
"text": "During World War II , Simferopol was occupied by Nazi Germany from 1 November 1941 to 13 April 1944 . Retreating NKVD police shot a number of prisoners on 31 October 1941 in the NKVD building and the citys prison . Germans perpetrated one of the largest war-time massacres in Simferopol , killing in total over 22,000 locals—mostly Jews , Russians , Krymchaks , and Romani . On one occasion , starting 9 December 1941 , the Einsatzgruppen D under Otto Ohlendorfs command killed an estimated 14,300 Simferopol residents ; most of them were Jews .",
"title": "Russian Empire"
},
{
"text": " In April 1944 the Red Army liberated Simferopol . On 18 May 1944 the Crimean Tatar population of the city , along with the whole Crimean Tatar nation of Crimea , was forcibly deported to Central Asia in a form of collective punishment .",
"title": "Russian Empire"
},
{
"text": " On 26 April 1954 Simferopol , together with the rest of the Crimean Oblast , was transferred from the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic to the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic by Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev . An asteroid , discovered in 1970 by Soviet astronomer Tamara Mikhailovna Smirnova , is named after the city ( 2141 Simferopol ) . Following a referendum on 20 January 1991 , the Crimean Oblast was upgraded an Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic on 12 February 1991 by the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR .",
"title": "Within Ukraine"
},
{
"text": "Simferopol became the capital of the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic .",
"title": "Within Ukraine"
},
{
"text": " After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 , Simferopol became the capital of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea within newly independent Ukraine . Today , the city has a population of 340,600 ( 2006 ) most of whom are ethnic Russians , with the rest being Ukrainian and Crimean Tatar minorities .",
"title": "Within Ukraine"
},
{
"text": "After the Crimean Tatars were allowed to return from exile in the 1990s , several new Crimean Tatar suburbs were constructed , as many more Tatars returned to the city compared to number exiled in 1944 . Land ownership between the current residents and returning Crimean Tatars is a major area of conflict today with the Tatars requesting the return of lands seized after their deportation .",
"title": "Within Ukraine"
},
{
"text": " On 16 March 2014 , a referendum was held whose results showed that a majority of Crimeans voted in favour of independence of Crimea from Ukraine and joining Russia as a federal subject . The legitimacy of the referendums results has been questioned by several nations and independent news organizations . On 21 March , Simferopol officially became the capital of a new federal subject of the Russian Federation . The referendum was not recognized internationally , and the event was viewed by many as an annexation of the Crimean land by the Russian Federation .",
"title": "Russian annexation"
},
{
"text": "On 14 September 2014 , municipal elections were held as part of the Russian Federation , the first elections since the Crimean status referendum of 16 March 2014 .",
"title": "Russian annexation"
},
{
"text": " Simferopol is located in the south-central portion of the Crimean Peninsula . The city lies on the Salhir River and near the artificial Simferopol Reservoir , which provides the city with clean drinking water . The Simferopol Reservoirs earth dam is the biggest in Europe .",
"title": "Location"
},
{
"text": " The city experiences a humid subtropical or oceanic climate ( depending on which version of the Köppen climate classification is used ) , near the boundary of the humid continental climate . The average temperature in January is and in July . The average rainfall is per year , and there is a total of 2,471 hours of sunshine per year . Politics and administrative divisions .",
"title": "Climate"
},
{
"text": "As the capital of the Republic , Simferopol houses its political structure including the Parliament and the Council of Ministers . Simferopol is also the administrative centre of the Simferopolskyi District ( raion ) , however , it is directly subordinate to the Crimean authorities rather than to the district authorities housed in the city itself .",
"title": "Climate"
},
{
"text": " The city of Simferopol is administratively divided into three districts ( Zaliznychnyi , Tsentralnyi , and Kyivskyi ) , four urban-type settlements ( Ahrarne , Aeroflotskyi , Hriesivskyi , Komsomolske ) and one village ( Bitumne ) . Viktor Ageev became city mayor on 11 November 2010 and was then elected chairman of the Simferopol City Council on 29 September 2014 .",
"title": "Climate"
},
{
"text": "Igor Lukashyov was installed as the head of Simferopol City administration ( i.e . local executive ) after Russia annexed the region in 2014 . He served in this position until his dismissal on 9 November 2018 .",
"title": "Climate"
},
{
"text": " Simferopol has a major railway station , which serves millions of tourists each year . In December 2014 Ukraine cut the railway line to Crimea at the border . Currently , the station serves only a commuter ( regional ) passenger train and the Moscow – Simferopol train every day . The city is also connected via the Simferopol International Airport , which was constructed in 1936 . Zavodskoye Airport is situated southwest of Simferopol .",
"title": "Transportation"
},
{
"text": "The city has several main bus stations , with routes towards many cities , including Sevastopol , Kerch , Yalta , and Yevpatoriya . The Crimean Trolleybus connects Simferopol to the city of Yalta on Crimean Black Sea coast . The line is the longest trolleybus line in the world with a total length of ( since 2014 again ) .",
"title": "Transportation"
},
{
"text": " The streets of Simferopol have a rare house numbering – the odd numbers are on the right side of the road , looking in the direction in which the numbers increase .",
"title": "Transportation"
},
{
"text": " At the last census in 2014 , the population of Simferopol was 332,317 , the highest of any city in the Republic of Crimea and second only to Sevastopol within the Crimean peninsula .",
"title": "Demographics"
},
{
"text": " When it existed , Crimea Air had its head office on the grounds of Simferopol Airport . Simferopol hosts some industries , such as producing Marine automation control systems ; Precise electrical micro machines of low input power ; Power tools , for both professional and household usage . - Simferopol Airport , new terminal is to be open with at least 8 gates , the structure of the hall has a wave-like layout .",
"title": "Economy"
},
{
"text": " - Fiolent ( two locations ) - Simferopol chemical industry plants - PO Foton - Simferopol Airport - SEM SElktroMash SELMZ - Plastotekhnika and else plastics related - Santekhprom SSTP - PEK PromElektroKontakt and PromSchitKontakt , ChPO Sfera IzmertelnPribor , SELTZ ElectroTechnical Plant - Pnevmatika , other pneumatics tires etc . related industry - Monolit SMZKon , TsSI Tavrida SKMKZ , Slava Truda SCMNG , SiMZ Motor Plants - Chornomornaftogaz",
"title": "Industry"
},
{
"text": "- Digital Valley ( Tsifrovaya Dolina ) : silicon industry , computers , wafers and microelectronics , it , other related . It will located ( most likely ) near the airport for convenience .",
"title": "Industry"
},
{
"text": "The largest collection of higher education institutions in Crimea is located in Simferopol . Among them is the largest university in Simferopol and Crimea , the Taurida V.Vernadsky National University , which was founded in 1917 . Crimea State Medical University named after S . I . Georgievsky , also located in Simferopol , is one of the most prominent medical schools of Ukraine . The Crimean Medical University is situated on the plot , where in 1855 a nursery garden was planted by the founder of the Nikita Botanical Gardens Ch.Ch.Steven ( 1781–1863 ) . In 1863–66 a school",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"text": "for girls was built here and in 1931 a medical institute was opened . On the same plot P.Krzhizhanovsky built a three-storey hostel for medical students after the design in 1934 . The building with clear geometric masses was completed in 1938 . A new federal university campus was opened 4 August 2014 .",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"text": " Simferopol is home to the football club FC TSK Simferopol which plays in the Crimean Premier League . It was formed as a Russian club in 2014 , following the 2014 Crimean Conflict , to replace the Ukrainian club Tavriya Simferopol which had been the first winners of the Ukraine Premier League , and also won the Ukrainian Cup in 2010 .",
"title": "Sports"
},
{
"text": " - Max Alpert , a prominent Soviet photographer , who was mostly known for his frontiline work during World War II - Lyudmila Blonska , Ukrainian heptathlete - Nadya Dorofeeva , female vocalist of the pop duo Vremya i Steklo - Viktor Grebennikov , Russian scientist , naturalist , entomologist , entomological artist and writer - Andriy Hryvko , a Ukrainian cyclist who rides for Astana - Adolph Joffe , a Russian Communist revolutionary , a Bolshevik politician and a Soviet diplomat",
"title": "Famous people"
},
{
"text": "- Sergey Karjakin , the youngest chess grandmaster in history at the age of 12 years and 7 months",
"title": "Famous people"
},
{
"text": " - Yana Klochkova , a Ukrainian swimmer , who has won five Olympic medals in her career , with four of them being gold - Oleg Kotov , Russian Air Force colonel , Expedition 15 Soyuz commander and flight engineer - Zara Levina , Russian composer - Saint Luke of Simferopol , born Valentin Felixovich Voino-Yasenetsky , Russian surgeon and Archbishop of Simferopol - Alisa Melekhina , chess master , attorney , author , and classically trained ballerina - Sergey Mergelyan , Armenian scientist and mathematician - Yuri I . Manin , Russian-born mathematician",
"title": "Famous people"
},
{
"text": "- Ganna Rizatdinova , an individual rhythmic gymnast , silver medallist at the individual all-around competition , ribbon final and gold medallist at the hoop final in the World Championships held in Kyiv 2013",
"title": "Famous people"
},
{
"text": " - Ekaterina Serebrianskaya , Ukrainian individual rhythmic gymnast . Olympic champion in Atlanta 1996 . - Valery Sigalevitch , Russian pianist - Alexei Stepanov , Russian genre painter - Evhen Tsybulenko , Estonian professor of international law - Oleksandr Usyk , Ukrainian boxer , olympic gold medalist at heavyweight in 2012 , and undisputed cruiserweight champion . - Rostislaw Wygranienko , Polish organist",
"title": "Famous people"
},
{
"text": " Twin towns – Sister cities . Simferopol is currently twinned with : - Salem , Oregon , United States ( 1986 ) - Heidelberg , Germany ( 1991 ) - Kecskemét , Hungary ( 2006 ) - Tepebaşı , Turkey ( 2007 ) - Bursa , Turkey - Irkutsk , Russia ( 2008 ) - Moscow , Russia ( 2008 ) - Novocherkassk , Russia ( 2008 ) - Omsk , Russia ( 2008 ) - Ruse , Bulgaria ( 2008 ) - Nizhny Novgorod , Russia ( 2016 )",
"title": "International relations"
},
{
"text": " - Simferopol Government Official website - The murder of the Jews of Simferopol during World War II , at Yad Vashem website .",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Simferopol#P17#4
|
Which country did Simferopol belong to in Apr 2014?
|
Simferopol Simferopol ( ) is the second-largest city on the Crimean Peninsula , and the capital of the ( Autonomous ) Republic of Crimea . Simferopol is an important political , economic and transport hub of the peninsula , and serves as the administrative centre of both Simferopol Municipality and the surrounding Simferopol District . Founded on the site of a Crimean Tatar town Aqmescit , the city adopted its current name after the annexation of the Crimean Khanate to the Russian Empire . The population was Etymologies . The name Simferopol ( ; ) comes from the Greek Sympheropoli ( , Symferópoli ) , meaning city of common good . The spelling Symferopil ( ) is also used . In Crimean Tatar , the name of the city is Aqmescit , which means The white mosque ( Aq white , and mescit mosque ) . In fact , aq does not refer to the color of the mosque , but to its location . This is due to the color designation of the cardinal points among the Turkic peoples , where white is the west . Thus , the exact translation of the name of the town is the Western Mosque . In English , the name was often given as Akmechet or Ak-Mechet ( e.g . in Encyclopædia Britannica ) , a transliteration from Russian spelling of Crimean Tatar word Акмечет , Ак-Мечеть , where Mechet ( Мечеть ) is the Russian word for mosque . History . Early history . Archaeological evidence in the Chokurcha cave shows the presence of ancient people living in the territory of modern Simferopol . The Scythian Neapolis , known by its Greek name , is also located in the city , which is the remnants of an ancient capital of the Crimean Scythians who lived on the territory from the 3rd century BC to the 4th century AD . Later , the Crimean Tatars founded the town of Aqmescit . For some time , Aqmescit served as the residence of the Qalğa-Sultan , the second most important position in the Crimean Khanate after the Khan himself . Russian Empire . The city was renamed Simferopol in 1784 after the annexation of the Crimean Khanate to the Russian Empire by Catherine II of Russia . The name Simferopol is in Greek , Συμφερόπολις ( Simferopolis ) , and literally means the city of usefulness . The tradition to give Greek names to places in newly acquired southern territories was carried out by Empress Catherine the Great as part of her Greek Plan . In 1802 , Simferopol became the administrative centre of the Taurida Governorate . During the Crimean War of 1854–1856 , the Russian Imperial Army reserves and a hospital were stationed in the city . After the war , more than 30,000 Russian soldiers were buried in the citys vicinity . 20th-century wars . In the 20th century , Simferopol was once again affected by wars and conflicts in the region . At the end of the Russian Civil War , the headquarters of General Pyotr Wrangel , leader of the anti-Bolshevik White Army , were located there . On 13 November 1920 , the Red Army captured the city and on 18 October 1921 , Simferopol became the capital of the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic . During World War II , Simferopol was occupied by Nazi Germany from 1 November 1941 to 13 April 1944 . Retreating NKVD police shot a number of prisoners on 31 October 1941 in the NKVD building and the citys prison . Germans perpetrated one of the largest war-time massacres in Simferopol , killing in total over 22,000 locals—mostly Jews , Russians , Krymchaks , and Romani . On one occasion , starting 9 December 1941 , the Einsatzgruppen D under Otto Ohlendorfs command killed an estimated 14,300 Simferopol residents ; most of them were Jews . In April 1944 the Red Army liberated Simferopol . On 18 May 1944 the Crimean Tatar population of the city , along with the whole Crimean Tatar nation of Crimea , was forcibly deported to Central Asia in a form of collective punishment . Within Ukraine . On 26 April 1954 Simferopol , together with the rest of the Crimean Oblast , was transferred from the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic to the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic by Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev . An asteroid , discovered in 1970 by Soviet astronomer Tamara Mikhailovna Smirnova , is named after the city ( 2141 Simferopol ) . Following a referendum on 20 January 1991 , the Crimean Oblast was upgraded an Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic on 12 February 1991 by the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR . Simferopol became the capital of the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic . After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 , Simferopol became the capital of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea within newly independent Ukraine . Today , the city has a population of 340,600 ( 2006 ) most of whom are ethnic Russians , with the rest being Ukrainian and Crimean Tatar minorities . After the Crimean Tatars were allowed to return from exile in the 1990s , several new Crimean Tatar suburbs were constructed , as many more Tatars returned to the city compared to number exiled in 1944 . Land ownership between the current residents and returning Crimean Tatars is a major area of conflict today with the Tatars requesting the return of lands seized after their deportation . Russian annexation . On 16 March 2014 , a referendum was held whose results showed that a majority of Crimeans voted in favour of independence of Crimea from Ukraine and joining Russia as a federal subject . The legitimacy of the referendums results has been questioned by several nations and independent news organizations . On 21 March , Simferopol officially became the capital of a new federal subject of the Russian Federation . The referendum was not recognized internationally , and the event was viewed by many as an annexation of the Crimean land by the Russian Federation . On 14 September 2014 , municipal elections were held as part of the Russian Federation , the first elections since the Crimean status referendum of 16 March 2014 . Geography and climate . Location . Simferopol is located in the south-central portion of the Crimean Peninsula . The city lies on the Salhir River and near the artificial Simferopol Reservoir , which provides the city with clean drinking water . The Simferopol Reservoirs earth dam is the biggest in Europe . Climate . The city experiences a humid subtropical or oceanic climate ( depending on which version of the Köppen climate classification is used ) , near the boundary of the humid continental climate . The average temperature in January is and in July . The average rainfall is per year , and there is a total of 2,471 hours of sunshine per year . Politics and administrative divisions . As the capital of the Republic , Simferopol houses its political structure including the Parliament and the Council of Ministers . Simferopol is also the administrative centre of the Simferopolskyi District ( raion ) , however , it is directly subordinate to the Crimean authorities rather than to the district authorities housed in the city itself . The city of Simferopol is administratively divided into three districts ( Zaliznychnyi , Tsentralnyi , and Kyivskyi ) , four urban-type settlements ( Ahrarne , Aeroflotskyi , Hriesivskyi , Komsomolske ) and one village ( Bitumne ) . Viktor Ageev became city mayor on 11 November 2010 and was then elected chairman of the Simferopol City Council on 29 September 2014 . Igor Lukashyov was installed as the head of Simferopol City administration ( i.e . local executive ) after Russia annexed the region in 2014 . He served in this position until his dismissal on 9 November 2018 . Transportation . Simferopol has a major railway station , which serves millions of tourists each year . In December 2014 Ukraine cut the railway line to Crimea at the border . Currently , the station serves only a commuter ( regional ) passenger train and the Moscow – Simferopol train every day . The city is also connected via the Simferopol International Airport , which was constructed in 1936 . Zavodskoye Airport is situated southwest of Simferopol . The city has several main bus stations , with routes towards many cities , including Sevastopol , Kerch , Yalta , and Yevpatoriya . The Crimean Trolleybus connects Simferopol to the city of Yalta on Crimean Black Sea coast . The line is the longest trolleybus line in the world with a total length of ( since 2014 again ) . The streets of Simferopol have a rare house numbering – the odd numbers are on the right side of the road , looking in the direction in which the numbers increase . Demographics . At the last census in 2014 , the population of Simferopol was 332,317 , the highest of any city in the Republic of Crimea and second only to Sevastopol within the Crimean peninsula . Economy . When it existed , Crimea Air had its head office on the grounds of Simferopol Airport . Simferopol hosts some industries , such as producing Marine automation control systems ; Precise electrical micro machines of low input power ; Power tools , for both professional and household usage . - Simferopol Airport , new terminal is to be open with at least 8 gates , the structure of the hall has a wave-like layout . Industry . - Fiolent ( two locations ) - Simferopol chemical industry plants - PO Foton - Simferopol Airport - SEM SElktroMash SELMZ - Plastotekhnika and else plastics related - Santekhprom SSTP - PEK PromElektroKontakt and PromSchitKontakt , ChPO Sfera IzmertelnPribor , SELTZ ElectroTechnical Plant - Pnevmatika , other pneumatics tires etc . related industry - Monolit SMZKon , TsSI Tavrida SKMKZ , Slava Truda SCMNG , SiMZ Motor Plants - Chornomornaftogaz - Digital Valley ( Tsifrovaya Dolina ) : silicon industry , computers , wafers and microelectronics , it , other related . It will located ( most likely ) near the airport for convenience . Education . The largest collection of higher education institutions in Crimea is located in Simferopol . Among them is the largest university in Simferopol and Crimea , the Taurida V.Vernadsky National University , which was founded in 1917 . Crimea State Medical University named after S . I . Georgievsky , also located in Simferopol , is one of the most prominent medical schools of Ukraine . The Crimean Medical University is situated on the plot , where in 1855 a nursery garden was planted by the founder of the Nikita Botanical Gardens Ch.Ch.Steven ( 1781–1863 ) . In 1863–66 a school for girls was built here and in 1931 a medical institute was opened . On the same plot P.Krzhizhanovsky built a three-storey hostel for medical students after the design in 1934 . The building with clear geometric masses was completed in 1938 . A new federal university campus was opened 4 August 2014 . Sports . Simferopol is home to the football club FC TSK Simferopol which plays in the Crimean Premier League . It was formed as a Russian club in 2014 , following the 2014 Crimean Conflict , to replace the Ukrainian club Tavriya Simferopol which had been the first winners of the Ukraine Premier League , and also won the Ukrainian Cup in 2010 . Famous people . - Max Alpert , a prominent Soviet photographer , who was mostly known for his frontiline work during World War II - Lyudmila Blonska , Ukrainian heptathlete - Nadya Dorofeeva , female vocalist of the pop duo Vremya i Steklo - Viktor Grebennikov , Russian scientist , naturalist , entomologist , entomological artist and writer - Andriy Hryvko , a Ukrainian cyclist who rides for Astana - Adolph Joffe , a Russian Communist revolutionary , a Bolshevik politician and a Soviet diplomat - Sergey Karjakin , the youngest chess grandmaster in history at the age of 12 years and 7 months - Yana Klochkova , a Ukrainian swimmer , who has won five Olympic medals in her career , with four of them being gold - Oleg Kotov , Russian Air Force colonel , Expedition 15 Soyuz commander and flight engineer - Zara Levina , Russian composer - Saint Luke of Simferopol , born Valentin Felixovich Voino-Yasenetsky , Russian surgeon and Archbishop of Simferopol - Alisa Melekhina , chess master , attorney , author , and classically trained ballerina - Sergey Mergelyan , Armenian scientist and mathematician - Yuri I . Manin , Russian-born mathematician - Ganna Rizatdinova , an individual rhythmic gymnast , silver medallist at the individual all-around competition , ribbon final and gold medallist at the hoop final in the World Championships held in Kyiv 2013 - Ekaterina Serebrianskaya , Ukrainian individual rhythmic gymnast . Olympic champion in Atlanta 1996 . - Valery Sigalevitch , Russian pianist - Alexei Stepanov , Russian genre painter - Evhen Tsybulenko , Estonian professor of international law - Oleksandr Usyk , Ukrainian boxer , olympic gold medalist at heavyweight in 2012 , and undisputed cruiserweight champion . - Rostislaw Wygranienko , Polish organist International relations . Twin towns – Sister cities . Simferopol is currently twinned with : - Salem , Oregon , United States ( 1986 ) - Heidelberg , Germany ( 1991 ) - Kecskemét , Hungary ( 2006 ) - Tepebaşı , Turkey ( 2007 ) - Bursa , Turkey - Irkutsk , Russia ( 2008 ) - Moscow , Russia ( 2008 ) - Novocherkassk , Russia ( 2008 ) - Omsk , Russia ( 2008 ) - Ruse , Bulgaria ( 2008 ) - Nizhny Novgorod , Russia ( 2016 ) External links . - Simferopol Government Official website - The murder of the Jews of Simferopol during World War II , at Yad Vashem website .
|
[
"Russian",
"Ukraine"
] |
[
{
"text": " Simferopol ( ) is the second-largest city on the Crimean Peninsula , and the capital of the ( Autonomous ) Republic of Crimea . Simferopol is an important political , economic and transport hub of the peninsula , and serves as the administrative centre of both Simferopol Municipality and the surrounding Simferopol District . Founded on the site of a Crimean Tatar town Aqmescit , the city adopted its current name after the annexation of the Crimean Khanate to the Russian Empire . The population was",
"title": "Simferopol"
},
{
"text": " The name Simferopol ( ; ) comes from the Greek Sympheropoli ( , Symferópoli ) , meaning city of common good . The spelling Symferopil ( ) is also used .",
"title": "Etymologies"
},
{
"text": "In Crimean Tatar , the name of the city is Aqmescit , which means The white mosque ( Aq white , and mescit mosque ) . In fact , aq does not refer to the color of the mosque , but to its location . This is due to the color designation of the cardinal points among the Turkic peoples , where white is the west . Thus , the exact translation of the name of the town is the Western Mosque .",
"title": "Etymologies"
},
{
"text": " In English , the name was often given as Akmechet or Ak-Mechet ( e.g . in Encyclopædia Britannica ) , a transliteration from Russian spelling of Crimean Tatar word Акмечет , Ак-Мечеть , where Mechet ( Мечеть ) is the Russian word for mosque .",
"title": "Etymologies"
},
{
"text": " Archaeological evidence in the Chokurcha cave shows the presence of ancient people living in the territory of modern Simferopol . The Scythian Neapolis , known by its Greek name , is also located in the city , which is the remnants of an ancient capital of the Crimean Scythians who lived on the territory from the 3rd century BC to the 4th century AD .",
"title": "Early history"
},
{
"text": "Later , the Crimean Tatars founded the town of Aqmescit . For some time , Aqmescit served as the residence of the Qalğa-Sultan , the second most important position in the Crimean Khanate after the Khan himself .",
"title": "Early history"
},
{
"text": "The city was renamed Simferopol in 1784 after the annexation of the Crimean Khanate to the Russian Empire by Catherine II of Russia . The name Simferopol is in Greek , Συμφερόπολις ( Simferopolis ) , and literally means the city of usefulness . The tradition to give Greek names to places in newly acquired southern territories was carried out by Empress Catherine the Great as part of her Greek Plan . In 1802 , Simferopol became the administrative centre of the Taurida Governorate . During the Crimean War of 1854–1856 , the Russian Imperial Army reserves and a hospital",
"title": "Russian Empire"
},
{
"text": "were stationed in the city . After the war , more than 30,000 Russian soldiers were buried in the citys vicinity .",
"title": "Russian Empire"
},
{
"text": " 20th-century wars . In the 20th century , Simferopol was once again affected by wars and conflicts in the region . At the end of the Russian Civil War , the headquarters of General Pyotr Wrangel , leader of the anti-Bolshevik White Army , were located there . On 13 November 1920 , the Red Army captured the city and on 18 October 1921 , Simferopol became the capital of the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic .",
"title": "Russian Empire"
},
{
"text": "During World War II , Simferopol was occupied by Nazi Germany from 1 November 1941 to 13 April 1944 . Retreating NKVD police shot a number of prisoners on 31 October 1941 in the NKVD building and the citys prison . Germans perpetrated one of the largest war-time massacres in Simferopol , killing in total over 22,000 locals—mostly Jews , Russians , Krymchaks , and Romani . On one occasion , starting 9 December 1941 , the Einsatzgruppen D under Otto Ohlendorfs command killed an estimated 14,300 Simferopol residents ; most of them were Jews .",
"title": "Russian Empire"
},
{
"text": " In April 1944 the Red Army liberated Simferopol . On 18 May 1944 the Crimean Tatar population of the city , along with the whole Crimean Tatar nation of Crimea , was forcibly deported to Central Asia in a form of collective punishment .",
"title": "Russian Empire"
},
{
"text": " On 26 April 1954 Simferopol , together with the rest of the Crimean Oblast , was transferred from the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic to the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic by Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev . An asteroid , discovered in 1970 by Soviet astronomer Tamara Mikhailovna Smirnova , is named after the city ( 2141 Simferopol ) . Following a referendum on 20 January 1991 , the Crimean Oblast was upgraded an Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic on 12 February 1991 by the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR .",
"title": "Within Ukraine"
},
{
"text": "Simferopol became the capital of the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic .",
"title": "Within Ukraine"
},
{
"text": " After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 , Simferopol became the capital of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea within newly independent Ukraine . Today , the city has a population of 340,600 ( 2006 ) most of whom are ethnic Russians , with the rest being Ukrainian and Crimean Tatar minorities .",
"title": "Within Ukraine"
},
{
"text": "After the Crimean Tatars were allowed to return from exile in the 1990s , several new Crimean Tatar suburbs were constructed , as many more Tatars returned to the city compared to number exiled in 1944 . Land ownership between the current residents and returning Crimean Tatars is a major area of conflict today with the Tatars requesting the return of lands seized after their deportation .",
"title": "Within Ukraine"
},
{
"text": " On 16 March 2014 , a referendum was held whose results showed that a majority of Crimeans voted in favour of independence of Crimea from Ukraine and joining Russia as a federal subject . The legitimacy of the referendums results has been questioned by several nations and independent news organizations . On 21 March , Simferopol officially became the capital of a new federal subject of the Russian Federation . The referendum was not recognized internationally , and the event was viewed by many as an annexation of the Crimean land by the Russian Federation .",
"title": "Russian annexation"
},
{
"text": "On 14 September 2014 , municipal elections were held as part of the Russian Federation , the first elections since the Crimean status referendum of 16 March 2014 .",
"title": "Russian annexation"
},
{
"text": " Simferopol is located in the south-central portion of the Crimean Peninsula . The city lies on the Salhir River and near the artificial Simferopol Reservoir , which provides the city with clean drinking water . The Simferopol Reservoirs earth dam is the biggest in Europe .",
"title": "Location"
},
{
"text": " The city experiences a humid subtropical or oceanic climate ( depending on which version of the Köppen climate classification is used ) , near the boundary of the humid continental climate . The average temperature in January is and in July . The average rainfall is per year , and there is a total of 2,471 hours of sunshine per year . Politics and administrative divisions .",
"title": "Climate"
},
{
"text": "As the capital of the Republic , Simferopol houses its political structure including the Parliament and the Council of Ministers . Simferopol is also the administrative centre of the Simferopolskyi District ( raion ) , however , it is directly subordinate to the Crimean authorities rather than to the district authorities housed in the city itself .",
"title": "Climate"
},
{
"text": " The city of Simferopol is administratively divided into three districts ( Zaliznychnyi , Tsentralnyi , and Kyivskyi ) , four urban-type settlements ( Ahrarne , Aeroflotskyi , Hriesivskyi , Komsomolske ) and one village ( Bitumne ) . Viktor Ageev became city mayor on 11 November 2010 and was then elected chairman of the Simferopol City Council on 29 September 2014 .",
"title": "Climate"
},
{
"text": "Igor Lukashyov was installed as the head of Simferopol City administration ( i.e . local executive ) after Russia annexed the region in 2014 . He served in this position until his dismissal on 9 November 2018 .",
"title": "Climate"
},
{
"text": " Simferopol has a major railway station , which serves millions of tourists each year . In December 2014 Ukraine cut the railway line to Crimea at the border . Currently , the station serves only a commuter ( regional ) passenger train and the Moscow – Simferopol train every day . The city is also connected via the Simferopol International Airport , which was constructed in 1936 . Zavodskoye Airport is situated southwest of Simferopol .",
"title": "Transportation"
},
{
"text": "The city has several main bus stations , with routes towards many cities , including Sevastopol , Kerch , Yalta , and Yevpatoriya . The Crimean Trolleybus connects Simferopol to the city of Yalta on Crimean Black Sea coast . The line is the longest trolleybus line in the world with a total length of ( since 2014 again ) .",
"title": "Transportation"
},
{
"text": " The streets of Simferopol have a rare house numbering – the odd numbers are on the right side of the road , looking in the direction in which the numbers increase .",
"title": "Transportation"
},
{
"text": " At the last census in 2014 , the population of Simferopol was 332,317 , the highest of any city in the Republic of Crimea and second only to Sevastopol within the Crimean peninsula .",
"title": "Demographics"
},
{
"text": " When it existed , Crimea Air had its head office on the grounds of Simferopol Airport . Simferopol hosts some industries , such as producing Marine automation control systems ; Precise electrical micro machines of low input power ; Power tools , for both professional and household usage . - Simferopol Airport , new terminal is to be open with at least 8 gates , the structure of the hall has a wave-like layout .",
"title": "Economy"
},
{
"text": " - Fiolent ( two locations ) - Simferopol chemical industry plants - PO Foton - Simferopol Airport - SEM SElktroMash SELMZ - Plastotekhnika and else plastics related - Santekhprom SSTP - PEK PromElektroKontakt and PromSchitKontakt , ChPO Sfera IzmertelnPribor , SELTZ ElectroTechnical Plant - Pnevmatika , other pneumatics tires etc . related industry - Monolit SMZKon , TsSI Tavrida SKMKZ , Slava Truda SCMNG , SiMZ Motor Plants - Chornomornaftogaz",
"title": "Industry"
},
{
"text": "- Digital Valley ( Tsifrovaya Dolina ) : silicon industry , computers , wafers and microelectronics , it , other related . It will located ( most likely ) near the airport for convenience .",
"title": "Industry"
},
{
"text": "The largest collection of higher education institutions in Crimea is located in Simferopol . Among them is the largest university in Simferopol and Crimea , the Taurida V.Vernadsky National University , which was founded in 1917 . Crimea State Medical University named after S . I . Georgievsky , also located in Simferopol , is one of the most prominent medical schools of Ukraine . The Crimean Medical University is situated on the plot , where in 1855 a nursery garden was planted by the founder of the Nikita Botanical Gardens Ch.Ch.Steven ( 1781–1863 ) . In 1863–66 a school",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"text": "for girls was built here and in 1931 a medical institute was opened . On the same plot P.Krzhizhanovsky built a three-storey hostel for medical students after the design in 1934 . The building with clear geometric masses was completed in 1938 . A new federal university campus was opened 4 August 2014 .",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"text": " Simferopol is home to the football club FC TSK Simferopol which plays in the Crimean Premier League . It was formed as a Russian club in 2014 , following the 2014 Crimean Conflict , to replace the Ukrainian club Tavriya Simferopol which had been the first winners of the Ukraine Premier League , and also won the Ukrainian Cup in 2010 .",
"title": "Sports"
},
{
"text": " - Max Alpert , a prominent Soviet photographer , who was mostly known for his frontiline work during World War II - Lyudmila Blonska , Ukrainian heptathlete - Nadya Dorofeeva , female vocalist of the pop duo Vremya i Steklo - Viktor Grebennikov , Russian scientist , naturalist , entomologist , entomological artist and writer - Andriy Hryvko , a Ukrainian cyclist who rides for Astana - Adolph Joffe , a Russian Communist revolutionary , a Bolshevik politician and a Soviet diplomat",
"title": "Famous people"
},
{
"text": "- Sergey Karjakin , the youngest chess grandmaster in history at the age of 12 years and 7 months",
"title": "Famous people"
},
{
"text": " - Yana Klochkova , a Ukrainian swimmer , who has won five Olympic medals in her career , with four of them being gold - Oleg Kotov , Russian Air Force colonel , Expedition 15 Soyuz commander and flight engineer - Zara Levina , Russian composer - Saint Luke of Simferopol , born Valentin Felixovich Voino-Yasenetsky , Russian surgeon and Archbishop of Simferopol - Alisa Melekhina , chess master , attorney , author , and classically trained ballerina - Sergey Mergelyan , Armenian scientist and mathematician - Yuri I . Manin , Russian-born mathematician",
"title": "Famous people"
},
{
"text": "- Ganna Rizatdinova , an individual rhythmic gymnast , silver medallist at the individual all-around competition , ribbon final and gold medallist at the hoop final in the World Championships held in Kyiv 2013",
"title": "Famous people"
},
{
"text": " - Ekaterina Serebrianskaya , Ukrainian individual rhythmic gymnast . Olympic champion in Atlanta 1996 . - Valery Sigalevitch , Russian pianist - Alexei Stepanov , Russian genre painter - Evhen Tsybulenko , Estonian professor of international law - Oleksandr Usyk , Ukrainian boxer , olympic gold medalist at heavyweight in 2012 , and undisputed cruiserweight champion . - Rostislaw Wygranienko , Polish organist",
"title": "Famous people"
},
{
"text": " Twin towns – Sister cities . Simferopol is currently twinned with : - Salem , Oregon , United States ( 1986 ) - Heidelberg , Germany ( 1991 ) - Kecskemét , Hungary ( 2006 ) - Tepebaşı , Turkey ( 2007 ) - Bursa , Turkey - Irkutsk , Russia ( 2008 ) - Moscow , Russia ( 2008 ) - Novocherkassk , Russia ( 2008 ) - Omsk , Russia ( 2008 ) - Ruse , Bulgaria ( 2008 ) - Nizhny Novgorod , Russia ( 2016 )",
"title": "International relations"
},
{
"text": " - Simferopol Government Official website - The murder of the Jews of Simferopol during World War II , at Yad Vashem website .",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Lee_Hughes#P54#0
|
Which team did the player Lee Hughes belong to before Sep 1996?
|
Lee Hughes Lee Hughes ( born 22 May 1976 ) is an English former professional footballer who played as a striker . A strong striker with excellent finishing abilities , Hughes represented the England semi-professional team once in 1996 . After being released as a youth footballer , Hughes worked as a roofer alongside his father . He started his career in the Conference with Kidderminster Harriers , before winning a £380,000 move to boyhood club West Bromwich Albion in August 1997 . He finished as the clubs top-scorer for four seasons running , earning a place on the PFA Team of the Year in 1998–99 after finishing as the highest scorer in the top four divisions of English football . He was sold to Coventry City for £5 million in August 2001 , before returning to West Brom for half of that figure twelve months later . He failed to impress in the Premier League as Albion suffered relegation , but helped the club to make an immediate return to the top-flight as runners-up in the First Division in 2003–04 . In August 2004 , he was sentenced to six years imprisonment for causing death by dangerous driving following a fatal crash on 23 November 2003 . Following his release from prison in 2007 , he returned to the professional game with Oldham Athletic of League One . He signed for Notts County in July 2009 , and was named on the PFA Team of the Year after scoring 30 league goals as the club won the League Two title in 2009–10 . He left Notts County to sign for Port Vale in January 2013 , and helped the club to secure promotion out of League Two in 2012–13 . In January 2014 , he signed for Forest Green Rovers on an 18-month deal . In January 2015 , he returned to Kidderminster Harriers , and moved on to Ilkeston and then Worcester City in the summer . He continued to be a prolific goalscorer into his 40s , and signed with AFC Telford United in February 2017 . He began his management career as joint-manager of Worcester City , alongside John Snape , in May 2017 . In March 2018 , he joined Halesowen Town as a player , where he remained until moving on to Mickleover Sports in August 2019 . He joined Grantham Town in January 2020 and retired two months later at the age of 43 . Club career . Kidderminster Harriers . Hughes spent four years at West Bromwich Albion as a schoolboy from ages 11 to 15 , though was not offered a youth team contract . He then had unsuccessful trials at numerous clubs , though came close to being offered a contract by Swansea City . He instead started his career playing semi-professionally for Conference club Kidderminster Harriers , whilst holding down a part-time job as a roofer . Although Hughes scored 34 goals in the 1996–97 season , Kidderminster failed to gain promotion to the Football League after finishing five points behind champions Macclesfield Town . At this point in his career Hughes was regarded as one of Englands finest semi-professionals and was called up to the England national football C team . In total , Hughes scored 70 goals in 139 games for Kidderminster in all competitions . He also played for amateur touring side Middlesex Wanderers during their tour of Vietnam whilst he was aged 19 . West Bromwich Albion . Hughes was sold to West Bromwich Albion for an initial £200,000 – incentives later took the final sum up to £380,000 – in August 1997 . He said It was a dream to join the team I have supported all my life . The Daily Mirror printed that Hughes has red hair , tattoos of a Tasmanian devil and a British bulldog on his forearms , dynamite in his boots and Albion in his blood . Fans affectionately nicknamed him the Ginger Ninja . He made his debut at The Hawthorns as a substitute in a 2–1 win over Tranmere Rovers on 9 August 1997 . Seven days later he scored two goals from the bench in a 3–2 win over Crewe Alexandra at Gresty Road . Though signed by Ray Harford , he came to the fore under new boss Denis Smith . Smith handed Hughes his first start on 28 December , in a 1–1 home draw with Stoke City . He finished his debut season as the clubs top-scorer with 14 goals in 41 appearances , and was rewarded with a new four-year contract . He started the 1998–99 season in fine form , and claimed his first ever hat-trick in a 3–0 win over Port Vale at Vale Park on 22 August . Despite having recently signed a long-term contract , his form and goal record led to constant rumours of a big money move to a host of Premier League clubs . West Brom eventually issued a hands-off warning to other clubs . He claimed further hat-tricks against Crystal Palace and Huddersfield Town , and finished the season with 32 goals in 45 games . This tally left him as the countrys top-scorer . He was named on the PFA Team of the Year for the First Division . He then submitted a written transfer request , and his spokesman told the press that there have been a number of things going on behind the scenes which have unsettled him recently . In particular , his £1,400 a week salary was compared with the £5,000 a week salary of under-performing teammate Fabian de Freitas . He remained at the club for the 1999–2000 season , and scored 17 goals in 43 appearances . Albion struggled in the First Division under new manager Brian Little , though improved after Gary Megson replaced Little as manager in March and avoided relegation despite Hughes missing the final five matches of the season due to a knee injury . He was partnered with Jason Roberts for the 2000–01 season ; the pair went on to score 40 goals between them to help secure the Baggies a play-off place . With 23 goals to his name , he again attracted interest from other clubs . He claimed two hat-tricks in seven days against Gillingham and Preston North End . Hughes converted a penalty in a 2–2 draw with Bolton Wanderers in the first leg of the play-off semi-final , before a 3–0 defeat at the Reebok Stadium ended Albions play-off hopes . He refused to sign a new contract in July 2001 , and was placed on the transfer list . Coventry City . Hughes was sold to Gordon Strachans Coventry City for a club record transfer fee of £5,000,001 ( the unusual figure was because any offer exceeding £5 million would trigger an escape clause in his West Brom contract ) in August 2001 . His wages at Highfield Road were reported to be £15,000 a week . Hughes scored 14 goals in 40 games , including a hat-trick in a 6–1 win at Crewe Alexandra , and finished the 2001–02 season as the clubs top-scorer . Coventry rejected a loan offer from West Bromwich Albion in March 2002 , and ended the season outside the play-offs . Return to West Bromwich Albion . In August 2002 , Hughes returned to West Bromwich Albion for a club record £2.5 million – half the fee Albion had received for him a year earlier – and signed a four-year deal with the club . Despite being a regular in the first team , Hughes failed to score a single Premier League goal in the 2002–03 season and Albion were relegated in 19th place with just six wins and 26 points from 38 matches . Hughes was criticised by several teammates following the clubs 1–0 defeat by Everton at Goodison Park , though was publicly backed by manager Gary Megson . He told the press that I want to establish myself in the Premiership and any accusations of me not pulling my weight should be made to my face . He put his poor form down to him missing pre-season training with injury problems . He rediscovered his form back in the First Division , scoring 12 goals in 36 games in 2003–04 as West Brom secured promotion with a second-place finish . His contract at West Bromwich Albion was immediately terminated in August 2004 , following his conviction for causing death by dangerous driving . He spent the next three years in prison , serving half of his six-year sentence . Oldham Athletic . Upon his release from prison on 20 August 2007 , Hughes signed a two-year contract with League One club Oldham Athletic ; the club asked supporters not to pass moral judgement . His reported salary of £1,800-a-week at Boundary Park was less than a 10th of what he earned at the peak of his career with West Bromwich Albion . Hughes made his debut for Oldham in a 4–1 defeat by Hartlepool United at Victoria Park on 1 September 2007 . He failed to find the net in his first seven games , and underwent an operation to correct a hernia problem . He recovered quickly from the procedure , and registered his first two goals for the Latics in a 3–0 win over Bournemouth at Dean Court on 25 November , before being named in the League One Team of the Week . He scored his first hat-trick for the club against Millwall in a 3–2 victory at The Den on 15 December , and again made the League One Team of the Week . He picked up a groin injury in March 2008 , and was sidelined for the rest of the season . Hughes had scored eight goals by the end of the 2007–08 season , making him the clubs second highest goalscorer behind Craig Davies . He opened his account for the 2008–09 season with a hat-trick in a 4–0 win over Cheltenham Town on 23 August . Stating his future ambitions as playing Championship football with Oldham , he was offered a new deal at the club on 30 December 2008 . He was linked with a move to Doncaster Rovers in January 2009 , but stayed put after talks with manager John Sheridan , who insisted Hughes was very happy at Oldham . In March 2009 , it was widely reported that Hughes had been involved in a drunken brawl with Sheridan where Hughes was reported to have had him in a headlock . Sheridan later downplayed the incident as jovial , saying people have made things up . Sheridan was sacked , but insisted that the two incidents were not related , as it was results that cost me the job . On 26 March 2009 , Hughes joined Championship club Blackpool on loan until the end of the season . He made his debut in a 1–0 defeat to Plymouth Argyle at Bloomfield Road on 4 April . His first goal for the club came on 18 April against Charlton Athletic at the Valley , when after coming on as an 89th-minute substitute , and with Blackpool 2–1 down , he scored four minutes later to make the score 2–2 . Hughes ended the campaign as Oldhams highest scorer with 18 goals in 40 appearances . However , he was one of a number of players released by the clubs new manager Dave Penney in May 2009 , and returned to Kidderminster Harriers for training in order to keep up his fitness levels whilst searching for a new club . Notts County . Hughes signed for League Two team Notts County on a two-year contract on 22 July 2009 , on the same day that Sven-Göran Eriksson arrived at the club as director of football . He scored a hat-trick on his debut in a 5–0 victory over Bradford City on the opening day of the season . He then got his second hat-trick against Northampton Town in a 5–2 home win on 12 September . He claimed his third hat-trick of the campaign on 28 December during a 4–1 win over Burton Albion at the Pirelli Stadium . However the club endured a turbulent time , with manager Ian McParland sacked and replaced by Hans Backe , who himself resigned after Qadbak Investments proved unable to fund Backes wages . New owner Ray Trew appointed Steve Cotterill as manager , and County entered April ten points behind league leaders Rochdale , though Hughes remained confident that they could reduce the deficit and win the league . On 17 April , Hughes scored two goals in a 4–1 victory over Morecambe as County won promotion to League One . He was named as League Twos Player of the Month in April . On 1 May , Hughes added another two goals in Countys final home game of the season , making him the first Notts player to score 30 league goals since Tommy Lawton in the 1949–50 season . He finished as the divisions top-scorer in 2009–10 with 30 league goals in 39 games , and was named on the PFA Team of the Year alongside teammates Kasper Schmeichel and Ben Davies . County won the league by a ten-point margin . In July 2010 , Hughes signed a one-year extension to his contract that would see him at Meadow Lane until the summer of 2012 . On 23 September 2010 , Hughes revealed a Boing , Boing t-shirt in a League Cup tie with Wolverhampton Wanderers at Molineux – the slogan of Wolves rivals West Bromwich Albion – and was quizzed by police after angry Wolves fans retaliated to the message by attacking Notts County supporters coaches . He was reported to be angry at being named as a substitute in a league game against Milton Keynes Dons on 11 December , though boss Paul Ince stated that Hughesy is 34 and cannot play week in week out . But hes never come and said I should be starting . Hes been different class . On 8 January 2011 , he was on the scoresheet as County beat Premier League side Sunderland 2–1 in the FA Cup . Two weeks later he was confirmed to be a target of Sheffield Wednesday . He remained with the Magpies , and ended the 2010–11 season as the clubs top-scorer with 16 goals in 37 appearances . The club again went through a succession of managers – Craig Short , Paul Ince and then Martin Allen – and ended the season three points above the relegation zone . On 8 September 2011 , he played against Italian club Juventus in the inaugural game of the Juventus Stadium , and scored Countys goal in a 1–1 draw ; after the game he had a signed shirt from Andrea Pirlo . The next month he accepted a pay cut to sign a new 18-month contract , and was quoted as saying he never planned to leave the club as the fans have taken me in and I love it here . He ended the 2011–12 campaign on 11 goals in 44 games . In summer 2012 , the club rejected offers for Hughes from Cheltenham Town and former club Oldham Athletic . At the beginning of the 2012–13 season , new manager Keith Curle stated that we know he is of an age where he wont be playing for 46 games , so he needs to be managed . New signing Yoann Arquin became the countys first choice striker , and Hughes announced his intention to leave the club in order to find first team football . He was reported to have joined Port Vale on loan , with a view to a permanent move , on 22 November 2012 ; though the deal had yet to be ratified by the English Football League . However , the next day it was revealed that the loan move would not go through as the relevant paperwork had not been sent in on time . Three weeks later Hughes provided the club with a sick note , saying that he was unavailable until January . His contract was terminated by mutual consent on 7 January 2013 . Port Vale . Hughes joined Port Vale the day after securing his exit from Notts County , as the BBC reported that promotion-chasing boss Micky Adams wants to bring him in to add impetus to a Vale attack who have occasionally misfired this term . He signed a contract to keep him at Vale Park until the end of the 2012–13 season , at which point his contract would be extended by 12 months if the Valiants were promoted . However Hughes later revealed that Adams was against the transfer but had been overruled by chairman Norman Smurthwaite . He marked his debut against the Gills with the winning goal that sent Vale to the top of the table . Being partnered with the countrys leading goalscorer Tom Pope allowed Hughes space in front of goal vacated by opposition defenders attempting to double up on Pope . Hughes scored his first hat-trick for the Valiants in a 7–1 home victory over Burton Albion on 5 April , with two of his goals coming from the penalty spot as he took over from Jennison Myrie-Williams as the clubs penalty taker . This performance won him a place on the League Two team of the week . Vale were promoted at the end of the season , with Hughes scoring ten goals in his 18 games , ensuring his contract was extended until summer 2014 . He was not a regular starter in the 2013–14 season , especially as Jordan Hugill began to impress from the youth development squad , and so he decided to leave the club in the January transfer window . Later career . On 3 January 2014 , he joined Conference Premier side Forest Green Rovers on an 18-month contract . Manager Adrian Pennock stated that Hes come to play football , hes not come for money and Im chuffed to have him on board . He has the experience we need and I believe hell score goals . He made his debut six days later in a 1–1 draw with Hereford United at The New Lawn . On 25 January , he scored his first goals for the club , securing a brace in a 3–0 home win over Chester . He ended the 2013–14 season with eight goals in 21 appearances for Rovers . On the opening day of the 2014–15 season , Hughes scored Forest Greens winning goal in a 1–0 away victory at Southport . He then scored his 300th career goal with his second strike of the season in a 2–0 win over Alfreton Town at The New Lawn on 16 August 2014 . On 30 January 2015 , Hughes returned to Conference Premier club Kidderminster Harriers on a deal till the end of the season after having his contract with Forest Green Rovers mutually terminated . On his second debut for Kidderminster , he put his side ahead in a Worcestershire Senior Cup tie against Stourbridge . He also scored on his league return against Woking at Aggborough , scoring in the 39th minute in a 1–1 draw . He was released at the end of the season as manager Gary Whilds playing budget was reduced by half for the 2015–16 campaign . After impressing in pre season , Hughes signed for Northern Premier League Premier Division side Ilkeston , and was sent off on his debut against Skelmersdale United on 15 August 2015 . In September 2015 , Hughes signed for Worcester City on non-contract terms , who played at Aggborough , the home of Kidderminster Harriers where he started his career . He scored 19 goals in 29 appearances in the 2015–16 campaign . In February 2017 , he applied to succeed Carl Heeley as manager . However , he instead left the financially troubled club and moved on to National League North rivals AFC Telford United . In March 2018 , Hughes signed for Northern Premier League Premier Division side Halesowen Town as a player . The Yeltz ended the 2017–18 season in 23rd-place , before being relegated out of the Southern League Premier Division Central at the end of the 2018–19 campaign . He left Halesowen in August 2019 , after losing his place in the starting eleven . Later that month he joined league rivals Mickleover Sports , where he made nineteen league appearances and scored six goals , and then Grantham Town in January 2020 , where he scored once in six league appearances . He was reported to have been a target for Nuneaton Borough just before the 2019–20 season was formally abandoned on 26 March , with all results from the season being expunged , due to the COVID-19 pandemic in England . He announced his retirement in April 2020 , at the age of 43 . Management career . Hughes rejoined Worcester City as both a player and as joint-manager , alongside John Snape , on 4 May 2017 ; Worcester had just been relegated out of the National League North . He resigned on 6 March 2018 . In March 2019 , he was appointed caretaker player-manager of Halesowen Town , remaining in the role until May . Style of play . Describing Hughess attributes in January 2013 , former Notts County coach Dave Kevan said that he was a fantastic finisher.. . a clever player whose movement is good , whose intelligence is good , who uses his body well and who uses his strength well.. . he plays with his brain and hes adapted his game as he has got older.. . hes also clever enough to create opportunities for others . He maintained a natural goalscoring instinct throughout his career , and has said I always fancy myself to stick the ball in the back of the net if I get a chance . His dancing goal celebration originated as a mocking tribute of a friends bad dancing . Personal life . The son of Bill and Gail Hughes , older brother to Clint and Brett , Hughes worked with his father as a roofer in his home-town of Smethwick before turning professional . In 1999 , Sharlene Gillies claimed that she and Hughes had a child together . DNA tests later proved that he was not the father , though by this time his engagement to lap dancer Donna Nisbet was called off . Hughes stated that I dont think Donna was particularly happy with all the limelight that comes with football , though insisted that barracking from opposition fans only made him more determined to put in a good performance on the pitch . Hughes and Jason Roberts were questioned by police over allegations that they assaulted a man outside a pub in Brierley Hill ; the case was dropped in September 2000 . It was reported that he had converted to Islam during his time in prison , due in part to his friendship with Muslim prisoners and the fact that abuse of alcohol had helped to bring about his downfall – his father said that this story is not true . In 2005 Hughes was reported to be on suicide watch after learning that his wife had reportedly been seeing a younger man . He married air hostess Anna Kuzmanic in June 2000 in the Croatian town of Trogir . The couple had two children together but split up in 2008 ; the split was described as very amicable . His eldest , Mia , was born in November 2000 . Hughes was declared bankrupt in March 2018 . Causing death by dangerous driving conviction . On 23 November 2003 , near his home in the Warwickshire village of Meriden , West Midlands , Hughes lost control of his Mercedes CL55 AMG and went onto the wrong side of the road before colliding with a Renault Scénic . A passenger in the Renault , Douglas Graham , was killed in the incident , whilst his wife Maureen and the driver Albert Frisby were severely injured . Hughes and passenger Adrian Smith left the scene , before turning themselves in to the police 36 hours later . He was arrested on suspicion of causing death by dangerous driving . He denied the charge , though later pleaded guilty to charges of failing to stop and failing to report an accident . During his trial at Coventry Crown Court , Hughes was accused of driving too fast in wet conditions and was described as driving like a madman . He claimed the brakes on his car had locked , though tests showed that the brakes were in perfect working order and had technology installed to prevent the driver from losing control . When asked where he had been in the 36 hours after leaving the scene of the incident Hughes said that I would rather not say , really , though later admitted he had travelled 20 miles to Smethwick . Prosecutor Melbourne Inman QC told the court Hughes had fled the scene to dodge a breath test . On 9 August 2004 , Hughes was found guilty of causing death by dangerous driving , and was sentenced to six years imprisonment . Frisby said that the sentence was not long enough . Hughes lodged an appeal against the sentence , but not the conviction . In January 2005 , his appeal for his sentence to be reduced was refused . He served his time in Category C prisons . During his time in HM Prison Featherstone he played in the Staffordshire County Senior League for the prison football team . He also helped to organise a charity football match which raised £5,000 for a childrens hospice . He was released in August 2007 , three years into his six-year sentence . Assault conviction . On 3 December 2011 , Hughes was arrested and bailed on charges of sexual assault after an incident in Croydon . He was then charged with the offence on 30 January 2012 . In May 2012 , Hughes was found guilty of common assault and fined £500 , but the charge of sexual assault was dropped . Honours . Kidderminster Harriers - Conference runner-up : 1996–97 West Bromwich Albion - Football League First Division runner-up : 2003–04 Notts County - EFL League Two : 2009–10 Port Vale - League Two third-place promotion : 2012–13 Individual - PFA Team of the Year ( First Division ) : 1998–99 - West Bromwich Albion F.C . Player of the Year : 1998–99 - League Two Player of the Month : April 2010 - PFA Team of the Year ( League Two ) : 2009–10
|
[
"Kidderminster Harriers"
] |
[
{
"text": " Lee Hughes ( born 22 May 1976 ) is an English former professional footballer who played as a striker .",
"title": "Lee Hughes"
},
{
"text": "A strong striker with excellent finishing abilities , Hughes represented the England semi-professional team once in 1996 . After being released as a youth footballer , Hughes worked as a roofer alongside his father . He started his career in the Conference with Kidderminster Harriers , before winning a £380,000 move to boyhood club West Bromwich Albion in August 1997 . He finished as the clubs top-scorer for four seasons running , earning a place on the PFA Team of the Year in 1998–99 after finishing as the highest scorer in the top four divisions of English football . He",
"title": "Lee Hughes"
},
{
"text": "was sold to Coventry City for £5 million in August 2001 , before returning to West Brom for half of that figure twelve months later . He failed to impress in the Premier League as Albion suffered relegation , but helped the club to make an immediate return to the top-flight as runners-up in the First Division in 2003–04 .",
"title": "Lee Hughes"
},
{
"text": "In August 2004 , he was sentenced to six years imprisonment for causing death by dangerous driving following a fatal crash on 23 November 2003 . Following his release from prison in 2007 , he returned to the professional game with Oldham Athletic of League One . He signed for Notts County in July 2009 , and was named on the PFA Team of the Year after scoring 30 league goals as the club won the League Two title in 2009–10 . He left Notts County to sign for Port Vale in January 2013 , and helped the club to",
"title": "Lee Hughes"
},
{
"text": "secure promotion out of League Two in 2012–13 . In January 2014 , he signed for Forest Green Rovers on an 18-month deal . In January 2015 , he returned to Kidderminster Harriers , and moved on to Ilkeston and then Worcester City in the summer . He continued to be a prolific goalscorer into his 40s , and signed with AFC Telford United in February 2017 . He began his management career as joint-manager of Worcester City , alongside John Snape , in May 2017 . In March 2018 , he joined Halesowen Town as a player , where",
"title": "Lee Hughes"
},
{
"text": "he remained until moving on to Mickleover Sports in August 2019 . He joined Grantham Town in January 2020 and retired two months later at the age of 43 .",
"title": "Lee Hughes"
},
{
"text": "Hughes spent four years at West Bromwich Albion as a schoolboy from ages 11 to 15 , though was not offered a youth team contract . He then had unsuccessful trials at numerous clubs , though came close to being offered a contract by Swansea City . He instead started his career playing semi-professionally for Conference club Kidderminster Harriers , whilst holding down a part-time job as a roofer . Although Hughes scored 34 goals in the 1996–97 season , Kidderminster failed to gain promotion to the Football League after finishing five points behind champions Macclesfield Town . At this",
"title": "Kidderminster Harriers"
},
{
"text": "point in his career Hughes was regarded as one of Englands finest semi-professionals and was called up to the England national football C team . In total , Hughes scored 70 goals in 139 games for Kidderminster in all competitions . He also played for amateur touring side Middlesex Wanderers during their tour of Vietnam whilst he was aged 19 .",
"title": "Kidderminster Harriers"
},
{
"text": " Hughes was sold to West Bromwich Albion for an initial £200,000 – incentives later took the final sum up to £380,000 – in August 1997 . He said It was a dream to join the team I have supported all my life . The Daily Mirror printed that Hughes has red hair , tattoos of a Tasmanian devil and a British bulldog on his forearms , dynamite in his boots and Albion in his blood . Fans affectionately nicknamed him the Ginger Ninja .",
"title": "West Bromwich Albion"
},
{
"text": "He made his debut at The Hawthorns as a substitute in a 2–1 win over Tranmere Rovers on 9 August 1997 . Seven days later he scored two goals from the bench in a 3–2 win over Crewe Alexandra at Gresty Road . Though signed by Ray Harford , he came to the fore under new boss Denis Smith . Smith handed Hughes his first start on 28 December , in a 1–1 home draw with Stoke City . He finished his debut season as the clubs top-scorer with 14 goals in 41 appearances , and was rewarded with a",
"title": "West Bromwich Albion"
},
{
"text": "new four-year contract .",
"title": "West Bromwich Albion"
},
{
"text": "He started the 1998–99 season in fine form , and claimed his first ever hat-trick in a 3–0 win over Port Vale at Vale Park on 22 August . Despite having recently signed a long-term contract , his form and goal record led to constant rumours of a big money move to a host of Premier League clubs . West Brom eventually issued a hands-off warning to other clubs . He claimed further hat-tricks against Crystal Palace and Huddersfield Town , and finished the season with 32 goals in 45 games . This tally left him as the countrys top-scorer",
"title": "West Bromwich Albion"
},
{
"text": ". He was named on the PFA Team of the Year for the First Division . He then submitted a written transfer request , and his spokesman told the press that there have been a number of things going on behind the scenes which have unsettled him recently . In particular , his £1,400 a week salary was compared with the £5,000 a week salary of under-performing teammate Fabian de Freitas .",
"title": "West Bromwich Albion"
},
{
"text": " He remained at the club for the 1999–2000 season , and scored 17 goals in 43 appearances . Albion struggled in the First Division under new manager Brian Little , though improved after Gary Megson replaced Little as manager in March and avoided relegation despite Hughes missing the final five matches of the season due to a knee injury .",
"title": "West Bromwich Albion"
},
{
"text": "He was partnered with Jason Roberts for the 2000–01 season ; the pair went on to score 40 goals between them to help secure the Baggies a play-off place . With 23 goals to his name , he again attracted interest from other clubs . He claimed two hat-tricks in seven days against Gillingham and Preston North End . Hughes converted a penalty in a 2–2 draw with Bolton Wanderers in the first leg of the play-off semi-final , before a 3–0 defeat at the Reebok Stadium ended Albions play-off hopes . He refused to sign a new contract in",
"title": "West Bromwich Albion"
},
{
"text": "July 2001 , and was placed on the transfer list .",
"title": "West Bromwich Albion"
},
{
"text": "Hughes was sold to Gordon Strachans Coventry City for a club record transfer fee of £5,000,001 ( the unusual figure was because any offer exceeding £5 million would trigger an escape clause in his West Brom contract ) in August 2001 . His wages at Highfield Road were reported to be £15,000 a week . Hughes scored 14 goals in 40 games , including a hat-trick in a 6–1 win at Crewe Alexandra , and finished the 2001–02 season as the clubs top-scorer . Coventry rejected a loan offer from West Bromwich Albion in March 2002 , and ended the",
"title": "Coventry City"
},
{
"text": "season outside the play-offs .",
"title": "Coventry City"
},
{
"text": "In August 2002 , Hughes returned to West Bromwich Albion for a club record £2.5 million – half the fee Albion had received for him a year earlier – and signed a four-year deal with the club . Despite being a regular in the first team , Hughes failed to score a single Premier League goal in the 2002–03 season and Albion were relegated in 19th place with just six wins and 26 points from 38 matches . Hughes was criticised by several teammates following the clubs 1–0 defeat by Everton at Goodison Park , though was publicly backed by",
"title": "Coventry City"
},
{
"text": "manager Gary Megson . He told the press that I want to establish myself in the Premiership and any accusations of me not pulling my weight should be made to my face . He put his poor form down to him missing pre-season training with injury problems . He rediscovered his form back in the First Division , scoring 12 goals in 36 games in 2003–04 as West Brom secured promotion with a second-place finish . His contract at West Bromwich Albion was immediately terminated in August 2004 , following his conviction for causing death by dangerous driving . He",
"title": "Coventry City"
},
{
"text": "spent the next three years in prison , serving half of his six-year sentence .",
"title": "Coventry City"
},
{
"text": "Upon his release from prison on 20 August 2007 , Hughes signed a two-year contract with League One club Oldham Athletic ; the club asked supporters not to pass moral judgement . His reported salary of £1,800-a-week at Boundary Park was less than a 10th of what he earned at the peak of his career with West Bromwich Albion . Hughes made his debut for Oldham in a 4–1 defeat by Hartlepool United at Victoria Park on 1 September 2007 . He failed to find the net in his first seven games , and underwent an operation to correct a",
"title": "Oldham Athletic"
},
{
"text": "hernia problem . He recovered quickly from the procedure , and registered his first two goals for the Latics in a 3–0 win over Bournemouth at Dean Court on 25 November , before being named in the League One Team of the Week . He scored his first hat-trick for the club against Millwall in a 3–2 victory at The Den on 15 December , and again made the League One Team of the Week . He picked up a groin injury in March 2008 , and was sidelined for the rest of the season . Hughes had scored eight",
"title": "Oldham Athletic"
},
{
"text": "goals by the end of the 2007–08 season , making him the clubs second highest goalscorer behind Craig Davies .",
"title": "Oldham Athletic"
},
{
"text": "He opened his account for the 2008–09 season with a hat-trick in a 4–0 win over Cheltenham Town on 23 August . Stating his future ambitions as playing Championship football with Oldham , he was offered a new deal at the club on 30 December 2008 . He was linked with a move to Doncaster Rovers in January 2009 , but stayed put after talks with manager John Sheridan , who insisted Hughes was very happy at Oldham . In March 2009 , it was widely reported that Hughes had been involved in a drunken brawl with Sheridan where Hughes",
"title": "Oldham Athletic"
},
{
"text": "was reported to have had him in a headlock . Sheridan later downplayed the incident as jovial , saying people have made things up . Sheridan was sacked , but insisted that the two incidents were not related , as it was results that cost me the job .",
"title": "Oldham Athletic"
},
{
"text": "On 26 March 2009 , Hughes joined Championship club Blackpool on loan until the end of the season . He made his debut in a 1–0 defeat to Plymouth Argyle at Bloomfield Road on 4 April . His first goal for the club came on 18 April against Charlton Athletic at the Valley , when after coming on as an 89th-minute substitute , and with Blackpool 2–1 down , he scored four minutes later to make the score 2–2 . Hughes ended the campaign as Oldhams highest scorer with 18 goals in 40 appearances . However , he was one",
"title": "Oldham Athletic"
},
{
"text": "of a number of players released by the clubs new manager Dave Penney in May 2009 , and returned to Kidderminster Harriers for training in order to keep up his fitness levels whilst searching for a new club .",
"title": "Oldham Athletic"
},
{
"text": "Hughes signed for League Two team Notts County on a two-year contract on 22 July 2009 , on the same day that Sven-Göran Eriksson arrived at the club as director of football . He scored a hat-trick on his debut in a 5–0 victory over Bradford City on the opening day of the season . He then got his second hat-trick against Northampton Town in a 5–2 home win on 12 September . He claimed his third hat-trick of the campaign on 28 December during a 4–1 win over Burton Albion at the Pirelli Stadium . However the club endured",
"title": "Notts County"
},
{
"text": "a turbulent time , with manager Ian McParland sacked and replaced by Hans Backe , who himself resigned after Qadbak Investments proved unable to fund Backes wages . New owner Ray Trew appointed Steve Cotterill as manager , and County entered April ten points behind league leaders Rochdale , though Hughes remained confident that they could reduce the deficit and win the league . On 17 April , Hughes scored two goals in a 4–1 victory over Morecambe as County won promotion to League One . He was named as League Twos Player of the Month in April . On",
"title": "Notts County"
},
{
"text": "1 May , Hughes added another two goals in Countys final home game of the season , making him the first Notts player to score 30 league goals since Tommy Lawton in the 1949–50 season . He finished as the divisions top-scorer in 2009–10 with 30 league goals in 39 games , and was named on the PFA Team of the Year alongside teammates Kasper Schmeichel and Ben Davies . County won the league by a ten-point margin . In July 2010 , Hughes signed a one-year extension to his contract that would see him at Meadow Lane until the",
"title": "Notts County"
},
{
"text": "summer of 2012 .",
"title": "Notts County"
},
{
"text": "On 23 September 2010 , Hughes revealed a Boing , Boing t-shirt in a League Cup tie with Wolverhampton Wanderers at Molineux – the slogan of Wolves rivals West Bromwich Albion – and was quizzed by police after angry Wolves fans retaliated to the message by attacking Notts County supporters coaches . He was reported to be angry at being named as a substitute in a league game against Milton Keynes Dons on 11 December , though boss Paul Ince stated that Hughesy is 34 and cannot play week in week out . But hes never come and said I",
"title": "Notts County"
},
{
"text": "should be starting . Hes been different class . On 8 January 2011 , he was on the scoresheet as County beat Premier League side Sunderland 2–1 in the FA Cup . Two weeks later he was confirmed to be a target of Sheffield Wednesday . He remained with the Magpies , and ended the 2010–11 season as the clubs top-scorer with 16 goals in 37 appearances . The club again went through a succession of managers – Craig Short , Paul Ince and then Martin Allen – and ended the season three points above the relegation zone .",
"title": "Notts County"
},
{
"text": "On 8 September 2011 , he played against Italian club Juventus in the inaugural game of the Juventus Stadium , and scored Countys goal in a 1–1 draw ; after the game he had a signed shirt from Andrea Pirlo . The next month he accepted a pay cut to sign a new 18-month contract , and was quoted as saying he never planned to leave the club as the fans have taken me in and I love it here . He ended the 2011–12 campaign on 11 goals in 44 games . In summer 2012 , the club rejected",
"title": "Notts County"
},
{
"text": "offers for Hughes from Cheltenham Town and former club Oldham Athletic .",
"title": "Notts County"
},
{
"text": "At the beginning of the 2012–13 season , new manager Keith Curle stated that we know he is of an age where he wont be playing for 46 games , so he needs to be managed . New signing Yoann Arquin became the countys first choice striker , and Hughes announced his intention to leave the club in order to find first team football . He was reported to have joined Port Vale on loan , with a view to a permanent move , on 22 November 2012 ; though the deal had yet to be ratified by the English",
"title": "Notts County"
},
{
"text": "Football League . However , the next day it was revealed that the loan move would not go through as the relevant paperwork had not been sent in on time . Three weeks later Hughes provided the club with a sick note , saying that he was unavailable until January . His contract was terminated by mutual consent on 7 January 2013 .",
"title": "Notts County"
},
{
"text": "Hughes joined Port Vale the day after securing his exit from Notts County , as the BBC reported that promotion-chasing boss Micky Adams wants to bring him in to add impetus to a Vale attack who have occasionally misfired this term . He signed a contract to keep him at Vale Park until the end of the 2012–13 season , at which point his contract would be extended by 12 months if the Valiants were promoted . However Hughes later revealed that Adams was against the transfer but had been overruled by chairman Norman Smurthwaite . He marked his debut",
"title": "Port Vale"
},
{
"text": "against the Gills with the winning goal that sent Vale to the top of the table . Being partnered with the countrys leading goalscorer Tom Pope allowed Hughes space in front of goal vacated by opposition defenders attempting to double up on Pope . Hughes scored his first hat-trick for the Valiants in a 7–1 home victory over Burton Albion on 5 April , with two of his goals coming from the penalty spot as he took over from Jennison Myrie-Williams as the clubs penalty taker . This performance won him a place on the League Two team of the",
"title": "Port Vale"
},
{
"text": "week . Vale were promoted at the end of the season , with Hughes scoring ten goals in his 18 games , ensuring his contract was extended until summer 2014 .",
"title": "Port Vale"
},
{
"text": " He was not a regular starter in the 2013–14 season , especially as Jordan Hugill began to impress from the youth development squad , and so he decided to leave the club in the January transfer window .",
"title": "Port Vale"
},
{
"text": "On 3 January 2014 , he joined Conference Premier side Forest Green Rovers on an 18-month contract . Manager Adrian Pennock stated that Hes come to play football , hes not come for money and Im chuffed to have him on board . He has the experience we need and I believe hell score goals . He made his debut six days later in a 1–1 draw with Hereford United at The New Lawn . On 25 January , he scored his first goals for the club , securing a brace in a 3–0 home win over Chester . He",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "ended the 2013–14 season with eight goals in 21 appearances for Rovers .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " On the opening day of the 2014–15 season , Hughes scored Forest Greens winning goal in a 1–0 away victory at Southport . He then scored his 300th career goal with his second strike of the season in a 2–0 win over Alfreton Town at The New Lawn on 16 August 2014 .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "On 30 January 2015 , Hughes returned to Conference Premier club Kidderminster Harriers on a deal till the end of the season after having his contract with Forest Green Rovers mutually terminated . On his second debut for Kidderminster , he put his side ahead in a Worcestershire Senior Cup tie against Stourbridge . He also scored on his league return against Woking at Aggborough , scoring in the 39th minute in a 1–1 draw . He was released at the end of the season as manager Gary Whilds playing budget was reduced by half for the 2015–16 campaign .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " After impressing in pre season , Hughes signed for Northern Premier League Premier Division side Ilkeston , and was sent off on his debut against Skelmersdale United on 15 August 2015 .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "In September 2015 , Hughes signed for Worcester City on non-contract terms , who played at Aggborough , the home of Kidderminster Harriers where he started his career . He scored 19 goals in 29 appearances in the 2015–16 campaign . In February 2017 , he applied to succeed Carl Heeley as manager . However , he instead left the financially troubled club and moved on to National League North rivals AFC Telford United .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "In March 2018 , Hughes signed for Northern Premier League Premier Division side Halesowen Town as a player . The Yeltz ended the 2017–18 season in 23rd-place , before being relegated out of the Southern League Premier Division Central at the end of the 2018–19 campaign . He left Halesowen in August 2019 , after losing his place in the starting eleven . Later that month he joined league rivals Mickleover Sports , where he made nineteen league appearances and scored six goals , and then Grantham Town in January 2020 , where he scored once in six league appearances",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " He was reported to have been a target for Nuneaton Borough just before the 2019–20 season was formally abandoned on 26 March , with all results from the season being expunged , due to the COVID-19 pandemic in England . He announced his retirement in April 2020 , at the age of 43 .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " Hughes rejoined Worcester City as both a player and as joint-manager , alongside John Snape , on 4 May 2017 ; Worcester had just been relegated out of the National League North . He resigned on 6 March 2018 . In March 2019 , he was appointed caretaker player-manager of Halesowen Town , remaining in the role until May .",
"title": "Management career"
},
{
"text": "Describing Hughess attributes in January 2013 , former Notts County coach Dave Kevan said that he was a fantastic finisher.. . a clever player whose movement is good , whose intelligence is good , who uses his body well and who uses his strength well.. . he plays with his brain and hes adapted his game as he has got older.. . hes also clever enough to create opportunities for others . He maintained a natural goalscoring instinct throughout his career , and has said I always fancy myself to stick the ball in the back of the net if",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "I get a chance . His dancing goal celebration originated as a mocking tribute of a friends bad dancing .",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "The son of Bill and Gail Hughes , older brother to Clint and Brett , Hughes worked with his father as a roofer in his home-town of Smethwick before turning professional . In 1999 , Sharlene Gillies claimed that she and Hughes had a child together . DNA tests later proved that he was not the father , though by this time his engagement to lap dancer Donna Nisbet was called off . Hughes stated that I dont think Donna was particularly happy with all the limelight that comes with football , though insisted that barracking from opposition fans only",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "made him more determined to put in a good performance on the pitch . Hughes and Jason Roberts were questioned by police over allegations that they assaulted a man outside a pub in Brierley Hill ; the case was dropped in September 2000 . It was reported that he had converted to Islam during his time in prison , due in part to his friendship with Muslim prisoners and the fact that abuse of alcohol had helped to bring about his downfall – his father said that this story is not true . In 2005 Hughes was reported to be",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "on suicide watch after learning that his wife had reportedly been seeing a younger man .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " He married air hostess Anna Kuzmanic in June 2000 in the Croatian town of Trogir . The couple had two children together but split up in 2008 ; the split was described as very amicable . His eldest , Mia , was born in November 2000 . Hughes was declared bankrupt in March 2018 . Causing death by dangerous driving conviction .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "On 23 November 2003 , near his home in the Warwickshire village of Meriden , West Midlands , Hughes lost control of his Mercedes CL55 AMG and went onto the wrong side of the road before colliding with a Renault Scénic . A passenger in the Renault , Douglas Graham , was killed in the incident , whilst his wife Maureen and the driver Albert Frisby were severely injured . Hughes and passenger Adrian Smith left the scene , before turning themselves in to the police 36 hours later . He was arrested on suspicion of causing death by dangerous",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "driving . He denied the charge , though later pleaded guilty to charges of failing to stop and failing to report an accident .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "During his trial at Coventry Crown Court , Hughes was accused of driving too fast in wet conditions and was described as driving like a madman . He claimed the brakes on his car had locked , though tests showed that the brakes were in perfect working order and had technology installed to prevent the driver from losing control . When asked where he had been in the 36 hours after leaving the scene of the incident Hughes said that I would rather not say , really , though later admitted he had travelled 20 miles to Smethwick . Prosecutor",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Melbourne Inman QC told the court Hughes had fled the scene to dodge a breath test . On 9 August 2004 , Hughes was found guilty of causing death by dangerous driving , and was sentenced to six years imprisonment . Frisby said that the sentence was not long enough . Hughes lodged an appeal against the sentence , but not the conviction . In January 2005 , his appeal for his sentence to be reduced was refused .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " He served his time in Category C prisons . During his time in HM Prison Featherstone he played in the Staffordshire County Senior League for the prison football team . He also helped to organise a charity football match which raised £5,000 for a childrens hospice . He was released in August 2007 , three years into his six-year sentence .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " On 3 December 2011 , Hughes was arrested and bailed on charges of sexual assault after an incident in Croydon . He was then charged with the offence on 30 January 2012 . In May 2012 , Hughes was found guilty of common assault and fined £500 , but the charge of sexual assault was dropped .",
"title": "Assault conviction"
},
{
"text": " - PFA Team of the Year ( First Division ) : 1998–99 - West Bromwich Albion F.C . Player of the Year : 1998–99 - League Two Player of the Month : April 2010 - PFA Team of the Year ( League Two ) : 2009–10",
"title": "Individual"
}
] |
/wiki/Lee_Hughes#P54#1
|
Which team did the player Lee Hughes belong to in Oct 2000?
|
Lee Hughes Lee Hughes ( born 22 May 1976 ) is an English former professional footballer who played as a striker . A strong striker with excellent finishing abilities , Hughes represented the England semi-professional team once in 1996 . After being released as a youth footballer , Hughes worked as a roofer alongside his father . He started his career in the Conference with Kidderminster Harriers , before winning a £380,000 move to boyhood club West Bromwich Albion in August 1997 . He finished as the clubs top-scorer for four seasons running , earning a place on the PFA Team of the Year in 1998–99 after finishing as the highest scorer in the top four divisions of English football . He was sold to Coventry City for £5 million in August 2001 , before returning to West Brom for half of that figure twelve months later . He failed to impress in the Premier League as Albion suffered relegation , but helped the club to make an immediate return to the top-flight as runners-up in the First Division in 2003–04 . In August 2004 , he was sentenced to six years imprisonment for causing death by dangerous driving following a fatal crash on 23 November 2003 . Following his release from prison in 2007 , he returned to the professional game with Oldham Athletic of League One . He signed for Notts County in July 2009 , and was named on the PFA Team of the Year after scoring 30 league goals as the club won the League Two title in 2009–10 . He left Notts County to sign for Port Vale in January 2013 , and helped the club to secure promotion out of League Two in 2012–13 . In January 2014 , he signed for Forest Green Rovers on an 18-month deal . In January 2015 , he returned to Kidderminster Harriers , and moved on to Ilkeston and then Worcester City in the summer . He continued to be a prolific goalscorer into his 40s , and signed with AFC Telford United in February 2017 . He began his management career as joint-manager of Worcester City , alongside John Snape , in May 2017 . In March 2018 , he joined Halesowen Town as a player , where he remained until moving on to Mickleover Sports in August 2019 . He joined Grantham Town in January 2020 and retired two months later at the age of 43 . Club career . Kidderminster Harriers . Hughes spent four years at West Bromwich Albion as a schoolboy from ages 11 to 15 , though was not offered a youth team contract . He then had unsuccessful trials at numerous clubs , though came close to being offered a contract by Swansea City . He instead started his career playing semi-professionally for Conference club Kidderminster Harriers , whilst holding down a part-time job as a roofer . Although Hughes scored 34 goals in the 1996–97 season , Kidderminster failed to gain promotion to the Football League after finishing five points behind champions Macclesfield Town . At this point in his career Hughes was regarded as one of Englands finest semi-professionals and was called up to the England national football C team . In total , Hughes scored 70 goals in 139 games for Kidderminster in all competitions . He also played for amateur touring side Middlesex Wanderers during their tour of Vietnam whilst he was aged 19 . West Bromwich Albion . Hughes was sold to West Bromwich Albion for an initial £200,000 – incentives later took the final sum up to £380,000 – in August 1997 . He said It was a dream to join the team I have supported all my life . The Daily Mirror printed that Hughes has red hair , tattoos of a Tasmanian devil and a British bulldog on his forearms , dynamite in his boots and Albion in his blood . Fans affectionately nicknamed him the Ginger Ninja . He made his debut at The Hawthorns as a substitute in a 2–1 win over Tranmere Rovers on 9 August 1997 . Seven days later he scored two goals from the bench in a 3–2 win over Crewe Alexandra at Gresty Road . Though signed by Ray Harford , he came to the fore under new boss Denis Smith . Smith handed Hughes his first start on 28 December , in a 1–1 home draw with Stoke City . He finished his debut season as the clubs top-scorer with 14 goals in 41 appearances , and was rewarded with a new four-year contract . He started the 1998–99 season in fine form , and claimed his first ever hat-trick in a 3–0 win over Port Vale at Vale Park on 22 August . Despite having recently signed a long-term contract , his form and goal record led to constant rumours of a big money move to a host of Premier League clubs . West Brom eventually issued a hands-off warning to other clubs . He claimed further hat-tricks against Crystal Palace and Huddersfield Town , and finished the season with 32 goals in 45 games . This tally left him as the countrys top-scorer . He was named on the PFA Team of the Year for the First Division . He then submitted a written transfer request , and his spokesman told the press that there have been a number of things going on behind the scenes which have unsettled him recently . In particular , his £1,400 a week salary was compared with the £5,000 a week salary of under-performing teammate Fabian de Freitas . He remained at the club for the 1999–2000 season , and scored 17 goals in 43 appearances . Albion struggled in the First Division under new manager Brian Little , though improved after Gary Megson replaced Little as manager in March and avoided relegation despite Hughes missing the final five matches of the season due to a knee injury . He was partnered with Jason Roberts for the 2000–01 season ; the pair went on to score 40 goals between them to help secure the Baggies a play-off place . With 23 goals to his name , he again attracted interest from other clubs . He claimed two hat-tricks in seven days against Gillingham and Preston North End . Hughes converted a penalty in a 2–2 draw with Bolton Wanderers in the first leg of the play-off semi-final , before a 3–0 defeat at the Reebok Stadium ended Albions play-off hopes . He refused to sign a new contract in July 2001 , and was placed on the transfer list . Coventry City . Hughes was sold to Gordon Strachans Coventry City for a club record transfer fee of £5,000,001 ( the unusual figure was because any offer exceeding £5 million would trigger an escape clause in his West Brom contract ) in August 2001 . His wages at Highfield Road were reported to be £15,000 a week . Hughes scored 14 goals in 40 games , including a hat-trick in a 6–1 win at Crewe Alexandra , and finished the 2001–02 season as the clubs top-scorer . Coventry rejected a loan offer from West Bromwich Albion in March 2002 , and ended the season outside the play-offs . Return to West Bromwich Albion . In August 2002 , Hughes returned to West Bromwich Albion for a club record £2.5 million – half the fee Albion had received for him a year earlier – and signed a four-year deal with the club . Despite being a regular in the first team , Hughes failed to score a single Premier League goal in the 2002–03 season and Albion were relegated in 19th place with just six wins and 26 points from 38 matches . Hughes was criticised by several teammates following the clubs 1–0 defeat by Everton at Goodison Park , though was publicly backed by manager Gary Megson . He told the press that I want to establish myself in the Premiership and any accusations of me not pulling my weight should be made to my face . He put his poor form down to him missing pre-season training with injury problems . He rediscovered his form back in the First Division , scoring 12 goals in 36 games in 2003–04 as West Brom secured promotion with a second-place finish . His contract at West Bromwich Albion was immediately terminated in August 2004 , following his conviction for causing death by dangerous driving . He spent the next three years in prison , serving half of his six-year sentence . Oldham Athletic . Upon his release from prison on 20 August 2007 , Hughes signed a two-year contract with League One club Oldham Athletic ; the club asked supporters not to pass moral judgement . His reported salary of £1,800-a-week at Boundary Park was less than a 10th of what he earned at the peak of his career with West Bromwich Albion . Hughes made his debut for Oldham in a 4–1 defeat by Hartlepool United at Victoria Park on 1 September 2007 . He failed to find the net in his first seven games , and underwent an operation to correct a hernia problem . He recovered quickly from the procedure , and registered his first two goals for the Latics in a 3–0 win over Bournemouth at Dean Court on 25 November , before being named in the League One Team of the Week . He scored his first hat-trick for the club against Millwall in a 3–2 victory at The Den on 15 December , and again made the League One Team of the Week . He picked up a groin injury in March 2008 , and was sidelined for the rest of the season . Hughes had scored eight goals by the end of the 2007–08 season , making him the clubs second highest goalscorer behind Craig Davies . He opened his account for the 2008–09 season with a hat-trick in a 4–0 win over Cheltenham Town on 23 August . Stating his future ambitions as playing Championship football with Oldham , he was offered a new deal at the club on 30 December 2008 . He was linked with a move to Doncaster Rovers in January 2009 , but stayed put after talks with manager John Sheridan , who insisted Hughes was very happy at Oldham . In March 2009 , it was widely reported that Hughes had been involved in a drunken brawl with Sheridan where Hughes was reported to have had him in a headlock . Sheridan later downplayed the incident as jovial , saying people have made things up . Sheridan was sacked , but insisted that the two incidents were not related , as it was results that cost me the job . On 26 March 2009 , Hughes joined Championship club Blackpool on loan until the end of the season . He made his debut in a 1–0 defeat to Plymouth Argyle at Bloomfield Road on 4 April . His first goal for the club came on 18 April against Charlton Athletic at the Valley , when after coming on as an 89th-minute substitute , and with Blackpool 2–1 down , he scored four minutes later to make the score 2–2 . Hughes ended the campaign as Oldhams highest scorer with 18 goals in 40 appearances . However , he was one of a number of players released by the clubs new manager Dave Penney in May 2009 , and returned to Kidderminster Harriers for training in order to keep up his fitness levels whilst searching for a new club . Notts County . Hughes signed for League Two team Notts County on a two-year contract on 22 July 2009 , on the same day that Sven-Göran Eriksson arrived at the club as director of football . He scored a hat-trick on his debut in a 5–0 victory over Bradford City on the opening day of the season . He then got his second hat-trick against Northampton Town in a 5–2 home win on 12 September . He claimed his third hat-trick of the campaign on 28 December during a 4–1 win over Burton Albion at the Pirelli Stadium . However the club endured a turbulent time , with manager Ian McParland sacked and replaced by Hans Backe , who himself resigned after Qadbak Investments proved unable to fund Backes wages . New owner Ray Trew appointed Steve Cotterill as manager , and County entered April ten points behind league leaders Rochdale , though Hughes remained confident that they could reduce the deficit and win the league . On 17 April , Hughes scored two goals in a 4–1 victory over Morecambe as County won promotion to League One . He was named as League Twos Player of the Month in April . On 1 May , Hughes added another two goals in Countys final home game of the season , making him the first Notts player to score 30 league goals since Tommy Lawton in the 1949–50 season . He finished as the divisions top-scorer in 2009–10 with 30 league goals in 39 games , and was named on the PFA Team of the Year alongside teammates Kasper Schmeichel and Ben Davies . County won the league by a ten-point margin . In July 2010 , Hughes signed a one-year extension to his contract that would see him at Meadow Lane until the summer of 2012 . On 23 September 2010 , Hughes revealed a Boing , Boing t-shirt in a League Cup tie with Wolverhampton Wanderers at Molineux – the slogan of Wolves rivals West Bromwich Albion – and was quizzed by police after angry Wolves fans retaliated to the message by attacking Notts County supporters coaches . He was reported to be angry at being named as a substitute in a league game against Milton Keynes Dons on 11 December , though boss Paul Ince stated that Hughesy is 34 and cannot play week in week out . But hes never come and said I should be starting . Hes been different class . On 8 January 2011 , he was on the scoresheet as County beat Premier League side Sunderland 2–1 in the FA Cup . Two weeks later he was confirmed to be a target of Sheffield Wednesday . He remained with the Magpies , and ended the 2010–11 season as the clubs top-scorer with 16 goals in 37 appearances . The club again went through a succession of managers – Craig Short , Paul Ince and then Martin Allen – and ended the season three points above the relegation zone . On 8 September 2011 , he played against Italian club Juventus in the inaugural game of the Juventus Stadium , and scored Countys goal in a 1–1 draw ; after the game he had a signed shirt from Andrea Pirlo . The next month he accepted a pay cut to sign a new 18-month contract , and was quoted as saying he never planned to leave the club as the fans have taken me in and I love it here . He ended the 2011–12 campaign on 11 goals in 44 games . In summer 2012 , the club rejected offers for Hughes from Cheltenham Town and former club Oldham Athletic . At the beginning of the 2012–13 season , new manager Keith Curle stated that we know he is of an age where he wont be playing for 46 games , so he needs to be managed . New signing Yoann Arquin became the countys first choice striker , and Hughes announced his intention to leave the club in order to find first team football . He was reported to have joined Port Vale on loan , with a view to a permanent move , on 22 November 2012 ; though the deal had yet to be ratified by the English Football League . However , the next day it was revealed that the loan move would not go through as the relevant paperwork had not been sent in on time . Three weeks later Hughes provided the club with a sick note , saying that he was unavailable until January . His contract was terminated by mutual consent on 7 January 2013 . Port Vale . Hughes joined Port Vale the day after securing his exit from Notts County , as the BBC reported that promotion-chasing boss Micky Adams wants to bring him in to add impetus to a Vale attack who have occasionally misfired this term . He signed a contract to keep him at Vale Park until the end of the 2012–13 season , at which point his contract would be extended by 12 months if the Valiants were promoted . However Hughes later revealed that Adams was against the transfer but had been overruled by chairman Norman Smurthwaite . He marked his debut against the Gills with the winning goal that sent Vale to the top of the table . Being partnered with the countrys leading goalscorer Tom Pope allowed Hughes space in front of goal vacated by opposition defenders attempting to double up on Pope . Hughes scored his first hat-trick for the Valiants in a 7–1 home victory over Burton Albion on 5 April , with two of his goals coming from the penalty spot as he took over from Jennison Myrie-Williams as the clubs penalty taker . This performance won him a place on the League Two team of the week . Vale were promoted at the end of the season , with Hughes scoring ten goals in his 18 games , ensuring his contract was extended until summer 2014 . He was not a regular starter in the 2013–14 season , especially as Jordan Hugill began to impress from the youth development squad , and so he decided to leave the club in the January transfer window . Later career . On 3 January 2014 , he joined Conference Premier side Forest Green Rovers on an 18-month contract . Manager Adrian Pennock stated that Hes come to play football , hes not come for money and Im chuffed to have him on board . He has the experience we need and I believe hell score goals . He made his debut six days later in a 1–1 draw with Hereford United at The New Lawn . On 25 January , he scored his first goals for the club , securing a brace in a 3–0 home win over Chester . He ended the 2013–14 season with eight goals in 21 appearances for Rovers . On the opening day of the 2014–15 season , Hughes scored Forest Greens winning goal in a 1–0 away victory at Southport . He then scored his 300th career goal with his second strike of the season in a 2–0 win over Alfreton Town at The New Lawn on 16 August 2014 . On 30 January 2015 , Hughes returned to Conference Premier club Kidderminster Harriers on a deal till the end of the season after having his contract with Forest Green Rovers mutually terminated . On his second debut for Kidderminster , he put his side ahead in a Worcestershire Senior Cup tie against Stourbridge . He also scored on his league return against Woking at Aggborough , scoring in the 39th minute in a 1–1 draw . He was released at the end of the season as manager Gary Whilds playing budget was reduced by half for the 2015–16 campaign . After impressing in pre season , Hughes signed for Northern Premier League Premier Division side Ilkeston , and was sent off on his debut against Skelmersdale United on 15 August 2015 . In September 2015 , Hughes signed for Worcester City on non-contract terms , who played at Aggborough , the home of Kidderminster Harriers where he started his career . He scored 19 goals in 29 appearances in the 2015–16 campaign . In February 2017 , he applied to succeed Carl Heeley as manager . However , he instead left the financially troubled club and moved on to National League North rivals AFC Telford United . In March 2018 , Hughes signed for Northern Premier League Premier Division side Halesowen Town as a player . The Yeltz ended the 2017–18 season in 23rd-place , before being relegated out of the Southern League Premier Division Central at the end of the 2018–19 campaign . He left Halesowen in August 2019 , after losing his place in the starting eleven . Later that month he joined league rivals Mickleover Sports , where he made nineteen league appearances and scored six goals , and then Grantham Town in January 2020 , where he scored once in six league appearances . He was reported to have been a target for Nuneaton Borough just before the 2019–20 season was formally abandoned on 26 March , with all results from the season being expunged , due to the COVID-19 pandemic in England . He announced his retirement in April 2020 , at the age of 43 . Management career . Hughes rejoined Worcester City as both a player and as joint-manager , alongside John Snape , on 4 May 2017 ; Worcester had just been relegated out of the National League North . He resigned on 6 March 2018 . In March 2019 , he was appointed caretaker player-manager of Halesowen Town , remaining in the role until May . Style of play . Describing Hughess attributes in January 2013 , former Notts County coach Dave Kevan said that he was a fantastic finisher.. . a clever player whose movement is good , whose intelligence is good , who uses his body well and who uses his strength well.. . he plays with his brain and hes adapted his game as he has got older.. . hes also clever enough to create opportunities for others . He maintained a natural goalscoring instinct throughout his career , and has said I always fancy myself to stick the ball in the back of the net if I get a chance . His dancing goal celebration originated as a mocking tribute of a friends bad dancing . Personal life . The son of Bill and Gail Hughes , older brother to Clint and Brett , Hughes worked with his father as a roofer in his home-town of Smethwick before turning professional . In 1999 , Sharlene Gillies claimed that she and Hughes had a child together . DNA tests later proved that he was not the father , though by this time his engagement to lap dancer Donna Nisbet was called off . Hughes stated that I dont think Donna was particularly happy with all the limelight that comes with football , though insisted that barracking from opposition fans only made him more determined to put in a good performance on the pitch . Hughes and Jason Roberts were questioned by police over allegations that they assaulted a man outside a pub in Brierley Hill ; the case was dropped in September 2000 . It was reported that he had converted to Islam during his time in prison , due in part to his friendship with Muslim prisoners and the fact that abuse of alcohol had helped to bring about his downfall – his father said that this story is not true . In 2005 Hughes was reported to be on suicide watch after learning that his wife had reportedly been seeing a younger man . He married air hostess Anna Kuzmanic in June 2000 in the Croatian town of Trogir . The couple had two children together but split up in 2008 ; the split was described as very amicable . His eldest , Mia , was born in November 2000 . Hughes was declared bankrupt in March 2018 . Causing death by dangerous driving conviction . On 23 November 2003 , near his home in the Warwickshire village of Meriden , West Midlands , Hughes lost control of his Mercedes CL55 AMG and went onto the wrong side of the road before colliding with a Renault Scénic . A passenger in the Renault , Douglas Graham , was killed in the incident , whilst his wife Maureen and the driver Albert Frisby were severely injured . Hughes and passenger Adrian Smith left the scene , before turning themselves in to the police 36 hours later . He was arrested on suspicion of causing death by dangerous driving . He denied the charge , though later pleaded guilty to charges of failing to stop and failing to report an accident . During his trial at Coventry Crown Court , Hughes was accused of driving too fast in wet conditions and was described as driving like a madman . He claimed the brakes on his car had locked , though tests showed that the brakes were in perfect working order and had technology installed to prevent the driver from losing control . When asked where he had been in the 36 hours after leaving the scene of the incident Hughes said that I would rather not say , really , though later admitted he had travelled 20 miles to Smethwick . Prosecutor Melbourne Inman QC told the court Hughes had fled the scene to dodge a breath test . On 9 August 2004 , Hughes was found guilty of causing death by dangerous driving , and was sentenced to six years imprisonment . Frisby said that the sentence was not long enough . Hughes lodged an appeal against the sentence , but not the conviction . In January 2005 , his appeal for his sentence to be reduced was refused . He served his time in Category C prisons . During his time in HM Prison Featherstone he played in the Staffordshire County Senior League for the prison football team . He also helped to organise a charity football match which raised £5,000 for a childrens hospice . He was released in August 2007 , three years into his six-year sentence . Assault conviction . On 3 December 2011 , Hughes was arrested and bailed on charges of sexual assault after an incident in Croydon . He was then charged with the offence on 30 January 2012 . In May 2012 , Hughes was found guilty of common assault and fined £500 , but the charge of sexual assault was dropped . Honours . Kidderminster Harriers - Conference runner-up : 1996–97 West Bromwich Albion - Football League First Division runner-up : 2003–04 Notts County - EFL League Two : 2009–10 Port Vale - League Two third-place promotion : 2012–13 Individual - PFA Team of the Year ( First Division ) : 1998–99 - West Bromwich Albion F.C . Player of the Year : 1998–99 - League Two Player of the Month : April 2010 - PFA Team of the Year ( League Two ) : 2009–10
|
[
"West Bromwich Albion"
] |
[
{
"text": " Lee Hughes ( born 22 May 1976 ) is an English former professional footballer who played as a striker .",
"title": "Lee Hughes"
},
{
"text": "A strong striker with excellent finishing abilities , Hughes represented the England semi-professional team once in 1996 . After being released as a youth footballer , Hughes worked as a roofer alongside his father . He started his career in the Conference with Kidderminster Harriers , before winning a £380,000 move to boyhood club West Bromwich Albion in August 1997 . He finished as the clubs top-scorer for four seasons running , earning a place on the PFA Team of the Year in 1998–99 after finishing as the highest scorer in the top four divisions of English football . He",
"title": "Lee Hughes"
},
{
"text": "was sold to Coventry City for £5 million in August 2001 , before returning to West Brom for half of that figure twelve months later . He failed to impress in the Premier League as Albion suffered relegation , but helped the club to make an immediate return to the top-flight as runners-up in the First Division in 2003–04 .",
"title": "Lee Hughes"
},
{
"text": "In August 2004 , he was sentenced to six years imprisonment for causing death by dangerous driving following a fatal crash on 23 November 2003 . Following his release from prison in 2007 , he returned to the professional game with Oldham Athletic of League One . He signed for Notts County in July 2009 , and was named on the PFA Team of the Year after scoring 30 league goals as the club won the League Two title in 2009–10 . He left Notts County to sign for Port Vale in January 2013 , and helped the club to",
"title": "Lee Hughes"
},
{
"text": "secure promotion out of League Two in 2012–13 . In January 2014 , he signed for Forest Green Rovers on an 18-month deal . In January 2015 , he returned to Kidderminster Harriers , and moved on to Ilkeston and then Worcester City in the summer . He continued to be a prolific goalscorer into his 40s , and signed with AFC Telford United in February 2017 . He began his management career as joint-manager of Worcester City , alongside John Snape , in May 2017 . In March 2018 , he joined Halesowen Town as a player , where",
"title": "Lee Hughes"
},
{
"text": "he remained until moving on to Mickleover Sports in August 2019 . He joined Grantham Town in January 2020 and retired two months later at the age of 43 .",
"title": "Lee Hughes"
},
{
"text": "Hughes spent four years at West Bromwich Albion as a schoolboy from ages 11 to 15 , though was not offered a youth team contract . He then had unsuccessful trials at numerous clubs , though came close to being offered a contract by Swansea City . He instead started his career playing semi-professionally for Conference club Kidderminster Harriers , whilst holding down a part-time job as a roofer . Although Hughes scored 34 goals in the 1996–97 season , Kidderminster failed to gain promotion to the Football League after finishing five points behind champions Macclesfield Town . At this",
"title": "Kidderminster Harriers"
},
{
"text": "point in his career Hughes was regarded as one of Englands finest semi-professionals and was called up to the England national football C team . In total , Hughes scored 70 goals in 139 games for Kidderminster in all competitions . He also played for amateur touring side Middlesex Wanderers during their tour of Vietnam whilst he was aged 19 .",
"title": "Kidderminster Harriers"
},
{
"text": " Hughes was sold to West Bromwich Albion for an initial £200,000 – incentives later took the final sum up to £380,000 – in August 1997 . He said It was a dream to join the team I have supported all my life . The Daily Mirror printed that Hughes has red hair , tattoos of a Tasmanian devil and a British bulldog on his forearms , dynamite in his boots and Albion in his blood . Fans affectionately nicknamed him the Ginger Ninja .",
"title": "West Bromwich Albion"
},
{
"text": "He made his debut at The Hawthorns as a substitute in a 2–1 win over Tranmere Rovers on 9 August 1997 . Seven days later he scored two goals from the bench in a 3–2 win over Crewe Alexandra at Gresty Road . Though signed by Ray Harford , he came to the fore under new boss Denis Smith . Smith handed Hughes his first start on 28 December , in a 1–1 home draw with Stoke City . He finished his debut season as the clubs top-scorer with 14 goals in 41 appearances , and was rewarded with a",
"title": "West Bromwich Albion"
},
{
"text": "new four-year contract .",
"title": "West Bromwich Albion"
},
{
"text": "He started the 1998–99 season in fine form , and claimed his first ever hat-trick in a 3–0 win over Port Vale at Vale Park on 22 August . Despite having recently signed a long-term contract , his form and goal record led to constant rumours of a big money move to a host of Premier League clubs . West Brom eventually issued a hands-off warning to other clubs . He claimed further hat-tricks against Crystal Palace and Huddersfield Town , and finished the season with 32 goals in 45 games . This tally left him as the countrys top-scorer",
"title": "West Bromwich Albion"
},
{
"text": ". He was named on the PFA Team of the Year for the First Division . He then submitted a written transfer request , and his spokesman told the press that there have been a number of things going on behind the scenes which have unsettled him recently . In particular , his £1,400 a week salary was compared with the £5,000 a week salary of under-performing teammate Fabian de Freitas .",
"title": "West Bromwich Albion"
},
{
"text": " He remained at the club for the 1999–2000 season , and scored 17 goals in 43 appearances . Albion struggled in the First Division under new manager Brian Little , though improved after Gary Megson replaced Little as manager in March and avoided relegation despite Hughes missing the final five matches of the season due to a knee injury .",
"title": "West Bromwich Albion"
},
{
"text": "He was partnered with Jason Roberts for the 2000–01 season ; the pair went on to score 40 goals between them to help secure the Baggies a play-off place . With 23 goals to his name , he again attracted interest from other clubs . He claimed two hat-tricks in seven days against Gillingham and Preston North End . Hughes converted a penalty in a 2–2 draw with Bolton Wanderers in the first leg of the play-off semi-final , before a 3–0 defeat at the Reebok Stadium ended Albions play-off hopes . He refused to sign a new contract in",
"title": "West Bromwich Albion"
},
{
"text": "July 2001 , and was placed on the transfer list .",
"title": "West Bromwich Albion"
},
{
"text": "Hughes was sold to Gordon Strachans Coventry City for a club record transfer fee of £5,000,001 ( the unusual figure was because any offer exceeding £5 million would trigger an escape clause in his West Brom contract ) in August 2001 . His wages at Highfield Road were reported to be £15,000 a week . Hughes scored 14 goals in 40 games , including a hat-trick in a 6–1 win at Crewe Alexandra , and finished the 2001–02 season as the clubs top-scorer . Coventry rejected a loan offer from West Bromwich Albion in March 2002 , and ended the",
"title": "Coventry City"
},
{
"text": "season outside the play-offs .",
"title": "Coventry City"
},
{
"text": "In August 2002 , Hughes returned to West Bromwich Albion for a club record £2.5 million – half the fee Albion had received for him a year earlier – and signed a four-year deal with the club . Despite being a regular in the first team , Hughes failed to score a single Premier League goal in the 2002–03 season and Albion were relegated in 19th place with just six wins and 26 points from 38 matches . Hughes was criticised by several teammates following the clubs 1–0 defeat by Everton at Goodison Park , though was publicly backed by",
"title": "Coventry City"
},
{
"text": "manager Gary Megson . He told the press that I want to establish myself in the Premiership and any accusations of me not pulling my weight should be made to my face . He put his poor form down to him missing pre-season training with injury problems . He rediscovered his form back in the First Division , scoring 12 goals in 36 games in 2003–04 as West Brom secured promotion with a second-place finish . His contract at West Bromwich Albion was immediately terminated in August 2004 , following his conviction for causing death by dangerous driving . He",
"title": "Coventry City"
},
{
"text": "spent the next three years in prison , serving half of his six-year sentence .",
"title": "Coventry City"
},
{
"text": "Upon his release from prison on 20 August 2007 , Hughes signed a two-year contract with League One club Oldham Athletic ; the club asked supporters not to pass moral judgement . His reported salary of £1,800-a-week at Boundary Park was less than a 10th of what he earned at the peak of his career with West Bromwich Albion . Hughes made his debut for Oldham in a 4–1 defeat by Hartlepool United at Victoria Park on 1 September 2007 . He failed to find the net in his first seven games , and underwent an operation to correct a",
"title": "Oldham Athletic"
},
{
"text": "hernia problem . He recovered quickly from the procedure , and registered his first two goals for the Latics in a 3–0 win over Bournemouth at Dean Court on 25 November , before being named in the League One Team of the Week . He scored his first hat-trick for the club against Millwall in a 3–2 victory at The Den on 15 December , and again made the League One Team of the Week . He picked up a groin injury in March 2008 , and was sidelined for the rest of the season . Hughes had scored eight",
"title": "Oldham Athletic"
},
{
"text": "goals by the end of the 2007–08 season , making him the clubs second highest goalscorer behind Craig Davies .",
"title": "Oldham Athletic"
},
{
"text": "He opened his account for the 2008–09 season with a hat-trick in a 4–0 win over Cheltenham Town on 23 August . Stating his future ambitions as playing Championship football with Oldham , he was offered a new deal at the club on 30 December 2008 . He was linked with a move to Doncaster Rovers in January 2009 , but stayed put after talks with manager John Sheridan , who insisted Hughes was very happy at Oldham . In March 2009 , it was widely reported that Hughes had been involved in a drunken brawl with Sheridan where Hughes",
"title": "Oldham Athletic"
},
{
"text": "was reported to have had him in a headlock . Sheridan later downplayed the incident as jovial , saying people have made things up . Sheridan was sacked , but insisted that the two incidents were not related , as it was results that cost me the job .",
"title": "Oldham Athletic"
},
{
"text": "On 26 March 2009 , Hughes joined Championship club Blackpool on loan until the end of the season . He made his debut in a 1–0 defeat to Plymouth Argyle at Bloomfield Road on 4 April . His first goal for the club came on 18 April against Charlton Athletic at the Valley , when after coming on as an 89th-minute substitute , and with Blackpool 2–1 down , he scored four minutes later to make the score 2–2 . Hughes ended the campaign as Oldhams highest scorer with 18 goals in 40 appearances . However , he was one",
"title": "Oldham Athletic"
},
{
"text": "of a number of players released by the clubs new manager Dave Penney in May 2009 , and returned to Kidderminster Harriers for training in order to keep up his fitness levels whilst searching for a new club .",
"title": "Oldham Athletic"
},
{
"text": "Hughes signed for League Two team Notts County on a two-year contract on 22 July 2009 , on the same day that Sven-Göran Eriksson arrived at the club as director of football . He scored a hat-trick on his debut in a 5–0 victory over Bradford City on the opening day of the season . He then got his second hat-trick against Northampton Town in a 5–2 home win on 12 September . He claimed his third hat-trick of the campaign on 28 December during a 4–1 win over Burton Albion at the Pirelli Stadium . However the club endured",
"title": "Notts County"
},
{
"text": "a turbulent time , with manager Ian McParland sacked and replaced by Hans Backe , who himself resigned after Qadbak Investments proved unable to fund Backes wages . New owner Ray Trew appointed Steve Cotterill as manager , and County entered April ten points behind league leaders Rochdale , though Hughes remained confident that they could reduce the deficit and win the league . On 17 April , Hughes scored two goals in a 4–1 victory over Morecambe as County won promotion to League One . He was named as League Twos Player of the Month in April . On",
"title": "Notts County"
},
{
"text": "1 May , Hughes added another two goals in Countys final home game of the season , making him the first Notts player to score 30 league goals since Tommy Lawton in the 1949–50 season . He finished as the divisions top-scorer in 2009–10 with 30 league goals in 39 games , and was named on the PFA Team of the Year alongside teammates Kasper Schmeichel and Ben Davies . County won the league by a ten-point margin . In July 2010 , Hughes signed a one-year extension to his contract that would see him at Meadow Lane until the",
"title": "Notts County"
},
{
"text": "summer of 2012 .",
"title": "Notts County"
},
{
"text": "On 23 September 2010 , Hughes revealed a Boing , Boing t-shirt in a League Cup tie with Wolverhampton Wanderers at Molineux – the slogan of Wolves rivals West Bromwich Albion – and was quizzed by police after angry Wolves fans retaliated to the message by attacking Notts County supporters coaches . He was reported to be angry at being named as a substitute in a league game against Milton Keynes Dons on 11 December , though boss Paul Ince stated that Hughesy is 34 and cannot play week in week out . But hes never come and said I",
"title": "Notts County"
},
{
"text": "should be starting . Hes been different class . On 8 January 2011 , he was on the scoresheet as County beat Premier League side Sunderland 2–1 in the FA Cup . Two weeks later he was confirmed to be a target of Sheffield Wednesday . He remained with the Magpies , and ended the 2010–11 season as the clubs top-scorer with 16 goals in 37 appearances . The club again went through a succession of managers – Craig Short , Paul Ince and then Martin Allen – and ended the season three points above the relegation zone .",
"title": "Notts County"
},
{
"text": "On 8 September 2011 , he played against Italian club Juventus in the inaugural game of the Juventus Stadium , and scored Countys goal in a 1–1 draw ; after the game he had a signed shirt from Andrea Pirlo . The next month he accepted a pay cut to sign a new 18-month contract , and was quoted as saying he never planned to leave the club as the fans have taken me in and I love it here . He ended the 2011–12 campaign on 11 goals in 44 games . In summer 2012 , the club rejected",
"title": "Notts County"
},
{
"text": "offers for Hughes from Cheltenham Town and former club Oldham Athletic .",
"title": "Notts County"
},
{
"text": "At the beginning of the 2012–13 season , new manager Keith Curle stated that we know he is of an age where he wont be playing for 46 games , so he needs to be managed . New signing Yoann Arquin became the countys first choice striker , and Hughes announced his intention to leave the club in order to find first team football . He was reported to have joined Port Vale on loan , with a view to a permanent move , on 22 November 2012 ; though the deal had yet to be ratified by the English",
"title": "Notts County"
},
{
"text": "Football League . However , the next day it was revealed that the loan move would not go through as the relevant paperwork had not been sent in on time . Three weeks later Hughes provided the club with a sick note , saying that he was unavailable until January . His contract was terminated by mutual consent on 7 January 2013 .",
"title": "Notts County"
},
{
"text": "Hughes joined Port Vale the day after securing his exit from Notts County , as the BBC reported that promotion-chasing boss Micky Adams wants to bring him in to add impetus to a Vale attack who have occasionally misfired this term . He signed a contract to keep him at Vale Park until the end of the 2012–13 season , at which point his contract would be extended by 12 months if the Valiants were promoted . However Hughes later revealed that Adams was against the transfer but had been overruled by chairman Norman Smurthwaite . He marked his debut",
"title": "Port Vale"
},
{
"text": "against the Gills with the winning goal that sent Vale to the top of the table . Being partnered with the countrys leading goalscorer Tom Pope allowed Hughes space in front of goal vacated by opposition defenders attempting to double up on Pope . Hughes scored his first hat-trick for the Valiants in a 7–1 home victory over Burton Albion on 5 April , with two of his goals coming from the penalty spot as he took over from Jennison Myrie-Williams as the clubs penalty taker . This performance won him a place on the League Two team of the",
"title": "Port Vale"
},
{
"text": "week . Vale were promoted at the end of the season , with Hughes scoring ten goals in his 18 games , ensuring his contract was extended until summer 2014 .",
"title": "Port Vale"
},
{
"text": " He was not a regular starter in the 2013–14 season , especially as Jordan Hugill began to impress from the youth development squad , and so he decided to leave the club in the January transfer window .",
"title": "Port Vale"
},
{
"text": "On 3 January 2014 , he joined Conference Premier side Forest Green Rovers on an 18-month contract . Manager Adrian Pennock stated that Hes come to play football , hes not come for money and Im chuffed to have him on board . He has the experience we need and I believe hell score goals . He made his debut six days later in a 1–1 draw with Hereford United at The New Lawn . On 25 January , he scored his first goals for the club , securing a brace in a 3–0 home win over Chester . He",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "ended the 2013–14 season with eight goals in 21 appearances for Rovers .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " On the opening day of the 2014–15 season , Hughes scored Forest Greens winning goal in a 1–0 away victory at Southport . He then scored his 300th career goal with his second strike of the season in a 2–0 win over Alfreton Town at The New Lawn on 16 August 2014 .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "On 30 January 2015 , Hughes returned to Conference Premier club Kidderminster Harriers on a deal till the end of the season after having his contract with Forest Green Rovers mutually terminated . On his second debut for Kidderminster , he put his side ahead in a Worcestershire Senior Cup tie against Stourbridge . He also scored on his league return against Woking at Aggborough , scoring in the 39th minute in a 1–1 draw . He was released at the end of the season as manager Gary Whilds playing budget was reduced by half for the 2015–16 campaign .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " After impressing in pre season , Hughes signed for Northern Premier League Premier Division side Ilkeston , and was sent off on his debut against Skelmersdale United on 15 August 2015 .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "In September 2015 , Hughes signed for Worcester City on non-contract terms , who played at Aggborough , the home of Kidderminster Harriers where he started his career . He scored 19 goals in 29 appearances in the 2015–16 campaign . In February 2017 , he applied to succeed Carl Heeley as manager . However , he instead left the financially troubled club and moved on to National League North rivals AFC Telford United .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "In March 2018 , Hughes signed for Northern Premier League Premier Division side Halesowen Town as a player . The Yeltz ended the 2017–18 season in 23rd-place , before being relegated out of the Southern League Premier Division Central at the end of the 2018–19 campaign . He left Halesowen in August 2019 , after losing his place in the starting eleven . Later that month he joined league rivals Mickleover Sports , where he made nineteen league appearances and scored six goals , and then Grantham Town in January 2020 , where he scored once in six league appearances",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " He was reported to have been a target for Nuneaton Borough just before the 2019–20 season was formally abandoned on 26 March , with all results from the season being expunged , due to the COVID-19 pandemic in England . He announced his retirement in April 2020 , at the age of 43 .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " Hughes rejoined Worcester City as both a player and as joint-manager , alongside John Snape , on 4 May 2017 ; Worcester had just been relegated out of the National League North . He resigned on 6 March 2018 . In March 2019 , he was appointed caretaker player-manager of Halesowen Town , remaining in the role until May .",
"title": "Management career"
},
{
"text": "Describing Hughess attributes in January 2013 , former Notts County coach Dave Kevan said that he was a fantastic finisher.. . a clever player whose movement is good , whose intelligence is good , who uses his body well and who uses his strength well.. . he plays with his brain and hes adapted his game as he has got older.. . hes also clever enough to create opportunities for others . He maintained a natural goalscoring instinct throughout his career , and has said I always fancy myself to stick the ball in the back of the net if",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "I get a chance . His dancing goal celebration originated as a mocking tribute of a friends bad dancing .",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "The son of Bill and Gail Hughes , older brother to Clint and Brett , Hughes worked with his father as a roofer in his home-town of Smethwick before turning professional . In 1999 , Sharlene Gillies claimed that she and Hughes had a child together . DNA tests later proved that he was not the father , though by this time his engagement to lap dancer Donna Nisbet was called off . Hughes stated that I dont think Donna was particularly happy with all the limelight that comes with football , though insisted that barracking from opposition fans only",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "made him more determined to put in a good performance on the pitch . Hughes and Jason Roberts were questioned by police over allegations that they assaulted a man outside a pub in Brierley Hill ; the case was dropped in September 2000 . It was reported that he had converted to Islam during his time in prison , due in part to his friendship with Muslim prisoners and the fact that abuse of alcohol had helped to bring about his downfall – his father said that this story is not true . In 2005 Hughes was reported to be",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "on suicide watch after learning that his wife had reportedly been seeing a younger man .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " He married air hostess Anna Kuzmanic in June 2000 in the Croatian town of Trogir . The couple had two children together but split up in 2008 ; the split was described as very amicable . His eldest , Mia , was born in November 2000 . Hughes was declared bankrupt in March 2018 . Causing death by dangerous driving conviction .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "On 23 November 2003 , near his home in the Warwickshire village of Meriden , West Midlands , Hughes lost control of his Mercedes CL55 AMG and went onto the wrong side of the road before colliding with a Renault Scénic . A passenger in the Renault , Douglas Graham , was killed in the incident , whilst his wife Maureen and the driver Albert Frisby were severely injured . Hughes and passenger Adrian Smith left the scene , before turning themselves in to the police 36 hours later . He was arrested on suspicion of causing death by dangerous",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "driving . He denied the charge , though later pleaded guilty to charges of failing to stop and failing to report an accident .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "During his trial at Coventry Crown Court , Hughes was accused of driving too fast in wet conditions and was described as driving like a madman . He claimed the brakes on his car had locked , though tests showed that the brakes were in perfect working order and had technology installed to prevent the driver from losing control . When asked where he had been in the 36 hours after leaving the scene of the incident Hughes said that I would rather not say , really , though later admitted he had travelled 20 miles to Smethwick . Prosecutor",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Melbourne Inman QC told the court Hughes had fled the scene to dodge a breath test . On 9 August 2004 , Hughes was found guilty of causing death by dangerous driving , and was sentenced to six years imprisonment . Frisby said that the sentence was not long enough . Hughes lodged an appeal against the sentence , but not the conviction . In January 2005 , his appeal for his sentence to be reduced was refused .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " He served his time in Category C prisons . During his time in HM Prison Featherstone he played in the Staffordshire County Senior League for the prison football team . He also helped to organise a charity football match which raised £5,000 for a childrens hospice . He was released in August 2007 , three years into his six-year sentence .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " On 3 December 2011 , Hughes was arrested and bailed on charges of sexual assault after an incident in Croydon . He was then charged with the offence on 30 January 2012 . In May 2012 , Hughes was found guilty of common assault and fined £500 , but the charge of sexual assault was dropped .",
"title": "Assault conviction"
},
{
"text": " - PFA Team of the Year ( First Division ) : 1998–99 - West Bromwich Albion F.C . Player of the Year : 1998–99 - League Two Player of the Month : April 2010 - PFA Team of the Year ( League Two ) : 2009–10",
"title": "Individual"
}
] |
/wiki/Lee_Hughes#P54#2
|
Which team did the player Lee Hughes belong to between Aug 2001 and Oct 2001?
|
Lee Hughes Lee Hughes ( born 22 May 1976 ) is an English former professional footballer who played as a striker . A strong striker with excellent finishing abilities , Hughes represented the England semi-professional team once in 1996 . After being released as a youth footballer , Hughes worked as a roofer alongside his father . He started his career in the Conference with Kidderminster Harriers , before winning a £380,000 move to boyhood club West Bromwich Albion in August 1997 . He finished as the clubs top-scorer for four seasons running , earning a place on the PFA Team of the Year in 1998–99 after finishing as the highest scorer in the top four divisions of English football . He was sold to Coventry City for £5 million in August 2001 , before returning to West Brom for half of that figure twelve months later . He failed to impress in the Premier League as Albion suffered relegation , but helped the club to make an immediate return to the top-flight as runners-up in the First Division in 2003–04 . In August 2004 , he was sentenced to six years imprisonment for causing death by dangerous driving following a fatal crash on 23 November 2003 . Following his release from prison in 2007 , he returned to the professional game with Oldham Athletic of League One . He signed for Notts County in July 2009 , and was named on the PFA Team of the Year after scoring 30 league goals as the club won the League Two title in 2009–10 . He left Notts County to sign for Port Vale in January 2013 , and helped the club to secure promotion out of League Two in 2012–13 . In January 2014 , he signed for Forest Green Rovers on an 18-month deal . In January 2015 , he returned to Kidderminster Harriers , and moved on to Ilkeston and then Worcester City in the summer . He continued to be a prolific goalscorer into his 40s , and signed with AFC Telford United in February 2017 . He began his management career as joint-manager of Worcester City , alongside John Snape , in May 2017 . In March 2018 , he joined Halesowen Town as a player , where he remained until moving on to Mickleover Sports in August 2019 . He joined Grantham Town in January 2020 and retired two months later at the age of 43 . Club career . Kidderminster Harriers . Hughes spent four years at West Bromwich Albion as a schoolboy from ages 11 to 15 , though was not offered a youth team contract . He then had unsuccessful trials at numerous clubs , though came close to being offered a contract by Swansea City . He instead started his career playing semi-professionally for Conference club Kidderminster Harriers , whilst holding down a part-time job as a roofer . Although Hughes scored 34 goals in the 1996–97 season , Kidderminster failed to gain promotion to the Football League after finishing five points behind champions Macclesfield Town . At this point in his career Hughes was regarded as one of Englands finest semi-professionals and was called up to the England national football C team . In total , Hughes scored 70 goals in 139 games for Kidderminster in all competitions . He also played for amateur touring side Middlesex Wanderers during their tour of Vietnam whilst he was aged 19 . West Bromwich Albion . Hughes was sold to West Bromwich Albion for an initial £200,000 – incentives later took the final sum up to £380,000 – in August 1997 . He said It was a dream to join the team I have supported all my life . The Daily Mirror printed that Hughes has red hair , tattoos of a Tasmanian devil and a British bulldog on his forearms , dynamite in his boots and Albion in his blood . Fans affectionately nicknamed him the Ginger Ninja . He made his debut at The Hawthorns as a substitute in a 2–1 win over Tranmere Rovers on 9 August 1997 . Seven days later he scored two goals from the bench in a 3–2 win over Crewe Alexandra at Gresty Road . Though signed by Ray Harford , he came to the fore under new boss Denis Smith . Smith handed Hughes his first start on 28 December , in a 1–1 home draw with Stoke City . He finished his debut season as the clubs top-scorer with 14 goals in 41 appearances , and was rewarded with a new four-year contract . He started the 1998–99 season in fine form , and claimed his first ever hat-trick in a 3–0 win over Port Vale at Vale Park on 22 August . Despite having recently signed a long-term contract , his form and goal record led to constant rumours of a big money move to a host of Premier League clubs . West Brom eventually issued a hands-off warning to other clubs . He claimed further hat-tricks against Crystal Palace and Huddersfield Town , and finished the season with 32 goals in 45 games . This tally left him as the countrys top-scorer . He was named on the PFA Team of the Year for the First Division . He then submitted a written transfer request , and his spokesman told the press that there have been a number of things going on behind the scenes which have unsettled him recently . In particular , his £1,400 a week salary was compared with the £5,000 a week salary of under-performing teammate Fabian de Freitas . He remained at the club for the 1999–2000 season , and scored 17 goals in 43 appearances . Albion struggled in the First Division under new manager Brian Little , though improved after Gary Megson replaced Little as manager in March and avoided relegation despite Hughes missing the final five matches of the season due to a knee injury . He was partnered with Jason Roberts for the 2000–01 season ; the pair went on to score 40 goals between them to help secure the Baggies a play-off place . With 23 goals to his name , he again attracted interest from other clubs . He claimed two hat-tricks in seven days against Gillingham and Preston North End . Hughes converted a penalty in a 2–2 draw with Bolton Wanderers in the first leg of the play-off semi-final , before a 3–0 defeat at the Reebok Stadium ended Albions play-off hopes . He refused to sign a new contract in July 2001 , and was placed on the transfer list . Coventry City . Hughes was sold to Gordon Strachans Coventry City for a club record transfer fee of £5,000,001 ( the unusual figure was because any offer exceeding £5 million would trigger an escape clause in his West Brom contract ) in August 2001 . His wages at Highfield Road were reported to be £15,000 a week . Hughes scored 14 goals in 40 games , including a hat-trick in a 6–1 win at Crewe Alexandra , and finished the 2001–02 season as the clubs top-scorer . Coventry rejected a loan offer from West Bromwich Albion in March 2002 , and ended the season outside the play-offs . Return to West Bromwich Albion . In August 2002 , Hughes returned to West Bromwich Albion for a club record £2.5 million – half the fee Albion had received for him a year earlier – and signed a four-year deal with the club . Despite being a regular in the first team , Hughes failed to score a single Premier League goal in the 2002–03 season and Albion were relegated in 19th place with just six wins and 26 points from 38 matches . Hughes was criticised by several teammates following the clubs 1–0 defeat by Everton at Goodison Park , though was publicly backed by manager Gary Megson . He told the press that I want to establish myself in the Premiership and any accusations of me not pulling my weight should be made to my face . He put his poor form down to him missing pre-season training with injury problems . He rediscovered his form back in the First Division , scoring 12 goals in 36 games in 2003–04 as West Brom secured promotion with a second-place finish . His contract at West Bromwich Albion was immediately terminated in August 2004 , following his conviction for causing death by dangerous driving . He spent the next three years in prison , serving half of his six-year sentence . Oldham Athletic . Upon his release from prison on 20 August 2007 , Hughes signed a two-year contract with League One club Oldham Athletic ; the club asked supporters not to pass moral judgement . His reported salary of £1,800-a-week at Boundary Park was less than a 10th of what he earned at the peak of his career with West Bromwich Albion . Hughes made his debut for Oldham in a 4–1 defeat by Hartlepool United at Victoria Park on 1 September 2007 . He failed to find the net in his first seven games , and underwent an operation to correct a hernia problem . He recovered quickly from the procedure , and registered his first two goals for the Latics in a 3–0 win over Bournemouth at Dean Court on 25 November , before being named in the League One Team of the Week . He scored his first hat-trick for the club against Millwall in a 3–2 victory at The Den on 15 December , and again made the League One Team of the Week . He picked up a groin injury in March 2008 , and was sidelined for the rest of the season . Hughes had scored eight goals by the end of the 2007–08 season , making him the clubs second highest goalscorer behind Craig Davies . He opened his account for the 2008–09 season with a hat-trick in a 4–0 win over Cheltenham Town on 23 August . Stating his future ambitions as playing Championship football with Oldham , he was offered a new deal at the club on 30 December 2008 . He was linked with a move to Doncaster Rovers in January 2009 , but stayed put after talks with manager John Sheridan , who insisted Hughes was very happy at Oldham . In March 2009 , it was widely reported that Hughes had been involved in a drunken brawl with Sheridan where Hughes was reported to have had him in a headlock . Sheridan later downplayed the incident as jovial , saying people have made things up . Sheridan was sacked , but insisted that the two incidents were not related , as it was results that cost me the job . On 26 March 2009 , Hughes joined Championship club Blackpool on loan until the end of the season . He made his debut in a 1–0 defeat to Plymouth Argyle at Bloomfield Road on 4 April . His first goal for the club came on 18 April against Charlton Athletic at the Valley , when after coming on as an 89th-minute substitute , and with Blackpool 2–1 down , he scored four minutes later to make the score 2–2 . Hughes ended the campaign as Oldhams highest scorer with 18 goals in 40 appearances . However , he was one of a number of players released by the clubs new manager Dave Penney in May 2009 , and returned to Kidderminster Harriers for training in order to keep up his fitness levels whilst searching for a new club . Notts County . Hughes signed for League Two team Notts County on a two-year contract on 22 July 2009 , on the same day that Sven-Göran Eriksson arrived at the club as director of football . He scored a hat-trick on his debut in a 5–0 victory over Bradford City on the opening day of the season . He then got his second hat-trick against Northampton Town in a 5–2 home win on 12 September . He claimed his third hat-trick of the campaign on 28 December during a 4–1 win over Burton Albion at the Pirelli Stadium . However the club endured a turbulent time , with manager Ian McParland sacked and replaced by Hans Backe , who himself resigned after Qadbak Investments proved unable to fund Backes wages . New owner Ray Trew appointed Steve Cotterill as manager , and County entered April ten points behind league leaders Rochdale , though Hughes remained confident that they could reduce the deficit and win the league . On 17 April , Hughes scored two goals in a 4–1 victory over Morecambe as County won promotion to League One . He was named as League Twos Player of the Month in April . On 1 May , Hughes added another two goals in Countys final home game of the season , making him the first Notts player to score 30 league goals since Tommy Lawton in the 1949–50 season . He finished as the divisions top-scorer in 2009–10 with 30 league goals in 39 games , and was named on the PFA Team of the Year alongside teammates Kasper Schmeichel and Ben Davies . County won the league by a ten-point margin . In July 2010 , Hughes signed a one-year extension to his contract that would see him at Meadow Lane until the summer of 2012 . On 23 September 2010 , Hughes revealed a Boing , Boing t-shirt in a League Cup tie with Wolverhampton Wanderers at Molineux – the slogan of Wolves rivals West Bromwich Albion – and was quizzed by police after angry Wolves fans retaliated to the message by attacking Notts County supporters coaches . He was reported to be angry at being named as a substitute in a league game against Milton Keynes Dons on 11 December , though boss Paul Ince stated that Hughesy is 34 and cannot play week in week out . But hes never come and said I should be starting . Hes been different class . On 8 January 2011 , he was on the scoresheet as County beat Premier League side Sunderland 2–1 in the FA Cup . Two weeks later he was confirmed to be a target of Sheffield Wednesday . He remained with the Magpies , and ended the 2010–11 season as the clubs top-scorer with 16 goals in 37 appearances . The club again went through a succession of managers – Craig Short , Paul Ince and then Martin Allen – and ended the season three points above the relegation zone . On 8 September 2011 , he played against Italian club Juventus in the inaugural game of the Juventus Stadium , and scored Countys goal in a 1–1 draw ; after the game he had a signed shirt from Andrea Pirlo . The next month he accepted a pay cut to sign a new 18-month contract , and was quoted as saying he never planned to leave the club as the fans have taken me in and I love it here . He ended the 2011–12 campaign on 11 goals in 44 games . In summer 2012 , the club rejected offers for Hughes from Cheltenham Town and former club Oldham Athletic . At the beginning of the 2012–13 season , new manager Keith Curle stated that we know he is of an age where he wont be playing for 46 games , so he needs to be managed . New signing Yoann Arquin became the countys first choice striker , and Hughes announced his intention to leave the club in order to find first team football . He was reported to have joined Port Vale on loan , with a view to a permanent move , on 22 November 2012 ; though the deal had yet to be ratified by the English Football League . However , the next day it was revealed that the loan move would not go through as the relevant paperwork had not been sent in on time . Three weeks later Hughes provided the club with a sick note , saying that he was unavailable until January . His contract was terminated by mutual consent on 7 January 2013 . Port Vale . Hughes joined Port Vale the day after securing his exit from Notts County , as the BBC reported that promotion-chasing boss Micky Adams wants to bring him in to add impetus to a Vale attack who have occasionally misfired this term . He signed a contract to keep him at Vale Park until the end of the 2012–13 season , at which point his contract would be extended by 12 months if the Valiants were promoted . However Hughes later revealed that Adams was against the transfer but had been overruled by chairman Norman Smurthwaite . He marked his debut against the Gills with the winning goal that sent Vale to the top of the table . Being partnered with the countrys leading goalscorer Tom Pope allowed Hughes space in front of goal vacated by opposition defenders attempting to double up on Pope . Hughes scored his first hat-trick for the Valiants in a 7–1 home victory over Burton Albion on 5 April , with two of his goals coming from the penalty spot as he took over from Jennison Myrie-Williams as the clubs penalty taker . This performance won him a place on the League Two team of the week . Vale were promoted at the end of the season , with Hughes scoring ten goals in his 18 games , ensuring his contract was extended until summer 2014 . He was not a regular starter in the 2013–14 season , especially as Jordan Hugill began to impress from the youth development squad , and so he decided to leave the club in the January transfer window . Later career . On 3 January 2014 , he joined Conference Premier side Forest Green Rovers on an 18-month contract . Manager Adrian Pennock stated that Hes come to play football , hes not come for money and Im chuffed to have him on board . He has the experience we need and I believe hell score goals . He made his debut six days later in a 1–1 draw with Hereford United at The New Lawn . On 25 January , he scored his first goals for the club , securing a brace in a 3–0 home win over Chester . He ended the 2013–14 season with eight goals in 21 appearances for Rovers . On the opening day of the 2014–15 season , Hughes scored Forest Greens winning goal in a 1–0 away victory at Southport . He then scored his 300th career goal with his second strike of the season in a 2–0 win over Alfreton Town at The New Lawn on 16 August 2014 . On 30 January 2015 , Hughes returned to Conference Premier club Kidderminster Harriers on a deal till the end of the season after having his contract with Forest Green Rovers mutually terminated . On his second debut for Kidderminster , he put his side ahead in a Worcestershire Senior Cup tie against Stourbridge . He also scored on his league return against Woking at Aggborough , scoring in the 39th minute in a 1–1 draw . He was released at the end of the season as manager Gary Whilds playing budget was reduced by half for the 2015–16 campaign . After impressing in pre season , Hughes signed for Northern Premier League Premier Division side Ilkeston , and was sent off on his debut against Skelmersdale United on 15 August 2015 . In September 2015 , Hughes signed for Worcester City on non-contract terms , who played at Aggborough , the home of Kidderminster Harriers where he started his career . He scored 19 goals in 29 appearances in the 2015–16 campaign . In February 2017 , he applied to succeed Carl Heeley as manager . However , he instead left the financially troubled club and moved on to National League North rivals AFC Telford United . In March 2018 , Hughes signed for Northern Premier League Premier Division side Halesowen Town as a player . The Yeltz ended the 2017–18 season in 23rd-place , before being relegated out of the Southern League Premier Division Central at the end of the 2018–19 campaign . He left Halesowen in August 2019 , after losing his place in the starting eleven . Later that month he joined league rivals Mickleover Sports , where he made nineteen league appearances and scored six goals , and then Grantham Town in January 2020 , where he scored once in six league appearances . He was reported to have been a target for Nuneaton Borough just before the 2019–20 season was formally abandoned on 26 March , with all results from the season being expunged , due to the COVID-19 pandemic in England . He announced his retirement in April 2020 , at the age of 43 . Management career . Hughes rejoined Worcester City as both a player and as joint-manager , alongside John Snape , on 4 May 2017 ; Worcester had just been relegated out of the National League North . He resigned on 6 March 2018 . In March 2019 , he was appointed caretaker player-manager of Halesowen Town , remaining in the role until May . Style of play . Describing Hughess attributes in January 2013 , former Notts County coach Dave Kevan said that he was a fantastic finisher.. . a clever player whose movement is good , whose intelligence is good , who uses his body well and who uses his strength well.. . he plays with his brain and hes adapted his game as he has got older.. . hes also clever enough to create opportunities for others . He maintained a natural goalscoring instinct throughout his career , and has said I always fancy myself to stick the ball in the back of the net if I get a chance . His dancing goal celebration originated as a mocking tribute of a friends bad dancing . Personal life . The son of Bill and Gail Hughes , older brother to Clint and Brett , Hughes worked with his father as a roofer in his home-town of Smethwick before turning professional . In 1999 , Sharlene Gillies claimed that she and Hughes had a child together . DNA tests later proved that he was not the father , though by this time his engagement to lap dancer Donna Nisbet was called off . Hughes stated that I dont think Donna was particularly happy with all the limelight that comes with football , though insisted that barracking from opposition fans only made him more determined to put in a good performance on the pitch . Hughes and Jason Roberts were questioned by police over allegations that they assaulted a man outside a pub in Brierley Hill ; the case was dropped in September 2000 . It was reported that he had converted to Islam during his time in prison , due in part to his friendship with Muslim prisoners and the fact that abuse of alcohol had helped to bring about his downfall – his father said that this story is not true . In 2005 Hughes was reported to be on suicide watch after learning that his wife had reportedly been seeing a younger man . He married air hostess Anna Kuzmanic in June 2000 in the Croatian town of Trogir . The couple had two children together but split up in 2008 ; the split was described as very amicable . His eldest , Mia , was born in November 2000 . Hughes was declared bankrupt in March 2018 . Causing death by dangerous driving conviction . On 23 November 2003 , near his home in the Warwickshire village of Meriden , West Midlands , Hughes lost control of his Mercedes CL55 AMG and went onto the wrong side of the road before colliding with a Renault Scénic . A passenger in the Renault , Douglas Graham , was killed in the incident , whilst his wife Maureen and the driver Albert Frisby were severely injured . Hughes and passenger Adrian Smith left the scene , before turning themselves in to the police 36 hours later . He was arrested on suspicion of causing death by dangerous driving . He denied the charge , though later pleaded guilty to charges of failing to stop and failing to report an accident . During his trial at Coventry Crown Court , Hughes was accused of driving too fast in wet conditions and was described as driving like a madman . He claimed the brakes on his car had locked , though tests showed that the brakes were in perfect working order and had technology installed to prevent the driver from losing control . When asked where he had been in the 36 hours after leaving the scene of the incident Hughes said that I would rather not say , really , though later admitted he had travelled 20 miles to Smethwick . Prosecutor Melbourne Inman QC told the court Hughes had fled the scene to dodge a breath test . On 9 August 2004 , Hughes was found guilty of causing death by dangerous driving , and was sentenced to six years imprisonment . Frisby said that the sentence was not long enough . Hughes lodged an appeal against the sentence , but not the conviction . In January 2005 , his appeal for his sentence to be reduced was refused . He served his time in Category C prisons . During his time in HM Prison Featherstone he played in the Staffordshire County Senior League for the prison football team . He also helped to organise a charity football match which raised £5,000 for a childrens hospice . He was released in August 2007 , three years into his six-year sentence . Assault conviction . On 3 December 2011 , Hughes was arrested and bailed on charges of sexual assault after an incident in Croydon . He was then charged with the offence on 30 January 2012 . In May 2012 , Hughes was found guilty of common assault and fined £500 , but the charge of sexual assault was dropped . Honours . Kidderminster Harriers - Conference runner-up : 1996–97 West Bromwich Albion - Football League First Division runner-up : 2003–04 Notts County - EFL League Two : 2009–10 Port Vale - League Two third-place promotion : 2012–13 Individual - PFA Team of the Year ( First Division ) : 1998–99 - West Bromwich Albion F.C . Player of the Year : 1998–99 - League Two Player of the Month : April 2010 - PFA Team of the Year ( League Two ) : 2009–10
|
[
"Coventry City"
] |
[
{
"text": " Lee Hughes ( born 22 May 1976 ) is an English former professional footballer who played as a striker .",
"title": "Lee Hughes"
},
{
"text": "A strong striker with excellent finishing abilities , Hughes represented the England semi-professional team once in 1996 . After being released as a youth footballer , Hughes worked as a roofer alongside his father . He started his career in the Conference with Kidderminster Harriers , before winning a £380,000 move to boyhood club West Bromwich Albion in August 1997 . He finished as the clubs top-scorer for four seasons running , earning a place on the PFA Team of the Year in 1998–99 after finishing as the highest scorer in the top four divisions of English football . He",
"title": "Lee Hughes"
},
{
"text": "was sold to Coventry City for £5 million in August 2001 , before returning to West Brom for half of that figure twelve months later . He failed to impress in the Premier League as Albion suffered relegation , but helped the club to make an immediate return to the top-flight as runners-up in the First Division in 2003–04 .",
"title": "Lee Hughes"
},
{
"text": "In August 2004 , he was sentenced to six years imprisonment for causing death by dangerous driving following a fatal crash on 23 November 2003 . Following his release from prison in 2007 , he returned to the professional game with Oldham Athletic of League One . He signed for Notts County in July 2009 , and was named on the PFA Team of the Year after scoring 30 league goals as the club won the League Two title in 2009–10 . He left Notts County to sign for Port Vale in January 2013 , and helped the club to",
"title": "Lee Hughes"
},
{
"text": "secure promotion out of League Two in 2012–13 . In January 2014 , he signed for Forest Green Rovers on an 18-month deal . In January 2015 , he returned to Kidderminster Harriers , and moved on to Ilkeston and then Worcester City in the summer . He continued to be a prolific goalscorer into his 40s , and signed with AFC Telford United in February 2017 . He began his management career as joint-manager of Worcester City , alongside John Snape , in May 2017 . In March 2018 , he joined Halesowen Town as a player , where",
"title": "Lee Hughes"
},
{
"text": "he remained until moving on to Mickleover Sports in August 2019 . He joined Grantham Town in January 2020 and retired two months later at the age of 43 .",
"title": "Lee Hughes"
},
{
"text": "Hughes spent four years at West Bromwich Albion as a schoolboy from ages 11 to 15 , though was not offered a youth team contract . He then had unsuccessful trials at numerous clubs , though came close to being offered a contract by Swansea City . He instead started his career playing semi-professionally for Conference club Kidderminster Harriers , whilst holding down a part-time job as a roofer . Although Hughes scored 34 goals in the 1996–97 season , Kidderminster failed to gain promotion to the Football League after finishing five points behind champions Macclesfield Town . At this",
"title": "Kidderminster Harriers"
},
{
"text": "point in his career Hughes was regarded as one of Englands finest semi-professionals and was called up to the England national football C team . In total , Hughes scored 70 goals in 139 games for Kidderminster in all competitions . He also played for amateur touring side Middlesex Wanderers during their tour of Vietnam whilst he was aged 19 .",
"title": "Kidderminster Harriers"
},
{
"text": " Hughes was sold to West Bromwich Albion for an initial £200,000 – incentives later took the final sum up to £380,000 – in August 1997 . He said It was a dream to join the team I have supported all my life . The Daily Mirror printed that Hughes has red hair , tattoos of a Tasmanian devil and a British bulldog on his forearms , dynamite in his boots and Albion in his blood . Fans affectionately nicknamed him the Ginger Ninja .",
"title": "West Bromwich Albion"
},
{
"text": "He made his debut at The Hawthorns as a substitute in a 2–1 win over Tranmere Rovers on 9 August 1997 . Seven days later he scored two goals from the bench in a 3–2 win over Crewe Alexandra at Gresty Road . Though signed by Ray Harford , he came to the fore under new boss Denis Smith . Smith handed Hughes his first start on 28 December , in a 1–1 home draw with Stoke City . He finished his debut season as the clubs top-scorer with 14 goals in 41 appearances , and was rewarded with a",
"title": "West Bromwich Albion"
},
{
"text": "new four-year contract .",
"title": "West Bromwich Albion"
},
{
"text": "He started the 1998–99 season in fine form , and claimed his first ever hat-trick in a 3–0 win over Port Vale at Vale Park on 22 August . Despite having recently signed a long-term contract , his form and goal record led to constant rumours of a big money move to a host of Premier League clubs . West Brom eventually issued a hands-off warning to other clubs . He claimed further hat-tricks against Crystal Palace and Huddersfield Town , and finished the season with 32 goals in 45 games . This tally left him as the countrys top-scorer",
"title": "West Bromwich Albion"
},
{
"text": ". He was named on the PFA Team of the Year for the First Division . He then submitted a written transfer request , and his spokesman told the press that there have been a number of things going on behind the scenes which have unsettled him recently . In particular , his £1,400 a week salary was compared with the £5,000 a week salary of under-performing teammate Fabian de Freitas .",
"title": "West Bromwich Albion"
},
{
"text": " He remained at the club for the 1999–2000 season , and scored 17 goals in 43 appearances . Albion struggled in the First Division under new manager Brian Little , though improved after Gary Megson replaced Little as manager in March and avoided relegation despite Hughes missing the final five matches of the season due to a knee injury .",
"title": "West Bromwich Albion"
},
{
"text": "He was partnered with Jason Roberts for the 2000–01 season ; the pair went on to score 40 goals between them to help secure the Baggies a play-off place . With 23 goals to his name , he again attracted interest from other clubs . He claimed two hat-tricks in seven days against Gillingham and Preston North End . Hughes converted a penalty in a 2–2 draw with Bolton Wanderers in the first leg of the play-off semi-final , before a 3–0 defeat at the Reebok Stadium ended Albions play-off hopes . He refused to sign a new contract in",
"title": "West Bromwich Albion"
},
{
"text": "July 2001 , and was placed on the transfer list .",
"title": "West Bromwich Albion"
},
{
"text": "Hughes was sold to Gordon Strachans Coventry City for a club record transfer fee of £5,000,001 ( the unusual figure was because any offer exceeding £5 million would trigger an escape clause in his West Brom contract ) in August 2001 . His wages at Highfield Road were reported to be £15,000 a week . Hughes scored 14 goals in 40 games , including a hat-trick in a 6–1 win at Crewe Alexandra , and finished the 2001–02 season as the clubs top-scorer . Coventry rejected a loan offer from West Bromwich Albion in March 2002 , and ended the",
"title": "Coventry City"
},
{
"text": "season outside the play-offs .",
"title": "Coventry City"
},
{
"text": "In August 2002 , Hughes returned to West Bromwich Albion for a club record £2.5 million – half the fee Albion had received for him a year earlier – and signed a four-year deal with the club . Despite being a regular in the first team , Hughes failed to score a single Premier League goal in the 2002–03 season and Albion were relegated in 19th place with just six wins and 26 points from 38 matches . Hughes was criticised by several teammates following the clubs 1–0 defeat by Everton at Goodison Park , though was publicly backed by",
"title": "Coventry City"
},
{
"text": "manager Gary Megson . He told the press that I want to establish myself in the Premiership and any accusations of me not pulling my weight should be made to my face . He put his poor form down to him missing pre-season training with injury problems . He rediscovered his form back in the First Division , scoring 12 goals in 36 games in 2003–04 as West Brom secured promotion with a second-place finish . His contract at West Bromwich Albion was immediately terminated in August 2004 , following his conviction for causing death by dangerous driving . He",
"title": "Coventry City"
},
{
"text": "spent the next three years in prison , serving half of his six-year sentence .",
"title": "Coventry City"
},
{
"text": "Upon his release from prison on 20 August 2007 , Hughes signed a two-year contract with League One club Oldham Athletic ; the club asked supporters not to pass moral judgement . His reported salary of £1,800-a-week at Boundary Park was less than a 10th of what he earned at the peak of his career with West Bromwich Albion . Hughes made his debut for Oldham in a 4–1 defeat by Hartlepool United at Victoria Park on 1 September 2007 . He failed to find the net in his first seven games , and underwent an operation to correct a",
"title": "Oldham Athletic"
},
{
"text": "hernia problem . He recovered quickly from the procedure , and registered his first two goals for the Latics in a 3–0 win over Bournemouth at Dean Court on 25 November , before being named in the League One Team of the Week . He scored his first hat-trick for the club against Millwall in a 3–2 victory at The Den on 15 December , and again made the League One Team of the Week . He picked up a groin injury in March 2008 , and was sidelined for the rest of the season . Hughes had scored eight",
"title": "Oldham Athletic"
},
{
"text": "goals by the end of the 2007–08 season , making him the clubs second highest goalscorer behind Craig Davies .",
"title": "Oldham Athletic"
},
{
"text": "He opened his account for the 2008–09 season with a hat-trick in a 4–0 win over Cheltenham Town on 23 August . Stating his future ambitions as playing Championship football with Oldham , he was offered a new deal at the club on 30 December 2008 . He was linked with a move to Doncaster Rovers in January 2009 , but stayed put after talks with manager John Sheridan , who insisted Hughes was very happy at Oldham . In March 2009 , it was widely reported that Hughes had been involved in a drunken brawl with Sheridan where Hughes",
"title": "Oldham Athletic"
},
{
"text": "was reported to have had him in a headlock . Sheridan later downplayed the incident as jovial , saying people have made things up . Sheridan was sacked , but insisted that the two incidents were not related , as it was results that cost me the job .",
"title": "Oldham Athletic"
},
{
"text": "On 26 March 2009 , Hughes joined Championship club Blackpool on loan until the end of the season . He made his debut in a 1–0 defeat to Plymouth Argyle at Bloomfield Road on 4 April . His first goal for the club came on 18 April against Charlton Athletic at the Valley , when after coming on as an 89th-minute substitute , and with Blackpool 2–1 down , he scored four minutes later to make the score 2–2 . Hughes ended the campaign as Oldhams highest scorer with 18 goals in 40 appearances . However , he was one",
"title": "Oldham Athletic"
},
{
"text": "of a number of players released by the clubs new manager Dave Penney in May 2009 , and returned to Kidderminster Harriers for training in order to keep up his fitness levels whilst searching for a new club .",
"title": "Oldham Athletic"
},
{
"text": "Hughes signed for League Two team Notts County on a two-year contract on 22 July 2009 , on the same day that Sven-Göran Eriksson arrived at the club as director of football . He scored a hat-trick on his debut in a 5–0 victory over Bradford City on the opening day of the season . He then got his second hat-trick against Northampton Town in a 5–2 home win on 12 September . He claimed his third hat-trick of the campaign on 28 December during a 4–1 win over Burton Albion at the Pirelli Stadium . However the club endured",
"title": "Notts County"
},
{
"text": "a turbulent time , with manager Ian McParland sacked and replaced by Hans Backe , who himself resigned after Qadbak Investments proved unable to fund Backes wages . New owner Ray Trew appointed Steve Cotterill as manager , and County entered April ten points behind league leaders Rochdale , though Hughes remained confident that they could reduce the deficit and win the league . On 17 April , Hughes scored two goals in a 4–1 victory over Morecambe as County won promotion to League One . He was named as League Twos Player of the Month in April . On",
"title": "Notts County"
},
{
"text": "1 May , Hughes added another two goals in Countys final home game of the season , making him the first Notts player to score 30 league goals since Tommy Lawton in the 1949–50 season . He finished as the divisions top-scorer in 2009–10 with 30 league goals in 39 games , and was named on the PFA Team of the Year alongside teammates Kasper Schmeichel and Ben Davies . County won the league by a ten-point margin . In July 2010 , Hughes signed a one-year extension to his contract that would see him at Meadow Lane until the",
"title": "Notts County"
},
{
"text": "summer of 2012 .",
"title": "Notts County"
},
{
"text": "On 23 September 2010 , Hughes revealed a Boing , Boing t-shirt in a League Cup tie with Wolverhampton Wanderers at Molineux – the slogan of Wolves rivals West Bromwich Albion – and was quizzed by police after angry Wolves fans retaliated to the message by attacking Notts County supporters coaches . He was reported to be angry at being named as a substitute in a league game against Milton Keynes Dons on 11 December , though boss Paul Ince stated that Hughesy is 34 and cannot play week in week out . But hes never come and said I",
"title": "Notts County"
},
{
"text": "should be starting . Hes been different class . On 8 January 2011 , he was on the scoresheet as County beat Premier League side Sunderland 2–1 in the FA Cup . Two weeks later he was confirmed to be a target of Sheffield Wednesday . He remained with the Magpies , and ended the 2010–11 season as the clubs top-scorer with 16 goals in 37 appearances . The club again went through a succession of managers – Craig Short , Paul Ince and then Martin Allen – and ended the season three points above the relegation zone .",
"title": "Notts County"
},
{
"text": "On 8 September 2011 , he played against Italian club Juventus in the inaugural game of the Juventus Stadium , and scored Countys goal in a 1–1 draw ; after the game he had a signed shirt from Andrea Pirlo . The next month he accepted a pay cut to sign a new 18-month contract , and was quoted as saying he never planned to leave the club as the fans have taken me in and I love it here . He ended the 2011–12 campaign on 11 goals in 44 games . In summer 2012 , the club rejected",
"title": "Notts County"
},
{
"text": "offers for Hughes from Cheltenham Town and former club Oldham Athletic .",
"title": "Notts County"
},
{
"text": "At the beginning of the 2012–13 season , new manager Keith Curle stated that we know he is of an age where he wont be playing for 46 games , so he needs to be managed . New signing Yoann Arquin became the countys first choice striker , and Hughes announced his intention to leave the club in order to find first team football . He was reported to have joined Port Vale on loan , with a view to a permanent move , on 22 November 2012 ; though the deal had yet to be ratified by the English",
"title": "Notts County"
},
{
"text": "Football League . However , the next day it was revealed that the loan move would not go through as the relevant paperwork had not been sent in on time . Three weeks later Hughes provided the club with a sick note , saying that he was unavailable until January . His contract was terminated by mutual consent on 7 January 2013 .",
"title": "Notts County"
},
{
"text": "Hughes joined Port Vale the day after securing his exit from Notts County , as the BBC reported that promotion-chasing boss Micky Adams wants to bring him in to add impetus to a Vale attack who have occasionally misfired this term . He signed a contract to keep him at Vale Park until the end of the 2012–13 season , at which point his contract would be extended by 12 months if the Valiants were promoted . However Hughes later revealed that Adams was against the transfer but had been overruled by chairman Norman Smurthwaite . He marked his debut",
"title": "Port Vale"
},
{
"text": "against the Gills with the winning goal that sent Vale to the top of the table . Being partnered with the countrys leading goalscorer Tom Pope allowed Hughes space in front of goal vacated by opposition defenders attempting to double up on Pope . Hughes scored his first hat-trick for the Valiants in a 7–1 home victory over Burton Albion on 5 April , with two of his goals coming from the penalty spot as he took over from Jennison Myrie-Williams as the clubs penalty taker . This performance won him a place on the League Two team of the",
"title": "Port Vale"
},
{
"text": "week . Vale were promoted at the end of the season , with Hughes scoring ten goals in his 18 games , ensuring his contract was extended until summer 2014 .",
"title": "Port Vale"
},
{
"text": " He was not a regular starter in the 2013–14 season , especially as Jordan Hugill began to impress from the youth development squad , and so he decided to leave the club in the January transfer window .",
"title": "Port Vale"
},
{
"text": "On 3 January 2014 , he joined Conference Premier side Forest Green Rovers on an 18-month contract . Manager Adrian Pennock stated that Hes come to play football , hes not come for money and Im chuffed to have him on board . He has the experience we need and I believe hell score goals . He made his debut six days later in a 1–1 draw with Hereford United at The New Lawn . On 25 January , he scored his first goals for the club , securing a brace in a 3–0 home win over Chester . He",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "ended the 2013–14 season with eight goals in 21 appearances for Rovers .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " On the opening day of the 2014–15 season , Hughes scored Forest Greens winning goal in a 1–0 away victory at Southport . He then scored his 300th career goal with his second strike of the season in a 2–0 win over Alfreton Town at The New Lawn on 16 August 2014 .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "On 30 January 2015 , Hughes returned to Conference Premier club Kidderminster Harriers on a deal till the end of the season after having his contract with Forest Green Rovers mutually terminated . On his second debut for Kidderminster , he put his side ahead in a Worcestershire Senior Cup tie against Stourbridge . He also scored on his league return against Woking at Aggborough , scoring in the 39th minute in a 1–1 draw . He was released at the end of the season as manager Gary Whilds playing budget was reduced by half for the 2015–16 campaign .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " After impressing in pre season , Hughes signed for Northern Premier League Premier Division side Ilkeston , and was sent off on his debut against Skelmersdale United on 15 August 2015 .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "In September 2015 , Hughes signed for Worcester City on non-contract terms , who played at Aggborough , the home of Kidderminster Harriers where he started his career . He scored 19 goals in 29 appearances in the 2015–16 campaign . In February 2017 , he applied to succeed Carl Heeley as manager . However , he instead left the financially troubled club and moved on to National League North rivals AFC Telford United .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "In March 2018 , Hughes signed for Northern Premier League Premier Division side Halesowen Town as a player . The Yeltz ended the 2017–18 season in 23rd-place , before being relegated out of the Southern League Premier Division Central at the end of the 2018–19 campaign . He left Halesowen in August 2019 , after losing his place in the starting eleven . Later that month he joined league rivals Mickleover Sports , where he made nineteen league appearances and scored six goals , and then Grantham Town in January 2020 , where he scored once in six league appearances",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " He was reported to have been a target for Nuneaton Borough just before the 2019–20 season was formally abandoned on 26 March , with all results from the season being expunged , due to the COVID-19 pandemic in England . He announced his retirement in April 2020 , at the age of 43 .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " Hughes rejoined Worcester City as both a player and as joint-manager , alongside John Snape , on 4 May 2017 ; Worcester had just been relegated out of the National League North . He resigned on 6 March 2018 . In March 2019 , he was appointed caretaker player-manager of Halesowen Town , remaining in the role until May .",
"title": "Management career"
},
{
"text": "Describing Hughess attributes in January 2013 , former Notts County coach Dave Kevan said that he was a fantastic finisher.. . a clever player whose movement is good , whose intelligence is good , who uses his body well and who uses his strength well.. . he plays with his brain and hes adapted his game as he has got older.. . hes also clever enough to create opportunities for others . He maintained a natural goalscoring instinct throughout his career , and has said I always fancy myself to stick the ball in the back of the net if",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "I get a chance . His dancing goal celebration originated as a mocking tribute of a friends bad dancing .",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "The son of Bill and Gail Hughes , older brother to Clint and Brett , Hughes worked with his father as a roofer in his home-town of Smethwick before turning professional . In 1999 , Sharlene Gillies claimed that she and Hughes had a child together . DNA tests later proved that he was not the father , though by this time his engagement to lap dancer Donna Nisbet was called off . Hughes stated that I dont think Donna was particularly happy with all the limelight that comes with football , though insisted that barracking from opposition fans only",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "made him more determined to put in a good performance on the pitch . Hughes and Jason Roberts were questioned by police over allegations that they assaulted a man outside a pub in Brierley Hill ; the case was dropped in September 2000 . It was reported that he had converted to Islam during his time in prison , due in part to his friendship with Muslim prisoners and the fact that abuse of alcohol had helped to bring about his downfall – his father said that this story is not true . In 2005 Hughes was reported to be",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "on suicide watch after learning that his wife had reportedly been seeing a younger man .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " He married air hostess Anna Kuzmanic in June 2000 in the Croatian town of Trogir . The couple had two children together but split up in 2008 ; the split was described as very amicable . His eldest , Mia , was born in November 2000 . Hughes was declared bankrupt in March 2018 . Causing death by dangerous driving conviction .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "On 23 November 2003 , near his home in the Warwickshire village of Meriden , West Midlands , Hughes lost control of his Mercedes CL55 AMG and went onto the wrong side of the road before colliding with a Renault Scénic . A passenger in the Renault , Douglas Graham , was killed in the incident , whilst his wife Maureen and the driver Albert Frisby were severely injured . Hughes and passenger Adrian Smith left the scene , before turning themselves in to the police 36 hours later . He was arrested on suspicion of causing death by dangerous",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "driving . He denied the charge , though later pleaded guilty to charges of failing to stop and failing to report an accident .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "During his trial at Coventry Crown Court , Hughes was accused of driving too fast in wet conditions and was described as driving like a madman . He claimed the brakes on his car had locked , though tests showed that the brakes were in perfect working order and had technology installed to prevent the driver from losing control . When asked where he had been in the 36 hours after leaving the scene of the incident Hughes said that I would rather not say , really , though later admitted he had travelled 20 miles to Smethwick . Prosecutor",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Melbourne Inman QC told the court Hughes had fled the scene to dodge a breath test . On 9 August 2004 , Hughes was found guilty of causing death by dangerous driving , and was sentenced to six years imprisonment . Frisby said that the sentence was not long enough . Hughes lodged an appeal against the sentence , but not the conviction . In January 2005 , his appeal for his sentence to be reduced was refused .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " He served his time in Category C prisons . During his time in HM Prison Featherstone he played in the Staffordshire County Senior League for the prison football team . He also helped to organise a charity football match which raised £5,000 for a childrens hospice . He was released in August 2007 , three years into his six-year sentence .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " On 3 December 2011 , Hughes was arrested and bailed on charges of sexual assault after an incident in Croydon . He was then charged with the offence on 30 January 2012 . In May 2012 , Hughes was found guilty of common assault and fined £500 , but the charge of sexual assault was dropped .",
"title": "Assault conviction"
},
{
"text": " - PFA Team of the Year ( First Division ) : 1998–99 - West Bromwich Albion F.C . Player of the Year : 1998–99 - League Two Player of the Month : April 2010 - PFA Team of the Year ( League Two ) : 2009–10",
"title": "Individual"
}
] |
/wiki/Lee_Hughes#P54#3
|
Which team did the player Lee Hughes belong to in Apr 2002?
|
Lee Hughes Lee Hughes ( born 22 May 1976 ) is an English former professional footballer who played as a striker . A strong striker with excellent finishing abilities , Hughes represented the England semi-professional team once in 1996 . After being released as a youth footballer , Hughes worked as a roofer alongside his father . He started his career in the Conference with Kidderminster Harriers , before winning a £380,000 move to boyhood club West Bromwich Albion in August 1997 . He finished as the clubs top-scorer for four seasons running , earning a place on the PFA Team of the Year in 1998–99 after finishing as the highest scorer in the top four divisions of English football . He was sold to Coventry City for £5 million in August 2001 , before returning to West Brom for half of that figure twelve months later . He failed to impress in the Premier League as Albion suffered relegation , but helped the club to make an immediate return to the top-flight as runners-up in the First Division in 2003–04 . In August 2004 , he was sentenced to six years imprisonment for causing death by dangerous driving following a fatal crash on 23 November 2003 . Following his release from prison in 2007 , he returned to the professional game with Oldham Athletic of League One . He signed for Notts County in July 2009 , and was named on the PFA Team of the Year after scoring 30 league goals as the club won the League Two title in 2009–10 . He left Notts County to sign for Port Vale in January 2013 , and helped the club to secure promotion out of League Two in 2012–13 . In January 2014 , he signed for Forest Green Rovers on an 18-month deal . In January 2015 , he returned to Kidderminster Harriers , and moved on to Ilkeston and then Worcester City in the summer . He continued to be a prolific goalscorer into his 40s , and signed with AFC Telford United in February 2017 . He began his management career as joint-manager of Worcester City , alongside John Snape , in May 2017 . In March 2018 , he joined Halesowen Town as a player , where he remained until moving on to Mickleover Sports in August 2019 . He joined Grantham Town in January 2020 and retired two months later at the age of 43 . Club career . Kidderminster Harriers . Hughes spent four years at West Bromwich Albion as a schoolboy from ages 11 to 15 , though was not offered a youth team contract . He then had unsuccessful trials at numerous clubs , though came close to being offered a contract by Swansea City . He instead started his career playing semi-professionally for Conference club Kidderminster Harriers , whilst holding down a part-time job as a roofer . Although Hughes scored 34 goals in the 1996–97 season , Kidderminster failed to gain promotion to the Football League after finishing five points behind champions Macclesfield Town . At this point in his career Hughes was regarded as one of Englands finest semi-professionals and was called up to the England national football C team . In total , Hughes scored 70 goals in 139 games for Kidderminster in all competitions . He also played for amateur touring side Middlesex Wanderers during their tour of Vietnam whilst he was aged 19 . West Bromwich Albion . Hughes was sold to West Bromwich Albion for an initial £200,000 – incentives later took the final sum up to £380,000 – in August 1997 . He said It was a dream to join the team I have supported all my life . The Daily Mirror printed that Hughes has red hair , tattoos of a Tasmanian devil and a British bulldog on his forearms , dynamite in his boots and Albion in his blood . Fans affectionately nicknamed him the Ginger Ninja . He made his debut at The Hawthorns as a substitute in a 2–1 win over Tranmere Rovers on 9 August 1997 . Seven days later he scored two goals from the bench in a 3–2 win over Crewe Alexandra at Gresty Road . Though signed by Ray Harford , he came to the fore under new boss Denis Smith . Smith handed Hughes his first start on 28 December , in a 1–1 home draw with Stoke City . He finished his debut season as the clubs top-scorer with 14 goals in 41 appearances , and was rewarded with a new four-year contract . He started the 1998–99 season in fine form , and claimed his first ever hat-trick in a 3–0 win over Port Vale at Vale Park on 22 August . Despite having recently signed a long-term contract , his form and goal record led to constant rumours of a big money move to a host of Premier League clubs . West Brom eventually issued a hands-off warning to other clubs . He claimed further hat-tricks against Crystal Palace and Huddersfield Town , and finished the season with 32 goals in 45 games . This tally left him as the countrys top-scorer . He was named on the PFA Team of the Year for the First Division . He then submitted a written transfer request , and his spokesman told the press that there have been a number of things going on behind the scenes which have unsettled him recently . In particular , his £1,400 a week salary was compared with the £5,000 a week salary of under-performing teammate Fabian de Freitas . He remained at the club for the 1999–2000 season , and scored 17 goals in 43 appearances . Albion struggled in the First Division under new manager Brian Little , though improved after Gary Megson replaced Little as manager in March and avoided relegation despite Hughes missing the final five matches of the season due to a knee injury . He was partnered with Jason Roberts for the 2000–01 season ; the pair went on to score 40 goals between them to help secure the Baggies a play-off place . With 23 goals to his name , he again attracted interest from other clubs . He claimed two hat-tricks in seven days against Gillingham and Preston North End . Hughes converted a penalty in a 2–2 draw with Bolton Wanderers in the first leg of the play-off semi-final , before a 3–0 defeat at the Reebok Stadium ended Albions play-off hopes . He refused to sign a new contract in July 2001 , and was placed on the transfer list . Coventry City . Hughes was sold to Gordon Strachans Coventry City for a club record transfer fee of £5,000,001 ( the unusual figure was because any offer exceeding £5 million would trigger an escape clause in his West Brom contract ) in August 2001 . His wages at Highfield Road were reported to be £15,000 a week . Hughes scored 14 goals in 40 games , including a hat-trick in a 6–1 win at Crewe Alexandra , and finished the 2001–02 season as the clubs top-scorer . Coventry rejected a loan offer from West Bromwich Albion in March 2002 , and ended the season outside the play-offs . Return to West Bromwich Albion . In August 2002 , Hughes returned to West Bromwich Albion for a club record £2.5 million – half the fee Albion had received for him a year earlier – and signed a four-year deal with the club . Despite being a regular in the first team , Hughes failed to score a single Premier League goal in the 2002–03 season and Albion were relegated in 19th place with just six wins and 26 points from 38 matches . Hughes was criticised by several teammates following the clubs 1–0 defeat by Everton at Goodison Park , though was publicly backed by manager Gary Megson . He told the press that I want to establish myself in the Premiership and any accusations of me not pulling my weight should be made to my face . He put his poor form down to him missing pre-season training with injury problems . He rediscovered his form back in the First Division , scoring 12 goals in 36 games in 2003–04 as West Brom secured promotion with a second-place finish . His contract at West Bromwich Albion was immediately terminated in August 2004 , following his conviction for causing death by dangerous driving . He spent the next three years in prison , serving half of his six-year sentence . Oldham Athletic . Upon his release from prison on 20 August 2007 , Hughes signed a two-year contract with League One club Oldham Athletic ; the club asked supporters not to pass moral judgement . His reported salary of £1,800-a-week at Boundary Park was less than a 10th of what he earned at the peak of his career with West Bromwich Albion . Hughes made his debut for Oldham in a 4–1 defeat by Hartlepool United at Victoria Park on 1 September 2007 . He failed to find the net in his first seven games , and underwent an operation to correct a hernia problem . He recovered quickly from the procedure , and registered his first two goals for the Latics in a 3–0 win over Bournemouth at Dean Court on 25 November , before being named in the League One Team of the Week . He scored his first hat-trick for the club against Millwall in a 3–2 victory at The Den on 15 December , and again made the League One Team of the Week . He picked up a groin injury in March 2008 , and was sidelined for the rest of the season . Hughes had scored eight goals by the end of the 2007–08 season , making him the clubs second highest goalscorer behind Craig Davies . He opened his account for the 2008–09 season with a hat-trick in a 4–0 win over Cheltenham Town on 23 August . Stating his future ambitions as playing Championship football with Oldham , he was offered a new deal at the club on 30 December 2008 . He was linked with a move to Doncaster Rovers in January 2009 , but stayed put after talks with manager John Sheridan , who insisted Hughes was very happy at Oldham . In March 2009 , it was widely reported that Hughes had been involved in a drunken brawl with Sheridan where Hughes was reported to have had him in a headlock . Sheridan later downplayed the incident as jovial , saying people have made things up . Sheridan was sacked , but insisted that the two incidents were not related , as it was results that cost me the job . On 26 March 2009 , Hughes joined Championship club Blackpool on loan until the end of the season . He made his debut in a 1–0 defeat to Plymouth Argyle at Bloomfield Road on 4 April . His first goal for the club came on 18 April against Charlton Athletic at the Valley , when after coming on as an 89th-minute substitute , and with Blackpool 2–1 down , he scored four minutes later to make the score 2–2 . Hughes ended the campaign as Oldhams highest scorer with 18 goals in 40 appearances . However , he was one of a number of players released by the clubs new manager Dave Penney in May 2009 , and returned to Kidderminster Harriers for training in order to keep up his fitness levels whilst searching for a new club . Notts County . Hughes signed for League Two team Notts County on a two-year contract on 22 July 2009 , on the same day that Sven-Göran Eriksson arrived at the club as director of football . He scored a hat-trick on his debut in a 5–0 victory over Bradford City on the opening day of the season . He then got his second hat-trick against Northampton Town in a 5–2 home win on 12 September . He claimed his third hat-trick of the campaign on 28 December during a 4–1 win over Burton Albion at the Pirelli Stadium . However the club endured a turbulent time , with manager Ian McParland sacked and replaced by Hans Backe , who himself resigned after Qadbak Investments proved unable to fund Backes wages . New owner Ray Trew appointed Steve Cotterill as manager , and County entered April ten points behind league leaders Rochdale , though Hughes remained confident that they could reduce the deficit and win the league . On 17 April , Hughes scored two goals in a 4–1 victory over Morecambe as County won promotion to League One . He was named as League Twos Player of the Month in April . On 1 May , Hughes added another two goals in Countys final home game of the season , making him the first Notts player to score 30 league goals since Tommy Lawton in the 1949–50 season . He finished as the divisions top-scorer in 2009–10 with 30 league goals in 39 games , and was named on the PFA Team of the Year alongside teammates Kasper Schmeichel and Ben Davies . County won the league by a ten-point margin . In July 2010 , Hughes signed a one-year extension to his contract that would see him at Meadow Lane until the summer of 2012 . On 23 September 2010 , Hughes revealed a Boing , Boing t-shirt in a League Cup tie with Wolverhampton Wanderers at Molineux – the slogan of Wolves rivals West Bromwich Albion – and was quizzed by police after angry Wolves fans retaliated to the message by attacking Notts County supporters coaches . He was reported to be angry at being named as a substitute in a league game against Milton Keynes Dons on 11 December , though boss Paul Ince stated that Hughesy is 34 and cannot play week in week out . But hes never come and said I should be starting . Hes been different class . On 8 January 2011 , he was on the scoresheet as County beat Premier League side Sunderland 2–1 in the FA Cup . Two weeks later he was confirmed to be a target of Sheffield Wednesday . He remained with the Magpies , and ended the 2010–11 season as the clubs top-scorer with 16 goals in 37 appearances . The club again went through a succession of managers – Craig Short , Paul Ince and then Martin Allen – and ended the season three points above the relegation zone . On 8 September 2011 , he played against Italian club Juventus in the inaugural game of the Juventus Stadium , and scored Countys goal in a 1–1 draw ; after the game he had a signed shirt from Andrea Pirlo . The next month he accepted a pay cut to sign a new 18-month contract , and was quoted as saying he never planned to leave the club as the fans have taken me in and I love it here . He ended the 2011–12 campaign on 11 goals in 44 games . In summer 2012 , the club rejected offers for Hughes from Cheltenham Town and former club Oldham Athletic . At the beginning of the 2012–13 season , new manager Keith Curle stated that we know he is of an age where he wont be playing for 46 games , so he needs to be managed . New signing Yoann Arquin became the countys first choice striker , and Hughes announced his intention to leave the club in order to find first team football . He was reported to have joined Port Vale on loan , with a view to a permanent move , on 22 November 2012 ; though the deal had yet to be ratified by the English Football League . However , the next day it was revealed that the loan move would not go through as the relevant paperwork had not been sent in on time . Three weeks later Hughes provided the club with a sick note , saying that he was unavailable until January . His contract was terminated by mutual consent on 7 January 2013 . Port Vale . Hughes joined Port Vale the day after securing his exit from Notts County , as the BBC reported that promotion-chasing boss Micky Adams wants to bring him in to add impetus to a Vale attack who have occasionally misfired this term . He signed a contract to keep him at Vale Park until the end of the 2012–13 season , at which point his contract would be extended by 12 months if the Valiants were promoted . However Hughes later revealed that Adams was against the transfer but had been overruled by chairman Norman Smurthwaite . He marked his debut against the Gills with the winning goal that sent Vale to the top of the table . Being partnered with the countrys leading goalscorer Tom Pope allowed Hughes space in front of goal vacated by opposition defenders attempting to double up on Pope . Hughes scored his first hat-trick for the Valiants in a 7–1 home victory over Burton Albion on 5 April , with two of his goals coming from the penalty spot as he took over from Jennison Myrie-Williams as the clubs penalty taker . This performance won him a place on the League Two team of the week . Vale were promoted at the end of the season , with Hughes scoring ten goals in his 18 games , ensuring his contract was extended until summer 2014 . He was not a regular starter in the 2013–14 season , especially as Jordan Hugill began to impress from the youth development squad , and so he decided to leave the club in the January transfer window . Later career . On 3 January 2014 , he joined Conference Premier side Forest Green Rovers on an 18-month contract . Manager Adrian Pennock stated that Hes come to play football , hes not come for money and Im chuffed to have him on board . He has the experience we need and I believe hell score goals . He made his debut six days later in a 1–1 draw with Hereford United at The New Lawn . On 25 January , he scored his first goals for the club , securing a brace in a 3–0 home win over Chester . He ended the 2013–14 season with eight goals in 21 appearances for Rovers . On the opening day of the 2014–15 season , Hughes scored Forest Greens winning goal in a 1–0 away victory at Southport . He then scored his 300th career goal with his second strike of the season in a 2–0 win over Alfreton Town at The New Lawn on 16 August 2014 . On 30 January 2015 , Hughes returned to Conference Premier club Kidderminster Harriers on a deal till the end of the season after having his contract with Forest Green Rovers mutually terminated . On his second debut for Kidderminster , he put his side ahead in a Worcestershire Senior Cup tie against Stourbridge . He also scored on his league return against Woking at Aggborough , scoring in the 39th minute in a 1–1 draw . He was released at the end of the season as manager Gary Whilds playing budget was reduced by half for the 2015–16 campaign . After impressing in pre season , Hughes signed for Northern Premier League Premier Division side Ilkeston , and was sent off on his debut against Skelmersdale United on 15 August 2015 . In September 2015 , Hughes signed for Worcester City on non-contract terms , who played at Aggborough , the home of Kidderminster Harriers where he started his career . He scored 19 goals in 29 appearances in the 2015–16 campaign . In February 2017 , he applied to succeed Carl Heeley as manager . However , he instead left the financially troubled club and moved on to National League North rivals AFC Telford United . In March 2018 , Hughes signed for Northern Premier League Premier Division side Halesowen Town as a player . The Yeltz ended the 2017–18 season in 23rd-place , before being relegated out of the Southern League Premier Division Central at the end of the 2018–19 campaign . He left Halesowen in August 2019 , after losing his place in the starting eleven . Later that month he joined league rivals Mickleover Sports , where he made nineteen league appearances and scored six goals , and then Grantham Town in January 2020 , where he scored once in six league appearances . He was reported to have been a target for Nuneaton Borough just before the 2019–20 season was formally abandoned on 26 March , with all results from the season being expunged , due to the COVID-19 pandemic in England . He announced his retirement in April 2020 , at the age of 43 . Management career . Hughes rejoined Worcester City as both a player and as joint-manager , alongside John Snape , on 4 May 2017 ; Worcester had just been relegated out of the National League North . He resigned on 6 March 2018 . In March 2019 , he was appointed caretaker player-manager of Halesowen Town , remaining in the role until May . Style of play . Describing Hughess attributes in January 2013 , former Notts County coach Dave Kevan said that he was a fantastic finisher.. . a clever player whose movement is good , whose intelligence is good , who uses his body well and who uses his strength well.. . he plays with his brain and hes adapted his game as he has got older.. . hes also clever enough to create opportunities for others . He maintained a natural goalscoring instinct throughout his career , and has said I always fancy myself to stick the ball in the back of the net if I get a chance . His dancing goal celebration originated as a mocking tribute of a friends bad dancing . Personal life . The son of Bill and Gail Hughes , older brother to Clint and Brett , Hughes worked with his father as a roofer in his home-town of Smethwick before turning professional . In 1999 , Sharlene Gillies claimed that she and Hughes had a child together . DNA tests later proved that he was not the father , though by this time his engagement to lap dancer Donna Nisbet was called off . Hughes stated that I dont think Donna was particularly happy with all the limelight that comes with football , though insisted that barracking from opposition fans only made him more determined to put in a good performance on the pitch . Hughes and Jason Roberts were questioned by police over allegations that they assaulted a man outside a pub in Brierley Hill ; the case was dropped in September 2000 . It was reported that he had converted to Islam during his time in prison , due in part to his friendship with Muslim prisoners and the fact that abuse of alcohol had helped to bring about his downfall – his father said that this story is not true . In 2005 Hughes was reported to be on suicide watch after learning that his wife had reportedly been seeing a younger man . He married air hostess Anna Kuzmanic in June 2000 in the Croatian town of Trogir . The couple had two children together but split up in 2008 ; the split was described as very amicable . His eldest , Mia , was born in November 2000 . Hughes was declared bankrupt in March 2018 . Causing death by dangerous driving conviction . On 23 November 2003 , near his home in the Warwickshire village of Meriden , West Midlands , Hughes lost control of his Mercedes CL55 AMG and went onto the wrong side of the road before colliding with a Renault Scénic . A passenger in the Renault , Douglas Graham , was killed in the incident , whilst his wife Maureen and the driver Albert Frisby were severely injured . Hughes and passenger Adrian Smith left the scene , before turning themselves in to the police 36 hours later . He was arrested on suspicion of causing death by dangerous driving . He denied the charge , though later pleaded guilty to charges of failing to stop and failing to report an accident . During his trial at Coventry Crown Court , Hughes was accused of driving too fast in wet conditions and was described as driving like a madman . He claimed the brakes on his car had locked , though tests showed that the brakes were in perfect working order and had technology installed to prevent the driver from losing control . When asked where he had been in the 36 hours after leaving the scene of the incident Hughes said that I would rather not say , really , though later admitted he had travelled 20 miles to Smethwick . Prosecutor Melbourne Inman QC told the court Hughes had fled the scene to dodge a breath test . On 9 August 2004 , Hughes was found guilty of causing death by dangerous driving , and was sentenced to six years imprisonment . Frisby said that the sentence was not long enough . Hughes lodged an appeal against the sentence , but not the conviction . In January 2005 , his appeal for his sentence to be reduced was refused . He served his time in Category C prisons . During his time in HM Prison Featherstone he played in the Staffordshire County Senior League for the prison football team . He also helped to organise a charity football match which raised £5,000 for a childrens hospice . He was released in August 2007 , three years into his six-year sentence . Assault conviction . On 3 December 2011 , Hughes was arrested and bailed on charges of sexual assault after an incident in Croydon . He was then charged with the offence on 30 January 2012 . In May 2012 , Hughes was found guilty of common assault and fined £500 , but the charge of sexual assault was dropped . Honours . Kidderminster Harriers - Conference runner-up : 1996–97 West Bromwich Albion - Football League First Division runner-up : 2003–04 Notts County - EFL League Two : 2009–10 Port Vale - League Two third-place promotion : 2012–13 Individual - PFA Team of the Year ( First Division ) : 1998–99 - West Bromwich Albion F.C . Player of the Year : 1998–99 - League Two Player of the Month : April 2010 - PFA Team of the Year ( League Two ) : 2009–10
|
[
"West Bromwich Albion"
] |
[
{
"text": " Lee Hughes ( born 22 May 1976 ) is an English former professional footballer who played as a striker .",
"title": "Lee Hughes"
},
{
"text": "A strong striker with excellent finishing abilities , Hughes represented the England semi-professional team once in 1996 . After being released as a youth footballer , Hughes worked as a roofer alongside his father . He started his career in the Conference with Kidderminster Harriers , before winning a £380,000 move to boyhood club West Bromwich Albion in August 1997 . He finished as the clubs top-scorer for four seasons running , earning a place on the PFA Team of the Year in 1998–99 after finishing as the highest scorer in the top four divisions of English football . He",
"title": "Lee Hughes"
},
{
"text": "was sold to Coventry City for £5 million in August 2001 , before returning to West Brom for half of that figure twelve months later . He failed to impress in the Premier League as Albion suffered relegation , but helped the club to make an immediate return to the top-flight as runners-up in the First Division in 2003–04 .",
"title": "Lee Hughes"
},
{
"text": "In August 2004 , he was sentenced to six years imprisonment for causing death by dangerous driving following a fatal crash on 23 November 2003 . Following his release from prison in 2007 , he returned to the professional game with Oldham Athletic of League One . He signed for Notts County in July 2009 , and was named on the PFA Team of the Year after scoring 30 league goals as the club won the League Two title in 2009–10 . He left Notts County to sign for Port Vale in January 2013 , and helped the club to",
"title": "Lee Hughes"
},
{
"text": "secure promotion out of League Two in 2012–13 . In January 2014 , he signed for Forest Green Rovers on an 18-month deal . In January 2015 , he returned to Kidderminster Harriers , and moved on to Ilkeston and then Worcester City in the summer . He continued to be a prolific goalscorer into his 40s , and signed with AFC Telford United in February 2017 . He began his management career as joint-manager of Worcester City , alongside John Snape , in May 2017 . In March 2018 , he joined Halesowen Town as a player , where",
"title": "Lee Hughes"
},
{
"text": "he remained until moving on to Mickleover Sports in August 2019 . He joined Grantham Town in January 2020 and retired two months later at the age of 43 .",
"title": "Lee Hughes"
},
{
"text": "Hughes spent four years at West Bromwich Albion as a schoolboy from ages 11 to 15 , though was not offered a youth team contract . He then had unsuccessful trials at numerous clubs , though came close to being offered a contract by Swansea City . He instead started his career playing semi-professionally for Conference club Kidderminster Harriers , whilst holding down a part-time job as a roofer . Although Hughes scored 34 goals in the 1996–97 season , Kidderminster failed to gain promotion to the Football League after finishing five points behind champions Macclesfield Town . At this",
"title": "Kidderminster Harriers"
},
{
"text": "point in his career Hughes was regarded as one of Englands finest semi-professionals and was called up to the England national football C team . In total , Hughes scored 70 goals in 139 games for Kidderminster in all competitions . He also played for amateur touring side Middlesex Wanderers during their tour of Vietnam whilst he was aged 19 .",
"title": "Kidderminster Harriers"
},
{
"text": " Hughes was sold to West Bromwich Albion for an initial £200,000 – incentives later took the final sum up to £380,000 – in August 1997 . He said It was a dream to join the team I have supported all my life . The Daily Mirror printed that Hughes has red hair , tattoos of a Tasmanian devil and a British bulldog on his forearms , dynamite in his boots and Albion in his blood . Fans affectionately nicknamed him the Ginger Ninja .",
"title": "West Bromwich Albion"
},
{
"text": "He made his debut at The Hawthorns as a substitute in a 2–1 win over Tranmere Rovers on 9 August 1997 . Seven days later he scored two goals from the bench in a 3–2 win over Crewe Alexandra at Gresty Road . Though signed by Ray Harford , he came to the fore under new boss Denis Smith . Smith handed Hughes his first start on 28 December , in a 1–1 home draw with Stoke City . He finished his debut season as the clubs top-scorer with 14 goals in 41 appearances , and was rewarded with a",
"title": "West Bromwich Albion"
},
{
"text": "new four-year contract .",
"title": "West Bromwich Albion"
},
{
"text": "He started the 1998–99 season in fine form , and claimed his first ever hat-trick in a 3–0 win over Port Vale at Vale Park on 22 August . Despite having recently signed a long-term contract , his form and goal record led to constant rumours of a big money move to a host of Premier League clubs . West Brom eventually issued a hands-off warning to other clubs . He claimed further hat-tricks against Crystal Palace and Huddersfield Town , and finished the season with 32 goals in 45 games . This tally left him as the countrys top-scorer",
"title": "West Bromwich Albion"
},
{
"text": ". He was named on the PFA Team of the Year for the First Division . He then submitted a written transfer request , and his spokesman told the press that there have been a number of things going on behind the scenes which have unsettled him recently . In particular , his £1,400 a week salary was compared with the £5,000 a week salary of under-performing teammate Fabian de Freitas .",
"title": "West Bromwich Albion"
},
{
"text": " He remained at the club for the 1999–2000 season , and scored 17 goals in 43 appearances . Albion struggled in the First Division under new manager Brian Little , though improved after Gary Megson replaced Little as manager in March and avoided relegation despite Hughes missing the final five matches of the season due to a knee injury .",
"title": "West Bromwich Albion"
},
{
"text": "He was partnered with Jason Roberts for the 2000–01 season ; the pair went on to score 40 goals between them to help secure the Baggies a play-off place . With 23 goals to his name , he again attracted interest from other clubs . He claimed two hat-tricks in seven days against Gillingham and Preston North End . Hughes converted a penalty in a 2–2 draw with Bolton Wanderers in the first leg of the play-off semi-final , before a 3–0 defeat at the Reebok Stadium ended Albions play-off hopes . He refused to sign a new contract in",
"title": "West Bromwich Albion"
},
{
"text": "July 2001 , and was placed on the transfer list .",
"title": "West Bromwich Albion"
},
{
"text": "Hughes was sold to Gordon Strachans Coventry City for a club record transfer fee of £5,000,001 ( the unusual figure was because any offer exceeding £5 million would trigger an escape clause in his West Brom contract ) in August 2001 . His wages at Highfield Road were reported to be £15,000 a week . Hughes scored 14 goals in 40 games , including a hat-trick in a 6–1 win at Crewe Alexandra , and finished the 2001–02 season as the clubs top-scorer . Coventry rejected a loan offer from West Bromwich Albion in March 2002 , and ended the",
"title": "Coventry City"
},
{
"text": "season outside the play-offs .",
"title": "Coventry City"
},
{
"text": "In August 2002 , Hughes returned to West Bromwich Albion for a club record £2.5 million – half the fee Albion had received for him a year earlier – and signed a four-year deal with the club . Despite being a regular in the first team , Hughes failed to score a single Premier League goal in the 2002–03 season and Albion were relegated in 19th place with just six wins and 26 points from 38 matches . Hughes was criticised by several teammates following the clubs 1–0 defeat by Everton at Goodison Park , though was publicly backed by",
"title": "Coventry City"
},
{
"text": "manager Gary Megson . He told the press that I want to establish myself in the Premiership and any accusations of me not pulling my weight should be made to my face . He put his poor form down to him missing pre-season training with injury problems . He rediscovered his form back in the First Division , scoring 12 goals in 36 games in 2003–04 as West Brom secured promotion with a second-place finish . His contract at West Bromwich Albion was immediately terminated in August 2004 , following his conviction for causing death by dangerous driving . He",
"title": "Coventry City"
},
{
"text": "spent the next three years in prison , serving half of his six-year sentence .",
"title": "Coventry City"
},
{
"text": "Upon his release from prison on 20 August 2007 , Hughes signed a two-year contract with League One club Oldham Athletic ; the club asked supporters not to pass moral judgement . His reported salary of £1,800-a-week at Boundary Park was less than a 10th of what he earned at the peak of his career with West Bromwich Albion . Hughes made his debut for Oldham in a 4–1 defeat by Hartlepool United at Victoria Park on 1 September 2007 . He failed to find the net in his first seven games , and underwent an operation to correct a",
"title": "Oldham Athletic"
},
{
"text": "hernia problem . He recovered quickly from the procedure , and registered his first two goals for the Latics in a 3–0 win over Bournemouth at Dean Court on 25 November , before being named in the League One Team of the Week . He scored his first hat-trick for the club against Millwall in a 3–2 victory at The Den on 15 December , and again made the League One Team of the Week . He picked up a groin injury in March 2008 , and was sidelined for the rest of the season . Hughes had scored eight",
"title": "Oldham Athletic"
},
{
"text": "goals by the end of the 2007–08 season , making him the clubs second highest goalscorer behind Craig Davies .",
"title": "Oldham Athletic"
},
{
"text": "He opened his account for the 2008–09 season with a hat-trick in a 4–0 win over Cheltenham Town on 23 August . Stating his future ambitions as playing Championship football with Oldham , he was offered a new deal at the club on 30 December 2008 . He was linked with a move to Doncaster Rovers in January 2009 , but stayed put after talks with manager John Sheridan , who insisted Hughes was very happy at Oldham . In March 2009 , it was widely reported that Hughes had been involved in a drunken brawl with Sheridan where Hughes",
"title": "Oldham Athletic"
},
{
"text": "was reported to have had him in a headlock . Sheridan later downplayed the incident as jovial , saying people have made things up . Sheridan was sacked , but insisted that the two incidents were not related , as it was results that cost me the job .",
"title": "Oldham Athletic"
},
{
"text": "On 26 March 2009 , Hughes joined Championship club Blackpool on loan until the end of the season . He made his debut in a 1–0 defeat to Plymouth Argyle at Bloomfield Road on 4 April . His first goal for the club came on 18 April against Charlton Athletic at the Valley , when after coming on as an 89th-minute substitute , and with Blackpool 2–1 down , he scored four minutes later to make the score 2–2 . Hughes ended the campaign as Oldhams highest scorer with 18 goals in 40 appearances . However , he was one",
"title": "Oldham Athletic"
},
{
"text": "of a number of players released by the clubs new manager Dave Penney in May 2009 , and returned to Kidderminster Harriers for training in order to keep up his fitness levels whilst searching for a new club .",
"title": "Oldham Athletic"
},
{
"text": "Hughes signed for League Two team Notts County on a two-year contract on 22 July 2009 , on the same day that Sven-Göran Eriksson arrived at the club as director of football . He scored a hat-trick on his debut in a 5–0 victory over Bradford City on the opening day of the season . He then got his second hat-trick against Northampton Town in a 5–2 home win on 12 September . He claimed his third hat-trick of the campaign on 28 December during a 4–1 win over Burton Albion at the Pirelli Stadium . However the club endured",
"title": "Notts County"
},
{
"text": "a turbulent time , with manager Ian McParland sacked and replaced by Hans Backe , who himself resigned after Qadbak Investments proved unable to fund Backes wages . New owner Ray Trew appointed Steve Cotterill as manager , and County entered April ten points behind league leaders Rochdale , though Hughes remained confident that they could reduce the deficit and win the league . On 17 April , Hughes scored two goals in a 4–1 victory over Morecambe as County won promotion to League One . He was named as League Twos Player of the Month in April . On",
"title": "Notts County"
},
{
"text": "1 May , Hughes added another two goals in Countys final home game of the season , making him the first Notts player to score 30 league goals since Tommy Lawton in the 1949–50 season . He finished as the divisions top-scorer in 2009–10 with 30 league goals in 39 games , and was named on the PFA Team of the Year alongside teammates Kasper Schmeichel and Ben Davies . County won the league by a ten-point margin . In July 2010 , Hughes signed a one-year extension to his contract that would see him at Meadow Lane until the",
"title": "Notts County"
},
{
"text": "summer of 2012 .",
"title": "Notts County"
},
{
"text": "On 23 September 2010 , Hughes revealed a Boing , Boing t-shirt in a League Cup tie with Wolverhampton Wanderers at Molineux – the slogan of Wolves rivals West Bromwich Albion – and was quizzed by police after angry Wolves fans retaliated to the message by attacking Notts County supporters coaches . He was reported to be angry at being named as a substitute in a league game against Milton Keynes Dons on 11 December , though boss Paul Ince stated that Hughesy is 34 and cannot play week in week out . But hes never come and said I",
"title": "Notts County"
},
{
"text": "should be starting . Hes been different class . On 8 January 2011 , he was on the scoresheet as County beat Premier League side Sunderland 2–1 in the FA Cup . Two weeks later he was confirmed to be a target of Sheffield Wednesday . He remained with the Magpies , and ended the 2010–11 season as the clubs top-scorer with 16 goals in 37 appearances . The club again went through a succession of managers – Craig Short , Paul Ince and then Martin Allen – and ended the season three points above the relegation zone .",
"title": "Notts County"
},
{
"text": "On 8 September 2011 , he played against Italian club Juventus in the inaugural game of the Juventus Stadium , and scored Countys goal in a 1–1 draw ; after the game he had a signed shirt from Andrea Pirlo . The next month he accepted a pay cut to sign a new 18-month contract , and was quoted as saying he never planned to leave the club as the fans have taken me in and I love it here . He ended the 2011–12 campaign on 11 goals in 44 games . In summer 2012 , the club rejected",
"title": "Notts County"
},
{
"text": "offers for Hughes from Cheltenham Town and former club Oldham Athletic .",
"title": "Notts County"
},
{
"text": "At the beginning of the 2012–13 season , new manager Keith Curle stated that we know he is of an age where he wont be playing for 46 games , so he needs to be managed . New signing Yoann Arquin became the countys first choice striker , and Hughes announced his intention to leave the club in order to find first team football . He was reported to have joined Port Vale on loan , with a view to a permanent move , on 22 November 2012 ; though the deal had yet to be ratified by the English",
"title": "Notts County"
},
{
"text": "Football League . However , the next day it was revealed that the loan move would not go through as the relevant paperwork had not been sent in on time . Three weeks later Hughes provided the club with a sick note , saying that he was unavailable until January . His contract was terminated by mutual consent on 7 January 2013 .",
"title": "Notts County"
},
{
"text": "Hughes joined Port Vale the day after securing his exit from Notts County , as the BBC reported that promotion-chasing boss Micky Adams wants to bring him in to add impetus to a Vale attack who have occasionally misfired this term . He signed a contract to keep him at Vale Park until the end of the 2012–13 season , at which point his contract would be extended by 12 months if the Valiants were promoted . However Hughes later revealed that Adams was against the transfer but had been overruled by chairman Norman Smurthwaite . He marked his debut",
"title": "Port Vale"
},
{
"text": "against the Gills with the winning goal that sent Vale to the top of the table . Being partnered with the countrys leading goalscorer Tom Pope allowed Hughes space in front of goal vacated by opposition defenders attempting to double up on Pope . Hughes scored his first hat-trick for the Valiants in a 7–1 home victory over Burton Albion on 5 April , with two of his goals coming from the penalty spot as he took over from Jennison Myrie-Williams as the clubs penalty taker . This performance won him a place on the League Two team of the",
"title": "Port Vale"
},
{
"text": "week . Vale were promoted at the end of the season , with Hughes scoring ten goals in his 18 games , ensuring his contract was extended until summer 2014 .",
"title": "Port Vale"
},
{
"text": " He was not a regular starter in the 2013–14 season , especially as Jordan Hugill began to impress from the youth development squad , and so he decided to leave the club in the January transfer window .",
"title": "Port Vale"
},
{
"text": "On 3 January 2014 , he joined Conference Premier side Forest Green Rovers on an 18-month contract . Manager Adrian Pennock stated that Hes come to play football , hes not come for money and Im chuffed to have him on board . He has the experience we need and I believe hell score goals . He made his debut six days later in a 1–1 draw with Hereford United at The New Lawn . On 25 January , he scored his first goals for the club , securing a brace in a 3–0 home win over Chester . He",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "ended the 2013–14 season with eight goals in 21 appearances for Rovers .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " On the opening day of the 2014–15 season , Hughes scored Forest Greens winning goal in a 1–0 away victory at Southport . He then scored his 300th career goal with his second strike of the season in a 2–0 win over Alfreton Town at The New Lawn on 16 August 2014 .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "On 30 January 2015 , Hughes returned to Conference Premier club Kidderminster Harriers on a deal till the end of the season after having his contract with Forest Green Rovers mutually terminated . On his second debut for Kidderminster , he put his side ahead in a Worcestershire Senior Cup tie against Stourbridge . He also scored on his league return against Woking at Aggborough , scoring in the 39th minute in a 1–1 draw . He was released at the end of the season as manager Gary Whilds playing budget was reduced by half for the 2015–16 campaign .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " After impressing in pre season , Hughes signed for Northern Premier League Premier Division side Ilkeston , and was sent off on his debut against Skelmersdale United on 15 August 2015 .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "In September 2015 , Hughes signed for Worcester City on non-contract terms , who played at Aggborough , the home of Kidderminster Harriers where he started his career . He scored 19 goals in 29 appearances in the 2015–16 campaign . In February 2017 , he applied to succeed Carl Heeley as manager . However , he instead left the financially troubled club and moved on to National League North rivals AFC Telford United .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "In March 2018 , Hughes signed for Northern Premier League Premier Division side Halesowen Town as a player . The Yeltz ended the 2017–18 season in 23rd-place , before being relegated out of the Southern League Premier Division Central at the end of the 2018–19 campaign . He left Halesowen in August 2019 , after losing his place in the starting eleven . Later that month he joined league rivals Mickleover Sports , where he made nineteen league appearances and scored six goals , and then Grantham Town in January 2020 , where he scored once in six league appearances",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " He was reported to have been a target for Nuneaton Borough just before the 2019–20 season was formally abandoned on 26 March , with all results from the season being expunged , due to the COVID-19 pandemic in England . He announced his retirement in April 2020 , at the age of 43 .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " Hughes rejoined Worcester City as both a player and as joint-manager , alongside John Snape , on 4 May 2017 ; Worcester had just been relegated out of the National League North . He resigned on 6 March 2018 . In March 2019 , he was appointed caretaker player-manager of Halesowen Town , remaining in the role until May .",
"title": "Management career"
},
{
"text": "Describing Hughess attributes in January 2013 , former Notts County coach Dave Kevan said that he was a fantastic finisher.. . a clever player whose movement is good , whose intelligence is good , who uses his body well and who uses his strength well.. . he plays with his brain and hes adapted his game as he has got older.. . hes also clever enough to create opportunities for others . He maintained a natural goalscoring instinct throughout his career , and has said I always fancy myself to stick the ball in the back of the net if",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "I get a chance . His dancing goal celebration originated as a mocking tribute of a friends bad dancing .",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "The son of Bill and Gail Hughes , older brother to Clint and Brett , Hughes worked with his father as a roofer in his home-town of Smethwick before turning professional . In 1999 , Sharlene Gillies claimed that she and Hughes had a child together . DNA tests later proved that he was not the father , though by this time his engagement to lap dancer Donna Nisbet was called off . Hughes stated that I dont think Donna was particularly happy with all the limelight that comes with football , though insisted that barracking from opposition fans only",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "made him more determined to put in a good performance on the pitch . Hughes and Jason Roberts were questioned by police over allegations that they assaulted a man outside a pub in Brierley Hill ; the case was dropped in September 2000 . It was reported that he had converted to Islam during his time in prison , due in part to his friendship with Muslim prisoners and the fact that abuse of alcohol had helped to bring about his downfall – his father said that this story is not true . In 2005 Hughes was reported to be",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "on suicide watch after learning that his wife had reportedly been seeing a younger man .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " He married air hostess Anna Kuzmanic in June 2000 in the Croatian town of Trogir . The couple had two children together but split up in 2008 ; the split was described as very amicable . His eldest , Mia , was born in November 2000 . Hughes was declared bankrupt in March 2018 . Causing death by dangerous driving conviction .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "On 23 November 2003 , near his home in the Warwickshire village of Meriden , West Midlands , Hughes lost control of his Mercedes CL55 AMG and went onto the wrong side of the road before colliding with a Renault Scénic . A passenger in the Renault , Douglas Graham , was killed in the incident , whilst his wife Maureen and the driver Albert Frisby were severely injured . Hughes and passenger Adrian Smith left the scene , before turning themselves in to the police 36 hours later . He was arrested on suspicion of causing death by dangerous",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "driving . He denied the charge , though later pleaded guilty to charges of failing to stop and failing to report an accident .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "During his trial at Coventry Crown Court , Hughes was accused of driving too fast in wet conditions and was described as driving like a madman . He claimed the brakes on his car had locked , though tests showed that the brakes were in perfect working order and had technology installed to prevent the driver from losing control . When asked where he had been in the 36 hours after leaving the scene of the incident Hughes said that I would rather not say , really , though later admitted he had travelled 20 miles to Smethwick . Prosecutor",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Melbourne Inman QC told the court Hughes had fled the scene to dodge a breath test . On 9 August 2004 , Hughes was found guilty of causing death by dangerous driving , and was sentenced to six years imprisonment . Frisby said that the sentence was not long enough . Hughes lodged an appeal against the sentence , but not the conviction . In January 2005 , his appeal for his sentence to be reduced was refused .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " He served his time in Category C prisons . During his time in HM Prison Featherstone he played in the Staffordshire County Senior League for the prison football team . He also helped to organise a charity football match which raised £5,000 for a childrens hospice . He was released in August 2007 , three years into his six-year sentence .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " On 3 December 2011 , Hughes was arrested and bailed on charges of sexual assault after an incident in Croydon . He was then charged with the offence on 30 January 2012 . In May 2012 , Hughes was found guilty of common assault and fined £500 , but the charge of sexual assault was dropped .",
"title": "Assault conviction"
},
{
"text": " - PFA Team of the Year ( First Division ) : 1998–99 - West Bromwich Albion F.C . Player of the Year : 1998–99 - League Two Player of the Month : April 2010 - PFA Team of the Year ( League Two ) : 2009–10",
"title": "Individual"
}
] |
/wiki/Lee_Hughes#P54#4
|
Which team did the player Lee Hughes belong to between Jul 2007 and Dec 2007?
|
Lee Hughes Lee Hughes ( born 22 May 1976 ) is an English former professional footballer who played as a striker . A strong striker with excellent finishing abilities , Hughes represented the England semi-professional team once in 1996 . After being released as a youth footballer , Hughes worked as a roofer alongside his father . He started his career in the Conference with Kidderminster Harriers , before winning a £380,000 move to boyhood club West Bromwich Albion in August 1997 . He finished as the clubs top-scorer for four seasons running , earning a place on the PFA Team of the Year in 1998–99 after finishing as the highest scorer in the top four divisions of English football . He was sold to Coventry City for £5 million in August 2001 , before returning to West Brom for half of that figure twelve months later . He failed to impress in the Premier League as Albion suffered relegation , but helped the club to make an immediate return to the top-flight as runners-up in the First Division in 2003–04 . In August 2004 , he was sentenced to six years imprisonment for causing death by dangerous driving following a fatal crash on 23 November 2003 . Following his release from prison in 2007 , he returned to the professional game with Oldham Athletic of League One . He signed for Notts County in July 2009 , and was named on the PFA Team of the Year after scoring 30 league goals as the club won the League Two title in 2009–10 . He left Notts County to sign for Port Vale in January 2013 , and helped the club to secure promotion out of League Two in 2012–13 . In January 2014 , he signed for Forest Green Rovers on an 18-month deal . In January 2015 , he returned to Kidderminster Harriers , and moved on to Ilkeston and then Worcester City in the summer . He continued to be a prolific goalscorer into his 40s , and signed with AFC Telford United in February 2017 . He began his management career as joint-manager of Worcester City , alongside John Snape , in May 2017 . In March 2018 , he joined Halesowen Town as a player , where he remained until moving on to Mickleover Sports in August 2019 . He joined Grantham Town in January 2020 and retired two months later at the age of 43 . Club career . Kidderminster Harriers . Hughes spent four years at West Bromwich Albion as a schoolboy from ages 11 to 15 , though was not offered a youth team contract . He then had unsuccessful trials at numerous clubs , though came close to being offered a contract by Swansea City . He instead started his career playing semi-professionally for Conference club Kidderminster Harriers , whilst holding down a part-time job as a roofer . Although Hughes scored 34 goals in the 1996–97 season , Kidderminster failed to gain promotion to the Football League after finishing five points behind champions Macclesfield Town . At this point in his career Hughes was regarded as one of Englands finest semi-professionals and was called up to the England national football C team . In total , Hughes scored 70 goals in 139 games for Kidderminster in all competitions . He also played for amateur touring side Middlesex Wanderers during their tour of Vietnam whilst he was aged 19 . West Bromwich Albion . Hughes was sold to West Bromwich Albion for an initial £200,000 – incentives later took the final sum up to £380,000 – in August 1997 . He said It was a dream to join the team I have supported all my life . The Daily Mirror printed that Hughes has red hair , tattoos of a Tasmanian devil and a British bulldog on his forearms , dynamite in his boots and Albion in his blood . Fans affectionately nicknamed him the Ginger Ninja . He made his debut at The Hawthorns as a substitute in a 2–1 win over Tranmere Rovers on 9 August 1997 . Seven days later he scored two goals from the bench in a 3–2 win over Crewe Alexandra at Gresty Road . Though signed by Ray Harford , he came to the fore under new boss Denis Smith . Smith handed Hughes his first start on 28 December , in a 1–1 home draw with Stoke City . He finished his debut season as the clubs top-scorer with 14 goals in 41 appearances , and was rewarded with a new four-year contract . He started the 1998–99 season in fine form , and claimed his first ever hat-trick in a 3–0 win over Port Vale at Vale Park on 22 August . Despite having recently signed a long-term contract , his form and goal record led to constant rumours of a big money move to a host of Premier League clubs . West Brom eventually issued a hands-off warning to other clubs . He claimed further hat-tricks against Crystal Palace and Huddersfield Town , and finished the season with 32 goals in 45 games . This tally left him as the countrys top-scorer . He was named on the PFA Team of the Year for the First Division . He then submitted a written transfer request , and his spokesman told the press that there have been a number of things going on behind the scenes which have unsettled him recently . In particular , his £1,400 a week salary was compared with the £5,000 a week salary of under-performing teammate Fabian de Freitas . He remained at the club for the 1999–2000 season , and scored 17 goals in 43 appearances . Albion struggled in the First Division under new manager Brian Little , though improved after Gary Megson replaced Little as manager in March and avoided relegation despite Hughes missing the final five matches of the season due to a knee injury . He was partnered with Jason Roberts for the 2000–01 season ; the pair went on to score 40 goals between them to help secure the Baggies a play-off place . With 23 goals to his name , he again attracted interest from other clubs . He claimed two hat-tricks in seven days against Gillingham and Preston North End . Hughes converted a penalty in a 2–2 draw with Bolton Wanderers in the first leg of the play-off semi-final , before a 3–0 defeat at the Reebok Stadium ended Albions play-off hopes . He refused to sign a new contract in July 2001 , and was placed on the transfer list . Coventry City . Hughes was sold to Gordon Strachans Coventry City for a club record transfer fee of £5,000,001 ( the unusual figure was because any offer exceeding £5 million would trigger an escape clause in his West Brom contract ) in August 2001 . His wages at Highfield Road were reported to be £15,000 a week . Hughes scored 14 goals in 40 games , including a hat-trick in a 6–1 win at Crewe Alexandra , and finished the 2001–02 season as the clubs top-scorer . Coventry rejected a loan offer from West Bromwich Albion in March 2002 , and ended the season outside the play-offs . Return to West Bromwich Albion . In August 2002 , Hughes returned to West Bromwich Albion for a club record £2.5 million – half the fee Albion had received for him a year earlier – and signed a four-year deal with the club . Despite being a regular in the first team , Hughes failed to score a single Premier League goal in the 2002–03 season and Albion were relegated in 19th place with just six wins and 26 points from 38 matches . Hughes was criticised by several teammates following the clubs 1–0 defeat by Everton at Goodison Park , though was publicly backed by manager Gary Megson . He told the press that I want to establish myself in the Premiership and any accusations of me not pulling my weight should be made to my face . He put his poor form down to him missing pre-season training with injury problems . He rediscovered his form back in the First Division , scoring 12 goals in 36 games in 2003–04 as West Brom secured promotion with a second-place finish . His contract at West Bromwich Albion was immediately terminated in August 2004 , following his conviction for causing death by dangerous driving . He spent the next three years in prison , serving half of his six-year sentence . Oldham Athletic . Upon his release from prison on 20 August 2007 , Hughes signed a two-year contract with League One club Oldham Athletic ; the club asked supporters not to pass moral judgement . His reported salary of £1,800-a-week at Boundary Park was less than a 10th of what he earned at the peak of his career with West Bromwich Albion . Hughes made his debut for Oldham in a 4–1 defeat by Hartlepool United at Victoria Park on 1 September 2007 . He failed to find the net in his first seven games , and underwent an operation to correct a hernia problem . He recovered quickly from the procedure , and registered his first two goals for the Latics in a 3–0 win over Bournemouth at Dean Court on 25 November , before being named in the League One Team of the Week . He scored his first hat-trick for the club against Millwall in a 3–2 victory at The Den on 15 December , and again made the League One Team of the Week . He picked up a groin injury in March 2008 , and was sidelined for the rest of the season . Hughes had scored eight goals by the end of the 2007–08 season , making him the clubs second highest goalscorer behind Craig Davies . He opened his account for the 2008–09 season with a hat-trick in a 4–0 win over Cheltenham Town on 23 August . Stating his future ambitions as playing Championship football with Oldham , he was offered a new deal at the club on 30 December 2008 . He was linked with a move to Doncaster Rovers in January 2009 , but stayed put after talks with manager John Sheridan , who insisted Hughes was very happy at Oldham . In March 2009 , it was widely reported that Hughes had been involved in a drunken brawl with Sheridan where Hughes was reported to have had him in a headlock . Sheridan later downplayed the incident as jovial , saying people have made things up . Sheridan was sacked , but insisted that the two incidents were not related , as it was results that cost me the job . On 26 March 2009 , Hughes joined Championship club Blackpool on loan until the end of the season . He made his debut in a 1–0 defeat to Plymouth Argyle at Bloomfield Road on 4 April . His first goal for the club came on 18 April against Charlton Athletic at the Valley , when after coming on as an 89th-minute substitute , and with Blackpool 2–1 down , he scored four minutes later to make the score 2–2 . Hughes ended the campaign as Oldhams highest scorer with 18 goals in 40 appearances . However , he was one of a number of players released by the clubs new manager Dave Penney in May 2009 , and returned to Kidderminster Harriers for training in order to keep up his fitness levels whilst searching for a new club . Notts County . Hughes signed for League Two team Notts County on a two-year contract on 22 July 2009 , on the same day that Sven-Göran Eriksson arrived at the club as director of football . He scored a hat-trick on his debut in a 5–0 victory over Bradford City on the opening day of the season . He then got his second hat-trick against Northampton Town in a 5–2 home win on 12 September . He claimed his third hat-trick of the campaign on 28 December during a 4–1 win over Burton Albion at the Pirelli Stadium . However the club endured a turbulent time , with manager Ian McParland sacked and replaced by Hans Backe , who himself resigned after Qadbak Investments proved unable to fund Backes wages . New owner Ray Trew appointed Steve Cotterill as manager , and County entered April ten points behind league leaders Rochdale , though Hughes remained confident that they could reduce the deficit and win the league . On 17 April , Hughes scored two goals in a 4–1 victory over Morecambe as County won promotion to League One . He was named as League Twos Player of the Month in April . On 1 May , Hughes added another two goals in Countys final home game of the season , making him the first Notts player to score 30 league goals since Tommy Lawton in the 1949–50 season . He finished as the divisions top-scorer in 2009–10 with 30 league goals in 39 games , and was named on the PFA Team of the Year alongside teammates Kasper Schmeichel and Ben Davies . County won the league by a ten-point margin . In July 2010 , Hughes signed a one-year extension to his contract that would see him at Meadow Lane until the summer of 2012 . On 23 September 2010 , Hughes revealed a Boing , Boing t-shirt in a League Cup tie with Wolverhampton Wanderers at Molineux – the slogan of Wolves rivals West Bromwich Albion – and was quizzed by police after angry Wolves fans retaliated to the message by attacking Notts County supporters coaches . He was reported to be angry at being named as a substitute in a league game against Milton Keynes Dons on 11 December , though boss Paul Ince stated that Hughesy is 34 and cannot play week in week out . But hes never come and said I should be starting . Hes been different class . On 8 January 2011 , he was on the scoresheet as County beat Premier League side Sunderland 2–1 in the FA Cup . Two weeks later he was confirmed to be a target of Sheffield Wednesday . He remained with the Magpies , and ended the 2010–11 season as the clubs top-scorer with 16 goals in 37 appearances . The club again went through a succession of managers – Craig Short , Paul Ince and then Martin Allen – and ended the season three points above the relegation zone . On 8 September 2011 , he played against Italian club Juventus in the inaugural game of the Juventus Stadium , and scored Countys goal in a 1–1 draw ; after the game he had a signed shirt from Andrea Pirlo . The next month he accepted a pay cut to sign a new 18-month contract , and was quoted as saying he never planned to leave the club as the fans have taken me in and I love it here . He ended the 2011–12 campaign on 11 goals in 44 games . In summer 2012 , the club rejected offers for Hughes from Cheltenham Town and former club Oldham Athletic . At the beginning of the 2012–13 season , new manager Keith Curle stated that we know he is of an age where he wont be playing for 46 games , so he needs to be managed . New signing Yoann Arquin became the countys first choice striker , and Hughes announced his intention to leave the club in order to find first team football . He was reported to have joined Port Vale on loan , with a view to a permanent move , on 22 November 2012 ; though the deal had yet to be ratified by the English Football League . However , the next day it was revealed that the loan move would not go through as the relevant paperwork had not been sent in on time . Three weeks later Hughes provided the club with a sick note , saying that he was unavailable until January . His contract was terminated by mutual consent on 7 January 2013 . Port Vale . Hughes joined Port Vale the day after securing his exit from Notts County , as the BBC reported that promotion-chasing boss Micky Adams wants to bring him in to add impetus to a Vale attack who have occasionally misfired this term . He signed a contract to keep him at Vale Park until the end of the 2012–13 season , at which point his contract would be extended by 12 months if the Valiants were promoted . However Hughes later revealed that Adams was against the transfer but had been overruled by chairman Norman Smurthwaite . He marked his debut against the Gills with the winning goal that sent Vale to the top of the table . Being partnered with the countrys leading goalscorer Tom Pope allowed Hughes space in front of goal vacated by opposition defenders attempting to double up on Pope . Hughes scored his first hat-trick for the Valiants in a 7–1 home victory over Burton Albion on 5 April , with two of his goals coming from the penalty spot as he took over from Jennison Myrie-Williams as the clubs penalty taker . This performance won him a place on the League Two team of the week . Vale were promoted at the end of the season , with Hughes scoring ten goals in his 18 games , ensuring his contract was extended until summer 2014 . He was not a regular starter in the 2013–14 season , especially as Jordan Hugill began to impress from the youth development squad , and so he decided to leave the club in the January transfer window . Later career . On 3 January 2014 , he joined Conference Premier side Forest Green Rovers on an 18-month contract . Manager Adrian Pennock stated that Hes come to play football , hes not come for money and Im chuffed to have him on board . He has the experience we need and I believe hell score goals . He made his debut six days later in a 1–1 draw with Hereford United at The New Lawn . On 25 January , he scored his first goals for the club , securing a brace in a 3–0 home win over Chester . He ended the 2013–14 season with eight goals in 21 appearances for Rovers . On the opening day of the 2014–15 season , Hughes scored Forest Greens winning goal in a 1–0 away victory at Southport . He then scored his 300th career goal with his second strike of the season in a 2–0 win over Alfreton Town at The New Lawn on 16 August 2014 . On 30 January 2015 , Hughes returned to Conference Premier club Kidderminster Harriers on a deal till the end of the season after having his contract with Forest Green Rovers mutually terminated . On his second debut for Kidderminster , he put his side ahead in a Worcestershire Senior Cup tie against Stourbridge . He also scored on his league return against Woking at Aggborough , scoring in the 39th minute in a 1–1 draw . He was released at the end of the season as manager Gary Whilds playing budget was reduced by half for the 2015–16 campaign . After impressing in pre season , Hughes signed for Northern Premier League Premier Division side Ilkeston , and was sent off on his debut against Skelmersdale United on 15 August 2015 . In September 2015 , Hughes signed for Worcester City on non-contract terms , who played at Aggborough , the home of Kidderminster Harriers where he started his career . He scored 19 goals in 29 appearances in the 2015–16 campaign . In February 2017 , he applied to succeed Carl Heeley as manager . However , he instead left the financially troubled club and moved on to National League North rivals AFC Telford United . In March 2018 , Hughes signed for Northern Premier League Premier Division side Halesowen Town as a player . The Yeltz ended the 2017–18 season in 23rd-place , before being relegated out of the Southern League Premier Division Central at the end of the 2018–19 campaign . He left Halesowen in August 2019 , after losing his place in the starting eleven . Later that month he joined league rivals Mickleover Sports , where he made nineteen league appearances and scored six goals , and then Grantham Town in January 2020 , where he scored once in six league appearances . He was reported to have been a target for Nuneaton Borough just before the 2019–20 season was formally abandoned on 26 March , with all results from the season being expunged , due to the COVID-19 pandemic in England . He announced his retirement in April 2020 , at the age of 43 . Management career . Hughes rejoined Worcester City as both a player and as joint-manager , alongside John Snape , on 4 May 2017 ; Worcester had just been relegated out of the National League North . He resigned on 6 March 2018 . In March 2019 , he was appointed caretaker player-manager of Halesowen Town , remaining in the role until May . Style of play . Describing Hughess attributes in January 2013 , former Notts County coach Dave Kevan said that he was a fantastic finisher.. . a clever player whose movement is good , whose intelligence is good , who uses his body well and who uses his strength well.. . he plays with his brain and hes adapted his game as he has got older.. . hes also clever enough to create opportunities for others . He maintained a natural goalscoring instinct throughout his career , and has said I always fancy myself to stick the ball in the back of the net if I get a chance . His dancing goal celebration originated as a mocking tribute of a friends bad dancing . Personal life . The son of Bill and Gail Hughes , older brother to Clint and Brett , Hughes worked with his father as a roofer in his home-town of Smethwick before turning professional . In 1999 , Sharlene Gillies claimed that she and Hughes had a child together . DNA tests later proved that he was not the father , though by this time his engagement to lap dancer Donna Nisbet was called off . Hughes stated that I dont think Donna was particularly happy with all the limelight that comes with football , though insisted that barracking from opposition fans only made him more determined to put in a good performance on the pitch . Hughes and Jason Roberts were questioned by police over allegations that they assaulted a man outside a pub in Brierley Hill ; the case was dropped in September 2000 . It was reported that he had converted to Islam during his time in prison , due in part to his friendship with Muslim prisoners and the fact that abuse of alcohol had helped to bring about his downfall – his father said that this story is not true . In 2005 Hughes was reported to be on suicide watch after learning that his wife had reportedly been seeing a younger man . He married air hostess Anna Kuzmanic in June 2000 in the Croatian town of Trogir . The couple had two children together but split up in 2008 ; the split was described as very amicable . His eldest , Mia , was born in November 2000 . Hughes was declared bankrupt in March 2018 . Causing death by dangerous driving conviction . On 23 November 2003 , near his home in the Warwickshire village of Meriden , West Midlands , Hughes lost control of his Mercedes CL55 AMG and went onto the wrong side of the road before colliding with a Renault Scénic . A passenger in the Renault , Douglas Graham , was killed in the incident , whilst his wife Maureen and the driver Albert Frisby were severely injured . Hughes and passenger Adrian Smith left the scene , before turning themselves in to the police 36 hours later . He was arrested on suspicion of causing death by dangerous driving . He denied the charge , though later pleaded guilty to charges of failing to stop and failing to report an accident . During his trial at Coventry Crown Court , Hughes was accused of driving too fast in wet conditions and was described as driving like a madman . He claimed the brakes on his car had locked , though tests showed that the brakes were in perfect working order and had technology installed to prevent the driver from losing control . When asked where he had been in the 36 hours after leaving the scene of the incident Hughes said that I would rather not say , really , though later admitted he had travelled 20 miles to Smethwick . Prosecutor Melbourne Inman QC told the court Hughes had fled the scene to dodge a breath test . On 9 August 2004 , Hughes was found guilty of causing death by dangerous driving , and was sentenced to six years imprisonment . Frisby said that the sentence was not long enough . Hughes lodged an appeal against the sentence , but not the conviction . In January 2005 , his appeal for his sentence to be reduced was refused . He served his time in Category C prisons . During his time in HM Prison Featherstone he played in the Staffordshire County Senior League for the prison football team . He also helped to organise a charity football match which raised £5,000 for a childrens hospice . He was released in August 2007 , three years into his six-year sentence . Assault conviction . On 3 December 2011 , Hughes was arrested and bailed on charges of sexual assault after an incident in Croydon . He was then charged with the offence on 30 January 2012 . In May 2012 , Hughes was found guilty of common assault and fined £500 , but the charge of sexual assault was dropped . Honours . Kidderminster Harriers - Conference runner-up : 1996–97 West Bromwich Albion - Football League First Division runner-up : 2003–04 Notts County - EFL League Two : 2009–10 Port Vale - League Two third-place promotion : 2012–13 Individual - PFA Team of the Year ( First Division ) : 1998–99 - West Bromwich Albion F.C . Player of the Year : 1998–99 - League Two Player of the Month : April 2010 - PFA Team of the Year ( League Two ) : 2009–10
|
[
"Oldham Athletic"
] |
[
{
"text": " Lee Hughes ( born 22 May 1976 ) is an English former professional footballer who played as a striker .",
"title": "Lee Hughes"
},
{
"text": "A strong striker with excellent finishing abilities , Hughes represented the England semi-professional team once in 1996 . After being released as a youth footballer , Hughes worked as a roofer alongside his father . He started his career in the Conference with Kidderminster Harriers , before winning a £380,000 move to boyhood club West Bromwich Albion in August 1997 . He finished as the clubs top-scorer for four seasons running , earning a place on the PFA Team of the Year in 1998–99 after finishing as the highest scorer in the top four divisions of English football . He",
"title": "Lee Hughes"
},
{
"text": "was sold to Coventry City for £5 million in August 2001 , before returning to West Brom for half of that figure twelve months later . He failed to impress in the Premier League as Albion suffered relegation , but helped the club to make an immediate return to the top-flight as runners-up in the First Division in 2003–04 .",
"title": "Lee Hughes"
},
{
"text": "In August 2004 , he was sentenced to six years imprisonment for causing death by dangerous driving following a fatal crash on 23 November 2003 . Following his release from prison in 2007 , he returned to the professional game with Oldham Athletic of League One . He signed for Notts County in July 2009 , and was named on the PFA Team of the Year after scoring 30 league goals as the club won the League Two title in 2009–10 . He left Notts County to sign for Port Vale in January 2013 , and helped the club to",
"title": "Lee Hughes"
},
{
"text": "secure promotion out of League Two in 2012–13 . In January 2014 , he signed for Forest Green Rovers on an 18-month deal . In January 2015 , he returned to Kidderminster Harriers , and moved on to Ilkeston and then Worcester City in the summer . He continued to be a prolific goalscorer into his 40s , and signed with AFC Telford United in February 2017 . He began his management career as joint-manager of Worcester City , alongside John Snape , in May 2017 . In March 2018 , he joined Halesowen Town as a player , where",
"title": "Lee Hughes"
},
{
"text": "he remained until moving on to Mickleover Sports in August 2019 . He joined Grantham Town in January 2020 and retired two months later at the age of 43 .",
"title": "Lee Hughes"
},
{
"text": "Hughes spent four years at West Bromwich Albion as a schoolboy from ages 11 to 15 , though was not offered a youth team contract . He then had unsuccessful trials at numerous clubs , though came close to being offered a contract by Swansea City . He instead started his career playing semi-professionally for Conference club Kidderminster Harriers , whilst holding down a part-time job as a roofer . Although Hughes scored 34 goals in the 1996–97 season , Kidderminster failed to gain promotion to the Football League after finishing five points behind champions Macclesfield Town . At this",
"title": "Kidderminster Harriers"
},
{
"text": "point in his career Hughes was regarded as one of Englands finest semi-professionals and was called up to the England national football C team . In total , Hughes scored 70 goals in 139 games for Kidderminster in all competitions . He also played for amateur touring side Middlesex Wanderers during their tour of Vietnam whilst he was aged 19 .",
"title": "Kidderminster Harriers"
},
{
"text": " Hughes was sold to West Bromwich Albion for an initial £200,000 – incentives later took the final sum up to £380,000 – in August 1997 . He said It was a dream to join the team I have supported all my life . The Daily Mirror printed that Hughes has red hair , tattoos of a Tasmanian devil and a British bulldog on his forearms , dynamite in his boots and Albion in his blood . Fans affectionately nicknamed him the Ginger Ninja .",
"title": "West Bromwich Albion"
},
{
"text": "He made his debut at The Hawthorns as a substitute in a 2–1 win over Tranmere Rovers on 9 August 1997 . Seven days later he scored two goals from the bench in a 3–2 win over Crewe Alexandra at Gresty Road . Though signed by Ray Harford , he came to the fore under new boss Denis Smith . Smith handed Hughes his first start on 28 December , in a 1–1 home draw with Stoke City . He finished his debut season as the clubs top-scorer with 14 goals in 41 appearances , and was rewarded with a",
"title": "West Bromwich Albion"
},
{
"text": "new four-year contract .",
"title": "West Bromwich Albion"
},
{
"text": "He started the 1998–99 season in fine form , and claimed his first ever hat-trick in a 3–0 win over Port Vale at Vale Park on 22 August . Despite having recently signed a long-term contract , his form and goal record led to constant rumours of a big money move to a host of Premier League clubs . West Brom eventually issued a hands-off warning to other clubs . He claimed further hat-tricks against Crystal Palace and Huddersfield Town , and finished the season with 32 goals in 45 games . This tally left him as the countrys top-scorer",
"title": "West Bromwich Albion"
},
{
"text": ". He was named on the PFA Team of the Year for the First Division . He then submitted a written transfer request , and his spokesman told the press that there have been a number of things going on behind the scenes which have unsettled him recently . In particular , his £1,400 a week salary was compared with the £5,000 a week salary of under-performing teammate Fabian de Freitas .",
"title": "West Bromwich Albion"
},
{
"text": " He remained at the club for the 1999–2000 season , and scored 17 goals in 43 appearances . Albion struggled in the First Division under new manager Brian Little , though improved after Gary Megson replaced Little as manager in March and avoided relegation despite Hughes missing the final five matches of the season due to a knee injury .",
"title": "West Bromwich Albion"
},
{
"text": "He was partnered with Jason Roberts for the 2000–01 season ; the pair went on to score 40 goals between them to help secure the Baggies a play-off place . With 23 goals to his name , he again attracted interest from other clubs . He claimed two hat-tricks in seven days against Gillingham and Preston North End . Hughes converted a penalty in a 2–2 draw with Bolton Wanderers in the first leg of the play-off semi-final , before a 3–0 defeat at the Reebok Stadium ended Albions play-off hopes . He refused to sign a new contract in",
"title": "West Bromwich Albion"
},
{
"text": "July 2001 , and was placed on the transfer list .",
"title": "West Bromwich Albion"
},
{
"text": "Hughes was sold to Gordon Strachans Coventry City for a club record transfer fee of £5,000,001 ( the unusual figure was because any offer exceeding £5 million would trigger an escape clause in his West Brom contract ) in August 2001 . His wages at Highfield Road were reported to be £15,000 a week . Hughes scored 14 goals in 40 games , including a hat-trick in a 6–1 win at Crewe Alexandra , and finished the 2001–02 season as the clubs top-scorer . Coventry rejected a loan offer from West Bromwich Albion in March 2002 , and ended the",
"title": "Coventry City"
},
{
"text": "season outside the play-offs .",
"title": "Coventry City"
},
{
"text": "In August 2002 , Hughes returned to West Bromwich Albion for a club record £2.5 million – half the fee Albion had received for him a year earlier – and signed a four-year deal with the club . Despite being a regular in the first team , Hughes failed to score a single Premier League goal in the 2002–03 season and Albion were relegated in 19th place with just six wins and 26 points from 38 matches . Hughes was criticised by several teammates following the clubs 1–0 defeat by Everton at Goodison Park , though was publicly backed by",
"title": "Coventry City"
},
{
"text": "manager Gary Megson . He told the press that I want to establish myself in the Premiership and any accusations of me not pulling my weight should be made to my face . He put his poor form down to him missing pre-season training with injury problems . He rediscovered his form back in the First Division , scoring 12 goals in 36 games in 2003–04 as West Brom secured promotion with a second-place finish . His contract at West Bromwich Albion was immediately terminated in August 2004 , following his conviction for causing death by dangerous driving . He",
"title": "Coventry City"
},
{
"text": "spent the next three years in prison , serving half of his six-year sentence .",
"title": "Coventry City"
},
{
"text": "Upon his release from prison on 20 August 2007 , Hughes signed a two-year contract with League One club Oldham Athletic ; the club asked supporters not to pass moral judgement . His reported salary of £1,800-a-week at Boundary Park was less than a 10th of what he earned at the peak of his career with West Bromwich Albion . Hughes made his debut for Oldham in a 4–1 defeat by Hartlepool United at Victoria Park on 1 September 2007 . He failed to find the net in his first seven games , and underwent an operation to correct a",
"title": "Oldham Athletic"
},
{
"text": "hernia problem . He recovered quickly from the procedure , and registered his first two goals for the Latics in a 3–0 win over Bournemouth at Dean Court on 25 November , before being named in the League One Team of the Week . He scored his first hat-trick for the club against Millwall in a 3–2 victory at The Den on 15 December , and again made the League One Team of the Week . He picked up a groin injury in March 2008 , and was sidelined for the rest of the season . Hughes had scored eight",
"title": "Oldham Athletic"
},
{
"text": "goals by the end of the 2007–08 season , making him the clubs second highest goalscorer behind Craig Davies .",
"title": "Oldham Athletic"
},
{
"text": "He opened his account for the 2008–09 season with a hat-trick in a 4–0 win over Cheltenham Town on 23 August . Stating his future ambitions as playing Championship football with Oldham , he was offered a new deal at the club on 30 December 2008 . He was linked with a move to Doncaster Rovers in January 2009 , but stayed put after talks with manager John Sheridan , who insisted Hughes was very happy at Oldham . In March 2009 , it was widely reported that Hughes had been involved in a drunken brawl with Sheridan where Hughes",
"title": "Oldham Athletic"
},
{
"text": "was reported to have had him in a headlock . Sheridan later downplayed the incident as jovial , saying people have made things up . Sheridan was sacked , but insisted that the two incidents were not related , as it was results that cost me the job .",
"title": "Oldham Athletic"
},
{
"text": "On 26 March 2009 , Hughes joined Championship club Blackpool on loan until the end of the season . He made his debut in a 1–0 defeat to Plymouth Argyle at Bloomfield Road on 4 April . His first goal for the club came on 18 April against Charlton Athletic at the Valley , when after coming on as an 89th-minute substitute , and with Blackpool 2–1 down , he scored four minutes later to make the score 2–2 . Hughes ended the campaign as Oldhams highest scorer with 18 goals in 40 appearances . However , he was one",
"title": "Oldham Athletic"
},
{
"text": "of a number of players released by the clubs new manager Dave Penney in May 2009 , and returned to Kidderminster Harriers for training in order to keep up his fitness levels whilst searching for a new club .",
"title": "Oldham Athletic"
},
{
"text": "Hughes signed for League Two team Notts County on a two-year contract on 22 July 2009 , on the same day that Sven-Göran Eriksson arrived at the club as director of football . He scored a hat-trick on his debut in a 5–0 victory over Bradford City on the opening day of the season . He then got his second hat-trick against Northampton Town in a 5–2 home win on 12 September . He claimed his third hat-trick of the campaign on 28 December during a 4–1 win over Burton Albion at the Pirelli Stadium . However the club endured",
"title": "Notts County"
},
{
"text": "a turbulent time , with manager Ian McParland sacked and replaced by Hans Backe , who himself resigned after Qadbak Investments proved unable to fund Backes wages . New owner Ray Trew appointed Steve Cotterill as manager , and County entered April ten points behind league leaders Rochdale , though Hughes remained confident that they could reduce the deficit and win the league . On 17 April , Hughes scored two goals in a 4–1 victory over Morecambe as County won promotion to League One . He was named as League Twos Player of the Month in April . On",
"title": "Notts County"
},
{
"text": "1 May , Hughes added another two goals in Countys final home game of the season , making him the first Notts player to score 30 league goals since Tommy Lawton in the 1949–50 season . He finished as the divisions top-scorer in 2009–10 with 30 league goals in 39 games , and was named on the PFA Team of the Year alongside teammates Kasper Schmeichel and Ben Davies . County won the league by a ten-point margin . In July 2010 , Hughes signed a one-year extension to his contract that would see him at Meadow Lane until the",
"title": "Notts County"
},
{
"text": "summer of 2012 .",
"title": "Notts County"
},
{
"text": "On 23 September 2010 , Hughes revealed a Boing , Boing t-shirt in a League Cup tie with Wolverhampton Wanderers at Molineux – the slogan of Wolves rivals West Bromwich Albion – and was quizzed by police after angry Wolves fans retaliated to the message by attacking Notts County supporters coaches . He was reported to be angry at being named as a substitute in a league game against Milton Keynes Dons on 11 December , though boss Paul Ince stated that Hughesy is 34 and cannot play week in week out . But hes never come and said I",
"title": "Notts County"
},
{
"text": "should be starting . Hes been different class . On 8 January 2011 , he was on the scoresheet as County beat Premier League side Sunderland 2–1 in the FA Cup . Two weeks later he was confirmed to be a target of Sheffield Wednesday . He remained with the Magpies , and ended the 2010–11 season as the clubs top-scorer with 16 goals in 37 appearances . The club again went through a succession of managers – Craig Short , Paul Ince and then Martin Allen – and ended the season three points above the relegation zone .",
"title": "Notts County"
},
{
"text": "On 8 September 2011 , he played against Italian club Juventus in the inaugural game of the Juventus Stadium , and scored Countys goal in a 1–1 draw ; after the game he had a signed shirt from Andrea Pirlo . The next month he accepted a pay cut to sign a new 18-month contract , and was quoted as saying he never planned to leave the club as the fans have taken me in and I love it here . He ended the 2011–12 campaign on 11 goals in 44 games . In summer 2012 , the club rejected",
"title": "Notts County"
},
{
"text": "offers for Hughes from Cheltenham Town and former club Oldham Athletic .",
"title": "Notts County"
},
{
"text": "At the beginning of the 2012–13 season , new manager Keith Curle stated that we know he is of an age where he wont be playing for 46 games , so he needs to be managed . New signing Yoann Arquin became the countys first choice striker , and Hughes announced his intention to leave the club in order to find first team football . He was reported to have joined Port Vale on loan , with a view to a permanent move , on 22 November 2012 ; though the deal had yet to be ratified by the English",
"title": "Notts County"
},
{
"text": "Football League . However , the next day it was revealed that the loan move would not go through as the relevant paperwork had not been sent in on time . Three weeks later Hughes provided the club with a sick note , saying that he was unavailable until January . His contract was terminated by mutual consent on 7 January 2013 .",
"title": "Notts County"
},
{
"text": "Hughes joined Port Vale the day after securing his exit from Notts County , as the BBC reported that promotion-chasing boss Micky Adams wants to bring him in to add impetus to a Vale attack who have occasionally misfired this term . He signed a contract to keep him at Vale Park until the end of the 2012–13 season , at which point his contract would be extended by 12 months if the Valiants were promoted . However Hughes later revealed that Adams was against the transfer but had been overruled by chairman Norman Smurthwaite . He marked his debut",
"title": "Port Vale"
},
{
"text": "against the Gills with the winning goal that sent Vale to the top of the table . Being partnered with the countrys leading goalscorer Tom Pope allowed Hughes space in front of goal vacated by opposition defenders attempting to double up on Pope . Hughes scored his first hat-trick for the Valiants in a 7–1 home victory over Burton Albion on 5 April , with two of his goals coming from the penalty spot as he took over from Jennison Myrie-Williams as the clubs penalty taker . This performance won him a place on the League Two team of the",
"title": "Port Vale"
},
{
"text": "week . Vale were promoted at the end of the season , with Hughes scoring ten goals in his 18 games , ensuring his contract was extended until summer 2014 .",
"title": "Port Vale"
},
{
"text": " He was not a regular starter in the 2013–14 season , especially as Jordan Hugill began to impress from the youth development squad , and so he decided to leave the club in the January transfer window .",
"title": "Port Vale"
},
{
"text": "On 3 January 2014 , he joined Conference Premier side Forest Green Rovers on an 18-month contract . Manager Adrian Pennock stated that Hes come to play football , hes not come for money and Im chuffed to have him on board . He has the experience we need and I believe hell score goals . He made his debut six days later in a 1–1 draw with Hereford United at The New Lawn . On 25 January , he scored his first goals for the club , securing a brace in a 3–0 home win over Chester . He",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "ended the 2013–14 season with eight goals in 21 appearances for Rovers .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " On the opening day of the 2014–15 season , Hughes scored Forest Greens winning goal in a 1–0 away victory at Southport . He then scored his 300th career goal with his second strike of the season in a 2–0 win over Alfreton Town at The New Lawn on 16 August 2014 .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "On 30 January 2015 , Hughes returned to Conference Premier club Kidderminster Harriers on a deal till the end of the season after having his contract with Forest Green Rovers mutually terminated . On his second debut for Kidderminster , he put his side ahead in a Worcestershire Senior Cup tie against Stourbridge . He also scored on his league return against Woking at Aggborough , scoring in the 39th minute in a 1–1 draw . He was released at the end of the season as manager Gary Whilds playing budget was reduced by half for the 2015–16 campaign .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " After impressing in pre season , Hughes signed for Northern Premier League Premier Division side Ilkeston , and was sent off on his debut against Skelmersdale United on 15 August 2015 .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "In September 2015 , Hughes signed for Worcester City on non-contract terms , who played at Aggborough , the home of Kidderminster Harriers where he started his career . He scored 19 goals in 29 appearances in the 2015–16 campaign . In February 2017 , he applied to succeed Carl Heeley as manager . However , he instead left the financially troubled club and moved on to National League North rivals AFC Telford United .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "In March 2018 , Hughes signed for Northern Premier League Premier Division side Halesowen Town as a player . The Yeltz ended the 2017–18 season in 23rd-place , before being relegated out of the Southern League Premier Division Central at the end of the 2018–19 campaign . He left Halesowen in August 2019 , after losing his place in the starting eleven . Later that month he joined league rivals Mickleover Sports , where he made nineteen league appearances and scored six goals , and then Grantham Town in January 2020 , where he scored once in six league appearances",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " He was reported to have been a target for Nuneaton Borough just before the 2019–20 season was formally abandoned on 26 March , with all results from the season being expunged , due to the COVID-19 pandemic in England . He announced his retirement in April 2020 , at the age of 43 .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " Hughes rejoined Worcester City as both a player and as joint-manager , alongside John Snape , on 4 May 2017 ; Worcester had just been relegated out of the National League North . He resigned on 6 March 2018 . In March 2019 , he was appointed caretaker player-manager of Halesowen Town , remaining in the role until May .",
"title": "Management career"
},
{
"text": "Describing Hughess attributes in January 2013 , former Notts County coach Dave Kevan said that he was a fantastic finisher.. . a clever player whose movement is good , whose intelligence is good , who uses his body well and who uses his strength well.. . he plays with his brain and hes adapted his game as he has got older.. . hes also clever enough to create opportunities for others . He maintained a natural goalscoring instinct throughout his career , and has said I always fancy myself to stick the ball in the back of the net if",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "I get a chance . His dancing goal celebration originated as a mocking tribute of a friends bad dancing .",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "The son of Bill and Gail Hughes , older brother to Clint and Brett , Hughes worked with his father as a roofer in his home-town of Smethwick before turning professional . In 1999 , Sharlene Gillies claimed that she and Hughes had a child together . DNA tests later proved that he was not the father , though by this time his engagement to lap dancer Donna Nisbet was called off . Hughes stated that I dont think Donna was particularly happy with all the limelight that comes with football , though insisted that barracking from opposition fans only",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "made him more determined to put in a good performance on the pitch . Hughes and Jason Roberts were questioned by police over allegations that they assaulted a man outside a pub in Brierley Hill ; the case was dropped in September 2000 . It was reported that he had converted to Islam during his time in prison , due in part to his friendship with Muslim prisoners and the fact that abuse of alcohol had helped to bring about his downfall – his father said that this story is not true . In 2005 Hughes was reported to be",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "on suicide watch after learning that his wife had reportedly been seeing a younger man .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " He married air hostess Anna Kuzmanic in June 2000 in the Croatian town of Trogir . The couple had two children together but split up in 2008 ; the split was described as very amicable . His eldest , Mia , was born in November 2000 . Hughes was declared bankrupt in March 2018 . Causing death by dangerous driving conviction .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "On 23 November 2003 , near his home in the Warwickshire village of Meriden , West Midlands , Hughes lost control of his Mercedes CL55 AMG and went onto the wrong side of the road before colliding with a Renault Scénic . A passenger in the Renault , Douglas Graham , was killed in the incident , whilst his wife Maureen and the driver Albert Frisby were severely injured . Hughes and passenger Adrian Smith left the scene , before turning themselves in to the police 36 hours later . He was arrested on suspicion of causing death by dangerous",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "driving . He denied the charge , though later pleaded guilty to charges of failing to stop and failing to report an accident .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "During his trial at Coventry Crown Court , Hughes was accused of driving too fast in wet conditions and was described as driving like a madman . He claimed the brakes on his car had locked , though tests showed that the brakes were in perfect working order and had technology installed to prevent the driver from losing control . When asked where he had been in the 36 hours after leaving the scene of the incident Hughes said that I would rather not say , really , though later admitted he had travelled 20 miles to Smethwick . Prosecutor",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Melbourne Inman QC told the court Hughes had fled the scene to dodge a breath test . On 9 August 2004 , Hughes was found guilty of causing death by dangerous driving , and was sentenced to six years imprisonment . Frisby said that the sentence was not long enough . Hughes lodged an appeal against the sentence , but not the conviction . In January 2005 , his appeal for his sentence to be reduced was refused .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " He served his time in Category C prisons . During his time in HM Prison Featherstone he played in the Staffordshire County Senior League for the prison football team . He also helped to organise a charity football match which raised £5,000 for a childrens hospice . He was released in August 2007 , three years into his six-year sentence .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " On 3 December 2011 , Hughes was arrested and bailed on charges of sexual assault after an incident in Croydon . He was then charged with the offence on 30 January 2012 . In May 2012 , Hughes was found guilty of common assault and fined £500 , but the charge of sexual assault was dropped .",
"title": "Assault conviction"
},
{
"text": " - PFA Team of the Year ( First Division ) : 1998–99 - West Bromwich Albion F.C . Player of the Year : 1998–99 - League Two Player of the Month : April 2010 - PFA Team of the Year ( League Two ) : 2009–10",
"title": "Individual"
}
] |
/wiki/Lee_Hughes#P54#5
|
Which team did the player Lee Hughes belong to in Apr 2009?
|
Lee Hughes Lee Hughes ( born 22 May 1976 ) is an English former professional footballer who played as a striker . A strong striker with excellent finishing abilities , Hughes represented the England semi-professional team once in 1996 . After being released as a youth footballer , Hughes worked as a roofer alongside his father . He started his career in the Conference with Kidderminster Harriers , before winning a £380,000 move to boyhood club West Bromwich Albion in August 1997 . He finished as the clubs top-scorer for four seasons running , earning a place on the PFA Team of the Year in 1998–99 after finishing as the highest scorer in the top four divisions of English football . He was sold to Coventry City for £5 million in August 2001 , before returning to West Brom for half of that figure twelve months later . He failed to impress in the Premier League as Albion suffered relegation , but helped the club to make an immediate return to the top-flight as runners-up in the First Division in 2003–04 . In August 2004 , he was sentenced to six years imprisonment for causing death by dangerous driving following a fatal crash on 23 November 2003 . Following his release from prison in 2007 , he returned to the professional game with Oldham Athletic of League One . He signed for Notts County in July 2009 , and was named on the PFA Team of the Year after scoring 30 league goals as the club won the League Two title in 2009–10 . He left Notts County to sign for Port Vale in January 2013 , and helped the club to secure promotion out of League Two in 2012–13 . In January 2014 , he signed for Forest Green Rovers on an 18-month deal . In January 2015 , he returned to Kidderminster Harriers , and moved on to Ilkeston and then Worcester City in the summer . He continued to be a prolific goalscorer into his 40s , and signed with AFC Telford United in February 2017 . He began his management career as joint-manager of Worcester City , alongside John Snape , in May 2017 . In March 2018 , he joined Halesowen Town as a player , where he remained until moving on to Mickleover Sports in August 2019 . He joined Grantham Town in January 2020 and retired two months later at the age of 43 . Club career . Kidderminster Harriers . Hughes spent four years at West Bromwich Albion as a schoolboy from ages 11 to 15 , though was not offered a youth team contract . He then had unsuccessful trials at numerous clubs , though came close to being offered a contract by Swansea City . He instead started his career playing semi-professionally for Conference club Kidderminster Harriers , whilst holding down a part-time job as a roofer . Although Hughes scored 34 goals in the 1996–97 season , Kidderminster failed to gain promotion to the Football League after finishing five points behind champions Macclesfield Town . At this point in his career Hughes was regarded as one of Englands finest semi-professionals and was called up to the England national football C team . In total , Hughes scored 70 goals in 139 games for Kidderminster in all competitions . He also played for amateur touring side Middlesex Wanderers during their tour of Vietnam whilst he was aged 19 . West Bromwich Albion . Hughes was sold to West Bromwich Albion for an initial £200,000 – incentives later took the final sum up to £380,000 – in August 1997 . He said It was a dream to join the team I have supported all my life . The Daily Mirror printed that Hughes has red hair , tattoos of a Tasmanian devil and a British bulldog on his forearms , dynamite in his boots and Albion in his blood . Fans affectionately nicknamed him the Ginger Ninja . He made his debut at The Hawthorns as a substitute in a 2–1 win over Tranmere Rovers on 9 August 1997 . Seven days later he scored two goals from the bench in a 3–2 win over Crewe Alexandra at Gresty Road . Though signed by Ray Harford , he came to the fore under new boss Denis Smith . Smith handed Hughes his first start on 28 December , in a 1–1 home draw with Stoke City . He finished his debut season as the clubs top-scorer with 14 goals in 41 appearances , and was rewarded with a new four-year contract . He started the 1998–99 season in fine form , and claimed his first ever hat-trick in a 3–0 win over Port Vale at Vale Park on 22 August . Despite having recently signed a long-term contract , his form and goal record led to constant rumours of a big money move to a host of Premier League clubs . West Brom eventually issued a hands-off warning to other clubs . He claimed further hat-tricks against Crystal Palace and Huddersfield Town , and finished the season with 32 goals in 45 games . This tally left him as the countrys top-scorer . He was named on the PFA Team of the Year for the First Division . He then submitted a written transfer request , and his spokesman told the press that there have been a number of things going on behind the scenes which have unsettled him recently . In particular , his £1,400 a week salary was compared with the £5,000 a week salary of under-performing teammate Fabian de Freitas . He remained at the club for the 1999–2000 season , and scored 17 goals in 43 appearances . Albion struggled in the First Division under new manager Brian Little , though improved after Gary Megson replaced Little as manager in March and avoided relegation despite Hughes missing the final five matches of the season due to a knee injury . He was partnered with Jason Roberts for the 2000–01 season ; the pair went on to score 40 goals between them to help secure the Baggies a play-off place . With 23 goals to his name , he again attracted interest from other clubs . He claimed two hat-tricks in seven days against Gillingham and Preston North End . Hughes converted a penalty in a 2–2 draw with Bolton Wanderers in the first leg of the play-off semi-final , before a 3–0 defeat at the Reebok Stadium ended Albions play-off hopes . He refused to sign a new contract in July 2001 , and was placed on the transfer list . Coventry City . Hughes was sold to Gordon Strachans Coventry City for a club record transfer fee of £5,000,001 ( the unusual figure was because any offer exceeding £5 million would trigger an escape clause in his West Brom contract ) in August 2001 . His wages at Highfield Road were reported to be £15,000 a week . Hughes scored 14 goals in 40 games , including a hat-trick in a 6–1 win at Crewe Alexandra , and finished the 2001–02 season as the clubs top-scorer . Coventry rejected a loan offer from West Bromwich Albion in March 2002 , and ended the season outside the play-offs . Return to West Bromwich Albion . In August 2002 , Hughes returned to West Bromwich Albion for a club record £2.5 million – half the fee Albion had received for him a year earlier – and signed a four-year deal with the club . Despite being a regular in the first team , Hughes failed to score a single Premier League goal in the 2002–03 season and Albion were relegated in 19th place with just six wins and 26 points from 38 matches . Hughes was criticised by several teammates following the clubs 1–0 defeat by Everton at Goodison Park , though was publicly backed by manager Gary Megson . He told the press that I want to establish myself in the Premiership and any accusations of me not pulling my weight should be made to my face . He put his poor form down to him missing pre-season training with injury problems . He rediscovered his form back in the First Division , scoring 12 goals in 36 games in 2003–04 as West Brom secured promotion with a second-place finish . His contract at West Bromwich Albion was immediately terminated in August 2004 , following his conviction for causing death by dangerous driving . He spent the next three years in prison , serving half of his six-year sentence . Oldham Athletic . Upon his release from prison on 20 August 2007 , Hughes signed a two-year contract with League One club Oldham Athletic ; the club asked supporters not to pass moral judgement . His reported salary of £1,800-a-week at Boundary Park was less than a 10th of what he earned at the peak of his career with West Bromwich Albion . Hughes made his debut for Oldham in a 4–1 defeat by Hartlepool United at Victoria Park on 1 September 2007 . He failed to find the net in his first seven games , and underwent an operation to correct a hernia problem . He recovered quickly from the procedure , and registered his first two goals for the Latics in a 3–0 win over Bournemouth at Dean Court on 25 November , before being named in the League One Team of the Week . He scored his first hat-trick for the club against Millwall in a 3–2 victory at The Den on 15 December , and again made the League One Team of the Week . He picked up a groin injury in March 2008 , and was sidelined for the rest of the season . Hughes had scored eight goals by the end of the 2007–08 season , making him the clubs second highest goalscorer behind Craig Davies . He opened his account for the 2008–09 season with a hat-trick in a 4–0 win over Cheltenham Town on 23 August . Stating his future ambitions as playing Championship football with Oldham , he was offered a new deal at the club on 30 December 2008 . He was linked with a move to Doncaster Rovers in January 2009 , but stayed put after talks with manager John Sheridan , who insisted Hughes was very happy at Oldham . In March 2009 , it was widely reported that Hughes had been involved in a drunken brawl with Sheridan where Hughes was reported to have had him in a headlock . Sheridan later downplayed the incident as jovial , saying people have made things up . Sheridan was sacked , but insisted that the two incidents were not related , as it was results that cost me the job . On 26 March 2009 , Hughes joined Championship club Blackpool on loan until the end of the season . He made his debut in a 1–0 defeat to Plymouth Argyle at Bloomfield Road on 4 April . His first goal for the club came on 18 April against Charlton Athletic at the Valley , when after coming on as an 89th-minute substitute , and with Blackpool 2–1 down , he scored four minutes later to make the score 2–2 . Hughes ended the campaign as Oldhams highest scorer with 18 goals in 40 appearances . However , he was one of a number of players released by the clubs new manager Dave Penney in May 2009 , and returned to Kidderminster Harriers for training in order to keep up his fitness levels whilst searching for a new club . Notts County . Hughes signed for League Two team Notts County on a two-year contract on 22 July 2009 , on the same day that Sven-Göran Eriksson arrived at the club as director of football . He scored a hat-trick on his debut in a 5–0 victory over Bradford City on the opening day of the season . He then got his second hat-trick against Northampton Town in a 5–2 home win on 12 September . He claimed his third hat-trick of the campaign on 28 December during a 4–1 win over Burton Albion at the Pirelli Stadium . However the club endured a turbulent time , with manager Ian McParland sacked and replaced by Hans Backe , who himself resigned after Qadbak Investments proved unable to fund Backes wages . New owner Ray Trew appointed Steve Cotterill as manager , and County entered April ten points behind league leaders Rochdale , though Hughes remained confident that they could reduce the deficit and win the league . On 17 April , Hughes scored two goals in a 4–1 victory over Morecambe as County won promotion to League One . He was named as League Twos Player of the Month in April . On 1 May , Hughes added another two goals in Countys final home game of the season , making him the first Notts player to score 30 league goals since Tommy Lawton in the 1949–50 season . He finished as the divisions top-scorer in 2009–10 with 30 league goals in 39 games , and was named on the PFA Team of the Year alongside teammates Kasper Schmeichel and Ben Davies . County won the league by a ten-point margin . In July 2010 , Hughes signed a one-year extension to his contract that would see him at Meadow Lane until the summer of 2012 . On 23 September 2010 , Hughes revealed a Boing , Boing t-shirt in a League Cup tie with Wolverhampton Wanderers at Molineux – the slogan of Wolves rivals West Bromwich Albion – and was quizzed by police after angry Wolves fans retaliated to the message by attacking Notts County supporters coaches . He was reported to be angry at being named as a substitute in a league game against Milton Keynes Dons on 11 December , though boss Paul Ince stated that Hughesy is 34 and cannot play week in week out . But hes never come and said I should be starting . Hes been different class . On 8 January 2011 , he was on the scoresheet as County beat Premier League side Sunderland 2–1 in the FA Cup . Two weeks later he was confirmed to be a target of Sheffield Wednesday . He remained with the Magpies , and ended the 2010–11 season as the clubs top-scorer with 16 goals in 37 appearances . The club again went through a succession of managers – Craig Short , Paul Ince and then Martin Allen – and ended the season three points above the relegation zone . On 8 September 2011 , he played against Italian club Juventus in the inaugural game of the Juventus Stadium , and scored Countys goal in a 1–1 draw ; after the game he had a signed shirt from Andrea Pirlo . The next month he accepted a pay cut to sign a new 18-month contract , and was quoted as saying he never planned to leave the club as the fans have taken me in and I love it here . He ended the 2011–12 campaign on 11 goals in 44 games . In summer 2012 , the club rejected offers for Hughes from Cheltenham Town and former club Oldham Athletic . At the beginning of the 2012–13 season , new manager Keith Curle stated that we know he is of an age where he wont be playing for 46 games , so he needs to be managed . New signing Yoann Arquin became the countys first choice striker , and Hughes announced his intention to leave the club in order to find first team football . He was reported to have joined Port Vale on loan , with a view to a permanent move , on 22 November 2012 ; though the deal had yet to be ratified by the English Football League . However , the next day it was revealed that the loan move would not go through as the relevant paperwork had not been sent in on time . Three weeks later Hughes provided the club with a sick note , saying that he was unavailable until January . His contract was terminated by mutual consent on 7 January 2013 . Port Vale . Hughes joined Port Vale the day after securing his exit from Notts County , as the BBC reported that promotion-chasing boss Micky Adams wants to bring him in to add impetus to a Vale attack who have occasionally misfired this term . He signed a contract to keep him at Vale Park until the end of the 2012–13 season , at which point his contract would be extended by 12 months if the Valiants were promoted . However Hughes later revealed that Adams was against the transfer but had been overruled by chairman Norman Smurthwaite . He marked his debut against the Gills with the winning goal that sent Vale to the top of the table . Being partnered with the countrys leading goalscorer Tom Pope allowed Hughes space in front of goal vacated by opposition defenders attempting to double up on Pope . Hughes scored his first hat-trick for the Valiants in a 7–1 home victory over Burton Albion on 5 April , with two of his goals coming from the penalty spot as he took over from Jennison Myrie-Williams as the clubs penalty taker . This performance won him a place on the League Two team of the week . Vale were promoted at the end of the season , with Hughes scoring ten goals in his 18 games , ensuring his contract was extended until summer 2014 . He was not a regular starter in the 2013–14 season , especially as Jordan Hugill began to impress from the youth development squad , and so he decided to leave the club in the January transfer window . Later career . On 3 January 2014 , he joined Conference Premier side Forest Green Rovers on an 18-month contract . Manager Adrian Pennock stated that Hes come to play football , hes not come for money and Im chuffed to have him on board . He has the experience we need and I believe hell score goals . He made his debut six days later in a 1–1 draw with Hereford United at The New Lawn . On 25 January , he scored his first goals for the club , securing a brace in a 3–0 home win over Chester . He ended the 2013–14 season with eight goals in 21 appearances for Rovers . On the opening day of the 2014–15 season , Hughes scored Forest Greens winning goal in a 1–0 away victory at Southport . He then scored his 300th career goal with his second strike of the season in a 2–0 win over Alfreton Town at The New Lawn on 16 August 2014 . On 30 January 2015 , Hughes returned to Conference Premier club Kidderminster Harriers on a deal till the end of the season after having his contract with Forest Green Rovers mutually terminated . On his second debut for Kidderminster , he put his side ahead in a Worcestershire Senior Cup tie against Stourbridge . He also scored on his league return against Woking at Aggborough , scoring in the 39th minute in a 1–1 draw . He was released at the end of the season as manager Gary Whilds playing budget was reduced by half for the 2015–16 campaign . After impressing in pre season , Hughes signed for Northern Premier League Premier Division side Ilkeston , and was sent off on his debut against Skelmersdale United on 15 August 2015 . In September 2015 , Hughes signed for Worcester City on non-contract terms , who played at Aggborough , the home of Kidderminster Harriers where he started his career . He scored 19 goals in 29 appearances in the 2015–16 campaign . In February 2017 , he applied to succeed Carl Heeley as manager . However , he instead left the financially troubled club and moved on to National League North rivals AFC Telford United . In March 2018 , Hughes signed for Northern Premier League Premier Division side Halesowen Town as a player . The Yeltz ended the 2017–18 season in 23rd-place , before being relegated out of the Southern League Premier Division Central at the end of the 2018–19 campaign . He left Halesowen in August 2019 , after losing his place in the starting eleven . Later that month he joined league rivals Mickleover Sports , where he made nineteen league appearances and scored six goals , and then Grantham Town in January 2020 , where he scored once in six league appearances . He was reported to have been a target for Nuneaton Borough just before the 2019–20 season was formally abandoned on 26 March , with all results from the season being expunged , due to the COVID-19 pandemic in England . He announced his retirement in April 2020 , at the age of 43 . Management career . Hughes rejoined Worcester City as both a player and as joint-manager , alongside John Snape , on 4 May 2017 ; Worcester had just been relegated out of the National League North . He resigned on 6 March 2018 . In March 2019 , he was appointed caretaker player-manager of Halesowen Town , remaining in the role until May . Style of play . Describing Hughess attributes in January 2013 , former Notts County coach Dave Kevan said that he was a fantastic finisher.. . a clever player whose movement is good , whose intelligence is good , who uses his body well and who uses his strength well.. . he plays with his brain and hes adapted his game as he has got older.. . hes also clever enough to create opportunities for others . He maintained a natural goalscoring instinct throughout his career , and has said I always fancy myself to stick the ball in the back of the net if I get a chance . His dancing goal celebration originated as a mocking tribute of a friends bad dancing . Personal life . The son of Bill and Gail Hughes , older brother to Clint and Brett , Hughes worked with his father as a roofer in his home-town of Smethwick before turning professional . In 1999 , Sharlene Gillies claimed that she and Hughes had a child together . DNA tests later proved that he was not the father , though by this time his engagement to lap dancer Donna Nisbet was called off . Hughes stated that I dont think Donna was particularly happy with all the limelight that comes with football , though insisted that barracking from opposition fans only made him more determined to put in a good performance on the pitch . Hughes and Jason Roberts were questioned by police over allegations that they assaulted a man outside a pub in Brierley Hill ; the case was dropped in September 2000 . It was reported that he had converted to Islam during his time in prison , due in part to his friendship with Muslim prisoners and the fact that abuse of alcohol had helped to bring about his downfall – his father said that this story is not true . In 2005 Hughes was reported to be on suicide watch after learning that his wife had reportedly been seeing a younger man . He married air hostess Anna Kuzmanic in June 2000 in the Croatian town of Trogir . The couple had two children together but split up in 2008 ; the split was described as very amicable . His eldest , Mia , was born in November 2000 . Hughes was declared bankrupt in March 2018 . Causing death by dangerous driving conviction . On 23 November 2003 , near his home in the Warwickshire village of Meriden , West Midlands , Hughes lost control of his Mercedes CL55 AMG and went onto the wrong side of the road before colliding with a Renault Scénic . A passenger in the Renault , Douglas Graham , was killed in the incident , whilst his wife Maureen and the driver Albert Frisby were severely injured . Hughes and passenger Adrian Smith left the scene , before turning themselves in to the police 36 hours later . He was arrested on suspicion of causing death by dangerous driving . He denied the charge , though later pleaded guilty to charges of failing to stop and failing to report an accident . During his trial at Coventry Crown Court , Hughes was accused of driving too fast in wet conditions and was described as driving like a madman . He claimed the brakes on his car had locked , though tests showed that the brakes were in perfect working order and had technology installed to prevent the driver from losing control . When asked where he had been in the 36 hours after leaving the scene of the incident Hughes said that I would rather not say , really , though later admitted he had travelled 20 miles to Smethwick . Prosecutor Melbourne Inman QC told the court Hughes had fled the scene to dodge a breath test . On 9 August 2004 , Hughes was found guilty of causing death by dangerous driving , and was sentenced to six years imprisonment . Frisby said that the sentence was not long enough . Hughes lodged an appeal against the sentence , but not the conviction . In January 2005 , his appeal for his sentence to be reduced was refused . He served his time in Category C prisons . During his time in HM Prison Featherstone he played in the Staffordshire County Senior League for the prison football team . He also helped to organise a charity football match which raised £5,000 for a childrens hospice . He was released in August 2007 , three years into his six-year sentence . Assault conviction . On 3 December 2011 , Hughes was arrested and bailed on charges of sexual assault after an incident in Croydon . He was then charged with the offence on 30 January 2012 . In May 2012 , Hughes was found guilty of common assault and fined £500 , but the charge of sexual assault was dropped . Honours . Kidderminster Harriers - Conference runner-up : 1996–97 West Bromwich Albion - Football League First Division runner-up : 2003–04 Notts County - EFL League Two : 2009–10 Port Vale - League Two third-place promotion : 2012–13 Individual - PFA Team of the Year ( First Division ) : 1998–99 - West Bromwich Albion F.C . Player of the Year : 1998–99 - League Two Player of the Month : April 2010 - PFA Team of the Year ( League Two ) : 2009–10
|
[
"Notts County"
] |
[
{
"text": " Lee Hughes ( born 22 May 1976 ) is an English former professional footballer who played as a striker .",
"title": "Lee Hughes"
},
{
"text": "A strong striker with excellent finishing abilities , Hughes represented the England semi-professional team once in 1996 . After being released as a youth footballer , Hughes worked as a roofer alongside his father . He started his career in the Conference with Kidderminster Harriers , before winning a £380,000 move to boyhood club West Bromwich Albion in August 1997 . He finished as the clubs top-scorer for four seasons running , earning a place on the PFA Team of the Year in 1998–99 after finishing as the highest scorer in the top four divisions of English football . He",
"title": "Lee Hughes"
},
{
"text": "was sold to Coventry City for £5 million in August 2001 , before returning to West Brom for half of that figure twelve months later . He failed to impress in the Premier League as Albion suffered relegation , but helped the club to make an immediate return to the top-flight as runners-up in the First Division in 2003–04 .",
"title": "Lee Hughes"
},
{
"text": "In August 2004 , he was sentenced to six years imprisonment for causing death by dangerous driving following a fatal crash on 23 November 2003 . Following his release from prison in 2007 , he returned to the professional game with Oldham Athletic of League One . He signed for Notts County in July 2009 , and was named on the PFA Team of the Year after scoring 30 league goals as the club won the League Two title in 2009–10 . He left Notts County to sign for Port Vale in January 2013 , and helped the club to",
"title": "Lee Hughes"
},
{
"text": "secure promotion out of League Two in 2012–13 . In January 2014 , he signed for Forest Green Rovers on an 18-month deal . In January 2015 , he returned to Kidderminster Harriers , and moved on to Ilkeston and then Worcester City in the summer . He continued to be a prolific goalscorer into his 40s , and signed with AFC Telford United in February 2017 . He began his management career as joint-manager of Worcester City , alongside John Snape , in May 2017 . In March 2018 , he joined Halesowen Town as a player , where",
"title": "Lee Hughes"
},
{
"text": "he remained until moving on to Mickleover Sports in August 2019 . He joined Grantham Town in January 2020 and retired two months later at the age of 43 .",
"title": "Lee Hughes"
},
{
"text": "Hughes spent four years at West Bromwich Albion as a schoolboy from ages 11 to 15 , though was not offered a youth team contract . He then had unsuccessful trials at numerous clubs , though came close to being offered a contract by Swansea City . He instead started his career playing semi-professionally for Conference club Kidderminster Harriers , whilst holding down a part-time job as a roofer . Although Hughes scored 34 goals in the 1996–97 season , Kidderminster failed to gain promotion to the Football League after finishing five points behind champions Macclesfield Town . At this",
"title": "Kidderminster Harriers"
},
{
"text": "point in his career Hughes was regarded as one of Englands finest semi-professionals and was called up to the England national football C team . In total , Hughes scored 70 goals in 139 games for Kidderminster in all competitions . He also played for amateur touring side Middlesex Wanderers during their tour of Vietnam whilst he was aged 19 .",
"title": "Kidderminster Harriers"
},
{
"text": " Hughes was sold to West Bromwich Albion for an initial £200,000 – incentives later took the final sum up to £380,000 – in August 1997 . He said It was a dream to join the team I have supported all my life . The Daily Mirror printed that Hughes has red hair , tattoos of a Tasmanian devil and a British bulldog on his forearms , dynamite in his boots and Albion in his blood . Fans affectionately nicknamed him the Ginger Ninja .",
"title": "West Bromwich Albion"
},
{
"text": "He made his debut at The Hawthorns as a substitute in a 2–1 win over Tranmere Rovers on 9 August 1997 . Seven days later he scored two goals from the bench in a 3–2 win over Crewe Alexandra at Gresty Road . Though signed by Ray Harford , he came to the fore under new boss Denis Smith . Smith handed Hughes his first start on 28 December , in a 1–1 home draw with Stoke City . He finished his debut season as the clubs top-scorer with 14 goals in 41 appearances , and was rewarded with a",
"title": "West Bromwich Albion"
},
{
"text": "new four-year contract .",
"title": "West Bromwich Albion"
},
{
"text": "He started the 1998–99 season in fine form , and claimed his first ever hat-trick in a 3–0 win over Port Vale at Vale Park on 22 August . Despite having recently signed a long-term contract , his form and goal record led to constant rumours of a big money move to a host of Premier League clubs . West Brom eventually issued a hands-off warning to other clubs . He claimed further hat-tricks against Crystal Palace and Huddersfield Town , and finished the season with 32 goals in 45 games . This tally left him as the countrys top-scorer",
"title": "West Bromwich Albion"
},
{
"text": ". He was named on the PFA Team of the Year for the First Division . He then submitted a written transfer request , and his spokesman told the press that there have been a number of things going on behind the scenes which have unsettled him recently . In particular , his £1,400 a week salary was compared with the £5,000 a week salary of under-performing teammate Fabian de Freitas .",
"title": "West Bromwich Albion"
},
{
"text": " He remained at the club for the 1999–2000 season , and scored 17 goals in 43 appearances . Albion struggled in the First Division under new manager Brian Little , though improved after Gary Megson replaced Little as manager in March and avoided relegation despite Hughes missing the final five matches of the season due to a knee injury .",
"title": "West Bromwich Albion"
},
{
"text": "He was partnered with Jason Roberts for the 2000–01 season ; the pair went on to score 40 goals between them to help secure the Baggies a play-off place . With 23 goals to his name , he again attracted interest from other clubs . He claimed two hat-tricks in seven days against Gillingham and Preston North End . Hughes converted a penalty in a 2–2 draw with Bolton Wanderers in the first leg of the play-off semi-final , before a 3–0 defeat at the Reebok Stadium ended Albions play-off hopes . He refused to sign a new contract in",
"title": "West Bromwich Albion"
},
{
"text": "July 2001 , and was placed on the transfer list .",
"title": "West Bromwich Albion"
},
{
"text": "Hughes was sold to Gordon Strachans Coventry City for a club record transfer fee of £5,000,001 ( the unusual figure was because any offer exceeding £5 million would trigger an escape clause in his West Brom contract ) in August 2001 . His wages at Highfield Road were reported to be £15,000 a week . Hughes scored 14 goals in 40 games , including a hat-trick in a 6–1 win at Crewe Alexandra , and finished the 2001–02 season as the clubs top-scorer . Coventry rejected a loan offer from West Bromwich Albion in March 2002 , and ended the",
"title": "Coventry City"
},
{
"text": "season outside the play-offs .",
"title": "Coventry City"
},
{
"text": "In August 2002 , Hughes returned to West Bromwich Albion for a club record £2.5 million – half the fee Albion had received for him a year earlier – and signed a four-year deal with the club . Despite being a regular in the first team , Hughes failed to score a single Premier League goal in the 2002–03 season and Albion were relegated in 19th place with just six wins and 26 points from 38 matches . Hughes was criticised by several teammates following the clubs 1–0 defeat by Everton at Goodison Park , though was publicly backed by",
"title": "Coventry City"
},
{
"text": "manager Gary Megson . He told the press that I want to establish myself in the Premiership and any accusations of me not pulling my weight should be made to my face . He put his poor form down to him missing pre-season training with injury problems . He rediscovered his form back in the First Division , scoring 12 goals in 36 games in 2003–04 as West Brom secured promotion with a second-place finish . His contract at West Bromwich Albion was immediately terminated in August 2004 , following his conviction for causing death by dangerous driving . He",
"title": "Coventry City"
},
{
"text": "spent the next three years in prison , serving half of his six-year sentence .",
"title": "Coventry City"
},
{
"text": "Upon his release from prison on 20 August 2007 , Hughes signed a two-year contract with League One club Oldham Athletic ; the club asked supporters not to pass moral judgement . His reported salary of £1,800-a-week at Boundary Park was less than a 10th of what he earned at the peak of his career with West Bromwich Albion . Hughes made his debut for Oldham in a 4–1 defeat by Hartlepool United at Victoria Park on 1 September 2007 . He failed to find the net in his first seven games , and underwent an operation to correct a",
"title": "Oldham Athletic"
},
{
"text": "hernia problem . He recovered quickly from the procedure , and registered his first two goals for the Latics in a 3–0 win over Bournemouth at Dean Court on 25 November , before being named in the League One Team of the Week . He scored his first hat-trick for the club against Millwall in a 3–2 victory at The Den on 15 December , and again made the League One Team of the Week . He picked up a groin injury in March 2008 , and was sidelined for the rest of the season . Hughes had scored eight",
"title": "Oldham Athletic"
},
{
"text": "goals by the end of the 2007–08 season , making him the clubs second highest goalscorer behind Craig Davies .",
"title": "Oldham Athletic"
},
{
"text": "He opened his account for the 2008–09 season with a hat-trick in a 4–0 win over Cheltenham Town on 23 August . Stating his future ambitions as playing Championship football with Oldham , he was offered a new deal at the club on 30 December 2008 . He was linked with a move to Doncaster Rovers in January 2009 , but stayed put after talks with manager John Sheridan , who insisted Hughes was very happy at Oldham . In March 2009 , it was widely reported that Hughes had been involved in a drunken brawl with Sheridan where Hughes",
"title": "Oldham Athletic"
},
{
"text": "was reported to have had him in a headlock . Sheridan later downplayed the incident as jovial , saying people have made things up . Sheridan was sacked , but insisted that the two incidents were not related , as it was results that cost me the job .",
"title": "Oldham Athletic"
},
{
"text": "On 26 March 2009 , Hughes joined Championship club Blackpool on loan until the end of the season . He made his debut in a 1–0 defeat to Plymouth Argyle at Bloomfield Road on 4 April . His first goal for the club came on 18 April against Charlton Athletic at the Valley , when after coming on as an 89th-minute substitute , and with Blackpool 2–1 down , he scored four minutes later to make the score 2–2 . Hughes ended the campaign as Oldhams highest scorer with 18 goals in 40 appearances . However , he was one",
"title": "Oldham Athletic"
},
{
"text": "of a number of players released by the clubs new manager Dave Penney in May 2009 , and returned to Kidderminster Harriers for training in order to keep up his fitness levels whilst searching for a new club .",
"title": "Oldham Athletic"
},
{
"text": "Hughes signed for League Two team Notts County on a two-year contract on 22 July 2009 , on the same day that Sven-Göran Eriksson arrived at the club as director of football . He scored a hat-trick on his debut in a 5–0 victory over Bradford City on the opening day of the season . He then got his second hat-trick against Northampton Town in a 5–2 home win on 12 September . He claimed his third hat-trick of the campaign on 28 December during a 4–1 win over Burton Albion at the Pirelli Stadium . However the club endured",
"title": "Notts County"
},
{
"text": "a turbulent time , with manager Ian McParland sacked and replaced by Hans Backe , who himself resigned after Qadbak Investments proved unable to fund Backes wages . New owner Ray Trew appointed Steve Cotterill as manager , and County entered April ten points behind league leaders Rochdale , though Hughes remained confident that they could reduce the deficit and win the league . On 17 April , Hughes scored two goals in a 4–1 victory over Morecambe as County won promotion to League One . He was named as League Twos Player of the Month in April . On",
"title": "Notts County"
},
{
"text": "1 May , Hughes added another two goals in Countys final home game of the season , making him the first Notts player to score 30 league goals since Tommy Lawton in the 1949–50 season . He finished as the divisions top-scorer in 2009–10 with 30 league goals in 39 games , and was named on the PFA Team of the Year alongside teammates Kasper Schmeichel and Ben Davies . County won the league by a ten-point margin . In July 2010 , Hughes signed a one-year extension to his contract that would see him at Meadow Lane until the",
"title": "Notts County"
},
{
"text": "summer of 2012 .",
"title": "Notts County"
},
{
"text": "On 23 September 2010 , Hughes revealed a Boing , Boing t-shirt in a League Cup tie with Wolverhampton Wanderers at Molineux – the slogan of Wolves rivals West Bromwich Albion – and was quizzed by police after angry Wolves fans retaliated to the message by attacking Notts County supporters coaches . He was reported to be angry at being named as a substitute in a league game against Milton Keynes Dons on 11 December , though boss Paul Ince stated that Hughesy is 34 and cannot play week in week out . But hes never come and said I",
"title": "Notts County"
},
{
"text": "should be starting . Hes been different class . On 8 January 2011 , he was on the scoresheet as County beat Premier League side Sunderland 2–1 in the FA Cup . Two weeks later he was confirmed to be a target of Sheffield Wednesday . He remained with the Magpies , and ended the 2010–11 season as the clubs top-scorer with 16 goals in 37 appearances . The club again went through a succession of managers – Craig Short , Paul Ince and then Martin Allen – and ended the season three points above the relegation zone .",
"title": "Notts County"
},
{
"text": "On 8 September 2011 , he played against Italian club Juventus in the inaugural game of the Juventus Stadium , and scored Countys goal in a 1–1 draw ; after the game he had a signed shirt from Andrea Pirlo . The next month he accepted a pay cut to sign a new 18-month contract , and was quoted as saying he never planned to leave the club as the fans have taken me in and I love it here . He ended the 2011–12 campaign on 11 goals in 44 games . In summer 2012 , the club rejected",
"title": "Notts County"
},
{
"text": "offers for Hughes from Cheltenham Town and former club Oldham Athletic .",
"title": "Notts County"
},
{
"text": "At the beginning of the 2012–13 season , new manager Keith Curle stated that we know he is of an age where he wont be playing for 46 games , so he needs to be managed . New signing Yoann Arquin became the countys first choice striker , and Hughes announced his intention to leave the club in order to find first team football . He was reported to have joined Port Vale on loan , with a view to a permanent move , on 22 November 2012 ; though the deal had yet to be ratified by the English",
"title": "Notts County"
},
{
"text": "Football League . However , the next day it was revealed that the loan move would not go through as the relevant paperwork had not been sent in on time . Three weeks later Hughes provided the club with a sick note , saying that he was unavailable until January . His contract was terminated by mutual consent on 7 January 2013 .",
"title": "Notts County"
},
{
"text": "Hughes joined Port Vale the day after securing his exit from Notts County , as the BBC reported that promotion-chasing boss Micky Adams wants to bring him in to add impetus to a Vale attack who have occasionally misfired this term . He signed a contract to keep him at Vale Park until the end of the 2012–13 season , at which point his contract would be extended by 12 months if the Valiants were promoted . However Hughes later revealed that Adams was against the transfer but had been overruled by chairman Norman Smurthwaite . He marked his debut",
"title": "Port Vale"
},
{
"text": "against the Gills with the winning goal that sent Vale to the top of the table . Being partnered with the countrys leading goalscorer Tom Pope allowed Hughes space in front of goal vacated by opposition defenders attempting to double up on Pope . Hughes scored his first hat-trick for the Valiants in a 7–1 home victory over Burton Albion on 5 April , with two of his goals coming from the penalty spot as he took over from Jennison Myrie-Williams as the clubs penalty taker . This performance won him a place on the League Two team of the",
"title": "Port Vale"
},
{
"text": "week . Vale were promoted at the end of the season , with Hughes scoring ten goals in his 18 games , ensuring his contract was extended until summer 2014 .",
"title": "Port Vale"
},
{
"text": " He was not a regular starter in the 2013–14 season , especially as Jordan Hugill began to impress from the youth development squad , and so he decided to leave the club in the January transfer window .",
"title": "Port Vale"
},
{
"text": "On 3 January 2014 , he joined Conference Premier side Forest Green Rovers on an 18-month contract . Manager Adrian Pennock stated that Hes come to play football , hes not come for money and Im chuffed to have him on board . He has the experience we need and I believe hell score goals . He made his debut six days later in a 1–1 draw with Hereford United at The New Lawn . On 25 January , he scored his first goals for the club , securing a brace in a 3–0 home win over Chester . He",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "ended the 2013–14 season with eight goals in 21 appearances for Rovers .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " On the opening day of the 2014–15 season , Hughes scored Forest Greens winning goal in a 1–0 away victory at Southport . He then scored his 300th career goal with his second strike of the season in a 2–0 win over Alfreton Town at The New Lawn on 16 August 2014 .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "On 30 January 2015 , Hughes returned to Conference Premier club Kidderminster Harriers on a deal till the end of the season after having his contract with Forest Green Rovers mutually terminated . On his second debut for Kidderminster , he put his side ahead in a Worcestershire Senior Cup tie against Stourbridge . He also scored on his league return against Woking at Aggborough , scoring in the 39th minute in a 1–1 draw . He was released at the end of the season as manager Gary Whilds playing budget was reduced by half for the 2015–16 campaign .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " After impressing in pre season , Hughes signed for Northern Premier League Premier Division side Ilkeston , and was sent off on his debut against Skelmersdale United on 15 August 2015 .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "In September 2015 , Hughes signed for Worcester City on non-contract terms , who played at Aggborough , the home of Kidderminster Harriers where he started his career . He scored 19 goals in 29 appearances in the 2015–16 campaign . In February 2017 , he applied to succeed Carl Heeley as manager . However , he instead left the financially troubled club and moved on to National League North rivals AFC Telford United .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "In March 2018 , Hughes signed for Northern Premier League Premier Division side Halesowen Town as a player . The Yeltz ended the 2017–18 season in 23rd-place , before being relegated out of the Southern League Premier Division Central at the end of the 2018–19 campaign . He left Halesowen in August 2019 , after losing his place in the starting eleven . Later that month he joined league rivals Mickleover Sports , where he made nineteen league appearances and scored six goals , and then Grantham Town in January 2020 , where he scored once in six league appearances",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " He was reported to have been a target for Nuneaton Borough just before the 2019–20 season was formally abandoned on 26 March , with all results from the season being expunged , due to the COVID-19 pandemic in England . He announced his retirement in April 2020 , at the age of 43 .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " Hughes rejoined Worcester City as both a player and as joint-manager , alongside John Snape , on 4 May 2017 ; Worcester had just been relegated out of the National League North . He resigned on 6 March 2018 . In March 2019 , he was appointed caretaker player-manager of Halesowen Town , remaining in the role until May .",
"title": "Management career"
},
{
"text": "Describing Hughess attributes in January 2013 , former Notts County coach Dave Kevan said that he was a fantastic finisher.. . a clever player whose movement is good , whose intelligence is good , who uses his body well and who uses his strength well.. . he plays with his brain and hes adapted his game as he has got older.. . hes also clever enough to create opportunities for others . He maintained a natural goalscoring instinct throughout his career , and has said I always fancy myself to stick the ball in the back of the net if",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "I get a chance . His dancing goal celebration originated as a mocking tribute of a friends bad dancing .",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "The son of Bill and Gail Hughes , older brother to Clint and Brett , Hughes worked with his father as a roofer in his home-town of Smethwick before turning professional . In 1999 , Sharlene Gillies claimed that she and Hughes had a child together . DNA tests later proved that he was not the father , though by this time his engagement to lap dancer Donna Nisbet was called off . Hughes stated that I dont think Donna was particularly happy with all the limelight that comes with football , though insisted that barracking from opposition fans only",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "made him more determined to put in a good performance on the pitch . Hughes and Jason Roberts were questioned by police over allegations that they assaulted a man outside a pub in Brierley Hill ; the case was dropped in September 2000 . It was reported that he had converted to Islam during his time in prison , due in part to his friendship with Muslim prisoners and the fact that abuse of alcohol had helped to bring about his downfall – his father said that this story is not true . In 2005 Hughes was reported to be",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "on suicide watch after learning that his wife had reportedly been seeing a younger man .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " He married air hostess Anna Kuzmanic in June 2000 in the Croatian town of Trogir . The couple had two children together but split up in 2008 ; the split was described as very amicable . His eldest , Mia , was born in November 2000 . Hughes was declared bankrupt in March 2018 . Causing death by dangerous driving conviction .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "On 23 November 2003 , near his home in the Warwickshire village of Meriden , West Midlands , Hughes lost control of his Mercedes CL55 AMG and went onto the wrong side of the road before colliding with a Renault Scénic . A passenger in the Renault , Douglas Graham , was killed in the incident , whilst his wife Maureen and the driver Albert Frisby were severely injured . Hughes and passenger Adrian Smith left the scene , before turning themselves in to the police 36 hours later . He was arrested on suspicion of causing death by dangerous",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "driving . He denied the charge , though later pleaded guilty to charges of failing to stop and failing to report an accident .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "During his trial at Coventry Crown Court , Hughes was accused of driving too fast in wet conditions and was described as driving like a madman . He claimed the brakes on his car had locked , though tests showed that the brakes were in perfect working order and had technology installed to prevent the driver from losing control . When asked where he had been in the 36 hours after leaving the scene of the incident Hughes said that I would rather not say , really , though later admitted he had travelled 20 miles to Smethwick . Prosecutor",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Melbourne Inman QC told the court Hughes had fled the scene to dodge a breath test . On 9 August 2004 , Hughes was found guilty of causing death by dangerous driving , and was sentenced to six years imprisonment . Frisby said that the sentence was not long enough . Hughes lodged an appeal against the sentence , but not the conviction . In January 2005 , his appeal for his sentence to be reduced was refused .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " He served his time in Category C prisons . During his time in HM Prison Featherstone he played in the Staffordshire County Senior League for the prison football team . He also helped to organise a charity football match which raised £5,000 for a childrens hospice . He was released in August 2007 , three years into his six-year sentence .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " On 3 December 2011 , Hughes was arrested and bailed on charges of sexual assault after an incident in Croydon . He was then charged with the offence on 30 January 2012 . In May 2012 , Hughes was found guilty of common assault and fined £500 , but the charge of sexual assault was dropped .",
"title": "Assault conviction"
},
{
"text": " - PFA Team of the Year ( First Division ) : 1998–99 - West Bromwich Albion F.C . Player of the Year : 1998–99 - League Two Player of the Month : April 2010 - PFA Team of the Year ( League Two ) : 2009–10",
"title": "Individual"
}
] |
/wiki/Lee_Hughes#P54#6
|
Which team did the player Lee Hughes belong to between Apr 2013 and Aug 2013?
|
Lee Hughes Lee Hughes ( born 22 May 1976 ) is an English former professional footballer who played as a striker . A strong striker with excellent finishing abilities , Hughes represented the England semi-professional team once in 1996 . After being released as a youth footballer , Hughes worked as a roofer alongside his father . He started his career in the Conference with Kidderminster Harriers , before winning a £380,000 move to boyhood club West Bromwich Albion in August 1997 . He finished as the clubs top-scorer for four seasons running , earning a place on the PFA Team of the Year in 1998–99 after finishing as the highest scorer in the top four divisions of English football . He was sold to Coventry City for £5 million in August 2001 , before returning to West Brom for half of that figure twelve months later . He failed to impress in the Premier League as Albion suffered relegation , but helped the club to make an immediate return to the top-flight as runners-up in the First Division in 2003–04 . In August 2004 , he was sentenced to six years imprisonment for causing death by dangerous driving following a fatal crash on 23 November 2003 . Following his release from prison in 2007 , he returned to the professional game with Oldham Athletic of League One . He signed for Notts County in July 2009 , and was named on the PFA Team of the Year after scoring 30 league goals as the club won the League Two title in 2009–10 . He left Notts County to sign for Port Vale in January 2013 , and helped the club to secure promotion out of League Two in 2012–13 . In January 2014 , he signed for Forest Green Rovers on an 18-month deal . In January 2015 , he returned to Kidderminster Harriers , and moved on to Ilkeston and then Worcester City in the summer . He continued to be a prolific goalscorer into his 40s , and signed with AFC Telford United in February 2017 . He began his management career as joint-manager of Worcester City , alongside John Snape , in May 2017 . In March 2018 , he joined Halesowen Town as a player , where he remained until moving on to Mickleover Sports in August 2019 . He joined Grantham Town in January 2020 and retired two months later at the age of 43 . Club career . Kidderminster Harriers . Hughes spent four years at West Bromwich Albion as a schoolboy from ages 11 to 15 , though was not offered a youth team contract . He then had unsuccessful trials at numerous clubs , though came close to being offered a contract by Swansea City . He instead started his career playing semi-professionally for Conference club Kidderminster Harriers , whilst holding down a part-time job as a roofer . Although Hughes scored 34 goals in the 1996–97 season , Kidderminster failed to gain promotion to the Football League after finishing five points behind champions Macclesfield Town . At this point in his career Hughes was regarded as one of Englands finest semi-professionals and was called up to the England national football C team . In total , Hughes scored 70 goals in 139 games for Kidderminster in all competitions . He also played for amateur touring side Middlesex Wanderers during their tour of Vietnam whilst he was aged 19 . West Bromwich Albion . Hughes was sold to West Bromwich Albion for an initial £200,000 – incentives later took the final sum up to £380,000 – in August 1997 . He said It was a dream to join the team I have supported all my life . The Daily Mirror printed that Hughes has red hair , tattoos of a Tasmanian devil and a British bulldog on his forearms , dynamite in his boots and Albion in his blood . Fans affectionately nicknamed him the Ginger Ninja . He made his debut at The Hawthorns as a substitute in a 2–1 win over Tranmere Rovers on 9 August 1997 . Seven days later he scored two goals from the bench in a 3–2 win over Crewe Alexandra at Gresty Road . Though signed by Ray Harford , he came to the fore under new boss Denis Smith . Smith handed Hughes his first start on 28 December , in a 1–1 home draw with Stoke City . He finished his debut season as the clubs top-scorer with 14 goals in 41 appearances , and was rewarded with a new four-year contract . He started the 1998–99 season in fine form , and claimed his first ever hat-trick in a 3–0 win over Port Vale at Vale Park on 22 August . Despite having recently signed a long-term contract , his form and goal record led to constant rumours of a big money move to a host of Premier League clubs . West Brom eventually issued a hands-off warning to other clubs . He claimed further hat-tricks against Crystal Palace and Huddersfield Town , and finished the season with 32 goals in 45 games . This tally left him as the countrys top-scorer . He was named on the PFA Team of the Year for the First Division . He then submitted a written transfer request , and his spokesman told the press that there have been a number of things going on behind the scenes which have unsettled him recently . In particular , his £1,400 a week salary was compared with the £5,000 a week salary of under-performing teammate Fabian de Freitas . He remained at the club for the 1999–2000 season , and scored 17 goals in 43 appearances . Albion struggled in the First Division under new manager Brian Little , though improved after Gary Megson replaced Little as manager in March and avoided relegation despite Hughes missing the final five matches of the season due to a knee injury . He was partnered with Jason Roberts for the 2000–01 season ; the pair went on to score 40 goals between them to help secure the Baggies a play-off place . With 23 goals to his name , he again attracted interest from other clubs . He claimed two hat-tricks in seven days against Gillingham and Preston North End . Hughes converted a penalty in a 2–2 draw with Bolton Wanderers in the first leg of the play-off semi-final , before a 3–0 defeat at the Reebok Stadium ended Albions play-off hopes . He refused to sign a new contract in July 2001 , and was placed on the transfer list . Coventry City . Hughes was sold to Gordon Strachans Coventry City for a club record transfer fee of £5,000,001 ( the unusual figure was because any offer exceeding £5 million would trigger an escape clause in his West Brom contract ) in August 2001 . His wages at Highfield Road were reported to be £15,000 a week . Hughes scored 14 goals in 40 games , including a hat-trick in a 6–1 win at Crewe Alexandra , and finished the 2001–02 season as the clubs top-scorer . Coventry rejected a loan offer from West Bromwich Albion in March 2002 , and ended the season outside the play-offs . Return to West Bromwich Albion . In August 2002 , Hughes returned to West Bromwich Albion for a club record £2.5 million – half the fee Albion had received for him a year earlier – and signed a four-year deal with the club . Despite being a regular in the first team , Hughes failed to score a single Premier League goal in the 2002–03 season and Albion were relegated in 19th place with just six wins and 26 points from 38 matches . Hughes was criticised by several teammates following the clubs 1–0 defeat by Everton at Goodison Park , though was publicly backed by manager Gary Megson . He told the press that I want to establish myself in the Premiership and any accusations of me not pulling my weight should be made to my face . He put his poor form down to him missing pre-season training with injury problems . He rediscovered his form back in the First Division , scoring 12 goals in 36 games in 2003–04 as West Brom secured promotion with a second-place finish . His contract at West Bromwich Albion was immediately terminated in August 2004 , following his conviction for causing death by dangerous driving . He spent the next three years in prison , serving half of his six-year sentence . Oldham Athletic . Upon his release from prison on 20 August 2007 , Hughes signed a two-year contract with League One club Oldham Athletic ; the club asked supporters not to pass moral judgement . His reported salary of £1,800-a-week at Boundary Park was less than a 10th of what he earned at the peak of his career with West Bromwich Albion . Hughes made his debut for Oldham in a 4–1 defeat by Hartlepool United at Victoria Park on 1 September 2007 . He failed to find the net in his first seven games , and underwent an operation to correct a hernia problem . He recovered quickly from the procedure , and registered his first two goals for the Latics in a 3–0 win over Bournemouth at Dean Court on 25 November , before being named in the League One Team of the Week . He scored his first hat-trick for the club against Millwall in a 3–2 victory at The Den on 15 December , and again made the League One Team of the Week . He picked up a groin injury in March 2008 , and was sidelined for the rest of the season . Hughes had scored eight goals by the end of the 2007–08 season , making him the clubs second highest goalscorer behind Craig Davies . He opened his account for the 2008–09 season with a hat-trick in a 4–0 win over Cheltenham Town on 23 August . Stating his future ambitions as playing Championship football with Oldham , he was offered a new deal at the club on 30 December 2008 . He was linked with a move to Doncaster Rovers in January 2009 , but stayed put after talks with manager John Sheridan , who insisted Hughes was very happy at Oldham . In March 2009 , it was widely reported that Hughes had been involved in a drunken brawl with Sheridan where Hughes was reported to have had him in a headlock . Sheridan later downplayed the incident as jovial , saying people have made things up . Sheridan was sacked , but insisted that the two incidents were not related , as it was results that cost me the job . On 26 March 2009 , Hughes joined Championship club Blackpool on loan until the end of the season . He made his debut in a 1–0 defeat to Plymouth Argyle at Bloomfield Road on 4 April . His first goal for the club came on 18 April against Charlton Athletic at the Valley , when after coming on as an 89th-minute substitute , and with Blackpool 2–1 down , he scored four minutes later to make the score 2–2 . Hughes ended the campaign as Oldhams highest scorer with 18 goals in 40 appearances . However , he was one of a number of players released by the clubs new manager Dave Penney in May 2009 , and returned to Kidderminster Harriers for training in order to keep up his fitness levels whilst searching for a new club . Notts County . Hughes signed for League Two team Notts County on a two-year contract on 22 July 2009 , on the same day that Sven-Göran Eriksson arrived at the club as director of football . He scored a hat-trick on his debut in a 5–0 victory over Bradford City on the opening day of the season . He then got his second hat-trick against Northampton Town in a 5–2 home win on 12 September . He claimed his third hat-trick of the campaign on 28 December during a 4–1 win over Burton Albion at the Pirelli Stadium . However the club endured a turbulent time , with manager Ian McParland sacked and replaced by Hans Backe , who himself resigned after Qadbak Investments proved unable to fund Backes wages . New owner Ray Trew appointed Steve Cotterill as manager , and County entered April ten points behind league leaders Rochdale , though Hughes remained confident that they could reduce the deficit and win the league . On 17 April , Hughes scored two goals in a 4–1 victory over Morecambe as County won promotion to League One . He was named as League Twos Player of the Month in April . On 1 May , Hughes added another two goals in Countys final home game of the season , making him the first Notts player to score 30 league goals since Tommy Lawton in the 1949–50 season . He finished as the divisions top-scorer in 2009–10 with 30 league goals in 39 games , and was named on the PFA Team of the Year alongside teammates Kasper Schmeichel and Ben Davies . County won the league by a ten-point margin . In July 2010 , Hughes signed a one-year extension to his contract that would see him at Meadow Lane until the summer of 2012 . On 23 September 2010 , Hughes revealed a Boing , Boing t-shirt in a League Cup tie with Wolverhampton Wanderers at Molineux – the slogan of Wolves rivals West Bromwich Albion – and was quizzed by police after angry Wolves fans retaliated to the message by attacking Notts County supporters coaches . He was reported to be angry at being named as a substitute in a league game against Milton Keynes Dons on 11 December , though boss Paul Ince stated that Hughesy is 34 and cannot play week in week out . But hes never come and said I should be starting . Hes been different class . On 8 January 2011 , he was on the scoresheet as County beat Premier League side Sunderland 2–1 in the FA Cup . Two weeks later he was confirmed to be a target of Sheffield Wednesday . He remained with the Magpies , and ended the 2010–11 season as the clubs top-scorer with 16 goals in 37 appearances . The club again went through a succession of managers – Craig Short , Paul Ince and then Martin Allen – and ended the season three points above the relegation zone . On 8 September 2011 , he played against Italian club Juventus in the inaugural game of the Juventus Stadium , and scored Countys goal in a 1–1 draw ; after the game he had a signed shirt from Andrea Pirlo . The next month he accepted a pay cut to sign a new 18-month contract , and was quoted as saying he never planned to leave the club as the fans have taken me in and I love it here . He ended the 2011–12 campaign on 11 goals in 44 games . In summer 2012 , the club rejected offers for Hughes from Cheltenham Town and former club Oldham Athletic . At the beginning of the 2012–13 season , new manager Keith Curle stated that we know he is of an age where he wont be playing for 46 games , so he needs to be managed . New signing Yoann Arquin became the countys first choice striker , and Hughes announced his intention to leave the club in order to find first team football . He was reported to have joined Port Vale on loan , with a view to a permanent move , on 22 November 2012 ; though the deal had yet to be ratified by the English Football League . However , the next day it was revealed that the loan move would not go through as the relevant paperwork had not been sent in on time . Three weeks later Hughes provided the club with a sick note , saying that he was unavailable until January . His contract was terminated by mutual consent on 7 January 2013 . Port Vale . Hughes joined Port Vale the day after securing his exit from Notts County , as the BBC reported that promotion-chasing boss Micky Adams wants to bring him in to add impetus to a Vale attack who have occasionally misfired this term . He signed a contract to keep him at Vale Park until the end of the 2012–13 season , at which point his contract would be extended by 12 months if the Valiants were promoted . However Hughes later revealed that Adams was against the transfer but had been overruled by chairman Norman Smurthwaite . He marked his debut against the Gills with the winning goal that sent Vale to the top of the table . Being partnered with the countrys leading goalscorer Tom Pope allowed Hughes space in front of goal vacated by opposition defenders attempting to double up on Pope . Hughes scored his first hat-trick for the Valiants in a 7–1 home victory over Burton Albion on 5 April , with two of his goals coming from the penalty spot as he took over from Jennison Myrie-Williams as the clubs penalty taker . This performance won him a place on the League Two team of the week . Vale were promoted at the end of the season , with Hughes scoring ten goals in his 18 games , ensuring his contract was extended until summer 2014 . He was not a regular starter in the 2013–14 season , especially as Jordan Hugill began to impress from the youth development squad , and so he decided to leave the club in the January transfer window . Later career . On 3 January 2014 , he joined Conference Premier side Forest Green Rovers on an 18-month contract . Manager Adrian Pennock stated that Hes come to play football , hes not come for money and Im chuffed to have him on board . He has the experience we need and I believe hell score goals . He made his debut six days later in a 1–1 draw with Hereford United at The New Lawn . On 25 January , he scored his first goals for the club , securing a brace in a 3–0 home win over Chester . He ended the 2013–14 season with eight goals in 21 appearances for Rovers . On the opening day of the 2014–15 season , Hughes scored Forest Greens winning goal in a 1–0 away victory at Southport . He then scored his 300th career goal with his second strike of the season in a 2–0 win over Alfreton Town at The New Lawn on 16 August 2014 . On 30 January 2015 , Hughes returned to Conference Premier club Kidderminster Harriers on a deal till the end of the season after having his contract with Forest Green Rovers mutually terminated . On his second debut for Kidderminster , he put his side ahead in a Worcestershire Senior Cup tie against Stourbridge . He also scored on his league return against Woking at Aggborough , scoring in the 39th minute in a 1–1 draw . He was released at the end of the season as manager Gary Whilds playing budget was reduced by half for the 2015–16 campaign . After impressing in pre season , Hughes signed for Northern Premier League Premier Division side Ilkeston , and was sent off on his debut against Skelmersdale United on 15 August 2015 . In September 2015 , Hughes signed for Worcester City on non-contract terms , who played at Aggborough , the home of Kidderminster Harriers where he started his career . He scored 19 goals in 29 appearances in the 2015–16 campaign . In February 2017 , he applied to succeed Carl Heeley as manager . However , he instead left the financially troubled club and moved on to National League North rivals AFC Telford United . In March 2018 , Hughes signed for Northern Premier League Premier Division side Halesowen Town as a player . The Yeltz ended the 2017–18 season in 23rd-place , before being relegated out of the Southern League Premier Division Central at the end of the 2018–19 campaign . He left Halesowen in August 2019 , after losing his place in the starting eleven . Later that month he joined league rivals Mickleover Sports , where he made nineteen league appearances and scored six goals , and then Grantham Town in January 2020 , where he scored once in six league appearances . He was reported to have been a target for Nuneaton Borough just before the 2019–20 season was formally abandoned on 26 March , with all results from the season being expunged , due to the COVID-19 pandemic in England . He announced his retirement in April 2020 , at the age of 43 . Management career . Hughes rejoined Worcester City as both a player and as joint-manager , alongside John Snape , on 4 May 2017 ; Worcester had just been relegated out of the National League North . He resigned on 6 March 2018 . In March 2019 , he was appointed caretaker player-manager of Halesowen Town , remaining in the role until May . Style of play . Describing Hughess attributes in January 2013 , former Notts County coach Dave Kevan said that he was a fantastic finisher.. . a clever player whose movement is good , whose intelligence is good , who uses his body well and who uses his strength well.. . he plays with his brain and hes adapted his game as he has got older.. . hes also clever enough to create opportunities for others . He maintained a natural goalscoring instinct throughout his career , and has said I always fancy myself to stick the ball in the back of the net if I get a chance . His dancing goal celebration originated as a mocking tribute of a friends bad dancing . Personal life . The son of Bill and Gail Hughes , older brother to Clint and Brett , Hughes worked with his father as a roofer in his home-town of Smethwick before turning professional . In 1999 , Sharlene Gillies claimed that she and Hughes had a child together . DNA tests later proved that he was not the father , though by this time his engagement to lap dancer Donna Nisbet was called off . Hughes stated that I dont think Donna was particularly happy with all the limelight that comes with football , though insisted that barracking from opposition fans only made him more determined to put in a good performance on the pitch . Hughes and Jason Roberts were questioned by police over allegations that they assaulted a man outside a pub in Brierley Hill ; the case was dropped in September 2000 . It was reported that he had converted to Islam during his time in prison , due in part to his friendship with Muslim prisoners and the fact that abuse of alcohol had helped to bring about his downfall – his father said that this story is not true . In 2005 Hughes was reported to be on suicide watch after learning that his wife had reportedly been seeing a younger man . He married air hostess Anna Kuzmanic in June 2000 in the Croatian town of Trogir . The couple had two children together but split up in 2008 ; the split was described as very amicable . His eldest , Mia , was born in November 2000 . Hughes was declared bankrupt in March 2018 . Causing death by dangerous driving conviction . On 23 November 2003 , near his home in the Warwickshire village of Meriden , West Midlands , Hughes lost control of his Mercedes CL55 AMG and went onto the wrong side of the road before colliding with a Renault Scénic . A passenger in the Renault , Douglas Graham , was killed in the incident , whilst his wife Maureen and the driver Albert Frisby were severely injured . Hughes and passenger Adrian Smith left the scene , before turning themselves in to the police 36 hours later . He was arrested on suspicion of causing death by dangerous driving . He denied the charge , though later pleaded guilty to charges of failing to stop and failing to report an accident . During his trial at Coventry Crown Court , Hughes was accused of driving too fast in wet conditions and was described as driving like a madman . He claimed the brakes on his car had locked , though tests showed that the brakes were in perfect working order and had technology installed to prevent the driver from losing control . When asked where he had been in the 36 hours after leaving the scene of the incident Hughes said that I would rather not say , really , though later admitted he had travelled 20 miles to Smethwick . Prosecutor Melbourne Inman QC told the court Hughes had fled the scene to dodge a breath test . On 9 August 2004 , Hughes was found guilty of causing death by dangerous driving , and was sentenced to six years imprisonment . Frisby said that the sentence was not long enough . Hughes lodged an appeal against the sentence , but not the conviction . In January 2005 , his appeal for his sentence to be reduced was refused . He served his time in Category C prisons . During his time in HM Prison Featherstone he played in the Staffordshire County Senior League for the prison football team . He also helped to organise a charity football match which raised £5,000 for a childrens hospice . He was released in August 2007 , three years into his six-year sentence . Assault conviction . On 3 December 2011 , Hughes was arrested and bailed on charges of sexual assault after an incident in Croydon . He was then charged with the offence on 30 January 2012 . In May 2012 , Hughes was found guilty of common assault and fined £500 , but the charge of sexual assault was dropped . Honours . Kidderminster Harriers - Conference runner-up : 1996–97 West Bromwich Albion - Football League First Division runner-up : 2003–04 Notts County - EFL League Two : 2009–10 Port Vale - League Two third-place promotion : 2012–13 Individual - PFA Team of the Year ( First Division ) : 1998–99 - West Bromwich Albion F.C . Player of the Year : 1998–99 - League Two Player of the Month : April 2010 - PFA Team of the Year ( League Two ) : 2009–10
|
[
"Port Vale"
] |
[
{
"text": " Lee Hughes ( born 22 May 1976 ) is an English former professional footballer who played as a striker .",
"title": "Lee Hughes"
},
{
"text": "A strong striker with excellent finishing abilities , Hughes represented the England semi-professional team once in 1996 . After being released as a youth footballer , Hughes worked as a roofer alongside his father . He started his career in the Conference with Kidderminster Harriers , before winning a £380,000 move to boyhood club West Bromwich Albion in August 1997 . He finished as the clubs top-scorer for four seasons running , earning a place on the PFA Team of the Year in 1998–99 after finishing as the highest scorer in the top four divisions of English football . He",
"title": "Lee Hughes"
},
{
"text": "was sold to Coventry City for £5 million in August 2001 , before returning to West Brom for half of that figure twelve months later . He failed to impress in the Premier League as Albion suffered relegation , but helped the club to make an immediate return to the top-flight as runners-up in the First Division in 2003–04 .",
"title": "Lee Hughes"
},
{
"text": "In August 2004 , he was sentenced to six years imprisonment for causing death by dangerous driving following a fatal crash on 23 November 2003 . Following his release from prison in 2007 , he returned to the professional game with Oldham Athletic of League One . He signed for Notts County in July 2009 , and was named on the PFA Team of the Year after scoring 30 league goals as the club won the League Two title in 2009–10 . He left Notts County to sign for Port Vale in January 2013 , and helped the club to",
"title": "Lee Hughes"
},
{
"text": "secure promotion out of League Two in 2012–13 . In January 2014 , he signed for Forest Green Rovers on an 18-month deal . In January 2015 , he returned to Kidderminster Harriers , and moved on to Ilkeston and then Worcester City in the summer . He continued to be a prolific goalscorer into his 40s , and signed with AFC Telford United in February 2017 . He began his management career as joint-manager of Worcester City , alongside John Snape , in May 2017 . In March 2018 , he joined Halesowen Town as a player , where",
"title": "Lee Hughes"
},
{
"text": "he remained until moving on to Mickleover Sports in August 2019 . He joined Grantham Town in January 2020 and retired two months later at the age of 43 .",
"title": "Lee Hughes"
},
{
"text": "Hughes spent four years at West Bromwich Albion as a schoolboy from ages 11 to 15 , though was not offered a youth team contract . He then had unsuccessful trials at numerous clubs , though came close to being offered a contract by Swansea City . He instead started his career playing semi-professionally for Conference club Kidderminster Harriers , whilst holding down a part-time job as a roofer . Although Hughes scored 34 goals in the 1996–97 season , Kidderminster failed to gain promotion to the Football League after finishing five points behind champions Macclesfield Town . At this",
"title": "Kidderminster Harriers"
},
{
"text": "point in his career Hughes was regarded as one of Englands finest semi-professionals and was called up to the England national football C team . In total , Hughes scored 70 goals in 139 games for Kidderminster in all competitions . He also played for amateur touring side Middlesex Wanderers during their tour of Vietnam whilst he was aged 19 .",
"title": "Kidderminster Harriers"
},
{
"text": " Hughes was sold to West Bromwich Albion for an initial £200,000 – incentives later took the final sum up to £380,000 – in August 1997 . He said It was a dream to join the team I have supported all my life . The Daily Mirror printed that Hughes has red hair , tattoos of a Tasmanian devil and a British bulldog on his forearms , dynamite in his boots and Albion in his blood . Fans affectionately nicknamed him the Ginger Ninja .",
"title": "West Bromwich Albion"
},
{
"text": "He made his debut at The Hawthorns as a substitute in a 2–1 win over Tranmere Rovers on 9 August 1997 . Seven days later he scored two goals from the bench in a 3–2 win over Crewe Alexandra at Gresty Road . Though signed by Ray Harford , he came to the fore under new boss Denis Smith . Smith handed Hughes his first start on 28 December , in a 1–1 home draw with Stoke City . He finished his debut season as the clubs top-scorer with 14 goals in 41 appearances , and was rewarded with a",
"title": "West Bromwich Albion"
},
{
"text": "new four-year contract .",
"title": "West Bromwich Albion"
},
{
"text": "He started the 1998–99 season in fine form , and claimed his first ever hat-trick in a 3–0 win over Port Vale at Vale Park on 22 August . Despite having recently signed a long-term contract , his form and goal record led to constant rumours of a big money move to a host of Premier League clubs . West Brom eventually issued a hands-off warning to other clubs . He claimed further hat-tricks against Crystal Palace and Huddersfield Town , and finished the season with 32 goals in 45 games . This tally left him as the countrys top-scorer",
"title": "West Bromwich Albion"
},
{
"text": ". He was named on the PFA Team of the Year for the First Division . He then submitted a written transfer request , and his spokesman told the press that there have been a number of things going on behind the scenes which have unsettled him recently . In particular , his £1,400 a week salary was compared with the £5,000 a week salary of under-performing teammate Fabian de Freitas .",
"title": "West Bromwich Albion"
},
{
"text": " He remained at the club for the 1999–2000 season , and scored 17 goals in 43 appearances . Albion struggled in the First Division under new manager Brian Little , though improved after Gary Megson replaced Little as manager in March and avoided relegation despite Hughes missing the final five matches of the season due to a knee injury .",
"title": "West Bromwich Albion"
},
{
"text": "He was partnered with Jason Roberts for the 2000–01 season ; the pair went on to score 40 goals between them to help secure the Baggies a play-off place . With 23 goals to his name , he again attracted interest from other clubs . He claimed two hat-tricks in seven days against Gillingham and Preston North End . Hughes converted a penalty in a 2–2 draw with Bolton Wanderers in the first leg of the play-off semi-final , before a 3–0 defeat at the Reebok Stadium ended Albions play-off hopes . He refused to sign a new contract in",
"title": "West Bromwich Albion"
},
{
"text": "July 2001 , and was placed on the transfer list .",
"title": "West Bromwich Albion"
},
{
"text": "Hughes was sold to Gordon Strachans Coventry City for a club record transfer fee of £5,000,001 ( the unusual figure was because any offer exceeding £5 million would trigger an escape clause in his West Brom contract ) in August 2001 . His wages at Highfield Road were reported to be £15,000 a week . Hughes scored 14 goals in 40 games , including a hat-trick in a 6–1 win at Crewe Alexandra , and finished the 2001–02 season as the clubs top-scorer . Coventry rejected a loan offer from West Bromwich Albion in March 2002 , and ended the",
"title": "Coventry City"
},
{
"text": "season outside the play-offs .",
"title": "Coventry City"
},
{
"text": "In August 2002 , Hughes returned to West Bromwich Albion for a club record £2.5 million – half the fee Albion had received for him a year earlier – and signed a four-year deal with the club . Despite being a regular in the first team , Hughes failed to score a single Premier League goal in the 2002–03 season and Albion were relegated in 19th place with just six wins and 26 points from 38 matches . Hughes was criticised by several teammates following the clubs 1–0 defeat by Everton at Goodison Park , though was publicly backed by",
"title": "Coventry City"
},
{
"text": "manager Gary Megson . He told the press that I want to establish myself in the Premiership and any accusations of me not pulling my weight should be made to my face . He put his poor form down to him missing pre-season training with injury problems . He rediscovered his form back in the First Division , scoring 12 goals in 36 games in 2003–04 as West Brom secured promotion with a second-place finish . His contract at West Bromwich Albion was immediately terminated in August 2004 , following his conviction for causing death by dangerous driving . He",
"title": "Coventry City"
},
{
"text": "spent the next three years in prison , serving half of his six-year sentence .",
"title": "Coventry City"
},
{
"text": "Upon his release from prison on 20 August 2007 , Hughes signed a two-year contract with League One club Oldham Athletic ; the club asked supporters not to pass moral judgement . His reported salary of £1,800-a-week at Boundary Park was less than a 10th of what he earned at the peak of his career with West Bromwich Albion . Hughes made his debut for Oldham in a 4–1 defeat by Hartlepool United at Victoria Park on 1 September 2007 . He failed to find the net in his first seven games , and underwent an operation to correct a",
"title": "Oldham Athletic"
},
{
"text": "hernia problem . He recovered quickly from the procedure , and registered his first two goals for the Latics in a 3–0 win over Bournemouth at Dean Court on 25 November , before being named in the League One Team of the Week . He scored his first hat-trick for the club against Millwall in a 3–2 victory at The Den on 15 December , and again made the League One Team of the Week . He picked up a groin injury in March 2008 , and was sidelined for the rest of the season . Hughes had scored eight",
"title": "Oldham Athletic"
},
{
"text": "goals by the end of the 2007–08 season , making him the clubs second highest goalscorer behind Craig Davies .",
"title": "Oldham Athletic"
},
{
"text": "He opened his account for the 2008–09 season with a hat-trick in a 4–0 win over Cheltenham Town on 23 August . Stating his future ambitions as playing Championship football with Oldham , he was offered a new deal at the club on 30 December 2008 . He was linked with a move to Doncaster Rovers in January 2009 , but stayed put after talks with manager John Sheridan , who insisted Hughes was very happy at Oldham . In March 2009 , it was widely reported that Hughes had been involved in a drunken brawl with Sheridan where Hughes",
"title": "Oldham Athletic"
},
{
"text": "was reported to have had him in a headlock . Sheridan later downplayed the incident as jovial , saying people have made things up . Sheridan was sacked , but insisted that the two incidents were not related , as it was results that cost me the job .",
"title": "Oldham Athletic"
},
{
"text": "On 26 March 2009 , Hughes joined Championship club Blackpool on loan until the end of the season . He made his debut in a 1–0 defeat to Plymouth Argyle at Bloomfield Road on 4 April . His first goal for the club came on 18 April against Charlton Athletic at the Valley , when after coming on as an 89th-minute substitute , and with Blackpool 2–1 down , he scored four minutes later to make the score 2–2 . Hughes ended the campaign as Oldhams highest scorer with 18 goals in 40 appearances . However , he was one",
"title": "Oldham Athletic"
},
{
"text": "of a number of players released by the clubs new manager Dave Penney in May 2009 , and returned to Kidderminster Harriers for training in order to keep up his fitness levels whilst searching for a new club .",
"title": "Oldham Athletic"
},
{
"text": "Hughes signed for League Two team Notts County on a two-year contract on 22 July 2009 , on the same day that Sven-Göran Eriksson arrived at the club as director of football . He scored a hat-trick on his debut in a 5–0 victory over Bradford City on the opening day of the season . He then got his second hat-trick against Northampton Town in a 5–2 home win on 12 September . He claimed his third hat-trick of the campaign on 28 December during a 4–1 win over Burton Albion at the Pirelli Stadium . However the club endured",
"title": "Notts County"
},
{
"text": "a turbulent time , with manager Ian McParland sacked and replaced by Hans Backe , who himself resigned after Qadbak Investments proved unable to fund Backes wages . New owner Ray Trew appointed Steve Cotterill as manager , and County entered April ten points behind league leaders Rochdale , though Hughes remained confident that they could reduce the deficit and win the league . On 17 April , Hughes scored two goals in a 4–1 victory over Morecambe as County won promotion to League One . He was named as League Twos Player of the Month in April . On",
"title": "Notts County"
},
{
"text": "1 May , Hughes added another two goals in Countys final home game of the season , making him the first Notts player to score 30 league goals since Tommy Lawton in the 1949–50 season . He finished as the divisions top-scorer in 2009–10 with 30 league goals in 39 games , and was named on the PFA Team of the Year alongside teammates Kasper Schmeichel and Ben Davies . County won the league by a ten-point margin . In July 2010 , Hughes signed a one-year extension to his contract that would see him at Meadow Lane until the",
"title": "Notts County"
},
{
"text": "summer of 2012 .",
"title": "Notts County"
},
{
"text": "On 23 September 2010 , Hughes revealed a Boing , Boing t-shirt in a League Cup tie with Wolverhampton Wanderers at Molineux – the slogan of Wolves rivals West Bromwich Albion – and was quizzed by police after angry Wolves fans retaliated to the message by attacking Notts County supporters coaches . He was reported to be angry at being named as a substitute in a league game against Milton Keynes Dons on 11 December , though boss Paul Ince stated that Hughesy is 34 and cannot play week in week out . But hes never come and said I",
"title": "Notts County"
},
{
"text": "should be starting . Hes been different class . On 8 January 2011 , he was on the scoresheet as County beat Premier League side Sunderland 2–1 in the FA Cup . Two weeks later he was confirmed to be a target of Sheffield Wednesday . He remained with the Magpies , and ended the 2010–11 season as the clubs top-scorer with 16 goals in 37 appearances . The club again went through a succession of managers – Craig Short , Paul Ince and then Martin Allen – and ended the season three points above the relegation zone .",
"title": "Notts County"
},
{
"text": "On 8 September 2011 , he played against Italian club Juventus in the inaugural game of the Juventus Stadium , and scored Countys goal in a 1–1 draw ; after the game he had a signed shirt from Andrea Pirlo . The next month he accepted a pay cut to sign a new 18-month contract , and was quoted as saying he never planned to leave the club as the fans have taken me in and I love it here . He ended the 2011–12 campaign on 11 goals in 44 games . In summer 2012 , the club rejected",
"title": "Notts County"
},
{
"text": "offers for Hughes from Cheltenham Town and former club Oldham Athletic .",
"title": "Notts County"
},
{
"text": "At the beginning of the 2012–13 season , new manager Keith Curle stated that we know he is of an age where he wont be playing for 46 games , so he needs to be managed . New signing Yoann Arquin became the countys first choice striker , and Hughes announced his intention to leave the club in order to find first team football . He was reported to have joined Port Vale on loan , with a view to a permanent move , on 22 November 2012 ; though the deal had yet to be ratified by the English",
"title": "Notts County"
},
{
"text": "Football League . However , the next day it was revealed that the loan move would not go through as the relevant paperwork had not been sent in on time . Three weeks later Hughes provided the club with a sick note , saying that he was unavailable until January . His contract was terminated by mutual consent on 7 January 2013 .",
"title": "Notts County"
},
{
"text": "Hughes joined Port Vale the day after securing his exit from Notts County , as the BBC reported that promotion-chasing boss Micky Adams wants to bring him in to add impetus to a Vale attack who have occasionally misfired this term . He signed a contract to keep him at Vale Park until the end of the 2012–13 season , at which point his contract would be extended by 12 months if the Valiants were promoted . However Hughes later revealed that Adams was against the transfer but had been overruled by chairman Norman Smurthwaite . He marked his debut",
"title": "Port Vale"
},
{
"text": "against the Gills with the winning goal that sent Vale to the top of the table . Being partnered with the countrys leading goalscorer Tom Pope allowed Hughes space in front of goal vacated by opposition defenders attempting to double up on Pope . Hughes scored his first hat-trick for the Valiants in a 7–1 home victory over Burton Albion on 5 April , with two of his goals coming from the penalty spot as he took over from Jennison Myrie-Williams as the clubs penalty taker . This performance won him a place on the League Two team of the",
"title": "Port Vale"
},
{
"text": "week . Vale were promoted at the end of the season , with Hughes scoring ten goals in his 18 games , ensuring his contract was extended until summer 2014 .",
"title": "Port Vale"
},
{
"text": " He was not a regular starter in the 2013–14 season , especially as Jordan Hugill began to impress from the youth development squad , and so he decided to leave the club in the January transfer window .",
"title": "Port Vale"
},
{
"text": "On 3 January 2014 , he joined Conference Premier side Forest Green Rovers on an 18-month contract . Manager Adrian Pennock stated that Hes come to play football , hes not come for money and Im chuffed to have him on board . He has the experience we need and I believe hell score goals . He made his debut six days later in a 1–1 draw with Hereford United at The New Lawn . On 25 January , he scored his first goals for the club , securing a brace in a 3–0 home win over Chester . He",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "ended the 2013–14 season with eight goals in 21 appearances for Rovers .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " On the opening day of the 2014–15 season , Hughes scored Forest Greens winning goal in a 1–0 away victory at Southport . He then scored his 300th career goal with his second strike of the season in a 2–0 win over Alfreton Town at The New Lawn on 16 August 2014 .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "On 30 January 2015 , Hughes returned to Conference Premier club Kidderminster Harriers on a deal till the end of the season after having his contract with Forest Green Rovers mutually terminated . On his second debut for Kidderminster , he put his side ahead in a Worcestershire Senior Cup tie against Stourbridge . He also scored on his league return against Woking at Aggborough , scoring in the 39th minute in a 1–1 draw . He was released at the end of the season as manager Gary Whilds playing budget was reduced by half for the 2015–16 campaign .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " After impressing in pre season , Hughes signed for Northern Premier League Premier Division side Ilkeston , and was sent off on his debut against Skelmersdale United on 15 August 2015 .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "In September 2015 , Hughes signed for Worcester City on non-contract terms , who played at Aggborough , the home of Kidderminster Harriers where he started his career . He scored 19 goals in 29 appearances in the 2015–16 campaign . In February 2017 , he applied to succeed Carl Heeley as manager . However , he instead left the financially troubled club and moved on to National League North rivals AFC Telford United .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "In March 2018 , Hughes signed for Northern Premier League Premier Division side Halesowen Town as a player . The Yeltz ended the 2017–18 season in 23rd-place , before being relegated out of the Southern League Premier Division Central at the end of the 2018–19 campaign . He left Halesowen in August 2019 , after losing his place in the starting eleven . Later that month he joined league rivals Mickleover Sports , where he made nineteen league appearances and scored six goals , and then Grantham Town in January 2020 , where he scored once in six league appearances",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " He was reported to have been a target for Nuneaton Borough just before the 2019–20 season was formally abandoned on 26 March , with all results from the season being expunged , due to the COVID-19 pandemic in England . He announced his retirement in April 2020 , at the age of 43 .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " Hughes rejoined Worcester City as both a player and as joint-manager , alongside John Snape , on 4 May 2017 ; Worcester had just been relegated out of the National League North . He resigned on 6 March 2018 . In March 2019 , he was appointed caretaker player-manager of Halesowen Town , remaining in the role until May .",
"title": "Management career"
},
{
"text": "Describing Hughess attributes in January 2013 , former Notts County coach Dave Kevan said that he was a fantastic finisher.. . a clever player whose movement is good , whose intelligence is good , who uses his body well and who uses his strength well.. . he plays with his brain and hes adapted his game as he has got older.. . hes also clever enough to create opportunities for others . He maintained a natural goalscoring instinct throughout his career , and has said I always fancy myself to stick the ball in the back of the net if",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "I get a chance . His dancing goal celebration originated as a mocking tribute of a friends bad dancing .",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "The son of Bill and Gail Hughes , older brother to Clint and Brett , Hughes worked with his father as a roofer in his home-town of Smethwick before turning professional . In 1999 , Sharlene Gillies claimed that she and Hughes had a child together . DNA tests later proved that he was not the father , though by this time his engagement to lap dancer Donna Nisbet was called off . Hughes stated that I dont think Donna was particularly happy with all the limelight that comes with football , though insisted that barracking from opposition fans only",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "made him more determined to put in a good performance on the pitch . Hughes and Jason Roberts were questioned by police over allegations that they assaulted a man outside a pub in Brierley Hill ; the case was dropped in September 2000 . It was reported that he had converted to Islam during his time in prison , due in part to his friendship with Muslim prisoners and the fact that abuse of alcohol had helped to bring about his downfall – his father said that this story is not true . In 2005 Hughes was reported to be",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "on suicide watch after learning that his wife had reportedly been seeing a younger man .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " He married air hostess Anna Kuzmanic in June 2000 in the Croatian town of Trogir . The couple had two children together but split up in 2008 ; the split was described as very amicable . His eldest , Mia , was born in November 2000 . Hughes was declared bankrupt in March 2018 . Causing death by dangerous driving conviction .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "On 23 November 2003 , near his home in the Warwickshire village of Meriden , West Midlands , Hughes lost control of his Mercedes CL55 AMG and went onto the wrong side of the road before colliding with a Renault Scénic . A passenger in the Renault , Douglas Graham , was killed in the incident , whilst his wife Maureen and the driver Albert Frisby were severely injured . Hughes and passenger Adrian Smith left the scene , before turning themselves in to the police 36 hours later . He was arrested on suspicion of causing death by dangerous",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "driving . He denied the charge , though later pleaded guilty to charges of failing to stop and failing to report an accident .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "During his trial at Coventry Crown Court , Hughes was accused of driving too fast in wet conditions and was described as driving like a madman . He claimed the brakes on his car had locked , though tests showed that the brakes were in perfect working order and had technology installed to prevent the driver from losing control . When asked where he had been in the 36 hours after leaving the scene of the incident Hughes said that I would rather not say , really , though later admitted he had travelled 20 miles to Smethwick . Prosecutor",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Melbourne Inman QC told the court Hughes had fled the scene to dodge a breath test . On 9 August 2004 , Hughes was found guilty of causing death by dangerous driving , and was sentenced to six years imprisonment . Frisby said that the sentence was not long enough . Hughes lodged an appeal against the sentence , but not the conviction . In January 2005 , his appeal for his sentence to be reduced was refused .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " He served his time in Category C prisons . During his time in HM Prison Featherstone he played in the Staffordshire County Senior League for the prison football team . He also helped to organise a charity football match which raised £5,000 for a childrens hospice . He was released in August 2007 , three years into his six-year sentence .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " On 3 December 2011 , Hughes was arrested and bailed on charges of sexual assault after an incident in Croydon . He was then charged with the offence on 30 January 2012 . In May 2012 , Hughes was found guilty of common assault and fined £500 , but the charge of sexual assault was dropped .",
"title": "Assault conviction"
},
{
"text": " - PFA Team of the Year ( First Division ) : 1998–99 - West Bromwich Albion F.C . Player of the Year : 1998–99 - League Two Player of the Month : April 2010 - PFA Team of the Year ( League Two ) : 2009–10",
"title": "Individual"
}
] |
/wiki/Lee_Hughes#P54#7
|
Which team did the player Lee Hughes belong to after Jan 2014?
|
Lee Hughes Lee Hughes ( born 22 May 1976 ) is an English former professional footballer who played as a striker . A strong striker with excellent finishing abilities , Hughes represented the England semi-professional team once in 1996 . After being released as a youth footballer , Hughes worked as a roofer alongside his father . He started his career in the Conference with Kidderminster Harriers , before winning a £380,000 move to boyhood club West Bromwich Albion in August 1997 . He finished as the clubs top-scorer for four seasons running , earning a place on the PFA Team of the Year in 1998–99 after finishing as the highest scorer in the top four divisions of English football . He was sold to Coventry City for £5 million in August 2001 , before returning to West Brom for half of that figure twelve months later . He failed to impress in the Premier League as Albion suffered relegation , but helped the club to make an immediate return to the top-flight as runners-up in the First Division in 2003–04 . In August 2004 , he was sentenced to six years imprisonment for causing death by dangerous driving following a fatal crash on 23 November 2003 . Following his release from prison in 2007 , he returned to the professional game with Oldham Athletic of League One . He signed for Notts County in July 2009 , and was named on the PFA Team of the Year after scoring 30 league goals as the club won the League Two title in 2009–10 . He left Notts County to sign for Port Vale in January 2013 , and helped the club to secure promotion out of League Two in 2012–13 . In January 2014 , he signed for Forest Green Rovers on an 18-month deal . In January 2015 , he returned to Kidderminster Harriers , and moved on to Ilkeston and then Worcester City in the summer . He continued to be a prolific goalscorer into his 40s , and signed with AFC Telford United in February 2017 . He began his management career as joint-manager of Worcester City , alongside John Snape , in May 2017 . In March 2018 , he joined Halesowen Town as a player , where he remained until moving on to Mickleover Sports in August 2019 . He joined Grantham Town in January 2020 and retired two months later at the age of 43 . Club career . Kidderminster Harriers . Hughes spent four years at West Bromwich Albion as a schoolboy from ages 11 to 15 , though was not offered a youth team contract . He then had unsuccessful trials at numerous clubs , though came close to being offered a contract by Swansea City . He instead started his career playing semi-professionally for Conference club Kidderminster Harriers , whilst holding down a part-time job as a roofer . Although Hughes scored 34 goals in the 1996–97 season , Kidderminster failed to gain promotion to the Football League after finishing five points behind champions Macclesfield Town . At this point in his career Hughes was regarded as one of Englands finest semi-professionals and was called up to the England national football C team . In total , Hughes scored 70 goals in 139 games for Kidderminster in all competitions . He also played for amateur touring side Middlesex Wanderers during their tour of Vietnam whilst he was aged 19 . West Bromwich Albion . Hughes was sold to West Bromwich Albion for an initial £200,000 – incentives later took the final sum up to £380,000 – in August 1997 . He said It was a dream to join the team I have supported all my life . The Daily Mirror printed that Hughes has red hair , tattoos of a Tasmanian devil and a British bulldog on his forearms , dynamite in his boots and Albion in his blood . Fans affectionately nicknamed him the Ginger Ninja . He made his debut at The Hawthorns as a substitute in a 2–1 win over Tranmere Rovers on 9 August 1997 . Seven days later he scored two goals from the bench in a 3–2 win over Crewe Alexandra at Gresty Road . Though signed by Ray Harford , he came to the fore under new boss Denis Smith . Smith handed Hughes his first start on 28 December , in a 1–1 home draw with Stoke City . He finished his debut season as the clubs top-scorer with 14 goals in 41 appearances , and was rewarded with a new four-year contract . He started the 1998–99 season in fine form , and claimed his first ever hat-trick in a 3–0 win over Port Vale at Vale Park on 22 August . Despite having recently signed a long-term contract , his form and goal record led to constant rumours of a big money move to a host of Premier League clubs . West Brom eventually issued a hands-off warning to other clubs . He claimed further hat-tricks against Crystal Palace and Huddersfield Town , and finished the season with 32 goals in 45 games . This tally left him as the countrys top-scorer . He was named on the PFA Team of the Year for the First Division . He then submitted a written transfer request , and his spokesman told the press that there have been a number of things going on behind the scenes which have unsettled him recently . In particular , his £1,400 a week salary was compared with the £5,000 a week salary of under-performing teammate Fabian de Freitas . He remained at the club for the 1999–2000 season , and scored 17 goals in 43 appearances . Albion struggled in the First Division under new manager Brian Little , though improved after Gary Megson replaced Little as manager in March and avoided relegation despite Hughes missing the final five matches of the season due to a knee injury . He was partnered with Jason Roberts for the 2000–01 season ; the pair went on to score 40 goals between them to help secure the Baggies a play-off place . With 23 goals to his name , he again attracted interest from other clubs . He claimed two hat-tricks in seven days against Gillingham and Preston North End . Hughes converted a penalty in a 2–2 draw with Bolton Wanderers in the first leg of the play-off semi-final , before a 3–0 defeat at the Reebok Stadium ended Albions play-off hopes . He refused to sign a new contract in July 2001 , and was placed on the transfer list . Coventry City . Hughes was sold to Gordon Strachans Coventry City for a club record transfer fee of £5,000,001 ( the unusual figure was because any offer exceeding £5 million would trigger an escape clause in his West Brom contract ) in August 2001 . His wages at Highfield Road were reported to be £15,000 a week . Hughes scored 14 goals in 40 games , including a hat-trick in a 6–1 win at Crewe Alexandra , and finished the 2001–02 season as the clubs top-scorer . Coventry rejected a loan offer from West Bromwich Albion in March 2002 , and ended the season outside the play-offs . Return to West Bromwich Albion . In August 2002 , Hughes returned to West Bromwich Albion for a club record £2.5 million – half the fee Albion had received for him a year earlier – and signed a four-year deal with the club . Despite being a regular in the first team , Hughes failed to score a single Premier League goal in the 2002–03 season and Albion were relegated in 19th place with just six wins and 26 points from 38 matches . Hughes was criticised by several teammates following the clubs 1–0 defeat by Everton at Goodison Park , though was publicly backed by manager Gary Megson . He told the press that I want to establish myself in the Premiership and any accusations of me not pulling my weight should be made to my face . He put his poor form down to him missing pre-season training with injury problems . He rediscovered his form back in the First Division , scoring 12 goals in 36 games in 2003–04 as West Brom secured promotion with a second-place finish . His contract at West Bromwich Albion was immediately terminated in August 2004 , following his conviction for causing death by dangerous driving . He spent the next three years in prison , serving half of his six-year sentence . Oldham Athletic . Upon his release from prison on 20 August 2007 , Hughes signed a two-year contract with League One club Oldham Athletic ; the club asked supporters not to pass moral judgement . His reported salary of £1,800-a-week at Boundary Park was less than a 10th of what he earned at the peak of his career with West Bromwich Albion . Hughes made his debut for Oldham in a 4–1 defeat by Hartlepool United at Victoria Park on 1 September 2007 . He failed to find the net in his first seven games , and underwent an operation to correct a hernia problem . He recovered quickly from the procedure , and registered his first two goals for the Latics in a 3–0 win over Bournemouth at Dean Court on 25 November , before being named in the League One Team of the Week . He scored his first hat-trick for the club against Millwall in a 3–2 victory at The Den on 15 December , and again made the League One Team of the Week . He picked up a groin injury in March 2008 , and was sidelined for the rest of the season . Hughes had scored eight goals by the end of the 2007–08 season , making him the clubs second highest goalscorer behind Craig Davies . He opened his account for the 2008–09 season with a hat-trick in a 4–0 win over Cheltenham Town on 23 August . Stating his future ambitions as playing Championship football with Oldham , he was offered a new deal at the club on 30 December 2008 . He was linked with a move to Doncaster Rovers in January 2009 , but stayed put after talks with manager John Sheridan , who insisted Hughes was very happy at Oldham . In March 2009 , it was widely reported that Hughes had been involved in a drunken brawl with Sheridan where Hughes was reported to have had him in a headlock . Sheridan later downplayed the incident as jovial , saying people have made things up . Sheridan was sacked , but insisted that the two incidents were not related , as it was results that cost me the job . On 26 March 2009 , Hughes joined Championship club Blackpool on loan until the end of the season . He made his debut in a 1–0 defeat to Plymouth Argyle at Bloomfield Road on 4 April . His first goal for the club came on 18 April against Charlton Athletic at the Valley , when after coming on as an 89th-minute substitute , and with Blackpool 2–1 down , he scored four minutes later to make the score 2–2 . Hughes ended the campaign as Oldhams highest scorer with 18 goals in 40 appearances . However , he was one of a number of players released by the clubs new manager Dave Penney in May 2009 , and returned to Kidderminster Harriers for training in order to keep up his fitness levels whilst searching for a new club . Notts County . Hughes signed for League Two team Notts County on a two-year contract on 22 July 2009 , on the same day that Sven-Göran Eriksson arrived at the club as director of football . He scored a hat-trick on his debut in a 5–0 victory over Bradford City on the opening day of the season . He then got his second hat-trick against Northampton Town in a 5–2 home win on 12 September . He claimed his third hat-trick of the campaign on 28 December during a 4–1 win over Burton Albion at the Pirelli Stadium . However the club endured a turbulent time , with manager Ian McParland sacked and replaced by Hans Backe , who himself resigned after Qadbak Investments proved unable to fund Backes wages . New owner Ray Trew appointed Steve Cotterill as manager , and County entered April ten points behind league leaders Rochdale , though Hughes remained confident that they could reduce the deficit and win the league . On 17 April , Hughes scored two goals in a 4–1 victory over Morecambe as County won promotion to League One . He was named as League Twos Player of the Month in April . On 1 May , Hughes added another two goals in Countys final home game of the season , making him the first Notts player to score 30 league goals since Tommy Lawton in the 1949–50 season . He finished as the divisions top-scorer in 2009–10 with 30 league goals in 39 games , and was named on the PFA Team of the Year alongside teammates Kasper Schmeichel and Ben Davies . County won the league by a ten-point margin . In July 2010 , Hughes signed a one-year extension to his contract that would see him at Meadow Lane until the summer of 2012 . On 23 September 2010 , Hughes revealed a Boing , Boing t-shirt in a League Cup tie with Wolverhampton Wanderers at Molineux – the slogan of Wolves rivals West Bromwich Albion – and was quizzed by police after angry Wolves fans retaliated to the message by attacking Notts County supporters coaches . He was reported to be angry at being named as a substitute in a league game against Milton Keynes Dons on 11 December , though boss Paul Ince stated that Hughesy is 34 and cannot play week in week out . But hes never come and said I should be starting . Hes been different class . On 8 January 2011 , he was on the scoresheet as County beat Premier League side Sunderland 2–1 in the FA Cup . Two weeks later he was confirmed to be a target of Sheffield Wednesday . He remained with the Magpies , and ended the 2010–11 season as the clubs top-scorer with 16 goals in 37 appearances . The club again went through a succession of managers – Craig Short , Paul Ince and then Martin Allen – and ended the season three points above the relegation zone . On 8 September 2011 , he played against Italian club Juventus in the inaugural game of the Juventus Stadium , and scored Countys goal in a 1–1 draw ; after the game he had a signed shirt from Andrea Pirlo . The next month he accepted a pay cut to sign a new 18-month contract , and was quoted as saying he never planned to leave the club as the fans have taken me in and I love it here . He ended the 2011–12 campaign on 11 goals in 44 games . In summer 2012 , the club rejected offers for Hughes from Cheltenham Town and former club Oldham Athletic . At the beginning of the 2012–13 season , new manager Keith Curle stated that we know he is of an age where he wont be playing for 46 games , so he needs to be managed . New signing Yoann Arquin became the countys first choice striker , and Hughes announced his intention to leave the club in order to find first team football . He was reported to have joined Port Vale on loan , with a view to a permanent move , on 22 November 2012 ; though the deal had yet to be ratified by the English Football League . However , the next day it was revealed that the loan move would not go through as the relevant paperwork had not been sent in on time . Three weeks later Hughes provided the club with a sick note , saying that he was unavailable until January . His contract was terminated by mutual consent on 7 January 2013 . Port Vale . Hughes joined Port Vale the day after securing his exit from Notts County , as the BBC reported that promotion-chasing boss Micky Adams wants to bring him in to add impetus to a Vale attack who have occasionally misfired this term . He signed a contract to keep him at Vale Park until the end of the 2012–13 season , at which point his contract would be extended by 12 months if the Valiants were promoted . However Hughes later revealed that Adams was against the transfer but had been overruled by chairman Norman Smurthwaite . He marked his debut against the Gills with the winning goal that sent Vale to the top of the table . Being partnered with the countrys leading goalscorer Tom Pope allowed Hughes space in front of goal vacated by opposition defenders attempting to double up on Pope . Hughes scored his first hat-trick for the Valiants in a 7–1 home victory over Burton Albion on 5 April , with two of his goals coming from the penalty spot as he took over from Jennison Myrie-Williams as the clubs penalty taker . This performance won him a place on the League Two team of the week . Vale were promoted at the end of the season , with Hughes scoring ten goals in his 18 games , ensuring his contract was extended until summer 2014 . He was not a regular starter in the 2013–14 season , especially as Jordan Hugill began to impress from the youth development squad , and so he decided to leave the club in the January transfer window . Later career . On 3 January 2014 , he joined Conference Premier side Forest Green Rovers on an 18-month contract . Manager Adrian Pennock stated that Hes come to play football , hes not come for money and Im chuffed to have him on board . He has the experience we need and I believe hell score goals . He made his debut six days later in a 1–1 draw with Hereford United at The New Lawn . On 25 January , he scored his first goals for the club , securing a brace in a 3–0 home win over Chester . He ended the 2013–14 season with eight goals in 21 appearances for Rovers . On the opening day of the 2014–15 season , Hughes scored Forest Greens winning goal in a 1–0 away victory at Southport . He then scored his 300th career goal with his second strike of the season in a 2–0 win over Alfreton Town at The New Lawn on 16 August 2014 . On 30 January 2015 , Hughes returned to Conference Premier club Kidderminster Harriers on a deal till the end of the season after having his contract with Forest Green Rovers mutually terminated . On his second debut for Kidderminster , he put his side ahead in a Worcestershire Senior Cup tie against Stourbridge . He also scored on his league return against Woking at Aggborough , scoring in the 39th minute in a 1–1 draw . He was released at the end of the season as manager Gary Whilds playing budget was reduced by half for the 2015–16 campaign . After impressing in pre season , Hughes signed for Northern Premier League Premier Division side Ilkeston , and was sent off on his debut against Skelmersdale United on 15 August 2015 . In September 2015 , Hughes signed for Worcester City on non-contract terms , who played at Aggborough , the home of Kidderminster Harriers where he started his career . He scored 19 goals in 29 appearances in the 2015–16 campaign . In February 2017 , he applied to succeed Carl Heeley as manager . However , he instead left the financially troubled club and moved on to National League North rivals AFC Telford United . In March 2018 , Hughes signed for Northern Premier League Premier Division side Halesowen Town as a player . The Yeltz ended the 2017–18 season in 23rd-place , before being relegated out of the Southern League Premier Division Central at the end of the 2018–19 campaign . He left Halesowen in August 2019 , after losing his place in the starting eleven . Later that month he joined league rivals Mickleover Sports , where he made nineteen league appearances and scored six goals , and then Grantham Town in January 2020 , where he scored once in six league appearances . He was reported to have been a target for Nuneaton Borough just before the 2019–20 season was formally abandoned on 26 March , with all results from the season being expunged , due to the COVID-19 pandemic in England . He announced his retirement in April 2020 , at the age of 43 . Management career . Hughes rejoined Worcester City as both a player and as joint-manager , alongside John Snape , on 4 May 2017 ; Worcester had just been relegated out of the National League North . He resigned on 6 March 2018 . In March 2019 , he was appointed caretaker player-manager of Halesowen Town , remaining in the role until May . Style of play . Describing Hughess attributes in January 2013 , former Notts County coach Dave Kevan said that he was a fantastic finisher.. . a clever player whose movement is good , whose intelligence is good , who uses his body well and who uses his strength well.. . he plays with his brain and hes adapted his game as he has got older.. . hes also clever enough to create opportunities for others . He maintained a natural goalscoring instinct throughout his career , and has said I always fancy myself to stick the ball in the back of the net if I get a chance . His dancing goal celebration originated as a mocking tribute of a friends bad dancing . Personal life . The son of Bill and Gail Hughes , older brother to Clint and Brett , Hughes worked with his father as a roofer in his home-town of Smethwick before turning professional . In 1999 , Sharlene Gillies claimed that she and Hughes had a child together . DNA tests later proved that he was not the father , though by this time his engagement to lap dancer Donna Nisbet was called off . Hughes stated that I dont think Donna was particularly happy with all the limelight that comes with football , though insisted that barracking from opposition fans only made him more determined to put in a good performance on the pitch . Hughes and Jason Roberts were questioned by police over allegations that they assaulted a man outside a pub in Brierley Hill ; the case was dropped in September 2000 . It was reported that he had converted to Islam during his time in prison , due in part to his friendship with Muslim prisoners and the fact that abuse of alcohol had helped to bring about his downfall – his father said that this story is not true . In 2005 Hughes was reported to be on suicide watch after learning that his wife had reportedly been seeing a younger man . He married air hostess Anna Kuzmanic in June 2000 in the Croatian town of Trogir . The couple had two children together but split up in 2008 ; the split was described as very amicable . His eldest , Mia , was born in November 2000 . Hughes was declared bankrupt in March 2018 . Causing death by dangerous driving conviction . On 23 November 2003 , near his home in the Warwickshire village of Meriden , West Midlands , Hughes lost control of his Mercedes CL55 AMG and went onto the wrong side of the road before colliding with a Renault Scénic . A passenger in the Renault , Douglas Graham , was killed in the incident , whilst his wife Maureen and the driver Albert Frisby were severely injured . Hughes and passenger Adrian Smith left the scene , before turning themselves in to the police 36 hours later . He was arrested on suspicion of causing death by dangerous driving . He denied the charge , though later pleaded guilty to charges of failing to stop and failing to report an accident . During his trial at Coventry Crown Court , Hughes was accused of driving too fast in wet conditions and was described as driving like a madman . He claimed the brakes on his car had locked , though tests showed that the brakes were in perfect working order and had technology installed to prevent the driver from losing control . When asked where he had been in the 36 hours after leaving the scene of the incident Hughes said that I would rather not say , really , though later admitted he had travelled 20 miles to Smethwick . Prosecutor Melbourne Inman QC told the court Hughes had fled the scene to dodge a breath test . On 9 August 2004 , Hughes was found guilty of causing death by dangerous driving , and was sentenced to six years imprisonment . Frisby said that the sentence was not long enough . Hughes lodged an appeal against the sentence , but not the conviction . In January 2005 , his appeal for his sentence to be reduced was refused . He served his time in Category C prisons . During his time in HM Prison Featherstone he played in the Staffordshire County Senior League for the prison football team . He also helped to organise a charity football match which raised £5,000 for a childrens hospice . He was released in August 2007 , three years into his six-year sentence . Assault conviction . On 3 December 2011 , Hughes was arrested and bailed on charges of sexual assault after an incident in Croydon . He was then charged with the offence on 30 January 2012 . In May 2012 , Hughes was found guilty of common assault and fined £500 , but the charge of sexual assault was dropped . Honours . Kidderminster Harriers - Conference runner-up : 1996–97 West Bromwich Albion - Football League First Division runner-up : 2003–04 Notts County - EFL League Two : 2009–10 Port Vale - League Two third-place promotion : 2012–13 Individual - PFA Team of the Year ( First Division ) : 1998–99 - West Bromwich Albion F.C . Player of the Year : 1998–99 - League Two Player of the Month : April 2010 - PFA Team of the Year ( League Two ) : 2009–10
|
[
"Forest Green Rovers"
] |
[
{
"text": " Lee Hughes ( born 22 May 1976 ) is an English former professional footballer who played as a striker .",
"title": "Lee Hughes"
},
{
"text": "A strong striker with excellent finishing abilities , Hughes represented the England semi-professional team once in 1996 . After being released as a youth footballer , Hughes worked as a roofer alongside his father . He started his career in the Conference with Kidderminster Harriers , before winning a £380,000 move to boyhood club West Bromwich Albion in August 1997 . He finished as the clubs top-scorer for four seasons running , earning a place on the PFA Team of the Year in 1998–99 after finishing as the highest scorer in the top four divisions of English football . He",
"title": "Lee Hughes"
},
{
"text": "was sold to Coventry City for £5 million in August 2001 , before returning to West Brom for half of that figure twelve months later . He failed to impress in the Premier League as Albion suffered relegation , but helped the club to make an immediate return to the top-flight as runners-up in the First Division in 2003–04 .",
"title": "Lee Hughes"
},
{
"text": "In August 2004 , he was sentenced to six years imprisonment for causing death by dangerous driving following a fatal crash on 23 November 2003 . Following his release from prison in 2007 , he returned to the professional game with Oldham Athletic of League One . He signed for Notts County in July 2009 , and was named on the PFA Team of the Year after scoring 30 league goals as the club won the League Two title in 2009–10 . He left Notts County to sign for Port Vale in January 2013 , and helped the club to",
"title": "Lee Hughes"
},
{
"text": "secure promotion out of League Two in 2012–13 . In January 2014 , he signed for Forest Green Rovers on an 18-month deal . In January 2015 , he returned to Kidderminster Harriers , and moved on to Ilkeston and then Worcester City in the summer . He continued to be a prolific goalscorer into his 40s , and signed with AFC Telford United in February 2017 . He began his management career as joint-manager of Worcester City , alongside John Snape , in May 2017 . In March 2018 , he joined Halesowen Town as a player , where",
"title": "Lee Hughes"
},
{
"text": "he remained until moving on to Mickleover Sports in August 2019 . He joined Grantham Town in January 2020 and retired two months later at the age of 43 .",
"title": "Lee Hughes"
},
{
"text": "Hughes spent four years at West Bromwich Albion as a schoolboy from ages 11 to 15 , though was not offered a youth team contract . He then had unsuccessful trials at numerous clubs , though came close to being offered a contract by Swansea City . He instead started his career playing semi-professionally for Conference club Kidderminster Harriers , whilst holding down a part-time job as a roofer . Although Hughes scored 34 goals in the 1996–97 season , Kidderminster failed to gain promotion to the Football League after finishing five points behind champions Macclesfield Town . At this",
"title": "Kidderminster Harriers"
},
{
"text": "point in his career Hughes was regarded as one of Englands finest semi-professionals and was called up to the England national football C team . In total , Hughes scored 70 goals in 139 games for Kidderminster in all competitions . He also played for amateur touring side Middlesex Wanderers during their tour of Vietnam whilst he was aged 19 .",
"title": "Kidderminster Harriers"
},
{
"text": " Hughes was sold to West Bromwich Albion for an initial £200,000 – incentives later took the final sum up to £380,000 – in August 1997 . He said It was a dream to join the team I have supported all my life . The Daily Mirror printed that Hughes has red hair , tattoos of a Tasmanian devil and a British bulldog on his forearms , dynamite in his boots and Albion in his blood . Fans affectionately nicknamed him the Ginger Ninja .",
"title": "West Bromwich Albion"
},
{
"text": "He made his debut at The Hawthorns as a substitute in a 2–1 win over Tranmere Rovers on 9 August 1997 . Seven days later he scored two goals from the bench in a 3–2 win over Crewe Alexandra at Gresty Road . Though signed by Ray Harford , he came to the fore under new boss Denis Smith . Smith handed Hughes his first start on 28 December , in a 1–1 home draw with Stoke City . He finished his debut season as the clubs top-scorer with 14 goals in 41 appearances , and was rewarded with a",
"title": "West Bromwich Albion"
},
{
"text": "new four-year contract .",
"title": "West Bromwich Albion"
},
{
"text": "He started the 1998–99 season in fine form , and claimed his first ever hat-trick in a 3–0 win over Port Vale at Vale Park on 22 August . Despite having recently signed a long-term contract , his form and goal record led to constant rumours of a big money move to a host of Premier League clubs . West Brom eventually issued a hands-off warning to other clubs . He claimed further hat-tricks against Crystal Palace and Huddersfield Town , and finished the season with 32 goals in 45 games . This tally left him as the countrys top-scorer",
"title": "West Bromwich Albion"
},
{
"text": ". He was named on the PFA Team of the Year for the First Division . He then submitted a written transfer request , and his spokesman told the press that there have been a number of things going on behind the scenes which have unsettled him recently . In particular , his £1,400 a week salary was compared with the £5,000 a week salary of under-performing teammate Fabian de Freitas .",
"title": "West Bromwich Albion"
},
{
"text": " He remained at the club for the 1999–2000 season , and scored 17 goals in 43 appearances . Albion struggled in the First Division under new manager Brian Little , though improved after Gary Megson replaced Little as manager in March and avoided relegation despite Hughes missing the final five matches of the season due to a knee injury .",
"title": "West Bromwich Albion"
},
{
"text": "He was partnered with Jason Roberts for the 2000–01 season ; the pair went on to score 40 goals between them to help secure the Baggies a play-off place . With 23 goals to his name , he again attracted interest from other clubs . He claimed two hat-tricks in seven days against Gillingham and Preston North End . Hughes converted a penalty in a 2–2 draw with Bolton Wanderers in the first leg of the play-off semi-final , before a 3–0 defeat at the Reebok Stadium ended Albions play-off hopes . He refused to sign a new contract in",
"title": "West Bromwich Albion"
},
{
"text": "July 2001 , and was placed on the transfer list .",
"title": "West Bromwich Albion"
},
{
"text": "Hughes was sold to Gordon Strachans Coventry City for a club record transfer fee of £5,000,001 ( the unusual figure was because any offer exceeding £5 million would trigger an escape clause in his West Brom contract ) in August 2001 . His wages at Highfield Road were reported to be £15,000 a week . Hughes scored 14 goals in 40 games , including a hat-trick in a 6–1 win at Crewe Alexandra , and finished the 2001–02 season as the clubs top-scorer . Coventry rejected a loan offer from West Bromwich Albion in March 2002 , and ended the",
"title": "Coventry City"
},
{
"text": "season outside the play-offs .",
"title": "Coventry City"
},
{
"text": "In August 2002 , Hughes returned to West Bromwich Albion for a club record £2.5 million – half the fee Albion had received for him a year earlier – and signed a four-year deal with the club . Despite being a regular in the first team , Hughes failed to score a single Premier League goal in the 2002–03 season and Albion were relegated in 19th place with just six wins and 26 points from 38 matches . Hughes was criticised by several teammates following the clubs 1–0 defeat by Everton at Goodison Park , though was publicly backed by",
"title": "Coventry City"
},
{
"text": "manager Gary Megson . He told the press that I want to establish myself in the Premiership and any accusations of me not pulling my weight should be made to my face . He put his poor form down to him missing pre-season training with injury problems . He rediscovered his form back in the First Division , scoring 12 goals in 36 games in 2003–04 as West Brom secured promotion with a second-place finish . His contract at West Bromwich Albion was immediately terminated in August 2004 , following his conviction for causing death by dangerous driving . He",
"title": "Coventry City"
},
{
"text": "spent the next three years in prison , serving half of his six-year sentence .",
"title": "Coventry City"
},
{
"text": "Upon his release from prison on 20 August 2007 , Hughes signed a two-year contract with League One club Oldham Athletic ; the club asked supporters not to pass moral judgement . His reported salary of £1,800-a-week at Boundary Park was less than a 10th of what he earned at the peak of his career with West Bromwich Albion . Hughes made his debut for Oldham in a 4–1 defeat by Hartlepool United at Victoria Park on 1 September 2007 . He failed to find the net in his first seven games , and underwent an operation to correct a",
"title": "Oldham Athletic"
},
{
"text": "hernia problem . He recovered quickly from the procedure , and registered his first two goals for the Latics in a 3–0 win over Bournemouth at Dean Court on 25 November , before being named in the League One Team of the Week . He scored his first hat-trick for the club against Millwall in a 3–2 victory at The Den on 15 December , and again made the League One Team of the Week . He picked up a groin injury in March 2008 , and was sidelined for the rest of the season . Hughes had scored eight",
"title": "Oldham Athletic"
},
{
"text": "goals by the end of the 2007–08 season , making him the clubs second highest goalscorer behind Craig Davies .",
"title": "Oldham Athletic"
},
{
"text": "He opened his account for the 2008–09 season with a hat-trick in a 4–0 win over Cheltenham Town on 23 August . Stating his future ambitions as playing Championship football with Oldham , he was offered a new deal at the club on 30 December 2008 . He was linked with a move to Doncaster Rovers in January 2009 , but stayed put after talks with manager John Sheridan , who insisted Hughes was very happy at Oldham . In March 2009 , it was widely reported that Hughes had been involved in a drunken brawl with Sheridan where Hughes",
"title": "Oldham Athletic"
},
{
"text": "was reported to have had him in a headlock . Sheridan later downplayed the incident as jovial , saying people have made things up . Sheridan was sacked , but insisted that the two incidents were not related , as it was results that cost me the job .",
"title": "Oldham Athletic"
},
{
"text": "On 26 March 2009 , Hughes joined Championship club Blackpool on loan until the end of the season . He made his debut in a 1–0 defeat to Plymouth Argyle at Bloomfield Road on 4 April . His first goal for the club came on 18 April against Charlton Athletic at the Valley , when after coming on as an 89th-minute substitute , and with Blackpool 2–1 down , he scored four minutes later to make the score 2–2 . Hughes ended the campaign as Oldhams highest scorer with 18 goals in 40 appearances . However , he was one",
"title": "Oldham Athletic"
},
{
"text": "of a number of players released by the clubs new manager Dave Penney in May 2009 , and returned to Kidderminster Harriers for training in order to keep up his fitness levels whilst searching for a new club .",
"title": "Oldham Athletic"
},
{
"text": "Hughes signed for League Two team Notts County on a two-year contract on 22 July 2009 , on the same day that Sven-Göran Eriksson arrived at the club as director of football . He scored a hat-trick on his debut in a 5–0 victory over Bradford City on the opening day of the season . He then got his second hat-trick against Northampton Town in a 5–2 home win on 12 September . He claimed his third hat-trick of the campaign on 28 December during a 4–1 win over Burton Albion at the Pirelli Stadium . However the club endured",
"title": "Notts County"
},
{
"text": "a turbulent time , with manager Ian McParland sacked and replaced by Hans Backe , who himself resigned after Qadbak Investments proved unable to fund Backes wages . New owner Ray Trew appointed Steve Cotterill as manager , and County entered April ten points behind league leaders Rochdale , though Hughes remained confident that they could reduce the deficit and win the league . On 17 April , Hughes scored two goals in a 4–1 victory over Morecambe as County won promotion to League One . He was named as League Twos Player of the Month in April . On",
"title": "Notts County"
},
{
"text": "1 May , Hughes added another two goals in Countys final home game of the season , making him the first Notts player to score 30 league goals since Tommy Lawton in the 1949–50 season . He finished as the divisions top-scorer in 2009–10 with 30 league goals in 39 games , and was named on the PFA Team of the Year alongside teammates Kasper Schmeichel and Ben Davies . County won the league by a ten-point margin . In July 2010 , Hughes signed a one-year extension to his contract that would see him at Meadow Lane until the",
"title": "Notts County"
},
{
"text": "summer of 2012 .",
"title": "Notts County"
},
{
"text": "On 23 September 2010 , Hughes revealed a Boing , Boing t-shirt in a League Cup tie with Wolverhampton Wanderers at Molineux – the slogan of Wolves rivals West Bromwich Albion – and was quizzed by police after angry Wolves fans retaliated to the message by attacking Notts County supporters coaches . He was reported to be angry at being named as a substitute in a league game against Milton Keynes Dons on 11 December , though boss Paul Ince stated that Hughesy is 34 and cannot play week in week out . But hes never come and said I",
"title": "Notts County"
},
{
"text": "should be starting . Hes been different class . On 8 January 2011 , he was on the scoresheet as County beat Premier League side Sunderland 2–1 in the FA Cup . Two weeks later he was confirmed to be a target of Sheffield Wednesday . He remained with the Magpies , and ended the 2010–11 season as the clubs top-scorer with 16 goals in 37 appearances . The club again went through a succession of managers – Craig Short , Paul Ince and then Martin Allen – and ended the season three points above the relegation zone .",
"title": "Notts County"
},
{
"text": "On 8 September 2011 , he played against Italian club Juventus in the inaugural game of the Juventus Stadium , and scored Countys goal in a 1–1 draw ; after the game he had a signed shirt from Andrea Pirlo . The next month he accepted a pay cut to sign a new 18-month contract , and was quoted as saying he never planned to leave the club as the fans have taken me in and I love it here . He ended the 2011–12 campaign on 11 goals in 44 games . In summer 2012 , the club rejected",
"title": "Notts County"
},
{
"text": "offers for Hughes from Cheltenham Town and former club Oldham Athletic .",
"title": "Notts County"
},
{
"text": "At the beginning of the 2012–13 season , new manager Keith Curle stated that we know he is of an age where he wont be playing for 46 games , so he needs to be managed . New signing Yoann Arquin became the countys first choice striker , and Hughes announced his intention to leave the club in order to find first team football . He was reported to have joined Port Vale on loan , with a view to a permanent move , on 22 November 2012 ; though the deal had yet to be ratified by the English",
"title": "Notts County"
},
{
"text": "Football League . However , the next day it was revealed that the loan move would not go through as the relevant paperwork had not been sent in on time . Three weeks later Hughes provided the club with a sick note , saying that he was unavailable until January . His contract was terminated by mutual consent on 7 January 2013 .",
"title": "Notts County"
},
{
"text": "Hughes joined Port Vale the day after securing his exit from Notts County , as the BBC reported that promotion-chasing boss Micky Adams wants to bring him in to add impetus to a Vale attack who have occasionally misfired this term . He signed a contract to keep him at Vale Park until the end of the 2012–13 season , at which point his contract would be extended by 12 months if the Valiants were promoted . However Hughes later revealed that Adams was against the transfer but had been overruled by chairman Norman Smurthwaite . He marked his debut",
"title": "Port Vale"
},
{
"text": "against the Gills with the winning goal that sent Vale to the top of the table . Being partnered with the countrys leading goalscorer Tom Pope allowed Hughes space in front of goal vacated by opposition defenders attempting to double up on Pope . Hughes scored his first hat-trick for the Valiants in a 7–1 home victory over Burton Albion on 5 April , with two of his goals coming from the penalty spot as he took over from Jennison Myrie-Williams as the clubs penalty taker . This performance won him a place on the League Two team of the",
"title": "Port Vale"
},
{
"text": "week . Vale were promoted at the end of the season , with Hughes scoring ten goals in his 18 games , ensuring his contract was extended until summer 2014 .",
"title": "Port Vale"
},
{
"text": " He was not a regular starter in the 2013–14 season , especially as Jordan Hugill began to impress from the youth development squad , and so he decided to leave the club in the January transfer window .",
"title": "Port Vale"
},
{
"text": "On 3 January 2014 , he joined Conference Premier side Forest Green Rovers on an 18-month contract . Manager Adrian Pennock stated that Hes come to play football , hes not come for money and Im chuffed to have him on board . He has the experience we need and I believe hell score goals . He made his debut six days later in a 1–1 draw with Hereford United at The New Lawn . On 25 January , he scored his first goals for the club , securing a brace in a 3–0 home win over Chester . He",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "ended the 2013–14 season with eight goals in 21 appearances for Rovers .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " On the opening day of the 2014–15 season , Hughes scored Forest Greens winning goal in a 1–0 away victory at Southport . He then scored his 300th career goal with his second strike of the season in a 2–0 win over Alfreton Town at The New Lawn on 16 August 2014 .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "On 30 January 2015 , Hughes returned to Conference Premier club Kidderminster Harriers on a deal till the end of the season after having his contract with Forest Green Rovers mutually terminated . On his second debut for Kidderminster , he put his side ahead in a Worcestershire Senior Cup tie against Stourbridge . He also scored on his league return against Woking at Aggborough , scoring in the 39th minute in a 1–1 draw . He was released at the end of the season as manager Gary Whilds playing budget was reduced by half for the 2015–16 campaign .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " After impressing in pre season , Hughes signed for Northern Premier League Premier Division side Ilkeston , and was sent off on his debut against Skelmersdale United on 15 August 2015 .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "In September 2015 , Hughes signed for Worcester City on non-contract terms , who played at Aggborough , the home of Kidderminster Harriers where he started his career . He scored 19 goals in 29 appearances in the 2015–16 campaign . In February 2017 , he applied to succeed Carl Heeley as manager . However , he instead left the financially troubled club and moved on to National League North rivals AFC Telford United .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "In March 2018 , Hughes signed for Northern Premier League Premier Division side Halesowen Town as a player . The Yeltz ended the 2017–18 season in 23rd-place , before being relegated out of the Southern League Premier Division Central at the end of the 2018–19 campaign . He left Halesowen in August 2019 , after losing his place in the starting eleven . Later that month he joined league rivals Mickleover Sports , where he made nineteen league appearances and scored six goals , and then Grantham Town in January 2020 , where he scored once in six league appearances",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " He was reported to have been a target for Nuneaton Borough just before the 2019–20 season was formally abandoned on 26 March , with all results from the season being expunged , due to the COVID-19 pandemic in England . He announced his retirement in April 2020 , at the age of 43 .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " Hughes rejoined Worcester City as both a player and as joint-manager , alongside John Snape , on 4 May 2017 ; Worcester had just been relegated out of the National League North . He resigned on 6 March 2018 . In March 2019 , he was appointed caretaker player-manager of Halesowen Town , remaining in the role until May .",
"title": "Management career"
},
{
"text": "Describing Hughess attributes in January 2013 , former Notts County coach Dave Kevan said that he was a fantastic finisher.. . a clever player whose movement is good , whose intelligence is good , who uses his body well and who uses his strength well.. . he plays with his brain and hes adapted his game as he has got older.. . hes also clever enough to create opportunities for others . He maintained a natural goalscoring instinct throughout his career , and has said I always fancy myself to stick the ball in the back of the net if",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "I get a chance . His dancing goal celebration originated as a mocking tribute of a friends bad dancing .",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "The son of Bill and Gail Hughes , older brother to Clint and Brett , Hughes worked with his father as a roofer in his home-town of Smethwick before turning professional . In 1999 , Sharlene Gillies claimed that she and Hughes had a child together . DNA tests later proved that he was not the father , though by this time his engagement to lap dancer Donna Nisbet was called off . Hughes stated that I dont think Donna was particularly happy with all the limelight that comes with football , though insisted that barracking from opposition fans only",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "made him more determined to put in a good performance on the pitch . Hughes and Jason Roberts were questioned by police over allegations that they assaulted a man outside a pub in Brierley Hill ; the case was dropped in September 2000 . It was reported that he had converted to Islam during his time in prison , due in part to his friendship with Muslim prisoners and the fact that abuse of alcohol had helped to bring about his downfall – his father said that this story is not true . In 2005 Hughes was reported to be",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "on suicide watch after learning that his wife had reportedly been seeing a younger man .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " He married air hostess Anna Kuzmanic in June 2000 in the Croatian town of Trogir . The couple had two children together but split up in 2008 ; the split was described as very amicable . His eldest , Mia , was born in November 2000 . Hughes was declared bankrupt in March 2018 . Causing death by dangerous driving conviction .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "On 23 November 2003 , near his home in the Warwickshire village of Meriden , West Midlands , Hughes lost control of his Mercedes CL55 AMG and went onto the wrong side of the road before colliding with a Renault Scénic . A passenger in the Renault , Douglas Graham , was killed in the incident , whilst his wife Maureen and the driver Albert Frisby were severely injured . Hughes and passenger Adrian Smith left the scene , before turning themselves in to the police 36 hours later . He was arrested on suspicion of causing death by dangerous",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "driving . He denied the charge , though later pleaded guilty to charges of failing to stop and failing to report an accident .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "During his trial at Coventry Crown Court , Hughes was accused of driving too fast in wet conditions and was described as driving like a madman . He claimed the brakes on his car had locked , though tests showed that the brakes were in perfect working order and had technology installed to prevent the driver from losing control . When asked where he had been in the 36 hours after leaving the scene of the incident Hughes said that I would rather not say , really , though later admitted he had travelled 20 miles to Smethwick . Prosecutor",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Melbourne Inman QC told the court Hughes had fled the scene to dodge a breath test . On 9 August 2004 , Hughes was found guilty of causing death by dangerous driving , and was sentenced to six years imprisonment . Frisby said that the sentence was not long enough . Hughes lodged an appeal against the sentence , but not the conviction . In January 2005 , his appeal for his sentence to be reduced was refused .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " He served his time in Category C prisons . During his time in HM Prison Featherstone he played in the Staffordshire County Senior League for the prison football team . He also helped to organise a charity football match which raised £5,000 for a childrens hospice . He was released in August 2007 , three years into his six-year sentence .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " On 3 December 2011 , Hughes was arrested and bailed on charges of sexual assault after an incident in Croydon . He was then charged with the offence on 30 January 2012 . In May 2012 , Hughes was found guilty of common assault and fined £500 , but the charge of sexual assault was dropped .",
"title": "Assault conviction"
},
{
"text": " - PFA Team of the Year ( First Division ) : 1998–99 - West Bromwich Albion F.C . Player of the Year : 1998–99 - League Two Player of the Month : April 2010 - PFA Team of the Year ( League Two ) : 2009–10",
"title": "Individual"
}
] |
/wiki/Daisuke_Asakura#P463#0
|
What organization or association or team did Daisuke Asakura join in 1992?
|
Daisuke Asakura Early life and career . Asakuras childhood consisted of piano and electronic organ lessons , though he was expected to follow the family trade of plumbing . He started working with Yamaha keyboards and synthesizers in his early teens . Asakura began his career with a job at Yamaha right after finishing high school . While at Yamaha , Asakura worked on the EOS synthesiser , and was also featured in the instructional video for the SY77 . His talent was discovered by Tetsuya Komuro of TM Network and Asakura was pulled from Yamaha to work under Komuro as his protégé . Subsequently , Asakura played the bass synthesizer during TM Networks 1990–91 Rhythm Red tour . In 1992 , Asakura met the vocalist Hiroyuki Takami and featured him in some of his solo work . The two eventually formed Access ( or AXS ) in 1992 , after Asakura broke away from TM Network . He and Takami went on to achieve great success before splitting up in 1995 . The breakup of Access left Asakura open to pursue different projects that included composing and producing songs for new artists ; one of the most successful acts he created was J-pop idol Takanori Nishikawa under the title of T.M.Revolution ( also known as TMR ) . In the middle of 1996 , Asakura started a three-man unit titled Iceman which brought Kenichi Ito ( guitar ) and Michihiro Kuroda ( vocals ) to the spotlight . After a few years , Iceman ended activity . Other projects . During and after his years with Iceman Asakura built his wealth and reputation as a composer taking after his idol and teacher , Tetsuya Komuro . He produced singles and albums for various J-Pop vocalists . He was also the featured music composer for the anime series Gravitation . Examples of Asakuras past projects includes vocalists such as Yosuke Sakanoue , Kinya Kotani , Daichi Kuroda , Akiko Hinagata , Yuki Kimura , FayRay , Takashi Fujii and groups such as , Onapetz , Pool Bit Boys , Lazy Knack , Run&Gun and The Seeker . He also composed songs for artists such as the visual kei rock band Shazna . In 1999 , Asakura and Takanori Nishikawa formed their own official two-man unit , The End of Genesis T.M.R . evolution Turbo Type D ( or TMR-e , for short ) . They produced three singles and one album together , with Asakura performing alongside Nishikawa and appearing in their music videos . The project was officially ended in April 2000 when Nishikawa reverted to his original stage name of T.M.Revolution . Asakura is still TMRs primary songwriter . In 2001 , Asakura produced his first solo album in five years and worked with Iceman guitarist Kenichi Ito in Mad Soldiers ; a sort of comedic spin-off from Iceman in which both mens sinister alter egos Scorpion ( Asakura ) and Snake ( Ito ) produced music for Kinya Kotani , amongst others , and performed officially unrecorded cover versions of famous songs such as Lemon Tea by Sheena & The Rokkets and Hungry Like the Wolf by Duran Duran . The name of Asakuras alter ego is a reference to his zodiac sign , Scorpio . In 2002 , he reunited with Hiroyuki Takami and reformed access . Asakura went off on a solo project in 2004 titled Quantum Mechanics Rainbow , in which he released multiple CDs for a year , and each CD title referenced both a color and math property . The project featured multiple live performances and subsequent DVD releases . In 2006–2007 , Asakura produced two singles for new J-pop idol Kimeru , hit the road with TM Network for 2007s TMN Tribute tour and created new songs for the newest version of the popular dance-step game , Dance Dance Revolution . In November 2007 , access released a memory/discography book , alongside highly coveted access plushies , to commemorate their 15th anniversary . In 2012 , access celebrated their 20th anniversary . In 2008 , Asakura started a new solo project entitled DA Metaverse ~100 Songs for 1000 Days , in which he would release 100 new songs over the course of 1000 days exclusively through iTunes . The project was launched on June 25 , 2008 . In 2009 he composed and produced the soundtrack for the anime adaptation of Chrome Shelled Regios . Also in 2009 , Asakura composed and arranged the soundtrack for a musical rendition of Goodbye Charlie in which Hiroyuki Takami played one of the lead roles . Asakura has worked with J-pop artists such as Daisy x Daisy ( for the opening theme song to Chrome Shelled Regios ) , On/Off , and Mayn as a composer and/or producer . He was also featured as an MC/performer for the event concert series , Girls Factory , alongside Mayu Watanabe of AKB48 and various guest artists . Since 2006 , Asakura has been a member of the Domoto Bros . Band on the music TV series Shin Domoto Kyoudai ( New Domoto Brothers ) , hosted by the duo of KinKi Kids , as a keyboardist . Asakura formed a group with other musicians from the shows band in 2009 called Sugar and the Honey Tones , and they have produced one album . Asakura and Tetsuya Komuro formed the unit PANDORA in 2017 , having produced one mini album including a track featuring the artist Beverly , Be the One . Asakura is featured in his own radio talk show , Neo Age Circuit , which airs every Saturday at 11pm ( JST ) on FM Nack5 79.5 . His official fanclub , Smile , was temporarily the official fanclub for access until their breakup in 1995 . It is still active in relation to Asakuras activities today . Discography . Singles . - Cosmic Runaway ( February 1 , 1995 ) - Sirens Melody ( May 10 , 1995 ) - Black or White ? ( May 25 , 1995 ) - Rainy Heart – Doshaburi no Omoide no Naka ( June 10 , 1995 ) DA Metaverse . - Dream Ape Metaverse ( June 25 , 2008 ) - Repli Eye-Programd ( June 25 , 2008 ) - Nothung Syndrome ( June 25 , 2008 ) - Ya･Ti･Ma ( July 30 , 2008 ) - Sonic Cruise ( September 24 , 2008 ) - So・U・Shu・Tsu – mould ( November 12 , 2008 ) - Fall Fear ( November 12 , 2008 ) - Leaf Fall ( November 12 , 2008 ) - The Transmuters ( November 19 , 2008 ) - 創出 ( Soushutsu ) ( November 19 , 2008 ) - Kiss For Salome ( November 19 , 2008 ) - Chimera Draft ( November 26 , 2008 ) - Star Cascade ( November 26 , 2008 ) - Gate I ( November 26 , 2008 ) - X-Night ( December 17 , 2008 ) - Der Rattenfänger Von Hameln ( January 7 , 2009 ) - Fractal Vibe ( February 25 , 2009 ) - St . Electric ( March 4 , 2009 ) - Blanca ( April 29 , 2009 ) - Rip ( June 10 , 2009 ) - Prime Diffusion ( June 17 , 2009 ) - Sphere Valley ( June 24 , 2009 ) - A Midsummer Nights Dream ( July 1 , 2009 ) - YaTa-Raven Chronicle ( December 2 , 2009 ) - Space Closer ( December 16 , 2009 ) - 3x10^8 Lucks ( November 5 , 2014 ) - Topology ( November 12 , 2014 ) - 0 Game ( November 19 , 2014 ) - Ambition Rising ( January 21 , 2015 ) - Grid Justice ( January 21 , 2015 ) - Remote Space ( February 25 , 2015 ) - March Hare ( March 25 , 2015 ) - Danteroid ( December 11 , 2015 ) - Coda Growth ( January 29 , 2020 ) - Meme Crack - Growth20 ( February 29 , 2020 ) - Wavelet Petal ( March 29 , 2020 ) - Entanglement Capriccio ( May 11 , 2020 ) - Olympus ( October 2 , 2020 ) Albums . - Landing Timemachine ( October 25 , 1991 ) - D-Trick ( September 2 , 1992 ) - Electromancer ( July 12 , 1995 ) - 21st Fortune CD ( November 20 , 2002 ) - Quantum Mechanics Rainbow I : Violet Meme ( March 30 , 2004 ) - Quantum Mechanics Rainbow II : Indigo Algorithm ( May 31 , 2004 ) - Quantum Mechanics Rainbow III : Blue Resolution ( July 30 , 2004 ) - Quantum Mechanics Rainbow IV : Green Method ( September 15 , 2004 ) - Quantum Mechanics Rainbow V : Yellow Vector ( November 30 , 2004 ) - Quantum Mechanics Rainbow VI : Orange Compile ( December 31 , 2004 ) - Quantum Mechanics Rainbow VII : Red Trigger ( March 30 , 2005 ) - d・file -for TV programs- ( July 19 , 2006 ) Compilations . - DAs Best Works 91–95 ( June 24 , 1998 ) - DecAde : The Best of Daisuke Asakura ( November 21 , 2001 ) ( July 1 , 2002 ) - D・Collection : The Best Works of Daisuke Asakura ( July 19 , 2007 ) - DA METAVERSE I + II ( March 8 , 2013 ) Soundtrack albums . - Daiva ( November 4 , 1992 ) - Dance Dance Revolution SuperNOVA 2 - Gravitation ( Anime OST ) - Koukaku no Regios : Sound Restoration - Koukaku no Regios : Sound Restoration 2 Remix albums . - Sequence Virus 2003 ( December 20 , 2003 ) - Sequence Virus 2004 ( August 14 , 2004 ) - Sequence Virus 2005 ( October 17 , 2005 ) - Sequence Virus 2006 ( December 23 , 2006 ) - Sequence Virus 2007–2008 ( July 25 , 2008 ) - Sequence Virus 2009 ( March 31 , 2010 ) - Sequence Virus 2015 ( June 29 , 2016 ) - Sequence Virus 2017 ( August 29 , 2018 ) - Sequence Virus 2019 ( May 13 , 2020 ) DVD . - 21st Fortune Complete Box ( September 19 , 2002 ) - 21st Fortune DVD ( November 20 , 2002 ) - Daisuke Asakura Live Tour04 Cultivate Meme : About Quantum Mechanics Rainbow ( March 4 , 2005 ) - Daisuke Asakura Quantum Mechanics Rainbow ( October 17 , 2005 ) - Drive Meme-over Quantum Mechanics Rainbow- ( March 20 , 2006 ) - D-Clips Tour . - Electric Romance ( December 14 , 1995 ) to ( January 9 , 1996 ) - Quantum Mechanics Rainbow ( 2004–2005 ) External links . - DAnet official website ( Japanese ) - Darwin Records ( Japanese ) - Da Metaverse birth −1000 Days for 100 Songs- ( Japanese ) - Access official website ( Japanese ) - Sugar and the Honey Tones official MySpace page
|
[
"Access ( or AXS )"
] |
[
{
"text": "Asakuras childhood consisted of piano and electronic organ lessons , though he was expected to follow the family trade of plumbing . He started working with Yamaha keyboards and synthesizers in his early teens . Asakura began his career with a job at Yamaha right after finishing high school . While at Yamaha , Asakura worked on the EOS synthesiser , and was also featured in the instructional video for the SY77 . His talent was discovered by Tetsuya Komuro of TM Network and Asakura was pulled from Yamaha to work under Komuro as his protégé . Subsequently , Asakura",
"title": "Daisuke Asakura"
},
{
"text": "played the bass synthesizer during TM Networks 1990–91 Rhythm Red tour . In 1992 , Asakura met the vocalist Hiroyuki Takami and featured him in some of his solo work . The two eventually formed Access ( or AXS ) in 1992 , after Asakura broke away from TM Network . He and Takami went on to achieve great success before splitting up in 1995 .",
"title": "Daisuke Asakura"
},
{
"text": " The breakup of Access left Asakura open to pursue different projects that included composing and producing songs for new artists ; one of the most successful acts he created was J-pop idol Takanori Nishikawa under the title of T.M.Revolution ( also known as TMR ) . In the middle of 1996 , Asakura started a three-man unit titled Iceman which brought Kenichi Ito ( guitar ) and Michihiro Kuroda ( vocals ) to the spotlight . After a few years , Iceman ended activity .",
"title": "Daisuke Asakura"
},
{
"text": "During and after his years with Iceman Asakura built his wealth and reputation as a composer taking after his idol and teacher , Tetsuya Komuro . He produced singles and albums for various J-Pop vocalists . He was also the featured music composer for the anime series Gravitation . Examples of Asakuras past projects includes vocalists such as Yosuke Sakanoue , Kinya Kotani , Daichi Kuroda , Akiko Hinagata , Yuki Kimura , FayRay , Takashi Fujii and groups such as , Onapetz , Pool Bit Boys , Lazy Knack , Run&Gun and The Seeker . He also composed songs",
"title": "Other projects"
},
{
"text": "for artists such as the visual kei rock band Shazna .",
"title": "Other projects"
},
{
"text": " In 1999 , Asakura and Takanori Nishikawa formed their own official two-man unit , The End of Genesis T.M.R . evolution Turbo Type D ( or TMR-e , for short ) . They produced three singles and one album together , with Asakura performing alongside Nishikawa and appearing in their music videos . The project was officially ended in April 2000 when Nishikawa reverted to his original stage name of T.M.Revolution . Asakura is still TMRs primary songwriter .",
"title": "Other projects"
},
{
"text": "In 2001 , Asakura produced his first solo album in five years and worked with Iceman guitarist Kenichi Ito in Mad Soldiers ; a sort of comedic spin-off from Iceman in which both mens sinister alter egos Scorpion ( Asakura ) and Snake ( Ito ) produced music for Kinya Kotani , amongst others , and performed officially unrecorded cover versions of famous songs such as Lemon Tea by Sheena & The Rokkets and Hungry Like the Wolf by Duran Duran . The name of Asakuras alter ego is a reference to his zodiac sign , Scorpio .",
"title": "Other projects"
},
{
"text": "Asakura went off on a solo project in 2004 titled Quantum Mechanics Rainbow , in which he released multiple CDs for a year , and each CD title referenced both a color and math property . The project featured multiple live performances and subsequent DVD releases . In 2006–2007 , Asakura produced two singles for new J-pop idol Kimeru , hit the road with TM Network for 2007s TMN Tribute tour and created new songs for the newest version of the popular dance-step game , Dance Dance Revolution . In November 2007 , access released a memory/discography book , alongside",
"title": "Other projects"
},
{
"text": "highly coveted access plushies , to commemorate their 15th anniversary . In 2012 , access celebrated their 20th anniversary . In 2008 , Asakura started a new solo project entitled DA Metaverse ~100 Songs for 1000 Days , in which he would release 100 new songs over the course of 1000 days exclusively through iTunes . The project was launched on June 25 , 2008 . In 2009 he composed and produced the soundtrack for the anime adaptation of Chrome Shelled Regios . Also in 2009 , Asakura composed and arranged the soundtrack for a musical rendition of Goodbye Charlie",
"title": "Other projects"
},
{
"text": "in which Hiroyuki Takami played one of the lead roles .",
"title": "Other projects"
},
{
"text": "Asakura has worked with J-pop artists such as Daisy x Daisy ( for the opening theme song to Chrome Shelled Regios ) , On/Off , and Mayn as a composer and/or producer . He was also featured as an MC/performer for the event concert series , Girls Factory , alongside Mayu Watanabe of AKB48 and various guest artists . Since 2006 , Asakura has been a member of the Domoto Bros . Band on the music TV series Shin Domoto Kyoudai ( New Domoto Brothers ) , hosted by the duo of KinKi Kids , as a keyboardist . Asakura",
"title": "Other projects"
},
{
"text": "formed a group with other musicians from the shows band in 2009 called Sugar and the Honey Tones , and they have produced one album . Asakura and Tetsuya Komuro formed the unit PANDORA in 2017 , having produced one mini album including a track featuring the artist Beverly , Be the One .",
"title": "Other projects"
},
{
"text": " Asakura is featured in his own radio talk show , Neo Age Circuit , which airs every Saturday at 11pm ( JST ) on FM Nack5 79.5 . His official fanclub , Smile , was temporarily the official fanclub for access until their breakup in 1995 . It is still active in relation to Asakuras activities today .",
"title": "Other projects"
},
{
"text": " - Cosmic Runaway ( February 1 , 1995 ) - Sirens Melody ( May 10 , 1995 ) - Black or White ? ( May 25 , 1995 ) - Rainy Heart – Doshaburi no Omoide no Naka ( June 10 , 1995 )",
"title": "Singles"
},
{
"text": " - Dream Ape Metaverse ( June 25 , 2008 ) - Repli Eye-Programd ( June 25 , 2008 ) - Nothung Syndrome ( June 25 , 2008 ) - Ya･Ti･Ma ( July 30 , 2008 ) - Sonic Cruise ( September 24 , 2008 ) - So・U・Shu・Tsu – mould ( November 12 , 2008 ) - Fall Fear ( November 12 , 2008 ) - Leaf Fall ( November 12 , 2008 ) - The Transmuters ( November 19 , 2008 ) - 創出 ( Soushutsu ) ( November 19 , 2008 )",
"title": "DA Metaverse"
},
{
"text": "- Kiss For Salome ( November 19 , 2008 )",
"title": "DA Metaverse"
},
{
"text": " - Chimera Draft ( November 26 , 2008 ) - Star Cascade ( November 26 , 2008 ) - Gate I ( November 26 , 2008 ) - X-Night ( December 17 , 2008 ) - Der Rattenfänger Von Hameln ( January 7 , 2009 ) - Fractal Vibe ( February 25 , 2009 ) - St . Electric ( March 4 , 2009 ) - Blanca ( April 29 , 2009 ) - Rip ( June 10 , 2009 ) - Prime Diffusion ( June 17 , 2009 ) - Sphere Valley ( June 24 , 2009 )",
"title": "DA Metaverse"
},
{
"text": "- A Midsummer Nights Dream ( July 1 , 2009 )",
"title": "DA Metaverse"
},
{
"text": " - YaTa-Raven Chronicle ( December 2 , 2009 ) - Space Closer ( December 16 , 2009 ) - 3x10^8 Lucks ( November 5 , 2014 ) - Topology ( November 12 , 2014 ) - 0 Game ( November 19 , 2014 ) - Ambition Rising ( January 21 , 2015 ) - Grid Justice ( January 21 , 2015 ) - Remote Space ( February 25 , 2015 ) - March Hare ( March 25 , 2015 ) - Danteroid ( December 11 , 2015 ) - Coda Growth ( January 29 , 2020 )",
"title": "DA Metaverse"
},
{
"text": "- Meme Crack - Growth20 ( February 29 , 2020 )",
"title": "DA Metaverse"
},
{
"text": " - Wavelet Petal ( March 29 , 2020 ) - Entanglement Capriccio ( May 11 , 2020 ) - Olympus ( October 2 , 2020 )",
"title": "DA Metaverse"
},
{
"text": " - Landing Timemachine ( October 25 , 1991 ) - D-Trick ( September 2 , 1992 ) - Electromancer ( July 12 , 1995 ) - 21st Fortune CD ( November 20 , 2002 ) - Quantum Mechanics Rainbow I : Violet Meme ( March 30 , 2004 ) - Quantum Mechanics Rainbow II : Indigo Algorithm ( May 31 , 2004 ) - Quantum Mechanics Rainbow III : Blue Resolution ( July 30 , 2004 ) - Quantum Mechanics Rainbow IV : Green Method ( September 15 , 2004 )",
"title": "Albums"
},
{
"text": "- Quantum Mechanics Rainbow V : Yellow Vector ( November 30 , 2004 )",
"title": "Albums"
},
{
"text": " - Quantum Mechanics Rainbow VI : Orange Compile ( December 31 , 2004 ) - Quantum Mechanics Rainbow VII : Red Trigger ( March 30 , 2005 ) - d・file -for TV programs- ( July 19 , 2006 )",
"title": "Albums"
},
{
"text": " - DAs Best Works 91–95 ( June 24 , 1998 ) - DecAde : The Best of Daisuke Asakura ( November 21 , 2001 ) ( July 1 , 2002 ) - D・Collection : The Best Works of Daisuke Asakura ( July 19 , 2007 ) - DA METAVERSE I + II ( March 8 , 2013 )",
"title": "Compilations"
},
{
"text": " - Daiva ( November 4 , 1992 ) - Dance Dance Revolution SuperNOVA 2 - Gravitation ( Anime OST ) - Koukaku no Regios : Sound Restoration - Koukaku no Regios : Sound Restoration 2",
"title": "Soundtrack albums"
},
{
"text": " - Sequence Virus 2003 ( December 20 , 2003 ) - Sequence Virus 2004 ( August 14 , 2004 ) - Sequence Virus 2005 ( October 17 , 2005 ) - Sequence Virus 2006 ( December 23 , 2006 ) - Sequence Virus 2007–2008 ( July 25 , 2008 ) - Sequence Virus 2009 ( March 31 , 2010 ) - Sequence Virus 2015 ( June 29 , 2016 ) - Sequence Virus 2017 ( August 29 , 2018 ) - Sequence Virus 2019 ( May 13 , 2020 )",
"title": "Remix albums"
},
{
"text": " - 21st Fortune Complete Box ( September 19 , 2002 ) - 21st Fortune DVD ( November 20 , 2002 ) - Daisuke Asakura Live Tour04 Cultivate Meme : About Quantum Mechanics Rainbow ( March 4 , 2005 ) - Daisuke Asakura Quantum Mechanics Rainbow ( October 17 , 2005 ) - Drive Meme-over Quantum Mechanics Rainbow- ( March 20 , 2006 ) - D-Clips",
"title": "DVD"
},
{
"text": " - Electric Romance ( December 14 , 1995 ) to ( January 9 , 1996 ) - Quantum Mechanics Rainbow ( 2004–2005 )",
"title": "Tour"
},
{
"text": " - DAnet official website ( Japanese ) - Darwin Records ( Japanese ) - Da Metaverse birth −1000 Days for 100 Songs- ( Japanese ) - Access official website ( Japanese ) - Sugar and the Honey Tones official MySpace page",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Daisuke_Asakura#P463#1
|
What organization or association or team did Daisuke Asakura join in 1996?
|
Daisuke Asakura Early life and career . Asakuras childhood consisted of piano and electronic organ lessons , though he was expected to follow the family trade of plumbing . He started working with Yamaha keyboards and synthesizers in his early teens . Asakura began his career with a job at Yamaha right after finishing high school . While at Yamaha , Asakura worked on the EOS synthesiser , and was also featured in the instructional video for the SY77 . His talent was discovered by Tetsuya Komuro of TM Network and Asakura was pulled from Yamaha to work under Komuro as his protégé . Subsequently , Asakura played the bass synthesizer during TM Networks 1990–91 Rhythm Red tour . In 1992 , Asakura met the vocalist Hiroyuki Takami and featured him in some of his solo work . The two eventually formed Access ( or AXS ) in 1992 , after Asakura broke away from TM Network . He and Takami went on to achieve great success before splitting up in 1995 . The breakup of Access left Asakura open to pursue different projects that included composing and producing songs for new artists ; one of the most successful acts he created was J-pop idol Takanori Nishikawa under the title of T.M.Revolution ( also known as TMR ) . In the middle of 1996 , Asakura started a three-man unit titled Iceman which brought Kenichi Ito ( guitar ) and Michihiro Kuroda ( vocals ) to the spotlight . After a few years , Iceman ended activity . Other projects . During and after his years with Iceman Asakura built his wealth and reputation as a composer taking after his idol and teacher , Tetsuya Komuro . He produced singles and albums for various J-Pop vocalists . He was also the featured music composer for the anime series Gravitation . Examples of Asakuras past projects includes vocalists such as Yosuke Sakanoue , Kinya Kotani , Daichi Kuroda , Akiko Hinagata , Yuki Kimura , FayRay , Takashi Fujii and groups such as , Onapetz , Pool Bit Boys , Lazy Knack , Run&Gun and The Seeker . He also composed songs for artists such as the visual kei rock band Shazna . In 1999 , Asakura and Takanori Nishikawa formed their own official two-man unit , The End of Genesis T.M.R . evolution Turbo Type D ( or TMR-e , for short ) . They produced three singles and one album together , with Asakura performing alongside Nishikawa and appearing in their music videos . The project was officially ended in April 2000 when Nishikawa reverted to his original stage name of T.M.Revolution . Asakura is still TMRs primary songwriter . In 2001 , Asakura produced his first solo album in five years and worked with Iceman guitarist Kenichi Ito in Mad Soldiers ; a sort of comedic spin-off from Iceman in which both mens sinister alter egos Scorpion ( Asakura ) and Snake ( Ito ) produced music for Kinya Kotani , amongst others , and performed officially unrecorded cover versions of famous songs such as Lemon Tea by Sheena & The Rokkets and Hungry Like the Wolf by Duran Duran . The name of Asakuras alter ego is a reference to his zodiac sign , Scorpio . In 2002 , he reunited with Hiroyuki Takami and reformed access . Asakura went off on a solo project in 2004 titled Quantum Mechanics Rainbow , in which he released multiple CDs for a year , and each CD title referenced both a color and math property . The project featured multiple live performances and subsequent DVD releases . In 2006–2007 , Asakura produced two singles for new J-pop idol Kimeru , hit the road with TM Network for 2007s TMN Tribute tour and created new songs for the newest version of the popular dance-step game , Dance Dance Revolution . In November 2007 , access released a memory/discography book , alongside highly coveted access plushies , to commemorate their 15th anniversary . In 2012 , access celebrated their 20th anniversary . In 2008 , Asakura started a new solo project entitled DA Metaverse ~100 Songs for 1000 Days , in which he would release 100 new songs over the course of 1000 days exclusively through iTunes . The project was launched on June 25 , 2008 . In 2009 he composed and produced the soundtrack for the anime adaptation of Chrome Shelled Regios . Also in 2009 , Asakura composed and arranged the soundtrack for a musical rendition of Goodbye Charlie in which Hiroyuki Takami played one of the lead roles . Asakura has worked with J-pop artists such as Daisy x Daisy ( for the opening theme song to Chrome Shelled Regios ) , On/Off , and Mayn as a composer and/or producer . He was also featured as an MC/performer for the event concert series , Girls Factory , alongside Mayu Watanabe of AKB48 and various guest artists . Since 2006 , Asakura has been a member of the Domoto Bros . Band on the music TV series Shin Domoto Kyoudai ( New Domoto Brothers ) , hosted by the duo of KinKi Kids , as a keyboardist . Asakura formed a group with other musicians from the shows band in 2009 called Sugar and the Honey Tones , and they have produced one album . Asakura and Tetsuya Komuro formed the unit PANDORA in 2017 , having produced one mini album including a track featuring the artist Beverly , Be the One . Asakura is featured in his own radio talk show , Neo Age Circuit , which airs every Saturday at 11pm ( JST ) on FM Nack5 79.5 . His official fanclub , Smile , was temporarily the official fanclub for access until their breakup in 1995 . It is still active in relation to Asakuras activities today . Discography . Singles . - Cosmic Runaway ( February 1 , 1995 ) - Sirens Melody ( May 10 , 1995 ) - Black or White ? ( May 25 , 1995 ) - Rainy Heart – Doshaburi no Omoide no Naka ( June 10 , 1995 ) DA Metaverse . - Dream Ape Metaverse ( June 25 , 2008 ) - Repli Eye-Programd ( June 25 , 2008 ) - Nothung Syndrome ( June 25 , 2008 ) - Ya･Ti･Ma ( July 30 , 2008 ) - Sonic Cruise ( September 24 , 2008 ) - So・U・Shu・Tsu – mould ( November 12 , 2008 ) - Fall Fear ( November 12 , 2008 ) - Leaf Fall ( November 12 , 2008 ) - The Transmuters ( November 19 , 2008 ) - 創出 ( Soushutsu ) ( November 19 , 2008 ) - Kiss For Salome ( November 19 , 2008 ) - Chimera Draft ( November 26 , 2008 ) - Star Cascade ( November 26 , 2008 ) - Gate I ( November 26 , 2008 ) - X-Night ( December 17 , 2008 ) - Der Rattenfänger Von Hameln ( January 7 , 2009 ) - Fractal Vibe ( February 25 , 2009 ) - St . Electric ( March 4 , 2009 ) - Blanca ( April 29 , 2009 ) - Rip ( June 10 , 2009 ) - Prime Diffusion ( June 17 , 2009 ) - Sphere Valley ( June 24 , 2009 ) - A Midsummer Nights Dream ( July 1 , 2009 ) - YaTa-Raven Chronicle ( December 2 , 2009 ) - Space Closer ( December 16 , 2009 ) - 3x10^8 Lucks ( November 5 , 2014 ) - Topology ( November 12 , 2014 ) - 0 Game ( November 19 , 2014 ) - Ambition Rising ( January 21 , 2015 ) - Grid Justice ( January 21 , 2015 ) - Remote Space ( February 25 , 2015 ) - March Hare ( March 25 , 2015 ) - Danteroid ( December 11 , 2015 ) - Coda Growth ( January 29 , 2020 ) - Meme Crack - Growth20 ( February 29 , 2020 ) - Wavelet Petal ( March 29 , 2020 ) - Entanglement Capriccio ( May 11 , 2020 ) - Olympus ( October 2 , 2020 ) Albums . - Landing Timemachine ( October 25 , 1991 ) - D-Trick ( September 2 , 1992 ) - Electromancer ( July 12 , 1995 ) - 21st Fortune CD ( November 20 , 2002 ) - Quantum Mechanics Rainbow I : Violet Meme ( March 30 , 2004 ) - Quantum Mechanics Rainbow II : Indigo Algorithm ( May 31 , 2004 ) - Quantum Mechanics Rainbow III : Blue Resolution ( July 30 , 2004 ) - Quantum Mechanics Rainbow IV : Green Method ( September 15 , 2004 ) - Quantum Mechanics Rainbow V : Yellow Vector ( November 30 , 2004 ) - Quantum Mechanics Rainbow VI : Orange Compile ( December 31 , 2004 ) - Quantum Mechanics Rainbow VII : Red Trigger ( March 30 , 2005 ) - d・file -for TV programs- ( July 19 , 2006 ) Compilations . - DAs Best Works 91–95 ( June 24 , 1998 ) - DecAde : The Best of Daisuke Asakura ( November 21 , 2001 ) ( July 1 , 2002 ) - D・Collection : The Best Works of Daisuke Asakura ( July 19 , 2007 ) - DA METAVERSE I + II ( March 8 , 2013 ) Soundtrack albums . - Daiva ( November 4 , 1992 ) - Dance Dance Revolution SuperNOVA 2 - Gravitation ( Anime OST ) - Koukaku no Regios : Sound Restoration - Koukaku no Regios : Sound Restoration 2 Remix albums . - Sequence Virus 2003 ( December 20 , 2003 ) - Sequence Virus 2004 ( August 14 , 2004 ) - Sequence Virus 2005 ( October 17 , 2005 ) - Sequence Virus 2006 ( December 23 , 2006 ) - Sequence Virus 2007–2008 ( July 25 , 2008 ) - Sequence Virus 2009 ( March 31 , 2010 ) - Sequence Virus 2015 ( June 29 , 2016 ) - Sequence Virus 2017 ( August 29 , 2018 ) - Sequence Virus 2019 ( May 13 , 2020 ) DVD . - 21st Fortune Complete Box ( September 19 , 2002 ) - 21st Fortune DVD ( November 20 , 2002 ) - Daisuke Asakura Live Tour04 Cultivate Meme : About Quantum Mechanics Rainbow ( March 4 , 2005 ) - Daisuke Asakura Quantum Mechanics Rainbow ( October 17 , 2005 ) - Drive Meme-over Quantum Mechanics Rainbow- ( March 20 , 2006 ) - D-Clips Tour . - Electric Romance ( December 14 , 1995 ) to ( January 9 , 1996 ) - Quantum Mechanics Rainbow ( 2004–2005 ) External links . - DAnet official website ( Japanese ) - Darwin Records ( Japanese ) - Da Metaverse birth −1000 Days for 100 Songs- ( Japanese ) - Access official website ( Japanese ) - Sugar and the Honey Tones official MySpace page
|
[
"Iceman"
] |
[
{
"text": "Asakuras childhood consisted of piano and electronic organ lessons , though he was expected to follow the family trade of plumbing . He started working with Yamaha keyboards and synthesizers in his early teens . Asakura began his career with a job at Yamaha right after finishing high school . While at Yamaha , Asakura worked on the EOS synthesiser , and was also featured in the instructional video for the SY77 . His talent was discovered by Tetsuya Komuro of TM Network and Asakura was pulled from Yamaha to work under Komuro as his protégé . Subsequently , Asakura",
"title": "Daisuke Asakura"
},
{
"text": "played the bass synthesizer during TM Networks 1990–91 Rhythm Red tour . In 1992 , Asakura met the vocalist Hiroyuki Takami and featured him in some of his solo work . The two eventually formed Access ( or AXS ) in 1992 , after Asakura broke away from TM Network . He and Takami went on to achieve great success before splitting up in 1995 .",
"title": "Daisuke Asakura"
},
{
"text": " The breakup of Access left Asakura open to pursue different projects that included composing and producing songs for new artists ; one of the most successful acts he created was J-pop idol Takanori Nishikawa under the title of T.M.Revolution ( also known as TMR ) . In the middle of 1996 , Asakura started a three-man unit titled Iceman which brought Kenichi Ito ( guitar ) and Michihiro Kuroda ( vocals ) to the spotlight . After a few years , Iceman ended activity .",
"title": "Daisuke Asakura"
},
{
"text": "During and after his years with Iceman Asakura built his wealth and reputation as a composer taking after his idol and teacher , Tetsuya Komuro . He produced singles and albums for various J-Pop vocalists . He was also the featured music composer for the anime series Gravitation . Examples of Asakuras past projects includes vocalists such as Yosuke Sakanoue , Kinya Kotani , Daichi Kuroda , Akiko Hinagata , Yuki Kimura , FayRay , Takashi Fujii and groups such as , Onapetz , Pool Bit Boys , Lazy Knack , Run&Gun and The Seeker . He also composed songs",
"title": "Other projects"
},
{
"text": "for artists such as the visual kei rock band Shazna .",
"title": "Other projects"
},
{
"text": " In 1999 , Asakura and Takanori Nishikawa formed their own official two-man unit , The End of Genesis T.M.R . evolution Turbo Type D ( or TMR-e , for short ) . They produced three singles and one album together , with Asakura performing alongside Nishikawa and appearing in their music videos . The project was officially ended in April 2000 when Nishikawa reverted to his original stage name of T.M.Revolution . Asakura is still TMRs primary songwriter .",
"title": "Other projects"
},
{
"text": "In 2001 , Asakura produced his first solo album in five years and worked with Iceman guitarist Kenichi Ito in Mad Soldiers ; a sort of comedic spin-off from Iceman in which both mens sinister alter egos Scorpion ( Asakura ) and Snake ( Ito ) produced music for Kinya Kotani , amongst others , and performed officially unrecorded cover versions of famous songs such as Lemon Tea by Sheena & The Rokkets and Hungry Like the Wolf by Duran Duran . The name of Asakuras alter ego is a reference to his zodiac sign , Scorpio .",
"title": "Other projects"
},
{
"text": "Asakura went off on a solo project in 2004 titled Quantum Mechanics Rainbow , in which he released multiple CDs for a year , and each CD title referenced both a color and math property . The project featured multiple live performances and subsequent DVD releases . In 2006–2007 , Asakura produced two singles for new J-pop idol Kimeru , hit the road with TM Network for 2007s TMN Tribute tour and created new songs for the newest version of the popular dance-step game , Dance Dance Revolution . In November 2007 , access released a memory/discography book , alongside",
"title": "Other projects"
},
{
"text": "highly coveted access plushies , to commemorate their 15th anniversary . In 2012 , access celebrated their 20th anniversary . In 2008 , Asakura started a new solo project entitled DA Metaverse ~100 Songs for 1000 Days , in which he would release 100 new songs over the course of 1000 days exclusively through iTunes . The project was launched on June 25 , 2008 . In 2009 he composed and produced the soundtrack for the anime adaptation of Chrome Shelled Regios . Also in 2009 , Asakura composed and arranged the soundtrack for a musical rendition of Goodbye Charlie",
"title": "Other projects"
},
{
"text": "in which Hiroyuki Takami played one of the lead roles .",
"title": "Other projects"
},
{
"text": "Asakura has worked with J-pop artists such as Daisy x Daisy ( for the opening theme song to Chrome Shelled Regios ) , On/Off , and Mayn as a composer and/or producer . He was also featured as an MC/performer for the event concert series , Girls Factory , alongside Mayu Watanabe of AKB48 and various guest artists . Since 2006 , Asakura has been a member of the Domoto Bros . Band on the music TV series Shin Domoto Kyoudai ( New Domoto Brothers ) , hosted by the duo of KinKi Kids , as a keyboardist . Asakura",
"title": "Other projects"
},
{
"text": "formed a group with other musicians from the shows band in 2009 called Sugar and the Honey Tones , and they have produced one album . Asakura and Tetsuya Komuro formed the unit PANDORA in 2017 , having produced one mini album including a track featuring the artist Beverly , Be the One .",
"title": "Other projects"
},
{
"text": " Asakura is featured in his own radio talk show , Neo Age Circuit , which airs every Saturday at 11pm ( JST ) on FM Nack5 79.5 . His official fanclub , Smile , was temporarily the official fanclub for access until their breakup in 1995 . It is still active in relation to Asakuras activities today .",
"title": "Other projects"
},
{
"text": " - Cosmic Runaway ( February 1 , 1995 ) - Sirens Melody ( May 10 , 1995 ) - Black or White ? ( May 25 , 1995 ) - Rainy Heart – Doshaburi no Omoide no Naka ( June 10 , 1995 )",
"title": "Singles"
},
{
"text": " - Dream Ape Metaverse ( June 25 , 2008 ) - Repli Eye-Programd ( June 25 , 2008 ) - Nothung Syndrome ( June 25 , 2008 ) - Ya･Ti･Ma ( July 30 , 2008 ) - Sonic Cruise ( September 24 , 2008 ) - So・U・Shu・Tsu – mould ( November 12 , 2008 ) - Fall Fear ( November 12 , 2008 ) - Leaf Fall ( November 12 , 2008 ) - The Transmuters ( November 19 , 2008 ) - 創出 ( Soushutsu ) ( November 19 , 2008 )",
"title": "DA Metaverse"
},
{
"text": "- Kiss For Salome ( November 19 , 2008 )",
"title": "DA Metaverse"
},
{
"text": " - Chimera Draft ( November 26 , 2008 ) - Star Cascade ( November 26 , 2008 ) - Gate I ( November 26 , 2008 ) - X-Night ( December 17 , 2008 ) - Der Rattenfänger Von Hameln ( January 7 , 2009 ) - Fractal Vibe ( February 25 , 2009 ) - St . Electric ( March 4 , 2009 ) - Blanca ( April 29 , 2009 ) - Rip ( June 10 , 2009 ) - Prime Diffusion ( June 17 , 2009 ) - Sphere Valley ( June 24 , 2009 )",
"title": "DA Metaverse"
},
{
"text": "- A Midsummer Nights Dream ( July 1 , 2009 )",
"title": "DA Metaverse"
},
{
"text": " - YaTa-Raven Chronicle ( December 2 , 2009 ) - Space Closer ( December 16 , 2009 ) - 3x10^8 Lucks ( November 5 , 2014 ) - Topology ( November 12 , 2014 ) - 0 Game ( November 19 , 2014 ) - Ambition Rising ( January 21 , 2015 ) - Grid Justice ( January 21 , 2015 ) - Remote Space ( February 25 , 2015 ) - March Hare ( March 25 , 2015 ) - Danteroid ( December 11 , 2015 ) - Coda Growth ( January 29 , 2020 )",
"title": "DA Metaverse"
},
{
"text": "- Meme Crack - Growth20 ( February 29 , 2020 )",
"title": "DA Metaverse"
},
{
"text": " - Wavelet Petal ( March 29 , 2020 ) - Entanglement Capriccio ( May 11 , 2020 ) - Olympus ( October 2 , 2020 )",
"title": "DA Metaverse"
},
{
"text": " - Landing Timemachine ( October 25 , 1991 ) - D-Trick ( September 2 , 1992 ) - Electromancer ( July 12 , 1995 ) - 21st Fortune CD ( November 20 , 2002 ) - Quantum Mechanics Rainbow I : Violet Meme ( March 30 , 2004 ) - Quantum Mechanics Rainbow II : Indigo Algorithm ( May 31 , 2004 ) - Quantum Mechanics Rainbow III : Blue Resolution ( July 30 , 2004 ) - Quantum Mechanics Rainbow IV : Green Method ( September 15 , 2004 )",
"title": "Albums"
},
{
"text": "- Quantum Mechanics Rainbow V : Yellow Vector ( November 30 , 2004 )",
"title": "Albums"
},
{
"text": " - Quantum Mechanics Rainbow VI : Orange Compile ( December 31 , 2004 ) - Quantum Mechanics Rainbow VII : Red Trigger ( March 30 , 2005 ) - d・file -for TV programs- ( July 19 , 2006 )",
"title": "Albums"
},
{
"text": " - DAs Best Works 91–95 ( June 24 , 1998 ) - DecAde : The Best of Daisuke Asakura ( November 21 , 2001 ) ( July 1 , 2002 ) - D・Collection : The Best Works of Daisuke Asakura ( July 19 , 2007 ) - DA METAVERSE I + II ( March 8 , 2013 )",
"title": "Compilations"
},
{
"text": " - Daiva ( November 4 , 1992 ) - Dance Dance Revolution SuperNOVA 2 - Gravitation ( Anime OST ) - Koukaku no Regios : Sound Restoration - Koukaku no Regios : Sound Restoration 2",
"title": "Soundtrack albums"
},
{
"text": " - Sequence Virus 2003 ( December 20 , 2003 ) - Sequence Virus 2004 ( August 14 , 2004 ) - Sequence Virus 2005 ( October 17 , 2005 ) - Sequence Virus 2006 ( December 23 , 2006 ) - Sequence Virus 2007–2008 ( July 25 , 2008 ) - Sequence Virus 2009 ( March 31 , 2010 ) - Sequence Virus 2015 ( June 29 , 2016 ) - Sequence Virus 2017 ( August 29 , 2018 ) - Sequence Virus 2019 ( May 13 , 2020 )",
"title": "Remix albums"
},
{
"text": " - 21st Fortune Complete Box ( September 19 , 2002 ) - 21st Fortune DVD ( November 20 , 2002 ) - Daisuke Asakura Live Tour04 Cultivate Meme : About Quantum Mechanics Rainbow ( March 4 , 2005 ) - Daisuke Asakura Quantum Mechanics Rainbow ( October 17 , 2005 ) - Drive Meme-over Quantum Mechanics Rainbow- ( March 20 , 2006 ) - D-Clips",
"title": "DVD"
},
{
"text": " - Electric Romance ( December 14 , 1995 ) to ( January 9 , 1996 ) - Quantum Mechanics Rainbow ( 2004–2005 )",
"title": "Tour"
},
{
"text": " - DAnet official website ( Japanese ) - Darwin Records ( Japanese ) - Da Metaverse birth −1000 Days for 100 Songs- ( Japanese ) - Access official website ( Japanese ) - Sugar and the Honey Tones official MySpace page",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Daisuke_Asakura#P463#2
|
What organization or association or team did Daisuke Asakura join in 2017?
|
Daisuke Asakura Early life and career . Asakuras childhood consisted of piano and electronic organ lessons , though he was expected to follow the family trade of plumbing . He started working with Yamaha keyboards and synthesizers in his early teens . Asakura began his career with a job at Yamaha right after finishing high school . While at Yamaha , Asakura worked on the EOS synthesiser , and was also featured in the instructional video for the SY77 . His talent was discovered by Tetsuya Komuro of TM Network and Asakura was pulled from Yamaha to work under Komuro as his protégé . Subsequently , Asakura played the bass synthesizer during TM Networks 1990–91 Rhythm Red tour . In 1992 , Asakura met the vocalist Hiroyuki Takami and featured him in some of his solo work . The two eventually formed Access ( or AXS ) in 1992 , after Asakura broke away from TM Network . He and Takami went on to achieve great success before splitting up in 1995 . The breakup of Access left Asakura open to pursue different projects that included composing and producing songs for new artists ; one of the most successful acts he created was J-pop idol Takanori Nishikawa under the title of T.M.Revolution ( also known as TMR ) . In the middle of 1996 , Asakura started a three-man unit titled Iceman which brought Kenichi Ito ( guitar ) and Michihiro Kuroda ( vocals ) to the spotlight . After a few years , Iceman ended activity . Other projects . During and after his years with Iceman Asakura built his wealth and reputation as a composer taking after his idol and teacher , Tetsuya Komuro . He produced singles and albums for various J-Pop vocalists . He was also the featured music composer for the anime series Gravitation . Examples of Asakuras past projects includes vocalists such as Yosuke Sakanoue , Kinya Kotani , Daichi Kuroda , Akiko Hinagata , Yuki Kimura , FayRay , Takashi Fujii and groups such as , Onapetz , Pool Bit Boys , Lazy Knack , Run&Gun and The Seeker . He also composed songs for artists such as the visual kei rock band Shazna . In 1999 , Asakura and Takanori Nishikawa formed their own official two-man unit , The End of Genesis T.M.R . evolution Turbo Type D ( or TMR-e , for short ) . They produced three singles and one album together , with Asakura performing alongside Nishikawa and appearing in their music videos . The project was officially ended in April 2000 when Nishikawa reverted to his original stage name of T.M.Revolution . Asakura is still TMRs primary songwriter . In 2001 , Asakura produced his first solo album in five years and worked with Iceman guitarist Kenichi Ito in Mad Soldiers ; a sort of comedic spin-off from Iceman in which both mens sinister alter egos Scorpion ( Asakura ) and Snake ( Ito ) produced music for Kinya Kotani , amongst others , and performed officially unrecorded cover versions of famous songs such as Lemon Tea by Sheena & The Rokkets and Hungry Like the Wolf by Duran Duran . The name of Asakuras alter ego is a reference to his zodiac sign , Scorpio . In 2002 , he reunited with Hiroyuki Takami and reformed access . Asakura went off on a solo project in 2004 titled Quantum Mechanics Rainbow , in which he released multiple CDs for a year , and each CD title referenced both a color and math property . The project featured multiple live performances and subsequent DVD releases . In 2006–2007 , Asakura produced two singles for new J-pop idol Kimeru , hit the road with TM Network for 2007s TMN Tribute tour and created new songs for the newest version of the popular dance-step game , Dance Dance Revolution . In November 2007 , access released a memory/discography book , alongside highly coveted access plushies , to commemorate their 15th anniversary . In 2012 , access celebrated their 20th anniversary . In 2008 , Asakura started a new solo project entitled DA Metaverse ~100 Songs for 1000 Days , in which he would release 100 new songs over the course of 1000 days exclusively through iTunes . The project was launched on June 25 , 2008 . In 2009 he composed and produced the soundtrack for the anime adaptation of Chrome Shelled Regios . Also in 2009 , Asakura composed and arranged the soundtrack for a musical rendition of Goodbye Charlie in which Hiroyuki Takami played one of the lead roles . Asakura has worked with J-pop artists such as Daisy x Daisy ( for the opening theme song to Chrome Shelled Regios ) , On/Off , and Mayn as a composer and/or producer . He was also featured as an MC/performer for the event concert series , Girls Factory , alongside Mayu Watanabe of AKB48 and various guest artists . Since 2006 , Asakura has been a member of the Domoto Bros . Band on the music TV series Shin Domoto Kyoudai ( New Domoto Brothers ) , hosted by the duo of KinKi Kids , as a keyboardist . Asakura formed a group with other musicians from the shows band in 2009 called Sugar and the Honey Tones , and they have produced one album . Asakura and Tetsuya Komuro formed the unit PANDORA in 2017 , having produced one mini album including a track featuring the artist Beverly , Be the One . Asakura is featured in his own radio talk show , Neo Age Circuit , which airs every Saturday at 11pm ( JST ) on FM Nack5 79.5 . His official fanclub , Smile , was temporarily the official fanclub for access until their breakup in 1995 . It is still active in relation to Asakuras activities today . Discography . Singles . - Cosmic Runaway ( February 1 , 1995 ) - Sirens Melody ( May 10 , 1995 ) - Black or White ? ( May 25 , 1995 ) - Rainy Heart – Doshaburi no Omoide no Naka ( June 10 , 1995 ) DA Metaverse . - Dream Ape Metaverse ( June 25 , 2008 ) - Repli Eye-Programd ( June 25 , 2008 ) - Nothung Syndrome ( June 25 , 2008 ) - Ya･Ti･Ma ( July 30 , 2008 ) - Sonic Cruise ( September 24 , 2008 ) - So・U・Shu・Tsu – mould ( November 12 , 2008 ) - Fall Fear ( November 12 , 2008 ) - Leaf Fall ( November 12 , 2008 ) - The Transmuters ( November 19 , 2008 ) - 創出 ( Soushutsu ) ( November 19 , 2008 ) - Kiss For Salome ( November 19 , 2008 ) - Chimera Draft ( November 26 , 2008 ) - Star Cascade ( November 26 , 2008 ) - Gate I ( November 26 , 2008 ) - X-Night ( December 17 , 2008 ) - Der Rattenfänger Von Hameln ( January 7 , 2009 ) - Fractal Vibe ( February 25 , 2009 ) - St . Electric ( March 4 , 2009 ) - Blanca ( April 29 , 2009 ) - Rip ( June 10 , 2009 ) - Prime Diffusion ( June 17 , 2009 ) - Sphere Valley ( June 24 , 2009 ) - A Midsummer Nights Dream ( July 1 , 2009 ) - YaTa-Raven Chronicle ( December 2 , 2009 ) - Space Closer ( December 16 , 2009 ) - 3x10^8 Lucks ( November 5 , 2014 ) - Topology ( November 12 , 2014 ) - 0 Game ( November 19 , 2014 ) - Ambition Rising ( January 21 , 2015 ) - Grid Justice ( January 21 , 2015 ) - Remote Space ( February 25 , 2015 ) - March Hare ( March 25 , 2015 ) - Danteroid ( December 11 , 2015 ) - Coda Growth ( January 29 , 2020 ) - Meme Crack - Growth20 ( February 29 , 2020 ) - Wavelet Petal ( March 29 , 2020 ) - Entanglement Capriccio ( May 11 , 2020 ) - Olympus ( October 2 , 2020 ) Albums . - Landing Timemachine ( October 25 , 1991 ) - D-Trick ( September 2 , 1992 ) - Electromancer ( July 12 , 1995 ) - 21st Fortune CD ( November 20 , 2002 ) - Quantum Mechanics Rainbow I : Violet Meme ( March 30 , 2004 ) - Quantum Mechanics Rainbow II : Indigo Algorithm ( May 31 , 2004 ) - Quantum Mechanics Rainbow III : Blue Resolution ( July 30 , 2004 ) - Quantum Mechanics Rainbow IV : Green Method ( September 15 , 2004 ) - Quantum Mechanics Rainbow V : Yellow Vector ( November 30 , 2004 ) - Quantum Mechanics Rainbow VI : Orange Compile ( December 31 , 2004 ) - Quantum Mechanics Rainbow VII : Red Trigger ( March 30 , 2005 ) - d・file -for TV programs- ( July 19 , 2006 ) Compilations . - DAs Best Works 91–95 ( June 24 , 1998 ) - DecAde : The Best of Daisuke Asakura ( November 21 , 2001 ) ( July 1 , 2002 ) - D・Collection : The Best Works of Daisuke Asakura ( July 19 , 2007 ) - DA METAVERSE I + II ( March 8 , 2013 ) Soundtrack albums . - Daiva ( November 4 , 1992 ) - Dance Dance Revolution SuperNOVA 2 - Gravitation ( Anime OST ) - Koukaku no Regios : Sound Restoration - Koukaku no Regios : Sound Restoration 2 Remix albums . - Sequence Virus 2003 ( December 20 , 2003 ) - Sequence Virus 2004 ( August 14 , 2004 ) - Sequence Virus 2005 ( October 17 , 2005 ) - Sequence Virus 2006 ( December 23 , 2006 ) - Sequence Virus 2007–2008 ( July 25 , 2008 ) - Sequence Virus 2009 ( March 31 , 2010 ) - Sequence Virus 2015 ( June 29 , 2016 ) - Sequence Virus 2017 ( August 29 , 2018 ) - Sequence Virus 2019 ( May 13 , 2020 ) DVD . - 21st Fortune Complete Box ( September 19 , 2002 ) - 21st Fortune DVD ( November 20 , 2002 ) - Daisuke Asakura Live Tour04 Cultivate Meme : About Quantum Mechanics Rainbow ( March 4 , 2005 ) - Daisuke Asakura Quantum Mechanics Rainbow ( October 17 , 2005 ) - Drive Meme-over Quantum Mechanics Rainbow- ( March 20 , 2006 ) - D-Clips Tour . - Electric Romance ( December 14 , 1995 ) to ( January 9 , 1996 ) - Quantum Mechanics Rainbow ( 2004–2005 ) External links . - DAnet official website ( Japanese ) - Darwin Records ( Japanese ) - Da Metaverse birth −1000 Days for 100 Songs- ( Japanese ) - Access official website ( Japanese ) - Sugar and the Honey Tones official MySpace page
|
[
"PANDORA"
] |
[
{
"text": "Asakuras childhood consisted of piano and electronic organ lessons , though he was expected to follow the family trade of plumbing . He started working with Yamaha keyboards and synthesizers in his early teens . Asakura began his career with a job at Yamaha right after finishing high school . While at Yamaha , Asakura worked on the EOS synthesiser , and was also featured in the instructional video for the SY77 . His talent was discovered by Tetsuya Komuro of TM Network and Asakura was pulled from Yamaha to work under Komuro as his protégé . Subsequently , Asakura",
"title": "Daisuke Asakura"
},
{
"text": "played the bass synthesizer during TM Networks 1990–91 Rhythm Red tour . In 1992 , Asakura met the vocalist Hiroyuki Takami and featured him in some of his solo work . The two eventually formed Access ( or AXS ) in 1992 , after Asakura broke away from TM Network . He and Takami went on to achieve great success before splitting up in 1995 .",
"title": "Daisuke Asakura"
},
{
"text": " The breakup of Access left Asakura open to pursue different projects that included composing and producing songs for new artists ; one of the most successful acts he created was J-pop idol Takanori Nishikawa under the title of T.M.Revolution ( also known as TMR ) . In the middle of 1996 , Asakura started a three-man unit titled Iceman which brought Kenichi Ito ( guitar ) and Michihiro Kuroda ( vocals ) to the spotlight . After a few years , Iceman ended activity .",
"title": "Daisuke Asakura"
},
{
"text": "During and after his years with Iceman Asakura built his wealth and reputation as a composer taking after his idol and teacher , Tetsuya Komuro . He produced singles and albums for various J-Pop vocalists . He was also the featured music composer for the anime series Gravitation . Examples of Asakuras past projects includes vocalists such as Yosuke Sakanoue , Kinya Kotani , Daichi Kuroda , Akiko Hinagata , Yuki Kimura , FayRay , Takashi Fujii and groups such as , Onapetz , Pool Bit Boys , Lazy Knack , Run&Gun and The Seeker . He also composed songs",
"title": "Other projects"
},
{
"text": "for artists such as the visual kei rock band Shazna .",
"title": "Other projects"
},
{
"text": " In 1999 , Asakura and Takanori Nishikawa formed their own official two-man unit , The End of Genesis T.M.R . evolution Turbo Type D ( or TMR-e , for short ) . They produced three singles and one album together , with Asakura performing alongside Nishikawa and appearing in their music videos . The project was officially ended in April 2000 when Nishikawa reverted to his original stage name of T.M.Revolution . Asakura is still TMRs primary songwriter .",
"title": "Other projects"
},
{
"text": "In 2001 , Asakura produced his first solo album in five years and worked with Iceman guitarist Kenichi Ito in Mad Soldiers ; a sort of comedic spin-off from Iceman in which both mens sinister alter egos Scorpion ( Asakura ) and Snake ( Ito ) produced music for Kinya Kotani , amongst others , and performed officially unrecorded cover versions of famous songs such as Lemon Tea by Sheena & The Rokkets and Hungry Like the Wolf by Duran Duran . The name of Asakuras alter ego is a reference to his zodiac sign , Scorpio .",
"title": "Other projects"
},
{
"text": "Asakura went off on a solo project in 2004 titled Quantum Mechanics Rainbow , in which he released multiple CDs for a year , and each CD title referenced both a color and math property . The project featured multiple live performances and subsequent DVD releases . In 2006–2007 , Asakura produced two singles for new J-pop idol Kimeru , hit the road with TM Network for 2007s TMN Tribute tour and created new songs for the newest version of the popular dance-step game , Dance Dance Revolution . In November 2007 , access released a memory/discography book , alongside",
"title": "Other projects"
},
{
"text": "highly coveted access plushies , to commemorate their 15th anniversary . In 2012 , access celebrated their 20th anniversary . In 2008 , Asakura started a new solo project entitled DA Metaverse ~100 Songs for 1000 Days , in which he would release 100 new songs over the course of 1000 days exclusively through iTunes . The project was launched on June 25 , 2008 . In 2009 he composed and produced the soundtrack for the anime adaptation of Chrome Shelled Regios . Also in 2009 , Asakura composed and arranged the soundtrack for a musical rendition of Goodbye Charlie",
"title": "Other projects"
},
{
"text": "in which Hiroyuki Takami played one of the lead roles .",
"title": "Other projects"
},
{
"text": "Asakura has worked with J-pop artists such as Daisy x Daisy ( for the opening theme song to Chrome Shelled Regios ) , On/Off , and Mayn as a composer and/or producer . He was also featured as an MC/performer for the event concert series , Girls Factory , alongside Mayu Watanabe of AKB48 and various guest artists . Since 2006 , Asakura has been a member of the Domoto Bros . Band on the music TV series Shin Domoto Kyoudai ( New Domoto Brothers ) , hosted by the duo of KinKi Kids , as a keyboardist . Asakura",
"title": "Other projects"
},
{
"text": "formed a group with other musicians from the shows band in 2009 called Sugar and the Honey Tones , and they have produced one album . Asakura and Tetsuya Komuro formed the unit PANDORA in 2017 , having produced one mini album including a track featuring the artist Beverly , Be the One .",
"title": "Other projects"
},
{
"text": " Asakura is featured in his own radio talk show , Neo Age Circuit , which airs every Saturday at 11pm ( JST ) on FM Nack5 79.5 . His official fanclub , Smile , was temporarily the official fanclub for access until their breakup in 1995 . It is still active in relation to Asakuras activities today .",
"title": "Other projects"
},
{
"text": " - Cosmic Runaway ( February 1 , 1995 ) - Sirens Melody ( May 10 , 1995 ) - Black or White ? ( May 25 , 1995 ) - Rainy Heart – Doshaburi no Omoide no Naka ( June 10 , 1995 )",
"title": "Singles"
},
{
"text": " - Dream Ape Metaverse ( June 25 , 2008 ) - Repli Eye-Programd ( June 25 , 2008 ) - Nothung Syndrome ( June 25 , 2008 ) - Ya･Ti･Ma ( July 30 , 2008 ) - Sonic Cruise ( September 24 , 2008 ) - So・U・Shu・Tsu – mould ( November 12 , 2008 ) - Fall Fear ( November 12 , 2008 ) - Leaf Fall ( November 12 , 2008 ) - The Transmuters ( November 19 , 2008 ) - 創出 ( Soushutsu ) ( November 19 , 2008 )",
"title": "DA Metaverse"
},
{
"text": "- Kiss For Salome ( November 19 , 2008 )",
"title": "DA Metaverse"
},
{
"text": " - Chimera Draft ( November 26 , 2008 ) - Star Cascade ( November 26 , 2008 ) - Gate I ( November 26 , 2008 ) - X-Night ( December 17 , 2008 ) - Der Rattenfänger Von Hameln ( January 7 , 2009 ) - Fractal Vibe ( February 25 , 2009 ) - St . Electric ( March 4 , 2009 ) - Blanca ( April 29 , 2009 ) - Rip ( June 10 , 2009 ) - Prime Diffusion ( June 17 , 2009 ) - Sphere Valley ( June 24 , 2009 )",
"title": "DA Metaverse"
},
{
"text": "- A Midsummer Nights Dream ( July 1 , 2009 )",
"title": "DA Metaverse"
},
{
"text": " - YaTa-Raven Chronicle ( December 2 , 2009 ) - Space Closer ( December 16 , 2009 ) - 3x10^8 Lucks ( November 5 , 2014 ) - Topology ( November 12 , 2014 ) - 0 Game ( November 19 , 2014 ) - Ambition Rising ( January 21 , 2015 ) - Grid Justice ( January 21 , 2015 ) - Remote Space ( February 25 , 2015 ) - March Hare ( March 25 , 2015 ) - Danteroid ( December 11 , 2015 ) - Coda Growth ( January 29 , 2020 )",
"title": "DA Metaverse"
},
{
"text": "- Meme Crack - Growth20 ( February 29 , 2020 )",
"title": "DA Metaverse"
},
{
"text": " - Wavelet Petal ( March 29 , 2020 ) - Entanglement Capriccio ( May 11 , 2020 ) - Olympus ( October 2 , 2020 )",
"title": "DA Metaverse"
},
{
"text": " - Landing Timemachine ( October 25 , 1991 ) - D-Trick ( September 2 , 1992 ) - Electromancer ( July 12 , 1995 ) - 21st Fortune CD ( November 20 , 2002 ) - Quantum Mechanics Rainbow I : Violet Meme ( March 30 , 2004 ) - Quantum Mechanics Rainbow II : Indigo Algorithm ( May 31 , 2004 ) - Quantum Mechanics Rainbow III : Blue Resolution ( July 30 , 2004 ) - Quantum Mechanics Rainbow IV : Green Method ( September 15 , 2004 )",
"title": "Albums"
},
{
"text": "- Quantum Mechanics Rainbow V : Yellow Vector ( November 30 , 2004 )",
"title": "Albums"
},
{
"text": " - Quantum Mechanics Rainbow VI : Orange Compile ( December 31 , 2004 ) - Quantum Mechanics Rainbow VII : Red Trigger ( March 30 , 2005 ) - d・file -for TV programs- ( July 19 , 2006 )",
"title": "Albums"
},
{
"text": " - DAs Best Works 91–95 ( June 24 , 1998 ) - DecAde : The Best of Daisuke Asakura ( November 21 , 2001 ) ( July 1 , 2002 ) - D・Collection : The Best Works of Daisuke Asakura ( July 19 , 2007 ) - DA METAVERSE I + II ( March 8 , 2013 )",
"title": "Compilations"
},
{
"text": " - Daiva ( November 4 , 1992 ) - Dance Dance Revolution SuperNOVA 2 - Gravitation ( Anime OST ) - Koukaku no Regios : Sound Restoration - Koukaku no Regios : Sound Restoration 2",
"title": "Soundtrack albums"
},
{
"text": " - Sequence Virus 2003 ( December 20 , 2003 ) - Sequence Virus 2004 ( August 14 , 2004 ) - Sequence Virus 2005 ( October 17 , 2005 ) - Sequence Virus 2006 ( December 23 , 2006 ) - Sequence Virus 2007–2008 ( July 25 , 2008 ) - Sequence Virus 2009 ( March 31 , 2010 ) - Sequence Virus 2015 ( June 29 , 2016 ) - Sequence Virus 2017 ( August 29 , 2018 ) - Sequence Virus 2019 ( May 13 , 2020 )",
"title": "Remix albums"
},
{
"text": " - 21st Fortune Complete Box ( September 19 , 2002 ) - 21st Fortune DVD ( November 20 , 2002 ) - Daisuke Asakura Live Tour04 Cultivate Meme : About Quantum Mechanics Rainbow ( March 4 , 2005 ) - Daisuke Asakura Quantum Mechanics Rainbow ( October 17 , 2005 ) - Drive Meme-over Quantum Mechanics Rainbow- ( March 20 , 2006 ) - D-Clips",
"title": "DVD"
},
{
"text": " - Electric Romance ( December 14 , 1995 ) to ( January 9 , 1996 ) - Quantum Mechanics Rainbow ( 2004–2005 )",
"title": "Tour"
},
{
"text": " - DAnet official website ( Japanese ) - Darwin Records ( Japanese ) - Da Metaverse birth −1000 Days for 100 Songs- ( Japanese ) - Access official website ( Japanese ) - Sugar and the Honey Tones official MySpace page",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/John_Engler#P108#0
|
Who did John Engler work for between Sep 2003 and Nov 2003?
|
John Engler John Mathias Engler ( born October 12 , 1948 ) is an American businessman and politician who served as the 46th Governor of Michigan from 1991 to 2003 . A member of the Republican Party , he later worked for Business Roundtable , where The Hill called him one of the countrys top lobbyists . Engler has spent most of his adult life in government . He was serving in the Michigan Senate when he enrolled at Thomas M . Cooley Law School and graduated with a Juris Doctor degree , having served as a Michigan State senator since 1979 . He was elected Senate majority leader in 1984 and served there until being elected governor in 1990 . Engler served on the board of advisors of the Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal , an educational organization that continues the intellectual legacy of noted conservative and Michigan native Russell Kirk . Engler also served on the board of trustees of the Marguerite Eyer Wilbur Foundation , which funds many Kirk Center programs . Engler was a member of the Annie E . Casey Foundation board of trustees until 2014 . As of 2018 , he serves on the board of directors of Universal Forest Products . Previous board service included serving as a director of Dow Jones and Delta Air Lines and as a trustee of Munder Funds . Early life and education . Engler , a Roman Catholic , was born in Mount Pleasant , Michigan , on October 12 , 1948 , to Mathias John Engler and his wife , Agnes Marie ( née Neyer ) , but grew up on a cattle farm near Beal City . He attended Michigan State University , graduating with a degree in agricultural economics in 1971 , and Thomas M . Cooley Law School , graduating with a Doctor of Jurisprudence degree in 1981 . He was elected to the Michigan House of Representatives as a state representative in 1970 at the age of 22 . He served in the House from 1971 to 1978 . His campaign manager in that first election was a college friend , Dick Posthumus . Engler later became the first Republican youth vice-chair for the Michigan Republican Party , defeating future U.S . Senator Spencer Abraham . Posthumus later went on to be elected a state senator , Senate Majority Leader and Lieutenant Governor . He was Englers running mate in the 1998 election and served from 1999 to 2003 . Career . Governorship . Englers administration was characterized by privatization of state services , income tax reduction , a sales tax increase , educational reform , welfare reform , and major reorganization of executive branch departments . In 1996 , he was elected chairman of the Republican Governors Association , and in 2001 , he was elected to head the National Governors Association . In 2002 , near the end of his final term , Engler and the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality attempted to negotiate a consent order with Dow Chemical that would have resulted in a ninefold increase in the allowable levels of dioxins . The consent order would have resulted in Dow not having to pay to clean up high levels of toxins in Midland , Michigan , near its plant there , as well as in the Tittabawassee flood plain , which had been contaminated by dioxins dumped into the river from the facility and from overflow from waste ponds . The consent order fell through in late 2002 . 1996 Presidential election . During the 1996 presidential election , Engler was considered by many political commentators and experts to be a serious potential vice presidential running mate for Republican nominee Bob Dole . However , Dole instead selected Jack Kemp , a former congressman and HUD secretary . 2000 Presidential election . Engler endorsed Texas Governor George W . Bush in the 2000 Republican primary . After Bush secured the GOP nomination , Englers name began to surface as a possible running mate for Bush . In his book Decision Points , Bush says that Engler was someone he was close with and could work well with . Ultimately , Engler was passed over for the running mate position in favor of Dick Cheney . After the election , Englers close political ally Spencer Abraham , who narrowly lost his re-election bid for the Senate to Debbie Stabenow , was chosen as Bushs Secretary of Energy . 2002 elections . Englers lieutenant governor , Dick Posthumus , sought to succeed Engler in the 2002 gubernatorial race . Posthumus lost the race to the states attorney general , Democrat Jennifer Granholm . Election results . In 1990 , Engler , then the state senate majority leader , challenged Governor James Blanchard in his bid for a third term . Political observers viewed his bid as a long shot , and he trailed Blanchard by double digits in the polls the weekend before the election . However , on election day , Engler pulled off the upset , defeating Blanchard by approximately 17,000 votes—a margin of less than one percentage point . In 1994 , Engler ran for his second term . The Democrats nominated former Representative Howard Wolpe , who had close ties to the labor movement—a potent force in Democratic politics in Michigan . Engler bested Wolpe 61 to 39 percent , and the state Republican Party made significant gains . Spencer Abraham picked up the Senate seat of retiring Democrat Donald Riegle . Republicans gained a seat to break a tie in the state House of Representatives , taking a 56–54 majority , while also picking up a seat in the U.S . House of Representatives . Republican Candice Miller won an upset victory to win the post of Secretary of State . Michigan voters re-elected Engler to his third and final term in 1998 . He won a landslide victory over lawyer Geoffrey Fieger . Engler took 1,883,005 votes—62 percent of the total—to Fiegers 38 percent and 1,143,574 votes . Englers landslide helped the state Republican Party to gain six seats in the state House of Representatives , taking control of the chamber they had lost two years previously with a 58–52 margin , as well as picking up an additional seat in the State Senate , for a 23–15 majority . Republicans also gained a seat on the technically non-partisan state Supreme Court , holding a 4–3 majority over the Democrats . After governorship . After leaving the governors mansion in January 2003 , Engler served as president of the state and local government sector of Electronic Data Systems . Engler left that position in June 2004 to be elected president and CEO of the National Association of Manufacturers . Englers six plus year tenure at the NAM ended in January 2011 . In January 2011 , Engler was named president of the Business Roundtable . In 2017 , Engler was appointed to a four-year term on the governing board of the National Assessment of Educational Progress project . Interim presidency of Michigan State University . On January 30 , 2018 , Engler was named the interim president of Michigan State University to replace Lou Anna Simon , who was embroiled with the school in the USA Gymnastics sex abuse scandal involving Larry Nassar . The appointment of Engler sparked controversy due to his previous handling of sexual misconduct as governor of Michigan . Englers tenure as interim president was plagued by controversies , brought on by Englers apparent callous statements and actions toward survivors during Board of Trustees meetings and statements that were reported by the press . One on Nassars victims , Rachael Denhollander , said Engler chose to stand against every child and every sexual assault victim in the entire state , to protect an institution . Engler resigned on January 16 , 2019 after the Board of Trustees indicated its intent to ask him to resign following a series of embarrassing incidents regarding Nassars victims and his responses to issues in the aftermath . Engler initially indicated he planned to resign on January 23 , 2019 but the Board required him to resign the morning after he submitted his resignation letter . Personal life . In 1974 , Engler married Colleen House Engler , who served in the Michigan House of Representatives and ran for lieutenant governor of Michigan in 1986 . She filed for divorce in 1986 . Engler married Michelle DeMunbrun , a Texas attorney , December 8 , 1990 . The couple has triplet daughters born November 13 , 1994 . As First Lady , Michelle Engler served as the founding chair of the Michigan Community Service Commission . Michelle Engler was named to the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation ( Freddie Mac ) board in 2001 by President George W . Bush and re-appointed in 2002 .
|
[
"Electronic Data Systems"
] |
[
{
"text": " John Mathias Engler ( born October 12 , 1948 ) is an American businessman and politician who served as the 46th Governor of Michigan from 1991 to 2003 . A member of the Republican Party , he later worked for Business Roundtable , where The Hill called him one of the countrys top lobbyists .",
"title": "John Engler"
},
{
"text": "Engler has spent most of his adult life in government . He was serving in the Michigan Senate when he enrolled at Thomas M . Cooley Law School and graduated with a Juris Doctor degree , having served as a Michigan State senator since 1979 . He was elected Senate majority leader in 1984 and served there until being elected governor in 1990 .",
"title": "John Engler"
},
{
"text": "Engler served on the board of advisors of the Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal , an educational organization that continues the intellectual legacy of noted conservative and Michigan native Russell Kirk . Engler also served on the board of trustees of the Marguerite Eyer Wilbur Foundation , which funds many Kirk Center programs . Engler was a member of the Annie E . Casey Foundation board of trustees until 2014 . As of 2018 , he serves on the board of directors of Universal Forest Products . Previous board service included serving as a director of Dow Jones and",
"title": "John Engler"
},
{
"text": "Delta Air Lines and as a trustee of Munder Funds .",
"title": "John Engler"
},
{
"text": " Early life and education . Engler , a Roman Catholic , was born in Mount Pleasant , Michigan , on October 12 , 1948 , to Mathias John Engler and his wife , Agnes Marie ( née Neyer ) , but grew up on a cattle farm near Beal City . He attended Michigan State University , graduating with a degree in agricultural economics in 1971 , and Thomas M . Cooley Law School , graduating with a Doctor of Jurisprudence degree in 1981 .",
"title": "John Engler"
},
{
"text": "He was elected to the Michigan House of Representatives as a state representative in 1970 at the age of 22 . He served in the House from 1971 to 1978 . His campaign manager in that first election was a college friend , Dick Posthumus . Engler later became the first Republican youth vice-chair for the Michigan Republican Party , defeating future U.S . Senator Spencer Abraham . Posthumus later went on to be elected a state senator , Senate Majority Leader and Lieutenant Governor . He was Englers running mate in the 1998 election and served from 1999 to",
"title": "John Engler"
},
{
"text": "2003 .",
"title": "John Engler"
},
{
"text": " Englers administration was characterized by privatization of state services , income tax reduction , a sales tax increase , educational reform , welfare reform , and major reorganization of executive branch departments . In 1996 , he was elected chairman of the Republican Governors Association , and in 2001 , he was elected to head the National Governors Association .",
"title": "Governorship"
},
{
"text": "In 2002 , near the end of his final term , Engler and the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality attempted to negotiate a consent order with Dow Chemical that would have resulted in a ninefold increase in the allowable levels of dioxins . The consent order would have resulted in Dow not having to pay to clean up high levels of toxins in Midland , Michigan , near its plant there , as well as in the Tittabawassee flood plain , which had been contaminated by dioxins dumped into the river from the facility and from overflow from waste ponds",
"title": "Governorship"
},
{
"text": ". The consent order fell through in late 2002 .",
"title": "Governorship"
},
{
"text": " 1996 Presidential election . During the 1996 presidential election , Engler was considered by many political commentators and experts to be a serious potential vice presidential running mate for Republican nominee Bob Dole . However , Dole instead selected Jack Kemp , a former congressman and HUD secretary . 2000 Presidential election .",
"title": "Governorship"
},
{
"text": "Engler endorsed Texas Governor George W . Bush in the 2000 Republican primary . After Bush secured the GOP nomination , Englers name began to surface as a possible running mate for Bush . In his book Decision Points , Bush says that Engler was someone he was close with and could work well with . Ultimately , Engler was passed over for the running mate position in favor of Dick Cheney . After the election , Englers close political ally Spencer Abraham , who narrowly lost his re-election bid for the Senate to Debbie Stabenow , was chosen as",
"title": "Governorship"
},
{
"text": "Bushs Secretary of Energy .",
"title": "Governorship"
},
{
"text": " 2002 elections . Englers lieutenant governor , Dick Posthumus , sought to succeed Engler in the 2002 gubernatorial race . Posthumus lost the race to the states attorney general , Democrat Jennifer Granholm .",
"title": "Governorship"
},
{
"text": "In 1990 , Engler , then the state senate majority leader , challenged Governor James Blanchard in his bid for a third term . Political observers viewed his bid as a long shot , and he trailed Blanchard by double digits in the polls the weekend before the election . However , on election day , Engler pulled off the upset , defeating Blanchard by approximately 17,000 votes—a margin of less than one percentage point . In 1994 , Engler ran for his second term . The Democrats nominated former Representative Howard Wolpe , who had close ties to the",
"title": "Election results"
},
{
"text": "labor movement—a potent force in Democratic politics in Michigan . Engler bested Wolpe 61 to 39 percent , and the state Republican Party made significant gains . Spencer Abraham picked up the Senate seat of retiring Democrat Donald Riegle . Republicans gained a seat to break a tie in the state House of Representatives , taking a 56–54 majority , while also picking up a seat in the U.S . House of Representatives . Republican Candice Miller won an upset victory to win the post of Secretary of State .",
"title": "Election results"
},
{
"text": "Michigan voters re-elected Engler to his third and final term in 1998 . He won a landslide victory over lawyer Geoffrey Fieger . Engler took 1,883,005 votes—62 percent of the total—to Fiegers 38 percent and 1,143,574 votes . Englers landslide helped the state Republican Party to gain six seats in the state House of Representatives , taking control of the chamber they had lost two years previously with a 58–52 margin , as well as picking up an additional seat in the State Senate , for a 23–15 majority . Republicans also gained a seat on the technically non-partisan state",
"title": "Election results"
},
{
"text": "Supreme Court , holding a 4–3 majority over the Democrats .",
"title": "Election results"
},
{
"text": " After leaving the governors mansion in January 2003 , Engler served as president of the state and local government sector of Electronic Data Systems . Engler left that position in June 2004 to be elected president and CEO of the National Association of Manufacturers . Englers six plus year tenure at the NAM ended in January 2011 . In January 2011 , Engler was named president of the Business Roundtable . In 2017 , Engler was appointed to a four-year term on the governing board of the National Assessment of Educational Progress project .",
"title": "After governorship"
},
{
"text": "Interim presidency of Michigan State University .",
"title": "After governorship"
},
{
"text": "On January 30 , 2018 , Engler was named the interim president of Michigan State University to replace Lou Anna Simon , who was embroiled with the school in the USA Gymnastics sex abuse scandal involving Larry Nassar . The appointment of Engler sparked controversy due to his previous handling of sexual misconduct as governor of Michigan . Englers tenure as interim president was plagued by controversies , brought on by Englers apparent callous statements and actions toward survivors during Board of Trustees meetings and statements that were reported by the press . One on Nassars victims , Rachael Denhollander",
"title": "After governorship"
},
{
"text": ", said Engler chose to stand against every child and every sexual assault victim in the entire state , to protect an institution . Engler resigned on January 16 , 2019 after the Board of Trustees indicated its intent to ask him to resign following a series of embarrassing incidents regarding Nassars victims and his responses to issues in the aftermath . Engler initially indicated he planned to resign on January 23 , 2019 but the Board required him to resign the morning after he submitted his resignation letter .",
"title": "After governorship"
},
{
"text": " In 1974 , Engler married Colleen House Engler , who served in the Michigan House of Representatives and ran for lieutenant governor of Michigan in 1986 . She filed for divorce in 1986 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Engler married Michelle DeMunbrun , a Texas attorney , December 8 , 1990 . The couple has triplet daughters born November 13 , 1994 . As First Lady , Michelle Engler served as the founding chair of the Michigan Community Service Commission . Michelle Engler was named to the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation ( Freddie Mac ) board in 2001 by President George W . Bush and re-appointed in 2002 .",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] |
/wiki/John_Engler#P108#1
|
Who did John Engler work for in late 2000s?
|
John Engler John Mathias Engler ( born October 12 , 1948 ) is an American businessman and politician who served as the 46th Governor of Michigan from 1991 to 2003 . A member of the Republican Party , he later worked for Business Roundtable , where The Hill called him one of the countrys top lobbyists . Engler has spent most of his adult life in government . He was serving in the Michigan Senate when he enrolled at Thomas M . Cooley Law School and graduated with a Juris Doctor degree , having served as a Michigan State senator since 1979 . He was elected Senate majority leader in 1984 and served there until being elected governor in 1990 . Engler served on the board of advisors of the Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal , an educational organization that continues the intellectual legacy of noted conservative and Michigan native Russell Kirk . Engler also served on the board of trustees of the Marguerite Eyer Wilbur Foundation , which funds many Kirk Center programs . Engler was a member of the Annie E . Casey Foundation board of trustees until 2014 . As of 2018 , he serves on the board of directors of Universal Forest Products . Previous board service included serving as a director of Dow Jones and Delta Air Lines and as a trustee of Munder Funds . Early life and education . Engler , a Roman Catholic , was born in Mount Pleasant , Michigan , on October 12 , 1948 , to Mathias John Engler and his wife , Agnes Marie ( née Neyer ) , but grew up on a cattle farm near Beal City . He attended Michigan State University , graduating with a degree in agricultural economics in 1971 , and Thomas M . Cooley Law School , graduating with a Doctor of Jurisprudence degree in 1981 . He was elected to the Michigan House of Representatives as a state representative in 1970 at the age of 22 . He served in the House from 1971 to 1978 . His campaign manager in that first election was a college friend , Dick Posthumus . Engler later became the first Republican youth vice-chair for the Michigan Republican Party , defeating future U.S . Senator Spencer Abraham . Posthumus later went on to be elected a state senator , Senate Majority Leader and Lieutenant Governor . He was Englers running mate in the 1998 election and served from 1999 to 2003 . Career . Governorship . Englers administration was characterized by privatization of state services , income tax reduction , a sales tax increase , educational reform , welfare reform , and major reorganization of executive branch departments . In 1996 , he was elected chairman of the Republican Governors Association , and in 2001 , he was elected to head the National Governors Association . In 2002 , near the end of his final term , Engler and the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality attempted to negotiate a consent order with Dow Chemical that would have resulted in a ninefold increase in the allowable levels of dioxins . The consent order would have resulted in Dow not having to pay to clean up high levels of toxins in Midland , Michigan , near its plant there , as well as in the Tittabawassee flood plain , which had been contaminated by dioxins dumped into the river from the facility and from overflow from waste ponds . The consent order fell through in late 2002 . 1996 Presidential election . During the 1996 presidential election , Engler was considered by many political commentators and experts to be a serious potential vice presidential running mate for Republican nominee Bob Dole . However , Dole instead selected Jack Kemp , a former congressman and HUD secretary . 2000 Presidential election . Engler endorsed Texas Governor George W . Bush in the 2000 Republican primary . After Bush secured the GOP nomination , Englers name began to surface as a possible running mate for Bush . In his book Decision Points , Bush says that Engler was someone he was close with and could work well with . Ultimately , Engler was passed over for the running mate position in favor of Dick Cheney . After the election , Englers close political ally Spencer Abraham , who narrowly lost his re-election bid for the Senate to Debbie Stabenow , was chosen as Bushs Secretary of Energy . 2002 elections . Englers lieutenant governor , Dick Posthumus , sought to succeed Engler in the 2002 gubernatorial race . Posthumus lost the race to the states attorney general , Democrat Jennifer Granholm . Election results . In 1990 , Engler , then the state senate majority leader , challenged Governor James Blanchard in his bid for a third term . Political observers viewed his bid as a long shot , and he trailed Blanchard by double digits in the polls the weekend before the election . However , on election day , Engler pulled off the upset , defeating Blanchard by approximately 17,000 votes—a margin of less than one percentage point . In 1994 , Engler ran for his second term . The Democrats nominated former Representative Howard Wolpe , who had close ties to the labor movement—a potent force in Democratic politics in Michigan . Engler bested Wolpe 61 to 39 percent , and the state Republican Party made significant gains . Spencer Abraham picked up the Senate seat of retiring Democrat Donald Riegle . Republicans gained a seat to break a tie in the state House of Representatives , taking a 56–54 majority , while also picking up a seat in the U.S . House of Representatives . Republican Candice Miller won an upset victory to win the post of Secretary of State . Michigan voters re-elected Engler to his third and final term in 1998 . He won a landslide victory over lawyer Geoffrey Fieger . Engler took 1,883,005 votes—62 percent of the total—to Fiegers 38 percent and 1,143,574 votes . Englers landslide helped the state Republican Party to gain six seats in the state House of Representatives , taking control of the chamber they had lost two years previously with a 58–52 margin , as well as picking up an additional seat in the State Senate , for a 23–15 majority . Republicans also gained a seat on the technically non-partisan state Supreme Court , holding a 4–3 majority over the Democrats . After governorship . After leaving the governors mansion in January 2003 , Engler served as president of the state and local government sector of Electronic Data Systems . Engler left that position in June 2004 to be elected president and CEO of the National Association of Manufacturers . Englers six plus year tenure at the NAM ended in January 2011 . In January 2011 , Engler was named president of the Business Roundtable . In 2017 , Engler was appointed to a four-year term on the governing board of the National Assessment of Educational Progress project . Interim presidency of Michigan State University . On January 30 , 2018 , Engler was named the interim president of Michigan State University to replace Lou Anna Simon , who was embroiled with the school in the USA Gymnastics sex abuse scandal involving Larry Nassar . The appointment of Engler sparked controversy due to his previous handling of sexual misconduct as governor of Michigan . Englers tenure as interim president was plagued by controversies , brought on by Englers apparent callous statements and actions toward survivors during Board of Trustees meetings and statements that were reported by the press . One on Nassars victims , Rachael Denhollander , said Engler chose to stand against every child and every sexual assault victim in the entire state , to protect an institution . Engler resigned on January 16 , 2019 after the Board of Trustees indicated its intent to ask him to resign following a series of embarrassing incidents regarding Nassars victims and his responses to issues in the aftermath . Engler initially indicated he planned to resign on January 23 , 2019 but the Board required him to resign the morning after he submitted his resignation letter . Personal life . In 1974 , Engler married Colleen House Engler , who served in the Michigan House of Representatives and ran for lieutenant governor of Michigan in 1986 . She filed for divorce in 1986 . Engler married Michelle DeMunbrun , a Texas attorney , December 8 , 1990 . The couple has triplet daughters born November 13 , 1994 . As First Lady , Michelle Engler served as the founding chair of the Michigan Community Service Commission . Michelle Engler was named to the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation ( Freddie Mac ) board in 2001 by President George W . Bush and re-appointed in 2002 .
|
[
"National Association of Manufacturers"
] |
[
{
"text": " John Mathias Engler ( born October 12 , 1948 ) is an American businessman and politician who served as the 46th Governor of Michigan from 1991 to 2003 . A member of the Republican Party , he later worked for Business Roundtable , where The Hill called him one of the countrys top lobbyists .",
"title": "John Engler"
},
{
"text": "Engler has spent most of his adult life in government . He was serving in the Michigan Senate when he enrolled at Thomas M . Cooley Law School and graduated with a Juris Doctor degree , having served as a Michigan State senator since 1979 . He was elected Senate majority leader in 1984 and served there until being elected governor in 1990 .",
"title": "John Engler"
},
{
"text": "Engler served on the board of advisors of the Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal , an educational organization that continues the intellectual legacy of noted conservative and Michigan native Russell Kirk . Engler also served on the board of trustees of the Marguerite Eyer Wilbur Foundation , which funds many Kirk Center programs . Engler was a member of the Annie E . Casey Foundation board of trustees until 2014 . As of 2018 , he serves on the board of directors of Universal Forest Products . Previous board service included serving as a director of Dow Jones and",
"title": "John Engler"
},
{
"text": "Delta Air Lines and as a trustee of Munder Funds .",
"title": "John Engler"
},
{
"text": " Early life and education . Engler , a Roman Catholic , was born in Mount Pleasant , Michigan , on October 12 , 1948 , to Mathias John Engler and his wife , Agnes Marie ( née Neyer ) , but grew up on a cattle farm near Beal City . He attended Michigan State University , graduating with a degree in agricultural economics in 1971 , and Thomas M . Cooley Law School , graduating with a Doctor of Jurisprudence degree in 1981 .",
"title": "John Engler"
},
{
"text": "He was elected to the Michigan House of Representatives as a state representative in 1970 at the age of 22 . He served in the House from 1971 to 1978 . His campaign manager in that first election was a college friend , Dick Posthumus . Engler later became the first Republican youth vice-chair for the Michigan Republican Party , defeating future U.S . Senator Spencer Abraham . Posthumus later went on to be elected a state senator , Senate Majority Leader and Lieutenant Governor . He was Englers running mate in the 1998 election and served from 1999 to",
"title": "John Engler"
},
{
"text": "2003 .",
"title": "John Engler"
},
{
"text": " Englers administration was characterized by privatization of state services , income tax reduction , a sales tax increase , educational reform , welfare reform , and major reorganization of executive branch departments . In 1996 , he was elected chairman of the Republican Governors Association , and in 2001 , he was elected to head the National Governors Association .",
"title": "Governorship"
},
{
"text": "In 2002 , near the end of his final term , Engler and the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality attempted to negotiate a consent order with Dow Chemical that would have resulted in a ninefold increase in the allowable levels of dioxins . The consent order would have resulted in Dow not having to pay to clean up high levels of toxins in Midland , Michigan , near its plant there , as well as in the Tittabawassee flood plain , which had been contaminated by dioxins dumped into the river from the facility and from overflow from waste ponds",
"title": "Governorship"
},
{
"text": ". The consent order fell through in late 2002 .",
"title": "Governorship"
},
{
"text": " 1996 Presidential election . During the 1996 presidential election , Engler was considered by many political commentators and experts to be a serious potential vice presidential running mate for Republican nominee Bob Dole . However , Dole instead selected Jack Kemp , a former congressman and HUD secretary . 2000 Presidential election .",
"title": "Governorship"
},
{
"text": "Engler endorsed Texas Governor George W . Bush in the 2000 Republican primary . After Bush secured the GOP nomination , Englers name began to surface as a possible running mate for Bush . In his book Decision Points , Bush says that Engler was someone he was close with and could work well with . Ultimately , Engler was passed over for the running mate position in favor of Dick Cheney . After the election , Englers close political ally Spencer Abraham , who narrowly lost his re-election bid for the Senate to Debbie Stabenow , was chosen as",
"title": "Governorship"
},
{
"text": "Bushs Secretary of Energy .",
"title": "Governorship"
},
{
"text": " 2002 elections . Englers lieutenant governor , Dick Posthumus , sought to succeed Engler in the 2002 gubernatorial race . Posthumus lost the race to the states attorney general , Democrat Jennifer Granholm .",
"title": "Governorship"
},
{
"text": "In 1990 , Engler , then the state senate majority leader , challenged Governor James Blanchard in his bid for a third term . Political observers viewed his bid as a long shot , and he trailed Blanchard by double digits in the polls the weekend before the election . However , on election day , Engler pulled off the upset , defeating Blanchard by approximately 17,000 votes—a margin of less than one percentage point . In 1994 , Engler ran for his second term . The Democrats nominated former Representative Howard Wolpe , who had close ties to the",
"title": "Election results"
},
{
"text": "labor movement—a potent force in Democratic politics in Michigan . Engler bested Wolpe 61 to 39 percent , and the state Republican Party made significant gains . Spencer Abraham picked up the Senate seat of retiring Democrat Donald Riegle . Republicans gained a seat to break a tie in the state House of Representatives , taking a 56–54 majority , while also picking up a seat in the U.S . House of Representatives . Republican Candice Miller won an upset victory to win the post of Secretary of State .",
"title": "Election results"
},
{
"text": "Michigan voters re-elected Engler to his third and final term in 1998 . He won a landslide victory over lawyer Geoffrey Fieger . Engler took 1,883,005 votes—62 percent of the total—to Fiegers 38 percent and 1,143,574 votes . Englers landslide helped the state Republican Party to gain six seats in the state House of Representatives , taking control of the chamber they had lost two years previously with a 58–52 margin , as well as picking up an additional seat in the State Senate , for a 23–15 majority . Republicans also gained a seat on the technically non-partisan state",
"title": "Election results"
},
{
"text": "Supreme Court , holding a 4–3 majority over the Democrats .",
"title": "Election results"
},
{
"text": " After leaving the governors mansion in January 2003 , Engler served as president of the state and local government sector of Electronic Data Systems . Engler left that position in June 2004 to be elected president and CEO of the National Association of Manufacturers . Englers six plus year tenure at the NAM ended in January 2011 . In January 2011 , Engler was named president of the Business Roundtable . In 2017 , Engler was appointed to a four-year term on the governing board of the National Assessment of Educational Progress project .",
"title": "After governorship"
},
{
"text": "Interim presidency of Michigan State University .",
"title": "After governorship"
},
{
"text": "On January 30 , 2018 , Engler was named the interim president of Michigan State University to replace Lou Anna Simon , who was embroiled with the school in the USA Gymnastics sex abuse scandal involving Larry Nassar . The appointment of Engler sparked controversy due to his previous handling of sexual misconduct as governor of Michigan . Englers tenure as interim president was plagued by controversies , brought on by Englers apparent callous statements and actions toward survivors during Board of Trustees meetings and statements that were reported by the press . One on Nassars victims , Rachael Denhollander",
"title": "After governorship"
},
{
"text": ", said Engler chose to stand against every child and every sexual assault victim in the entire state , to protect an institution . Engler resigned on January 16 , 2019 after the Board of Trustees indicated its intent to ask him to resign following a series of embarrassing incidents regarding Nassars victims and his responses to issues in the aftermath . Engler initially indicated he planned to resign on January 23 , 2019 but the Board required him to resign the morning after he submitted his resignation letter .",
"title": "After governorship"
},
{
"text": " In 1974 , Engler married Colleen House Engler , who served in the Michigan House of Representatives and ran for lieutenant governor of Michigan in 1986 . She filed for divorce in 1986 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Engler married Michelle DeMunbrun , a Texas attorney , December 8 , 1990 . The couple has triplet daughters born November 13 , 1994 . As First Lady , Michelle Engler served as the founding chair of the Michigan Community Service Commission . Michelle Engler was named to the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation ( Freddie Mac ) board in 2001 by President George W . Bush and re-appointed in 2002 .",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] |
/wiki/John_Engler#P108#2
|
Who did John Engler work for in Oct 2018?
|
John Engler John Mathias Engler ( born October 12 , 1948 ) is an American businessman and politician who served as the 46th Governor of Michigan from 1991 to 2003 . A member of the Republican Party , he later worked for Business Roundtable , where The Hill called him one of the countrys top lobbyists . Engler has spent most of his adult life in government . He was serving in the Michigan Senate when he enrolled at Thomas M . Cooley Law School and graduated with a Juris Doctor degree , having served as a Michigan State senator since 1979 . He was elected Senate majority leader in 1984 and served there until being elected governor in 1990 . Engler served on the board of advisors of the Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal , an educational organization that continues the intellectual legacy of noted conservative and Michigan native Russell Kirk . Engler also served on the board of trustees of the Marguerite Eyer Wilbur Foundation , which funds many Kirk Center programs . Engler was a member of the Annie E . Casey Foundation board of trustees until 2014 . As of 2018 , he serves on the board of directors of Universal Forest Products . Previous board service included serving as a director of Dow Jones and Delta Air Lines and as a trustee of Munder Funds . Early life and education . Engler , a Roman Catholic , was born in Mount Pleasant , Michigan , on October 12 , 1948 , to Mathias John Engler and his wife , Agnes Marie ( née Neyer ) , but grew up on a cattle farm near Beal City . He attended Michigan State University , graduating with a degree in agricultural economics in 1971 , and Thomas M . Cooley Law School , graduating with a Doctor of Jurisprudence degree in 1981 . He was elected to the Michigan House of Representatives as a state representative in 1970 at the age of 22 . He served in the House from 1971 to 1978 . His campaign manager in that first election was a college friend , Dick Posthumus . Engler later became the first Republican youth vice-chair for the Michigan Republican Party , defeating future U.S . Senator Spencer Abraham . Posthumus later went on to be elected a state senator , Senate Majority Leader and Lieutenant Governor . He was Englers running mate in the 1998 election and served from 1999 to 2003 . Career . Governorship . Englers administration was characterized by privatization of state services , income tax reduction , a sales tax increase , educational reform , welfare reform , and major reorganization of executive branch departments . In 1996 , he was elected chairman of the Republican Governors Association , and in 2001 , he was elected to head the National Governors Association . In 2002 , near the end of his final term , Engler and the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality attempted to negotiate a consent order with Dow Chemical that would have resulted in a ninefold increase in the allowable levels of dioxins . The consent order would have resulted in Dow not having to pay to clean up high levels of toxins in Midland , Michigan , near its plant there , as well as in the Tittabawassee flood plain , which had been contaminated by dioxins dumped into the river from the facility and from overflow from waste ponds . The consent order fell through in late 2002 . 1996 Presidential election . During the 1996 presidential election , Engler was considered by many political commentators and experts to be a serious potential vice presidential running mate for Republican nominee Bob Dole . However , Dole instead selected Jack Kemp , a former congressman and HUD secretary . 2000 Presidential election . Engler endorsed Texas Governor George W . Bush in the 2000 Republican primary . After Bush secured the GOP nomination , Englers name began to surface as a possible running mate for Bush . In his book Decision Points , Bush says that Engler was someone he was close with and could work well with . Ultimately , Engler was passed over for the running mate position in favor of Dick Cheney . After the election , Englers close political ally Spencer Abraham , who narrowly lost his re-election bid for the Senate to Debbie Stabenow , was chosen as Bushs Secretary of Energy . 2002 elections . Englers lieutenant governor , Dick Posthumus , sought to succeed Engler in the 2002 gubernatorial race . Posthumus lost the race to the states attorney general , Democrat Jennifer Granholm . Election results . In 1990 , Engler , then the state senate majority leader , challenged Governor James Blanchard in his bid for a third term . Political observers viewed his bid as a long shot , and he trailed Blanchard by double digits in the polls the weekend before the election . However , on election day , Engler pulled off the upset , defeating Blanchard by approximately 17,000 votes—a margin of less than one percentage point . In 1994 , Engler ran for his second term . The Democrats nominated former Representative Howard Wolpe , who had close ties to the labor movement—a potent force in Democratic politics in Michigan . Engler bested Wolpe 61 to 39 percent , and the state Republican Party made significant gains . Spencer Abraham picked up the Senate seat of retiring Democrat Donald Riegle . Republicans gained a seat to break a tie in the state House of Representatives , taking a 56–54 majority , while also picking up a seat in the U.S . House of Representatives . Republican Candice Miller won an upset victory to win the post of Secretary of State . Michigan voters re-elected Engler to his third and final term in 1998 . He won a landslide victory over lawyer Geoffrey Fieger . Engler took 1,883,005 votes—62 percent of the total—to Fiegers 38 percent and 1,143,574 votes . Englers landslide helped the state Republican Party to gain six seats in the state House of Representatives , taking control of the chamber they had lost two years previously with a 58–52 margin , as well as picking up an additional seat in the State Senate , for a 23–15 majority . Republicans also gained a seat on the technically non-partisan state Supreme Court , holding a 4–3 majority over the Democrats . After governorship . After leaving the governors mansion in January 2003 , Engler served as president of the state and local government sector of Electronic Data Systems . Engler left that position in June 2004 to be elected president and CEO of the National Association of Manufacturers . Englers six plus year tenure at the NAM ended in January 2011 . In January 2011 , Engler was named president of the Business Roundtable . In 2017 , Engler was appointed to a four-year term on the governing board of the National Assessment of Educational Progress project . Interim presidency of Michigan State University . On January 30 , 2018 , Engler was named the interim president of Michigan State University to replace Lou Anna Simon , who was embroiled with the school in the USA Gymnastics sex abuse scandal involving Larry Nassar . The appointment of Engler sparked controversy due to his previous handling of sexual misconduct as governor of Michigan . Englers tenure as interim president was plagued by controversies , brought on by Englers apparent callous statements and actions toward survivors during Board of Trustees meetings and statements that were reported by the press . One on Nassars victims , Rachael Denhollander , said Engler chose to stand against every child and every sexual assault victim in the entire state , to protect an institution . Engler resigned on January 16 , 2019 after the Board of Trustees indicated its intent to ask him to resign following a series of embarrassing incidents regarding Nassars victims and his responses to issues in the aftermath . Engler initially indicated he planned to resign on January 23 , 2019 but the Board required him to resign the morning after he submitted his resignation letter . Personal life . In 1974 , Engler married Colleen House Engler , who served in the Michigan House of Representatives and ran for lieutenant governor of Michigan in 1986 . She filed for divorce in 1986 . Engler married Michelle DeMunbrun , a Texas attorney , December 8 , 1990 . The couple has triplet daughters born November 13 , 1994 . As First Lady , Michelle Engler served as the founding chair of the Michigan Community Service Commission . Michelle Engler was named to the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation ( Freddie Mac ) board in 2001 by President George W . Bush and re-appointed in 2002 .
|
[
"Michigan State University"
] |
[
{
"text": " John Mathias Engler ( born October 12 , 1948 ) is an American businessman and politician who served as the 46th Governor of Michigan from 1991 to 2003 . A member of the Republican Party , he later worked for Business Roundtable , where The Hill called him one of the countrys top lobbyists .",
"title": "John Engler"
},
{
"text": "Engler has spent most of his adult life in government . He was serving in the Michigan Senate when he enrolled at Thomas M . Cooley Law School and graduated with a Juris Doctor degree , having served as a Michigan State senator since 1979 . He was elected Senate majority leader in 1984 and served there until being elected governor in 1990 .",
"title": "John Engler"
},
{
"text": "Engler served on the board of advisors of the Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal , an educational organization that continues the intellectual legacy of noted conservative and Michigan native Russell Kirk . Engler also served on the board of trustees of the Marguerite Eyer Wilbur Foundation , which funds many Kirk Center programs . Engler was a member of the Annie E . Casey Foundation board of trustees until 2014 . As of 2018 , he serves on the board of directors of Universal Forest Products . Previous board service included serving as a director of Dow Jones and",
"title": "John Engler"
},
{
"text": "Delta Air Lines and as a trustee of Munder Funds .",
"title": "John Engler"
},
{
"text": " Early life and education . Engler , a Roman Catholic , was born in Mount Pleasant , Michigan , on October 12 , 1948 , to Mathias John Engler and his wife , Agnes Marie ( née Neyer ) , but grew up on a cattle farm near Beal City . He attended Michigan State University , graduating with a degree in agricultural economics in 1971 , and Thomas M . Cooley Law School , graduating with a Doctor of Jurisprudence degree in 1981 .",
"title": "John Engler"
},
{
"text": "He was elected to the Michigan House of Representatives as a state representative in 1970 at the age of 22 . He served in the House from 1971 to 1978 . His campaign manager in that first election was a college friend , Dick Posthumus . Engler later became the first Republican youth vice-chair for the Michigan Republican Party , defeating future U.S . Senator Spencer Abraham . Posthumus later went on to be elected a state senator , Senate Majority Leader and Lieutenant Governor . He was Englers running mate in the 1998 election and served from 1999 to",
"title": "John Engler"
},
{
"text": "2003 .",
"title": "John Engler"
},
{
"text": " Englers administration was characterized by privatization of state services , income tax reduction , a sales tax increase , educational reform , welfare reform , and major reorganization of executive branch departments . In 1996 , he was elected chairman of the Republican Governors Association , and in 2001 , he was elected to head the National Governors Association .",
"title": "Governorship"
},
{
"text": "In 2002 , near the end of his final term , Engler and the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality attempted to negotiate a consent order with Dow Chemical that would have resulted in a ninefold increase in the allowable levels of dioxins . The consent order would have resulted in Dow not having to pay to clean up high levels of toxins in Midland , Michigan , near its plant there , as well as in the Tittabawassee flood plain , which had been contaminated by dioxins dumped into the river from the facility and from overflow from waste ponds",
"title": "Governorship"
},
{
"text": ". The consent order fell through in late 2002 .",
"title": "Governorship"
},
{
"text": " 1996 Presidential election . During the 1996 presidential election , Engler was considered by many political commentators and experts to be a serious potential vice presidential running mate for Republican nominee Bob Dole . However , Dole instead selected Jack Kemp , a former congressman and HUD secretary . 2000 Presidential election .",
"title": "Governorship"
},
{
"text": "Engler endorsed Texas Governor George W . Bush in the 2000 Republican primary . After Bush secured the GOP nomination , Englers name began to surface as a possible running mate for Bush . In his book Decision Points , Bush says that Engler was someone he was close with and could work well with . Ultimately , Engler was passed over for the running mate position in favor of Dick Cheney . After the election , Englers close political ally Spencer Abraham , who narrowly lost his re-election bid for the Senate to Debbie Stabenow , was chosen as",
"title": "Governorship"
},
{
"text": "Bushs Secretary of Energy .",
"title": "Governorship"
},
{
"text": " 2002 elections . Englers lieutenant governor , Dick Posthumus , sought to succeed Engler in the 2002 gubernatorial race . Posthumus lost the race to the states attorney general , Democrat Jennifer Granholm .",
"title": "Governorship"
},
{
"text": "In 1990 , Engler , then the state senate majority leader , challenged Governor James Blanchard in his bid for a third term . Political observers viewed his bid as a long shot , and he trailed Blanchard by double digits in the polls the weekend before the election . However , on election day , Engler pulled off the upset , defeating Blanchard by approximately 17,000 votes—a margin of less than one percentage point . In 1994 , Engler ran for his second term . The Democrats nominated former Representative Howard Wolpe , who had close ties to the",
"title": "Election results"
},
{
"text": "labor movement—a potent force in Democratic politics in Michigan . Engler bested Wolpe 61 to 39 percent , and the state Republican Party made significant gains . Spencer Abraham picked up the Senate seat of retiring Democrat Donald Riegle . Republicans gained a seat to break a tie in the state House of Representatives , taking a 56–54 majority , while also picking up a seat in the U.S . House of Representatives . Republican Candice Miller won an upset victory to win the post of Secretary of State .",
"title": "Election results"
},
{
"text": "Michigan voters re-elected Engler to his third and final term in 1998 . He won a landslide victory over lawyer Geoffrey Fieger . Engler took 1,883,005 votes—62 percent of the total—to Fiegers 38 percent and 1,143,574 votes . Englers landslide helped the state Republican Party to gain six seats in the state House of Representatives , taking control of the chamber they had lost two years previously with a 58–52 margin , as well as picking up an additional seat in the State Senate , for a 23–15 majority . Republicans also gained a seat on the technically non-partisan state",
"title": "Election results"
},
{
"text": "Supreme Court , holding a 4–3 majority over the Democrats .",
"title": "Election results"
},
{
"text": " After leaving the governors mansion in January 2003 , Engler served as president of the state and local government sector of Electronic Data Systems . Engler left that position in June 2004 to be elected president and CEO of the National Association of Manufacturers . Englers six plus year tenure at the NAM ended in January 2011 . In January 2011 , Engler was named president of the Business Roundtable . In 2017 , Engler was appointed to a four-year term on the governing board of the National Assessment of Educational Progress project .",
"title": "After governorship"
},
{
"text": "Interim presidency of Michigan State University .",
"title": "After governorship"
},
{
"text": "On January 30 , 2018 , Engler was named the interim president of Michigan State University to replace Lou Anna Simon , who was embroiled with the school in the USA Gymnastics sex abuse scandal involving Larry Nassar . The appointment of Engler sparked controversy due to his previous handling of sexual misconduct as governor of Michigan . Englers tenure as interim president was plagued by controversies , brought on by Englers apparent callous statements and actions toward survivors during Board of Trustees meetings and statements that were reported by the press . One on Nassars victims , Rachael Denhollander",
"title": "After governorship"
},
{
"text": ", said Engler chose to stand against every child and every sexual assault victim in the entire state , to protect an institution . Engler resigned on January 16 , 2019 after the Board of Trustees indicated its intent to ask him to resign following a series of embarrassing incidents regarding Nassars victims and his responses to issues in the aftermath . Engler initially indicated he planned to resign on January 23 , 2019 but the Board required him to resign the morning after he submitted his resignation letter .",
"title": "After governorship"
},
{
"text": " In 1974 , Engler married Colleen House Engler , who served in the Michigan House of Representatives and ran for lieutenant governor of Michigan in 1986 . She filed for divorce in 1986 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Engler married Michelle DeMunbrun , a Texas attorney , December 8 , 1990 . The couple has triplet daughters born November 13 , 1994 . As First Lady , Michelle Engler served as the founding chair of the Michigan Community Service Commission . Michelle Engler was named to the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation ( Freddie Mac ) board in 2001 by President George W . Bush and re-appointed in 2002 .",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] |
/wiki/Mel_Carnahan#P39#0
|
Mel Carnahan took which position before May 1964?
|
Mel Carnahan Melvin Eugene Carnahan ( February 11 , 1934 – October 16 , 2000 ) was an American lawyer and politician who served as the 51st Governor of Missouri from 1993 until his death in a plane crash in 2000 . A Democrat , he was elected posthumously to the U.S . Senate ; his widow , Jean , served in his stead for two years until a special election . Early life and education . Carnahan was born in Birch Tree , Missouri , and grew up on a small farm near Ellsinore , Missouri , with his only sibling , Robert Bob Carnahan . He was the son of Kathel ( Schupp ) and A . S . J . Carnahan , the superintendent of Ellsinore schools who , in 1944 , was elected to the United States House of Representatives , serving from 1945-1947 and 1949-1961 . Carnahan moved with his family to Washington , D.C . in 1945 and returned in 1949 , the year he met his future wife Jean . There he graduated from Anacostia High School in 1952 and earned a Bachelor of Arts ( B.A. ) in business administration from George Washington University in 1954 . He married Jean Anne Carpenter that same year and also entered the United States Air Force during the Korean War and served as a special agent for the Office of Special Investigation rising to the rank of First Lieutenant . In 1956 , he and his wife moved back to his home state of Missouri . He received a Juris Doctor ( J.D. ) from the University of Missouri School of Law in Columbia , Missouri , in 1959 . Political career . State Legislator . Carnahans political career started in 1960 when he was elected to serve as a municipal judge in Rolla . Two years later he was elected as a member of the Missouri House of Representatives representing the Rolla area . He remained in the Missouri house until 1966 , winning the position of majority floor leader in his second term . In 1966 , he lost an election for the state senate and started practicing law . State Treasurer . In 1980 , Carnahan was elected Missouri State Treasurer . He served in that post from 1981 to 1985 . In 1984 he was an unsuccessful candidate for Governor of Missouri , losing the Democratic primary election to then-Lieutenant Governor Kenneth Rothman , who lost the general election that year to state Attorney General John Ashcroft . Governor of Missouri . In 1988 , he was elected Lieutenant Governor of Missouri . In 1992 , he faced Mayor of St . Louis Vincent C . Schoemehl in the Democratic primary for governor . He won the Democratic nomination by a wide margin and went on to easily defeat Republican state Attorney General William L . Webster in the general election . He was elected Governor of Missouri on November 3 , 1992 , and reelected for a second term on November 5 , 1996 , defeating Republican State Auditor Margaret B . Kelly . 2000 Senate election and death . In 2000 , Carnahan ran in the election against incumbent Republican John Ashcroft to become a United States Senator . It was a heated and intense campaign , in which Carnahan traveled all over Missouri to garner support in what was a very close race . However , early in the evening of October 16 , the night before a presidential debate held at Washington University in St . Louis just three weeks before the election , the twin-engine Cessna airplane he was flying on , which was piloted by his son Randy , lost control in rainy and foggy conditions and crashed on a forested hillside near Goldman , Missouri , only about south of St . Louis . All three on board the plane ( Mel and Randy Carnahan and Chris Sifford , the governors campaign advisor and former chief of staff ) were killed in the crash . Lieutenant Governor Roger B . Wilson ascended to the governorship and served out the balance of Carnahans term , which ended in January 2001 . Because Missouri election law would not allow Carnahans name to be removed from the November 7 , 2000 , ballot , the campaign chose Carnahans widow , Jean Carnahan , to unofficially become the new Democratic candidate . Wilson promised to appoint her to the seat , if it became vacant as a result of Mel Carnahans win in the election . Carnahans campaign continued using the slogan Im Still with Mel . A Senate first , Carnahan posthumously won , by a 2% margin . Jean Carnahan was then appointed to the Senate and served until November 2002 , when she was defeated by a 1% margin in a special election by Republican James Talent . Awards and recognitions . A high school , Carnahan High School of the Future , was named after him in 2003 . Personal life . Carnahan and his family were active members of the First Baptist Church of Rolla , where he served as an ordained deacon and member of the building committee . In 1984 , he risked his political career by taking a public stand against Missouri ballot issues , Amendments 5 and 7 , which would legalize parimutuel betting and create a state lottery . He was one of only a handful of state elected officials to take such a position ; however , both amendments passed . Carnahan married Jean Carpenter in Washington , D.C . on June 12 , 1954 . They had four children , all lawyers . Russ Carnahan , a former member of the U.S . House of Representatives for Missouris 3rd District ( 2005–2013 ) ; Tom Carnahan , founder of Wind Capital Group , which builds wind farms ; Robin Carnahan , former Missouri Secretary of State ( 2005–2013 ) ; and Roger Randy Carnahan , who piloted the plane and perished in the same crash that killed his father . External links . - National Governors Association
|
[
"member of the Missouri House of Representatives"
] |
[
{
"text": " Melvin Eugene Carnahan ( February 11 , 1934 – October 16 , 2000 ) was an American lawyer and politician who served as the 51st Governor of Missouri from 1993 until his death in a plane crash in 2000 . A Democrat , he was elected posthumously to the U.S . Senate ; his widow , Jean , served in his stead for two years until a special election . Early life and education .",
"title": "Mel Carnahan"
},
{
"text": "Carnahan was born in Birch Tree , Missouri , and grew up on a small farm near Ellsinore , Missouri , with his only sibling , Robert Bob Carnahan . He was the son of Kathel ( Schupp ) and A . S . J . Carnahan , the superintendent of Ellsinore schools who , in 1944 , was elected to the United States House of Representatives , serving from 1945-1947 and 1949-1961 .",
"title": "Mel Carnahan"
},
{
"text": "Carnahan moved with his family to Washington , D.C . in 1945 and returned in 1949 , the year he met his future wife Jean . There he graduated from Anacostia High School in 1952 and earned a Bachelor of Arts ( B.A. ) in business administration from George Washington University in 1954 . He married Jean Anne Carpenter that same year and also entered the United States Air Force during the Korean War and served as a special agent for the Office of Special Investigation rising to the rank of First Lieutenant . In 1956 , he and his",
"title": "Mel Carnahan"
},
{
"text": "wife moved back to his home state of Missouri . He received a Juris Doctor ( J.D. ) from the University of Missouri School of Law in Columbia , Missouri , in 1959 .",
"title": "Mel Carnahan"
},
{
"text": " Carnahans political career started in 1960 when he was elected to serve as a municipal judge in Rolla . Two years later he was elected as a member of the Missouri House of Representatives representing the Rolla area . He remained in the Missouri house until 1966 , winning the position of majority floor leader in his second term . In 1966 , he lost an election for the state senate and started practicing law .",
"title": "State Legislator"
},
{
"text": " In 1980 , Carnahan was elected Missouri State Treasurer . He served in that post from 1981 to 1985 . In 1984 he was an unsuccessful candidate for Governor of Missouri , losing the Democratic primary election to then-Lieutenant Governor Kenneth Rothman , who lost the general election that year to state Attorney General John Ashcroft .",
"title": "State Treasurer"
},
{
"text": " In 1988 , he was elected Lieutenant Governor of Missouri . In 1992 , he faced Mayor of St . Louis Vincent C . Schoemehl in the Democratic primary for governor . He won the Democratic nomination by a wide margin and went on to easily defeat Republican state Attorney General William L . Webster in the general election . He was elected Governor of Missouri on November 3 , 1992 , and reelected for a second term on November 5 , 1996 , defeating Republican State Auditor Margaret B . Kelly . 2000 Senate election and death .",
"title": "Governor of Missouri"
},
{
"text": "In 2000 , Carnahan ran in the election against incumbent Republican John Ashcroft to become a United States Senator . It was a heated and intense campaign , in which Carnahan traveled all over Missouri to garner support in what was a very close race . However , early in the evening of October 16 , the night before a presidential debate held at Washington University in St . Louis just three weeks before the election , the twin-engine Cessna airplane he was flying on , which was piloted by his son Randy , lost control in rainy and foggy",
"title": "Governor of Missouri"
},
{
"text": "conditions and crashed on a forested hillside near Goldman , Missouri , only about south of St . Louis . All three on board the plane ( Mel and Randy Carnahan and Chris Sifford , the governors campaign advisor and former chief of staff ) were killed in the crash .",
"title": "Governor of Missouri"
},
{
"text": "Lieutenant Governor Roger B . Wilson ascended to the governorship and served out the balance of Carnahans term , which ended in January 2001 . Because Missouri election law would not allow Carnahans name to be removed from the November 7 , 2000 , ballot , the campaign chose Carnahans widow , Jean Carnahan , to unofficially become the new Democratic candidate . Wilson promised to appoint her to the seat , if it became vacant as a result of Mel Carnahans win in the election . Carnahans campaign continued using the slogan Im Still with Mel . A Senate",
"title": "Governor of Missouri"
},
{
"text": "first , Carnahan posthumously won , by a 2% margin . Jean Carnahan was then appointed to the Senate and served until November 2002 , when she was defeated by a 1% margin in a special election by Republican James Talent .",
"title": "Governor of Missouri"
},
{
"text": " A high school , Carnahan High School of the Future , was named after him in 2003 .",
"title": "Awards and recognitions"
},
{
"text": " Carnahan and his family were active members of the First Baptist Church of Rolla , where he served as an ordained deacon and member of the building committee . In 1984 , he risked his political career by taking a public stand against Missouri ballot issues , Amendments 5 and 7 , which would legalize parimutuel betting and create a state lottery . He was one of only a handful of state elected officials to take such a position ; however , both amendments passed .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Carnahan married Jean Carpenter in Washington , D.C . on June 12 , 1954 . They had four children , all lawyers . Russ Carnahan , a former member of the U.S . House of Representatives for Missouris 3rd District ( 2005–2013 ) ; Tom Carnahan , founder of Wind Capital Group , which builds wind farms ; Robin Carnahan , former Missouri Secretary of State ( 2005–2013 ) ; and Roger Randy Carnahan , who piloted the plane and perished in the same crash that killed his father .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - National Governors Association",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Mel_Carnahan#P39#1
|
Mel Carnahan took which position in Sep 1981?
|
Mel Carnahan Melvin Eugene Carnahan ( February 11 , 1934 – October 16 , 2000 ) was an American lawyer and politician who served as the 51st Governor of Missouri from 1993 until his death in a plane crash in 2000 . A Democrat , he was elected posthumously to the U.S . Senate ; his widow , Jean , served in his stead for two years until a special election . Early life and education . Carnahan was born in Birch Tree , Missouri , and grew up on a small farm near Ellsinore , Missouri , with his only sibling , Robert Bob Carnahan . He was the son of Kathel ( Schupp ) and A . S . J . Carnahan , the superintendent of Ellsinore schools who , in 1944 , was elected to the United States House of Representatives , serving from 1945-1947 and 1949-1961 . Carnahan moved with his family to Washington , D.C . in 1945 and returned in 1949 , the year he met his future wife Jean . There he graduated from Anacostia High School in 1952 and earned a Bachelor of Arts ( B.A. ) in business administration from George Washington University in 1954 . He married Jean Anne Carpenter that same year and also entered the United States Air Force during the Korean War and served as a special agent for the Office of Special Investigation rising to the rank of First Lieutenant . In 1956 , he and his wife moved back to his home state of Missouri . He received a Juris Doctor ( J.D. ) from the University of Missouri School of Law in Columbia , Missouri , in 1959 . Political career . State Legislator . Carnahans political career started in 1960 when he was elected to serve as a municipal judge in Rolla . Two years later he was elected as a member of the Missouri House of Representatives representing the Rolla area . He remained in the Missouri house until 1966 , winning the position of majority floor leader in his second term . In 1966 , he lost an election for the state senate and started practicing law . State Treasurer . In 1980 , Carnahan was elected Missouri State Treasurer . He served in that post from 1981 to 1985 . In 1984 he was an unsuccessful candidate for Governor of Missouri , losing the Democratic primary election to then-Lieutenant Governor Kenneth Rothman , who lost the general election that year to state Attorney General John Ashcroft . Governor of Missouri . In 1988 , he was elected Lieutenant Governor of Missouri . In 1992 , he faced Mayor of St . Louis Vincent C . Schoemehl in the Democratic primary for governor . He won the Democratic nomination by a wide margin and went on to easily defeat Republican state Attorney General William L . Webster in the general election . He was elected Governor of Missouri on November 3 , 1992 , and reelected for a second term on November 5 , 1996 , defeating Republican State Auditor Margaret B . Kelly . 2000 Senate election and death . In 2000 , Carnahan ran in the election against incumbent Republican John Ashcroft to become a United States Senator . It was a heated and intense campaign , in which Carnahan traveled all over Missouri to garner support in what was a very close race . However , early in the evening of October 16 , the night before a presidential debate held at Washington University in St . Louis just three weeks before the election , the twin-engine Cessna airplane he was flying on , which was piloted by his son Randy , lost control in rainy and foggy conditions and crashed on a forested hillside near Goldman , Missouri , only about south of St . Louis . All three on board the plane ( Mel and Randy Carnahan and Chris Sifford , the governors campaign advisor and former chief of staff ) were killed in the crash . Lieutenant Governor Roger B . Wilson ascended to the governorship and served out the balance of Carnahans term , which ended in January 2001 . Because Missouri election law would not allow Carnahans name to be removed from the November 7 , 2000 , ballot , the campaign chose Carnahans widow , Jean Carnahan , to unofficially become the new Democratic candidate . Wilson promised to appoint her to the seat , if it became vacant as a result of Mel Carnahans win in the election . Carnahans campaign continued using the slogan Im Still with Mel . A Senate first , Carnahan posthumously won , by a 2% margin . Jean Carnahan was then appointed to the Senate and served until November 2002 , when she was defeated by a 1% margin in a special election by Republican James Talent . Awards and recognitions . A high school , Carnahan High School of the Future , was named after him in 2003 . Personal life . Carnahan and his family were active members of the First Baptist Church of Rolla , where he served as an ordained deacon and member of the building committee . In 1984 , he risked his political career by taking a public stand against Missouri ballot issues , Amendments 5 and 7 , which would legalize parimutuel betting and create a state lottery . He was one of only a handful of state elected officials to take such a position ; however , both amendments passed . Carnahan married Jean Carpenter in Washington , D.C . on June 12 , 1954 . They had four children , all lawyers . Russ Carnahan , a former member of the U.S . House of Representatives for Missouris 3rd District ( 2005–2013 ) ; Tom Carnahan , founder of Wind Capital Group , which builds wind farms ; Robin Carnahan , former Missouri Secretary of State ( 2005–2013 ) ; and Roger Randy Carnahan , who piloted the plane and perished in the same crash that killed his father . External links . - National Governors Association
|
[
"Missouri State Treasurer"
] |
[
{
"text": " Melvin Eugene Carnahan ( February 11 , 1934 – October 16 , 2000 ) was an American lawyer and politician who served as the 51st Governor of Missouri from 1993 until his death in a plane crash in 2000 . A Democrat , he was elected posthumously to the U.S . Senate ; his widow , Jean , served in his stead for two years until a special election . Early life and education .",
"title": "Mel Carnahan"
},
{
"text": "Carnahan was born in Birch Tree , Missouri , and grew up on a small farm near Ellsinore , Missouri , with his only sibling , Robert Bob Carnahan . He was the son of Kathel ( Schupp ) and A . S . J . Carnahan , the superintendent of Ellsinore schools who , in 1944 , was elected to the United States House of Representatives , serving from 1945-1947 and 1949-1961 .",
"title": "Mel Carnahan"
},
{
"text": "Carnahan moved with his family to Washington , D.C . in 1945 and returned in 1949 , the year he met his future wife Jean . There he graduated from Anacostia High School in 1952 and earned a Bachelor of Arts ( B.A. ) in business administration from George Washington University in 1954 . He married Jean Anne Carpenter that same year and also entered the United States Air Force during the Korean War and served as a special agent for the Office of Special Investigation rising to the rank of First Lieutenant . In 1956 , he and his",
"title": "Mel Carnahan"
},
{
"text": "wife moved back to his home state of Missouri . He received a Juris Doctor ( J.D. ) from the University of Missouri School of Law in Columbia , Missouri , in 1959 .",
"title": "Mel Carnahan"
},
{
"text": " Carnahans political career started in 1960 when he was elected to serve as a municipal judge in Rolla . Two years later he was elected as a member of the Missouri House of Representatives representing the Rolla area . He remained in the Missouri house until 1966 , winning the position of majority floor leader in his second term . In 1966 , he lost an election for the state senate and started practicing law .",
"title": "State Legislator"
},
{
"text": " In 1980 , Carnahan was elected Missouri State Treasurer . He served in that post from 1981 to 1985 . In 1984 he was an unsuccessful candidate for Governor of Missouri , losing the Democratic primary election to then-Lieutenant Governor Kenneth Rothman , who lost the general election that year to state Attorney General John Ashcroft .",
"title": "State Treasurer"
},
{
"text": " In 1988 , he was elected Lieutenant Governor of Missouri . In 1992 , he faced Mayor of St . Louis Vincent C . Schoemehl in the Democratic primary for governor . He won the Democratic nomination by a wide margin and went on to easily defeat Republican state Attorney General William L . Webster in the general election . He was elected Governor of Missouri on November 3 , 1992 , and reelected for a second term on November 5 , 1996 , defeating Republican State Auditor Margaret B . Kelly . 2000 Senate election and death .",
"title": "Governor of Missouri"
},
{
"text": "In 2000 , Carnahan ran in the election against incumbent Republican John Ashcroft to become a United States Senator . It was a heated and intense campaign , in which Carnahan traveled all over Missouri to garner support in what was a very close race . However , early in the evening of October 16 , the night before a presidential debate held at Washington University in St . Louis just three weeks before the election , the twin-engine Cessna airplane he was flying on , which was piloted by his son Randy , lost control in rainy and foggy",
"title": "Governor of Missouri"
},
{
"text": "conditions and crashed on a forested hillside near Goldman , Missouri , only about south of St . Louis . All three on board the plane ( Mel and Randy Carnahan and Chris Sifford , the governors campaign advisor and former chief of staff ) were killed in the crash .",
"title": "Governor of Missouri"
},
{
"text": "Lieutenant Governor Roger B . Wilson ascended to the governorship and served out the balance of Carnahans term , which ended in January 2001 . Because Missouri election law would not allow Carnahans name to be removed from the November 7 , 2000 , ballot , the campaign chose Carnahans widow , Jean Carnahan , to unofficially become the new Democratic candidate . Wilson promised to appoint her to the seat , if it became vacant as a result of Mel Carnahans win in the election . Carnahans campaign continued using the slogan Im Still with Mel . A Senate",
"title": "Governor of Missouri"
},
{
"text": "first , Carnahan posthumously won , by a 2% margin . Jean Carnahan was then appointed to the Senate and served until November 2002 , when she was defeated by a 1% margin in a special election by Republican James Talent .",
"title": "Governor of Missouri"
},
{
"text": " A high school , Carnahan High School of the Future , was named after him in 2003 .",
"title": "Awards and recognitions"
},
{
"text": " Carnahan and his family were active members of the First Baptist Church of Rolla , where he served as an ordained deacon and member of the building committee . In 1984 , he risked his political career by taking a public stand against Missouri ballot issues , Amendments 5 and 7 , which would legalize parimutuel betting and create a state lottery . He was one of only a handful of state elected officials to take such a position ; however , both amendments passed .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Carnahan married Jean Carpenter in Washington , D.C . on June 12 , 1954 . They had four children , all lawyers . Russ Carnahan , a former member of the U.S . House of Representatives for Missouris 3rd District ( 2005–2013 ) ; Tom Carnahan , founder of Wind Capital Group , which builds wind farms ; Robin Carnahan , former Missouri Secretary of State ( 2005–2013 ) ; and Roger Randy Carnahan , who piloted the plane and perished in the same crash that killed his father .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - National Governors Association",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Mel_Carnahan#P39#2
|
Mel Carnahan took which position in early 1990s?
|
Mel Carnahan Melvin Eugene Carnahan ( February 11 , 1934 – October 16 , 2000 ) was an American lawyer and politician who served as the 51st Governor of Missouri from 1993 until his death in a plane crash in 2000 . A Democrat , he was elected posthumously to the U.S . Senate ; his widow , Jean , served in his stead for two years until a special election . Early life and education . Carnahan was born in Birch Tree , Missouri , and grew up on a small farm near Ellsinore , Missouri , with his only sibling , Robert Bob Carnahan . He was the son of Kathel ( Schupp ) and A . S . J . Carnahan , the superintendent of Ellsinore schools who , in 1944 , was elected to the United States House of Representatives , serving from 1945-1947 and 1949-1961 . Carnahan moved with his family to Washington , D.C . in 1945 and returned in 1949 , the year he met his future wife Jean . There he graduated from Anacostia High School in 1952 and earned a Bachelor of Arts ( B.A. ) in business administration from George Washington University in 1954 . He married Jean Anne Carpenter that same year and also entered the United States Air Force during the Korean War and served as a special agent for the Office of Special Investigation rising to the rank of First Lieutenant . In 1956 , he and his wife moved back to his home state of Missouri . He received a Juris Doctor ( J.D. ) from the University of Missouri School of Law in Columbia , Missouri , in 1959 . Political career . State Legislator . Carnahans political career started in 1960 when he was elected to serve as a municipal judge in Rolla . Two years later he was elected as a member of the Missouri House of Representatives representing the Rolla area . He remained in the Missouri house until 1966 , winning the position of majority floor leader in his second term . In 1966 , he lost an election for the state senate and started practicing law . State Treasurer . In 1980 , Carnahan was elected Missouri State Treasurer . He served in that post from 1981 to 1985 . In 1984 he was an unsuccessful candidate for Governor of Missouri , losing the Democratic primary election to then-Lieutenant Governor Kenneth Rothman , who lost the general election that year to state Attorney General John Ashcroft . Governor of Missouri . In 1988 , he was elected Lieutenant Governor of Missouri . In 1992 , he faced Mayor of St . Louis Vincent C . Schoemehl in the Democratic primary for governor . He won the Democratic nomination by a wide margin and went on to easily defeat Republican state Attorney General William L . Webster in the general election . He was elected Governor of Missouri on November 3 , 1992 , and reelected for a second term on November 5 , 1996 , defeating Republican State Auditor Margaret B . Kelly . 2000 Senate election and death . In 2000 , Carnahan ran in the election against incumbent Republican John Ashcroft to become a United States Senator . It was a heated and intense campaign , in which Carnahan traveled all over Missouri to garner support in what was a very close race . However , early in the evening of October 16 , the night before a presidential debate held at Washington University in St . Louis just three weeks before the election , the twin-engine Cessna airplane he was flying on , which was piloted by his son Randy , lost control in rainy and foggy conditions and crashed on a forested hillside near Goldman , Missouri , only about south of St . Louis . All three on board the plane ( Mel and Randy Carnahan and Chris Sifford , the governors campaign advisor and former chief of staff ) were killed in the crash . Lieutenant Governor Roger B . Wilson ascended to the governorship and served out the balance of Carnahans term , which ended in January 2001 . Because Missouri election law would not allow Carnahans name to be removed from the November 7 , 2000 , ballot , the campaign chose Carnahans widow , Jean Carnahan , to unofficially become the new Democratic candidate . Wilson promised to appoint her to the seat , if it became vacant as a result of Mel Carnahans win in the election . Carnahans campaign continued using the slogan Im Still with Mel . A Senate first , Carnahan posthumously won , by a 2% margin . Jean Carnahan was then appointed to the Senate and served until November 2002 , when she was defeated by a 1% margin in a special election by Republican James Talent . Awards and recognitions . A high school , Carnahan High School of the Future , was named after him in 2003 . Personal life . Carnahan and his family were active members of the First Baptist Church of Rolla , where he served as an ordained deacon and member of the building committee . In 1984 , he risked his political career by taking a public stand against Missouri ballot issues , Amendments 5 and 7 , which would legalize parimutuel betting and create a state lottery . He was one of only a handful of state elected officials to take such a position ; however , both amendments passed . Carnahan married Jean Carpenter in Washington , D.C . on June 12 , 1954 . They had four children , all lawyers . Russ Carnahan , a former member of the U.S . House of Representatives for Missouris 3rd District ( 2005–2013 ) ; Tom Carnahan , founder of Wind Capital Group , which builds wind farms ; Robin Carnahan , former Missouri Secretary of State ( 2005–2013 ) ; and Roger Randy Carnahan , who piloted the plane and perished in the same crash that killed his father . External links . - National Governors Association
|
[
"Lieutenant Governor of Missouri"
] |
[
{
"text": " Melvin Eugene Carnahan ( February 11 , 1934 – October 16 , 2000 ) was an American lawyer and politician who served as the 51st Governor of Missouri from 1993 until his death in a plane crash in 2000 . A Democrat , he was elected posthumously to the U.S . Senate ; his widow , Jean , served in his stead for two years until a special election . Early life and education .",
"title": "Mel Carnahan"
},
{
"text": "Carnahan was born in Birch Tree , Missouri , and grew up on a small farm near Ellsinore , Missouri , with his only sibling , Robert Bob Carnahan . He was the son of Kathel ( Schupp ) and A . S . J . Carnahan , the superintendent of Ellsinore schools who , in 1944 , was elected to the United States House of Representatives , serving from 1945-1947 and 1949-1961 .",
"title": "Mel Carnahan"
},
{
"text": "Carnahan moved with his family to Washington , D.C . in 1945 and returned in 1949 , the year he met his future wife Jean . There he graduated from Anacostia High School in 1952 and earned a Bachelor of Arts ( B.A. ) in business administration from George Washington University in 1954 . He married Jean Anne Carpenter that same year and also entered the United States Air Force during the Korean War and served as a special agent for the Office of Special Investigation rising to the rank of First Lieutenant . In 1956 , he and his",
"title": "Mel Carnahan"
},
{
"text": "wife moved back to his home state of Missouri . He received a Juris Doctor ( J.D. ) from the University of Missouri School of Law in Columbia , Missouri , in 1959 .",
"title": "Mel Carnahan"
},
{
"text": " Carnahans political career started in 1960 when he was elected to serve as a municipal judge in Rolla . Two years later he was elected as a member of the Missouri House of Representatives representing the Rolla area . He remained in the Missouri house until 1966 , winning the position of majority floor leader in his second term . In 1966 , he lost an election for the state senate and started practicing law .",
"title": "State Legislator"
},
{
"text": " In 1980 , Carnahan was elected Missouri State Treasurer . He served in that post from 1981 to 1985 . In 1984 he was an unsuccessful candidate for Governor of Missouri , losing the Democratic primary election to then-Lieutenant Governor Kenneth Rothman , who lost the general election that year to state Attorney General John Ashcroft .",
"title": "State Treasurer"
},
{
"text": " In 1988 , he was elected Lieutenant Governor of Missouri . In 1992 , he faced Mayor of St . Louis Vincent C . Schoemehl in the Democratic primary for governor . He won the Democratic nomination by a wide margin and went on to easily defeat Republican state Attorney General William L . Webster in the general election . He was elected Governor of Missouri on November 3 , 1992 , and reelected for a second term on November 5 , 1996 , defeating Republican State Auditor Margaret B . Kelly . 2000 Senate election and death .",
"title": "Governor of Missouri"
},
{
"text": "In 2000 , Carnahan ran in the election against incumbent Republican John Ashcroft to become a United States Senator . It was a heated and intense campaign , in which Carnahan traveled all over Missouri to garner support in what was a very close race . However , early in the evening of October 16 , the night before a presidential debate held at Washington University in St . Louis just three weeks before the election , the twin-engine Cessna airplane he was flying on , which was piloted by his son Randy , lost control in rainy and foggy",
"title": "Governor of Missouri"
},
{
"text": "conditions and crashed on a forested hillside near Goldman , Missouri , only about south of St . Louis . All three on board the plane ( Mel and Randy Carnahan and Chris Sifford , the governors campaign advisor and former chief of staff ) were killed in the crash .",
"title": "Governor of Missouri"
},
{
"text": "Lieutenant Governor Roger B . Wilson ascended to the governorship and served out the balance of Carnahans term , which ended in January 2001 . Because Missouri election law would not allow Carnahans name to be removed from the November 7 , 2000 , ballot , the campaign chose Carnahans widow , Jean Carnahan , to unofficially become the new Democratic candidate . Wilson promised to appoint her to the seat , if it became vacant as a result of Mel Carnahans win in the election . Carnahans campaign continued using the slogan Im Still with Mel . A Senate",
"title": "Governor of Missouri"
},
{
"text": "first , Carnahan posthumously won , by a 2% margin . Jean Carnahan was then appointed to the Senate and served until November 2002 , when she was defeated by a 1% margin in a special election by Republican James Talent .",
"title": "Governor of Missouri"
},
{
"text": " A high school , Carnahan High School of the Future , was named after him in 2003 .",
"title": "Awards and recognitions"
},
{
"text": " Carnahan and his family were active members of the First Baptist Church of Rolla , where he served as an ordained deacon and member of the building committee . In 1984 , he risked his political career by taking a public stand against Missouri ballot issues , Amendments 5 and 7 , which would legalize parimutuel betting and create a state lottery . He was one of only a handful of state elected officials to take such a position ; however , both amendments passed .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Carnahan married Jean Carpenter in Washington , D.C . on June 12 , 1954 . They had four children , all lawyers . Russ Carnahan , a former member of the U.S . House of Representatives for Missouris 3rd District ( 2005–2013 ) ; Tom Carnahan , founder of Wind Capital Group , which builds wind farms ; Robin Carnahan , former Missouri Secretary of State ( 2005–2013 ) ; and Roger Randy Carnahan , who piloted the plane and perished in the same crash that killed his father .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - National Governors Association",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Mel_Carnahan#P39#3
|
Mel Carnahan took which position between Jun 1999 and Jul 2000?
|
Mel Carnahan Melvin Eugene Carnahan ( February 11 , 1934 – October 16 , 2000 ) was an American lawyer and politician who served as the 51st Governor of Missouri from 1993 until his death in a plane crash in 2000 . A Democrat , he was elected posthumously to the U.S . Senate ; his widow , Jean , served in his stead for two years until a special election . Early life and education . Carnahan was born in Birch Tree , Missouri , and grew up on a small farm near Ellsinore , Missouri , with his only sibling , Robert Bob Carnahan . He was the son of Kathel ( Schupp ) and A . S . J . Carnahan , the superintendent of Ellsinore schools who , in 1944 , was elected to the United States House of Representatives , serving from 1945-1947 and 1949-1961 . Carnahan moved with his family to Washington , D.C . in 1945 and returned in 1949 , the year he met his future wife Jean . There he graduated from Anacostia High School in 1952 and earned a Bachelor of Arts ( B.A. ) in business administration from George Washington University in 1954 . He married Jean Anne Carpenter that same year and also entered the United States Air Force during the Korean War and served as a special agent for the Office of Special Investigation rising to the rank of First Lieutenant . In 1956 , he and his wife moved back to his home state of Missouri . He received a Juris Doctor ( J.D. ) from the University of Missouri School of Law in Columbia , Missouri , in 1959 . Political career . State Legislator . Carnahans political career started in 1960 when he was elected to serve as a municipal judge in Rolla . Two years later he was elected as a member of the Missouri House of Representatives representing the Rolla area . He remained in the Missouri house until 1966 , winning the position of majority floor leader in his second term . In 1966 , he lost an election for the state senate and started practicing law . State Treasurer . In 1980 , Carnahan was elected Missouri State Treasurer . He served in that post from 1981 to 1985 . In 1984 he was an unsuccessful candidate for Governor of Missouri , losing the Democratic primary election to then-Lieutenant Governor Kenneth Rothman , who lost the general election that year to state Attorney General John Ashcroft . Governor of Missouri . In 1988 , he was elected Lieutenant Governor of Missouri . In 1992 , he faced Mayor of St . Louis Vincent C . Schoemehl in the Democratic primary for governor . He won the Democratic nomination by a wide margin and went on to easily defeat Republican state Attorney General William L . Webster in the general election . He was elected Governor of Missouri on November 3 , 1992 , and reelected for a second term on November 5 , 1996 , defeating Republican State Auditor Margaret B . Kelly . 2000 Senate election and death . In 2000 , Carnahan ran in the election against incumbent Republican John Ashcroft to become a United States Senator . It was a heated and intense campaign , in which Carnahan traveled all over Missouri to garner support in what was a very close race . However , early in the evening of October 16 , the night before a presidential debate held at Washington University in St . Louis just three weeks before the election , the twin-engine Cessna airplane he was flying on , which was piloted by his son Randy , lost control in rainy and foggy conditions and crashed on a forested hillside near Goldman , Missouri , only about south of St . Louis . All three on board the plane ( Mel and Randy Carnahan and Chris Sifford , the governors campaign advisor and former chief of staff ) were killed in the crash . Lieutenant Governor Roger B . Wilson ascended to the governorship and served out the balance of Carnahans term , which ended in January 2001 . Because Missouri election law would not allow Carnahans name to be removed from the November 7 , 2000 , ballot , the campaign chose Carnahans widow , Jean Carnahan , to unofficially become the new Democratic candidate . Wilson promised to appoint her to the seat , if it became vacant as a result of Mel Carnahans win in the election . Carnahans campaign continued using the slogan Im Still with Mel . A Senate first , Carnahan posthumously won , by a 2% margin . Jean Carnahan was then appointed to the Senate and served until November 2002 , when she was defeated by a 1% margin in a special election by Republican James Talent . Awards and recognitions . A high school , Carnahan High School of the Future , was named after him in 2003 . Personal life . Carnahan and his family were active members of the First Baptist Church of Rolla , where he served as an ordained deacon and member of the building committee . In 1984 , he risked his political career by taking a public stand against Missouri ballot issues , Amendments 5 and 7 , which would legalize parimutuel betting and create a state lottery . He was one of only a handful of state elected officials to take such a position ; however , both amendments passed . Carnahan married Jean Carpenter in Washington , D.C . on June 12 , 1954 . They had four children , all lawyers . Russ Carnahan , a former member of the U.S . House of Representatives for Missouris 3rd District ( 2005–2013 ) ; Tom Carnahan , founder of Wind Capital Group , which builds wind farms ; Robin Carnahan , former Missouri Secretary of State ( 2005–2013 ) ; and Roger Randy Carnahan , who piloted the plane and perished in the same crash that killed his father . External links . - National Governors Association
|
[
"Governor of Missouri"
] |
[
{
"text": " Melvin Eugene Carnahan ( February 11 , 1934 – October 16 , 2000 ) was an American lawyer and politician who served as the 51st Governor of Missouri from 1993 until his death in a plane crash in 2000 . A Democrat , he was elected posthumously to the U.S . Senate ; his widow , Jean , served in his stead for two years until a special election . Early life and education .",
"title": "Mel Carnahan"
},
{
"text": "Carnahan was born in Birch Tree , Missouri , and grew up on a small farm near Ellsinore , Missouri , with his only sibling , Robert Bob Carnahan . He was the son of Kathel ( Schupp ) and A . S . J . Carnahan , the superintendent of Ellsinore schools who , in 1944 , was elected to the United States House of Representatives , serving from 1945-1947 and 1949-1961 .",
"title": "Mel Carnahan"
},
{
"text": "Carnahan moved with his family to Washington , D.C . in 1945 and returned in 1949 , the year he met his future wife Jean . There he graduated from Anacostia High School in 1952 and earned a Bachelor of Arts ( B.A. ) in business administration from George Washington University in 1954 . He married Jean Anne Carpenter that same year and also entered the United States Air Force during the Korean War and served as a special agent for the Office of Special Investigation rising to the rank of First Lieutenant . In 1956 , he and his",
"title": "Mel Carnahan"
},
{
"text": "wife moved back to his home state of Missouri . He received a Juris Doctor ( J.D. ) from the University of Missouri School of Law in Columbia , Missouri , in 1959 .",
"title": "Mel Carnahan"
},
{
"text": " Carnahans political career started in 1960 when he was elected to serve as a municipal judge in Rolla . Two years later he was elected as a member of the Missouri House of Representatives representing the Rolla area . He remained in the Missouri house until 1966 , winning the position of majority floor leader in his second term . In 1966 , he lost an election for the state senate and started practicing law .",
"title": "State Legislator"
},
{
"text": " In 1980 , Carnahan was elected Missouri State Treasurer . He served in that post from 1981 to 1985 . In 1984 he was an unsuccessful candidate for Governor of Missouri , losing the Democratic primary election to then-Lieutenant Governor Kenneth Rothman , who lost the general election that year to state Attorney General John Ashcroft .",
"title": "State Treasurer"
},
{
"text": " In 1988 , he was elected Lieutenant Governor of Missouri . In 1992 , he faced Mayor of St . Louis Vincent C . Schoemehl in the Democratic primary for governor . He won the Democratic nomination by a wide margin and went on to easily defeat Republican state Attorney General William L . Webster in the general election . He was elected Governor of Missouri on November 3 , 1992 , and reelected for a second term on November 5 , 1996 , defeating Republican State Auditor Margaret B . Kelly . 2000 Senate election and death .",
"title": "Governor of Missouri"
},
{
"text": "In 2000 , Carnahan ran in the election against incumbent Republican John Ashcroft to become a United States Senator . It was a heated and intense campaign , in which Carnahan traveled all over Missouri to garner support in what was a very close race . However , early in the evening of October 16 , the night before a presidential debate held at Washington University in St . Louis just three weeks before the election , the twin-engine Cessna airplane he was flying on , which was piloted by his son Randy , lost control in rainy and foggy",
"title": "Governor of Missouri"
},
{
"text": "conditions and crashed on a forested hillside near Goldman , Missouri , only about south of St . Louis . All three on board the plane ( Mel and Randy Carnahan and Chris Sifford , the governors campaign advisor and former chief of staff ) were killed in the crash .",
"title": "Governor of Missouri"
},
{
"text": "Lieutenant Governor Roger B . Wilson ascended to the governorship and served out the balance of Carnahans term , which ended in January 2001 . Because Missouri election law would not allow Carnahans name to be removed from the November 7 , 2000 , ballot , the campaign chose Carnahans widow , Jean Carnahan , to unofficially become the new Democratic candidate . Wilson promised to appoint her to the seat , if it became vacant as a result of Mel Carnahans win in the election . Carnahans campaign continued using the slogan Im Still with Mel . A Senate",
"title": "Governor of Missouri"
},
{
"text": "first , Carnahan posthumously won , by a 2% margin . Jean Carnahan was then appointed to the Senate and served until November 2002 , when she was defeated by a 1% margin in a special election by Republican James Talent .",
"title": "Governor of Missouri"
},
{
"text": " A high school , Carnahan High School of the Future , was named after him in 2003 .",
"title": "Awards and recognitions"
},
{
"text": " Carnahan and his family were active members of the First Baptist Church of Rolla , where he served as an ordained deacon and member of the building committee . In 1984 , he risked his political career by taking a public stand against Missouri ballot issues , Amendments 5 and 7 , which would legalize parimutuel betting and create a state lottery . He was one of only a handful of state elected officials to take such a position ; however , both amendments passed .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Carnahan married Jean Carpenter in Washington , D.C . on June 12 , 1954 . They had four children , all lawyers . Russ Carnahan , a former member of the U.S . House of Representatives for Missouris 3rd District ( 2005–2013 ) ; Tom Carnahan , founder of Wind Capital Group , which builds wind farms ; Robin Carnahan , former Missouri Secretary of State ( 2005–2013 ) ; and Roger Randy Carnahan , who piloted the plane and perished in the same crash that killed his father .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - National Governors Association",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Camille_Jullian#P463#0
|
Camille Jullian became a member of what organization or association in Apr 1924?
|
Camille Jullian Camille Jullian ( 15 March 1859 – 12 December 1933 ) was a French historian , philologist , archaeologist and historian of literature . A Professor of ancient history and classics at the University of Bordeaux from 1891 , Jullian was awarded a chair at the Collège de France in 1905 , where he taught national antiquities until 1930 . He was made Grand Officier de la Légion dHonneur in 1926 , and was elected to the Académie française in 1924 . Jullian is the author of a monumental Histoire de la Gaule , published in eight volumes between 1907 and 1928 , which has influenced Celtic studies throughout the 20th century . Biography . Jullian was born on 15 March 1859 in Marseille , the son of Camille Jullian , a merchant and banker , and Marie Rouvière . Jullian came from a Protestant family of farmers originally from Calvisson , Gard . He attended the lycée of Marseille between 1864 and 1877 , then the École Normale Supérieure , where he earned an agrégation in history and geography in 1880 . Jullian was a member of the École française de Rome between 1880 and 1882 . He became Doctor in Literature in March 1884 . He taught ancient history and classics at the University of Bordeaux between 1883 and 1905 , becoming Professor in 1891 , then was elected to the Collège de France in 1905 , where he taught national antiquities until 1930 . Jullian became a member of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres in 1908 , was made Grand Officier de la Légion dHonneur in 1926 , and was elected to the Académie Française in 1924.Jullian was involved with the controversy over the archaeological findings at Glozel in France ; he was among those who believed the artefacts recovered were faked . He died on 12 December 1933 in the 6th arrondissement of Paris . Personal life . Jullian was a Protestant . He held liberal and patriotic views . In April 1890 , Jullian married Jeanne Azam , the daughter of Étienne Azam , Professor of Medicine , and Anne Rolland . They had a daughter named Suzanne . The latter married a man named Simounet , a war veteran who ended his life in poverty ; their son , the author Philippe Jullian , took instead his grandfathers name . Works . On Bordeaux and la Gironde . - Étude dépigraphie bordelaise . Les Bordelais dans larmée romaine . Notes concernant les inscriptions de Bordeaux extraites des papiers de M . de Lamontagne , 1884 - Les antiquités de Bordeaux ( Revue archéologique ) , 1885 - Inscriptions romaines de Bordeaux , 1887-1890 - Ausone et Bordeaux . Études sur les derniers temps de la Gaule romaine , 1893 Read online - Histoire de Bordeaux depuis les origines jusquen 1895 , 1895 Read online Works on Gaule . - De protectoribus et domesticis augustorum , 1883 - Histoire des institutions politiques de lancienne France , de Fustel de Coulanges ( posthumous edition of his works ) , 1890 - Gallia , tableau sommaire de la Gaule sous la domination romaine , Hachette , 1892 - Fréjus romain , 1886 - Notes dépigraphie , 1886 - Les transformations politiques de lItalie sous les empereurs romains , 43 av JC-330 après J.-C. , 1884 - Extraits des historiens du XIXe , publiés , annotés et précédés dune introduction sur lhistoire de France , 1897 - Inscriptiones Galliae narbonensis Latinae ( CIL XII ) , en collaboration , 1899 - La politique romaine en Provence ( 218-59 avant notre ère ) , 1901 - Recherches sur la religion gauloise , 1903 - Plaidoyer pour la préhistoire , 1907 - Les anciens dieux de lOccident , 1913 - Les Paris des Romains . Les Arènes . Les Thermes , 1924 - Histoire de la Gaule , rééd . Hachette , Coll . Références , 1993 , 1270 pages , ( ) - Au seuil de notre histoire . Leçons faites au Collège de France , 1905–1930 , 3 vol . 1930-1931 Les œuvres du patriote . - Le Rhin gaulois : le Rhin français , 1915 - Pas de paix avec Hohenzollern . À un ami du front , 1918 - La guerre pour la patrie , 1919 - Aimons la France , conférences : 1914-1919 , 1920 - De la Gaule à la France . Nos origines historiques , 1922 Further reading . - Christian Goudineau , Le dossier Vercingétorix , co-ed Actes Sud/Errance , 2001 - Albert Grenier , Camille Jullian , un demi-siècle de science historique et de progrès français , Albin Michel , 1944 - Charles-Olivier Carbonnell , Histoire et historiens , une mutation idéologique des historiens français , 1865-1885 , Institut détudes politiques de Toulouse , 1976 .
|
[
"Académie Française"
] |
[
{
"text": " Camille Jullian ( 15 March 1859 – 12 December 1933 ) was a French historian , philologist , archaeologist and historian of literature . A Professor of ancient history and classics at the University of Bordeaux from 1891 , Jullian was awarded a chair at the Collège de France in 1905 , where he taught national antiquities until 1930 . He was made Grand Officier de la Légion dHonneur in 1926 , and was elected to the Académie française in 1924 .",
"title": "Camille Jullian"
},
{
"text": "Jullian is the author of a monumental Histoire de la Gaule , published in eight volumes between 1907 and 1928 , which has influenced Celtic studies throughout the 20th century .",
"title": "Camille Jullian"
},
{
"text": " Jullian was born on 15 March 1859 in Marseille , the son of Camille Jullian , a merchant and banker , and Marie Rouvière . Jullian came from a Protestant family of farmers originally from Calvisson , Gard . He attended the lycée of Marseille between 1864 and 1877 , then the École Normale Supérieure , where he earned an agrégation in history and geography in 1880 . Jullian was a member of the École française de Rome between 1880 and 1882 . He became Doctor in Literature in March 1884 .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "He taught ancient history and classics at the University of Bordeaux between 1883 and 1905 , becoming Professor in 1891 , then was elected to the Collège de France in 1905 , where he taught national antiquities until 1930 . Jullian became a member of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres in 1908 , was made Grand Officier de la Légion dHonneur in 1926 , and was elected to the Académie Française in 1924.Jullian was involved with the controversy over the archaeological findings at Glozel in France ; he was among those who believed the artefacts recovered were faked .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " Jullian was a Protestant . He held liberal and patriotic views . In April 1890 , Jullian married Jeanne Azam , the daughter of Étienne Azam , Professor of Medicine , and Anne Rolland . They had a daughter named Suzanne . The latter married a man named Simounet , a war veteran who ended his life in poverty ; their son , the author Philippe Jullian , took instead his grandfathers name .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " On Bordeaux and la Gironde . - Étude dépigraphie bordelaise . Les Bordelais dans larmée romaine . Notes concernant les inscriptions de Bordeaux extraites des papiers de M . de Lamontagne , 1884 - Les antiquités de Bordeaux ( Revue archéologique ) , 1885 - Inscriptions romaines de Bordeaux , 1887-1890 - Ausone et Bordeaux . Études sur les derniers temps de la Gaule romaine , 1893 Read online - Histoire de Bordeaux depuis les origines jusquen 1895 , 1895 Read online",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": " - De protectoribus et domesticis augustorum , 1883 - Histoire des institutions politiques de lancienne France , de Fustel de Coulanges ( posthumous edition of his works ) , 1890 - Gallia , tableau sommaire de la Gaule sous la domination romaine , Hachette , 1892 - Fréjus romain , 1886 - Notes dépigraphie , 1886 - Les transformations politiques de lItalie sous les empereurs romains , 43 av JC-330 après J.-C. , 1884 - Extraits des historiens du XIXe , publiés , annotés et précédés dune introduction sur lhistoire de France , 1897",
"title": "Works on Gaule"
},
{
"text": "- Inscriptiones Galliae narbonensis Latinae ( CIL XII ) , en collaboration , 1899",
"title": "Works on Gaule"
},
{
"text": " - La politique romaine en Provence ( 218-59 avant notre ère ) , 1901 - Recherches sur la religion gauloise , 1903 - Plaidoyer pour la préhistoire , 1907 - Les anciens dieux de lOccident , 1913 - Les Paris des Romains . Les Arènes . Les Thermes , 1924 - Histoire de la Gaule , rééd . Hachette , Coll . Références , 1993 , 1270 pages , ( ) - Au seuil de notre histoire . Leçons faites au Collège de France , 1905–1930 , 3 vol . 1930-1931 Les œuvres du patriote .",
"title": "Works on Gaule"
},
{
"text": "- Le Rhin gaulois : le Rhin français , 1915",
"title": "Works on Gaule"
},
{
"text": " - Pas de paix avec Hohenzollern . À un ami du front , 1918 - La guerre pour la patrie , 1919 - Aimons la France , conférences : 1914-1919 , 1920 - De la Gaule à la France . Nos origines historiques , 1922",
"title": "Works on Gaule"
},
{
"text": " - Christian Goudineau , Le dossier Vercingétorix , co-ed Actes Sud/Errance , 2001 - Albert Grenier , Camille Jullian , un demi-siècle de science historique et de progrès français , Albin Michel , 1944 - Charles-Olivier Carbonnell , Histoire et historiens , une mutation idéologique des historiens français , 1865-1885 , Institut détudes politiques de Toulouse , 1976 .",
"title": "Further reading"
}
] |
/wiki/Camille_Jullian#P463#1
|
Camille Jullian became a member of what organization or association in 1908?
|
Camille Jullian Camille Jullian ( 15 March 1859 – 12 December 1933 ) was a French historian , philologist , archaeologist and historian of literature . A Professor of ancient history and classics at the University of Bordeaux from 1891 , Jullian was awarded a chair at the Collège de France in 1905 , where he taught national antiquities until 1930 . He was made Grand Officier de la Légion dHonneur in 1926 , and was elected to the Académie française in 1924 . Jullian is the author of a monumental Histoire de la Gaule , published in eight volumes between 1907 and 1928 , which has influenced Celtic studies throughout the 20th century . Biography . Jullian was born on 15 March 1859 in Marseille , the son of Camille Jullian , a merchant and banker , and Marie Rouvière . Jullian came from a Protestant family of farmers originally from Calvisson , Gard . He attended the lycée of Marseille between 1864 and 1877 , then the École Normale Supérieure , where he earned an agrégation in history and geography in 1880 . Jullian was a member of the École française de Rome between 1880 and 1882 . He became Doctor in Literature in March 1884 . He taught ancient history and classics at the University of Bordeaux between 1883 and 1905 , becoming Professor in 1891 , then was elected to the Collège de France in 1905 , where he taught national antiquities until 1930 . Jullian became a member of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres in 1908 , was made Grand Officier de la Légion dHonneur in 1926 , and was elected to the Académie Française in 1924.Jullian was involved with the controversy over the archaeological findings at Glozel in France ; he was among those who believed the artefacts recovered were faked . He died on 12 December 1933 in the 6th arrondissement of Paris . Personal life . Jullian was a Protestant . He held liberal and patriotic views . In April 1890 , Jullian married Jeanne Azam , the daughter of Étienne Azam , Professor of Medicine , and Anne Rolland . They had a daughter named Suzanne . The latter married a man named Simounet , a war veteran who ended his life in poverty ; their son , the author Philippe Jullian , took instead his grandfathers name . Works . On Bordeaux and la Gironde . - Étude dépigraphie bordelaise . Les Bordelais dans larmée romaine . Notes concernant les inscriptions de Bordeaux extraites des papiers de M . de Lamontagne , 1884 - Les antiquités de Bordeaux ( Revue archéologique ) , 1885 - Inscriptions romaines de Bordeaux , 1887-1890 - Ausone et Bordeaux . Études sur les derniers temps de la Gaule romaine , 1893 Read online - Histoire de Bordeaux depuis les origines jusquen 1895 , 1895 Read online Works on Gaule . - De protectoribus et domesticis augustorum , 1883 - Histoire des institutions politiques de lancienne France , de Fustel de Coulanges ( posthumous edition of his works ) , 1890 - Gallia , tableau sommaire de la Gaule sous la domination romaine , Hachette , 1892 - Fréjus romain , 1886 - Notes dépigraphie , 1886 - Les transformations politiques de lItalie sous les empereurs romains , 43 av JC-330 après J.-C. , 1884 - Extraits des historiens du XIXe , publiés , annotés et précédés dune introduction sur lhistoire de France , 1897 - Inscriptiones Galliae narbonensis Latinae ( CIL XII ) , en collaboration , 1899 - La politique romaine en Provence ( 218-59 avant notre ère ) , 1901 - Recherches sur la religion gauloise , 1903 - Plaidoyer pour la préhistoire , 1907 - Les anciens dieux de lOccident , 1913 - Les Paris des Romains . Les Arènes . Les Thermes , 1924 - Histoire de la Gaule , rééd . Hachette , Coll . Références , 1993 , 1270 pages , ( ) - Au seuil de notre histoire . Leçons faites au Collège de France , 1905–1930 , 3 vol . 1930-1931 Les œuvres du patriote . - Le Rhin gaulois : le Rhin français , 1915 - Pas de paix avec Hohenzollern . À un ami du front , 1918 - La guerre pour la patrie , 1919 - Aimons la France , conférences : 1914-1919 , 1920 - De la Gaule à la France . Nos origines historiques , 1922 Further reading . - Christian Goudineau , Le dossier Vercingétorix , co-ed Actes Sud/Errance , 2001 - Albert Grenier , Camille Jullian , un demi-siècle de science historique et de progrès français , Albin Michel , 1944 - Charles-Olivier Carbonnell , Histoire et historiens , une mutation idéologique des historiens français , 1865-1885 , Institut détudes politiques de Toulouse , 1976 .
|
[
"Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres"
] |
[
{
"text": " Camille Jullian ( 15 March 1859 – 12 December 1933 ) was a French historian , philologist , archaeologist and historian of literature . A Professor of ancient history and classics at the University of Bordeaux from 1891 , Jullian was awarded a chair at the Collège de France in 1905 , where he taught national antiquities until 1930 . He was made Grand Officier de la Légion dHonneur in 1926 , and was elected to the Académie française in 1924 .",
"title": "Camille Jullian"
},
{
"text": "Jullian is the author of a monumental Histoire de la Gaule , published in eight volumes between 1907 and 1928 , which has influenced Celtic studies throughout the 20th century .",
"title": "Camille Jullian"
},
{
"text": " Jullian was born on 15 March 1859 in Marseille , the son of Camille Jullian , a merchant and banker , and Marie Rouvière . Jullian came from a Protestant family of farmers originally from Calvisson , Gard . He attended the lycée of Marseille between 1864 and 1877 , then the École Normale Supérieure , where he earned an agrégation in history and geography in 1880 . Jullian was a member of the École française de Rome between 1880 and 1882 . He became Doctor in Literature in March 1884 .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "He taught ancient history and classics at the University of Bordeaux between 1883 and 1905 , becoming Professor in 1891 , then was elected to the Collège de France in 1905 , where he taught national antiquities until 1930 . Jullian became a member of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres in 1908 , was made Grand Officier de la Légion dHonneur in 1926 , and was elected to the Académie Française in 1924.Jullian was involved with the controversy over the archaeological findings at Glozel in France ; he was among those who believed the artefacts recovered were faked .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " Jullian was a Protestant . He held liberal and patriotic views . In April 1890 , Jullian married Jeanne Azam , the daughter of Étienne Azam , Professor of Medicine , and Anne Rolland . They had a daughter named Suzanne . The latter married a man named Simounet , a war veteran who ended his life in poverty ; their son , the author Philippe Jullian , took instead his grandfathers name .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " On Bordeaux and la Gironde . - Étude dépigraphie bordelaise . Les Bordelais dans larmée romaine . Notes concernant les inscriptions de Bordeaux extraites des papiers de M . de Lamontagne , 1884 - Les antiquités de Bordeaux ( Revue archéologique ) , 1885 - Inscriptions romaines de Bordeaux , 1887-1890 - Ausone et Bordeaux . Études sur les derniers temps de la Gaule romaine , 1893 Read online - Histoire de Bordeaux depuis les origines jusquen 1895 , 1895 Read online",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": " - De protectoribus et domesticis augustorum , 1883 - Histoire des institutions politiques de lancienne France , de Fustel de Coulanges ( posthumous edition of his works ) , 1890 - Gallia , tableau sommaire de la Gaule sous la domination romaine , Hachette , 1892 - Fréjus romain , 1886 - Notes dépigraphie , 1886 - Les transformations politiques de lItalie sous les empereurs romains , 43 av JC-330 après J.-C. , 1884 - Extraits des historiens du XIXe , publiés , annotés et précédés dune introduction sur lhistoire de France , 1897",
"title": "Works on Gaule"
},
{
"text": "- Inscriptiones Galliae narbonensis Latinae ( CIL XII ) , en collaboration , 1899",
"title": "Works on Gaule"
},
{
"text": " - La politique romaine en Provence ( 218-59 avant notre ère ) , 1901 - Recherches sur la religion gauloise , 1903 - Plaidoyer pour la préhistoire , 1907 - Les anciens dieux de lOccident , 1913 - Les Paris des Romains . Les Arènes . Les Thermes , 1924 - Histoire de la Gaule , rééd . Hachette , Coll . Références , 1993 , 1270 pages , ( ) - Au seuil de notre histoire . Leçons faites au Collège de France , 1905–1930 , 3 vol . 1930-1931 Les œuvres du patriote .",
"title": "Works on Gaule"
},
{
"text": "- Le Rhin gaulois : le Rhin français , 1915",
"title": "Works on Gaule"
},
{
"text": " - Pas de paix avec Hohenzollern . À un ami du front , 1918 - La guerre pour la patrie , 1919 - Aimons la France , conférences : 1914-1919 , 1920 - De la Gaule à la France . Nos origines historiques , 1922",
"title": "Works on Gaule"
},
{
"text": " - Christian Goudineau , Le dossier Vercingétorix , co-ed Actes Sud/Errance , 2001 - Albert Grenier , Camille Jullian , un demi-siècle de science historique et de progrès français , Albin Michel , 1944 - Charles-Olivier Carbonnell , Histoire et historiens , une mutation idéologique des historiens français , 1865-1885 , Institut détudes politiques de Toulouse , 1976 .",
"title": "Further reading"
}
] |
/wiki/Camille_Jullian#P463#2
|
Camille Jullian became a member of what organization or association in 1880?
|
Camille Jullian Camille Jullian ( 15 March 1859 – 12 December 1933 ) was a French historian , philologist , archaeologist and historian of literature . A Professor of ancient history and classics at the University of Bordeaux from 1891 , Jullian was awarded a chair at the Collège de France in 1905 , where he taught national antiquities until 1930 . He was made Grand Officier de la Légion dHonneur in 1926 , and was elected to the Académie française in 1924 . Jullian is the author of a monumental Histoire de la Gaule , published in eight volumes between 1907 and 1928 , which has influenced Celtic studies throughout the 20th century . Biography . Jullian was born on 15 March 1859 in Marseille , the son of Camille Jullian , a merchant and banker , and Marie Rouvière . Jullian came from a Protestant family of farmers originally from Calvisson , Gard . He attended the lycée of Marseille between 1864 and 1877 , then the École Normale Supérieure , where he earned an agrégation in history and geography in 1880 . Jullian was a member of the École française de Rome between 1880 and 1882 . He became Doctor in Literature in March 1884 . He taught ancient history and classics at the University of Bordeaux between 1883 and 1905 , becoming Professor in 1891 , then was elected to the Collège de France in 1905 , where he taught national antiquities until 1930 . Jullian became a member of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres in 1908 , was made Grand Officier de la Légion dHonneur in 1926 , and was elected to the Académie Française in 1924.Jullian was involved with the controversy over the archaeological findings at Glozel in France ; he was among those who believed the artefacts recovered were faked . He died on 12 December 1933 in the 6th arrondissement of Paris . Personal life . Jullian was a Protestant . He held liberal and patriotic views . In April 1890 , Jullian married Jeanne Azam , the daughter of Étienne Azam , Professor of Medicine , and Anne Rolland . They had a daughter named Suzanne . The latter married a man named Simounet , a war veteran who ended his life in poverty ; their son , the author Philippe Jullian , took instead his grandfathers name . Works . On Bordeaux and la Gironde . - Étude dépigraphie bordelaise . Les Bordelais dans larmée romaine . Notes concernant les inscriptions de Bordeaux extraites des papiers de M . de Lamontagne , 1884 - Les antiquités de Bordeaux ( Revue archéologique ) , 1885 - Inscriptions romaines de Bordeaux , 1887-1890 - Ausone et Bordeaux . Études sur les derniers temps de la Gaule romaine , 1893 Read online - Histoire de Bordeaux depuis les origines jusquen 1895 , 1895 Read online Works on Gaule . - De protectoribus et domesticis augustorum , 1883 - Histoire des institutions politiques de lancienne France , de Fustel de Coulanges ( posthumous edition of his works ) , 1890 - Gallia , tableau sommaire de la Gaule sous la domination romaine , Hachette , 1892 - Fréjus romain , 1886 - Notes dépigraphie , 1886 - Les transformations politiques de lItalie sous les empereurs romains , 43 av JC-330 après J.-C. , 1884 - Extraits des historiens du XIXe , publiés , annotés et précédés dune introduction sur lhistoire de France , 1897 - Inscriptiones Galliae narbonensis Latinae ( CIL XII ) , en collaboration , 1899 - La politique romaine en Provence ( 218-59 avant notre ère ) , 1901 - Recherches sur la religion gauloise , 1903 - Plaidoyer pour la préhistoire , 1907 - Les anciens dieux de lOccident , 1913 - Les Paris des Romains . Les Arènes . Les Thermes , 1924 - Histoire de la Gaule , rééd . Hachette , Coll . Références , 1993 , 1270 pages , ( ) - Au seuil de notre histoire . Leçons faites au Collège de France , 1905–1930 , 3 vol . 1930-1931 Les œuvres du patriote . - Le Rhin gaulois : le Rhin français , 1915 - Pas de paix avec Hohenzollern . À un ami du front , 1918 - La guerre pour la patrie , 1919 - Aimons la France , conférences : 1914-1919 , 1920 - De la Gaule à la France . Nos origines historiques , 1922 Further reading . - Christian Goudineau , Le dossier Vercingétorix , co-ed Actes Sud/Errance , 2001 - Albert Grenier , Camille Jullian , un demi-siècle de science historique et de progrès français , Albin Michel , 1944 - Charles-Olivier Carbonnell , Histoire et historiens , une mutation idéologique des historiens français , 1865-1885 , Institut détudes politiques de Toulouse , 1976 .
|
[
"École française de Rome"
] |
[
{
"text": " Camille Jullian ( 15 March 1859 – 12 December 1933 ) was a French historian , philologist , archaeologist and historian of literature . A Professor of ancient history and classics at the University of Bordeaux from 1891 , Jullian was awarded a chair at the Collège de France in 1905 , where he taught national antiquities until 1930 . He was made Grand Officier de la Légion dHonneur in 1926 , and was elected to the Académie française in 1924 .",
"title": "Camille Jullian"
},
{
"text": "Jullian is the author of a monumental Histoire de la Gaule , published in eight volumes between 1907 and 1928 , which has influenced Celtic studies throughout the 20th century .",
"title": "Camille Jullian"
},
{
"text": " Jullian was born on 15 March 1859 in Marseille , the son of Camille Jullian , a merchant and banker , and Marie Rouvière . Jullian came from a Protestant family of farmers originally from Calvisson , Gard . He attended the lycée of Marseille between 1864 and 1877 , then the École Normale Supérieure , where he earned an agrégation in history and geography in 1880 . Jullian was a member of the École française de Rome between 1880 and 1882 . He became Doctor in Literature in March 1884 .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "He taught ancient history and classics at the University of Bordeaux between 1883 and 1905 , becoming Professor in 1891 , then was elected to the Collège de France in 1905 , where he taught national antiquities until 1930 . Jullian became a member of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres in 1908 , was made Grand Officier de la Légion dHonneur in 1926 , and was elected to the Académie Française in 1924.Jullian was involved with the controversy over the archaeological findings at Glozel in France ; he was among those who believed the artefacts recovered were faked .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " Jullian was a Protestant . He held liberal and patriotic views . In April 1890 , Jullian married Jeanne Azam , the daughter of Étienne Azam , Professor of Medicine , and Anne Rolland . They had a daughter named Suzanne . The latter married a man named Simounet , a war veteran who ended his life in poverty ; their son , the author Philippe Jullian , took instead his grandfathers name .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " On Bordeaux and la Gironde . - Étude dépigraphie bordelaise . Les Bordelais dans larmée romaine . Notes concernant les inscriptions de Bordeaux extraites des papiers de M . de Lamontagne , 1884 - Les antiquités de Bordeaux ( Revue archéologique ) , 1885 - Inscriptions romaines de Bordeaux , 1887-1890 - Ausone et Bordeaux . Études sur les derniers temps de la Gaule romaine , 1893 Read online - Histoire de Bordeaux depuis les origines jusquen 1895 , 1895 Read online",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": " - De protectoribus et domesticis augustorum , 1883 - Histoire des institutions politiques de lancienne France , de Fustel de Coulanges ( posthumous edition of his works ) , 1890 - Gallia , tableau sommaire de la Gaule sous la domination romaine , Hachette , 1892 - Fréjus romain , 1886 - Notes dépigraphie , 1886 - Les transformations politiques de lItalie sous les empereurs romains , 43 av JC-330 après J.-C. , 1884 - Extraits des historiens du XIXe , publiés , annotés et précédés dune introduction sur lhistoire de France , 1897",
"title": "Works on Gaule"
},
{
"text": "- Inscriptiones Galliae narbonensis Latinae ( CIL XII ) , en collaboration , 1899",
"title": "Works on Gaule"
},
{
"text": " - La politique romaine en Provence ( 218-59 avant notre ère ) , 1901 - Recherches sur la religion gauloise , 1903 - Plaidoyer pour la préhistoire , 1907 - Les anciens dieux de lOccident , 1913 - Les Paris des Romains . Les Arènes . Les Thermes , 1924 - Histoire de la Gaule , rééd . Hachette , Coll . Références , 1993 , 1270 pages , ( ) - Au seuil de notre histoire . Leçons faites au Collège de France , 1905–1930 , 3 vol . 1930-1931 Les œuvres du patriote .",
"title": "Works on Gaule"
},
{
"text": "- Le Rhin gaulois : le Rhin français , 1915",
"title": "Works on Gaule"
},
{
"text": " - Pas de paix avec Hohenzollern . À un ami du front , 1918 - La guerre pour la patrie , 1919 - Aimons la France , conférences : 1914-1919 , 1920 - De la Gaule à la France . Nos origines historiques , 1922",
"title": "Works on Gaule"
},
{
"text": " - Christian Goudineau , Le dossier Vercingétorix , co-ed Actes Sud/Errance , 2001 - Albert Grenier , Camille Jullian , un demi-siècle de science historique et de progrès français , Albin Michel , 1944 - Charles-Olivier Carbonnell , Histoire et historiens , une mutation idéologique des historiens français , 1865-1885 , Institut détudes politiques de Toulouse , 1976 .",
"title": "Further reading"
}
] |
/wiki/Urup#P17#0
|
Which country did Urup belong to before Oct 1729?
|
Urup Urup ( ; , ) is an uninhabited volcanic island in the Kuril Islands chain in the south of the Sea of Okhotsk , northwest Pacific Ocean . Its name is derived from the Ainu language word for salmon trout . It was formerly known as Companys Land . Geography and climate . Urup has a roughly rectangular shape , measuring along its long axis and approximately along its narrow axis . It is the fourth largest of the Kuril Islands , with an area of . The highest point is Gora Ivao at . The strait between Urup and Iturup is known as the Vries Strait , after Dutch explorer Maarten Gerritsz Vries , the first recorded European to explore the area . The strait between Urup and Simushir is known as Bussol Strait , after the French word for compass , which was the name of one of La Pérouses vessels . This French mariner explored the area of the Kuril Islands in 1787 . Urup consists of four major groups of active or dormant stratovolcanos : - Kolokol Group ( ; ) , with a height of has erupted as recently as 1973 . - Rudakov ( ; ) , with a height of has a , funnel-like crater containing a lake - Tri Sestry ( ; ) , with a height of has flanks cut by deep ravines and has numerous hot springs . - Ivao Group ( ; ) , with a height of is the highest point on the island . The southeast-most cone bisects a glacial valley , forming a lake . Despite its temperate latitude , the cold Oyashio Current and powerful Aleutian Low combine to give Urup a subarctic climate ( Köppen Dfc ) , that is close to a polar climate ( Koppen ET ) with mild , foggy summers and cold , snowy winters . In reality the climate resembles the subpolar oceanic climate of the Aleutian Islands much more than the hypercontinental climate of Siberia proper or Manchuria , but the February mean of is well below the limit of oceanic climates . Urup , like all the Kuril islands , experiences extremely strong seasonal lag , with the highest temperatures in August and September , the lowest in February and temperatures typically in fact warmer at the autumn equinox than at the summer solstice . Fauna . In the spring and summer crested auklet , tufted puffin , and pigeon guillemot nest on the island ; there is also a colony of black-legged kittiwake . History . Before the 20th century . Urup was originally inhabited by the Ainu , the native peoples of the Kurils , Sakhalin and Hokkaidō . The first recorded visit by Europeans was in 1643 , when a ship of the Dutch East India Company commanded by Maarten Gerritsz Vries landed , probably seeking furs . It appears on an official map showing the territories of Matsumae Domain , a feudal domain of Edo period Japan dated 1644 , and these holdings were officially confirmed by the Tokugawa shogunate in 1715 . Administration of the island came under the Matsumae domain’s regional office location on Kunashir from 1756 . Russian fur traders appeared in the late 18th century , hunting sea otter and seizing foreign ships in the area . There were clashes between the Russians and the Ainu in 1772 , and the Russians left for a time , but soon returned . G.F . Muller’s Voyages & Découvertes faites par les Russes ( Amsterdam , 1766 ) contained a list and description of the Kuril Islands , including Urup whose people were said to trade with the Japanese but were not under their control . A small Russian presence was established on Urup by the fur trader Ivan Chernyi in 1768 , acting on instructions from the governor of Siberia . During the 1770s it was the base for attempts to establish trade with the Japanese on Yezo ( Hokkaido ) which came to an end when it was destroyed by a tsunami in June 1780 . During the decade following 1795 , a party of 40 Russian men and women under Zvezdochetov established on Urup a colony baptized Slavorossiia . In 1801 , the Japanese government officially claimed control of the island , incorporating it into Ezo Province ( now Hokkaidō Prefecture ) . This led to a series of clashes with Imperial Russia over Urup and the other Kurils , and sovereignty initially passed to Russia under the terms of the Treaty of Shimoda in 1855 . The same year , in an effort to find the Russian fleet in the Pacific Ocean during the Crimean War , a French-British naval force reached the port of Hakodate ( open to British ships as a result of the Anglo-Japanese Friendship Treaty of 1854 ) , and sailing further north , landed on Urup , taking official possession of the island as lIsle de lAlliance and nominating a local Aleut inhabitant as provisional governor . The Treaty of Paris restituted the island to Russian control . Three whaleships have been wrecked near or on the island : one in 1853 and two in 1855 . On the night of 27–28 April 1853 , the ship Susan ( 349 tons ) , of Nantucket , was stove by ice and sank in Bussol Strait while attempting to enter the Sea of Okhotsk . Two men were lost , one drowning and the other perishing on the ice . The remaining twenty-five crew members crowded into two whaleboats and reached Urup on the afternoon of 29 April . Here they spent eight days before being rescued by the barque Black Warrior , of New London . On 14 May 1855 , the ships King Fisher ( 425 tons ) , and Enterprise ( 291 tons ) , both of New Bedford , were wrecked on a reef on the northeast end of the island while attempting to pass through Bussol Strait into the Sea of Okhotsk . All hands were saved . Under the Treaty of Saint Petersburg , sovereignty passed to the Empire of Japan along with the rest of the Kuril islands . The island was formerly administered as part of Uruppu District of Nemuro Subprefecture of Hokkaidō . The remaining local ( mainly Aleut ) inhabitants were transferred to Kamchatka , according to their will , and replaced by Japanese colonists . 20th and 21st century . During World War II , all civilian inhabitants of the island were relocated to the Japanese home islands , and towards the end of the war , the Imperial Japanese Army stationed approximately 6,000 troops on Uruppu , including the IJA 129th Independent Mixed Brigade , 5th Independent Tank Company , 23rd Independent AA Company , 80th Airfield Battalion and 6th Disembarkation Unit . During the Invasion of the Kuril Islands by the Soviet Union after the end of World War II , Japanese forces on Uruppu surrendered without resistance . In 1952 , upon signing the Treaty of San Francisco , Japan renounced its claim to the island . Soviet Border Troops occupied the former Japanese military facilities . As early as the 1950s , a P-14 radar Tall King VHF air defense radar existed on the far northeastern tip of Urup Island . The troops were withdrawn upon the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 , the co-located airfield was turned into a bombing range . The island is now uninhabited and is administered as part of the Sakhalin Oblast of the Russian Federation .
|
[
"Dutch East India Company"
] |
[
{
"text": " Urup ( ; , ) is an uninhabited volcanic island in the Kuril Islands chain in the south of the Sea of Okhotsk , northwest Pacific Ocean . Its name is derived from the Ainu language word for salmon trout . It was formerly known as Companys Land .",
"title": "Urup"
},
{
"text": " Urup has a roughly rectangular shape , measuring along its long axis and approximately along its narrow axis . It is the fourth largest of the Kuril Islands , with an area of . The highest point is Gora Ivao at .",
"title": "Geography and climate"
},
{
"text": "The strait between Urup and Iturup is known as the Vries Strait , after Dutch explorer Maarten Gerritsz Vries , the first recorded European to explore the area . The strait between Urup and Simushir is known as Bussol Strait , after the French word for compass , which was the name of one of La Pérouses vessels . This French mariner explored the area of the Kuril Islands in 1787 .",
"title": "Geography and climate"
},
{
"text": " Urup consists of four major groups of active or dormant stratovolcanos : - Kolokol Group ( ; ) , with a height of has erupted as recently as 1973 . - Rudakov ( ; ) , with a height of has a , funnel-like crater containing a lake - Tri Sestry ( ; ) , with a height of has flanks cut by deep ravines and has numerous hot springs .",
"title": "Geography and climate"
},
{
"text": "- Ivao Group ( ; ) , with a height of is the highest point on the island . The southeast-most cone bisects a glacial valley , forming a lake .",
"title": "Geography and climate"
},
{
"text": "Despite its temperate latitude , the cold Oyashio Current and powerful Aleutian Low combine to give Urup a subarctic climate ( Köppen Dfc ) , that is close to a polar climate ( Koppen ET ) with mild , foggy summers and cold , snowy winters . In reality the climate resembles the subpolar oceanic climate of the Aleutian Islands much more than the hypercontinental climate of Siberia proper or Manchuria , but the February mean of is well below the limit of oceanic climates . Urup , like all the Kuril islands , experiences extremely strong seasonal lag ,",
"title": "Geography and climate"
},
{
"text": "with the highest temperatures in August and September , the lowest in February and temperatures typically in fact warmer at the autumn equinox than at the summer solstice .",
"title": "Geography and climate"
},
{
"text": " In the spring and summer crested auklet , tufted puffin , and pigeon guillemot nest on the island ; there is also a colony of black-legged kittiwake .",
"title": "Fauna"
},
{
"text": "Urup was originally inhabited by the Ainu , the native peoples of the Kurils , Sakhalin and Hokkaidō . The first recorded visit by Europeans was in 1643 , when a ship of the Dutch East India Company commanded by Maarten Gerritsz Vries landed , probably seeking furs . It appears on an official map showing the territories of Matsumae Domain , a feudal domain of Edo period Japan dated 1644 , and these holdings were officially confirmed by the Tokugawa shogunate in 1715 . Administration of the island came under the Matsumae domain’s regional office location on Kunashir from",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "1756 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Russian fur traders appeared in the late 18th century , hunting sea otter and seizing foreign ships in the area . There were clashes between the Russians and the Ainu in 1772 , and the Russians left for a time , but soon returned . G.F . Muller’s Voyages & Découvertes faites par les Russes ( Amsterdam , 1766 ) contained a list and description of the Kuril Islands , including Urup whose people were said to trade with the Japanese but were not under their control . A small Russian presence was established on Urup by the fur trader",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Ivan Chernyi in 1768 , acting on instructions from the governor of Siberia . During the 1770s it was the base for attempts to establish trade with the Japanese on Yezo ( Hokkaido ) which came to an end when it was destroyed by a tsunami in June 1780 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "During the decade following 1795 , a party of 40 Russian men and women under Zvezdochetov established on Urup a colony baptized Slavorossiia . In 1801 , the Japanese government officially claimed control of the island , incorporating it into Ezo Province ( now Hokkaidō Prefecture ) . This led to a series of clashes with Imperial Russia over Urup and the other Kurils , and sovereignty initially passed to Russia under the terms of the Treaty of Shimoda in 1855 . The same year , in an effort to find the Russian fleet in the Pacific Ocean during the",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Crimean War , a French-British naval force reached the port of Hakodate ( open to British ships as a result of the Anglo-Japanese Friendship Treaty of 1854 ) , and sailing further north , landed on Urup , taking official possession of the island as lIsle de lAlliance and nominating a local Aleut inhabitant as provisional governor . The Treaty of Paris restituted the island to Russian control .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Three whaleships have been wrecked near or on the island : one in 1853 and two in 1855 . On the night of 27–28 April 1853 , the ship Susan ( 349 tons ) , of Nantucket , was stove by ice and sank in Bussol Strait while attempting to enter the Sea of Okhotsk . Two men were lost , one drowning and the other perishing on the ice . The remaining twenty-five crew members crowded into two whaleboats and reached Urup on the afternoon of 29 April . Here they spent eight days before being rescued by the",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "barque Black Warrior , of New London . On 14 May 1855 , the ships King Fisher ( 425 tons ) , and Enterprise ( 291 tons ) , both of New Bedford , were wrecked on a reef on the northeast end of the island while attempting to pass through Bussol Strait into the Sea of Okhotsk . All hands were saved .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Under the Treaty of Saint Petersburg , sovereignty passed to the Empire of Japan along with the rest of the Kuril islands . The island was formerly administered as part of Uruppu District of Nemuro Subprefecture of Hokkaidō . The remaining local ( mainly Aleut ) inhabitants were transferred to Kamchatka , according to their will , and replaced by Japanese colonists . 20th and 21st century .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "During World War II , all civilian inhabitants of the island were relocated to the Japanese home islands , and towards the end of the war , the Imperial Japanese Army stationed approximately 6,000 troops on Uruppu , including the IJA 129th Independent Mixed Brigade , 5th Independent Tank Company , 23rd Independent AA Company , 80th Airfield Battalion and 6th Disembarkation Unit . During the Invasion of the Kuril Islands by the Soviet Union after the end of World War II , Japanese forces on Uruppu surrendered without resistance .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In 1952 , upon signing the Treaty of San Francisco , Japan renounced its claim to the island . Soviet Border Troops occupied the former Japanese military facilities . As early as the 1950s , a P-14 radar Tall King VHF air defense radar existed on the far northeastern tip of Urup Island . The troops were withdrawn upon the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 , the co-located airfield was turned into a bombing range . The island is now uninhabited and is administered as part of the Sakhalin Oblast of the Russian Federation .",
"title": "History"
}
] |
/wiki/Urup#P17#1
|
Which country did Urup belong to in late 1870s?
|
Urup Urup ( ; , ) is an uninhabited volcanic island in the Kuril Islands chain in the south of the Sea of Okhotsk , northwest Pacific Ocean . Its name is derived from the Ainu language word for salmon trout . It was formerly known as Companys Land . Geography and climate . Urup has a roughly rectangular shape , measuring along its long axis and approximately along its narrow axis . It is the fourth largest of the Kuril Islands , with an area of . The highest point is Gora Ivao at . The strait between Urup and Iturup is known as the Vries Strait , after Dutch explorer Maarten Gerritsz Vries , the first recorded European to explore the area . The strait between Urup and Simushir is known as Bussol Strait , after the French word for compass , which was the name of one of La Pérouses vessels . This French mariner explored the area of the Kuril Islands in 1787 . Urup consists of four major groups of active or dormant stratovolcanos : - Kolokol Group ( ; ) , with a height of has erupted as recently as 1973 . - Rudakov ( ; ) , with a height of has a , funnel-like crater containing a lake - Tri Sestry ( ; ) , with a height of has flanks cut by deep ravines and has numerous hot springs . - Ivao Group ( ; ) , with a height of is the highest point on the island . The southeast-most cone bisects a glacial valley , forming a lake . Despite its temperate latitude , the cold Oyashio Current and powerful Aleutian Low combine to give Urup a subarctic climate ( Köppen Dfc ) , that is close to a polar climate ( Koppen ET ) with mild , foggy summers and cold , snowy winters . In reality the climate resembles the subpolar oceanic climate of the Aleutian Islands much more than the hypercontinental climate of Siberia proper or Manchuria , but the February mean of is well below the limit of oceanic climates . Urup , like all the Kuril islands , experiences extremely strong seasonal lag , with the highest temperatures in August and September , the lowest in February and temperatures typically in fact warmer at the autumn equinox than at the summer solstice . Fauna . In the spring and summer crested auklet , tufted puffin , and pigeon guillemot nest on the island ; there is also a colony of black-legged kittiwake . History . Before the 20th century . Urup was originally inhabited by the Ainu , the native peoples of the Kurils , Sakhalin and Hokkaidō . The first recorded visit by Europeans was in 1643 , when a ship of the Dutch East India Company commanded by Maarten Gerritsz Vries landed , probably seeking furs . It appears on an official map showing the territories of Matsumae Domain , a feudal domain of Edo period Japan dated 1644 , and these holdings were officially confirmed by the Tokugawa shogunate in 1715 . Administration of the island came under the Matsumae domain’s regional office location on Kunashir from 1756 . Russian fur traders appeared in the late 18th century , hunting sea otter and seizing foreign ships in the area . There were clashes between the Russians and the Ainu in 1772 , and the Russians left for a time , but soon returned . G.F . Muller’s Voyages & Découvertes faites par les Russes ( Amsterdam , 1766 ) contained a list and description of the Kuril Islands , including Urup whose people were said to trade with the Japanese but were not under their control . A small Russian presence was established on Urup by the fur trader Ivan Chernyi in 1768 , acting on instructions from the governor of Siberia . During the 1770s it was the base for attempts to establish trade with the Japanese on Yezo ( Hokkaido ) which came to an end when it was destroyed by a tsunami in June 1780 . During the decade following 1795 , a party of 40 Russian men and women under Zvezdochetov established on Urup a colony baptized Slavorossiia . In 1801 , the Japanese government officially claimed control of the island , incorporating it into Ezo Province ( now Hokkaidō Prefecture ) . This led to a series of clashes with Imperial Russia over Urup and the other Kurils , and sovereignty initially passed to Russia under the terms of the Treaty of Shimoda in 1855 . The same year , in an effort to find the Russian fleet in the Pacific Ocean during the Crimean War , a French-British naval force reached the port of Hakodate ( open to British ships as a result of the Anglo-Japanese Friendship Treaty of 1854 ) , and sailing further north , landed on Urup , taking official possession of the island as lIsle de lAlliance and nominating a local Aleut inhabitant as provisional governor . The Treaty of Paris restituted the island to Russian control . Three whaleships have been wrecked near or on the island : one in 1853 and two in 1855 . On the night of 27–28 April 1853 , the ship Susan ( 349 tons ) , of Nantucket , was stove by ice and sank in Bussol Strait while attempting to enter the Sea of Okhotsk . Two men were lost , one drowning and the other perishing on the ice . The remaining twenty-five crew members crowded into two whaleboats and reached Urup on the afternoon of 29 April . Here they spent eight days before being rescued by the barque Black Warrior , of New London . On 14 May 1855 , the ships King Fisher ( 425 tons ) , and Enterprise ( 291 tons ) , both of New Bedford , were wrecked on a reef on the northeast end of the island while attempting to pass through Bussol Strait into the Sea of Okhotsk . All hands were saved . Under the Treaty of Saint Petersburg , sovereignty passed to the Empire of Japan along with the rest of the Kuril islands . The island was formerly administered as part of Uruppu District of Nemuro Subprefecture of Hokkaidō . The remaining local ( mainly Aleut ) inhabitants were transferred to Kamchatka , according to their will , and replaced by Japanese colonists . 20th and 21st century . During World War II , all civilian inhabitants of the island were relocated to the Japanese home islands , and towards the end of the war , the Imperial Japanese Army stationed approximately 6,000 troops on Uruppu , including the IJA 129th Independent Mixed Brigade , 5th Independent Tank Company , 23rd Independent AA Company , 80th Airfield Battalion and 6th Disembarkation Unit . During the Invasion of the Kuril Islands by the Soviet Union after the end of World War II , Japanese forces on Uruppu surrendered without resistance . In 1952 , upon signing the Treaty of San Francisco , Japan renounced its claim to the island . Soviet Border Troops occupied the former Japanese military facilities . As early as the 1950s , a P-14 radar Tall King VHF air defense radar existed on the far northeastern tip of Urup Island . The troops were withdrawn upon the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 , the co-located airfield was turned into a bombing range . The island is now uninhabited and is administered as part of the Sakhalin Oblast of the Russian Federation .
|
[
"Japan",
"Dutch East India Company"
] |
[
{
"text": " Urup ( ; , ) is an uninhabited volcanic island in the Kuril Islands chain in the south of the Sea of Okhotsk , northwest Pacific Ocean . Its name is derived from the Ainu language word for salmon trout . It was formerly known as Companys Land .",
"title": "Urup"
},
{
"text": " Urup has a roughly rectangular shape , measuring along its long axis and approximately along its narrow axis . It is the fourth largest of the Kuril Islands , with an area of . The highest point is Gora Ivao at .",
"title": "Geography and climate"
},
{
"text": "The strait between Urup and Iturup is known as the Vries Strait , after Dutch explorer Maarten Gerritsz Vries , the first recorded European to explore the area . The strait between Urup and Simushir is known as Bussol Strait , after the French word for compass , which was the name of one of La Pérouses vessels . This French mariner explored the area of the Kuril Islands in 1787 .",
"title": "Geography and climate"
},
{
"text": " Urup consists of four major groups of active or dormant stratovolcanos : - Kolokol Group ( ; ) , with a height of has erupted as recently as 1973 . - Rudakov ( ; ) , with a height of has a , funnel-like crater containing a lake - Tri Sestry ( ; ) , with a height of has flanks cut by deep ravines and has numerous hot springs .",
"title": "Geography and climate"
},
{
"text": "- Ivao Group ( ; ) , with a height of is the highest point on the island . The southeast-most cone bisects a glacial valley , forming a lake .",
"title": "Geography and climate"
},
{
"text": "Despite its temperate latitude , the cold Oyashio Current and powerful Aleutian Low combine to give Urup a subarctic climate ( Köppen Dfc ) , that is close to a polar climate ( Koppen ET ) with mild , foggy summers and cold , snowy winters . In reality the climate resembles the subpolar oceanic climate of the Aleutian Islands much more than the hypercontinental climate of Siberia proper or Manchuria , but the February mean of is well below the limit of oceanic climates . Urup , like all the Kuril islands , experiences extremely strong seasonal lag ,",
"title": "Geography and climate"
},
{
"text": "with the highest temperatures in August and September , the lowest in February and temperatures typically in fact warmer at the autumn equinox than at the summer solstice .",
"title": "Geography and climate"
},
{
"text": " In the spring and summer crested auklet , tufted puffin , and pigeon guillemot nest on the island ; there is also a colony of black-legged kittiwake .",
"title": "Fauna"
},
{
"text": "Urup was originally inhabited by the Ainu , the native peoples of the Kurils , Sakhalin and Hokkaidō . The first recorded visit by Europeans was in 1643 , when a ship of the Dutch East India Company commanded by Maarten Gerritsz Vries landed , probably seeking furs . It appears on an official map showing the territories of Matsumae Domain , a feudal domain of Edo period Japan dated 1644 , and these holdings were officially confirmed by the Tokugawa shogunate in 1715 . Administration of the island came under the Matsumae domain’s regional office location on Kunashir from",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "1756 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Russian fur traders appeared in the late 18th century , hunting sea otter and seizing foreign ships in the area . There were clashes between the Russians and the Ainu in 1772 , and the Russians left for a time , but soon returned . G.F . Muller’s Voyages & Découvertes faites par les Russes ( Amsterdam , 1766 ) contained a list and description of the Kuril Islands , including Urup whose people were said to trade with the Japanese but were not under their control . A small Russian presence was established on Urup by the fur trader",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Ivan Chernyi in 1768 , acting on instructions from the governor of Siberia . During the 1770s it was the base for attempts to establish trade with the Japanese on Yezo ( Hokkaido ) which came to an end when it was destroyed by a tsunami in June 1780 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "During the decade following 1795 , a party of 40 Russian men and women under Zvezdochetov established on Urup a colony baptized Slavorossiia . In 1801 , the Japanese government officially claimed control of the island , incorporating it into Ezo Province ( now Hokkaidō Prefecture ) . This led to a series of clashes with Imperial Russia over Urup and the other Kurils , and sovereignty initially passed to Russia under the terms of the Treaty of Shimoda in 1855 . The same year , in an effort to find the Russian fleet in the Pacific Ocean during the",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Crimean War , a French-British naval force reached the port of Hakodate ( open to British ships as a result of the Anglo-Japanese Friendship Treaty of 1854 ) , and sailing further north , landed on Urup , taking official possession of the island as lIsle de lAlliance and nominating a local Aleut inhabitant as provisional governor . The Treaty of Paris restituted the island to Russian control .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Three whaleships have been wrecked near or on the island : one in 1853 and two in 1855 . On the night of 27–28 April 1853 , the ship Susan ( 349 tons ) , of Nantucket , was stove by ice and sank in Bussol Strait while attempting to enter the Sea of Okhotsk . Two men were lost , one drowning and the other perishing on the ice . The remaining twenty-five crew members crowded into two whaleboats and reached Urup on the afternoon of 29 April . Here they spent eight days before being rescued by the",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "barque Black Warrior , of New London . On 14 May 1855 , the ships King Fisher ( 425 tons ) , and Enterprise ( 291 tons ) , both of New Bedford , were wrecked on a reef on the northeast end of the island while attempting to pass through Bussol Strait into the Sea of Okhotsk . All hands were saved .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Under the Treaty of Saint Petersburg , sovereignty passed to the Empire of Japan along with the rest of the Kuril islands . The island was formerly administered as part of Uruppu District of Nemuro Subprefecture of Hokkaidō . The remaining local ( mainly Aleut ) inhabitants were transferred to Kamchatka , according to their will , and replaced by Japanese colonists . 20th and 21st century .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "During World War II , all civilian inhabitants of the island were relocated to the Japanese home islands , and towards the end of the war , the Imperial Japanese Army stationed approximately 6,000 troops on Uruppu , including the IJA 129th Independent Mixed Brigade , 5th Independent Tank Company , 23rd Independent AA Company , 80th Airfield Battalion and 6th Disembarkation Unit . During the Invasion of the Kuril Islands by the Soviet Union after the end of World War II , Japanese forces on Uruppu surrendered without resistance .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In 1952 , upon signing the Treaty of San Francisco , Japan renounced its claim to the island . Soviet Border Troops occupied the former Japanese military facilities . As early as the 1950s , a P-14 radar Tall King VHF air defense radar existed on the far northeastern tip of Urup Island . The troops were withdrawn upon the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 , the co-located airfield was turned into a bombing range . The island is now uninhabited and is administered as part of the Sakhalin Oblast of the Russian Federation .",
"title": "History"
}
] |
/wiki/Urup#P17#2
|
Which country did Urup belong to between Mar 1954 and Nov 1981?
|
Urup Urup ( ; , ) is an uninhabited volcanic island in the Kuril Islands chain in the south of the Sea of Okhotsk , northwest Pacific Ocean . Its name is derived from the Ainu language word for salmon trout . It was formerly known as Companys Land . Geography and climate . Urup has a roughly rectangular shape , measuring along its long axis and approximately along its narrow axis . It is the fourth largest of the Kuril Islands , with an area of . The highest point is Gora Ivao at . The strait between Urup and Iturup is known as the Vries Strait , after Dutch explorer Maarten Gerritsz Vries , the first recorded European to explore the area . The strait between Urup and Simushir is known as Bussol Strait , after the French word for compass , which was the name of one of La Pérouses vessels . This French mariner explored the area of the Kuril Islands in 1787 . Urup consists of four major groups of active or dormant stratovolcanos : - Kolokol Group ( ; ) , with a height of has erupted as recently as 1973 . - Rudakov ( ; ) , with a height of has a , funnel-like crater containing a lake - Tri Sestry ( ; ) , with a height of has flanks cut by deep ravines and has numerous hot springs . - Ivao Group ( ; ) , with a height of is the highest point on the island . The southeast-most cone bisects a glacial valley , forming a lake . Despite its temperate latitude , the cold Oyashio Current and powerful Aleutian Low combine to give Urup a subarctic climate ( Köppen Dfc ) , that is close to a polar climate ( Koppen ET ) with mild , foggy summers and cold , snowy winters . In reality the climate resembles the subpolar oceanic climate of the Aleutian Islands much more than the hypercontinental climate of Siberia proper or Manchuria , but the February mean of is well below the limit of oceanic climates . Urup , like all the Kuril islands , experiences extremely strong seasonal lag , with the highest temperatures in August and September , the lowest in February and temperatures typically in fact warmer at the autumn equinox than at the summer solstice . Fauna . In the spring and summer crested auklet , tufted puffin , and pigeon guillemot nest on the island ; there is also a colony of black-legged kittiwake . History . Before the 20th century . Urup was originally inhabited by the Ainu , the native peoples of the Kurils , Sakhalin and Hokkaidō . The first recorded visit by Europeans was in 1643 , when a ship of the Dutch East India Company commanded by Maarten Gerritsz Vries landed , probably seeking furs . It appears on an official map showing the territories of Matsumae Domain , a feudal domain of Edo period Japan dated 1644 , and these holdings were officially confirmed by the Tokugawa shogunate in 1715 . Administration of the island came under the Matsumae domain’s regional office location on Kunashir from 1756 . Russian fur traders appeared in the late 18th century , hunting sea otter and seizing foreign ships in the area . There were clashes between the Russians and the Ainu in 1772 , and the Russians left for a time , but soon returned . G.F . Muller’s Voyages & Découvertes faites par les Russes ( Amsterdam , 1766 ) contained a list and description of the Kuril Islands , including Urup whose people were said to trade with the Japanese but were not under their control . A small Russian presence was established on Urup by the fur trader Ivan Chernyi in 1768 , acting on instructions from the governor of Siberia . During the 1770s it was the base for attempts to establish trade with the Japanese on Yezo ( Hokkaido ) which came to an end when it was destroyed by a tsunami in June 1780 . During the decade following 1795 , a party of 40 Russian men and women under Zvezdochetov established on Urup a colony baptized Slavorossiia . In 1801 , the Japanese government officially claimed control of the island , incorporating it into Ezo Province ( now Hokkaidō Prefecture ) . This led to a series of clashes with Imperial Russia over Urup and the other Kurils , and sovereignty initially passed to Russia under the terms of the Treaty of Shimoda in 1855 . The same year , in an effort to find the Russian fleet in the Pacific Ocean during the Crimean War , a French-British naval force reached the port of Hakodate ( open to British ships as a result of the Anglo-Japanese Friendship Treaty of 1854 ) , and sailing further north , landed on Urup , taking official possession of the island as lIsle de lAlliance and nominating a local Aleut inhabitant as provisional governor . The Treaty of Paris restituted the island to Russian control . Three whaleships have been wrecked near or on the island : one in 1853 and two in 1855 . On the night of 27–28 April 1853 , the ship Susan ( 349 tons ) , of Nantucket , was stove by ice and sank in Bussol Strait while attempting to enter the Sea of Okhotsk . Two men were lost , one drowning and the other perishing on the ice . The remaining twenty-five crew members crowded into two whaleboats and reached Urup on the afternoon of 29 April . Here they spent eight days before being rescued by the barque Black Warrior , of New London . On 14 May 1855 , the ships King Fisher ( 425 tons ) , and Enterprise ( 291 tons ) , both of New Bedford , were wrecked on a reef on the northeast end of the island while attempting to pass through Bussol Strait into the Sea of Okhotsk . All hands were saved . Under the Treaty of Saint Petersburg , sovereignty passed to the Empire of Japan along with the rest of the Kuril islands . The island was formerly administered as part of Uruppu District of Nemuro Subprefecture of Hokkaidō . The remaining local ( mainly Aleut ) inhabitants were transferred to Kamchatka , according to their will , and replaced by Japanese colonists . 20th and 21st century . During World War II , all civilian inhabitants of the island were relocated to the Japanese home islands , and towards the end of the war , the Imperial Japanese Army stationed approximately 6,000 troops on Uruppu , including the IJA 129th Independent Mixed Brigade , 5th Independent Tank Company , 23rd Independent AA Company , 80th Airfield Battalion and 6th Disembarkation Unit . During the Invasion of the Kuril Islands by the Soviet Union after the end of World War II , Japanese forces on Uruppu surrendered without resistance . In 1952 , upon signing the Treaty of San Francisco , Japan renounced its claim to the island . Soviet Border Troops occupied the former Japanese military facilities . As early as the 1950s , a P-14 radar Tall King VHF air defense radar existed on the far northeastern tip of Urup Island . The troops were withdrawn upon the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 , the co-located airfield was turned into a bombing range . The island is now uninhabited and is administered as part of the Sakhalin Oblast of the Russian Federation .
|
[
"Dutch East India Company"
] |
[
{
"text": " Urup ( ; , ) is an uninhabited volcanic island in the Kuril Islands chain in the south of the Sea of Okhotsk , northwest Pacific Ocean . Its name is derived from the Ainu language word for salmon trout . It was formerly known as Companys Land .",
"title": "Urup"
},
{
"text": " Urup has a roughly rectangular shape , measuring along its long axis and approximately along its narrow axis . It is the fourth largest of the Kuril Islands , with an area of . The highest point is Gora Ivao at .",
"title": "Geography and climate"
},
{
"text": "The strait between Urup and Iturup is known as the Vries Strait , after Dutch explorer Maarten Gerritsz Vries , the first recorded European to explore the area . The strait between Urup and Simushir is known as Bussol Strait , after the French word for compass , which was the name of one of La Pérouses vessels . This French mariner explored the area of the Kuril Islands in 1787 .",
"title": "Geography and climate"
},
{
"text": " Urup consists of four major groups of active or dormant stratovolcanos : - Kolokol Group ( ; ) , with a height of has erupted as recently as 1973 . - Rudakov ( ; ) , with a height of has a , funnel-like crater containing a lake - Tri Sestry ( ; ) , with a height of has flanks cut by deep ravines and has numerous hot springs .",
"title": "Geography and climate"
},
{
"text": "- Ivao Group ( ; ) , with a height of is the highest point on the island . The southeast-most cone bisects a glacial valley , forming a lake .",
"title": "Geography and climate"
},
{
"text": "Despite its temperate latitude , the cold Oyashio Current and powerful Aleutian Low combine to give Urup a subarctic climate ( Köppen Dfc ) , that is close to a polar climate ( Koppen ET ) with mild , foggy summers and cold , snowy winters . In reality the climate resembles the subpolar oceanic climate of the Aleutian Islands much more than the hypercontinental climate of Siberia proper or Manchuria , but the February mean of is well below the limit of oceanic climates . Urup , like all the Kuril islands , experiences extremely strong seasonal lag ,",
"title": "Geography and climate"
},
{
"text": "with the highest temperatures in August and September , the lowest in February and temperatures typically in fact warmer at the autumn equinox than at the summer solstice .",
"title": "Geography and climate"
},
{
"text": " In the spring and summer crested auklet , tufted puffin , and pigeon guillemot nest on the island ; there is also a colony of black-legged kittiwake .",
"title": "Fauna"
},
{
"text": "Urup was originally inhabited by the Ainu , the native peoples of the Kurils , Sakhalin and Hokkaidō . The first recorded visit by Europeans was in 1643 , when a ship of the Dutch East India Company commanded by Maarten Gerritsz Vries landed , probably seeking furs . It appears on an official map showing the territories of Matsumae Domain , a feudal domain of Edo period Japan dated 1644 , and these holdings were officially confirmed by the Tokugawa shogunate in 1715 . Administration of the island came under the Matsumae domain’s regional office location on Kunashir from",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "1756 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Russian fur traders appeared in the late 18th century , hunting sea otter and seizing foreign ships in the area . There were clashes between the Russians and the Ainu in 1772 , and the Russians left for a time , but soon returned . G.F . Muller’s Voyages & Découvertes faites par les Russes ( Amsterdam , 1766 ) contained a list and description of the Kuril Islands , including Urup whose people were said to trade with the Japanese but were not under their control . A small Russian presence was established on Urup by the fur trader",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Ivan Chernyi in 1768 , acting on instructions from the governor of Siberia . During the 1770s it was the base for attempts to establish trade with the Japanese on Yezo ( Hokkaido ) which came to an end when it was destroyed by a tsunami in June 1780 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "During the decade following 1795 , a party of 40 Russian men and women under Zvezdochetov established on Urup a colony baptized Slavorossiia . In 1801 , the Japanese government officially claimed control of the island , incorporating it into Ezo Province ( now Hokkaidō Prefecture ) . This led to a series of clashes with Imperial Russia over Urup and the other Kurils , and sovereignty initially passed to Russia under the terms of the Treaty of Shimoda in 1855 . The same year , in an effort to find the Russian fleet in the Pacific Ocean during the",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Crimean War , a French-British naval force reached the port of Hakodate ( open to British ships as a result of the Anglo-Japanese Friendship Treaty of 1854 ) , and sailing further north , landed on Urup , taking official possession of the island as lIsle de lAlliance and nominating a local Aleut inhabitant as provisional governor . The Treaty of Paris restituted the island to Russian control .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Three whaleships have been wrecked near or on the island : one in 1853 and two in 1855 . On the night of 27–28 April 1853 , the ship Susan ( 349 tons ) , of Nantucket , was stove by ice and sank in Bussol Strait while attempting to enter the Sea of Okhotsk . Two men were lost , one drowning and the other perishing on the ice . The remaining twenty-five crew members crowded into two whaleboats and reached Urup on the afternoon of 29 April . Here they spent eight days before being rescued by the",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "barque Black Warrior , of New London . On 14 May 1855 , the ships King Fisher ( 425 tons ) , and Enterprise ( 291 tons ) , both of New Bedford , were wrecked on a reef on the northeast end of the island while attempting to pass through Bussol Strait into the Sea of Okhotsk . All hands were saved .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Under the Treaty of Saint Petersburg , sovereignty passed to the Empire of Japan along with the rest of the Kuril islands . The island was formerly administered as part of Uruppu District of Nemuro Subprefecture of Hokkaidō . The remaining local ( mainly Aleut ) inhabitants were transferred to Kamchatka , according to their will , and replaced by Japanese colonists . 20th and 21st century .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "During World War II , all civilian inhabitants of the island were relocated to the Japanese home islands , and towards the end of the war , the Imperial Japanese Army stationed approximately 6,000 troops on Uruppu , including the IJA 129th Independent Mixed Brigade , 5th Independent Tank Company , 23rd Independent AA Company , 80th Airfield Battalion and 6th Disembarkation Unit . During the Invasion of the Kuril Islands by the Soviet Union after the end of World War II , Japanese forces on Uruppu surrendered without resistance .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In 1952 , upon signing the Treaty of San Francisco , Japan renounced its claim to the island . Soviet Border Troops occupied the former Japanese military facilities . As early as the 1950s , a P-14 radar Tall King VHF air defense radar existed on the far northeastern tip of Urup Island . The troops were withdrawn upon the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 , the co-located airfield was turned into a bombing range . The island is now uninhabited and is administered as part of the Sakhalin Oblast of the Russian Federation .",
"title": "History"
}
] |
/wiki/Urup#P17#3
|
Which country did Urup belong to after Jul 1991?
|
Urup Urup ( ; , ) is an uninhabited volcanic island in the Kuril Islands chain in the south of the Sea of Okhotsk , northwest Pacific Ocean . Its name is derived from the Ainu language word for salmon trout . It was formerly known as Companys Land . Geography and climate . Urup has a roughly rectangular shape , measuring along its long axis and approximately along its narrow axis . It is the fourth largest of the Kuril Islands , with an area of . The highest point is Gora Ivao at . The strait between Urup and Iturup is known as the Vries Strait , after Dutch explorer Maarten Gerritsz Vries , the first recorded European to explore the area . The strait between Urup and Simushir is known as Bussol Strait , after the French word for compass , which was the name of one of La Pérouses vessels . This French mariner explored the area of the Kuril Islands in 1787 . Urup consists of four major groups of active or dormant stratovolcanos : - Kolokol Group ( ; ) , with a height of has erupted as recently as 1973 . - Rudakov ( ; ) , with a height of has a , funnel-like crater containing a lake - Tri Sestry ( ; ) , with a height of has flanks cut by deep ravines and has numerous hot springs . - Ivao Group ( ; ) , with a height of is the highest point on the island . The southeast-most cone bisects a glacial valley , forming a lake . Despite its temperate latitude , the cold Oyashio Current and powerful Aleutian Low combine to give Urup a subarctic climate ( Köppen Dfc ) , that is close to a polar climate ( Koppen ET ) with mild , foggy summers and cold , snowy winters . In reality the climate resembles the subpolar oceanic climate of the Aleutian Islands much more than the hypercontinental climate of Siberia proper or Manchuria , but the February mean of is well below the limit of oceanic climates . Urup , like all the Kuril islands , experiences extremely strong seasonal lag , with the highest temperatures in August and September , the lowest in February and temperatures typically in fact warmer at the autumn equinox than at the summer solstice . Fauna . In the spring and summer crested auklet , tufted puffin , and pigeon guillemot nest on the island ; there is also a colony of black-legged kittiwake . History . Before the 20th century . Urup was originally inhabited by the Ainu , the native peoples of the Kurils , Sakhalin and Hokkaidō . The first recorded visit by Europeans was in 1643 , when a ship of the Dutch East India Company commanded by Maarten Gerritsz Vries landed , probably seeking furs . It appears on an official map showing the territories of Matsumae Domain , a feudal domain of Edo period Japan dated 1644 , and these holdings were officially confirmed by the Tokugawa shogunate in 1715 . Administration of the island came under the Matsumae domain’s regional office location on Kunashir from 1756 . Russian fur traders appeared in the late 18th century , hunting sea otter and seizing foreign ships in the area . There were clashes between the Russians and the Ainu in 1772 , and the Russians left for a time , but soon returned . G.F . Muller’s Voyages & Découvertes faites par les Russes ( Amsterdam , 1766 ) contained a list and description of the Kuril Islands , including Urup whose people were said to trade with the Japanese but were not under their control . A small Russian presence was established on Urup by the fur trader Ivan Chernyi in 1768 , acting on instructions from the governor of Siberia . During the 1770s it was the base for attempts to establish trade with the Japanese on Yezo ( Hokkaido ) which came to an end when it was destroyed by a tsunami in June 1780 . During the decade following 1795 , a party of 40 Russian men and women under Zvezdochetov established on Urup a colony baptized Slavorossiia . In 1801 , the Japanese government officially claimed control of the island , incorporating it into Ezo Province ( now Hokkaidō Prefecture ) . This led to a series of clashes with Imperial Russia over Urup and the other Kurils , and sovereignty initially passed to Russia under the terms of the Treaty of Shimoda in 1855 . The same year , in an effort to find the Russian fleet in the Pacific Ocean during the Crimean War , a French-British naval force reached the port of Hakodate ( open to British ships as a result of the Anglo-Japanese Friendship Treaty of 1854 ) , and sailing further north , landed on Urup , taking official possession of the island as lIsle de lAlliance and nominating a local Aleut inhabitant as provisional governor . The Treaty of Paris restituted the island to Russian control . Three whaleships have been wrecked near or on the island : one in 1853 and two in 1855 . On the night of 27–28 April 1853 , the ship Susan ( 349 tons ) , of Nantucket , was stove by ice and sank in Bussol Strait while attempting to enter the Sea of Okhotsk . Two men were lost , one drowning and the other perishing on the ice . The remaining twenty-five crew members crowded into two whaleboats and reached Urup on the afternoon of 29 April . Here they spent eight days before being rescued by the barque Black Warrior , of New London . On 14 May 1855 , the ships King Fisher ( 425 tons ) , and Enterprise ( 291 tons ) , both of New Bedford , were wrecked on a reef on the northeast end of the island while attempting to pass through Bussol Strait into the Sea of Okhotsk . All hands were saved . Under the Treaty of Saint Petersburg , sovereignty passed to the Empire of Japan along with the rest of the Kuril islands . The island was formerly administered as part of Uruppu District of Nemuro Subprefecture of Hokkaidō . The remaining local ( mainly Aleut ) inhabitants were transferred to Kamchatka , according to their will , and replaced by Japanese colonists . 20th and 21st century . During World War II , all civilian inhabitants of the island were relocated to the Japanese home islands , and towards the end of the war , the Imperial Japanese Army stationed approximately 6,000 troops on Uruppu , including the IJA 129th Independent Mixed Brigade , 5th Independent Tank Company , 23rd Independent AA Company , 80th Airfield Battalion and 6th Disembarkation Unit . During the Invasion of the Kuril Islands by the Soviet Union after the end of World War II , Japanese forces on Uruppu surrendered without resistance . In 1952 , upon signing the Treaty of San Francisco , Japan renounced its claim to the island . Soviet Border Troops occupied the former Japanese military facilities . As early as the 1950s , a P-14 radar Tall King VHF air defense radar existed on the far northeastern tip of Urup Island . The troops were withdrawn upon the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 , the co-located airfield was turned into a bombing range . The island is now uninhabited and is administered as part of the Sakhalin Oblast of the Russian Federation .
|
[
"Russian",
"Dutch East India Company"
] |
[
{
"text": " Urup ( ; , ) is an uninhabited volcanic island in the Kuril Islands chain in the south of the Sea of Okhotsk , northwest Pacific Ocean . Its name is derived from the Ainu language word for salmon trout . It was formerly known as Companys Land .",
"title": "Urup"
},
{
"text": " Urup has a roughly rectangular shape , measuring along its long axis and approximately along its narrow axis . It is the fourth largest of the Kuril Islands , with an area of . The highest point is Gora Ivao at .",
"title": "Geography and climate"
},
{
"text": "The strait between Urup and Iturup is known as the Vries Strait , after Dutch explorer Maarten Gerritsz Vries , the first recorded European to explore the area . The strait between Urup and Simushir is known as Bussol Strait , after the French word for compass , which was the name of one of La Pérouses vessels . This French mariner explored the area of the Kuril Islands in 1787 .",
"title": "Geography and climate"
},
{
"text": " Urup consists of four major groups of active or dormant stratovolcanos : - Kolokol Group ( ; ) , with a height of has erupted as recently as 1973 . - Rudakov ( ; ) , with a height of has a , funnel-like crater containing a lake - Tri Sestry ( ; ) , with a height of has flanks cut by deep ravines and has numerous hot springs .",
"title": "Geography and climate"
},
{
"text": "- Ivao Group ( ; ) , with a height of is the highest point on the island . The southeast-most cone bisects a glacial valley , forming a lake .",
"title": "Geography and climate"
},
{
"text": "Despite its temperate latitude , the cold Oyashio Current and powerful Aleutian Low combine to give Urup a subarctic climate ( Köppen Dfc ) , that is close to a polar climate ( Koppen ET ) with mild , foggy summers and cold , snowy winters . In reality the climate resembles the subpolar oceanic climate of the Aleutian Islands much more than the hypercontinental climate of Siberia proper or Manchuria , but the February mean of is well below the limit of oceanic climates . Urup , like all the Kuril islands , experiences extremely strong seasonal lag ,",
"title": "Geography and climate"
},
{
"text": "with the highest temperatures in August and September , the lowest in February and temperatures typically in fact warmer at the autumn equinox than at the summer solstice .",
"title": "Geography and climate"
},
{
"text": " In the spring and summer crested auklet , tufted puffin , and pigeon guillemot nest on the island ; there is also a colony of black-legged kittiwake .",
"title": "Fauna"
},
{
"text": "Urup was originally inhabited by the Ainu , the native peoples of the Kurils , Sakhalin and Hokkaidō . The first recorded visit by Europeans was in 1643 , when a ship of the Dutch East India Company commanded by Maarten Gerritsz Vries landed , probably seeking furs . It appears on an official map showing the territories of Matsumae Domain , a feudal domain of Edo period Japan dated 1644 , and these holdings were officially confirmed by the Tokugawa shogunate in 1715 . Administration of the island came under the Matsumae domain’s regional office location on Kunashir from",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "1756 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Russian fur traders appeared in the late 18th century , hunting sea otter and seizing foreign ships in the area . There were clashes between the Russians and the Ainu in 1772 , and the Russians left for a time , but soon returned . G.F . Muller’s Voyages & Découvertes faites par les Russes ( Amsterdam , 1766 ) contained a list and description of the Kuril Islands , including Urup whose people were said to trade with the Japanese but were not under their control . A small Russian presence was established on Urup by the fur trader",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Ivan Chernyi in 1768 , acting on instructions from the governor of Siberia . During the 1770s it was the base for attempts to establish trade with the Japanese on Yezo ( Hokkaido ) which came to an end when it was destroyed by a tsunami in June 1780 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "During the decade following 1795 , a party of 40 Russian men and women under Zvezdochetov established on Urup a colony baptized Slavorossiia . In 1801 , the Japanese government officially claimed control of the island , incorporating it into Ezo Province ( now Hokkaidō Prefecture ) . This led to a series of clashes with Imperial Russia over Urup and the other Kurils , and sovereignty initially passed to Russia under the terms of the Treaty of Shimoda in 1855 . The same year , in an effort to find the Russian fleet in the Pacific Ocean during the",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Crimean War , a French-British naval force reached the port of Hakodate ( open to British ships as a result of the Anglo-Japanese Friendship Treaty of 1854 ) , and sailing further north , landed on Urup , taking official possession of the island as lIsle de lAlliance and nominating a local Aleut inhabitant as provisional governor . The Treaty of Paris restituted the island to Russian control .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Three whaleships have been wrecked near or on the island : one in 1853 and two in 1855 . On the night of 27–28 April 1853 , the ship Susan ( 349 tons ) , of Nantucket , was stove by ice and sank in Bussol Strait while attempting to enter the Sea of Okhotsk . Two men were lost , one drowning and the other perishing on the ice . The remaining twenty-five crew members crowded into two whaleboats and reached Urup on the afternoon of 29 April . Here they spent eight days before being rescued by the",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "barque Black Warrior , of New London . On 14 May 1855 , the ships King Fisher ( 425 tons ) , and Enterprise ( 291 tons ) , both of New Bedford , were wrecked on a reef on the northeast end of the island while attempting to pass through Bussol Strait into the Sea of Okhotsk . All hands were saved .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Under the Treaty of Saint Petersburg , sovereignty passed to the Empire of Japan along with the rest of the Kuril islands . The island was formerly administered as part of Uruppu District of Nemuro Subprefecture of Hokkaidō . The remaining local ( mainly Aleut ) inhabitants were transferred to Kamchatka , according to their will , and replaced by Japanese colonists . 20th and 21st century .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "During World War II , all civilian inhabitants of the island were relocated to the Japanese home islands , and towards the end of the war , the Imperial Japanese Army stationed approximately 6,000 troops on Uruppu , including the IJA 129th Independent Mixed Brigade , 5th Independent Tank Company , 23rd Independent AA Company , 80th Airfield Battalion and 6th Disembarkation Unit . During the Invasion of the Kuril Islands by the Soviet Union after the end of World War II , Japanese forces on Uruppu surrendered without resistance .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In 1952 , upon signing the Treaty of San Francisco , Japan renounced its claim to the island . Soviet Border Troops occupied the former Japanese military facilities . As early as the 1950s , a P-14 radar Tall King VHF air defense radar existed on the far northeastern tip of Urup Island . The troops were withdrawn upon the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 , the co-located airfield was turned into a bombing range . The island is now uninhabited and is administered as part of the Sakhalin Oblast of the Russian Federation .",
"title": "History"
}
] |
/wiki/Juliano_Belletti#P54#0
|
Which team did the player Juliano Belletti belong to in Apr 1995?
|
Juliano Belletti Juliano Haus Belletti ( born 20 June 1976 ) is a Brazilian former professional footballer who mostly played as a right back . He was awarded the Silver Ball by Placar for his performances for Atlético Mineiro during the 1999 Brasileiro Série A . Club career . Early career . Born in Cascavel , Belletti started his career playing as a central midfielder in Brazil for the youth team of Cruzeiro in 1992 . His professional debut happened in November 1994 . In March 1996 , he was involved in a deal that sent him and Serginho to São Paulo FC in exchange for five players : Aílton , Donizete , Gilmar , Palhinha and Vítor . Playing for São Paulo , he eventually became a right-back . Belletti , is of Italian ancestry and his family has its origins in Longiano in the Province of Forlì-Cesena , and he holds an Italian passport . He also has origins in Bastiglia in the Province of Modena and Mantua . In 1999 , he was loaned to Atlético Mineiro . Playing as an attacking-midfielder , Belletti helped the club to finish second in the Brazilian League and managed to win the Bola de Prata ( Silver Ball ) , an award handed by Placar magazine to the players nominated to the Brazilian League Squad of the Year . After returning to São Paulo , he became a regular in the Brazil national team by playing in the right-back position once again . Rumours linked him with a move to La Liga side Valencia in 2001 , but the move fell apart at the last minute . He eventually moved to Europe the following year , signing a five-year contract with Valencias local rivals , Villarreal , while on international duty with Brazil at the 2002 FIFA World Cup . In 2004 , after a successful spell at Villarreal , he signed for Barcelona where he became the first-choice right-back and a key set-piece taker in the squad . Barcelona . After winning the Liga title in his first season , Belletti gradually fell out of favour both in Barcelona and in the national team . From being a regular in the 2004–05 season , he faced tough competition from fellow right-back Oleguer and spent his second season in-and-out of the first team . Bellettis first and only goal with Barcelona was the winner in the 2006 UEFA Champions League Final . On 17 May 2006 at the Stade de France in Paris , Barcelona played English club Arsenal , Oleguer started over Belletti , who was on the substitute bench . When manager Frank Rijkaard eventually brought him on for Oleguer , Belletti scored the second goal in a 2–1 come-from-behind win to give Barça the Champions League crown . Bellettis third season was marked by injuries , and competition from new rival Gianluca Zambrotta proved too much for him . He played very little in Barcelonas season that ended without silverware . Chelsea . On 23 August 2007 , Chelsea officially announced that Belletti had signed a three-year contract after the player agreed personal terms and passed a medical . He made his Premier League debut on 25 August when he came on as a substitute for John Obi Mikel in the 64th minute of their home game against Portsmouth , a 4–0 victory . He made his first start for Chelsea against Aston Villa away at Villa Park . Despite a strong debut , Chelsea lost the game 2–0 . Following the departure of José Mourinho , Belletti became a regular starter in the right-back position for Premier League , Champions League , and League Cup games , facing competition from Paulo Ferreira and Michael Essien for his place in the team . In his first season at Chelsea , Belletti scored two goals , both shots from long-range , the first away at Wigan Athletic in November 2007 and the second at Stamford Bridge against Tottenham Hotspur in January 2008 . The latter was eventually voted by Chelsea supporters as Chelsea Goal of the Season in 2007–08 . On 21 May 2008 , in the 2008 Champions League final against Manchester United at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow , Belletti came on for Claude Makélélé , who had been booked on 120 minutes just before penalties . During the penalty shootout , Belletti scored Chelseas second spot kick with his first touch in the game , although Manchester United won the trophy . José Bosingwas arrival at Chelsea at the start of the 2008–09 season caused Belletti to relinquish the right-back position . However , new manager Luiz Felipe Scolari instead deployed Belletti as a utility player , providing valuable back-up in the central midfield , defensive midfield and right wing positions . His long-range shots gave him cult status among Chelsea supporters . In October 2008 , he added to his collection of spectacular goals with a powerful shot from 30 yards into the top corner against Middlesbrough at the Riverside Stadium , his fourth league goal for the club . Belletti scored his third goal of the 2008–09 season against Stoke City to draw the teams level before teammate Frank Lampard scored the winner in the dying seconds . A year later , in January 2010 , Belletti was linked with a move to Flamengo in his native Brazil , but the Blues rejected their offer . In Chelseas game against Preston North End in the FA Cup fourth round , Belletti hobbled off the ground with a knee injury just 20 minutes in and was replaced by Florent Malouda . On 27 February 2010 , Belletti was sent off for a professional foul on Manchester City midfielder Gareth Barry to concede a penalty , a match City won 4–2 at Stamford Bridge . Belletti came on as a substitute in the final game of the 2009–10 Premier League season , where a Chelsea win ensured they won the title . A week later , Belletti came on as a substitute for the injured Michael Ballack in the 2010 FA Cup Final against Portsmouth . Despite committing a foul which that gave Portsmouth a penalty , Belletti was ultimately on the winning team as Chelsea won 1–0 . On 9 June 2010 , Chelsea announced that Belletti was one of three players whose contract would not be renewed upon their expiry in the summer , meaning that Belletti leaves Chelsea on a free transfer . He left Chelsea with a Premier League winners medal , two FA Cup winners medals and was considered a cult hero by Chelsea supporters for his long range goals and excellent work rate . He made a total of 94 appearances , scoring five goals . Fluminense . Following his release from Chelsea , he signed a two-year contract for Fluminense back in Brazil on 14 July 2010 . Struggling with several injuries and being unable to find a spot in the starting line-up , Belletti had his contract ended on 15 March 2011 . He played nine matches with Fluminense , starting only three . Retirement . On 15 June 2011 , Belletti signed a one-year contract with Ceará but just 12 days later , on 27 June , announced his retirement via Twitter . He confessed that he had failed to recover from a serious Achilles tendon injury . International career . Belletti was called up for the first time in 1995 by then-head coach Zagallo to play for the Brazilian national team . However , his debut would only come in 2001 , becoming the second choice for the right-back position behind Cafu . Belletti was part of 2002 FIFA World Cup-winning squad , playing the semi-final match against Turkey after replacing Kléberson in the second half . Career statistics . Club . - Notes Honours . São Paulo - São Paulo State Championship : 1998 , 2000 Villarreal - UEFA Intertoto Cup : 2003 Barcelona - La Liga : 2004–05 , 2005–06 - Supercopa de España : 2005 , 2006 - UEFA Champions League : 2005–06 Chelsea - Premier League : 2009–10 - FA Cup : 2008–09 , 2009–10 - FA Community Shield : 2009 - UEFA Champions League runner-up : 2007–08 Fluminense - Campeonato Brasileiro Série A : 2010 Brazil - FIFA World Cup : 2002
|
[
"Cruzeiro"
] |
[
{
"text": " Juliano Haus Belletti ( born 20 June 1976 ) is a Brazilian former professional footballer who mostly played as a right back . He was awarded the Silver Ball by Placar for his performances for Atlético Mineiro during the 1999 Brasileiro Série A .",
"title": "Juliano Belletti"
},
{
"text": " Born in Cascavel , Belletti started his career playing as a central midfielder in Brazil for the youth team of Cruzeiro in 1992 . His professional debut happened in November 1994 . In March 1996 , he was involved in a deal that sent him and Serginho to São Paulo FC in exchange for five players : Aílton , Donizete , Gilmar , Palhinha and Vítor . Playing for São Paulo , he eventually became a right-back .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Belletti , is of Italian ancestry and his family has its origins in Longiano in the Province of Forlì-Cesena , and he holds an Italian passport . He also has origins in Bastiglia in the Province of Modena and Mantua .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " In 1999 , he was loaned to Atlético Mineiro . Playing as an attacking-midfielder , Belletti helped the club to finish second in the Brazilian League and managed to win the Bola de Prata ( Silver Ball ) , an award handed by Placar magazine to the players nominated to the Brazilian League Squad of the Year .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "After returning to São Paulo , he became a regular in the Brazil national team by playing in the right-back position once again . Rumours linked him with a move to La Liga side Valencia in 2001 , but the move fell apart at the last minute . He eventually moved to Europe the following year , signing a five-year contract with Valencias local rivals , Villarreal , while on international duty with Brazil at the 2002 FIFA World Cup . In 2004 , after a successful spell at Villarreal , he signed for Barcelona where he became the first-choice",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "right-back and a key set-piece taker in the squad .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " After winning the Liga title in his first season , Belletti gradually fell out of favour both in Barcelona and in the national team . From being a regular in the 2004–05 season , he faced tough competition from fellow right-back Oleguer and spent his second season in-and-out of the first team .",
"title": "Barcelona"
},
{
"text": "Bellettis first and only goal with Barcelona was the winner in the 2006 UEFA Champions League Final . On 17 May 2006 at the Stade de France in Paris , Barcelona played English club Arsenal , Oleguer started over Belletti , who was on the substitute bench . When manager Frank Rijkaard eventually brought him on for Oleguer , Belletti scored the second goal in a 2–1 come-from-behind win to give Barça the Champions League crown .",
"title": "Barcelona"
},
{
"text": " Bellettis third season was marked by injuries , and competition from new rival Gianluca Zambrotta proved too much for him . He played very little in Barcelonas season that ended without silverware .",
"title": "Barcelona"
},
{
"text": " On 23 August 2007 , Chelsea officially announced that Belletti had signed a three-year contract after the player agreed personal terms and passed a medical . He made his Premier League debut on 25 August when he came on as a substitute for John Obi Mikel in the 64th minute of their home game against Portsmouth , a 4–0 victory .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "He made his first start for Chelsea against Aston Villa away at Villa Park . Despite a strong debut , Chelsea lost the game 2–0 . Following the departure of José Mourinho , Belletti became a regular starter in the right-back position for Premier League , Champions League , and League Cup games , facing competition from Paulo Ferreira and Michael Essien for his place in the team . In his first season at Chelsea , Belletti scored two goals , both shots from long-range , the first away at Wigan Athletic in November 2007 and the second at Stamford",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "Bridge against Tottenham Hotspur in January 2008 . The latter was eventually voted by Chelsea supporters as Chelsea Goal of the Season in 2007–08 .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " On 21 May 2008 , in the 2008 Champions League final against Manchester United at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow , Belletti came on for Claude Makélélé , who had been booked on 120 minutes just before penalties . During the penalty shootout , Belletti scored Chelseas second spot kick with his first touch in the game , although Manchester United won the trophy .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "José Bosingwas arrival at Chelsea at the start of the 2008–09 season caused Belletti to relinquish the right-back position . However , new manager Luiz Felipe Scolari instead deployed Belletti as a utility player , providing valuable back-up in the central midfield , defensive midfield and right wing positions . His long-range shots gave him cult status among Chelsea supporters . In October 2008 , he added to his collection of spectacular goals with a powerful shot from 30 yards into the top corner against Middlesbrough at the Riverside Stadium , his fourth league goal for the club . Belletti",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "scored his third goal of the 2008–09 season against Stoke City to draw the teams level before teammate Frank Lampard scored the winner in the dying seconds .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "A year later , in January 2010 , Belletti was linked with a move to Flamengo in his native Brazil , but the Blues rejected their offer . In Chelseas game against Preston North End in the FA Cup fourth round , Belletti hobbled off the ground with a knee injury just 20 minutes in and was replaced by Florent Malouda . On 27 February 2010 , Belletti was sent off for a professional foul on Manchester City midfielder Gareth Barry to concede a penalty , a match City won 4–2 at Stamford Bridge . Belletti came on as a",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "substitute in the final game of the 2009–10 Premier League season , where a Chelsea win ensured they won the title . A week later , Belletti came on as a substitute for the injured Michael Ballack in the 2010 FA Cup Final against Portsmouth . Despite committing a foul which that gave Portsmouth a penalty , Belletti was ultimately on the winning team as Chelsea won 1–0 .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " On 9 June 2010 , Chelsea announced that Belletti was one of three players whose contract would not be renewed upon their expiry in the summer , meaning that Belletti leaves Chelsea on a free transfer . He left Chelsea with a Premier League winners medal , two FA Cup winners medals and was considered a cult hero by Chelsea supporters for his long range goals and excellent work rate . He made a total of 94 appearances , scoring five goals .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " Following his release from Chelsea , he signed a two-year contract for Fluminense back in Brazil on 14 July 2010 . Struggling with several injuries and being unable to find a spot in the starting line-up , Belletti had his contract ended on 15 March 2011 . He played nine matches with Fluminense , starting only three .",
"title": "Fluminense"
},
{
"text": " On 15 June 2011 , Belletti signed a one-year contract with Ceará but just 12 days later , on 27 June , announced his retirement via Twitter . He confessed that he had failed to recover from a serious Achilles tendon injury .",
"title": "Retirement"
},
{
"text": " Belletti was called up for the first time in 1995 by then-head coach Zagallo to play for the Brazilian national team . However , his debut would only come in 2001 , becoming the second choice for the right-back position behind Cafu . Belletti was part of 2002 FIFA World Cup-winning squad , playing the semi-final match against Turkey after replacing Kléberson in the second half .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " - La Liga : 2004–05 , 2005–06 - Supercopa de España : 2005 , 2006 - UEFA Champions League : 2005–06",
"title": "Barcelona"
},
{
"text": " - Premier League : 2009–10 - FA Cup : 2008–09 , 2009–10 - FA Community Shield : 2009 - UEFA Champions League runner-up : 2007–08",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " - FIFA World Cup : 2002",
"title": "Brazil"
}
] |
/wiki/Juliano_Belletti#P54#1
|
Which team did the player Juliano Belletti belong to between Apr 1999 and Jul 2000?
|
Juliano Belletti Juliano Haus Belletti ( born 20 June 1976 ) is a Brazilian former professional footballer who mostly played as a right back . He was awarded the Silver Ball by Placar for his performances for Atlético Mineiro during the 1999 Brasileiro Série A . Club career . Early career . Born in Cascavel , Belletti started his career playing as a central midfielder in Brazil for the youth team of Cruzeiro in 1992 . His professional debut happened in November 1994 . In March 1996 , he was involved in a deal that sent him and Serginho to São Paulo FC in exchange for five players : Aílton , Donizete , Gilmar , Palhinha and Vítor . Playing for São Paulo , he eventually became a right-back . Belletti , is of Italian ancestry and his family has its origins in Longiano in the Province of Forlì-Cesena , and he holds an Italian passport . He also has origins in Bastiglia in the Province of Modena and Mantua . In 1999 , he was loaned to Atlético Mineiro . Playing as an attacking-midfielder , Belletti helped the club to finish second in the Brazilian League and managed to win the Bola de Prata ( Silver Ball ) , an award handed by Placar magazine to the players nominated to the Brazilian League Squad of the Year . After returning to São Paulo , he became a regular in the Brazil national team by playing in the right-back position once again . Rumours linked him with a move to La Liga side Valencia in 2001 , but the move fell apart at the last minute . He eventually moved to Europe the following year , signing a five-year contract with Valencias local rivals , Villarreal , while on international duty with Brazil at the 2002 FIFA World Cup . In 2004 , after a successful spell at Villarreal , he signed for Barcelona where he became the first-choice right-back and a key set-piece taker in the squad . Barcelona . After winning the Liga title in his first season , Belletti gradually fell out of favour both in Barcelona and in the national team . From being a regular in the 2004–05 season , he faced tough competition from fellow right-back Oleguer and spent his second season in-and-out of the first team . Bellettis first and only goal with Barcelona was the winner in the 2006 UEFA Champions League Final . On 17 May 2006 at the Stade de France in Paris , Barcelona played English club Arsenal , Oleguer started over Belletti , who was on the substitute bench . When manager Frank Rijkaard eventually brought him on for Oleguer , Belletti scored the second goal in a 2–1 come-from-behind win to give Barça the Champions League crown . Bellettis third season was marked by injuries , and competition from new rival Gianluca Zambrotta proved too much for him . He played very little in Barcelonas season that ended without silverware . Chelsea . On 23 August 2007 , Chelsea officially announced that Belletti had signed a three-year contract after the player agreed personal terms and passed a medical . He made his Premier League debut on 25 August when he came on as a substitute for John Obi Mikel in the 64th minute of their home game against Portsmouth , a 4–0 victory . He made his first start for Chelsea against Aston Villa away at Villa Park . Despite a strong debut , Chelsea lost the game 2–0 . Following the departure of José Mourinho , Belletti became a regular starter in the right-back position for Premier League , Champions League , and League Cup games , facing competition from Paulo Ferreira and Michael Essien for his place in the team . In his first season at Chelsea , Belletti scored two goals , both shots from long-range , the first away at Wigan Athletic in November 2007 and the second at Stamford Bridge against Tottenham Hotspur in January 2008 . The latter was eventually voted by Chelsea supporters as Chelsea Goal of the Season in 2007–08 . On 21 May 2008 , in the 2008 Champions League final against Manchester United at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow , Belletti came on for Claude Makélélé , who had been booked on 120 minutes just before penalties . During the penalty shootout , Belletti scored Chelseas second spot kick with his first touch in the game , although Manchester United won the trophy . José Bosingwas arrival at Chelsea at the start of the 2008–09 season caused Belletti to relinquish the right-back position . However , new manager Luiz Felipe Scolari instead deployed Belletti as a utility player , providing valuable back-up in the central midfield , defensive midfield and right wing positions . His long-range shots gave him cult status among Chelsea supporters . In October 2008 , he added to his collection of spectacular goals with a powerful shot from 30 yards into the top corner against Middlesbrough at the Riverside Stadium , his fourth league goal for the club . Belletti scored his third goal of the 2008–09 season against Stoke City to draw the teams level before teammate Frank Lampard scored the winner in the dying seconds . A year later , in January 2010 , Belletti was linked with a move to Flamengo in his native Brazil , but the Blues rejected their offer . In Chelseas game against Preston North End in the FA Cup fourth round , Belletti hobbled off the ground with a knee injury just 20 minutes in and was replaced by Florent Malouda . On 27 February 2010 , Belletti was sent off for a professional foul on Manchester City midfielder Gareth Barry to concede a penalty , a match City won 4–2 at Stamford Bridge . Belletti came on as a substitute in the final game of the 2009–10 Premier League season , where a Chelsea win ensured they won the title . A week later , Belletti came on as a substitute for the injured Michael Ballack in the 2010 FA Cup Final against Portsmouth . Despite committing a foul which that gave Portsmouth a penalty , Belletti was ultimately on the winning team as Chelsea won 1–0 . On 9 June 2010 , Chelsea announced that Belletti was one of three players whose contract would not be renewed upon their expiry in the summer , meaning that Belletti leaves Chelsea on a free transfer . He left Chelsea with a Premier League winners medal , two FA Cup winners medals and was considered a cult hero by Chelsea supporters for his long range goals and excellent work rate . He made a total of 94 appearances , scoring five goals . Fluminense . Following his release from Chelsea , he signed a two-year contract for Fluminense back in Brazil on 14 July 2010 . Struggling with several injuries and being unable to find a spot in the starting line-up , Belletti had his contract ended on 15 March 2011 . He played nine matches with Fluminense , starting only three . Retirement . On 15 June 2011 , Belletti signed a one-year contract with Ceará but just 12 days later , on 27 June , announced his retirement via Twitter . He confessed that he had failed to recover from a serious Achilles tendon injury . International career . Belletti was called up for the first time in 1995 by then-head coach Zagallo to play for the Brazilian national team . However , his debut would only come in 2001 , becoming the second choice for the right-back position behind Cafu . Belletti was part of 2002 FIFA World Cup-winning squad , playing the semi-final match against Turkey after replacing Kléberson in the second half . Career statistics . Club . - Notes Honours . São Paulo - São Paulo State Championship : 1998 , 2000 Villarreal - UEFA Intertoto Cup : 2003 Barcelona - La Liga : 2004–05 , 2005–06 - Supercopa de España : 2005 , 2006 - UEFA Champions League : 2005–06 Chelsea - Premier League : 2009–10 - FA Cup : 2008–09 , 2009–10 - FA Community Shield : 2009 - UEFA Champions League runner-up : 2007–08 Fluminense - Campeonato Brasileiro Série A : 2010 Brazil - FIFA World Cup : 2002
|
[
"São Paulo FC"
] |
[
{
"text": " Juliano Haus Belletti ( born 20 June 1976 ) is a Brazilian former professional footballer who mostly played as a right back . He was awarded the Silver Ball by Placar for his performances for Atlético Mineiro during the 1999 Brasileiro Série A .",
"title": "Juliano Belletti"
},
{
"text": " Born in Cascavel , Belletti started his career playing as a central midfielder in Brazil for the youth team of Cruzeiro in 1992 . His professional debut happened in November 1994 . In March 1996 , he was involved in a deal that sent him and Serginho to São Paulo FC in exchange for five players : Aílton , Donizete , Gilmar , Palhinha and Vítor . Playing for São Paulo , he eventually became a right-back .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Belletti , is of Italian ancestry and his family has its origins in Longiano in the Province of Forlì-Cesena , and he holds an Italian passport . He also has origins in Bastiglia in the Province of Modena and Mantua .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " In 1999 , he was loaned to Atlético Mineiro . Playing as an attacking-midfielder , Belletti helped the club to finish second in the Brazilian League and managed to win the Bola de Prata ( Silver Ball ) , an award handed by Placar magazine to the players nominated to the Brazilian League Squad of the Year .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "After returning to São Paulo , he became a regular in the Brazil national team by playing in the right-back position once again . Rumours linked him with a move to La Liga side Valencia in 2001 , but the move fell apart at the last minute . He eventually moved to Europe the following year , signing a five-year contract with Valencias local rivals , Villarreal , while on international duty with Brazil at the 2002 FIFA World Cup . In 2004 , after a successful spell at Villarreal , he signed for Barcelona where he became the first-choice",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "right-back and a key set-piece taker in the squad .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " After winning the Liga title in his first season , Belletti gradually fell out of favour both in Barcelona and in the national team . From being a regular in the 2004–05 season , he faced tough competition from fellow right-back Oleguer and spent his second season in-and-out of the first team .",
"title": "Barcelona"
},
{
"text": "Bellettis first and only goal with Barcelona was the winner in the 2006 UEFA Champions League Final . On 17 May 2006 at the Stade de France in Paris , Barcelona played English club Arsenal , Oleguer started over Belletti , who was on the substitute bench . When manager Frank Rijkaard eventually brought him on for Oleguer , Belletti scored the second goal in a 2–1 come-from-behind win to give Barça the Champions League crown .",
"title": "Barcelona"
},
{
"text": " Bellettis third season was marked by injuries , and competition from new rival Gianluca Zambrotta proved too much for him . He played very little in Barcelonas season that ended without silverware .",
"title": "Barcelona"
},
{
"text": " On 23 August 2007 , Chelsea officially announced that Belletti had signed a three-year contract after the player agreed personal terms and passed a medical . He made his Premier League debut on 25 August when he came on as a substitute for John Obi Mikel in the 64th minute of their home game against Portsmouth , a 4–0 victory .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "He made his first start for Chelsea against Aston Villa away at Villa Park . Despite a strong debut , Chelsea lost the game 2–0 . Following the departure of José Mourinho , Belletti became a regular starter in the right-back position for Premier League , Champions League , and League Cup games , facing competition from Paulo Ferreira and Michael Essien for his place in the team . In his first season at Chelsea , Belletti scored two goals , both shots from long-range , the first away at Wigan Athletic in November 2007 and the second at Stamford",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "Bridge against Tottenham Hotspur in January 2008 . The latter was eventually voted by Chelsea supporters as Chelsea Goal of the Season in 2007–08 .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " On 21 May 2008 , in the 2008 Champions League final against Manchester United at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow , Belletti came on for Claude Makélélé , who had been booked on 120 minutes just before penalties . During the penalty shootout , Belletti scored Chelseas second spot kick with his first touch in the game , although Manchester United won the trophy .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "José Bosingwas arrival at Chelsea at the start of the 2008–09 season caused Belletti to relinquish the right-back position . However , new manager Luiz Felipe Scolari instead deployed Belletti as a utility player , providing valuable back-up in the central midfield , defensive midfield and right wing positions . His long-range shots gave him cult status among Chelsea supporters . In October 2008 , he added to his collection of spectacular goals with a powerful shot from 30 yards into the top corner against Middlesbrough at the Riverside Stadium , his fourth league goal for the club . Belletti",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "scored his third goal of the 2008–09 season against Stoke City to draw the teams level before teammate Frank Lampard scored the winner in the dying seconds .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "A year later , in January 2010 , Belletti was linked with a move to Flamengo in his native Brazil , but the Blues rejected their offer . In Chelseas game against Preston North End in the FA Cup fourth round , Belletti hobbled off the ground with a knee injury just 20 minutes in and was replaced by Florent Malouda . On 27 February 2010 , Belletti was sent off for a professional foul on Manchester City midfielder Gareth Barry to concede a penalty , a match City won 4–2 at Stamford Bridge . Belletti came on as a",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "substitute in the final game of the 2009–10 Premier League season , where a Chelsea win ensured they won the title . A week later , Belletti came on as a substitute for the injured Michael Ballack in the 2010 FA Cup Final against Portsmouth . Despite committing a foul which that gave Portsmouth a penalty , Belletti was ultimately on the winning team as Chelsea won 1–0 .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " On 9 June 2010 , Chelsea announced that Belletti was one of three players whose contract would not be renewed upon their expiry in the summer , meaning that Belletti leaves Chelsea on a free transfer . He left Chelsea with a Premier League winners medal , two FA Cup winners medals and was considered a cult hero by Chelsea supporters for his long range goals and excellent work rate . He made a total of 94 appearances , scoring five goals .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " Following his release from Chelsea , he signed a two-year contract for Fluminense back in Brazil on 14 July 2010 . Struggling with several injuries and being unable to find a spot in the starting line-up , Belletti had his contract ended on 15 March 2011 . He played nine matches with Fluminense , starting only three .",
"title": "Fluminense"
},
{
"text": " On 15 June 2011 , Belletti signed a one-year contract with Ceará but just 12 days later , on 27 June , announced his retirement via Twitter . He confessed that he had failed to recover from a serious Achilles tendon injury .",
"title": "Retirement"
},
{
"text": " Belletti was called up for the first time in 1995 by then-head coach Zagallo to play for the Brazilian national team . However , his debut would only come in 2001 , becoming the second choice for the right-back position behind Cafu . Belletti was part of 2002 FIFA World Cup-winning squad , playing the semi-final match against Turkey after replacing Kléberson in the second half .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " - La Liga : 2004–05 , 2005–06 - Supercopa de España : 2005 , 2006 - UEFA Champions League : 2005–06",
"title": "Barcelona"
},
{
"text": " - Premier League : 2009–10 - FA Cup : 2008–09 , 2009–10 - FA Community Shield : 2009 - UEFA Champions League runner-up : 2007–08",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " - FIFA World Cup : 2002",
"title": "Brazil"
}
] |
/wiki/Juliano_Belletti#P54#2
|
Which team did the player Juliano Belletti belong to in Feb 2001?
|
Juliano Belletti Juliano Haus Belletti ( born 20 June 1976 ) is a Brazilian former professional footballer who mostly played as a right back . He was awarded the Silver Ball by Placar for his performances for Atlético Mineiro during the 1999 Brasileiro Série A . Club career . Early career . Born in Cascavel , Belletti started his career playing as a central midfielder in Brazil for the youth team of Cruzeiro in 1992 . His professional debut happened in November 1994 . In March 1996 , he was involved in a deal that sent him and Serginho to São Paulo FC in exchange for five players : Aílton , Donizete , Gilmar , Palhinha and Vítor . Playing for São Paulo , he eventually became a right-back . Belletti , is of Italian ancestry and his family has its origins in Longiano in the Province of Forlì-Cesena , and he holds an Italian passport . He also has origins in Bastiglia in the Province of Modena and Mantua . In 1999 , he was loaned to Atlético Mineiro . Playing as an attacking-midfielder , Belletti helped the club to finish second in the Brazilian League and managed to win the Bola de Prata ( Silver Ball ) , an award handed by Placar magazine to the players nominated to the Brazilian League Squad of the Year . After returning to São Paulo , he became a regular in the Brazil national team by playing in the right-back position once again . Rumours linked him with a move to La Liga side Valencia in 2001 , but the move fell apart at the last minute . He eventually moved to Europe the following year , signing a five-year contract with Valencias local rivals , Villarreal , while on international duty with Brazil at the 2002 FIFA World Cup . In 2004 , after a successful spell at Villarreal , he signed for Barcelona where he became the first-choice right-back and a key set-piece taker in the squad . Barcelona . After winning the Liga title in his first season , Belletti gradually fell out of favour both in Barcelona and in the national team . From being a regular in the 2004–05 season , he faced tough competition from fellow right-back Oleguer and spent his second season in-and-out of the first team . Bellettis first and only goal with Barcelona was the winner in the 2006 UEFA Champions League Final . On 17 May 2006 at the Stade de France in Paris , Barcelona played English club Arsenal , Oleguer started over Belletti , who was on the substitute bench . When manager Frank Rijkaard eventually brought him on for Oleguer , Belletti scored the second goal in a 2–1 come-from-behind win to give Barça the Champions League crown . Bellettis third season was marked by injuries , and competition from new rival Gianluca Zambrotta proved too much for him . He played very little in Barcelonas season that ended without silverware . Chelsea . On 23 August 2007 , Chelsea officially announced that Belletti had signed a three-year contract after the player agreed personal terms and passed a medical . He made his Premier League debut on 25 August when he came on as a substitute for John Obi Mikel in the 64th minute of their home game against Portsmouth , a 4–0 victory . He made his first start for Chelsea against Aston Villa away at Villa Park . Despite a strong debut , Chelsea lost the game 2–0 . Following the departure of José Mourinho , Belletti became a regular starter in the right-back position for Premier League , Champions League , and League Cup games , facing competition from Paulo Ferreira and Michael Essien for his place in the team . In his first season at Chelsea , Belletti scored two goals , both shots from long-range , the first away at Wigan Athletic in November 2007 and the second at Stamford Bridge against Tottenham Hotspur in January 2008 . The latter was eventually voted by Chelsea supporters as Chelsea Goal of the Season in 2007–08 . On 21 May 2008 , in the 2008 Champions League final against Manchester United at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow , Belletti came on for Claude Makélélé , who had been booked on 120 minutes just before penalties . During the penalty shootout , Belletti scored Chelseas second spot kick with his first touch in the game , although Manchester United won the trophy . José Bosingwas arrival at Chelsea at the start of the 2008–09 season caused Belletti to relinquish the right-back position . However , new manager Luiz Felipe Scolari instead deployed Belletti as a utility player , providing valuable back-up in the central midfield , defensive midfield and right wing positions . His long-range shots gave him cult status among Chelsea supporters . In October 2008 , he added to his collection of spectacular goals with a powerful shot from 30 yards into the top corner against Middlesbrough at the Riverside Stadium , his fourth league goal for the club . Belletti scored his third goal of the 2008–09 season against Stoke City to draw the teams level before teammate Frank Lampard scored the winner in the dying seconds . A year later , in January 2010 , Belletti was linked with a move to Flamengo in his native Brazil , but the Blues rejected their offer . In Chelseas game against Preston North End in the FA Cup fourth round , Belletti hobbled off the ground with a knee injury just 20 minutes in and was replaced by Florent Malouda . On 27 February 2010 , Belletti was sent off for a professional foul on Manchester City midfielder Gareth Barry to concede a penalty , a match City won 4–2 at Stamford Bridge . Belletti came on as a substitute in the final game of the 2009–10 Premier League season , where a Chelsea win ensured they won the title . A week later , Belletti came on as a substitute for the injured Michael Ballack in the 2010 FA Cup Final against Portsmouth . Despite committing a foul which that gave Portsmouth a penalty , Belletti was ultimately on the winning team as Chelsea won 1–0 . On 9 June 2010 , Chelsea announced that Belletti was one of three players whose contract would not be renewed upon their expiry in the summer , meaning that Belletti leaves Chelsea on a free transfer . He left Chelsea with a Premier League winners medal , two FA Cup winners medals and was considered a cult hero by Chelsea supporters for his long range goals and excellent work rate . He made a total of 94 appearances , scoring five goals . Fluminense . Following his release from Chelsea , he signed a two-year contract for Fluminense back in Brazil on 14 July 2010 . Struggling with several injuries and being unable to find a spot in the starting line-up , Belletti had his contract ended on 15 March 2011 . He played nine matches with Fluminense , starting only three . Retirement . On 15 June 2011 , Belletti signed a one-year contract with Ceará but just 12 days later , on 27 June , announced his retirement via Twitter . He confessed that he had failed to recover from a serious Achilles tendon injury . International career . Belletti was called up for the first time in 1995 by then-head coach Zagallo to play for the Brazilian national team . However , his debut would only come in 2001 , becoming the second choice for the right-back position behind Cafu . Belletti was part of 2002 FIFA World Cup-winning squad , playing the semi-final match against Turkey after replacing Kléberson in the second half . Career statistics . Club . - Notes Honours . São Paulo - São Paulo State Championship : 1998 , 2000 Villarreal - UEFA Intertoto Cup : 2003 Barcelona - La Liga : 2004–05 , 2005–06 - Supercopa de España : 2005 , 2006 - UEFA Champions League : 2005–06 Chelsea - Premier League : 2009–10 - FA Cup : 2008–09 , 2009–10 - FA Community Shield : 2009 - UEFA Champions League runner-up : 2007–08 Fluminense - Campeonato Brasileiro Série A : 2010 Brazil - FIFA World Cup : 2002
|
[
"Brazilian national team"
] |
[
{
"text": " Juliano Haus Belletti ( born 20 June 1976 ) is a Brazilian former professional footballer who mostly played as a right back . He was awarded the Silver Ball by Placar for his performances for Atlético Mineiro during the 1999 Brasileiro Série A .",
"title": "Juliano Belletti"
},
{
"text": " Born in Cascavel , Belletti started his career playing as a central midfielder in Brazil for the youth team of Cruzeiro in 1992 . His professional debut happened in November 1994 . In March 1996 , he was involved in a deal that sent him and Serginho to São Paulo FC in exchange for five players : Aílton , Donizete , Gilmar , Palhinha and Vítor . Playing for São Paulo , he eventually became a right-back .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Belletti , is of Italian ancestry and his family has its origins in Longiano in the Province of Forlì-Cesena , and he holds an Italian passport . He also has origins in Bastiglia in the Province of Modena and Mantua .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " In 1999 , he was loaned to Atlético Mineiro . Playing as an attacking-midfielder , Belletti helped the club to finish second in the Brazilian League and managed to win the Bola de Prata ( Silver Ball ) , an award handed by Placar magazine to the players nominated to the Brazilian League Squad of the Year .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "After returning to São Paulo , he became a regular in the Brazil national team by playing in the right-back position once again . Rumours linked him with a move to La Liga side Valencia in 2001 , but the move fell apart at the last minute . He eventually moved to Europe the following year , signing a five-year contract with Valencias local rivals , Villarreal , while on international duty with Brazil at the 2002 FIFA World Cup . In 2004 , after a successful spell at Villarreal , he signed for Barcelona where he became the first-choice",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "right-back and a key set-piece taker in the squad .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " After winning the Liga title in his first season , Belletti gradually fell out of favour both in Barcelona and in the national team . From being a regular in the 2004–05 season , he faced tough competition from fellow right-back Oleguer and spent his second season in-and-out of the first team .",
"title": "Barcelona"
},
{
"text": "Bellettis first and only goal with Barcelona was the winner in the 2006 UEFA Champions League Final . On 17 May 2006 at the Stade de France in Paris , Barcelona played English club Arsenal , Oleguer started over Belletti , who was on the substitute bench . When manager Frank Rijkaard eventually brought him on for Oleguer , Belletti scored the second goal in a 2–1 come-from-behind win to give Barça the Champions League crown .",
"title": "Barcelona"
},
{
"text": " Bellettis third season was marked by injuries , and competition from new rival Gianluca Zambrotta proved too much for him . He played very little in Barcelonas season that ended without silverware .",
"title": "Barcelona"
},
{
"text": " On 23 August 2007 , Chelsea officially announced that Belletti had signed a three-year contract after the player agreed personal terms and passed a medical . He made his Premier League debut on 25 August when he came on as a substitute for John Obi Mikel in the 64th minute of their home game against Portsmouth , a 4–0 victory .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "He made his first start for Chelsea against Aston Villa away at Villa Park . Despite a strong debut , Chelsea lost the game 2–0 . Following the departure of José Mourinho , Belletti became a regular starter in the right-back position for Premier League , Champions League , and League Cup games , facing competition from Paulo Ferreira and Michael Essien for his place in the team . In his first season at Chelsea , Belletti scored two goals , both shots from long-range , the first away at Wigan Athletic in November 2007 and the second at Stamford",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "Bridge against Tottenham Hotspur in January 2008 . The latter was eventually voted by Chelsea supporters as Chelsea Goal of the Season in 2007–08 .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " On 21 May 2008 , in the 2008 Champions League final against Manchester United at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow , Belletti came on for Claude Makélélé , who had been booked on 120 minutes just before penalties . During the penalty shootout , Belletti scored Chelseas second spot kick with his first touch in the game , although Manchester United won the trophy .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "José Bosingwas arrival at Chelsea at the start of the 2008–09 season caused Belletti to relinquish the right-back position . However , new manager Luiz Felipe Scolari instead deployed Belletti as a utility player , providing valuable back-up in the central midfield , defensive midfield and right wing positions . His long-range shots gave him cult status among Chelsea supporters . In October 2008 , he added to his collection of spectacular goals with a powerful shot from 30 yards into the top corner against Middlesbrough at the Riverside Stadium , his fourth league goal for the club . Belletti",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "scored his third goal of the 2008–09 season against Stoke City to draw the teams level before teammate Frank Lampard scored the winner in the dying seconds .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "A year later , in January 2010 , Belletti was linked with a move to Flamengo in his native Brazil , but the Blues rejected their offer . In Chelseas game against Preston North End in the FA Cup fourth round , Belletti hobbled off the ground with a knee injury just 20 minutes in and was replaced by Florent Malouda . On 27 February 2010 , Belletti was sent off for a professional foul on Manchester City midfielder Gareth Barry to concede a penalty , a match City won 4–2 at Stamford Bridge . Belletti came on as a",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "substitute in the final game of the 2009–10 Premier League season , where a Chelsea win ensured they won the title . A week later , Belletti came on as a substitute for the injured Michael Ballack in the 2010 FA Cup Final against Portsmouth . Despite committing a foul which that gave Portsmouth a penalty , Belletti was ultimately on the winning team as Chelsea won 1–0 .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " On 9 June 2010 , Chelsea announced that Belletti was one of three players whose contract would not be renewed upon their expiry in the summer , meaning that Belletti leaves Chelsea on a free transfer . He left Chelsea with a Premier League winners medal , two FA Cup winners medals and was considered a cult hero by Chelsea supporters for his long range goals and excellent work rate . He made a total of 94 appearances , scoring five goals .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " Following his release from Chelsea , he signed a two-year contract for Fluminense back in Brazil on 14 July 2010 . Struggling with several injuries and being unable to find a spot in the starting line-up , Belletti had his contract ended on 15 March 2011 . He played nine matches with Fluminense , starting only three .",
"title": "Fluminense"
},
{
"text": " On 15 June 2011 , Belletti signed a one-year contract with Ceará but just 12 days later , on 27 June , announced his retirement via Twitter . He confessed that he had failed to recover from a serious Achilles tendon injury .",
"title": "Retirement"
},
{
"text": " Belletti was called up for the first time in 1995 by then-head coach Zagallo to play for the Brazilian national team . However , his debut would only come in 2001 , becoming the second choice for the right-back position behind Cafu . Belletti was part of 2002 FIFA World Cup-winning squad , playing the semi-final match against Turkey after replacing Kléberson in the second half .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " - La Liga : 2004–05 , 2005–06 - Supercopa de España : 2005 , 2006 - UEFA Champions League : 2005–06",
"title": "Barcelona"
},
{
"text": " - Premier League : 2009–10 - FA Cup : 2008–09 , 2009–10 - FA Community Shield : 2009 - UEFA Champions League runner-up : 2007–08",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " - FIFA World Cup : 2002",
"title": "Brazil"
}
] |
/wiki/Juliano_Belletti#P54#3
|
Which team did the player Juliano Belletti belong to between Mar 2003 and Aug 2003?
|
Juliano Belletti Juliano Haus Belletti ( born 20 June 1976 ) is a Brazilian former professional footballer who mostly played as a right back . He was awarded the Silver Ball by Placar for his performances for Atlético Mineiro during the 1999 Brasileiro Série A . Club career . Early career . Born in Cascavel , Belletti started his career playing as a central midfielder in Brazil for the youth team of Cruzeiro in 1992 . His professional debut happened in November 1994 . In March 1996 , he was involved in a deal that sent him and Serginho to São Paulo FC in exchange for five players : Aílton , Donizete , Gilmar , Palhinha and Vítor . Playing for São Paulo , he eventually became a right-back . Belletti , is of Italian ancestry and his family has its origins in Longiano in the Province of Forlì-Cesena , and he holds an Italian passport . He also has origins in Bastiglia in the Province of Modena and Mantua . In 1999 , he was loaned to Atlético Mineiro . Playing as an attacking-midfielder , Belletti helped the club to finish second in the Brazilian League and managed to win the Bola de Prata ( Silver Ball ) , an award handed by Placar magazine to the players nominated to the Brazilian League Squad of the Year . After returning to São Paulo , he became a regular in the Brazil national team by playing in the right-back position once again . Rumours linked him with a move to La Liga side Valencia in 2001 , but the move fell apart at the last minute . He eventually moved to Europe the following year , signing a five-year contract with Valencias local rivals , Villarreal , while on international duty with Brazil at the 2002 FIFA World Cup . In 2004 , after a successful spell at Villarreal , he signed for Barcelona where he became the first-choice right-back and a key set-piece taker in the squad . Barcelona . After winning the Liga title in his first season , Belletti gradually fell out of favour both in Barcelona and in the national team . From being a regular in the 2004–05 season , he faced tough competition from fellow right-back Oleguer and spent his second season in-and-out of the first team . Bellettis first and only goal with Barcelona was the winner in the 2006 UEFA Champions League Final . On 17 May 2006 at the Stade de France in Paris , Barcelona played English club Arsenal , Oleguer started over Belletti , who was on the substitute bench . When manager Frank Rijkaard eventually brought him on for Oleguer , Belletti scored the second goal in a 2–1 come-from-behind win to give Barça the Champions League crown . Bellettis third season was marked by injuries , and competition from new rival Gianluca Zambrotta proved too much for him . He played very little in Barcelonas season that ended without silverware . Chelsea . On 23 August 2007 , Chelsea officially announced that Belletti had signed a three-year contract after the player agreed personal terms and passed a medical . He made his Premier League debut on 25 August when he came on as a substitute for John Obi Mikel in the 64th minute of their home game against Portsmouth , a 4–0 victory . He made his first start for Chelsea against Aston Villa away at Villa Park . Despite a strong debut , Chelsea lost the game 2–0 . Following the departure of José Mourinho , Belletti became a regular starter in the right-back position for Premier League , Champions League , and League Cup games , facing competition from Paulo Ferreira and Michael Essien for his place in the team . In his first season at Chelsea , Belletti scored two goals , both shots from long-range , the first away at Wigan Athletic in November 2007 and the second at Stamford Bridge against Tottenham Hotspur in January 2008 . The latter was eventually voted by Chelsea supporters as Chelsea Goal of the Season in 2007–08 . On 21 May 2008 , in the 2008 Champions League final against Manchester United at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow , Belletti came on for Claude Makélélé , who had been booked on 120 minutes just before penalties . During the penalty shootout , Belletti scored Chelseas second spot kick with his first touch in the game , although Manchester United won the trophy . José Bosingwas arrival at Chelsea at the start of the 2008–09 season caused Belletti to relinquish the right-back position . However , new manager Luiz Felipe Scolari instead deployed Belletti as a utility player , providing valuable back-up in the central midfield , defensive midfield and right wing positions . His long-range shots gave him cult status among Chelsea supporters . In October 2008 , he added to his collection of spectacular goals with a powerful shot from 30 yards into the top corner against Middlesbrough at the Riverside Stadium , his fourth league goal for the club . Belletti scored his third goal of the 2008–09 season against Stoke City to draw the teams level before teammate Frank Lampard scored the winner in the dying seconds . A year later , in January 2010 , Belletti was linked with a move to Flamengo in his native Brazil , but the Blues rejected their offer . In Chelseas game against Preston North End in the FA Cup fourth round , Belletti hobbled off the ground with a knee injury just 20 minutes in and was replaced by Florent Malouda . On 27 February 2010 , Belletti was sent off for a professional foul on Manchester City midfielder Gareth Barry to concede a penalty , a match City won 4–2 at Stamford Bridge . Belletti came on as a substitute in the final game of the 2009–10 Premier League season , where a Chelsea win ensured they won the title . A week later , Belletti came on as a substitute for the injured Michael Ballack in the 2010 FA Cup Final against Portsmouth . Despite committing a foul which that gave Portsmouth a penalty , Belletti was ultimately on the winning team as Chelsea won 1–0 . On 9 June 2010 , Chelsea announced that Belletti was one of three players whose contract would not be renewed upon their expiry in the summer , meaning that Belletti leaves Chelsea on a free transfer . He left Chelsea with a Premier League winners medal , two FA Cup winners medals and was considered a cult hero by Chelsea supporters for his long range goals and excellent work rate . He made a total of 94 appearances , scoring five goals . Fluminense . Following his release from Chelsea , he signed a two-year contract for Fluminense back in Brazil on 14 July 2010 . Struggling with several injuries and being unable to find a spot in the starting line-up , Belletti had his contract ended on 15 March 2011 . He played nine matches with Fluminense , starting only three . Retirement . On 15 June 2011 , Belletti signed a one-year contract with Ceará but just 12 days later , on 27 June , announced his retirement via Twitter . He confessed that he had failed to recover from a serious Achilles tendon injury . International career . Belletti was called up for the first time in 1995 by then-head coach Zagallo to play for the Brazilian national team . However , his debut would only come in 2001 , becoming the second choice for the right-back position behind Cafu . Belletti was part of 2002 FIFA World Cup-winning squad , playing the semi-final match against Turkey after replacing Kléberson in the second half . Career statistics . Club . - Notes Honours . São Paulo - São Paulo State Championship : 1998 , 2000 Villarreal - UEFA Intertoto Cup : 2003 Barcelona - La Liga : 2004–05 , 2005–06 - Supercopa de España : 2005 , 2006 - UEFA Champions League : 2005–06 Chelsea - Premier League : 2009–10 - FA Cup : 2008–09 , 2009–10 - FA Community Shield : 2009 - UEFA Champions League runner-up : 2007–08 Fluminense - Campeonato Brasileiro Série A : 2010 Brazil - FIFA World Cup : 2002
|
[
"Villarreal"
] |
[
{
"text": " Juliano Haus Belletti ( born 20 June 1976 ) is a Brazilian former professional footballer who mostly played as a right back . He was awarded the Silver Ball by Placar for his performances for Atlético Mineiro during the 1999 Brasileiro Série A .",
"title": "Juliano Belletti"
},
{
"text": " Born in Cascavel , Belletti started his career playing as a central midfielder in Brazil for the youth team of Cruzeiro in 1992 . His professional debut happened in November 1994 . In March 1996 , he was involved in a deal that sent him and Serginho to São Paulo FC in exchange for five players : Aílton , Donizete , Gilmar , Palhinha and Vítor . Playing for São Paulo , he eventually became a right-back .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Belletti , is of Italian ancestry and his family has its origins in Longiano in the Province of Forlì-Cesena , and he holds an Italian passport . He also has origins in Bastiglia in the Province of Modena and Mantua .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " In 1999 , he was loaned to Atlético Mineiro . Playing as an attacking-midfielder , Belletti helped the club to finish second in the Brazilian League and managed to win the Bola de Prata ( Silver Ball ) , an award handed by Placar magazine to the players nominated to the Brazilian League Squad of the Year .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "After returning to São Paulo , he became a regular in the Brazil national team by playing in the right-back position once again . Rumours linked him with a move to La Liga side Valencia in 2001 , but the move fell apart at the last minute . He eventually moved to Europe the following year , signing a five-year contract with Valencias local rivals , Villarreal , while on international duty with Brazil at the 2002 FIFA World Cup . In 2004 , after a successful spell at Villarreal , he signed for Barcelona where he became the first-choice",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "right-back and a key set-piece taker in the squad .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " After winning the Liga title in his first season , Belletti gradually fell out of favour both in Barcelona and in the national team . From being a regular in the 2004–05 season , he faced tough competition from fellow right-back Oleguer and spent his second season in-and-out of the first team .",
"title": "Barcelona"
},
{
"text": "Bellettis first and only goal with Barcelona was the winner in the 2006 UEFA Champions League Final . On 17 May 2006 at the Stade de France in Paris , Barcelona played English club Arsenal , Oleguer started over Belletti , who was on the substitute bench . When manager Frank Rijkaard eventually brought him on for Oleguer , Belletti scored the second goal in a 2–1 come-from-behind win to give Barça the Champions League crown .",
"title": "Barcelona"
},
{
"text": " Bellettis third season was marked by injuries , and competition from new rival Gianluca Zambrotta proved too much for him . He played very little in Barcelonas season that ended without silverware .",
"title": "Barcelona"
},
{
"text": " On 23 August 2007 , Chelsea officially announced that Belletti had signed a three-year contract after the player agreed personal terms and passed a medical . He made his Premier League debut on 25 August when he came on as a substitute for John Obi Mikel in the 64th minute of their home game against Portsmouth , a 4–0 victory .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "He made his first start for Chelsea against Aston Villa away at Villa Park . Despite a strong debut , Chelsea lost the game 2–0 . Following the departure of José Mourinho , Belletti became a regular starter in the right-back position for Premier League , Champions League , and League Cup games , facing competition from Paulo Ferreira and Michael Essien for his place in the team . In his first season at Chelsea , Belletti scored two goals , both shots from long-range , the first away at Wigan Athletic in November 2007 and the second at Stamford",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "Bridge against Tottenham Hotspur in January 2008 . The latter was eventually voted by Chelsea supporters as Chelsea Goal of the Season in 2007–08 .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " On 21 May 2008 , in the 2008 Champions League final against Manchester United at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow , Belletti came on for Claude Makélélé , who had been booked on 120 minutes just before penalties . During the penalty shootout , Belletti scored Chelseas second spot kick with his first touch in the game , although Manchester United won the trophy .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "José Bosingwas arrival at Chelsea at the start of the 2008–09 season caused Belletti to relinquish the right-back position . However , new manager Luiz Felipe Scolari instead deployed Belletti as a utility player , providing valuable back-up in the central midfield , defensive midfield and right wing positions . His long-range shots gave him cult status among Chelsea supporters . In October 2008 , he added to his collection of spectacular goals with a powerful shot from 30 yards into the top corner against Middlesbrough at the Riverside Stadium , his fourth league goal for the club . Belletti",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "scored his third goal of the 2008–09 season against Stoke City to draw the teams level before teammate Frank Lampard scored the winner in the dying seconds .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "A year later , in January 2010 , Belletti was linked with a move to Flamengo in his native Brazil , but the Blues rejected their offer . In Chelseas game against Preston North End in the FA Cup fourth round , Belletti hobbled off the ground with a knee injury just 20 minutes in and was replaced by Florent Malouda . On 27 February 2010 , Belletti was sent off for a professional foul on Manchester City midfielder Gareth Barry to concede a penalty , a match City won 4–2 at Stamford Bridge . Belletti came on as a",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "substitute in the final game of the 2009–10 Premier League season , where a Chelsea win ensured they won the title . A week later , Belletti came on as a substitute for the injured Michael Ballack in the 2010 FA Cup Final against Portsmouth . Despite committing a foul which that gave Portsmouth a penalty , Belletti was ultimately on the winning team as Chelsea won 1–0 .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " On 9 June 2010 , Chelsea announced that Belletti was one of three players whose contract would not be renewed upon their expiry in the summer , meaning that Belletti leaves Chelsea on a free transfer . He left Chelsea with a Premier League winners medal , two FA Cup winners medals and was considered a cult hero by Chelsea supporters for his long range goals and excellent work rate . He made a total of 94 appearances , scoring five goals .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " Following his release from Chelsea , he signed a two-year contract for Fluminense back in Brazil on 14 July 2010 . Struggling with several injuries and being unable to find a spot in the starting line-up , Belletti had his contract ended on 15 March 2011 . He played nine matches with Fluminense , starting only three .",
"title": "Fluminense"
},
{
"text": " On 15 June 2011 , Belletti signed a one-year contract with Ceará but just 12 days later , on 27 June , announced his retirement via Twitter . He confessed that he had failed to recover from a serious Achilles tendon injury .",
"title": "Retirement"
},
{
"text": " Belletti was called up for the first time in 1995 by then-head coach Zagallo to play for the Brazilian national team . However , his debut would only come in 2001 , becoming the second choice for the right-back position behind Cafu . Belletti was part of 2002 FIFA World Cup-winning squad , playing the semi-final match against Turkey after replacing Kléberson in the second half .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " - La Liga : 2004–05 , 2005–06 - Supercopa de España : 2005 , 2006 - UEFA Champions League : 2005–06",
"title": "Barcelona"
},
{
"text": " - Premier League : 2009–10 - FA Cup : 2008–09 , 2009–10 - FA Community Shield : 2009 - UEFA Champions League runner-up : 2007–08",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " - FIFA World Cup : 2002",
"title": "Brazil"
}
] |
/wiki/Juliano_Belletti#P54#4
|
Which team did the player Juliano Belletti belong to between Feb 2004 and Jul 2004?
|
Juliano Belletti Juliano Haus Belletti ( born 20 June 1976 ) is a Brazilian former professional footballer who mostly played as a right back . He was awarded the Silver Ball by Placar for his performances for Atlético Mineiro during the 1999 Brasileiro Série A . Club career . Early career . Born in Cascavel , Belletti started his career playing as a central midfielder in Brazil for the youth team of Cruzeiro in 1992 . His professional debut happened in November 1994 . In March 1996 , he was involved in a deal that sent him and Serginho to São Paulo FC in exchange for five players : Aílton , Donizete , Gilmar , Palhinha and Vítor . Playing for São Paulo , he eventually became a right-back . Belletti , is of Italian ancestry and his family has its origins in Longiano in the Province of Forlì-Cesena , and he holds an Italian passport . He also has origins in Bastiglia in the Province of Modena and Mantua . In 1999 , he was loaned to Atlético Mineiro . Playing as an attacking-midfielder , Belletti helped the club to finish second in the Brazilian League and managed to win the Bola de Prata ( Silver Ball ) , an award handed by Placar magazine to the players nominated to the Brazilian League Squad of the Year . After returning to São Paulo , he became a regular in the Brazil national team by playing in the right-back position once again . Rumours linked him with a move to La Liga side Valencia in 2001 , but the move fell apart at the last minute . He eventually moved to Europe the following year , signing a five-year contract with Valencias local rivals , Villarreal , while on international duty with Brazil at the 2002 FIFA World Cup . In 2004 , after a successful spell at Villarreal , he signed for Barcelona where he became the first-choice right-back and a key set-piece taker in the squad . Barcelona . After winning the Liga title in his first season , Belletti gradually fell out of favour both in Barcelona and in the national team . From being a regular in the 2004–05 season , he faced tough competition from fellow right-back Oleguer and spent his second season in-and-out of the first team . Bellettis first and only goal with Barcelona was the winner in the 2006 UEFA Champions League Final . On 17 May 2006 at the Stade de France in Paris , Barcelona played English club Arsenal , Oleguer started over Belletti , who was on the substitute bench . When manager Frank Rijkaard eventually brought him on for Oleguer , Belletti scored the second goal in a 2–1 come-from-behind win to give Barça the Champions League crown . Bellettis third season was marked by injuries , and competition from new rival Gianluca Zambrotta proved too much for him . He played very little in Barcelonas season that ended without silverware . Chelsea . On 23 August 2007 , Chelsea officially announced that Belletti had signed a three-year contract after the player agreed personal terms and passed a medical . He made his Premier League debut on 25 August when he came on as a substitute for John Obi Mikel in the 64th minute of their home game against Portsmouth , a 4–0 victory . He made his first start for Chelsea against Aston Villa away at Villa Park . Despite a strong debut , Chelsea lost the game 2–0 . Following the departure of José Mourinho , Belletti became a regular starter in the right-back position for Premier League , Champions League , and League Cup games , facing competition from Paulo Ferreira and Michael Essien for his place in the team . In his first season at Chelsea , Belletti scored two goals , both shots from long-range , the first away at Wigan Athletic in November 2007 and the second at Stamford Bridge against Tottenham Hotspur in January 2008 . The latter was eventually voted by Chelsea supporters as Chelsea Goal of the Season in 2007–08 . On 21 May 2008 , in the 2008 Champions League final against Manchester United at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow , Belletti came on for Claude Makélélé , who had been booked on 120 minutes just before penalties . During the penalty shootout , Belletti scored Chelseas second spot kick with his first touch in the game , although Manchester United won the trophy . José Bosingwas arrival at Chelsea at the start of the 2008–09 season caused Belletti to relinquish the right-back position . However , new manager Luiz Felipe Scolari instead deployed Belletti as a utility player , providing valuable back-up in the central midfield , defensive midfield and right wing positions . His long-range shots gave him cult status among Chelsea supporters . In October 2008 , he added to his collection of spectacular goals with a powerful shot from 30 yards into the top corner against Middlesbrough at the Riverside Stadium , his fourth league goal for the club . Belletti scored his third goal of the 2008–09 season against Stoke City to draw the teams level before teammate Frank Lampard scored the winner in the dying seconds . A year later , in January 2010 , Belletti was linked with a move to Flamengo in his native Brazil , but the Blues rejected their offer . In Chelseas game against Preston North End in the FA Cup fourth round , Belletti hobbled off the ground with a knee injury just 20 minutes in and was replaced by Florent Malouda . On 27 February 2010 , Belletti was sent off for a professional foul on Manchester City midfielder Gareth Barry to concede a penalty , a match City won 4–2 at Stamford Bridge . Belletti came on as a substitute in the final game of the 2009–10 Premier League season , where a Chelsea win ensured they won the title . A week later , Belletti came on as a substitute for the injured Michael Ballack in the 2010 FA Cup Final against Portsmouth . Despite committing a foul which that gave Portsmouth a penalty , Belletti was ultimately on the winning team as Chelsea won 1–0 . On 9 June 2010 , Chelsea announced that Belletti was one of three players whose contract would not be renewed upon their expiry in the summer , meaning that Belletti leaves Chelsea on a free transfer . He left Chelsea with a Premier League winners medal , two FA Cup winners medals and was considered a cult hero by Chelsea supporters for his long range goals and excellent work rate . He made a total of 94 appearances , scoring five goals . Fluminense . Following his release from Chelsea , he signed a two-year contract for Fluminense back in Brazil on 14 July 2010 . Struggling with several injuries and being unable to find a spot in the starting line-up , Belletti had his contract ended on 15 March 2011 . He played nine matches with Fluminense , starting only three . Retirement . On 15 June 2011 , Belletti signed a one-year contract with Ceará but just 12 days later , on 27 June , announced his retirement via Twitter . He confessed that he had failed to recover from a serious Achilles tendon injury . International career . Belletti was called up for the first time in 1995 by then-head coach Zagallo to play for the Brazilian national team . However , his debut would only come in 2001 , becoming the second choice for the right-back position behind Cafu . Belletti was part of 2002 FIFA World Cup-winning squad , playing the semi-final match against Turkey after replacing Kléberson in the second half . Career statistics . Club . - Notes Honours . São Paulo - São Paulo State Championship : 1998 , 2000 Villarreal - UEFA Intertoto Cup : 2003 Barcelona - La Liga : 2004–05 , 2005–06 - Supercopa de España : 2005 , 2006 - UEFA Champions League : 2005–06 Chelsea - Premier League : 2009–10 - FA Cup : 2008–09 , 2009–10 - FA Community Shield : 2009 - UEFA Champions League runner-up : 2007–08 Fluminense - Campeonato Brasileiro Série A : 2010 Brazil - FIFA World Cup : 2002
|
[
"Barcelona"
] |
[
{
"text": " Juliano Haus Belletti ( born 20 June 1976 ) is a Brazilian former professional footballer who mostly played as a right back . He was awarded the Silver Ball by Placar for his performances for Atlético Mineiro during the 1999 Brasileiro Série A .",
"title": "Juliano Belletti"
},
{
"text": " Born in Cascavel , Belletti started his career playing as a central midfielder in Brazil for the youth team of Cruzeiro in 1992 . His professional debut happened in November 1994 . In March 1996 , he was involved in a deal that sent him and Serginho to São Paulo FC in exchange for five players : Aílton , Donizete , Gilmar , Palhinha and Vítor . Playing for São Paulo , he eventually became a right-back .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Belletti , is of Italian ancestry and his family has its origins in Longiano in the Province of Forlì-Cesena , and he holds an Italian passport . He also has origins in Bastiglia in the Province of Modena and Mantua .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " In 1999 , he was loaned to Atlético Mineiro . Playing as an attacking-midfielder , Belletti helped the club to finish second in the Brazilian League and managed to win the Bola de Prata ( Silver Ball ) , an award handed by Placar magazine to the players nominated to the Brazilian League Squad of the Year .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "After returning to São Paulo , he became a regular in the Brazil national team by playing in the right-back position once again . Rumours linked him with a move to La Liga side Valencia in 2001 , but the move fell apart at the last minute . He eventually moved to Europe the following year , signing a five-year contract with Valencias local rivals , Villarreal , while on international duty with Brazil at the 2002 FIFA World Cup . In 2004 , after a successful spell at Villarreal , he signed for Barcelona where he became the first-choice",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "right-back and a key set-piece taker in the squad .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " After winning the Liga title in his first season , Belletti gradually fell out of favour both in Barcelona and in the national team . From being a regular in the 2004–05 season , he faced tough competition from fellow right-back Oleguer and spent his second season in-and-out of the first team .",
"title": "Barcelona"
},
{
"text": "Bellettis first and only goal with Barcelona was the winner in the 2006 UEFA Champions League Final . On 17 May 2006 at the Stade de France in Paris , Barcelona played English club Arsenal , Oleguer started over Belletti , who was on the substitute bench . When manager Frank Rijkaard eventually brought him on for Oleguer , Belletti scored the second goal in a 2–1 come-from-behind win to give Barça the Champions League crown .",
"title": "Barcelona"
},
{
"text": " Bellettis third season was marked by injuries , and competition from new rival Gianluca Zambrotta proved too much for him . He played very little in Barcelonas season that ended without silverware .",
"title": "Barcelona"
},
{
"text": " On 23 August 2007 , Chelsea officially announced that Belletti had signed a three-year contract after the player agreed personal terms and passed a medical . He made his Premier League debut on 25 August when he came on as a substitute for John Obi Mikel in the 64th minute of their home game against Portsmouth , a 4–0 victory .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "He made his first start for Chelsea against Aston Villa away at Villa Park . Despite a strong debut , Chelsea lost the game 2–0 . Following the departure of José Mourinho , Belletti became a regular starter in the right-back position for Premier League , Champions League , and League Cup games , facing competition from Paulo Ferreira and Michael Essien for his place in the team . In his first season at Chelsea , Belletti scored two goals , both shots from long-range , the first away at Wigan Athletic in November 2007 and the second at Stamford",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "Bridge against Tottenham Hotspur in January 2008 . The latter was eventually voted by Chelsea supporters as Chelsea Goal of the Season in 2007–08 .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " On 21 May 2008 , in the 2008 Champions League final against Manchester United at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow , Belletti came on for Claude Makélélé , who had been booked on 120 minutes just before penalties . During the penalty shootout , Belletti scored Chelseas second spot kick with his first touch in the game , although Manchester United won the trophy .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "José Bosingwas arrival at Chelsea at the start of the 2008–09 season caused Belletti to relinquish the right-back position . However , new manager Luiz Felipe Scolari instead deployed Belletti as a utility player , providing valuable back-up in the central midfield , defensive midfield and right wing positions . His long-range shots gave him cult status among Chelsea supporters . In October 2008 , he added to his collection of spectacular goals with a powerful shot from 30 yards into the top corner against Middlesbrough at the Riverside Stadium , his fourth league goal for the club . Belletti",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "scored his third goal of the 2008–09 season against Stoke City to draw the teams level before teammate Frank Lampard scored the winner in the dying seconds .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "A year later , in January 2010 , Belletti was linked with a move to Flamengo in his native Brazil , but the Blues rejected their offer . In Chelseas game against Preston North End in the FA Cup fourth round , Belletti hobbled off the ground with a knee injury just 20 minutes in and was replaced by Florent Malouda . On 27 February 2010 , Belletti was sent off for a professional foul on Manchester City midfielder Gareth Barry to concede a penalty , a match City won 4–2 at Stamford Bridge . Belletti came on as a",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "substitute in the final game of the 2009–10 Premier League season , where a Chelsea win ensured they won the title . A week later , Belletti came on as a substitute for the injured Michael Ballack in the 2010 FA Cup Final against Portsmouth . Despite committing a foul which that gave Portsmouth a penalty , Belletti was ultimately on the winning team as Chelsea won 1–0 .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " On 9 June 2010 , Chelsea announced that Belletti was one of three players whose contract would not be renewed upon their expiry in the summer , meaning that Belletti leaves Chelsea on a free transfer . He left Chelsea with a Premier League winners medal , two FA Cup winners medals and was considered a cult hero by Chelsea supporters for his long range goals and excellent work rate . He made a total of 94 appearances , scoring five goals .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " Following his release from Chelsea , he signed a two-year contract for Fluminense back in Brazil on 14 July 2010 . Struggling with several injuries and being unable to find a spot in the starting line-up , Belletti had his contract ended on 15 March 2011 . He played nine matches with Fluminense , starting only three .",
"title": "Fluminense"
},
{
"text": " On 15 June 2011 , Belletti signed a one-year contract with Ceará but just 12 days later , on 27 June , announced his retirement via Twitter . He confessed that he had failed to recover from a serious Achilles tendon injury .",
"title": "Retirement"
},
{
"text": " Belletti was called up for the first time in 1995 by then-head coach Zagallo to play for the Brazilian national team . However , his debut would only come in 2001 , becoming the second choice for the right-back position behind Cafu . Belletti was part of 2002 FIFA World Cup-winning squad , playing the semi-final match against Turkey after replacing Kléberson in the second half .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " - La Liga : 2004–05 , 2005–06 - Supercopa de España : 2005 , 2006 - UEFA Champions League : 2005–06",
"title": "Barcelona"
},
{
"text": " - Premier League : 2009–10 - FA Cup : 2008–09 , 2009–10 - FA Community Shield : 2009 - UEFA Champions League runner-up : 2007–08",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " - FIFA World Cup : 2002",
"title": "Brazil"
}
] |
/wiki/Juliano_Belletti#P54#5
|
Which team did the player Juliano Belletti belong to in 2005?
|
Juliano Belletti Juliano Haus Belletti ( born 20 June 1976 ) is a Brazilian former professional footballer who mostly played as a right back . He was awarded the Silver Ball by Placar for his performances for Atlético Mineiro during the 1999 Brasileiro Série A . Club career . Early career . Born in Cascavel , Belletti started his career playing as a central midfielder in Brazil for the youth team of Cruzeiro in 1992 . His professional debut happened in November 1994 . In March 1996 , he was involved in a deal that sent him and Serginho to São Paulo FC in exchange for five players : Aílton , Donizete , Gilmar , Palhinha and Vítor . Playing for São Paulo , he eventually became a right-back . Belletti , is of Italian ancestry and his family has its origins in Longiano in the Province of Forlì-Cesena , and he holds an Italian passport . He also has origins in Bastiglia in the Province of Modena and Mantua . In 1999 , he was loaned to Atlético Mineiro . Playing as an attacking-midfielder , Belletti helped the club to finish second in the Brazilian League and managed to win the Bola de Prata ( Silver Ball ) , an award handed by Placar magazine to the players nominated to the Brazilian League Squad of the Year . After returning to São Paulo , he became a regular in the Brazil national team by playing in the right-back position once again . Rumours linked him with a move to La Liga side Valencia in 2001 , but the move fell apart at the last minute . He eventually moved to Europe the following year , signing a five-year contract with Valencias local rivals , Villarreal , while on international duty with Brazil at the 2002 FIFA World Cup . In 2004 , after a successful spell at Villarreal , he signed for Barcelona where he became the first-choice right-back and a key set-piece taker in the squad . Barcelona . After winning the Liga title in his first season , Belletti gradually fell out of favour both in Barcelona and in the national team . From being a regular in the 2004–05 season , he faced tough competition from fellow right-back Oleguer and spent his second season in-and-out of the first team . Bellettis first and only goal with Barcelona was the winner in the 2006 UEFA Champions League Final . On 17 May 2006 at the Stade de France in Paris , Barcelona played English club Arsenal , Oleguer started over Belletti , who was on the substitute bench . When manager Frank Rijkaard eventually brought him on for Oleguer , Belletti scored the second goal in a 2–1 come-from-behind win to give Barça the Champions League crown . Bellettis third season was marked by injuries , and competition from new rival Gianluca Zambrotta proved too much for him . He played very little in Barcelonas season that ended without silverware . Chelsea . On 23 August 2007 , Chelsea officially announced that Belletti had signed a three-year contract after the player agreed personal terms and passed a medical . He made his Premier League debut on 25 August when he came on as a substitute for John Obi Mikel in the 64th minute of their home game against Portsmouth , a 4–0 victory . He made his first start for Chelsea against Aston Villa away at Villa Park . Despite a strong debut , Chelsea lost the game 2–0 . Following the departure of José Mourinho , Belletti became a regular starter in the right-back position for Premier League , Champions League , and League Cup games , facing competition from Paulo Ferreira and Michael Essien for his place in the team . In his first season at Chelsea , Belletti scored two goals , both shots from long-range , the first away at Wigan Athletic in November 2007 and the second at Stamford Bridge against Tottenham Hotspur in January 2008 . The latter was eventually voted by Chelsea supporters as Chelsea Goal of the Season in 2007–08 . On 21 May 2008 , in the 2008 Champions League final against Manchester United at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow , Belletti came on for Claude Makélélé , who had been booked on 120 minutes just before penalties . During the penalty shootout , Belletti scored Chelseas second spot kick with his first touch in the game , although Manchester United won the trophy . José Bosingwas arrival at Chelsea at the start of the 2008–09 season caused Belletti to relinquish the right-back position . However , new manager Luiz Felipe Scolari instead deployed Belletti as a utility player , providing valuable back-up in the central midfield , defensive midfield and right wing positions . His long-range shots gave him cult status among Chelsea supporters . In October 2008 , he added to his collection of spectacular goals with a powerful shot from 30 yards into the top corner against Middlesbrough at the Riverside Stadium , his fourth league goal for the club . Belletti scored his third goal of the 2008–09 season against Stoke City to draw the teams level before teammate Frank Lampard scored the winner in the dying seconds . A year later , in January 2010 , Belletti was linked with a move to Flamengo in his native Brazil , but the Blues rejected their offer . In Chelseas game against Preston North End in the FA Cup fourth round , Belletti hobbled off the ground with a knee injury just 20 minutes in and was replaced by Florent Malouda . On 27 February 2010 , Belletti was sent off for a professional foul on Manchester City midfielder Gareth Barry to concede a penalty , a match City won 4–2 at Stamford Bridge . Belletti came on as a substitute in the final game of the 2009–10 Premier League season , where a Chelsea win ensured they won the title . A week later , Belletti came on as a substitute for the injured Michael Ballack in the 2010 FA Cup Final against Portsmouth . Despite committing a foul which that gave Portsmouth a penalty , Belletti was ultimately on the winning team as Chelsea won 1–0 . On 9 June 2010 , Chelsea announced that Belletti was one of three players whose contract would not be renewed upon their expiry in the summer , meaning that Belletti leaves Chelsea on a free transfer . He left Chelsea with a Premier League winners medal , two FA Cup winners medals and was considered a cult hero by Chelsea supporters for his long range goals and excellent work rate . He made a total of 94 appearances , scoring five goals . Fluminense . Following his release from Chelsea , he signed a two-year contract for Fluminense back in Brazil on 14 July 2010 . Struggling with several injuries and being unable to find a spot in the starting line-up , Belletti had his contract ended on 15 March 2011 . He played nine matches with Fluminense , starting only three . Retirement . On 15 June 2011 , Belletti signed a one-year contract with Ceará but just 12 days later , on 27 June , announced his retirement via Twitter . He confessed that he had failed to recover from a serious Achilles tendon injury . International career . Belletti was called up for the first time in 1995 by then-head coach Zagallo to play for the Brazilian national team . However , his debut would only come in 2001 , becoming the second choice for the right-back position behind Cafu . Belletti was part of 2002 FIFA World Cup-winning squad , playing the semi-final match against Turkey after replacing Kléberson in the second half . Career statistics . Club . - Notes Honours . São Paulo - São Paulo State Championship : 1998 , 2000 Villarreal - UEFA Intertoto Cup : 2003 Barcelona - La Liga : 2004–05 , 2005–06 - Supercopa de España : 2005 , 2006 - UEFA Champions League : 2005–06 Chelsea - Premier League : 2009–10 - FA Cup : 2008–09 , 2009–10 - FA Community Shield : 2009 - UEFA Champions League runner-up : 2007–08 Fluminense - Campeonato Brasileiro Série A : 2010 Brazil - FIFA World Cup : 2002
|
[
"Barcelona"
] |
[
{
"text": " Juliano Haus Belletti ( born 20 June 1976 ) is a Brazilian former professional footballer who mostly played as a right back . He was awarded the Silver Ball by Placar for his performances for Atlético Mineiro during the 1999 Brasileiro Série A .",
"title": "Juliano Belletti"
},
{
"text": " Born in Cascavel , Belletti started his career playing as a central midfielder in Brazil for the youth team of Cruzeiro in 1992 . His professional debut happened in November 1994 . In March 1996 , he was involved in a deal that sent him and Serginho to São Paulo FC in exchange for five players : Aílton , Donizete , Gilmar , Palhinha and Vítor . Playing for São Paulo , he eventually became a right-back .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Belletti , is of Italian ancestry and his family has its origins in Longiano in the Province of Forlì-Cesena , and he holds an Italian passport . He also has origins in Bastiglia in the Province of Modena and Mantua .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " In 1999 , he was loaned to Atlético Mineiro . Playing as an attacking-midfielder , Belletti helped the club to finish second in the Brazilian League and managed to win the Bola de Prata ( Silver Ball ) , an award handed by Placar magazine to the players nominated to the Brazilian League Squad of the Year .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "After returning to São Paulo , he became a regular in the Brazil national team by playing in the right-back position once again . Rumours linked him with a move to La Liga side Valencia in 2001 , but the move fell apart at the last minute . He eventually moved to Europe the following year , signing a five-year contract with Valencias local rivals , Villarreal , while on international duty with Brazil at the 2002 FIFA World Cup . In 2004 , after a successful spell at Villarreal , he signed for Barcelona where he became the first-choice",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "right-back and a key set-piece taker in the squad .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " After winning the Liga title in his first season , Belletti gradually fell out of favour both in Barcelona and in the national team . From being a regular in the 2004–05 season , he faced tough competition from fellow right-back Oleguer and spent his second season in-and-out of the first team .",
"title": "Barcelona"
},
{
"text": "Bellettis first and only goal with Barcelona was the winner in the 2006 UEFA Champions League Final . On 17 May 2006 at the Stade de France in Paris , Barcelona played English club Arsenal , Oleguer started over Belletti , who was on the substitute bench . When manager Frank Rijkaard eventually brought him on for Oleguer , Belletti scored the second goal in a 2–1 come-from-behind win to give Barça the Champions League crown .",
"title": "Barcelona"
},
{
"text": " Bellettis third season was marked by injuries , and competition from new rival Gianluca Zambrotta proved too much for him . He played very little in Barcelonas season that ended without silverware .",
"title": "Barcelona"
},
{
"text": " On 23 August 2007 , Chelsea officially announced that Belletti had signed a three-year contract after the player agreed personal terms and passed a medical . He made his Premier League debut on 25 August when he came on as a substitute for John Obi Mikel in the 64th minute of their home game against Portsmouth , a 4–0 victory .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "He made his first start for Chelsea against Aston Villa away at Villa Park . Despite a strong debut , Chelsea lost the game 2–0 . Following the departure of José Mourinho , Belletti became a regular starter in the right-back position for Premier League , Champions League , and League Cup games , facing competition from Paulo Ferreira and Michael Essien for his place in the team . In his first season at Chelsea , Belletti scored two goals , both shots from long-range , the first away at Wigan Athletic in November 2007 and the second at Stamford",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "Bridge against Tottenham Hotspur in January 2008 . The latter was eventually voted by Chelsea supporters as Chelsea Goal of the Season in 2007–08 .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " On 21 May 2008 , in the 2008 Champions League final against Manchester United at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow , Belletti came on for Claude Makélélé , who had been booked on 120 minutes just before penalties . During the penalty shootout , Belletti scored Chelseas second spot kick with his first touch in the game , although Manchester United won the trophy .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "José Bosingwas arrival at Chelsea at the start of the 2008–09 season caused Belletti to relinquish the right-back position . However , new manager Luiz Felipe Scolari instead deployed Belletti as a utility player , providing valuable back-up in the central midfield , defensive midfield and right wing positions . His long-range shots gave him cult status among Chelsea supporters . In October 2008 , he added to his collection of spectacular goals with a powerful shot from 30 yards into the top corner against Middlesbrough at the Riverside Stadium , his fourth league goal for the club . Belletti",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "scored his third goal of the 2008–09 season against Stoke City to draw the teams level before teammate Frank Lampard scored the winner in the dying seconds .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "A year later , in January 2010 , Belletti was linked with a move to Flamengo in his native Brazil , but the Blues rejected their offer . In Chelseas game against Preston North End in the FA Cup fourth round , Belletti hobbled off the ground with a knee injury just 20 minutes in and was replaced by Florent Malouda . On 27 February 2010 , Belletti was sent off for a professional foul on Manchester City midfielder Gareth Barry to concede a penalty , a match City won 4–2 at Stamford Bridge . Belletti came on as a",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "substitute in the final game of the 2009–10 Premier League season , where a Chelsea win ensured they won the title . A week later , Belletti came on as a substitute for the injured Michael Ballack in the 2010 FA Cup Final against Portsmouth . Despite committing a foul which that gave Portsmouth a penalty , Belletti was ultimately on the winning team as Chelsea won 1–0 .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " On 9 June 2010 , Chelsea announced that Belletti was one of three players whose contract would not be renewed upon their expiry in the summer , meaning that Belletti leaves Chelsea on a free transfer . He left Chelsea with a Premier League winners medal , two FA Cup winners medals and was considered a cult hero by Chelsea supporters for his long range goals and excellent work rate . He made a total of 94 appearances , scoring five goals .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " Following his release from Chelsea , he signed a two-year contract for Fluminense back in Brazil on 14 July 2010 . Struggling with several injuries and being unable to find a spot in the starting line-up , Belletti had his contract ended on 15 March 2011 . He played nine matches with Fluminense , starting only three .",
"title": "Fluminense"
},
{
"text": " On 15 June 2011 , Belletti signed a one-year contract with Ceará but just 12 days later , on 27 June , announced his retirement via Twitter . He confessed that he had failed to recover from a serious Achilles tendon injury .",
"title": "Retirement"
},
{
"text": " Belletti was called up for the first time in 1995 by then-head coach Zagallo to play for the Brazilian national team . However , his debut would only come in 2001 , becoming the second choice for the right-back position behind Cafu . Belletti was part of 2002 FIFA World Cup-winning squad , playing the semi-final match against Turkey after replacing Kléberson in the second half .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " - La Liga : 2004–05 , 2005–06 - Supercopa de España : 2005 , 2006 - UEFA Champions League : 2005–06",
"title": "Barcelona"
},
{
"text": " - Premier League : 2009–10 - FA Cup : 2008–09 , 2009–10 - FA Community Shield : 2009 - UEFA Champions League runner-up : 2007–08",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " - FIFA World Cup : 2002",
"title": "Brazil"
}
] |
/wiki/Juliano_Belletti#P54#6
|
Which team did the player Juliano Belletti belong to between Oct 2007 and Jan 2008?
|
Juliano Belletti Juliano Haus Belletti ( born 20 June 1976 ) is a Brazilian former professional footballer who mostly played as a right back . He was awarded the Silver Ball by Placar for his performances for Atlético Mineiro during the 1999 Brasileiro Série A . Club career . Early career . Born in Cascavel , Belletti started his career playing as a central midfielder in Brazil for the youth team of Cruzeiro in 1992 . His professional debut happened in November 1994 . In March 1996 , he was involved in a deal that sent him and Serginho to São Paulo FC in exchange for five players : Aílton , Donizete , Gilmar , Palhinha and Vítor . Playing for São Paulo , he eventually became a right-back . Belletti , is of Italian ancestry and his family has its origins in Longiano in the Province of Forlì-Cesena , and he holds an Italian passport . He also has origins in Bastiglia in the Province of Modena and Mantua . In 1999 , he was loaned to Atlético Mineiro . Playing as an attacking-midfielder , Belletti helped the club to finish second in the Brazilian League and managed to win the Bola de Prata ( Silver Ball ) , an award handed by Placar magazine to the players nominated to the Brazilian League Squad of the Year . After returning to São Paulo , he became a regular in the Brazil national team by playing in the right-back position once again . Rumours linked him with a move to La Liga side Valencia in 2001 , but the move fell apart at the last minute . He eventually moved to Europe the following year , signing a five-year contract with Valencias local rivals , Villarreal , while on international duty with Brazil at the 2002 FIFA World Cup . In 2004 , after a successful spell at Villarreal , he signed for Barcelona where he became the first-choice right-back and a key set-piece taker in the squad . Barcelona . After winning the Liga title in his first season , Belletti gradually fell out of favour both in Barcelona and in the national team . From being a regular in the 2004–05 season , he faced tough competition from fellow right-back Oleguer and spent his second season in-and-out of the first team . Bellettis first and only goal with Barcelona was the winner in the 2006 UEFA Champions League Final . On 17 May 2006 at the Stade de France in Paris , Barcelona played English club Arsenal , Oleguer started over Belletti , who was on the substitute bench . When manager Frank Rijkaard eventually brought him on for Oleguer , Belletti scored the second goal in a 2–1 come-from-behind win to give Barça the Champions League crown . Bellettis third season was marked by injuries , and competition from new rival Gianluca Zambrotta proved too much for him . He played very little in Barcelonas season that ended without silverware . Chelsea . On 23 August 2007 , Chelsea officially announced that Belletti had signed a three-year contract after the player agreed personal terms and passed a medical . He made his Premier League debut on 25 August when he came on as a substitute for John Obi Mikel in the 64th minute of their home game against Portsmouth , a 4–0 victory . He made his first start for Chelsea against Aston Villa away at Villa Park . Despite a strong debut , Chelsea lost the game 2–0 . Following the departure of José Mourinho , Belletti became a regular starter in the right-back position for Premier League , Champions League , and League Cup games , facing competition from Paulo Ferreira and Michael Essien for his place in the team . In his first season at Chelsea , Belletti scored two goals , both shots from long-range , the first away at Wigan Athletic in November 2007 and the second at Stamford Bridge against Tottenham Hotspur in January 2008 . The latter was eventually voted by Chelsea supporters as Chelsea Goal of the Season in 2007–08 . On 21 May 2008 , in the 2008 Champions League final against Manchester United at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow , Belletti came on for Claude Makélélé , who had been booked on 120 minutes just before penalties . During the penalty shootout , Belletti scored Chelseas second spot kick with his first touch in the game , although Manchester United won the trophy . José Bosingwas arrival at Chelsea at the start of the 2008–09 season caused Belletti to relinquish the right-back position . However , new manager Luiz Felipe Scolari instead deployed Belletti as a utility player , providing valuable back-up in the central midfield , defensive midfield and right wing positions . His long-range shots gave him cult status among Chelsea supporters . In October 2008 , he added to his collection of spectacular goals with a powerful shot from 30 yards into the top corner against Middlesbrough at the Riverside Stadium , his fourth league goal for the club . Belletti scored his third goal of the 2008–09 season against Stoke City to draw the teams level before teammate Frank Lampard scored the winner in the dying seconds . A year later , in January 2010 , Belletti was linked with a move to Flamengo in his native Brazil , but the Blues rejected their offer . In Chelseas game against Preston North End in the FA Cup fourth round , Belletti hobbled off the ground with a knee injury just 20 minutes in and was replaced by Florent Malouda . On 27 February 2010 , Belletti was sent off for a professional foul on Manchester City midfielder Gareth Barry to concede a penalty , a match City won 4–2 at Stamford Bridge . Belletti came on as a substitute in the final game of the 2009–10 Premier League season , where a Chelsea win ensured they won the title . A week later , Belletti came on as a substitute for the injured Michael Ballack in the 2010 FA Cup Final against Portsmouth . Despite committing a foul which that gave Portsmouth a penalty , Belletti was ultimately on the winning team as Chelsea won 1–0 . On 9 June 2010 , Chelsea announced that Belletti was one of three players whose contract would not be renewed upon their expiry in the summer , meaning that Belletti leaves Chelsea on a free transfer . He left Chelsea with a Premier League winners medal , two FA Cup winners medals and was considered a cult hero by Chelsea supporters for his long range goals and excellent work rate . He made a total of 94 appearances , scoring five goals . Fluminense . Following his release from Chelsea , he signed a two-year contract for Fluminense back in Brazil on 14 July 2010 . Struggling with several injuries and being unable to find a spot in the starting line-up , Belletti had his contract ended on 15 March 2011 . He played nine matches with Fluminense , starting only three . Retirement . On 15 June 2011 , Belletti signed a one-year contract with Ceará but just 12 days later , on 27 June , announced his retirement via Twitter . He confessed that he had failed to recover from a serious Achilles tendon injury . International career . Belletti was called up for the first time in 1995 by then-head coach Zagallo to play for the Brazilian national team . However , his debut would only come in 2001 , becoming the second choice for the right-back position behind Cafu . Belletti was part of 2002 FIFA World Cup-winning squad , playing the semi-final match against Turkey after replacing Kléberson in the second half . Career statistics . Club . - Notes Honours . São Paulo - São Paulo State Championship : 1998 , 2000 Villarreal - UEFA Intertoto Cup : 2003 Barcelona - La Liga : 2004–05 , 2005–06 - Supercopa de España : 2005 , 2006 - UEFA Champions League : 2005–06 Chelsea - Premier League : 2009–10 - FA Cup : 2008–09 , 2009–10 - FA Community Shield : 2009 - UEFA Champions League runner-up : 2007–08 Fluminense - Campeonato Brasileiro Série A : 2010 Brazil - FIFA World Cup : 2002
|
[
"Chelsea"
] |
[
{
"text": " Juliano Haus Belletti ( born 20 June 1976 ) is a Brazilian former professional footballer who mostly played as a right back . He was awarded the Silver Ball by Placar for his performances for Atlético Mineiro during the 1999 Brasileiro Série A .",
"title": "Juliano Belletti"
},
{
"text": " Born in Cascavel , Belletti started his career playing as a central midfielder in Brazil for the youth team of Cruzeiro in 1992 . His professional debut happened in November 1994 . In March 1996 , he was involved in a deal that sent him and Serginho to São Paulo FC in exchange for five players : Aílton , Donizete , Gilmar , Palhinha and Vítor . Playing for São Paulo , he eventually became a right-back .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Belletti , is of Italian ancestry and his family has its origins in Longiano in the Province of Forlì-Cesena , and he holds an Italian passport . He also has origins in Bastiglia in the Province of Modena and Mantua .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " In 1999 , he was loaned to Atlético Mineiro . Playing as an attacking-midfielder , Belletti helped the club to finish second in the Brazilian League and managed to win the Bola de Prata ( Silver Ball ) , an award handed by Placar magazine to the players nominated to the Brazilian League Squad of the Year .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "After returning to São Paulo , he became a regular in the Brazil national team by playing in the right-back position once again . Rumours linked him with a move to La Liga side Valencia in 2001 , but the move fell apart at the last minute . He eventually moved to Europe the following year , signing a five-year contract with Valencias local rivals , Villarreal , while on international duty with Brazil at the 2002 FIFA World Cup . In 2004 , after a successful spell at Villarreal , he signed for Barcelona where he became the first-choice",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "right-back and a key set-piece taker in the squad .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " After winning the Liga title in his first season , Belletti gradually fell out of favour both in Barcelona and in the national team . From being a regular in the 2004–05 season , he faced tough competition from fellow right-back Oleguer and spent his second season in-and-out of the first team .",
"title": "Barcelona"
},
{
"text": "Bellettis first and only goal with Barcelona was the winner in the 2006 UEFA Champions League Final . On 17 May 2006 at the Stade de France in Paris , Barcelona played English club Arsenal , Oleguer started over Belletti , who was on the substitute bench . When manager Frank Rijkaard eventually brought him on for Oleguer , Belletti scored the second goal in a 2–1 come-from-behind win to give Barça the Champions League crown .",
"title": "Barcelona"
},
{
"text": " Bellettis third season was marked by injuries , and competition from new rival Gianluca Zambrotta proved too much for him . He played very little in Barcelonas season that ended without silverware .",
"title": "Barcelona"
},
{
"text": " On 23 August 2007 , Chelsea officially announced that Belletti had signed a three-year contract after the player agreed personal terms and passed a medical . He made his Premier League debut on 25 August when he came on as a substitute for John Obi Mikel in the 64th minute of their home game against Portsmouth , a 4–0 victory .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "He made his first start for Chelsea against Aston Villa away at Villa Park . Despite a strong debut , Chelsea lost the game 2–0 . Following the departure of José Mourinho , Belletti became a regular starter in the right-back position for Premier League , Champions League , and League Cup games , facing competition from Paulo Ferreira and Michael Essien for his place in the team . In his first season at Chelsea , Belletti scored two goals , both shots from long-range , the first away at Wigan Athletic in November 2007 and the second at Stamford",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "Bridge against Tottenham Hotspur in January 2008 . The latter was eventually voted by Chelsea supporters as Chelsea Goal of the Season in 2007–08 .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " On 21 May 2008 , in the 2008 Champions League final against Manchester United at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow , Belletti came on for Claude Makélélé , who had been booked on 120 minutes just before penalties . During the penalty shootout , Belletti scored Chelseas second spot kick with his first touch in the game , although Manchester United won the trophy .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "José Bosingwas arrival at Chelsea at the start of the 2008–09 season caused Belletti to relinquish the right-back position . However , new manager Luiz Felipe Scolari instead deployed Belletti as a utility player , providing valuable back-up in the central midfield , defensive midfield and right wing positions . His long-range shots gave him cult status among Chelsea supporters . In October 2008 , he added to his collection of spectacular goals with a powerful shot from 30 yards into the top corner against Middlesbrough at the Riverside Stadium , his fourth league goal for the club . Belletti",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "scored his third goal of the 2008–09 season against Stoke City to draw the teams level before teammate Frank Lampard scored the winner in the dying seconds .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "A year later , in January 2010 , Belletti was linked with a move to Flamengo in his native Brazil , but the Blues rejected their offer . In Chelseas game against Preston North End in the FA Cup fourth round , Belletti hobbled off the ground with a knee injury just 20 minutes in and was replaced by Florent Malouda . On 27 February 2010 , Belletti was sent off for a professional foul on Manchester City midfielder Gareth Barry to concede a penalty , a match City won 4–2 at Stamford Bridge . Belletti came on as a",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "substitute in the final game of the 2009–10 Premier League season , where a Chelsea win ensured they won the title . A week later , Belletti came on as a substitute for the injured Michael Ballack in the 2010 FA Cup Final against Portsmouth . Despite committing a foul which that gave Portsmouth a penalty , Belletti was ultimately on the winning team as Chelsea won 1–0 .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " On 9 June 2010 , Chelsea announced that Belletti was one of three players whose contract would not be renewed upon their expiry in the summer , meaning that Belletti leaves Chelsea on a free transfer . He left Chelsea with a Premier League winners medal , two FA Cup winners medals and was considered a cult hero by Chelsea supporters for his long range goals and excellent work rate . He made a total of 94 appearances , scoring five goals .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " Following his release from Chelsea , he signed a two-year contract for Fluminense back in Brazil on 14 July 2010 . Struggling with several injuries and being unable to find a spot in the starting line-up , Belletti had his contract ended on 15 March 2011 . He played nine matches with Fluminense , starting only three .",
"title": "Fluminense"
},
{
"text": " On 15 June 2011 , Belletti signed a one-year contract with Ceará but just 12 days later , on 27 June , announced his retirement via Twitter . He confessed that he had failed to recover from a serious Achilles tendon injury .",
"title": "Retirement"
},
{
"text": " Belletti was called up for the first time in 1995 by then-head coach Zagallo to play for the Brazilian national team . However , his debut would only come in 2001 , becoming the second choice for the right-back position behind Cafu . Belletti was part of 2002 FIFA World Cup-winning squad , playing the semi-final match against Turkey after replacing Kléberson in the second half .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " - La Liga : 2004–05 , 2005–06 - Supercopa de España : 2005 , 2006 - UEFA Champions League : 2005–06",
"title": "Barcelona"
},
{
"text": " - Premier League : 2009–10 - FA Cup : 2008–09 , 2009–10 - FA Community Shield : 2009 - UEFA Champions League runner-up : 2007–08",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " - FIFA World Cup : 2002",
"title": "Brazil"
}
] |
/wiki/Juliano_Belletti#P54#7
|
Which team did the player Juliano Belletti belong to between Mar 2010 and Apr 2010?
|
Juliano Belletti Juliano Haus Belletti ( born 20 June 1976 ) is a Brazilian former professional footballer who mostly played as a right back . He was awarded the Silver Ball by Placar for his performances for Atlético Mineiro during the 1999 Brasileiro Série A . Club career . Early career . Born in Cascavel , Belletti started his career playing as a central midfielder in Brazil for the youth team of Cruzeiro in 1992 . His professional debut happened in November 1994 . In March 1996 , he was involved in a deal that sent him and Serginho to São Paulo FC in exchange for five players : Aílton , Donizete , Gilmar , Palhinha and Vítor . Playing for São Paulo , he eventually became a right-back . Belletti , is of Italian ancestry and his family has its origins in Longiano in the Province of Forlì-Cesena , and he holds an Italian passport . He also has origins in Bastiglia in the Province of Modena and Mantua . In 1999 , he was loaned to Atlético Mineiro . Playing as an attacking-midfielder , Belletti helped the club to finish second in the Brazilian League and managed to win the Bola de Prata ( Silver Ball ) , an award handed by Placar magazine to the players nominated to the Brazilian League Squad of the Year . After returning to São Paulo , he became a regular in the Brazil national team by playing in the right-back position once again . Rumours linked him with a move to La Liga side Valencia in 2001 , but the move fell apart at the last minute . He eventually moved to Europe the following year , signing a five-year contract with Valencias local rivals , Villarreal , while on international duty with Brazil at the 2002 FIFA World Cup . In 2004 , after a successful spell at Villarreal , he signed for Barcelona where he became the first-choice right-back and a key set-piece taker in the squad . Barcelona . After winning the Liga title in his first season , Belletti gradually fell out of favour both in Barcelona and in the national team . From being a regular in the 2004–05 season , he faced tough competition from fellow right-back Oleguer and spent his second season in-and-out of the first team . Bellettis first and only goal with Barcelona was the winner in the 2006 UEFA Champions League Final . On 17 May 2006 at the Stade de France in Paris , Barcelona played English club Arsenal , Oleguer started over Belletti , who was on the substitute bench . When manager Frank Rijkaard eventually brought him on for Oleguer , Belletti scored the second goal in a 2–1 come-from-behind win to give Barça the Champions League crown . Bellettis third season was marked by injuries , and competition from new rival Gianluca Zambrotta proved too much for him . He played very little in Barcelonas season that ended without silverware . Chelsea . On 23 August 2007 , Chelsea officially announced that Belletti had signed a three-year contract after the player agreed personal terms and passed a medical . He made his Premier League debut on 25 August when he came on as a substitute for John Obi Mikel in the 64th minute of their home game against Portsmouth , a 4–0 victory . He made his first start for Chelsea against Aston Villa away at Villa Park . Despite a strong debut , Chelsea lost the game 2–0 . Following the departure of José Mourinho , Belletti became a regular starter in the right-back position for Premier League , Champions League , and League Cup games , facing competition from Paulo Ferreira and Michael Essien for his place in the team . In his first season at Chelsea , Belletti scored two goals , both shots from long-range , the first away at Wigan Athletic in November 2007 and the second at Stamford Bridge against Tottenham Hotspur in January 2008 . The latter was eventually voted by Chelsea supporters as Chelsea Goal of the Season in 2007–08 . On 21 May 2008 , in the 2008 Champions League final against Manchester United at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow , Belletti came on for Claude Makélélé , who had been booked on 120 minutes just before penalties . During the penalty shootout , Belletti scored Chelseas second spot kick with his first touch in the game , although Manchester United won the trophy . José Bosingwas arrival at Chelsea at the start of the 2008–09 season caused Belletti to relinquish the right-back position . However , new manager Luiz Felipe Scolari instead deployed Belletti as a utility player , providing valuable back-up in the central midfield , defensive midfield and right wing positions . His long-range shots gave him cult status among Chelsea supporters . In October 2008 , he added to his collection of spectacular goals with a powerful shot from 30 yards into the top corner against Middlesbrough at the Riverside Stadium , his fourth league goal for the club . Belletti scored his third goal of the 2008–09 season against Stoke City to draw the teams level before teammate Frank Lampard scored the winner in the dying seconds . A year later , in January 2010 , Belletti was linked with a move to Flamengo in his native Brazil , but the Blues rejected their offer . In Chelseas game against Preston North End in the FA Cup fourth round , Belletti hobbled off the ground with a knee injury just 20 minutes in and was replaced by Florent Malouda . On 27 February 2010 , Belletti was sent off for a professional foul on Manchester City midfielder Gareth Barry to concede a penalty , a match City won 4–2 at Stamford Bridge . Belletti came on as a substitute in the final game of the 2009–10 Premier League season , where a Chelsea win ensured they won the title . A week later , Belletti came on as a substitute for the injured Michael Ballack in the 2010 FA Cup Final against Portsmouth . Despite committing a foul which that gave Portsmouth a penalty , Belletti was ultimately on the winning team as Chelsea won 1–0 . On 9 June 2010 , Chelsea announced that Belletti was one of three players whose contract would not be renewed upon their expiry in the summer , meaning that Belletti leaves Chelsea on a free transfer . He left Chelsea with a Premier League winners medal , two FA Cup winners medals and was considered a cult hero by Chelsea supporters for his long range goals and excellent work rate . He made a total of 94 appearances , scoring five goals . Fluminense . Following his release from Chelsea , he signed a two-year contract for Fluminense back in Brazil on 14 July 2010 . Struggling with several injuries and being unable to find a spot in the starting line-up , Belletti had his contract ended on 15 March 2011 . He played nine matches with Fluminense , starting only three . Retirement . On 15 June 2011 , Belletti signed a one-year contract with Ceará but just 12 days later , on 27 June , announced his retirement via Twitter . He confessed that he had failed to recover from a serious Achilles tendon injury . International career . Belletti was called up for the first time in 1995 by then-head coach Zagallo to play for the Brazilian national team . However , his debut would only come in 2001 , becoming the second choice for the right-back position behind Cafu . Belletti was part of 2002 FIFA World Cup-winning squad , playing the semi-final match against Turkey after replacing Kléberson in the second half . Career statistics . Club . - Notes Honours . São Paulo - São Paulo State Championship : 1998 , 2000 Villarreal - UEFA Intertoto Cup : 2003 Barcelona - La Liga : 2004–05 , 2005–06 - Supercopa de España : 2005 , 2006 - UEFA Champions League : 2005–06 Chelsea - Premier League : 2009–10 - FA Cup : 2008–09 , 2009–10 - FA Community Shield : 2009 - UEFA Champions League runner-up : 2007–08 Fluminense - Campeonato Brasileiro Série A : 2010 Brazil - FIFA World Cup : 2002
|
[
"Fluminense"
] |
[
{
"text": " Juliano Haus Belletti ( born 20 June 1976 ) is a Brazilian former professional footballer who mostly played as a right back . He was awarded the Silver Ball by Placar for his performances for Atlético Mineiro during the 1999 Brasileiro Série A .",
"title": "Juliano Belletti"
},
{
"text": " Born in Cascavel , Belletti started his career playing as a central midfielder in Brazil for the youth team of Cruzeiro in 1992 . His professional debut happened in November 1994 . In March 1996 , he was involved in a deal that sent him and Serginho to São Paulo FC in exchange for five players : Aílton , Donizete , Gilmar , Palhinha and Vítor . Playing for São Paulo , he eventually became a right-back .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Belletti , is of Italian ancestry and his family has its origins in Longiano in the Province of Forlì-Cesena , and he holds an Italian passport . He also has origins in Bastiglia in the Province of Modena and Mantua .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " In 1999 , he was loaned to Atlético Mineiro . Playing as an attacking-midfielder , Belletti helped the club to finish second in the Brazilian League and managed to win the Bola de Prata ( Silver Ball ) , an award handed by Placar magazine to the players nominated to the Brazilian League Squad of the Year .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "After returning to São Paulo , he became a regular in the Brazil national team by playing in the right-back position once again . Rumours linked him with a move to La Liga side Valencia in 2001 , but the move fell apart at the last minute . He eventually moved to Europe the following year , signing a five-year contract with Valencias local rivals , Villarreal , while on international duty with Brazil at the 2002 FIFA World Cup . In 2004 , after a successful spell at Villarreal , he signed for Barcelona where he became the first-choice",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "right-back and a key set-piece taker in the squad .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " After winning the Liga title in his first season , Belletti gradually fell out of favour both in Barcelona and in the national team . From being a regular in the 2004–05 season , he faced tough competition from fellow right-back Oleguer and spent his second season in-and-out of the first team .",
"title": "Barcelona"
},
{
"text": "Bellettis first and only goal with Barcelona was the winner in the 2006 UEFA Champions League Final . On 17 May 2006 at the Stade de France in Paris , Barcelona played English club Arsenal , Oleguer started over Belletti , who was on the substitute bench . When manager Frank Rijkaard eventually brought him on for Oleguer , Belletti scored the second goal in a 2–1 come-from-behind win to give Barça the Champions League crown .",
"title": "Barcelona"
},
{
"text": " Bellettis third season was marked by injuries , and competition from new rival Gianluca Zambrotta proved too much for him . He played very little in Barcelonas season that ended without silverware .",
"title": "Barcelona"
},
{
"text": " On 23 August 2007 , Chelsea officially announced that Belletti had signed a three-year contract after the player agreed personal terms and passed a medical . He made his Premier League debut on 25 August when he came on as a substitute for John Obi Mikel in the 64th minute of their home game against Portsmouth , a 4–0 victory .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "He made his first start for Chelsea against Aston Villa away at Villa Park . Despite a strong debut , Chelsea lost the game 2–0 . Following the departure of José Mourinho , Belletti became a regular starter in the right-back position for Premier League , Champions League , and League Cup games , facing competition from Paulo Ferreira and Michael Essien for his place in the team . In his first season at Chelsea , Belletti scored two goals , both shots from long-range , the first away at Wigan Athletic in November 2007 and the second at Stamford",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "Bridge against Tottenham Hotspur in January 2008 . The latter was eventually voted by Chelsea supporters as Chelsea Goal of the Season in 2007–08 .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " On 21 May 2008 , in the 2008 Champions League final against Manchester United at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow , Belletti came on for Claude Makélélé , who had been booked on 120 minutes just before penalties . During the penalty shootout , Belletti scored Chelseas second spot kick with his first touch in the game , although Manchester United won the trophy .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "José Bosingwas arrival at Chelsea at the start of the 2008–09 season caused Belletti to relinquish the right-back position . However , new manager Luiz Felipe Scolari instead deployed Belletti as a utility player , providing valuable back-up in the central midfield , defensive midfield and right wing positions . His long-range shots gave him cult status among Chelsea supporters . In October 2008 , he added to his collection of spectacular goals with a powerful shot from 30 yards into the top corner against Middlesbrough at the Riverside Stadium , his fourth league goal for the club . Belletti",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "scored his third goal of the 2008–09 season against Stoke City to draw the teams level before teammate Frank Lampard scored the winner in the dying seconds .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "A year later , in January 2010 , Belletti was linked with a move to Flamengo in his native Brazil , but the Blues rejected their offer . In Chelseas game against Preston North End in the FA Cup fourth round , Belletti hobbled off the ground with a knee injury just 20 minutes in and was replaced by Florent Malouda . On 27 February 2010 , Belletti was sent off for a professional foul on Manchester City midfielder Gareth Barry to concede a penalty , a match City won 4–2 at Stamford Bridge . Belletti came on as a",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "substitute in the final game of the 2009–10 Premier League season , where a Chelsea win ensured they won the title . A week later , Belletti came on as a substitute for the injured Michael Ballack in the 2010 FA Cup Final against Portsmouth . Despite committing a foul which that gave Portsmouth a penalty , Belletti was ultimately on the winning team as Chelsea won 1–0 .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " On 9 June 2010 , Chelsea announced that Belletti was one of three players whose contract would not be renewed upon their expiry in the summer , meaning that Belletti leaves Chelsea on a free transfer . He left Chelsea with a Premier League winners medal , two FA Cup winners medals and was considered a cult hero by Chelsea supporters for his long range goals and excellent work rate . He made a total of 94 appearances , scoring five goals .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " Following his release from Chelsea , he signed a two-year contract for Fluminense back in Brazil on 14 July 2010 . Struggling with several injuries and being unable to find a spot in the starting line-up , Belletti had his contract ended on 15 March 2011 . He played nine matches with Fluminense , starting only three .",
"title": "Fluminense"
},
{
"text": " On 15 June 2011 , Belletti signed a one-year contract with Ceará but just 12 days later , on 27 June , announced his retirement via Twitter . He confessed that he had failed to recover from a serious Achilles tendon injury .",
"title": "Retirement"
},
{
"text": " Belletti was called up for the first time in 1995 by then-head coach Zagallo to play for the Brazilian national team . However , his debut would only come in 2001 , becoming the second choice for the right-back position behind Cafu . Belletti was part of 2002 FIFA World Cup-winning squad , playing the semi-final match against Turkey after replacing Kléberson in the second half .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " - La Liga : 2004–05 , 2005–06 - Supercopa de España : 2005 , 2006 - UEFA Champions League : 2005–06",
"title": "Barcelona"
},
{
"text": " - Premier League : 2009–10 - FA Cup : 2008–09 , 2009–10 - FA Community Shield : 2009 - UEFA Champions League runner-up : 2007–08",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " - FIFA World Cup : 2002",
"title": "Brazil"
}
] |
/wiki/Jacques-Bénigne_Bossuet#P39#0
|
Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet took which position before May 1669?
|
Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet Jacques-Bénigne Lignel Bossuet ( ; 27 September 1627 – 12 April 1704 ) was a French bishop and theologian , renowned for his sermons and other addresses . He has been considered by many to be one of the most brilliant orators of all time and a masterly French stylist . Court preacher to Louis XIV of France , Bossuet was a strong advocate of political absolutism and the divine right of kings . He argued that government was divinely ordained and that kings received sovereign power from God . He was also an important courtier and politician . The works best known to English speakers are three great orations delivered at the funerals of Queen Henrietta Maria , widow of Charles I of England ( 1669 ) , of her daughter Henriette , Duchess of Orléans ( 1670 ) , and of the outstanding military commander le Grand Condé ( 1687 ) . His work Discours sur lhistoire universelle ( Discourse on Universal History 1681 ) is regarded by many Catholics as an actualization or new version of the City of God of St . Augustine of Hippo . Biography . Early years . Bossuet was born at Dijon . He came from a family of prosperous Burgundian lawyers – on both his paternal and maternal side , his ancestors had held legal posts for at least a century . He was the fifth son born to Beneigne Bossuet , a judge of the parlement ( a provincial high court ) at Dijon , and Marguerite Mouchet . His parents decided on a career in the church for their fifth son , so he was tonsured at age eight . The boy was sent to school at the Collège des Godrans , a classical school run by the Jesuits of Dijon . When his father was appointed to the parlement at Metz , Bossuet was left in Dijon under the care of his uncle Claude Bossuet dAiseray , a renowned scholar . At the Collège des Godrans , he gained a reputation for hard work : fellow students nicknamed him Bos suetus aratro , an ox broken in to the plough . His fathers influence at Metz allowed him to obtain for the young Bossuet a canonicate in the cathedral of Metz when the boy was just 13 years old . In 1642 , Bossuet enrolled in the Collège de Navarre in Paris to finish his classical studies and to begin the study of philosophy and theology . His mentor at Navarre was the colleges president , Nicolas Cornet , the theologian whose denunciation of Antoine Arnauld at the Sorbonne in 1649 was a major episode in the Jansenist controversy . For the time being , however , Cornet and Arnaud were still on good terms . In 1643 , Arnaud introduced Bossuet to the Hôtel de Rambouillet , a great centre of aristocratic culture and the original home of the Précieuses . Bossuet was already showing signs of the oratorical brilliance which served him so well throughout his life . On one celebrated occasion at the Hôtel de Rambouillet , during a dispute about extempore preaching , the 16-year-old Bossuet was called on to deliver an impromptu sermon at 11 pm . Voiture famously quipped : I never heard anybody preach so early nor so late . Early clerical career . Bossuet became a Master of Arts in 1643 . He held his first thesis ( tentativa ) in theology on 25 January 1648 , in the presence of the Prince de Condé . Later in 1648 , he became a sub-deacon at Metz . He became a deacon in 1649 . During this period , he preached his first sermons . He held his second thesis ( sorbonica ) on November 9 , 1650 . Then , in preparation for the priesthood , he spent the next two years in retirement under the spiritual direction of Vincent de Paul . Priest at Metz . In January 1652 , Bossuet re-entered public life , being named Archdeacon of Sarrebourg . He was ordained a priest on 18 March 1652 . A few weeks later , he defended his brilliant doctoral work and became a Doctor of Divinity . He spent the next seven years at Metz , where his fathers influence had got him a canonry at age 13 and where he now also had the office of archdeacon . He was plunged at once into the thick of controversy ; for nearly half of Metz was Protestant , and Bossuets first appearance in print was a refutation of the Huguenot pastor Paul Ferry ( 1655 ) , and he frequently engaged in religious controversies with Protestants ( and , less regularly , with Jews ) during his time at Metz . To reconcile the Protestants with the Roman Catholic Church became the great object of his dreams ; and for this purpose , he began to train himself carefully for the pulpit , an all-important centre of influence in a land where political assemblies were unknown and novels and newspapers scarcely born . His youthful imagination was unbridled , and his ideas ran easily into a kind of paradoxical subtlety , redolent of the divinity school . Nevertheless , his time at Metz was an important time for developing his pulpit oratory and for allowing him to continue his studies of Scripture and the Fathers . He also gained political experience through his participation in the local Assembly of the Three Orders . In 1657 , in Metz , Bossuet preached before Anne of Austria , mother of Louis XIV . As a result , he received the honorific title of Counselor and Preacher to the King . Early career in Paris . In 1657 , St . Vincent de Paul convinced Bossuet to move to Paris and give himself entirely to preaching . ( He did not entirely sever his connections with the cathedral of Metz , though : he continued to hold his benefice , and in 1664 , when his widower father was ordained as a priest and became a canon at the cathedral at Metz , Bossuet was named the dean of the cathedral. ) Bossuet quickly gained a reputation as a great preacher , and by 1660 , he was preaching regularly before the court in the Chapel Royal . In 1662 , he preached his famous sermon On the Duties of Kings to Louis XIV at the Louvre . In Paris , the congregations had no mercy on purely clerical logic or clerical taste ; if a preacher wished to catch their ear , he had to manage to address them in terms they would agree to consider sensible and well bred . Having very stern ideas of the dignity of a priest , Bossuet refused to descend to the usual devices for arousing popular interest . The narrative element in Bossuets sermons grew shorter with each year . He never drew satirical pictures like his great rival Louis Bourdaloue . He would not write out his discourses in full , much less learn them off by heart : of the two hundred printed in his works , all but a fraction are rough drafts . Ladies such as Mme de Sévigné forsook him when Bourdaloue dawned on the Paris horizon in 1669 , though Fénelon and La Bruyère , two much sounder critics , refused to follow their example . Bossuet possessed the full equipment of the orator , voice , language , flexibility and strength . He never needed to strain for effect ; his genius struck out at a single blow the thought , the feeling and the word . What he said of Martin Luther applies peculiarly to himself : he could fling his fury into theses and thus unite the dry light of argument with the fire and heat of passion . These qualities reached their highest point in the Oraisons funèbres ( Funeral Orations ) . Bossuet was always best when at work on a large canvas ; besides , here no conscientious scruples intervened to prevent him giving much time and thought to the artistic side of his subject . The Oraison , as its name betokened , stood midway between the sermon proper and what would nowadays be called a biographical sketch . At least that was what Bossuet made it ; for on this field , he stood not merely first , but alone . One hundred and thirty-seven of Bossuets sermons preached in the period from 1659 to 1669 are extant , and it is estimated that he preached more than a hundred more that have since been lost . Apart from state occasions , Bossuet seldom appeared in a Paris pulpit after 1669 . Tutor to the Dauphin , 1670–1681 . A favourite of the court , in 1669 , Bossuet was gazetted bishop of Condom in Gascony , without being obliged to reside there . He was consecrated as a bishop on September 21 , 1670 , but he resigned the bishopric when he was elected to the Académie française in 1671 . On the 18th of September 1670 he was appointed tutor to the nine-year-old Dauphin , oldest child of Louis XIV . The choice was scarcely fortunate . Bossuet unbent as far as he could , but his genius was by no means fitted to enter into the feelings of a child ; and the dauphin was a cross , ungainly , sullen lad . Probably no one was happier than the tutor when his charge turned sixteen and was married off to a Bavarian princess . Still , the nine years at court were by no means wasted . Bossuets tutorial functions involved composing all the necessary books of instruction , including not just handwriting samples , but also manuals of philosophy , history , and religion fit for a future king of France . Among the books written by Bossuet during this period are three classics . First came the Traité de la connaissance de Dieu et de soi-même ( Treatise on the Knowledge of God and of Ones Self ) ( 1677 ) , then the Discours sur lhistoire universelle ( Speech of Universal History ) ( 1679 , published 1682 ) , and lastly the Politique tirée de lÉcriture Sainte ( Politics Drawn from Holy Scripture ) ( 1679 , published 1709 ) . The three books fit into each other . The Traité is a general sketch of the nature of God and the nature of man . The Discours is a history of Gods dealings with humanity in the past . The Politique is a code of rights and duties drawn up in the light thrown by those dealings . Bossuets conclusions are only drawn from Holy Scripture because he wished to gain the highest possible sanction for the institutions of his country and to hallow the France of Louis XIV by proving its astonishing likeness to the Israel of Solomon . Then , too , the veil of Holy Scripture enabled him to speak out more boldly than court etiquette would have otherwise allowed , to remind the son of Louis XIV that kings have duties as well as rights . The Grand Dauphin had often forgotten these duties , but his son , the Petit Dauphin , would bear them in mind . The tutors imagination looked forward to a time when France would blossom into Utopia , with a Christian philosopher on the throne . That is what made him so stalwart a champion of authority in all its forms : le roi , Jesus-Christ et lEglise , Dieu en ces trois noms ( the king , Jesus Christ , and the Church , God in His three names ) , he says in a characteristic letter . The object of his books is to provide authority with a rational basis . Bossuets worship of authority by no means killed his confidence in reason ; what it did was make him doubt the honesty of those who reasoned otherwise than himself . The whole chain of argument seemed to him so clear and simple . Philosophy proves that God exists and that He shapes and governs the course of human affairs . History shows that this governance is , for the most part , indirect , exercised through certain venerable corporations , as well civil and ecclesiastical , all of which demand implicit obedience as the immediate representatives of God . Thus all revolt , whether civil or religious , is a direct defiance of the Almighty . Oliver Cromwell becomes a moral monster , and the revocation of the Edict of Nantes was the greatest achievement of the second Constantine . The France of his youth had known the misery of divided counsels and civil war ; the France of his manhood , brought together under an absolute sovereign , had suddenly shot up into a splendour only comparable with ancient Rome . Why not , then , strain every nerve to hold innovation at bay and prolong that splendour for all time ? Bossuets own Discours sur lhistoire universelle might have furnished an answer , for there the fall of many empires is detailed ; but then the Discours was composed under a single preoccupation . To Bossuet , the establishment of Christianity was the one point of real importance in the whole history of the world . He totally ignores the history of Islam and Asia ; on Greece and Rome , he only touched insofar as they formed part of the Praeparatio Evangelica . Yet his Discours is far more than a theological pamphlet . While Pascal might refer the rise and fall of empires to Providence or chance or a little grain of sand in the English lord protectors veins , Bossuet held fast to his principle that God works through secondary causes . It is His will that every great change should have its roots in the ages that went before it . Bossuet , accordingly , made a heroic attempt to grapple with origins and causes , and in this way , his book deserves its place as one of the first of philosophic histories . Bishop of Meaux , 1681–1704 . With the period of the Dauphins formal education ending in 1681 , Bossuet was appointed Bishop of Meaux by the King on 2 May 1681 , which was approved by Pope Innocent XI on 17 November . But before he could take possession of his see , he was drawn into a violent quarrel between Louis XIV and Pope Innocent XI . Here he found himself in a quandary : to support the Pope meant supporting the Jesuits ; and he hated their supposed casuistry and dévotion aisée almost as much as Pascal ; to oppose the Pope was to play into the hands of Louis XIV , who was eager to subject the Church to the will of the State . Bossuet therefore attempted to steer a middle course . In 1682 , before the general Assembly of the French Clergy , he preached a great sermon on the unity of the Church and made it a magnificent plea for compromise . As Louis XIV insisted on his clergy making an anti-papal declaration , Bossuet got leave to draw it up and made it as moderate as he could , and when the Pope declared it null and void , he set to work on a gigantic Defensio Cleri Gallicani , only published after his death . Throughout this controversy , unlike the court bishops , Bossuet constantly resided in his diocese and took an active interest in its administration . Efforts to combat Protestantism . The Gallican storm a little abated , he turned back to a project very near his heart . Ever since the early days at Metz , he had been busy with schemes for uniting the Huguenots to the Catholic Church . In 1668 , he converted Turenne ; in 1670 , he published an Exposition de la foi catholique ( Exposition of the Catholic Faith ) , so moderate in tone that adversaries were driven to accuse him of having fraudulently watered down the Catholic dogmas to suit Protestant taste . Finally , in 1688 , his great Histoire des variations des Églises protestantes ( History of the Variations of the Protestant Churches ) , perhaps the most brilliant of all his works , appeared . Few writers could have made the Justification controversy interesting or even intelligible . His argument is simple enough . Without rules , an organized society cannot hold together , and rules require an authorized interpreter . The Protestant churches had thrown over this interpreter ; and Bossuet had small trouble in showing that , the longer they lived , the more they varied on increasingly important points . For the moment , the Protestants were pulverized ; but before long , they began to ask whether variation was necessarily so great an evil . Between 1691 and 1701 , Bossuet corresponded with Leibniz with a view to reunion , but negotiations broke down precisely at this point . Leibniz thought his countrymen might accept individual Roman doctrines , but he flatly refused to guarantee that they would necessarily believe tomorrow what they believe today . We prefer , he said , a church eternally variable and for ever moving forwards . Next , Protestant writers began to accumulate some alleged proofs of Romes own variations ; and here , they were backed up by Richard Simon , a priest of the Paris Oratory and the father of biblical criticism in France . He accused St Augustine , Bossuets own special master , of having corrupted the primitive doctrine of grace . Bossuet set to work on a Defense de la tradition , but Simon calmly went on to raise issues graver still . Under a veil of politely ironic circumlocutions , such as did not deceive the Bishop of Meaux , he claimed his right to interpret the Bible like any other book . Bossuet denounced him again and again ; Simon told his friends he would wait until the old fellow was no more . Another Oratorian proved more dangerous still . Simon had endangered miracles by applying to them lay rules of evidence , but Malebranche abrogated miracles altogether . It was blasphemous , he argued , to suppose that the Author of nature would violate the law He had Himself established . Bossuet might scribble nova , mira , falsa in the margins of his book and urge Fénelon to attack them ; Malebranche politely met his threats by saying that to be refuted by such a pen would do him too much honor . These repeated checks soured Bossuets temper . In his earlier controversies , he had borne himself with great magnanimity , and the Huguenot ministers he refuted had found him a kindly advocate at court . His approval of the revocation of the Edict of Nantes stopped far short of approving dragonnades within his Diocese of Meaux , but now his patience was waning . A dissertation by one Father Caffaro , an obscure Italian monk , became his excuse for writing certain , violent Maximes sur la comédie ( 1694 ) , wherein he made an attack on the memory of Molière , dead more than twenty years . Controversy with Fénelon . Three years later , he was battling with Bishop François Fénelon over the love of God . Fénelon , 24 years his junior , was an old pupil who had suddenly become a rival ; like Bossuet , Fénelon was a bishop who served as a royal tutor . The controversy concerned their different reactions to the opinions of Jeanne Guyon : her ideas were similar to the Quietism of Molinos , which was condemned by Pope Innocent XI in 1687 . When Mme de Maintenon began questioning the orthodoxy of Mme Guyons opinions , an ecclesiastical commission of three members , including Bossuet , was appointed to report on the matter . The commission issued 34 articles known as the Articles dIssy , which condemned Mme Guyons ideas very briefly and provided a short treatise on the orthodox , Catholic conception of prayer . Fénelon , who had been attracted to Mme Guyons ideas , signed off on the Articles , and Mme Guyon submitted to the judgment . Bossuet now composed Instructions sur les états doraison , a work that explained the Articles dIssy in greater depth . Fénelon refused to endorse this treatise , however , and instead composed his own explanation as to the meaning of the Articles dIssy , his Explication des Maximes des Saints . He explained his view that the goal of human life should be to have love of God as its perfect object , with neither fear of punishment nor desire for the reward of eternal life having anything to do with this pure love of God . King Louis XIV reproached Bossuet for failing to warn him that his grandsons tutor had such unorthodox opinions and instructed Bossuet and other bishops to respond to the Maximes des Saints . Bossuet and Fénelon thus spent the years 1697–1699 battling each other in pamphlets and letters until the Inquisition finally condemned the Maximes des Saints on 12 March 1699 . Pope Innocent XII selected 23 specific passages for condemnation . Bossuet triumphed in the controversy and Fénelon submitted to Romes determination of the matter . Death . Until he was over 70 years , Bossuet enjoyed good health , but in 1702 he developed chronic kidney stones . Two years later he was a hopeless invalid , and on 12 April 1704 he died quietly . His funeral oration was given by Charles de la Rue , SJ . He was buried at Meaux Cathedral . Preaching . Bossuet is widely considered to be one of the most influential homilists of all time . He is one of the preachers , along with John Tillotson and Louis Bourdaloue , who began the transition from Baroque to Neoclassical preaching . He preached with a simple eloquence that eschewed the grandiose extravagances of earlier preaching . He focused on ethical rather than doctrinal messages , often drawing from the lives of saints or saintly contemporaries as examples . He preached , for example , on St . Francis de Sales as well as funeral orations on Queen Henrietta Maria of France and Henrietta Anne of England . Bossuets funeral orations in particular had lasting importance and were translated early into many languages , including English . Such was their power that even Voltaire , normally so antagonistic toward clergy , praised his oratorical excellence . Works . An edition of Bossuets sermons was edited by Abbé Lebarq in 6 vols . ( Paris , 1890 , 1896 ) , as the Œuvres oratoires de Bossuet . His complete works were edited by Lachat in 31 vols . ( Paris , 1862–1864 ) . - Méditation sur la brièveté de la vie ( 1648 ) - Réfutation du catéchisme de Paul Ferry ( 1655 ) - Oraison funèbre de Yolande de Monterby ( 1656 ) - Oracion funebre e Valeria Slazar ( 1657 ) - Panégyrique de saint Paul ( 1659 ) - Oraison funèbre de Nicolas Cornet ( 1663 ) - Oraison funèbre dAnne dAutriche ( 1667 ) - Oraison funèbre dHenriette Marie de France ( 1669 ) - Oraison funèbre dHenriette dAngleterre ( 1670 ) - Exposition de la doctrine de léglise catholique sur les matières de controverse ( 1671 ) - Sermon pour la Profession de Mademoiselle de La Vallière ( 1675 ) - Traité de la connaissance de Dieu et de soi-même ( 1677 ) - Traité du libre arbitre ( 1677 ) - Logique ( 1677 – published only in 1828 ) - Conférence avec le pasteur Claude ( 1678 – published 1682 ) - Discours sur lhistoire universelle or Speech of Universal History ( 1681 ) - Politique tirée de lÉcriture sainte ( Politics Drawn from the Very Words of Holy Scripture ) ( 1679 – published 1709 ) - Sermon sur lunité de lÉglise ( 1682 ) - Oraison funèbre de Marie Thérèse ( 1683 ) - Oraison funèbre d Anne de Gonzague , princesse Palatine ( 1685 ) - Oraison funèbre de Michel Le Tellier ( 1686 ) - Oraison funèbre de Mme du Blé dUxelles ( 1686 ) - Oraison funèbre du prince de Condé ( 1687 ) - Catéchisme du diocèse de Meaux ( 1687 ) - Histoire des variations des Églises protestantes ( 1688 ) - Explication de lApocalypse ( 1689 ) - Avertissements aux Protestants ( I , II , III ) ( 1689 ) - Avertissements aux Protestants ( IV , V , VI ) ( 1690–91 ) - Défense de lHistoire des variations ( 1690–91 ) - Correspondence avec Leibniz ( 1691–93 ) - Défense de la Tradition et des Saints Pères ( 1691–93 ) - Traité de la concupiscence ( 1691–93 ) - Lettre au P . Caffaro ( 1694–95 ) - Maximes et réflexions sur la comédie ( 1694–95 ) - Méditation sur lEvangile ( 1694–95 ) - Élévations sur les mystères ( 1694–95 ) - Instructions sur les états doraison ( replying to Fénelon ) ( 1697 ) - Relation sur le quiétisme ( 1698 ) - Instructions pastorales pour les Protestants ( manual for Protestant converts to Catholicism ) ( 1701 ) Politics Drawn from the Very Words of Holy Scripture . When Bossuet was chosen to be the tutor of the Dauphin , oldest child of Louis XIV , he wrote several works for the edification of his pupil , one of which was Politics Derived from the Words of Holy Scripture , a discourse on the principles of royal absolutism . The work was published posthumously in 1709 . The work consists of several books which are divided into articles and propositions which lay out the nature , characteristics , duties , and resources of royalty . To justify his propositions , Bossuet quotes liberally from the Bible and various psalms . Throughout his essay , Bossuet emphasizes the fact that royal authority comes directly from God and that the person of the king is sacred . In the third book , Bossuet asserts that God establishes kings as his ministers , and reigns through them over the people . He also states that the prince must be obeyed on principle , as a matter of religion and of conscience . While he declares the absolute authority of rulers , he emphasizes the fact that kings must use their power only for the public good and that the king is not above the law for if he sins , he destroys the laws by his example . In books six and seven , Bossuet describes the duties of the subjects to the prince and the special duties of royalty . For Bossuet , the prince was synonymous with the state , which is why , according to him , the subjects of the prince owe the prince the same duties that they owe their country . He also states that only public enemies make a separation between the interest of the prince and the interest of the state . As far as the duties of royalty , the primary goal is the preservation of the state . Bossuet describes three ways that this can be achieved : by maintaining a good constitution , making good use of the states resources , and protecting the state from the dangers and difficulties that threaten it . In books nine and ten , Bossuet outlines the various resources of royalty ( arms , wealth , and counsel ) and how they should be used . In regards to arms , Bossuet explains that there are just and unjust grounds for war . Unjust causes include ambitious conquest , pillage , and jealousy . As far as wealth is concerned , he then lays out the types of expenditures that a king has and the various sources of wealth for the kingdom . He emphasizes that the true wealth of a kingdom is its men and says that it is important to improve the peoples lot and that there would be no more poor . Trivia . The Catholic Encyclopedia ( 1913 ) calls Bossuet the greatest pulpit orator of all time , ranking him even ahead of Augustine and Chrysostom . The exterior of Harvards Sanders Theater includes busts of the eight greatest orators of all time – they include a bust of Bossuet alongside such giants of oratory as Demosthenes , Cicero , and Chrysostom . A character in Les Misérables , being from Meaux and an orator , is nicknamed Bossuet by his friends . Bossuet was one of several co-editors on the Ad usum Delphini book series ( commonly known as the Delphin Classics ) of the Latin classics . Bossuet was the uncle of Louis Bossuet .
|
[
"bishop of Condom"
] |
[
{
"text": " Jacques-Bénigne Lignel Bossuet ( ; 27 September 1627 – 12 April 1704 ) was a French bishop and theologian , renowned for his sermons and other addresses . He has been considered by many to be one of the most brilliant orators of all time and a masterly French stylist . Court preacher to Louis XIV of France , Bossuet was a strong advocate of political absolutism and the divine right of kings . He argued that government was divinely ordained and that kings received sovereign power from God . He was also an important courtier and politician .",
"title": "Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet"
},
{
"text": "The works best known to English speakers are three great orations delivered at the funerals of Queen Henrietta Maria , widow of Charles I of England ( 1669 ) , of her daughter Henriette , Duchess of Orléans ( 1670 ) , and of the outstanding military commander le Grand Condé ( 1687 ) .",
"title": "Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet"
},
{
"text": " His work Discours sur lhistoire universelle ( Discourse on Universal History 1681 ) is regarded by many Catholics as an actualization or new version of the City of God of St . Augustine of Hippo .",
"title": "Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet"
},
{
"text": " Bossuet was born at Dijon . He came from a family of prosperous Burgundian lawyers – on both his paternal and maternal side , his ancestors had held legal posts for at least a century . He was the fifth son born to Beneigne Bossuet , a judge of the parlement ( a provincial high court ) at Dijon , and Marguerite Mouchet . His parents decided on a career in the church for their fifth son , so he was tonsured at age eight .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "The boy was sent to school at the Collège des Godrans , a classical school run by the Jesuits of Dijon . When his father was appointed to the parlement at Metz , Bossuet was left in Dijon under the care of his uncle Claude Bossuet dAiseray , a renowned scholar . At the Collège des Godrans , he gained a reputation for hard work : fellow students nicknamed him Bos suetus aratro , an ox broken in to the plough . His fathers influence at Metz allowed him to obtain for the young Bossuet a canonicate in the cathedral",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "of Metz when the boy was just 13 years old .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " In 1642 , Bossuet enrolled in the Collège de Navarre in Paris to finish his classical studies and to begin the study of philosophy and theology . His mentor at Navarre was the colleges president , Nicolas Cornet , the theologian whose denunciation of Antoine Arnauld at the Sorbonne in 1649 was a major episode in the Jansenist controversy .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "For the time being , however , Cornet and Arnaud were still on good terms . In 1643 , Arnaud introduced Bossuet to the Hôtel de Rambouillet , a great centre of aristocratic culture and the original home of the Précieuses . Bossuet was already showing signs of the oratorical brilliance which served him so well throughout his life . On one celebrated occasion at the Hôtel de Rambouillet , during a dispute about extempore preaching , the 16-year-old Bossuet was called on to deliver an impromptu sermon at 11 pm . Voiture famously quipped : I never heard anybody",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "preach so early nor so late .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " Bossuet became a Master of Arts in 1643 . He held his first thesis ( tentativa ) in theology on 25 January 1648 , in the presence of the Prince de Condé . Later in 1648 , he became a sub-deacon at Metz . He became a deacon in 1649 . During this period , he preached his first sermons .",
"title": "Early clerical career"
},
{
"text": "He held his second thesis ( sorbonica ) on November 9 , 1650 . Then , in preparation for the priesthood , he spent the next two years in retirement under the spiritual direction of Vincent de Paul .",
"title": "Early clerical career"
},
{
"text": " In January 1652 , Bossuet re-entered public life , being named Archdeacon of Sarrebourg . He was ordained a priest on 18 March 1652 . A few weeks later , he defended his brilliant doctoral work and became a Doctor of Divinity .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "He spent the next seven years at Metz , where his fathers influence had got him a canonry at age 13 and where he now also had the office of archdeacon . He was plunged at once into the thick of controversy ; for nearly half of Metz was Protestant , and Bossuets first appearance in print was a refutation of the Huguenot pastor Paul Ferry ( 1655 ) , and he frequently engaged in religious controversies with Protestants ( and , less regularly , with Jews ) during his time at Metz . To reconcile the Protestants with the",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "Roman Catholic Church became the great object of his dreams ; and for this purpose , he began to train himself carefully for the pulpit , an all-important centre of influence in a land where political assemblies were unknown and novels and newspapers scarcely born . His youthful imagination was unbridled , and his ideas ran easily into a kind of paradoxical subtlety , redolent of the divinity school . Nevertheless , his time at Metz was an important time for developing his pulpit oratory and for allowing him to continue his studies of Scripture and the Fathers . He",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "also gained political experience through his participation in the local Assembly of the Three Orders .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": " In 1657 , in Metz , Bossuet preached before Anne of Austria , mother of Louis XIV . As a result , he received the honorific title of Counselor and Preacher to the King . Early career in Paris .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "In 1657 , St . Vincent de Paul convinced Bossuet to move to Paris and give himself entirely to preaching . ( He did not entirely sever his connections with the cathedral of Metz , though : he continued to hold his benefice , and in 1664 , when his widower father was ordained as a priest and became a canon at the cathedral at Metz , Bossuet was named the dean of the cathedral. )",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": " Bossuet quickly gained a reputation as a great preacher , and by 1660 , he was preaching regularly before the court in the Chapel Royal . In 1662 , he preached his famous sermon On the Duties of Kings to Louis XIV at the Louvre .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "In Paris , the congregations had no mercy on purely clerical logic or clerical taste ; if a preacher wished to catch their ear , he had to manage to address them in terms they would agree to consider sensible and well bred . Having very stern ideas of the dignity of a priest , Bossuet refused to descend to the usual devices for arousing popular interest .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": " The narrative element in Bossuets sermons grew shorter with each year . He never drew satirical pictures like his great rival Louis Bourdaloue . He would not write out his discourses in full , much less learn them off by heart : of the two hundred printed in his works , all but a fraction are rough drafts . Ladies such as Mme de Sévigné forsook him when Bourdaloue dawned on the Paris horizon in 1669 , though Fénelon and La Bruyère , two much sounder critics , refused to follow their example .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "Bossuet possessed the full equipment of the orator , voice , language , flexibility and strength . He never needed to strain for effect ; his genius struck out at a single blow the thought , the feeling and the word . What he said of Martin Luther applies peculiarly to himself : he could fling his fury into theses and thus unite the dry light of argument with the fire and heat of passion . These qualities reached their highest point in the Oraisons funèbres ( Funeral Orations ) .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": " Bossuet was always best when at work on a large canvas ; besides , here no conscientious scruples intervened to prevent him giving much time and thought to the artistic side of his subject . The Oraison , as its name betokened , stood midway between the sermon proper and what would nowadays be called a biographical sketch . At least that was what Bossuet made it ; for on this field , he stood not merely first , but alone .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "One hundred and thirty-seven of Bossuets sermons preached in the period from 1659 to 1669 are extant , and it is estimated that he preached more than a hundred more that have since been lost . Apart from state occasions , Bossuet seldom appeared in a Paris pulpit after 1669 .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": " Tutor to the Dauphin , 1670–1681 . A favourite of the court , in 1669 , Bossuet was gazetted bishop of Condom in Gascony , without being obliged to reside there . He was consecrated as a bishop on September 21 , 1670 , but he resigned the bishopric when he was elected to the Académie française in 1671 .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "On the 18th of September 1670 he was appointed tutor to the nine-year-old Dauphin , oldest child of Louis XIV . The choice was scarcely fortunate . Bossuet unbent as far as he could , but his genius was by no means fitted to enter into the feelings of a child ; and the dauphin was a cross , ungainly , sullen lad . Probably no one was happier than the tutor when his charge turned sixteen and was married off to a Bavarian princess . Still , the nine years at court were by no means wasted .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "Bossuets tutorial functions involved composing all the necessary books of instruction , including not just handwriting samples , but also manuals of philosophy , history , and religion fit for a future king of France . Among the books written by Bossuet during this period are three classics . First came the Traité de la connaissance de Dieu et de soi-même ( Treatise on the Knowledge of God and of Ones Self ) ( 1677 ) , then the Discours sur lhistoire universelle ( Speech of Universal History ) ( 1679 , published 1682 ) , and lastly the Politique",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "tirée de lÉcriture Sainte ( Politics Drawn from Holy Scripture ) ( 1679 , published 1709 ) . The three books fit into each other . The Traité is a general sketch of the nature of God and the nature of man . The Discours is a history of Gods dealings with humanity in the past . The Politique is a code of rights and duties drawn up in the light thrown by those dealings . Bossuets conclusions are only drawn from Holy Scripture because he wished to gain the highest possible sanction for the institutions of his country and",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "to hallow the France of Louis XIV by proving its astonishing likeness to the Israel of Solomon . Then , too , the veil of Holy Scripture enabled him to speak out more boldly than court etiquette would have otherwise allowed , to remind the son of Louis XIV that kings have duties as well as rights .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "The Grand Dauphin had often forgotten these duties , but his son , the Petit Dauphin , would bear them in mind . The tutors imagination looked forward to a time when France would blossom into Utopia , with a Christian philosopher on the throne . That is what made him so stalwart a champion of authority in all its forms : le roi , Jesus-Christ et lEglise , Dieu en ces trois noms ( the king , Jesus Christ , and the Church , God in His three names ) , he says in a characteristic letter . The",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "object of his books is to provide authority with a rational basis . Bossuets worship of authority by no means killed his confidence in reason ; what it did was make him doubt the honesty of those who reasoned otherwise than himself .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": " The whole chain of argument seemed to him so clear and simple . Philosophy proves that God exists and that He shapes and governs the course of human affairs . History shows that this governance is , for the most part , indirect , exercised through certain venerable corporations , as well civil and ecclesiastical , all of which demand implicit obedience as the immediate representatives of God . Thus all revolt , whether civil or religious , is a direct defiance of the Almighty .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "Oliver Cromwell becomes a moral monster , and the revocation of the Edict of Nantes was the greatest achievement of the second Constantine . The France of his youth had known the misery of divided counsels and civil war ; the France of his manhood , brought together under an absolute sovereign , had suddenly shot up into a splendour only comparable with ancient Rome . Why not , then , strain every nerve to hold innovation at bay and prolong that splendour for all time ? Bossuets own Discours sur lhistoire universelle might have furnished an answer , for",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "there the fall of many empires is detailed ; but then the Discours was composed under a single preoccupation .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "To Bossuet , the establishment of Christianity was the one point of real importance in the whole history of the world . He totally ignores the history of Islam and Asia ; on Greece and Rome , he only touched insofar as they formed part of the Praeparatio Evangelica . Yet his Discours is far more than a theological pamphlet . While Pascal might refer the rise and fall of empires to Providence or chance or a little grain of sand in the English lord protectors veins , Bossuet held fast to his principle that God works through secondary causes",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": ". It is His will that every great change should have its roots in the ages that went before it . Bossuet , accordingly , made a heroic attempt to grapple with origins and causes , and in this way , his book deserves its place as one of the first of philosophic histories .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "With the period of the Dauphins formal education ending in 1681 , Bossuet was appointed Bishop of Meaux by the King on 2 May 1681 , which was approved by Pope Innocent XI on 17 November . But before he could take possession of his see , he was drawn into a violent quarrel between Louis XIV and Pope Innocent XI . Here he found himself in a quandary : to support the Pope meant supporting the Jesuits ; and he hated their supposed casuistry and dévotion aisée almost as much as Pascal ; to oppose the Pope was to",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "play into the hands of Louis XIV , who was eager to subject the Church to the will of the State . Bossuet therefore attempted to steer a middle course . In 1682 , before the general Assembly of the French Clergy , he preached a great sermon on the unity of the Church and made it a magnificent plea for compromise . As Louis XIV insisted on his clergy making an anti-papal declaration , Bossuet got leave to draw it up and made it as moderate as he could , and when the Pope declared it null and void",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": ", he set to work on a gigantic Defensio Cleri Gallicani , only published after his death . Throughout this controversy , unlike the court bishops , Bossuet constantly resided in his diocese and took an active interest in its administration .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": " Efforts to combat Protestantism . The Gallican storm a little abated , he turned back to a project very near his heart . Ever since the early days at Metz , he had been busy with schemes for uniting the Huguenots to the Catholic Church . In 1668 , he converted Turenne ; in 1670 , he published an Exposition de la foi catholique ( Exposition of the Catholic Faith ) , so moderate in tone that adversaries were driven to accuse him of having fraudulently watered down the Catholic dogmas to suit Protestant taste .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "Finally , in 1688 , his great Histoire des variations des Églises protestantes ( History of the Variations of the Protestant Churches ) , perhaps the most brilliant of all his works , appeared . Few writers could have made the Justification controversy interesting or even intelligible . His argument is simple enough . Without rules , an organized society cannot hold together , and rules require an authorized interpreter . The Protestant churches had thrown over this interpreter ; and Bossuet had small trouble in showing that , the longer they lived , the more they varied on increasingly",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "important points .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": " For the moment , the Protestants were pulverized ; but before long , they began to ask whether variation was necessarily so great an evil . Between 1691 and 1701 , Bossuet corresponded with Leibniz with a view to reunion , but negotiations broke down precisely at this point . Leibniz thought his countrymen might accept individual Roman doctrines , but he flatly refused to guarantee that they would necessarily believe tomorrow what they believe today . We prefer , he said , a church eternally variable and for ever moving forwards .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "Next , Protestant writers began to accumulate some alleged proofs of Romes own variations ; and here , they were backed up by Richard Simon , a priest of the Paris Oratory and the father of biblical criticism in France . He accused St Augustine , Bossuets own special master , of having corrupted the primitive doctrine of grace .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "Bossuet set to work on a Defense de la tradition , but Simon calmly went on to raise issues graver still . Under a veil of politely ironic circumlocutions , such as did not deceive the Bishop of Meaux , he claimed his right to interpret the Bible like any other book . Bossuet denounced him again and again ; Simon told his friends he would wait until the old fellow was no more . Another Oratorian proved more dangerous still . Simon had endangered miracles by applying to them lay rules of evidence , but Malebranche abrogated miracles altogether",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": ". It was blasphemous , he argued , to suppose that the Author of nature would violate the law He had Himself established . Bossuet might scribble nova , mira , falsa in the margins of his book and urge Fénelon to attack them ; Malebranche politely met his threats by saying that to be refuted by such a pen would do him too much honor . These repeated checks soured Bossuets temper .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "In his earlier controversies , he had borne himself with great magnanimity , and the Huguenot ministers he refuted had found him a kindly advocate at court . His approval of the revocation of the Edict of Nantes stopped far short of approving dragonnades within his Diocese of Meaux , but now his patience was waning . A dissertation by one Father Caffaro , an obscure Italian monk , became his excuse for writing certain , violent Maximes sur la comédie ( 1694 ) , wherein he made an attack on the memory of Molière , dead more than twenty",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "years .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": " Three years later , he was battling with Bishop François Fénelon over the love of God . Fénelon , 24 years his junior , was an old pupil who had suddenly become a rival ; like Bossuet , Fénelon was a bishop who served as a royal tutor .",
"title": "Controversy with Fénelon"
},
{
"text": "The controversy concerned their different reactions to the opinions of Jeanne Guyon : her ideas were similar to the Quietism of Molinos , which was condemned by Pope Innocent XI in 1687 . When Mme de Maintenon began questioning the orthodoxy of Mme Guyons opinions , an ecclesiastical commission of three members , including Bossuet , was appointed to report on the matter . The commission issued 34 articles known as the Articles dIssy , which condemned Mme Guyons ideas very briefly and provided a short treatise on the orthodox , Catholic conception of prayer . Fénelon , who had",
"title": "Controversy with Fénelon"
},
{
"text": "been attracted to Mme Guyons ideas , signed off on the Articles , and Mme Guyon submitted to the judgment .",
"title": "Controversy with Fénelon"
},
{
"text": "Bossuet now composed Instructions sur les états doraison , a work that explained the Articles dIssy in greater depth . Fénelon refused to endorse this treatise , however , and instead composed his own explanation as to the meaning of the Articles dIssy , his Explication des Maximes des Saints . He explained his view that the goal of human life should be to have love of God as its perfect object , with neither fear of punishment nor desire for the reward of eternal life having anything to do with this pure love of God . King Louis XIV",
"title": "Controversy with Fénelon"
},
{
"text": "reproached Bossuet for failing to warn him that his grandsons tutor had such unorthodox opinions and instructed Bossuet and other bishops to respond to the Maximes des Saints .",
"title": "Controversy with Fénelon"
},
{
"text": " Bossuet and Fénelon thus spent the years 1697–1699 battling each other in pamphlets and letters until the Inquisition finally condemned the Maximes des Saints on 12 March 1699 . Pope Innocent XII selected 23 specific passages for condemnation . Bossuet triumphed in the controversy and Fénelon submitted to Romes determination of the matter .",
"title": "Controversy with Fénelon"
},
{
"text": " Until he was over 70 years , Bossuet enjoyed good health , but in 1702 he developed chronic kidney stones . Two years later he was a hopeless invalid , and on 12 April 1704 he died quietly . His funeral oration was given by Charles de la Rue , SJ . He was buried at Meaux Cathedral .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "Bossuet is widely considered to be one of the most influential homilists of all time . He is one of the preachers , along with John Tillotson and Louis Bourdaloue , who began the transition from Baroque to Neoclassical preaching . He preached with a simple eloquence that eschewed the grandiose extravagances of earlier preaching . He focused on ethical rather than doctrinal messages , often drawing from the lives of saints or saintly contemporaries as examples . He preached , for example , on St . Francis de Sales as well as funeral orations on Queen Henrietta Maria of",
"title": "Preaching"
},
{
"text": "France and Henrietta Anne of England . Bossuets funeral orations in particular had lasting importance and were translated early into many languages , including English . Such was their power that even Voltaire , normally so antagonistic toward clergy , praised his oratorical excellence .",
"title": "Preaching"
},
{
"text": " An edition of Bossuets sermons was edited by Abbé Lebarq in 6 vols . ( Paris , 1890 , 1896 ) , as the Œuvres oratoires de Bossuet . His complete works were edited by Lachat in 31 vols . ( Paris , 1862–1864 ) . - Méditation sur la brièveté de la vie ( 1648 ) - Réfutation du catéchisme de Paul Ferry ( 1655 ) - Oraison funèbre de Yolande de Monterby ( 1656 ) - Oracion funebre e Valeria Slazar ( 1657 ) - Panégyrique de saint Paul ( 1659 )",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": "- Oraison funèbre de Nicolas Cornet ( 1663 )",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": " - Oraison funèbre dAnne dAutriche ( 1667 ) - Oraison funèbre dHenriette Marie de France ( 1669 ) - Oraison funèbre dHenriette dAngleterre ( 1670 ) - Exposition de la doctrine de léglise catholique sur les matières de controverse ( 1671 ) - Sermon pour la Profession de Mademoiselle de La Vallière ( 1675 ) - Traité de la connaissance de Dieu et de soi-même ( 1677 ) - Traité du libre arbitre ( 1677 ) - Logique ( 1677 – published only in 1828 ) - Conférence avec le pasteur Claude ( 1678 – published 1682 )",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": "- Discours sur lhistoire universelle or Speech of Universal History ( 1681 )",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": " - Politique tirée de lÉcriture sainte ( Politics Drawn from the Very Words of Holy Scripture ) ( 1679 – published 1709 ) - Sermon sur lunité de lÉglise ( 1682 ) - Oraison funèbre de Marie Thérèse ( 1683 ) - Oraison funèbre d Anne de Gonzague , princesse Palatine ( 1685 ) - Oraison funèbre de Michel Le Tellier ( 1686 ) - Oraison funèbre de Mme du Blé dUxelles ( 1686 ) - Oraison funèbre du prince de Condé ( 1687 ) - Catéchisme du diocèse de Meaux ( 1687 )",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": "- Histoire des variations des Églises protestantes ( 1688 )",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": " - Explication de lApocalypse ( 1689 ) - Avertissements aux Protestants ( I , II , III ) ( 1689 ) - Avertissements aux Protestants ( IV , V , VI ) ( 1690–91 ) - Défense de lHistoire des variations ( 1690–91 ) - Correspondence avec Leibniz ( 1691–93 ) - Défense de la Tradition et des Saints Pères ( 1691–93 ) - Traité de la concupiscence ( 1691–93 ) - Lettre au P . Caffaro ( 1694–95 ) - Maximes et réflexions sur la comédie ( 1694–95 ) - Méditation sur lEvangile ( 1694–95 )",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": "- Élévations sur les mystères ( 1694–95 )",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": " - Instructions sur les états doraison ( replying to Fénelon ) ( 1697 ) - Relation sur le quiétisme ( 1698 ) - Instructions pastorales pour les Protestants ( manual for Protestant converts to Catholicism ) ( 1701 ) Politics Drawn from the Very Words of Holy Scripture .",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": "When Bossuet was chosen to be the tutor of the Dauphin , oldest child of Louis XIV , he wrote several works for the edification of his pupil , one of which was Politics Derived from the Words of Holy Scripture , a discourse on the principles of royal absolutism . The work was published posthumously in 1709 .",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": " The work consists of several books which are divided into articles and propositions which lay out the nature , characteristics , duties , and resources of royalty . To justify his propositions , Bossuet quotes liberally from the Bible and various psalms .",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": "Throughout his essay , Bossuet emphasizes the fact that royal authority comes directly from God and that the person of the king is sacred . In the third book , Bossuet asserts that God establishes kings as his ministers , and reigns through them over the people . He also states that the prince must be obeyed on principle , as a matter of religion and of conscience . While he declares the absolute authority of rulers , he emphasizes the fact that kings must use their power only for the public good and that the king is not above",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": "the law for if he sins , he destroys the laws by his example .",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": "In books six and seven , Bossuet describes the duties of the subjects to the prince and the special duties of royalty . For Bossuet , the prince was synonymous with the state , which is why , according to him , the subjects of the prince owe the prince the same duties that they owe their country . He also states that only public enemies make a separation between the interest of the prince and the interest of the state . As far as the duties of royalty , the primary goal is the preservation of the state .",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": "Bossuet describes three ways that this can be achieved : by maintaining a good constitution , making good use of the states resources , and protecting the state from the dangers and difficulties that threaten it .",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": "In books nine and ten , Bossuet outlines the various resources of royalty ( arms , wealth , and counsel ) and how they should be used . In regards to arms , Bossuet explains that there are just and unjust grounds for war . Unjust causes include ambitious conquest , pillage , and jealousy . As far as wealth is concerned , he then lays out the types of expenditures that a king has and the various sources of wealth for the kingdom . He emphasizes that the true wealth of a kingdom is its men and says that",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": "it is important to improve the peoples lot and that there would be no more poor .",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": " The Catholic Encyclopedia ( 1913 ) calls Bossuet the greatest pulpit orator of all time , ranking him even ahead of Augustine and Chrysostom . The exterior of Harvards Sanders Theater includes busts of the eight greatest orators of all time – they include a bust of Bossuet alongside such giants of oratory as Demosthenes , Cicero , and Chrysostom . A character in Les Misérables , being from Meaux and an orator , is nicknamed Bossuet by his friends .",
"title": "Trivia"
},
{
"text": "Bossuet was one of several co-editors on the Ad usum Delphini book series ( commonly known as the Delphin Classics ) of the Latin classics .",
"title": "Trivia"
},
{
"text": " Bossuet was the uncle of Louis Bossuet .",
"title": "Trivia"
}
] |
/wiki/Jacques-Bénigne_Bossuet#P39#1
|
Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet took which position between Oct 1674 and Feb 1679?
|
Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet Jacques-Bénigne Lignel Bossuet ( ; 27 September 1627 – 12 April 1704 ) was a French bishop and theologian , renowned for his sermons and other addresses . He has been considered by many to be one of the most brilliant orators of all time and a masterly French stylist . Court preacher to Louis XIV of France , Bossuet was a strong advocate of political absolutism and the divine right of kings . He argued that government was divinely ordained and that kings received sovereign power from God . He was also an important courtier and politician . The works best known to English speakers are three great orations delivered at the funerals of Queen Henrietta Maria , widow of Charles I of England ( 1669 ) , of her daughter Henriette , Duchess of Orléans ( 1670 ) , and of the outstanding military commander le Grand Condé ( 1687 ) . His work Discours sur lhistoire universelle ( Discourse on Universal History 1681 ) is regarded by many Catholics as an actualization or new version of the City of God of St . Augustine of Hippo . Biography . Early years . Bossuet was born at Dijon . He came from a family of prosperous Burgundian lawyers – on both his paternal and maternal side , his ancestors had held legal posts for at least a century . He was the fifth son born to Beneigne Bossuet , a judge of the parlement ( a provincial high court ) at Dijon , and Marguerite Mouchet . His parents decided on a career in the church for their fifth son , so he was tonsured at age eight . The boy was sent to school at the Collège des Godrans , a classical school run by the Jesuits of Dijon . When his father was appointed to the parlement at Metz , Bossuet was left in Dijon under the care of his uncle Claude Bossuet dAiseray , a renowned scholar . At the Collège des Godrans , he gained a reputation for hard work : fellow students nicknamed him Bos suetus aratro , an ox broken in to the plough . His fathers influence at Metz allowed him to obtain for the young Bossuet a canonicate in the cathedral of Metz when the boy was just 13 years old . In 1642 , Bossuet enrolled in the Collège de Navarre in Paris to finish his classical studies and to begin the study of philosophy and theology . His mentor at Navarre was the colleges president , Nicolas Cornet , the theologian whose denunciation of Antoine Arnauld at the Sorbonne in 1649 was a major episode in the Jansenist controversy . For the time being , however , Cornet and Arnaud were still on good terms . In 1643 , Arnaud introduced Bossuet to the Hôtel de Rambouillet , a great centre of aristocratic culture and the original home of the Précieuses . Bossuet was already showing signs of the oratorical brilliance which served him so well throughout his life . On one celebrated occasion at the Hôtel de Rambouillet , during a dispute about extempore preaching , the 16-year-old Bossuet was called on to deliver an impromptu sermon at 11 pm . Voiture famously quipped : I never heard anybody preach so early nor so late . Early clerical career . Bossuet became a Master of Arts in 1643 . He held his first thesis ( tentativa ) in theology on 25 January 1648 , in the presence of the Prince de Condé . Later in 1648 , he became a sub-deacon at Metz . He became a deacon in 1649 . During this period , he preached his first sermons . He held his second thesis ( sorbonica ) on November 9 , 1650 . Then , in preparation for the priesthood , he spent the next two years in retirement under the spiritual direction of Vincent de Paul . Priest at Metz . In January 1652 , Bossuet re-entered public life , being named Archdeacon of Sarrebourg . He was ordained a priest on 18 March 1652 . A few weeks later , he defended his brilliant doctoral work and became a Doctor of Divinity . He spent the next seven years at Metz , where his fathers influence had got him a canonry at age 13 and where he now also had the office of archdeacon . He was plunged at once into the thick of controversy ; for nearly half of Metz was Protestant , and Bossuets first appearance in print was a refutation of the Huguenot pastor Paul Ferry ( 1655 ) , and he frequently engaged in religious controversies with Protestants ( and , less regularly , with Jews ) during his time at Metz . To reconcile the Protestants with the Roman Catholic Church became the great object of his dreams ; and for this purpose , he began to train himself carefully for the pulpit , an all-important centre of influence in a land where political assemblies were unknown and novels and newspapers scarcely born . His youthful imagination was unbridled , and his ideas ran easily into a kind of paradoxical subtlety , redolent of the divinity school . Nevertheless , his time at Metz was an important time for developing his pulpit oratory and for allowing him to continue his studies of Scripture and the Fathers . He also gained political experience through his participation in the local Assembly of the Three Orders . In 1657 , in Metz , Bossuet preached before Anne of Austria , mother of Louis XIV . As a result , he received the honorific title of Counselor and Preacher to the King . Early career in Paris . In 1657 , St . Vincent de Paul convinced Bossuet to move to Paris and give himself entirely to preaching . ( He did not entirely sever his connections with the cathedral of Metz , though : he continued to hold his benefice , and in 1664 , when his widower father was ordained as a priest and became a canon at the cathedral at Metz , Bossuet was named the dean of the cathedral. ) Bossuet quickly gained a reputation as a great preacher , and by 1660 , he was preaching regularly before the court in the Chapel Royal . In 1662 , he preached his famous sermon On the Duties of Kings to Louis XIV at the Louvre . In Paris , the congregations had no mercy on purely clerical logic or clerical taste ; if a preacher wished to catch their ear , he had to manage to address them in terms they would agree to consider sensible and well bred . Having very stern ideas of the dignity of a priest , Bossuet refused to descend to the usual devices for arousing popular interest . The narrative element in Bossuets sermons grew shorter with each year . He never drew satirical pictures like his great rival Louis Bourdaloue . He would not write out his discourses in full , much less learn them off by heart : of the two hundred printed in his works , all but a fraction are rough drafts . Ladies such as Mme de Sévigné forsook him when Bourdaloue dawned on the Paris horizon in 1669 , though Fénelon and La Bruyère , two much sounder critics , refused to follow their example . Bossuet possessed the full equipment of the orator , voice , language , flexibility and strength . He never needed to strain for effect ; his genius struck out at a single blow the thought , the feeling and the word . What he said of Martin Luther applies peculiarly to himself : he could fling his fury into theses and thus unite the dry light of argument with the fire and heat of passion . These qualities reached their highest point in the Oraisons funèbres ( Funeral Orations ) . Bossuet was always best when at work on a large canvas ; besides , here no conscientious scruples intervened to prevent him giving much time and thought to the artistic side of his subject . The Oraison , as its name betokened , stood midway between the sermon proper and what would nowadays be called a biographical sketch . At least that was what Bossuet made it ; for on this field , he stood not merely first , but alone . One hundred and thirty-seven of Bossuets sermons preached in the period from 1659 to 1669 are extant , and it is estimated that he preached more than a hundred more that have since been lost . Apart from state occasions , Bossuet seldom appeared in a Paris pulpit after 1669 . Tutor to the Dauphin , 1670–1681 . A favourite of the court , in 1669 , Bossuet was gazetted bishop of Condom in Gascony , without being obliged to reside there . He was consecrated as a bishop on September 21 , 1670 , but he resigned the bishopric when he was elected to the Académie française in 1671 . On the 18th of September 1670 he was appointed tutor to the nine-year-old Dauphin , oldest child of Louis XIV . The choice was scarcely fortunate . Bossuet unbent as far as he could , but his genius was by no means fitted to enter into the feelings of a child ; and the dauphin was a cross , ungainly , sullen lad . Probably no one was happier than the tutor when his charge turned sixteen and was married off to a Bavarian princess . Still , the nine years at court were by no means wasted . Bossuets tutorial functions involved composing all the necessary books of instruction , including not just handwriting samples , but also manuals of philosophy , history , and religion fit for a future king of France . Among the books written by Bossuet during this period are three classics . First came the Traité de la connaissance de Dieu et de soi-même ( Treatise on the Knowledge of God and of Ones Self ) ( 1677 ) , then the Discours sur lhistoire universelle ( Speech of Universal History ) ( 1679 , published 1682 ) , and lastly the Politique tirée de lÉcriture Sainte ( Politics Drawn from Holy Scripture ) ( 1679 , published 1709 ) . The three books fit into each other . The Traité is a general sketch of the nature of God and the nature of man . The Discours is a history of Gods dealings with humanity in the past . The Politique is a code of rights and duties drawn up in the light thrown by those dealings . Bossuets conclusions are only drawn from Holy Scripture because he wished to gain the highest possible sanction for the institutions of his country and to hallow the France of Louis XIV by proving its astonishing likeness to the Israel of Solomon . Then , too , the veil of Holy Scripture enabled him to speak out more boldly than court etiquette would have otherwise allowed , to remind the son of Louis XIV that kings have duties as well as rights . The Grand Dauphin had often forgotten these duties , but his son , the Petit Dauphin , would bear them in mind . The tutors imagination looked forward to a time when France would blossom into Utopia , with a Christian philosopher on the throne . That is what made him so stalwart a champion of authority in all its forms : le roi , Jesus-Christ et lEglise , Dieu en ces trois noms ( the king , Jesus Christ , and the Church , God in His three names ) , he says in a characteristic letter . The object of his books is to provide authority with a rational basis . Bossuets worship of authority by no means killed his confidence in reason ; what it did was make him doubt the honesty of those who reasoned otherwise than himself . The whole chain of argument seemed to him so clear and simple . Philosophy proves that God exists and that He shapes and governs the course of human affairs . History shows that this governance is , for the most part , indirect , exercised through certain venerable corporations , as well civil and ecclesiastical , all of which demand implicit obedience as the immediate representatives of God . Thus all revolt , whether civil or religious , is a direct defiance of the Almighty . Oliver Cromwell becomes a moral monster , and the revocation of the Edict of Nantes was the greatest achievement of the second Constantine . The France of his youth had known the misery of divided counsels and civil war ; the France of his manhood , brought together under an absolute sovereign , had suddenly shot up into a splendour only comparable with ancient Rome . Why not , then , strain every nerve to hold innovation at bay and prolong that splendour for all time ? Bossuets own Discours sur lhistoire universelle might have furnished an answer , for there the fall of many empires is detailed ; but then the Discours was composed under a single preoccupation . To Bossuet , the establishment of Christianity was the one point of real importance in the whole history of the world . He totally ignores the history of Islam and Asia ; on Greece and Rome , he only touched insofar as they formed part of the Praeparatio Evangelica . Yet his Discours is far more than a theological pamphlet . While Pascal might refer the rise and fall of empires to Providence or chance or a little grain of sand in the English lord protectors veins , Bossuet held fast to his principle that God works through secondary causes . It is His will that every great change should have its roots in the ages that went before it . Bossuet , accordingly , made a heroic attempt to grapple with origins and causes , and in this way , his book deserves its place as one of the first of philosophic histories . Bishop of Meaux , 1681–1704 . With the period of the Dauphins formal education ending in 1681 , Bossuet was appointed Bishop of Meaux by the King on 2 May 1681 , which was approved by Pope Innocent XI on 17 November . But before he could take possession of his see , he was drawn into a violent quarrel between Louis XIV and Pope Innocent XI . Here he found himself in a quandary : to support the Pope meant supporting the Jesuits ; and he hated their supposed casuistry and dévotion aisée almost as much as Pascal ; to oppose the Pope was to play into the hands of Louis XIV , who was eager to subject the Church to the will of the State . Bossuet therefore attempted to steer a middle course . In 1682 , before the general Assembly of the French Clergy , he preached a great sermon on the unity of the Church and made it a magnificent plea for compromise . As Louis XIV insisted on his clergy making an anti-papal declaration , Bossuet got leave to draw it up and made it as moderate as he could , and when the Pope declared it null and void , he set to work on a gigantic Defensio Cleri Gallicani , only published after his death . Throughout this controversy , unlike the court bishops , Bossuet constantly resided in his diocese and took an active interest in its administration . Efforts to combat Protestantism . The Gallican storm a little abated , he turned back to a project very near his heart . Ever since the early days at Metz , he had been busy with schemes for uniting the Huguenots to the Catholic Church . In 1668 , he converted Turenne ; in 1670 , he published an Exposition de la foi catholique ( Exposition of the Catholic Faith ) , so moderate in tone that adversaries were driven to accuse him of having fraudulently watered down the Catholic dogmas to suit Protestant taste . Finally , in 1688 , his great Histoire des variations des Églises protestantes ( History of the Variations of the Protestant Churches ) , perhaps the most brilliant of all his works , appeared . Few writers could have made the Justification controversy interesting or even intelligible . His argument is simple enough . Without rules , an organized society cannot hold together , and rules require an authorized interpreter . The Protestant churches had thrown over this interpreter ; and Bossuet had small trouble in showing that , the longer they lived , the more they varied on increasingly important points . For the moment , the Protestants were pulverized ; but before long , they began to ask whether variation was necessarily so great an evil . Between 1691 and 1701 , Bossuet corresponded with Leibniz with a view to reunion , but negotiations broke down precisely at this point . Leibniz thought his countrymen might accept individual Roman doctrines , but he flatly refused to guarantee that they would necessarily believe tomorrow what they believe today . We prefer , he said , a church eternally variable and for ever moving forwards . Next , Protestant writers began to accumulate some alleged proofs of Romes own variations ; and here , they were backed up by Richard Simon , a priest of the Paris Oratory and the father of biblical criticism in France . He accused St Augustine , Bossuets own special master , of having corrupted the primitive doctrine of grace . Bossuet set to work on a Defense de la tradition , but Simon calmly went on to raise issues graver still . Under a veil of politely ironic circumlocutions , such as did not deceive the Bishop of Meaux , he claimed his right to interpret the Bible like any other book . Bossuet denounced him again and again ; Simon told his friends he would wait until the old fellow was no more . Another Oratorian proved more dangerous still . Simon had endangered miracles by applying to them lay rules of evidence , but Malebranche abrogated miracles altogether . It was blasphemous , he argued , to suppose that the Author of nature would violate the law He had Himself established . Bossuet might scribble nova , mira , falsa in the margins of his book and urge Fénelon to attack them ; Malebranche politely met his threats by saying that to be refuted by such a pen would do him too much honor . These repeated checks soured Bossuets temper . In his earlier controversies , he had borne himself with great magnanimity , and the Huguenot ministers he refuted had found him a kindly advocate at court . His approval of the revocation of the Edict of Nantes stopped far short of approving dragonnades within his Diocese of Meaux , but now his patience was waning . A dissertation by one Father Caffaro , an obscure Italian monk , became his excuse for writing certain , violent Maximes sur la comédie ( 1694 ) , wherein he made an attack on the memory of Molière , dead more than twenty years . Controversy with Fénelon . Three years later , he was battling with Bishop François Fénelon over the love of God . Fénelon , 24 years his junior , was an old pupil who had suddenly become a rival ; like Bossuet , Fénelon was a bishop who served as a royal tutor . The controversy concerned their different reactions to the opinions of Jeanne Guyon : her ideas were similar to the Quietism of Molinos , which was condemned by Pope Innocent XI in 1687 . When Mme de Maintenon began questioning the orthodoxy of Mme Guyons opinions , an ecclesiastical commission of three members , including Bossuet , was appointed to report on the matter . The commission issued 34 articles known as the Articles dIssy , which condemned Mme Guyons ideas very briefly and provided a short treatise on the orthodox , Catholic conception of prayer . Fénelon , who had been attracted to Mme Guyons ideas , signed off on the Articles , and Mme Guyon submitted to the judgment . Bossuet now composed Instructions sur les états doraison , a work that explained the Articles dIssy in greater depth . Fénelon refused to endorse this treatise , however , and instead composed his own explanation as to the meaning of the Articles dIssy , his Explication des Maximes des Saints . He explained his view that the goal of human life should be to have love of God as its perfect object , with neither fear of punishment nor desire for the reward of eternal life having anything to do with this pure love of God . King Louis XIV reproached Bossuet for failing to warn him that his grandsons tutor had such unorthodox opinions and instructed Bossuet and other bishops to respond to the Maximes des Saints . Bossuet and Fénelon thus spent the years 1697–1699 battling each other in pamphlets and letters until the Inquisition finally condemned the Maximes des Saints on 12 March 1699 . Pope Innocent XII selected 23 specific passages for condemnation . Bossuet triumphed in the controversy and Fénelon submitted to Romes determination of the matter . Death . Until he was over 70 years , Bossuet enjoyed good health , but in 1702 he developed chronic kidney stones . Two years later he was a hopeless invalid , and on 12 April 1704 he died quietly . His funeral oration was given by Charles de la Rue , SJ . He was buried at Meaux Cathedral . Preaching . Bossuet is widely considered to be one of the most influential homilists of all time . He is one of the preachers , along with John Tillotson and Louis Bourdaloue , who began the transition from Baroque to Neoclassical preaching . He preached with a simple eloquence that eschewed the grandiose extravagances of earlier preaching . He focused on ethical rather than doctrinal messages , often drawing from the lives of saints or saintly contemporaries as examples . He preached , for example , on St . Francis de Sales as well as funeral orations on Queen Henrietta Maria of France and Henrietta Anne of England . Bossuets funeral orations in particular had lasting importance and were translated early into many languages , including English . Such was their power that even Voltaire , normally so antagonistic toward clergy , praised his oratorical excellence . Works . An edition of Bossuets sermons was edited by Abbé Lebarq in 6 vols . ( Paris , 1890 , 1896 ) , as the Œuvres oratoires de Bossuet . His complete works were edited by Lachat in 31 vols . ( Paris , 1862–1864 ) . - Méditation sur la brièveté de la vie ( 1648 ) - Réfutation du catéchisme de Paul Ferry ( 1655 ) - Oraison funèbre de Yolande de Monterby ( 1656 ) - Oracion funebre e Valeria Slazar ( 1657 ) - Panégyrique de saint Paul ( 1659 ) - Oraison funèbre de Nicolas Cornet ( 1663 ) - Oraison funèbre dAnne dAutriche ( 1667 ) - Oraison funèbre dHenriette Marie de France ( 1669 ) - Oraison funèbre dHenriette dAngleterre ( 1670 ) - Exposition de la doctrine de léglise catholique sur les matières de controverse ( 1671 ) - Sermon pour la Profession de Mademoiselle de La Vallière ( 1675 ) - Traité de la connaissance de Dieu et de soi-même ( 1677 ) - Traité du libre arbitre ( 1677 ) - Logique ( 1677 – published only in 1828 ) - Conférence avec le pasteur Claude ( 1678 – published 1682 ) - Discours sur lhistoire universelle or Speech of Universal History ( 1681 ) - Politique tirée de lÉcriture sainte ( Politics Drawn from the Very Words of Holy Scripture ) ( 1679 – published 1709 ) - Sermon sur lunité de lÉglise ( 1682 ) - Oraison funèbre de Marie Thérèse ( 1683 ) - Oraison funèbre d Anne de Gonzague , princesse Palatine ( 1685 ) - Oraison funèbre de Michel Le Tellier ( 1686 ) - Oraison funèbre de Mme du Blé dUxelles ( 1686 ) - Oraison funèbre du prince de Condé ( 1687 ) - Catéchisme du diocèse de Meaux ( 1687 ) - Histoire des variations des Églises protestantes ( 1688 ) - Explication de lApocalypse ( 1689 ) - Avertissements aux Protestants ( I , II , III ) ( 1689 ) - Avertissements aux Protestants ( IV , V , VI ) ( 1690–91 ) - Défense de lHistoire des variations ( 1690–91 ) - Correspondence avec Leibniz ( 1691–93 ) - Défense de la Tradition et des Saints Pères ( 1691–93 ) - Traité de la concupiscence ( 1691–93 ) - Lettre au P . Caffaro ( 1694–95 ) - Maximes et réflexions sur la comédie ( 1694–95 ) - Méditation sur lEvangile ( 1694–95 ) - Élévations sur les mystères ( 1694–95 ) - Instructions sur les états doraison ( replying to Fénelon ) ( 1697 ) - Relation sur le quiétisme ( 1698 ) - Instructions pastorales pour les Protestants ( manual for Protestant converts to Catholicism ) ( 1701 ) Politics Drawn from the Very Words of Holy Scripture . When Bossuet was chosen to be the tutor of the Dauphin , oldest child of Louis XIV , he wrote several works for the edification of his pupil , one of which was Politics Derived from the Words of Holy Scripture , a discourse on the principles of royal absolutism . The work was published posthumously in 1709 . The work consists of several books which are divided into articles and propositions which lay out the nature , characteristics , duties , and resources of royalty . To justify his propositions , Bossuet quotes liberally from the Bible and various psalms . Throughout his essay , Bossuet emphasizes the fact that royal authority comes directly from God and that the person of the king is sacred . In the third book , Bossuet asserts that God establishes kings as his ministers , and reigns through them over the people . He also states that the prince must be obeyed on principle , as a matter of religion and of conscience . While he declares the absolute authority of rulers , he emphasizes the fact that kings must use their power only for the public good and that the king is not above the law for if he sins , he destroys the laws by his example . In books six and seven , Bossuet describes the duties of the subjects to the prince and the special duties of royalty . For Bossuet , the prince was synonymous with the state , which is why , according to him , the subjects of the prince owe the prince the same duties that they owe their country . He also states that only public enemies make a separation between the interest of the prince and the interest of the state . As far as the duties of royalty , the primary goal is the preservation of the state . Bossuet describes three ways that this can be achieved : by maintaining a good constitution , making good use of the states resources , and protecting the state from the dangers and difficulties that threaten it . In books nine and ten , Bossuet outlines the various resources of royalty ( arms , wealth , and counsel ) and how they should be used . In regards to arms , Bossuet explains that there are just and unjust grounds for war . Unjust causes include ambitious conquest , pillage , and jealousy . As far as wealth is concerned , he then lays out the types of expenditures that a king has and the various sources of wealth for the kingdom . He emphasizes that the true wealth of a kingdom is its men and says that it is important to improve the peoples lot and that there would be no more poor . Trivia . The Catholic Encyclopedia ( 1913 ) calls Bossuet the greatest pulpit orator of all time , ranking him even ahead of Augustine and Chrysostom . The exterior of Harvards Sanders Theater includes busts of the eight greatest orators of all time – they include a bust of Bossuet alongside such giants of oratory as Demosthenes , Cicero , and Chrysostom . A character in Les Misérables , being from Meaux and an orator , is nicknamed Bossuet by his friends . Bossuet was one of several co-editors on the Ad usum Delphini book series ( commonly known as the Delphin Classics ) of the Latin classics . Bossuet was the uncle of Louis Bossuet .
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{
"text": " Jacques-Bénigne Lignel Bossuet ( ; 27 September 1627 – 12 April 1704 ) was a French bishop and theologian , renowned for his sermons and other addresses . He has been considered by many to be one of the most brilliant orators of all time and a masterly French stylist . Court preacher to Louis XIV of France , Bossuet was a strong advocate of political absolutism and the divine right of kings . He argued that government was divinely ordained and that kings received sovereign power from God . He was also an important courtier and politician .",
"title": "Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet"
},
{
"text": "The works best known to English speakers are three great orations delivered at the funerals of Queen Henrietta Maria , widow of Charles I of England ( 1669 ) , of her daughter Henriette , Duchess of Orléans ( 1670 ) , and of the outstanding military commander le Grand Condé ( 1687 ) .",
"title": "Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet"
},
{
"text": " His work Discours sur lhistoire universelle ( Discourse on Universal History 1681 ) is regarded by many Catholics as an actualization or new version of the City of God of St . Augustine of Hippo .",
"title": "Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet"
},
{
"text": " Bossuet was born at Dijon . He came from a family of prosperous Burgundian lawyers – on both his paternal and maternal side , his ancestors had held legal posts for at least a century . He was the fifth son born to Beneigne Bossuet , a judge of the parlement ( a provincial high court ) at Dijon , and Marguerite Mouchet . His parents decided on a career in the church for their fifth son , so he was tonsured at age eight .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "The boy was sent to school at the Collège des Godrans , a classical school run by the Jesuits of Dijon . When his father was appointed to the parlement at Metz , Bossuet was left in Dijon under the care of his uncle Claude Bossuet dAiseray , a renowned scholar . At the Collège des Godrans , he gained a reputation for hard work : fellow students nicknamed him Bos suetus aratro , an ox broken in to the plough . His fathers influence at Metz allowed him to obtain for the young Bossuet a canonicate in the cathedral",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "of Metz when the boy was just 13 years old .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " In 1642 , Bossuet enrolled in the Collège de Navarre in Paris to finish his classical studies and to begin the study of philosophy and theology . His mentor at Navarre was the colleges president , Nicolas Cornet , the theologian whose denunciation of Antoine Arnauld at the Sorbonne in 1649 was a major episode in the Jansenist controversy .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "For the time being , however , Cornet and Arnaud were still on good terms . In 1643 , Arnaud introduced Bossuet to the Hôtel de Rambouillet , a great centre of aristocratic culture and the original home of the Précieuses . Bossuet was already showing signs of the oratorical brilliance which served him so well throughout his life . On one celebrated occasion at the Hôtel de Rambouillet , during a dispute about extempore preaching , the 16-year-old Bossuet was called on to deliver an impromptu sermon at 11 pm . Voiture famously quipped : I never heard anybody",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "preach so early nor so late .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " Bossuet became a Master of Arts in 1643 . He held his first thesis ( tentativa ) in theology on 25 January 1648 , in the presence of the Prince de Condé . Later in 1648 , he became a sub-deacon at Metz . He became a deacon in 1649 . During this period , he preached his first sermons .",
"title": "Early clerical career"
},
{
"text": "He held his second thesis ( sorbonica ) on November 9 , 1650 . Then , in preparation for the priesthood , he spent the next two years in retirement under the spiritual direction of Vincent de Paul .",
"title": "Early clerical career"
},
{
"text": " In January 1652 , Bossuet re-entered public life , being named Archdeacon of Sarrebourg . He was ordained a priest on 18 March 1652 . A few weeks later , he defended his brilliant doctoral work and became a Doctor of Divinity .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "He spent the next seven years at Metz , where his fathers influence had got him a canonry at age 13 and where he now also had the office of archdeacon . He was plunged at once into the thick of controversy ; for nearly half of Metz was Protestant , and Bossuets first appearance in print was a refutation of the Huguenot pastor Paul Ferry ( 1655 ) , and he frequently engaged in religious controversies with Protestants ( and , less regularly , with Jews ) during his time at Metz . To reconcile the Protestants with the",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "Roman Catholic Church became the great object of his dreams ; and for this purpose , he began to train himself carefully for the pulpit , an all-important centre of influence in a land where political assemblies were unknown and novels and newspapers scarcely born . His youthful imagination was unbridled , and his ideas ran easily into a kind of paradoxical subtlety , redolent of the divinity school . Nevertheless , his time at Metz was an important time for developing his pulpit oratory and for allowing him to continue his studies of Scripture and the Fathers . He",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "also gained political experience through his participation in the local Assembly of the Three Orders .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": " In 1657 , in Metz , Bossuet preached before Anne of Austria , mother of Louis XIV . As a result , he received the honorific title of Counselor and Preacher to the King . Early career in Paris .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "In 1657 , St . Vincent de Paul convinced Bossuet to move to Paris and give himself entirely to preaching . ( He did not entirely sever his connections with the cathedral of Metz , though : he continued to hold his benefice , and in 1664 , when his widower father was ordained as a priest and became a canon at the cathedral at Metz , Bossuet was named the dean of the cathedral. )",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": " Bossuet quickly gained a reputation as a great preacher , and by 1660 , he was preaching regularly before the court in the Chapel Royal . In 1662 , he preached his famous sermon On the Duties of Kings to Louis XIV at the Louvre .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "In Paris , the congregations had no mercy on purely clerical logic or clerical taste ; if a preacher wished to catch their ear , he had to manage to address them in terms they would agree to consider sensible and well bred . Having very stern ideas of the dignity of a priest , Bossuet refused to descend to the usual devices for arousing popular interest .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": " The narrative element in Bossuets sermons grew shorter with each year . He never drew satirical pictures like his great rival Louis Bourdaloue . He would not write out his discourses in full , much less learn them off by heart : of the two hundred printed in his works , all but a fraction are rough drafts . Ladies such as Mme de Sévigné forsook him when Bourdaloue dawned on the Paris horizon in 1669 , though Fénelon and La Bruyère , two much sounder critics , refused to follow their example .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "Bossuet possessed the full equipment of the orator , voice , language , flexibility and strength . He never needed to strain for effect ; his genius struck out at a single blow the thought , the feeling and the word . What he said of Martin Luther applies peculiarly to himself : he could fling his fury into theses and thus unite the dry light of argument with the fire and heat of passion . These qualities reached their highest point in the Oraisons funèbres ( Funeral Orations ) .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": " Bossuet was always best when at work on a large canvas ; besides , here no conscientious scruples intervened to prevent him giving much time and thought to the artistic side of his subject . The Oraison , as its name betokened , stood midway between the sermon proper and what would nowadays be called a biographical sketch . At least that was what Bossuet made it ; for on this field , he stood not merely first , but alone .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "One hundred and thirty-seven of Bossuets sermons preached in the period from 1659 to 1669 are extant , and it is estimated that he preached more than a hundred more that have since been lost . Apart from state occasions , Bossuet seldom appeared in a Paris pulpit after 1669 .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": " Tutor to the Dauphin , 1670–1681 . A favourite of the court , in 1669 , Bossuet was gazetted bishop of Condom in Gascony , without being obliged to reside there . He was consecrated as a bishop on September 21 , 1670 , but he resigned the bishopric when he was elected to the Académie française in 1671 .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "On the 18th of September 1670 he was appointed tutor to the nine-year-old Dauphin , oldest child of Louis XIV . The choice was scarcely fortunate . Bossuet unbent as far as he could , but his genius was by no means fitted to enter into the feelings of a child ; and the dauphin was a cross , ungainly , sullen lad . Probably no one was happier than the tutor when his charge turned sixteen and was married off to a Bavarian princess . Still , the nine years at court were by no means wasted .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "Bossuets tutorial functions involved composing all the necessary books of instruction , including not just handwriting samples , but also manuals of philosophy , history , and religion fit for a future king of France . Among the books written by Bossuet during this period are three classics . First came the Traité de la connaissance de Dieu et de soi-même ( Treatise on the Knowledge of God and of Ones Self ) ( 1677 ) , then the Discours sur lhistoire universelle ( Speech of Universal History ) ( 1679 , published 1682 ) , and lastly the Politique",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "tirée de lÉcriture Sainte ( Politics Drawn from Holy Scripture ) ( 1679 , published 1709 ) . The three books fit into each other . The Traité is a general sketch of the nature of God and the nature of man . The Discours is a history of Gods dealings with humanity in the past . The Politique is a code of rights and duties drawn up in the light thrown by those dealings . Bossuets conclusions are only drawn from Holy Scripture because he wished to gain the highest possible sanction for the institutions of his country and",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "to hallow the France of Louis XIV by proving its astonishing likeness to the Israel of Solomon . Then , too , the veil of Holy Scripture enabled him to speak out more boldly than court etiquette would have otherwise allowed , to remind the son of Louis XIV that kings have duties as well as rights .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "The Grand Dauphin had often forgotten these duties , but his son , the Petit Dauphin , would bear them in mind . The tutors imagination looked forward to a time when France would blossom into Utopia , with a Christian philosopher on the throne . That is what made him so stalwart a champion of authority in all its forms : le roi , Jesus-Christ et lEglise , Dieu en ces trois noms ( the king , Jesus Christ , and the Church , God in His three names ) , he says in a characteristic letter . The",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "object of his books is to provide authority with a rational basis . Bossuets worship of authority by no means killed his confidence in reason ; what it did was make him doubt the honesty of those who reasoned otherwise than himself .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": " The whole chain of argument seemed to him so clear and simple . Philosophy proves that God exists and that He shapes and governs the course of human affairs . History shows that this governance is , for the most part , indirect , exercised through certain venerable corporations , as well civil and ecclesiastical , all of which demand implicit obedience as the immediate representatives of God . Thus all revolt , whether civil or religious , is a direct defiance of the Almighty .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "Oliver Cromwell becomes a moral monster , and the revocation of the Edict of Nantes was the greatest achievement of the second Constantine . The France of his youth had known the misery of divided counsels and civil war ; the France of his manhood , brought together under an absolute sovereign , had suddenly shot up into a splendour only comparable with ancient Rome . Why not , then , strain every nerve to hold innovation at bay and prolong that splendour for all time ? Bossuets own Discours sur lhistoire universelle might have furnished an answer , for",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "there the fall of many empires is detailed ; but then the Discours was composed under a single preoccupation .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "To Bossuet , the establishment of Christianity was the one point of real importance in the whole history of the world . He totally ignores the history of Islam and Asia ; on Greece and Rome , he only touched insofar as they formed part of the Praeparatio Evangelica . Yet his Discours is far more than a theological pamphlet . While Pascal might refer the rise and fall of empires to Providence or chance or a little grain of sand in the English lord protectors veins , Bossuet held fast to his principle that God works through secondary causes",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": ". It is His will that every great change should have its roots in the ages that went before it . Bossuet , accordingly , made a heroic attempt to grapple with origins and causes , and in this way , his book deserves its place as one of the first of philosophic histories .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "With the period of the Dauphins formal education ending in 1681 , Bossuet was appointed Bishop of Meaux by the King on 2 May 1681 , which was approved by Pope Innocent XI on 17 November . But before he could take possession of his see , he was drawn into a violent quarrel between Louis XIV and Pope Innocent XI . Here he found himself in a quandary : to support the Pope meant supporting the Jesuits ; and he hated their supposed casuistry and dévotion aisée almost as much as Pascal ; to oppose the Pope was to",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "play into the hands of Louis XIV , who was eager to subject the Church to the will of the State . Bossuet therefore attempted to steer a middle course . In 1682 , before the general Assembly of the French Clergy , he preached a great sermon on the unity of the Church and made it a magnificent plea for compromise . As Louis XIV insisted on his clergy making an anti-papal declaration , Bossuet got leave to draw it up and made it as moderate as he could , and when the Pope declared it null and void",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": ", he set to work on a gigantic Defensio Cleri Gallicani , only published after his death . Throughout this controversy , unlike the court bishops , Bossuet constantly resided in his diocese and took an active interest in its administration .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": " Efforts to combat Protestantism . The Gallican storm a little abated , he turned back to a project very near his heart . Ever since the early days at Metz , he had been busy with schemes for uniting the Huguenots to the Catholic Church . In 1668 , he converted Turenne ; in 1670 , he published an Exposition de la foi catholique ( Exposition of the Catholic Faith ) , so moderate in tone that adversaries were driven to accuse him of having fraudulently watered down the Catholic dogmas to suit Protestant taste .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "Finally , in 1688 , his great Histoire des variations des Églises protestantes ( History of the Variations of the Protestant Churches ) , perhaps the most brilliant of all his works , appeared . Few writers could have made the Justification controversy interesting or even intelligible . His argument is simple enough . Without rules , an organized society cannot hold together , and rules require an authorized interpreter . The Protestant churches had thrown over this interpreter ; and Bossuet had small trouble in showing that , the longer they lived , the more they varied on increasingly",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "important points .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": " For the moment , the Protestants were pulverized ; but before long , they began to ask whether variation was necessarily so great an evil . Between 1691 and 1701 , Bossuet corresponded with Leibniz with a view to reunion , but negotiations broke down precisely at this point . Leibniz thought his countrymen might accept individual Roman doctrines , but he flatly refused to guarantee that they would necessarily believe tomorrow what they believe today . We prefer , he said , a church eternally variable and for ever moving forwards .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "Next , Protestant writers began to accumulate some alleged proofs of Romes own variations ; and here , they were backed up by Richard Simon , a priest of the Paris Oratory and the father of biblical criticism in France . He accused St Augustine , Bossuets own special master , of having corrupted the primitive doctrine of grace .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "Bossuet set to work on a Defense de la tradition , but Simon calmly went on to raise issues graver still . Under a veil of politely ironic circumlocutions , such as did not deceive the Bishop of Meaux , he claimed his right to interpret the Bible like any other book . Bossuet denounced him again and again ; Simon told his friends he would wait until the old fellow was no more . Another Oratorian proved more dangerous still . Simon had endangered miracles by applying to them lay rules of evidence , but Malebranche abrogated miracles altogether",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": ". It was blasphemous , he argued , to suppose that the Author of nature would violate the law He had Himself established . Bossuet might scribble nova , mira , falsa in the margins of his book and urge Fénelon to attack them ; Malebranche politely met his threats by saying that to be refuted by such a pen would do him too much honor . These repeated checks soured Bossuets temper .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "In his earlier controversies , he had borne himself with great magnanimity , and the Huguenot ministers he refuted had found him a kindly advocate at court . His approval of the revocation of the Edict of Nantes stopped far short of approving dragonnades within his Diocese of Meaux , but now his patience was waning . A dissertation by one Father Caffaro , an obscure Italian monk , became his excuse for writing certain , violent Maximes sur la comédie ( 1694 ) , wherein he made an attack on the memory of Molière , dead more than twenty",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "years .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": " Three years later , he was battling with Bishop François Fénelon over the love of God . Fénelon , 24 years his junior , was an old pupil who had suddenly become a rival ; like Bossuet , Fénelon was a bishop who served as a royal tutor .",
"title": "Controversy with Fénelon"
},
{
"text": "The controversy concerned their different reactions to the opinions of Jeanne Guyon : her ideas were similar to the Quietism of Molinos , which was condemned by Pope Innocent XI in 1687 . When Mme de Maintenon began questioning the orthodoxy of Mme Guyons opinions , an ecclesiastical commission of three members , including Bossuet , was appointed to report on the matter . The commission issued 34 articles known as the Articles dIssy , which condemned Mme Guyons ideas very briefly and provided a short treatise on the orthodox , Catholic conception of prayer . Fénelon , who had",
"title": "Controversy with Fénelon"
},
{
"text": "been attracted to Mme Guyons ideas , signed off on the Articles , and Mme Guyon submitted to the judgment .",
"title": "Controversy with Fénelon"
},
{
"text": "Bossuet now composed Instructions sur les états doraison , a work that explained the Articles dIssy in greater depth . Fénelon refused to endorse this treatise , however , and instead composed his own explanation as to the meaning of the Articles dIssy , his Explication des Maximes des Saints . He explained his view that the goal of human life should be to have love of God as its perfect object , with neither fear of punishment nor desire for the reward of eternal life having anything to do with this pure love of God . King Louis XIV",
"title": "Controversy with Fénelon"
},
{
"text": "reproached Bossuet for failing to warn him that his grandsons tutor had such unorthodox opinions and instructed Bossuet and other bishops to respond to the Maximes des Saints .",
"title": "Controversy with Fénelon"
},
{
"text": " Bossuet and Fénelon thus spent the years 1697–1699 battling each other in pamphlets and letters until the Inquisition finally condemned the Maximes des Saints on 12 March 1699 . Pope Innocent XII selected 23 specific passages for condemnation . Bossuet triumphed in the controversy and Fénelon submitted to Romes determination of the matter .",
"title": "Controversy with Fénelon"
},
{
"text": " Until he was over 70 years , Bossuet enjoyed good health , but in 1702 he developed chronic kidney stones . Two years later he was a hopeless invalid , and on 12 April 1704 he died quietly . His funeral oration was given by Charles de la Rue , SJ . He was buried at Meaux Cathedral .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "Bossuet is widely considered to be one of the most influential homilists of all time . He is one of the preachers , along with John Tillotson and Louis Bourdaloue , who began the transition from Baroque to Neoclassical preaching . He preached with a simple eloquence that eschewed the grandiose extravagances of earlier preaching . He focused on ethical rather than doctrinal messages , often drawing from the lives of saints or saintly contemporaries as examples . He preached , for example , on St . Francis de Sales as well as funeral orations on Queen Henrietta Maria of",
"title": "Preaching"
},
{
"text": "France and Henrietta Anne of England . Bossuets funeral orations in particular had lasting importance and were translated early into many languages , including English . Such was their power that even Voltaire , normally so antagonistic toward clergy , praised his oratorical excellence .",
"title": "Preaching"
},
{
"text": " An edition of Bossuets sermons was edited by Abbé Lebarq in 6 vols . ( Paris , 1890 , 1896 ) , as the Œuvres oratoires de Bossuet . His complete works were edited by Lachat in 31 vols . ( Paris , 1862–1864 ) . - Méditation sur la brièveté de la vie ( 1648 ) - Réfutation du catéchisme de Paul Ferry ( 1655 ) - Oraison funèbre de Yolande de Monterby ( 1656 ) - Oracion funebre e Valeria Slazar ( 1657 ) - Panégyrique de saint Paul ( 1659 )",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": "- Oraison funèbre de Nicolas Cornet ( 1663 )",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": " - Oraison funèbre dAnne dAutriche ( 1667 ) - Oraison funèbre dHenriette Marie de France ( 1669 ) - Oraison funèbre dHenriette dAngleterre ( 1670 ) - Exposition de la doctrine de léglise catholique sur les matières de controverse ( 1671 ) - Sermon pour la Profession de Mademoiselle de La Vallière ( 1675 ) - Traité de la connaissance de Dieu et de soi-même ( 1677 ) - Traité du libre arbitre ( 1677 ) - Logique ( 1677 – published only in 1828 ) - Conférence avec le pasteur Claude ( 1678 – published 1682 )",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": "- Discours sur lhistoire universelle or Speech of Universal History ( 1681 )",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": " - Politique tirée de lÉcriture sainte ( Politics Drawn from the Very Words of Holy Scripture ) ( 1679 – published 1709 ) - Sermon sur lunité de lÉglise ( 1682 ) - Oraison funèbre de Marie Thérèse ( 1683 ) - Oraison funèbre d Anne de Gonzague , princesse Palatine ( 1685 ) - Oraison funèbre de Michel Le Tellier ( 1686 ) - Oraison funèbre de Mme du Blé dUxelles ( 1686 ) - Oraison funèbre du prince de Condé ( 1687 ) - Catéchisme du diocèse de Meaux ( 1687 )",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": "- Histoire des variations des Églises protestantes ( 1688 )",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": " - Explication de lApocalypse ( 1689 ) - Avertissements aux Protestants ( I , II , III ) ( 1689 ) - Avertissements aux Protestants ( IV , V , VI ) ( 1690–91 ) - Défense de lHistoire des variations ( 1690–91 ) - Correspondence avec Leibniz ( 1691–93 ) - Défense de la Tradition et des Saints Pères ( 1691–93 ) - Traité de la concupiscence ( 1691–93 ) - Lettre au P . Caffaro ( 1694–95 ) - Maximes et réflexions sur la comédie ( 1694–95 ) - Méditation sur lEvangile ( 1694–95 )",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": "- Élévations sur les mystères ( 1694–95 )",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": " - Instructions sur les états doraison ( replying to Fénelon ) ( 1697 ) - Relation sur le quiétisme ( 1698 ) - Instructions pastorales pour les Protestants ( manual for Protestant converts to Catholicism ) ( 1701 ) Politics Drawn from the Very Words of Holy Scripture .",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": "When Bossuet was chosen to be the tutor of the Dauphin , oldest child of Louis XIV , he wrote several works for the edification of his pupil , one of which was Politics Derived from the Words of Holy Scripture , a discourse on the principles of royal absolutism . The work was published posthumously in 1709 .",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": " The work consists of several books which are divided into articles and propositions which lay out the nature , characteristics , duties , and resources of royalty . To justify his propositions , Bossuet quotes liberally from the Bible and various psalms .",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": "Throughout his essay , Bossuet emphasizes the fact that royal authority comes directly from God and that the person of the king is sacred . In the third book , Bossuet asserts that God establishes kings as his ministers , and reigns through them over the people . He also states that the prince must be obeyed on principle , as a matter of religion and of conscience . While he declares the absolute authority of rulers , he emphasizes the fact that kings must use their power only for the public good and that the king is not above",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": "the law for if he sins , he destroys the laws by his example .",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": "In books six and seven , Bossuet describes the duties of the subjects to the prince and the special duties of royalty . For Bossuet , the prince was synonymous with the state , which is why , according to him , the subjects of the prince owe the prince the same duties that they owe their country . He also states that only public enemies make a separation between the interest of the prince and the interest of the state . As far as the duties of royalty , the primary goal is the preservation of the state .",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": "Bossuet describes three ways that this can be achieved : by maintaining a good constitution , making good use of the states resources , and protecting the state from the dangers and difficulties that threaten it .",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": "In books nine and ten , Bossuet outlines the various resources of royalty ( arms , wealth , and counsel ) and how they should be used . In regards to arms , Bossuet explains that there are just and unjust grounds for war . Unjust causes include ambitious conquest , pillage , and jealousy . As far as wealth is concerned , he then lays out the types of expenditures that a king has and the various sources of wealth for the kingdom . He emphasizes that the true wealth of a kingdom is its men and says that",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": "it is important to improve the peoples lot and that there would be no more poor .",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": " The Catholic Encyclopedia ( 1913 ) calls Bossuet the greatest pulpit orator of all time , ranking him even ahead of Augustine and Chrysostom . The exterior of Harvards Sanders Theater includes busts of the eight greatest orators of all time – they include a bust of Bossuet alongside such giants of oratory as Demosthenes , Cicero , and Chrysostom . A character in Les Misérables , being from Meaux and an orator , is nicknamed Bossuet by his friends .",
"title": "Trivia"
},
{
"text": "Bossuet was one of several co-editors on the Ad usum Delphini book series ( commonly known as the Delphin Classics ) of the Latin classics .",
"title": "Trivia"
},
{
"text": " Bossuet was the uncle of Louis Bossuet .",
"title": "Trivia"
}
] |
/wiki/Jacques-Bénigne_Bossuet#P39#2
|
Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet took which position in Apr 1700?
|
Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet Jacques-Bénigne Lignel Bossuet ( ; 27 September 1627 – 12 April 1704 ) was a French bishop and theologian , renowned for his sermons and other addresses . He has been considered by many to be one of the most brilliant orators of all time and a masterly French stylist . Court preacher to Louis XIV of France , Bossuet was a strong advocate of political absolutism and the divine right of kings . He argued that government was divinely ordained and that kings received sovereign power from God . He was also an important courtier and politician . The works best known to English speakers are three great orations delivered at the funerals of Queen Henrietta Maria , widow of Charles I of England ( 1669 ) , of her daughter Henriette , Duchess of Orléans ( 1670 ) , and of the outstanding military commander le Grand Condé ( 1687 ) . His work Discours sur lhistoire universelle ( Discourse on Universal History 1681 ) is regarded by many Catholics as an actualization or new version of the City of God of St . Augustine of Hippo . Biography . Early years . Bossuet was born at Dijon . He came from a family of prosperous Burgundian lawyers – on both his paternal and maternal side , his ancestors had held legal posts for at least a century . He was the fifth son born to Beneigne Bossuet , a judge of the parlement ( a provincial high court ) at Dijon , and Marguerite Mouchet . His parents decided on a career in the church for their fifth son , so he was tonsured at age eight . The boy was sent to school at the Collège des Godrans , a classical school run by the Jesuits of Dijon . When his father was appointed to the parlement at Metz , Bossuet was left in Dijon under the care of his uncle Claude Bossuet dAiseray , a renowned scholar . At the Collège des Godrans , he gained a reputation for hard work : fellow students nicknamed him Bos suetus aratro , an ox broken in to the plough . His fathers influence at Metz allowed him to obtain for the young Bossuet a canonicate in the cathedral of Metz when the boy was just 13 years old . In 1642 , Bossuet enrolled in the Collège de Navarre in Paris to finish his classical studies and to begin the study of philosophy and theology . His mentor at Navarre was the colleges president , Nicolas Cornet , the theologian whose denunciation of Antoine Arnauld at the Sorbonne in 1649 was a major episode in the Jansenist controversy . For the time being , however , Cornet and Arnaud were still on good terms . In 1643 , Arnaud introduced Bossuet to the Hôtel de Rambouillet , a great centre of aristocratic culture and the original home of the Précieuses . Bossuet was already showing signs of the oratorical brilliance which served him so well throughout his life . On one celebrated occasion at the Hôtel de Rambouillet , during a dispute about extempore preaching , the 16-year-old Bossuet was called on to deliver an impromptu sermon at 11 pm . Voiture famously quipped : I never heard anybody preach so early nor so late . Early clerical career . Bossuet became a Master of Arts in 1643 . He held his first thesis ( tentativa ) in theology on 25 January 1648 , in the presence of the Prince de Condé . Later in 1648 , he became a sub-deacon at Metz . He became a deacon in 1649 . During this period , he preached his first sermons . He held his second thesis ( sorbonica ) on November 9 , 1650 . Then , in preparation for the priesthood , he spent the next two years in retirement under the spiritual direction of Vincent de Paul . Priest at Metz . In January 1652 , Bossuet re-entered public life , being named Archdeacon of Sarrebourg . He was ordained a priest on 18 March 1652 . A few weeks later , he defended his brilliant doctoral work and became a Doctor of Divinity . He spent the next seven years at Metz , where his fathers influence had got him a canonry at age 13 and where he now also had the office of archdeacon . He was plunged at once into the thick of controversy ; for nearly half of Metz was Protestant , and Bossuets first appearance in print was a refutation of the Huguenot pastor Paul Ferry ( 1655 ) , and he frequently engaged in religious controversies with Protestants ( and , less regularly , with Jews ) during his time at Metz . To reconcile the Protestants with the Roman Catholic Church became the great object of his dreams ; and for this purpose , he began to train himself carefully for the pulpit , an all-important centre of influence in a land where political assemblies were unknown and novels and newspapers scarcely born . His youthful imagination was unbridled , and his ideas ran easily into a kind of paradoxical subtlety , redolent of the divinity school . Nevertheless , his time at Metz was an important time for developing his pulpit oratory and for allowing him to continue his studies of Scripture and the Fathers . He also gained political experience through his participation in the local Assembly of the Three Orders . In 1657 , in Metz , Bossuet preached before Anne of Austria , mother of Louis XIV . As a result , he received the honorific title of Counselor and Preacher to the King . Early career in Paris . In 1657 , St . Vincent de Paul convinced Bossuet to move to Paris and give himself entirely to preaching . ( He did not entirely sever his connections with the cathedral of Metz , though : he continued to hold his benefice , and in 1664 , when his widower father was ordained as a priest and became a canon at the cathedral at Metz , Bossuet was named the dean of the cathedral. ) Bossuet quickly gained a reputation as a great preacher , and by 1660 , he was preaching regularly before the court in the Chapel Royal . In 1662 , he preached his famous sermon On the Duties of Kings to Louis XIV at the Louvre . In Paris , the congregations had no mercy on purely clerical logic or clerical taste ; if a preacher wished to catch their ear , he had to manage to address them in terms they would agree to consider sensible and well bred . Having very stern ideas of the dignity of a priest , Bossuet refused to descend to the usual devices for arousing popular interest . The narrative element in Bossuets sermons grew shorter with each year . He never drew satirical pictures like his great rival Louis Bourdaloue . He would not write out his discourses in full , much less learn them off by heart : of the two hundred printed in his works , all but a fraction are rough drafts . Ladies such as Mme de Sévigné forsook him when Bourdaloue dawned on the Paris horizon in 1669 , though Fénelon and La Bruyère , two much sounder critics , refused to follow their example . Bossuet possessed the full equipment of the orator , voice , language , flexibility and strength . He never needed to strain for effect ; his genius struck out at a single blow the thought , the feeling and the word . What he said of Martin Luther applies peculiarly to himself : he could fling his fury into theses and thus unite the dry light of argument with the fire and heat of passion . These qualities reached their highest point in the Oraisons funèbres ( Funeral Orations ) . Bossuet was always best when at work on a large canvas ; besides , here no conscientious scruples intervened to prevent him giving much time and thought to the artistic side of his subject . The Oraison , as its name betokened , stood midway between the sermon proper and what would nowadays be called a biographical sketch . At least that was what Bossuet made it ; for on this field , he stood not merely first , but alone . One hundred and thirty-seven of Bossuets sermons preached in the period from 1659 to 1669 are extant , and it is estimated that he preached more than a hundred more that have since been lost . Apart from state occasions , Bossuet seldom appeared in a Paris pulpit after 1669 . Tutor to the Dauphin , 1670–1681 . A favourite of the court , in 1669 , Bossuet was gazetted bishop of Condom in Gascony , without being obliged to reside there . He was consecrated as a bishop on September 21 , 1670 , but he resigned the bishopric when he was elected to the Académie française in 1671 . On the 18th of September 1670 he was appointed tutor to the nine-year-old Dauphin , oldest child of Louis XIV . The choice was scarcely fortunate . Bossuet unbent as far as he could , but his genius was by no means fitted to enter into the feelings of a child ; and the dauphin was a cross , ungainly , sullen lad . Probably no one was happier than the tutor when his charge turned sixteen and was married off to a Bavarian princess . Still , the nine years at court were by no means wasted . Bossuets tutorial functions involved composing all the necessary books of instruction , including not just handwriting samples , but also manuals of philosophy , history , and religion fit for a future king of France . Among the books written by Bossuet during this period are three classics . First came the Traité de la connaissance de Dieu et de soi-même ( Treatise on the Knowledge of God and of Ones Self ) ( 1677 ) , then the Discours sur lhistoire universelle ( Speech of Universal History ) ( 1679 , published 1682 ) , and lastly the Politique tirée de lÉcriture Sainte ( Politics Drawn from Holy Scripture ) ( 1679 , published 1709 ) . The three books fit into each other . The Traité is a general sketch of the nature of God and the nature of man . The Discours is a history of Gods dealings with humanity in the past . The Politique is a code of rights and duties drawn up in the light thrown by those dealings . Bossuets conclusions are only drawn from Holy Scripture because he wished to gain the highest possible sanction for the institutions of his country and to hallow the France of Louis XIV by proving its astonishing likeness to the Israel of Solomon . Then , too , the veil of Holy Scripture enabled him to speak out more boldly than court etiquette would have otherwise allowed , to remind the son of Louis XIV that kings have duties as well as rights . The Grand Dauphin had often forgotten these duties , but his son , the Petit Dauphin , would bear them in mind . The tutors imagination looked forward to a time when France would blossom into Utopia , with a Christian philosopher on the throne . That is what made him so stalwart a champion of authority in all its forms : le roi , Jesus-Christ et lEglise , Dieu en ces trois noms ( the king , Jesus Christ , and the Church , God in His three names ) , he says in a characteristic letter . The object of his books is to provide authority with a rational basis . Bossuets worship of authority by no means killed his confidence in reason ; what it did was make him doubt the honesty of those who reasoned otherwise than himself . The whole chain of argument seemed to him so clear and simple . Philosophy proves that God exists and that He shapes and governs the course of human affairs . History shows that this governance is , for the most part , indirect , exercised through certain venerable corporations , as well civil and ecclesiastical , all of which demand implicit obedience as the immediate representatives of God . Thus all revolt , whether civil or religious , is a direct defiance of the Almighty . Oliver Cromwell becomes a moral monster , and the revocation of the Edict of Nantes was the greatest achievement of the second Constantine . The France of his youth had known the misery of divided counsels and civil war ; the France of his manhood , brought together under an absolute sovereign , had suddenly shot up into a splendour only comparable with ancient Rome . Why not , then , strain every nerve to hold innovation at bay and prolong that splendour for all time ? Bossuets own Discours sur lhistoire universelle might have furnished an answer , for there the fall of many empires is detailed ; but then the Discours was composed under a single preoccupation . To Bossuet , the establishment of Christianity was the one point of real importance in the whole history of the world . He totally ignores the history of Islam and Asia ; on Greece and Rome , he only touched insofar as they formed part of the Praeparatio Evangelica . Yet his Discours is far more than a theological pamphlet . While Pascal might refer the rise and fall of empires to Providence or chance or a little grain of sand in the English lord protectors veins , Bossuet held fast to his principle that God works through secondary causes . It is His will that every great change should have its roots in the ages that went before it . Bossuet , accordingly , made a heroic attempt to grapple with origins and causes , and in this way , his book deserves its place as one of the first of philosophic histories . Bishop of Meaux , 1681–1704 . With the period of the Dauphins formal education ending in 1681 , Bossuet was appointed Bishop of Meaux by the King on 2 May 1681 , which was approved by Pope Innocent XI on 17 November . But before he could take possession of his see , he was drawn into a violent quarrel between Louis XIV and Pope Innocent XI . Here he found himself in a quandary : to support the Pope meant supporting the Jesuits ; and he hated their supposed casuistry and dévotion aisée almost as much as Pascal ; to oppose the Pope was to play into the hands of Louis XIV , who was eager to subject the Church to the will of the State . Bossuet therefore attempted to steer a middle course . In 1682 , before the general Assembly of the French Clergy , he preached a great sermon on the unity of the Church and made it a magnificent plea for compromise . As Louis XIV insisted on his clergy making an anti-papal declaration , Bossuet got leave to draw it up and made it as moderate as he could , and when the Pope declared it null and void , he set to work on a gigantic Defensio Cleri Gallicani , only published after his death . Throughout this controversy , unlike the court bishops , Bossuet constantly resided in his diocese and took an active interest in its administration . Efforts to combat Protestantism . The Gallican storm a little abated , he turned back to a project very near his heart . Ever since the early days at Metz , he had been busy with schemes for uniting the Huguenots to the Catholic Church . In 1668 , he converted Turenne ; in 1670 , he published an Exposition de la foi catholique ( Exposition of the Catholic Faith ) , so moderate in tone that adversaries were driven to accuse him of having fraudulently watered down the Catholic dogmas to suit Protestant taste . Finally , in 1688 , his great Histoire des variations des Églises protestantes ( History of the Variations of the Protestant Churches ) , perhaps the most brilliant of all his works , appeared . Few writers could have made the Justification controversy interesting or even intelligible . His argument is simple enough . Without rules , an organized society cannot hold together , and rules require an authorized interpreter . The Protestant churches had thrown over this interpreter ; and Bossuet had small trouble in showing that , the longer they lived , the more they varied on increasingly important points . For the moment , the Protestants were pulverized ; but before long , they began to ask whether variation was necessarily so great an evil . Between 1691 and 1701 , Bossuet corresponded with Leibniz with a view to reunion , but negotiations broke down precisely at this point . Leibniz thought his countrymen might accept individual Roman doctrines , but he flatly refused to guarantee that they would necessarily believe tomorrow what they believe today . We prefer , he said , a church eternally variable and for ever moving forwards . Next , Protestant writers began to accumulate some alleged proofs of Romes own variations ; and here , they were backed up by Richard Simon , a priest of the Paris Oratory and the father of biblical criticism in France . He accused St Augustine , Bossuets own special master , of having corrupted the primitive doctrine of grace . Bossuet set to work on a Defense de la tradition , but Simon calmly went on to raise issues graver still . Under a veil of politely ironic circumlocutions , such as did not deceive the Bishop of Meaux , he claimed his right to interpret the Bible like any other book . Bossuet denounced him again and again ; Simon told his friends he would wait until the old fellow was no more . Another Oratorian proved more dangerous still . Simon had endangered miracles by applying to them lay rules of evidence , but Malebranche abrogated miracles altogether . It was blasphemous , he argued , to suppose that the Author of nature would violate the law He had Himself established . Bossuet might scribble nova , mira , falsa in the margins of his book and urge Fénelon to attack them ; Malebranche politely met his threats by saying that to be refuted by such a pen would do him too much honor . These repeated checks soured Bossuets temper . In his earlier controversies , he had borne himself with great magnanimity , and the Huguenot ministers he refuted had found him a kindly advocate at court . His approval of the revocation of the Edict of Nantes stopped far short of approving dragonnades within his Diocese of Meaux , but now his patience was waning . A dissertation by one Father Caffaro , an obscure Italian monk , became his excuse for writing certain , violent Maximes sur la comédie ( 1694 ) , wherein he made an attack on the memory of Molière , dead more than twenty years . Controversy with Fénelon . Three years later , he was battling with Bishop François Fénelon over the love of God . Fénelon , 24 years his junior , was an old pupil who had suddenly become a rival ; like Bossuet , Fénelon was a bishop who served as a royal tutor . The controversy concerned their different reactions to the opinions of Jeanne Guyon : her ideas were similar to the Quietism of Molinos , which was condemned by Pope Innocent XI in 1687 . When Mme de Maintenon began questioning the orthodoxy of Mme Guyons opinions , an ecclesiastical commission of three members , including Bossuet , was appointed to report on the matter . The commission issued 34 articles known as the Articles dIssy , which condemned Mme Guyons ideas very briefly and provided a short treatise on the orthodox , Catholic conception of prayer . Fénelon , who had been attracted to Mme Guyons ideas , signed off on the Articles , and Mme Guyon submitted to the judgment . Bossuet now composed Instructions sur les états doraison , a work that explained the Articles dIssy in greater depth . Fénelon refused to endorse this treatise , however , and instead composed his own explanation as to the meaning of the Articles dIssy , his Explication des Maximes des Saints . He explained his view that the goal of human life should be to have love of God as its perfect object , with neither fear of punishment nor desire for the reward of eternal life having anything to do with this pure love of God . King Louis XIV reproached Bossuet for failing to warn him that his grandsons tutor had such unorthodox opinions and instructed Bossuet and other bishops to respond to the Maximes des Saints . Bossuet and Fénelon thus spent the years 1697–1699 battling each other in pamphlets and letters until the Inquisition finally condemned the Maximes des Saints on 12 March 1699 . Pope Innocent XII selected 23 specific passages for condemnation . Bossuet triumphed in the controversy and Fénelon submitted to Romes determination of the matter . Death . Until he was over 70 years , Bossuet enjoyed good health , but in 1702 he developed chronic kidney stones . Two years later he was a hopeless invalid , and on 12 April 1704 he died quietly . His funeral oration was given by Charles de la Rue , SJ . He was buried at Meaux Cathedral . Preaching . Bossuet is widely considered to be one of the most influential homilists of all time . He is one of the preachers , along with John Tillotson and Louis Bourdaloue , who began the transition from Baroque to Neoclassical preaching . He preached with a simple eloquence that eschewed the grandiose extravagances of earlier preaching . He focused on ethical rather than doctrinal messages , often drawing from the lives of saints or saintly contemporaries as examples . He preached , for example , on St . Francis de Sales as well as funeral orations on Queen Henrietta Maria of France and Henrietta Anne of England . Bossuets funeral orations in particular had lasting importance and were translated early into many languages , including English . Such was their power that even Voltaire , normally so antagonistic toward clergy , praised his oratorical excellence . Works . An edition of Bossuets sermons was edited by Abbé Lebarq in 6 vols . ( Paris , 1890 , 1896 ) , as the Œuvres oratoires de Bossuet . His complete works were edited by Lachat in 31 vols . ( Paris , 1862–1864 ) . - Méditation sur la brièveté de la vie ( 1648 ) - Réfutation du catéchisme de Paul Ferry ( 1655 ) - Oraison funèbre de Yolande de Monterby ( 1656 ) - Oracion funebre e Valeria Slazar ( 1657 ) - Panégyrique de saint Paul ( 1659 ) - Oraison funèbre de Nicolas Cornet ( 1663 ) - Oraison funèbre dAnne dAutriche ( 1667 ) - Oraison funèbre dHenriette Marie de France ( 1669 ) - Oraison funèbre dHenriette dAngleterre ( 1670 ) - Exposition de la doctrine de léglise catholique sur les matières de controverse ( 1671 ) - Sermon pour la Profession de Mademoiselle de La Vallière ( 1675 ) - Traité de la connaissance de Dieu et de soi-même ( 1677 ) - Traité du libre arbitre ( 1677 ) - Logique ( 1677 – published only in 1828 ) - Conférence avec le pasteur Claude ( 1678 – published 1682 ) - Discours sur lhistoire universelle or Speech of Universal History ( 1681 ) - Politique tirée de lÉcriture sainte ( Politics Drawn from the Very Words of Holy Scripture ) ( 1679 – published 1709 ) - Sermon sur lunité de lÉglise ( 1682 ) - Oraison funèbre de Marie Thérèse ( 1683 ) - Oraison funèbre d Anne de Gonzague , princesse Palatine ( 1685 ) - Oraison funèbre de Michel Le Tellier ( 1686 ) - Oraison funèbre de Mme du Blé dUxelles ( 1686 ) - Oraison funèbre du prince de Condé ( 1687 ) - Catéchisme du diocèse de Meaux ( 1687 ) - Histoire des variations des Églises protestantes ( 1688 ) - Explication de lApocalypse ( 1689 ) - Avertissements aux Protestants ( I , II , III ) ( 1689 ) - Avertissements aux Protestants ( IV , V , VI ) ( 1690–91 ) - Défense de lHistoire des variations ( 1690–91 ) - Correspondence avec Leibniz ( 1691–93 ) - Défense de la Tradition et des Saints Pères ( 1691–93 ) - Traité de la concupiscence ( 1691–93 ) - Lettre au P . Caffaro ( 1694–95 ) - Maximes et réflexions sur la comédie ( 1694–95 ) - Méditation sur lEvangile ( 1694–95 ) - Élévations sur les mystères ( 1694–95 ) - Instructions sur les états doraison ( replying to Fénelon ) ( 1697 ) - Relation sur le quiétisme ( 1698 ) - Instructions pastorales pour les Protestants ( manual for Protestant converts to Catholicism ) ( 1701 ) Politics Drawn from the Very Words of Holy Scripture . When Bossuet was chosen to be the tutor of the Dauphin , oldest child of Louis XIV , he wrote several works for the edification of his pupil , one of which was Politics Derived from the Words of Holy Scripture , a discourse on the principles of royal absolutism . The work was published posthumously in 1709 . The work consists of several books which are divided into articles and propositions which lay out the nature , characteristics , duties , and resources of royalty . To justify his propositions , Bossuet quotes liberally from the Bible and various psalms . Throughout his essay , Bossuet emphasizes the fact that royal authority comes directly from God and that the person of the king is sacred . In the third book , Bossuet asserts that God establishes kings as his ministers , and reigns through them over the people . He also states that the prince must be obeyed on principle , as a matter of religion and of conscience . While he declares the absolute authority of rulers , he emphasizes the fact that kings must use their power only for the public good and that the king is not above the law for if he sins , he destroys the laws by his example . In books six and seven , Bossuet describes the duties of the subjects to the prince and the special duties of royalty . For Bossuet , the prince was synonymous with the state , which is why , according to him , the subjects of the prince owe the prince the same duties that they owe their country . He also states that only public enemies make a separation between the interest of the prince and the interest of the state . As far as the duties of royalty , the primary goal is the preservation of the state . Bossuet describes three ways that this can be achieved : by maintaining a good constitution , making good use of the states resources , and protecting the state from the dangers and difficulties that threaten it . In books nine and ten , Bossuet outlines the various resources of royalty ( arms , wealth , and counsel ) and how they should be used . In regards to arms , Bossuet explains that there are just and unjust grounds for war . Unjust causes include ambitious conquest , pillage , and jealousy . As far as wealth is concerned , he then lays out the types of expenditures that a king has and the various sources of wealth for the kingdom . He emphasizes that the true wealth of a kingdom is its men and says that it is important to improve the peoples lot and that there would be no more poor . Trivia . The Catholic Encyclopedia ( 1913 ) calls Bossuet the greatest pulpit orator of all time , ranking him even ahead of Augustine and Chrysostom . The exterior of Harvards Sanders Theater includes busts of the eight greatest orators of all time – they include a bust of Bossuet alongside such giants of oratory as Demosthenes , Cicero , and Chrysostom . A character in Les Misérables , being from Meaux and an orator , is nicknamed Bossuet by his friends . Bossuet was one of several co-editors on the Ad usum Delphini book series ( commonly known as the Delphin Classics ) of the Latin classics . Bossuet was the uncle of Louis Bossuet .
|
[
"Bishop of Meaux"
] |
[
{
"text": " Jacques-Bénigne Lignel Bossuet ( ; 27 September 1627 – 12 April 1704 ) was a French bishop and theologian , renowned for his sermons and other addresses . He has been considered by many to be one of the most brilliant orators of all time and a masterly French stylist . Court preacher to Louis XIV of France , Bossuet was a strong advocate of political absolutism and the divine right of kings . He argued that government was divinely ordained and that kings received sovereign power from God . He was also an important courtier and politician .",
"title": "Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet"
},
{
"text": "The works best known to English speakers are three great orations delivered at the funerals of Queen Henrietta Maria , widow of Charles I of England ( 1669 ) , of her daughter Henriette , Duchess of Orléans ( 1670 ) , and of the outstanding military commander le Grand Condé ( 1687 ) .",
"title": "Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet"
},
{
"text": " His work Discours sur lhistoire universelle ( Discourse on Universal History 1681 ) is regarded by many Catholics as an actualization or new version of the City of God of St . Augustine of Hippo .",
"title": "Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet"
},
{
"text": " Bossuet was born at Dijon . He came from a family of prosperous Burgundian lawyers – on both his paternal and maternal side , his ancestors had held legal posts for at least a century . He was the fifth son born to Beneigne Bossuet , a judge of the parlement ( a provincial high court ) at Dijon , and Marguerite Mouchet . His parents decided on a career in the church for their fifth son , so he was tonsured at age eight .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "The boy was sent to school at the Collège des Godrans , a classical school run by the Jesuits of Dijon . When his father was appointed to the parlement at Metz , Bossuet was left in Dijon under the care of his uncle Claude Bossuet dAiseray , a renowned scholar . At the Collège des Godrans , he gained a reputation for hard work : fellow students nicknamed him Bos suetus aratro , an ox broken in to the plough . His fathers influence at Metz allowed him to obtain for the young Bossuet a canonicate in the cathedral",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "of Metz when the boy was just 13 years old .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " In 1642 , Bossuet enrolled in the Collège de Navarre in Paris to finish his classical studies and to begin the study of philosophy and theology . His mentor at Navarre was the colleges president , Nicolas Cornet , the theologian whose denunciation of Antoine Arnauld at the Sorbonne in 1649 was a major episode in the Jansenist controversy .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "For the time being , however , Cornet and Arnaud were still on good terms . In 1643 , Arnaud introduced Bossuet to the Hôtel de Rambouillet , a great centre of aristocratic culture and the original home of the Précieuses . Bossuet was already showing signs of the oratorical brilliance which served him so well throughout his life . On one celebrated occasion at the Hôtel de Rambouillet , during a dispute about extempore preaching , the 16-year-old Bossuet was called on to deliver an impromptu sermon at 11 pm . Voiture famously quipped : I never heard anybody",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "preach so early nor so late .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " Bossuet became a Master of Arts in 1643 . He held his first thesis ( tentativa ) in theology on 25 January 1648 , in the presence of the Prince de Condé . Later in 1648 , he became a sub-deacon at Metz . He became a deacon in 1649 . During this period , he preached his first sermons .",
"title": "Early clerical career"
},
{
"text": "He held his second thesis ( sorbonica ) on November 9 , 1650 . Then , in preparation for the priesthood , he spent the next two years in retirement under the spiritual direction of Vincent de Paul .",
"title": "Early clerical career"
},
{
"text": " In January 1652 , Bossuet re-entered public life , being named Archdeacon of Sarrebourg . He was ordained a priest on 18 March 1652 . A few weeks later , he defended his brilliant doctoral work and became a Doctor of Divinity .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "He spent the next seven years at Metz , where his fathers influence had got him a canonry at age 13 and where he now also had the office of archdeacon . He was plunged at once into the thick of controversy ; for nearly half of Metz was Protestant , and Bossuets first appearance in print was a refutation of the Huguenot pastor Paul Ferry ( 1655 ) , and he frequently engaged in religious controversies with Protestants ( and , less regularly , with Jews ) during his time at Metz . To reconcile the Protestants with the",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "Roman Catholic Church became the great object of his dreams ; and for this purpose , he began to train himself carefully for the pulpit , an all-important centre of influence in a land where political assemblies were unknown and novels and newspapers scarcely born . His youthful imagination was unbridled , and his ideas ran easily into a kind of paradoxical subtlety , redolent of the divinity school . Nevertheless , his time at Metz was an important time for developing his pulpit oratory and for allowing him to continue his studies of Scripture and the Fathers . He",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "also gained political experience through his participation in the local Assembly of the Three Orders .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": " In 1657 , in Metz , Bossuet preached before Anne of Austria , mother of Louis XIV . As a result , he received the honorific title of Counselor and Preacher to the King . Early career in Paris .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "In 1657 , St . Vincent de Paul convinced Bossuet to move to Paris and give himself entirely to preaching . ( He did not entirely sever his connections with the cathedral of Metz , though : he continued to hold his benefice , and in 1664 , when his widower father was ordained as a priest and became a canon at the cathedral at Metz , Bossuet was named the dean of the cathedral. )",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": " Bossuet quickly gained a reputation as a great preacher , and by 1660 , he was preaching regularly before the court in the Chapel Royal . In 1662 , he preached his famous sermon On the Duties of Kings to Louis XIV at the Louvre .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "In Paris , the congregations had no mercy on purely clerical logic or clerical taste ; if a preacher wished to catch their ear , he had to manage to address them in terms they would agree to consider sensible and well bred . Having very stern ideas of the dignity of a priest , Bossuet refused to descend to the usual devices for arousing popular interest .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": " The narrative element in Bossuets sermons grew shorter with each year . He never drew satirical pictures like his great rival Louis Bourdaloue . He would not write out his discourses in full , much less learn them off by heart : of the two hundred printed in his works , all but a fraction are rough drafts . Ladies such as Mme de Sévigné forsook him when Bourdaloue dawned on the Paris horizon in 1669 , though Fénelon and La Bruyère , two much sounder critics , refused to follow their example .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "Bossuet possessed the full equipment of the orator , voice , language , flexibility and strength . He never needed to strain for effect ; his genius struck out at a single blow the thought , the feeling and the word . What he said of Martin Luther applies peculiarly to himself : he could fling his fury into theses and thus unite the dry light of argument with the fire and heat of passion . These qualities reached their highest point in the Oraisons funèbres ( Funeral Orations ) .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": " Bossuet was always best when at work on a large canvas ; besides , here no conscientious scruples intervened to prevent him giving much time and thought to the artistic side of his subject . The Oraison , as its name betokened , stood midway between the sermon proper and what would nowadays be called a biographical sketch . At least that was what Bossuet made it ; for on this field , he stood not merely first , but alone .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "One hundred and thirty-seven of Bossuets sermons preached in the period from 1659 to 1669 are extant , and it is estimated that he preached more than a hundred more that have since been lost . Apart from state occasions , Bossuet seldom appeared in a Paris pulpit after 1669 .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": " Tutor to the Dauphin , 1670–1681 . A favourite of the court , in 1669 , Bossuet was gazetted bishop of Condom in Gascony , without being obliged to reside there . He was consecrated as a bishop on September 21 , 1670 , but he resigned the bishopric when he was elected to the Académie française in 1671 .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "On the 18th of September 1670 he was appointed tutor to the nine-year-old Dauphin , oldest child of Louis XIV . The choice was scarcely fortunate . Bossuet unbent as far as he could , but his genius was by no means fitted to enter into the feelings of a child ; and the dauphin was a cross , ungainly , sullen lad . Probably no one was happier than the tutor when his charge turned sixteen and was married off to a Bavarian princess . Still , the nine years at court were by no means wasted .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "Bossuets tutorial functions involved composing all the necessary books of instruction , including not just handwriting samples , but also manuals of philosophy , history , and religion fit for a future king of France . Among the books written by Bossuet during this period are three classics . First came the Traité de la connaissance de Dieu et de soi-même ( Treatise on the Knowledge of God and of Ones Self ) ( 1677 ) , then the Discours sur lhistoire universelle ( Speech of Universal History ) ( 1679 , published 1682 ) , and lastly the Politique",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "tirée de lÉcriture Sainte ( Politics Drawn from Holy Scripture ) ( 1679 , published 1709 ) . The three books fit into each other . The Traité is a general sketch of the nature of God and the nature of man . The Discours is a history of Gods dealings with humanity in the past . The Politique is a code of rights and duties drawn up in the light thrown by those dealings . Bossuets conclusions are only drawn from Holy Scripture because he wished to gain the highest possible sanction for the institutions of his country and",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "to hallow the France of Louis XIV by proving its astonishing likeness to the Israel of Solomon . Then , too , the veil of Holy Scripture enabled him to speak out more boldly than court etiquette would have otherwise allowed , to remind the son of Louis XIV that kings have duties as well as rights .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "The Grand Dauphin had often forgotten these duties , but his son , the Petit Dauphin , would bear them in mind . The tutors imagination looked forward to a time when France would blossom into Utopia , with a Christian philosopher on the throne . That is what made him so stalwart a champion of authority in all its forms : le roi , Jesus-Christ et lEglise , Dieu en ces trois noms ( the king , Jesus Christ , and the Church , God in His three names ) , he says in a characteristic letter . The",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "object of his books is to provide authority with a rational basis . Bossuets worship of authority by no means killed his confidence in reason ; what it did was make him doubt the honesty of those who reasoned otherwise than himself .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": " The whole chain of argument seemed to him so clear and simple . Philosophy proves that God exists and that He shapes and governs the course of human affairs . History shows that this governance is , for the most part , indirect , exercised through certain venerable corporations , as well civil and ecclesiastical , all of which demand implicit obedience as the immediate representatives of God . Thus all revolt , whether civil or religious , is a direct defiance of the Almighty .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "Oliver Cromwell becomes a moral monster , and the revocation of the Edict of Nantes was the greatest achievement of the second Constantine . The France of his youth had known the misery of divided counsels and civil war ; the France of his manhood , brought together under an absolute sovereign , had suddenly shot up into a splendour only comparable with ancient Rome . Why not , then , strain every nerve to hold innovation at bay and prolong that splendour for all time ? Bossuets own Discours sur lhistoire universelle might have furnished an answer , for",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "there the fall of many empires is detailed ; but then the Discours was composed under a single preoccupation .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "To Bossuet , the establishment of Christianity was the one point of real importance in the whole history of the world . He totally ignores the history of Islam and Asia ; on Greece and Rome , he only touched insofar as they formed part of the Praeparatio Evangelica . Yet his Discours is far more than a theological pamphlet . While Pascal might refer the rise and fall of empires to Providence or chance or a little grain of sand in the English lord protectors veins , Bossuet held fast to his principle that God works through secondary causes",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": ". It is His will that every great change should have its roots in the ages that went before it . Bossuet , accordingly , made a heroic attempt to grapple with origins and causes , and in this way , his book deserves its place as one of the first of philosophic histories .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "With the period of the Dauphins formal education ending in 1681 , Bossuet was appointed Bishop of Meaux by the King on 2 May 1681 , which was approved by Pope Innocent XI on 17 November . But before he could take possession of his see , he was drawn into a violent quarrel between Louis XIV and Pope Innocent XI . Here he found himself in a quandary : to support the Pope meant supporting the Jesuits ; and he hated their supposed casuistry and dévotion aisée almost as much as Pascal ; to oppose the Pope was to",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "play into the hands of Louis XIV , who was eager to subject the Church to the will of the State . Bossuet therefore attempted to steer a middle course . In 1682 , before the general Assembly of the French Clergy , he preached a great sermon on the unity of the Church and made it a magnificent plea for compromise . As Louis XIV insisted on his clergy making an anti-papal declaration , Bossuet got leave to draw it up and made it as moderate as he could , and when the Pope declared it null and void",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": ", he set to work on a gigantic Defensio Cleri Gallicani , only published after his death . Throughout this controversy , unlike the court bishops , Bossuet constantly resided in his diocese and took an active interest in its administration .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": " Efforts to combat Protestantism . The Gallican storm a little abated , he turned back to a project very near his heart . Ever since the early days at Metz , he had been busy with schemes for uniting the Huguenots to the Catholic Church . In 1668 , he converted Turenne ; in 1670 , he published an Exposition de la foi catholique ( Exposition of the Catholic Faith ) , so moderate in tone that adversaries were driven to accuse him of having fraudulently watered down the Catholic dogmas to suit Protestant taste .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "Finally , in 1688 , his great Histoire des variations des Églises protestantes ( History of the Variations of the Protestant Churches ) , perhaps the most brilliant of all his works , appeared . Few writers could have made the Justification controversy interesting or even intelligible . His argument is simple enough . Without rules , an organized society cannot hold together , and rules require an authorized interpreter . The Protestant churches had thrown over this interpreter ; and Bossuet had small trouble in showing that , the longer they lived , the more they varied on increasingly",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "important points .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": " For the moment , the Protestants were pulverized ; but before long , they began to ask whether variation was necessarily so great an evil . Between 1691 and 1701 , Bossuet corresponded with Leibniz with a view to reunion , but negotiations broke down precisely at this point . Leibniz thought his countrymen might accept individual Roman doctrines , but he flatly refused to guarantee that they would necessarily believe tomorrow what they believe today . We prefer , he said , a church eternally variable and for ever moving forwards .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "Next , Protestant writers began to accumulate some alleged proofs of Romes own variations ; and here , they were backed up by Richard Simon , a priest of the Paris Oratory and the father of biblical criticism in France . He accused St Augustine , Bossuets own special master , of having corrupted the primitive doctrine of grace .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "Bossuet set to work on a Defense de la tradition , but Simon calmly went on to raise issues graver still . Under a veil of politely ironic circumlocutions , such as did not deceive the Bishop of Meaux , he claimed his right to interpret the Bible like any other book . Bossuet denounced him again and again ; Simon told his friends he would wait until the old fellow was no more . Another Oratorian proved more dangerous still . Simon had endangered miracles by applying to them lay rules of evidence , but Malebranche abrogated miracles altogether",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": ". It was blasphemous , he argued , to suppose that the Author of nature would violate the law He had Himself established . Bossuet might scribble nova , mira , falsa in the margins of his book and urge Fénelon to attack them ; Malebranche politely met his threats by saying that to be refuted by such a pen would do him too much honor . These repeated checks soured Bossuets temper .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "In his earlier controversies , he had borne himself with great magnanimity , and the Huguenot ministers he refuted had found him a kindly advocate at court . His approval of the revocation of the Edict of Nantes stopped far short of approving dragonnades within his Diocese of Meaux , but now his patience was waning . A dissertation by one Father Caffaro , an obscure Italian monk , became his excuse for writing certain , violent Maximes sur la comédie ( 1694 ) , wherein he made an attack on the memory of Molière , dead more than twenty",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "years .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": " Three years later , he was battling with Bishop François Fénelon over the love of God . Fénelon , 24 years his junior , was an old pupil who had suddenly become a rival ; like Bossuet , Fénelon was a bishop who served as a royal tutor .",
"title": "Controversy with Fénelon"
},
{
"text": "The controversy concerned their different reactions to the opinions of Jeanne Guyon : her ideas were similar to the Quietism of Molinos , which was condemned by Pope Innocent XI in 1687 . When Mme de Maintenon began questioning the orthodoxy of Mme Guyons opinions , an ecclesiastical commission of three members , including Bossuet , was appointed to report on the matter . The commission issued 34 articles known as the Articles dIssy , which condemned Mme Guyons ideas very briefly and provided a short treatise on the orthodox , Catholic conception of prayer . Fénelon , who had",
"title": "Controversy with Fénelon"
},
{
"text": "been attracted to Mme Guyons ideas , signed off on the Articles , and Mme Guyon submitted to the judgment .",
"title": "Controversy with Fénelon"
},
{
"text": "Bossuet now composed Instructions sur les états doraison , a work that explained the Articles dIssy in greater depth . Fénelon refused to endorse this treatise , however , and instead composed his own explanation as to the meaning of the Articles dIssy , his Explication des Maximes des Saints . He explained his view that the goal of human life should be to have love of God as its perfect object , with neither fear of punishment nor desire for the reward of eternal life having anything to do with this pure love of God . King Louis XIV",
"title": "Controversy with Fénelon"
},
{
"text": "reproached Bossuet for failing to warn him that his grandsons tutor had such unorthodox opinions and instructed Bossuet and other bishops to respond to the Maximes des Saints .",
"title": "Controversy with Fénelon"
},
{
"text": " Bossuet and Fénelon thus spent the years 1697–1699 battling each other in pamphlets and letters until the Inquisition finally condemned the Maximes des Saints on 12 March 1699 . Pope Innocent XII selected 23 specific passages for condemnation . Bossuet triumphed in the controversy and Fénelon submitted to Romes determination of the matter .",
"title": "Controversy with Fénelon"
},
{
"text": " Until he was over 70 years , Bossuet enjoyed good health , but in 1702 he developed chronic kidney stones . Two years later he was a hopeless invalid , and on 12 April 1704 he died quietly . His funeral oration was given by Charles de la Rue , SJ . He was buried at Meaux Cathedral .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "Bossuet is widely considered to be one of the most influential homilists of all time . He is one of the preachers , along with John Tillotson and Louis Bourdaloue , who began the transition from Baroque to Neoclassical preaching . He preached with a simple eloquence that eschewed the grandiose extravagances of earlier preaching . He focused on ethical rather than doctrinal messages , often drawing from the lives of saints or saintly contemporaries as examples . He preached , for example , on St . Francis de Sales as well as funeral orations on Queen Henrietta Maria of",
"title": "Preaching"
},
{
"text": "France and Henrietta Anne of England . Bossuets funeral orations in particular had lasting importance and were translated early into many languages , including English . Such was their power that even Voltaire , normally so antagonistic toward clergy , praised his oratorical excellence .",
"title": "Preaching"
},
{
"text": " An edition of Bossuets sermons was edited by Abbé Lebarq in 6 vols . ( Paris , 1890 , 1896 ) , as the Œuvres oratoires de Bossuet . His complete works were edited by Lachat in 31 vols . ( Paris , 1862–1864 ) . - Méditation sur la brièveté de la vie ( 1648 ) - Réfutation du catéchisme de Paul Ferry ( 1655 ) - Oraison funèbre de Yolande de Monterby ( 1656 ) - Oracion funebre e Valeria Slazar ( 1657 ) - Panégyrique de saint Paul ( 1659 )",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": "- Oraison funèbre de Nicolas Cornet ( 1663 )",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": " - Oraison funèbre dAnne dAutriche ( 1667 ) - Oraison funèbre dHenriette Marie de France ( 1669 ) - Oraison funèbre dHenriette dAngleterre ( 1670 ) - Exposition de la doctrine de léglise catholique sur les matières de controverse ( 1671 ) - Sermon pour la Profession de Mademoiselle de La Vallière ( 1675 ) - Traité de la connaissance de Dieu et de soi-même ( 1677 ) - Traité du libre arbitre ( 1677 ) - Logique ( 1677 – published only in 1828 ) - Conférence avec le pasteur Claude ( 1678 – published 1682 )",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": "- Discours sur lhistoire universelle or Speech of Universal History ( 1681 )",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": " - Politique tirée de lÉcriture sainte ( Politics Drawn from the Very Words of Holy Scripture ) ( 1679 – published 1709 ) - Sermon sur lunité de lÉglise ( 1682 ) - Oraison funèbre de Marie Thérèse ( 1683 ) - Oraison funèbre d Anne de Gonzague , princesse Palatine ( 1685 ) - Oraison funèbre de Michel Le Tellier ( 1686 ) - Oraison funèbre de Mme du Blé dUxelles ( 1686 ) - Oraison funèbre du prince de Condé ( 1687 ) - Catéchisme du diocèse de Meaux ( 1687 )",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": "- Histoire des variations des Églises protestantes ( 1688 )",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": " - Explication de lApocalypse ( 1689 ) - Avertissements aux Protestants ( I , II , III ) ( 1689 ) - Avertissements aux Protestants ( IV , V , VI ) ( 1690–91 ) - Défense de lHistoire des variations ( 1690–91 ) - Correspondence avec Leibniz ( 1691–93 ) - Défense de la Tradition et des Saints Pères ( 1691–93 ) - Traité de la concupiscence ( 1691–93 ) - Lettre au P . Caffaro ( 1694–95 ) - Maximes et réflexions sur la comédie ( 1694–95 ) - Méditation sur lEvangile ( 1694–95 )",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": "- Élévations sur les mystères ( 1694–95 )",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": " - Instructions sur les états doraison ( replying to Fénelon ) ( 1697 ) - Relation sur le quiétisme ( 1698 ) - Instructions pastorales pour les Protestants ( manual for Protestant converts to Catholicism ) ( 1701 ) Politics Drawn from the Very Words of Holy Scripture .",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": "When Bossuet was chosen to be the tutor of the Dauphin , oldest child of Louis XIV , he wrote several works for the edification of his pupil , one of which was Politics Derived from the Words of Holy Scripture , a discourse on the principles of royal absolutism . The work was published posthumously in 1709 .",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": " The work consists of several books which are divided into articles and propositions which lay out the nature , characteristics , duties , and resources of royalty . To justify his propositions , Bossuet quotes liberally from the Bible and various psalms .",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": "Throughout his essay , Bossuet emphasizes the fact that royal authority comes directly from God and that the person of the king is sacred . In the third book , Bossuet asserts that God establishes kings as his ministers , and reigns through them over the people . He also states that the prince must be obeyed on principle , as a matter of religion and of conscience . While he declares the absolute authority of rulers , he emphasizes the fact that kings must use their power only for the public good and that the king is not above",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": "the law for if he sins , he destroys the laws by his example .",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": "In books six and seven , Bossuet describes the duties of the subjects to the prince and the special duties of royalty . For Bossuet , the prince was synonymous with the state , which is why , according to him , the subjects of the prince owe the prince the same duties that they owe their country . He also states that only public enemies make a separation between the interest of the prince and the interest of the state . As far as the duties of royalty , the primary goal is the preservation of the state .",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": "Bossuet describes three ways that this can be achieved : by maintaining a good constitution , making good use of the states resources , and protecting the state from the dangers and difficulties that threaten it .",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": "In books nine and ten , Bossuet outlines the various resources of royalty ( arms , wealth , and counsel ) and how they should be used . In regards to arms , Bossuet explains that there are just and unjust grounds for war . Unjust causes include ambitious conquest , pillage , and jealousy . As far as wealth is concerned , he then lays out the types of expenditures that a king has and the various sources of wealth for the kingdom . He emphasizes that the true wealth of a kingdom is its men and says that",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": "it is important to improve the peoples lot and that there would be no more poor .",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": " The Catholic Encyclopedia ( 1913 ) calls Bossuet the greatest pulpit orator of all time , ranking him even ahead of Augustine and Chrysostom . The exterior of Harvards Sanders Theater includes busts of the eight greatest orators of all time – they include a bust of Bossuet alongside such giants of oratory as Demosthenes , Cicero , and Chrysostom . A character in Les Misérables , being from Meaux and an orator , is nicknamed Bossuet by his friends .",
"title": "Trivia"
},
{
"text": "Bossuet was one of several co-editors on the Ad usum Delphini book series ( commonly known as the Delphin Classics ) of the Latin classics .",
"title": "Trivia"
},
{
"text": " Bossuet was the uncle of Louis Bossuet .",
"title": "Trivia"
}
] |
/wiki/Jacques-Bénigne_Bossuet#P39#3
|
Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet took which position between Jul 1704 and Aug 1704?
|
Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet Jacques-Bénigne Lignel Bossuet ( ; 27 September 1627 – 12 April 1704 ) was a French bishop and theologian , renowned for his sermons and other addresses . He has been considered by many to be one of the most brilliant orators of all time and a masterly French stylist . Court preacher to Louis XIV of France , Bossuet was a strong advocate of political absolutism and the divine right of kings . He argued that government was divinely ordained and that kings received sovereign power from God . He was also an important courtier and politician . The works best known to English speakers are three great orations delivered at the funerals of Queen Henrietta Maria , widow of Charles I of England ( 1669 ) , of her daughter Henriette , Duchess of Orléans ( 1670 ) , and of the outstanding military commander le Grand Condé ( 1687 ) . His work Discours sur lhistoire universelle ( Discourse on Universal History 1681 ) is regarded by many Catholics as an actualization or new version of the City of God of St . Augustine of Hippo . Biography . Early years . Bossuet was born at Dijon . He came from a family of prosperous Burgundian lawyers – on both his paternal and maternal side , his ancestors had held legal posts for at least a century . He was the fifth son born to Beneigne Bossuet , a judge of the parlement ( a provincial high court ) at Dijon , and Marguerite Mouchet . His parents decided on a career in the church for their fifth son , so he was tonsured at age eight . The boy was sent to school at the Collège des Godrans , a classical school run by the Jesuits of Dijon . When his father was appointed to the parlement at Metz , Bossuet was left in Dijon under the care of his uncle Claude Bossuet dAiseray , a renowned scholar . At the Collège des Godrans , he gained a reputation for hard work : fellow students nicknamed him Bos suetus aratro , an ox broken in to the plough . His fathers influence at Metz allowed him to obtain for the young Bossuet a canonicate in the cathedral of Metz when the boy was just 13 years old . In 1642 , Bossuet enrolled in the Collège de Navarre in Paris to finish his classical studies and to begin the study of philosophy and theology . His mentor at Navarre was the colleges president , Nicolas Cornet , the theologian whose denunciation of Antoine Arnauld at the Sorbonne in 1649 was a major episode in the Jansenist controversy . For the time being , however , Cornet and Arnaud were still on good terms . In 1643 , Arnaud introduced Bossuet to the Hôtel de Rambouillet , a great centre of aristocratic culture and the original home of the Précieuses . Bossuet was already showing signs of the oratorical brilliance which served him so well throughout his life . On one celebrated occasion at the Hôtel de Rambouillet , during a dispute about extempore preaching , the 16-year-old Bossuet was called on to deliver an impromptu sermon at 11 pm . Voiture famously quipped : I never heard anybody preach so early nor so late . Early clerical career . Bossuet became a Master of Arts in 1643 . He held his first thesis ( tentativa ) in theology on 25 January 1648 , in the presence of the Prince de Condé . Later in 1648 , he became a sub-deacon at Metz . He became a deacon in 1649 . During this period , he preached his first sermons . He held his second thesis ( sorbonica ) on November 9 , 1650 . Then , in preparation for the priesthood , he spent the next two years in retirement under the spiritual direction of Vincent de Paul . Priest at Metz . In January 1652 , Bossuet re-entered public life , being named Archdeacon of Sarrebourg . He was ordained a priest on 18 March 1652 . A few weeks later , he defended his brilliant doctoral work and became a Doctor of Divinity . He spent the next seven years at Metz , where his fathers influence had got him a canonry at age 13 and where he now also had the office of archdeacon . He was plunged at once into the thick of controversy ; for nearly half of Metz was Protestant , and Bossuets first appearance in print was a refutation of the Huguenot pastor Paul Ferry ( 1655 ) , and he frequently engaged in religious controversies with Protestants ( and , less regularly , with Jews ) during his time at Metz . To reconcile the Protestants with the Roman Catholic Church became the great object of his dreams ; and for this purpose , he began to train himself carefully for the pulpit , an all-important centre of influence in a land where political assemblies were unknown and novels and newspapers scarcely born . His youthful imagination was unbridled , and his ideas ran easily into a kind of paradoxical subtlety , redolent of the divinity school . Nevertheless , his time at Metz was an important time for developing his pulpit oratory and for allowing him to continue his studies of Scripture and the Fathers . He also gained political experience through his participation in the local Assembly of the Three Orders . In 1657 , in Metz , Bossuet preached before Anne of Austria , mother of Louis XIV . As a result , he received the honorific title of Counselor and Preacher to the King . Early career in Paris . In 1657 , St . Vincent de Paul convinced Bossuet to move to Paris and give himself entirely to preaching . ( He did not entirely sever his connections with the cathedral of Metz , though : he continued to hold his benefice , and in 1664 , when his widower father was ordained as a priest and became a canon at the cathedral at Metz , Bossuet was named the dean of the cathedral. ) Bossuet quickly gained a reputation as a great preacher , and by 1660 , he was preaching regularly before the court in the Chapel Royal . In 1662 , he preached his famous sermon On the Duties of Kings to Louis XIV at the Louvre . In Paris , the congregations had no mercy on purely clerical logic or clerical taste ; if a preacher wished to catch their ear , he had to manage to address them in terms they would agree to consider sensible and well bred . Having very stern ideas of the dignity of a priest , Bossuet refused to descend to the usual devices for arousing popular interest . The narrative element in Bossuets sermons grew shorter with each year . He never drew satirical pictures like his great rival Louis Bourdaloue . He would not write out his discourses in full , much less learn them off by heart : of the two hundred printed in his works , all but a fraction are rough drafts . Ladies such as Mme de Sévigné forsook him when Bourdaloue dawned on the Paris horizon in 1669 , though Fénelon and La Bruyère , two much sounder critics , refused to follow their example . Bossuet possessed the full equipment of the orator , voice , language , flexibility and strength . He never needed to strain for effect ; his genius struck out at a single blow the thought , the feeling and the word . What he said of Martin Luther applies peculiarly to himself : he could fling his fury into theses and thus unite the dry light of argument with the fire and heat of passion . These qualities reached their highest point in the Oraisons funèbres ( Funeral Orations ) . Bossuet was always best when at work on a large canvas ; besides , here no conscientious scruples intervened to prevent him giving much time and thought to the artistic side of his subject . The Oraison , as its name betokened , stood midway between the sermon proper and what would nowadays be called a biographical sketch . At least that was what Bossuet made it ; for on this field , he stood not merely first , but alone . One hundred and thirty-seven of Bossuets sermons preached in the period from 1659 to 1669 are extant , and it is estimated that he preached more than a hundred more that have since been lost . Apart from state occasions , Bossuet seldom appeared in a Paris pulpit after 1669 . Tutor to the Dauphin , 1670–1681 . A favourite of the court , in 1669 , Bossuet was gazetted bishop of Condom in Gascony , without being obliged to reside there . He was consecrated as a bishop on September 21 , 1670 , but he resigned the bishopric when he was elected to the Académie française in 1671 . On the 18th of September 1670 he was appointed tutor to the nine-year-old Dauphin , oldest child of Louis XIV . The choice was scarcely fortunate . Bossuet unbent as far as he could , but his genius was by no means fitted to enter into the feelings of a child ; and the dauphin was a cross , ungainly , sullen lad . Probably no one was happier than the tutor when his charge turned sixteen and was married off to a Bavarian princess . Still , the nine years at court were by no means wasted . Bossuets tutorial functions involved composing all the necessary books of instruction , including not just handwriting samples , but also manuals of philosophy , history , and religion fit for a future king of France . Among the books written by Bossuet during this period are three classics . First came the Traité de la connaissance de Dieu et de soi-même ( Treatise on the Knowledge of God and of Ones Self ) ( 1677 ) , then the Discours sur lhistoire universelle ( Speech of Universal History ) ( 1679 , published 1682 ) , and lastly the Politique tirée de lÉcriture Sainte ( Politics Drawn from Holy Scripture ) ( 1679 , published 1709 ) . The three books fit into each other . The Traité is a general sketch of the nature of God and the nature of man . The Discours is a history of Gods dealings with humanity in the past . The Politique is a code of rights and duties drawn up in the light thrown by those dealings . Bossuets conclusions are only drawn from Holy Scripture because he wished to gain the highest possible sanction for the institutions of his country and to hallow the France of Louis XIV by proving its astonishing likeness to the Israel of Solomon . Then , too , the veil of Holy Scripture enabled him to speak out more boldly than court etiquette would have otherwise allowed , to remind the son of Louis XIV that kings have duties as well as rights . The Grand Dauphin had often forgotten these duties , but his son , the Petit Dauphin , would bear them in mind . The tutors imagination looked forward to a time when France would blossom into Utopia , with a Christian philosopher on the throne . That is what made him so stalwart a champion of authority in all its forms : le roi , Jesus-Christ et lEglise , Dieu en ces trois noms ( the king , Jesus Christ , and the Church , God in His three names ) , he says in a characteristic letter . The object of his books is to provide authority with a rational basis . Bossuets worship of authority by no means killed his confidence in reason ; what it did was make him doubt the honesty of those who reasoned otherwise than himself . The whole chain of argument seemed to him so clear and simple . Philosophy proves that God exists and that He shapes and governs the course of human affairs . History shows that this governance is , for the most part , indirect , exercised through certain venerable corporations , as well civil and ecclesiastical , all of which demand implicit obedience as the immediate representatives of God . Thus all revolt , whether civil or religious , is a direct defiance of the Almighty . Oliver Cromwell becomes a moral monster , and the revocation of the Edict of Nantes was the greatest achievement of the second Constantine . The France of his youth had known the misery of divided counsels and civil war ; the France of his manhood , brought together under an absolute sovereign , had suddenly shot up into a splendour only comparable with ancient Rome . Why not , then , strain every nerve to hold innovation at bay and prolong that splendour for all time ? Bossuets own Discours sur lhistoire universelle might have furnished an answer , for there the fall of many empires is detailed ; but then the Discours was composed under a single preoccupation . To Bossuet , the establishment of Christianity was the one point of real importance in the whole history of the world . He totally ignores the history of Islam and Asia ; on Greece and Rome , he only touched insofar as they formed part of the Praeparatio Evangelica . Yet his Discours is far more than a theological pamphlet . While Pascal might refer the rise and fall of empires to Providence or chance or a little grain of sand in the English lord protectors veins , Bossuet held fast to his principle that God works through secondary causes . It is His will that every great change should have its roots in the ages that went before it . Bossuet , accordingly , made a heroic attempt to grapple with origins and causes , and in this way , his book deserves its place as one of the first of philosophic histories . Bishop of Meaux , 1681–1704 . With the period of the Dauphins formal education ending in 1681 , Bossuet was appointed Bishop of Meaux by the King on 2 May 1681 , which was approved by Pope Innocent XI on 17 November . But before he could take possession of his see , he was drawn into a violent quarrel between Louis XIV and Pope Innocent XI . Here he found himself in a quandary : to support the Pope meant supporting the Jesuits ; and he hated their supposed casuistry and dévotion aisée almost as much as Pascal ; to oppose the Pope was to play into the hands of Louis XIV , who was eager to subject the Church to the will of the State . Bossuet therefore attempted to steer a middle course . In 1682 , before the general Assembly of the French Clergy , he preached a great sermon on the unity of the Church and made it a magnificent plea for compromise . As Louis XIV insisted on his clergy making an anti-papal declaration , Bossuet got leave to draw it up and made it as moderate as he could , and when the Pope declared it null and void , he set to work on a gigantic Defensio Cleri Gallicani , only published after his death . Throughout this controversy , unlike the court bishops , Bossuet constantly resided in his diocese and took an active interest in its administration . Efforts to combat Protestantism . The Gallican storm a little abated , he turned back to a project very near his heart . Ever since the early days at Metz , he had been busy with schemes for uniting the Huguenots to the Catholic Church . In 1668 , he converted Turenne ; in 1670 , he published an Exposition de la foi catholique ( Exposition of the Catholic Faith ) , so moderate in tone that adversaries were driven to accuse him of having fraudulently watered down the Catholic dogmas to suit Protestant taste . Finally , in 1688 , his great Histoire des variations des Églises protestantes ( History of the Variations of the Protestant Churches ) , perhaps the most brilliant of all his works , appeared . Few writers could have made the Justification controversy interesting or even intelligible . His argument is simple enough . Without rules , an organized society cannot hold together , and rules require an authorized interpreter . The Protestant churches had thrown over this interpreter ; and Bossuet had small trouble in showing that , the longer they lived , the more they varied on increasingly important points . For the moment , the Protestants were pulverized ; but before long , they began to ask whether variation was necessarily so great an evil . Between 1691 and 1701 , Bossuet corresponded with Leibniz with a view to reunion , but negotiations broke down precisely at this point . Leibniz thought his countrymen might accept individual Roman doctrines , but he flatly refused to guarantee that they would necessarily believe tomorrow what they believe today . We prefer , he said , a church eternally variable and for ever moving forwards . Next , Protestant writers began to accumulate some alleged proofs of Romes own variations ; and here , they were backed up by Richard Simon , a priest of the Paris Oratory and the father of biblical criticism in France . He accused St Augustine , Bossuets own special master , of having corrupted the primitive doctrine of grace . Bossuet set to work on a Defense de la tradition , but Simon calmly went on to raise issues graver still . Under a veil of politely ironic circumlocutions , such as did not deceive the Bishop of Meaux , he claimed his right to interpret the Bible like any other book . Bossuet denounced him again and again ; Simon told his friends he would wait until the old fellow was no more . Another Oratorian proved more dangerous still . Simon had endangered miracles by applying to them lay rules of evidence , but Malebranche abrogated miracles altogether . It was blasphemous , he argued , to suppose that the Author of nature would violate the law He had Himself established . Bossuet might scribble nova , mira , falsa in the margins of his book and urge Fénelon to attack them ; Malebranche politely met his threats by saying that to be refuted by such a pen would do him too much honor . These repeated checks soured Bossuets temper . In his earlier controversies , he had borne himself with great magnanimity , and the Huguenot ministers he refuted had found him a kindly advocate at court . His approval of the revocation of the Edict of Nantes stopped far short of approving dragonnades within his Diocese of Meaux , but now his patience was waning . A dissertation by one Father Caffaro , an obscure Italian monk , became his excuse for writing certain , violent Maximes sur la comédie ( 1694 ) , wherein he made an attack on the memory of Molière , dead more than twenty years . Controversy with Fénelon . Three years later , he was battling with Bishop François Fénelon over the love of God . Fénelon , 24 years his junior , was an old pupil who had suddenly become a rival ; like Bossuet , Fénelon was a bishop who served as a royal tutor . The controversy concerned their different reactions to the opinions of Jeanne Guyon : her ideas were similar to the Quietism of Molinos , which was condemned by Pope Innocent XI in 1687 . When Mme de Maintenon began questioning the orthodoxy of Mme Guyons opinions , an ecclesiastical commission of three members , including Bossuet , was appointed to report on the matter . The commission issued 34 articles known as the Articles dIssy , which condemned Mme Guyons ideas very briefly and provided a short treatise on the orthodox , Catholic conception of prayer . Fénelon , who had been attracted to Mme Guyons ideas , signed off on the Articles , and Mme Guyon submitted to the judgment . Bossuet now composed Instructions sur les états doraison , a work that explained the Articles dIssy in greater depth . Fénelon refused to endorse this treatise , however , and instead composed his own explanation as to the meaning of the Articles dIssy , his Explication des Maximes des Saints . He explained his view that the goal of human life should be to have love of God as its perfect object , with neither fear of punishment nor desire for the reward of eternal life having anything to do with this pure love of God . King Louis XIV reproached Bossuet for failing to warn him that his grandsons tutor had such unorthodox opinions and instructed Bossuet and other bishops to respond to the Maximes des Saints . Bossuet and Fénelon thus spent the years 1697–1699 battling each other in pamphlets and letters until the Inquisition finally condemned the Maximes des Saints on 12 March 1699 . Pope Innocent XII selected 23 specific passages for condemnation . Bossuet triumphed in the controversy and Fénelon submitted to Romes determination of the matter . Death . Until he was over 70 years , Bossuet enjoyed good health , but in 1702 he developed chronic kidney stones . Two years later he was a hopeless invalid , and on 12 April 1704 he died quietly . His funeral oration was given by Charles de la Rue , SJ . He was buried at Meaux Cathedral . Preaching . Bossuet is widely considered to be one of the most influential homilists of all time . He is one of the preachers , along with John Tillotson and Louis Bourdaloue , who began the transition from Baroque to Neoclassical preaching . He preached with a simple eloquence that eschewed the grandiose extravagances of earlier preaching . He focused on ethical rather than doctrinal messages , often drawing from the lives of saints or saintly contemporaries as examples . He preached , for example , on St . Francis de Sales as well as funeral orations on Queen Henrietta Maria of France and Henrietta Anne of England . Bossuets funeral orations in particular had lasting importance and were translated early into many languages , including English . Such was their power that even Voltaire , normally so antagonistic toward clergy , praised his oratorical excellence . Works . An edition of Bossuets sermons was edited by Abbé Lebarq in 6 vols . ( Paris , 1890 , 1896 ) , as the Œuvres oratoires de Bossuet . His complete works were edited by Lachat in 31 vols . ( Paris , 1862–1864 ) . - Méditation sur la brièveté de la vie ( 1648 ) - Réfutation du catéchisme de Paul Ferry ( 1655 ) - Oraison funèbre de Yolande de Monterby ( 1656 ) - Oracion funebre e Valeria Slazar ( 1657 ) - Panégyrique de saint Paul ( 1659 ) - Oraison funèbre de Nicolas Cornet ( 1663 ) - Oraison funèbre dAnne dAutriche ( 1667 ) - Oraison funèbre dHenriette Marie de France ( 1669 ) - Oraison funèbre dHenriette dAngleterre ( 1670 ) - Exposition de la doctrine de léglise catholique sur les matières de controverse ( 1671 ) - Sermon pour la Profession de Mademoiselle de La Vallière ( 1675 ) - Traité de la connaissance de Dieu et de soi-même ( 1677 ) - Traité du libre arbitre ( 1677 ) - Logique ( 1677 – published only in 1828 ) - Conférence avec le pasteur Claude ( 1678 – published 1682 ) - Discours sur lhistoire universelle or Speech of Universal History ( 1681 ) - Politique tirée de lÉcriture sainte ( Politics Drawn from the Very Words of Holy Scripture ) ( 1679 – published 1709 ) - Sermon sur lunité de lÉglise ( 1682 ) - Oraison funèbre de Marie Thérèse ( 1683 ) - Oraison funèbre d Anne de Gonzague , princesse Palatine ( 1685 ) - Oraison funèbre de Michel Le Tellier ( 1686 ) - Oraison funèbre de Mme du Blé dUxelles ( 1686 ) - Oraison funèbre du prince de Condé ( 1687 ) - Catéchisme du diocèse de Meaux ( 1687 ) - Histoire des variations des Églises protestantes ( 1688 ) - Explication de lApocalypse ( 1689 ) - Avertissements aux Protestants ( I , II , III ) ( 1689 ) - Avertissements aux Protestants ( IV , V , VI ) ( 1690–91 ) - Défense de lHistoire des variations ( 1690–91 ) - Correspondence avec Leibniz ( 1691–93 ) - Défense de la Tradition et des Saints Pères ( 1691–93 ) - Traité de la concupiscence ( 1691–93 ) - Lettre au P . Caffaro ( 1694–95 ) - Maximes et réflexions sur la comédie ( 1694–95 ) - Méditation sur lEvangile ( 1694–95 ) - Élévations sur les mystères ( 1694–95 ) - Instructions sur les états doraison ( replying to Fénelon ) ( 1697 ) - Relation sur le quiétisme ( 1698 ) - Instructions pastorales pour les Protestants ( manual for Protestant converts to Catholicism ) ( 1701 ) Politics Drawn from the Very Words of Holy Scripture . When Bossuet was chosen to be the tutor of the Dauphin , oldest child of Louis XIV , he wrote several works for the edification of his pupil , one of which was Politics Derived from the Words of Holy Scripture , a discourse on the principles of royal absolutism . The work was published posthumously in 1709 . The work consists of several books which are divided into articles and propositions which lay out the nature , characteristics , duties , and resources of royalty . To justify his propositions , Bossuet quotes liberally from the Bible and various psalms . Throughout his essay , Bossuet emphasizes the fact that royal authority comes directly from God and that the person of the king is sacred . In the third book , Bossuet asserts that God establishes kings as his ministers , and reigns through them over the people . He also states that the prince must be obeyed on principle , as a matter of religion and of conscience . While he declares the absolute authority of rulers , he emphasizes the fact that kings must use their power only for the public good and that the king is not above the law for if he sins , he destroys the laws by his example . In books six and seven , Bossuet describes the duties of the subjects to the prince and the special duties of royalty . For Bossuet , the prince was synonymous with the state , which is why , according to him , the subjects of the prince owe the prince the same duties that they owe their country . He also states that only public enemies make a separation between the interest of the prince and the interest of the state . As far as the duties of royalty , the primary goal is the preservation of the state . Bossuet describes three ways that this can be achieved : by maintaining a good constitution , making good use of the states resources , and protecting the state from the dangers and difficulties that threaten it . In books nine and ten , Bossuet outlines the various resources of royalty ( arms , wealth , and counsel ) and how they should be used . In regards to arms , Bossuet explains that there are just and unjust grounds for war . Unjust causes include ambitious conquest , pillage , and jealousy . As far as wealth is concerned , he then lays out the types of expenditures that a king has and the various sources of wealth for the kingdom . He emphasizes that the true wealth of a kingdom is its men and says that it is important to improve the peoples lot and that there would be no more poor . Trivia . The Catholic Encyclopedia ( 1913 ) calls Bossuet the greatest pulpit orator of all time , ranking him even ahead of Augustine and Chrysostom . The exterior of Harvards Sanders Theater includes busts of the eight greatest orators of all time – they include a bust of Bossuet alongside such giants of oratory as Demosthenes , Cicero , and Chrysostom . A character in Les Misérables , being from Meaux and an orator , is nicknamed Bossuet by his friends . Bossuet was one of several co-editors on the Ad usum Delphini book series ( commonly known as the Delphin Classics ) of the Latin classics . Bossuet was the uncle of Louis Bossuet .
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Jacques-Bénigne Lignel Bossuet ( ; 27 September 1627 – 12 April 1704 ) was a French bishop and theologian , renowned for his sermons and other addresses . He has been considered by many to be one of the most brilliant orators of all time and a masterly French stylist . Court preacher to Louis XIV of France , Bossuet was a strong advocate of political absolutism and the divine right of kings . He argued that government was divinely ordained and that kings received sovereign power from God . He was also an important courtier and politician .",
"title": "Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet"
},
{
"text": "The works best known to English speakers are three great orations delivered at the funerals of Queen Henrietta Maria , widow of Charles I of England ( 1669 ) , of her daughter Henriette , Duchess of Orléans ( 1670 ) , and of the outstanding military commander le Grand Condé ( 1687 ) .",
"title": "Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet"
},
{
"text": " His work Discours sur lhistoire universelle ( Discourse on Universal History 1681 ) is regarded by many Catholics as an actualization or new version of the City of God of St . Augustine of Hippo .",
"title": "Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet"
},
{
"text": " Bossuet was born at Dijon . He came from a family of prosperous Burgundian lawyers – on both his paternal and maternal side , his ancestors had held legal posts for at least a century . He was the fifth son born to Beneigne Bossuet , a judge of the parlement ( a provincial high court ) at Dijon , and Marguerite Mouchet . His parents decided on a career in the church for their fifth son , so he was tonsured at age eight .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "The boy was sent to school at the Collège des Godrans , a classical school run by the Jesuits of Dijon . When his father was appointed to the parlement at Metz , Bossuet was left in Dijon under the care of his uncle Claude Bossuet dAiseray , a renowned scholar . At the Collège des Godrans , he gained a reputation for hard work : fellow students nicknamed him Bos suetus aratro , an ox broken in to the plough . His fathers influence at Metz allowed him to obtain for the young Bossuet a canonicate in the cathedral",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "of Metz when the boy was just 13 years old .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " In 1642 , Bossuet enrolled in the Collège de Navarre in Paris to finish his classical studies and to begin the study of philosophy and theology . His mentor at Navarre was the colleges president , Nicolas Cornet , the theologian whose denunciation of Antoine Arnauld at the Sorbonne in 1649 was a major episode in the Jansenist controversy .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "For the time being , however , Cornet and Arnaud were still on good terms . In 1643 , Arnaud introduced Bossuet to the Hôtel de Rambouillet , a great centre of aristocratic culture and the original home of the Précieuses . Bossuet was already showing signs of the oratorical brilliance which served him so well throughout his life . On one celebrated occasion at the Hôtel de Rambouillet , during a dispute about extempore preaching , the 16-year-old Bossuet was called on to deliver an impromptu sermon at 11 pm . Voiture famously quipped : I never heard anybody",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "preach so early nor so late .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " Bossuet became a Master of Arts in 1643 . He held his first thesis ( tentativa ) in theology on 25 January 1648 , in the presence of the Prince de Condé . Later in 1648 , he became a sub-deacon at Metz . He became a deacon in 1649 . During this period , he preached his first sermons .",
"title": "Early clerical career"
},
{
"text": "He held his second thesis ( sorbonica ) on November 9 , 1650 . Then , in preparation for the priesthood , he spent the next two years in retirement under the spiritual direction of Vincent de Paul .",
"title": "Early clerical career"
},
{
"text": " In January 1652 , Bossuet re-entered public life , being named Archdeacon of Sarrebourg . He was ordained a priest on 18 March 1652 . A few weeks later , he defended his brilliant doctoral work and became a Doctor of Divinity .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "He spent the next seven years at Metz , where his fathers influence had got him a canonry at age 13 and where he now also had the office of archdeacon . He was plunged at once into the thick of controversy ; for nearly half of Metz was Protestant , and Bossuets first appearance in print was a refutation of the Huguenot pastor Paul Ferry ( 1655 ) , and he frequently engaged in religious controversies with Protestants ( and , less regularly , with Jews ) during his time at Metz . To reconcile the Protestants with the",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "Roman Catholic Church became the great object of his dreams ; and for this purpose , he began to train himself carefully for the pulpit , an all-important centre of influence in a land where political assemblies were unknown and novels and newspapers scarcely born . His youthful imagination was unbridled , and his ideas ran easily into a kind of paradoxical subtlety , redolent of the divinity school . Nevertheless , his time at Metz was an important time for developing his pulpit oratory and for allowing him to continue his studies of Scripture and the Fathers . He",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "also gained political experience through his participation in the local Assembly of the Three Orders .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": " In 1657 , in Metz , Bossuet preached before Anne of Austria , mother of Louis XIV . As a result , he received the honorific title of Counselor and Preacher to the King . Early career in Paris .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "In 1657 , St . Vincent de Paul convinced Bossuet to move to Paris and give himself entirely to preaching . ( He did not entirely sever his connections with the cathedral of Metz , though : he continued to hold his benefice , and in 1664 , when his widower father was ordained as a priest and became a canon at the cathedral at Metz , Bossuet was named the dean of the cathedral. )",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": " Bossuet quickly gained a reputation as a great preacher , and by 1660 , he was preaching regularly before the court in the Chapel Royal . In 1662 , he preached his famous sermon On the Duties of Kings to Louis XIV at the Louvre .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "In Paris , the congregations had no mercy on purely clerical logic or clerical taste ; if a preacher wished to catch their ear , he had to manage to address them in terms they would agree to consider sensible and well bred . Having very stern ideas of the dignity of a priest , Bossuet refused to descend to the usual devices for arousing popular interest .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": " The narrative element in Bossuets sermons grew shorter with each year . He never drew satirical pictures like his great rival Louis Bourdaloue . He would not write out his discourses in full , much less learn them off by heart : of the two hundred printed in his works , all but a fraction are rough drafts . Ladies such as Mme de Sévigné forsook him when Bourdaloue dawned on the Paris horizon in 1669 , though Fénelon and La Bruyère , two much sounder critics , refused to follow their example .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "Bossuet possessed the full equipment of the orator , voice , language , flexibility and strength . He never needed to strain for effect ; his genius struck out at a single blow the thought , the feeling and the word . What he said of Martin Luther applies peculiarly to himself : he could fling his fury into theses and thus unite the dry light of argument with the fire and heat of passion . These qualities reached their highest point in the Oraisons funèbres ( Funeral Orations ) .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": " Bossuet was always best when at work on a large canvas ; besides , here no conscientious scruples intervened to prevent him giving much time and thought to the artistic side of his subject . The Oraison , as its name betokened , stood midway between the sermon proper and what would nowadays be called a biographical sketch . At least that was what Bossuet made it ; for on this field , he stood not merely first , but alone .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "One hundred and thirty-seven of Bossuets sermons preached in the period from 1659 to 1669 are extant , and it is estimated that he preached more than a hundred more that have since been lost . Apart from state occasions , Bossuet seldom appeared in a Paris pulpit after 1669 .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": " Tutor to the Dauphin , 1670–1681 . A favourite of the court , in 1669 , Bossuet was gazetted bishop of Condom in Gascony , without being obliged to reside there . He was consecrated as a bishop on September 21 , 1670 , but he resigned the bishopric when he was elected to the Académie française in 1671 .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "On the 18th of September 1670 he was appointed tutor to the nine-year-old Dauphin , oldest child of Louis XIV . The choice was scarcely fortunate . Bossuet unbent as far as he could , but his genius was by no means fitted to enter into the feelings of a child ; and the dauphin was a cross , ungainly , sullen lad . Probably no one was happier than the tutor when his charge turned sixteen and was married off to a Bavarian princess . Still , the nine years at court were by no means wasted .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "Bossuets tutorial functions involved composing all the necessary books of instruction , including not just handwriting samples , but also manuals of philosophy , history , and religion fit for a future king of France . Among the books written by Bossuet during this period are three classics . First came the Traité de la connaissance de Dieu et de soi-même ( Treatise on the Knowledge of God and of Ones Self ) ( 1677 ) , then the Discours sur lhistoire universelle ( Speech of Universal History ) ( 1679 , published 1682 ) , and lastly the Politique",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "tirée de lÉcriture Sainte ( Politics Drawn from Holy Scripture ) ( 1679 , published 1709 ) . The three books fit into each other . The Traité is a general sketch of the nature of God and the nature of man . The Discours is a history of Gods dealings with humanity in the past . The Politique is a code of rights and duties drawn up in the light thrown by those dealings . Bossuets conclusions are only drawn from Holy Scripture because he wished to gain the highest possible sanction for the institutions of his country and",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "to hallow the France of Louis XIV by proving its astonishing likeness to the Israel of Solomon . Then , too , the veil of Holy Scripture enabled him to speak out more boldly than court etiquette would have otherwise allowed , to remind the son of Louis XIV that kings have duties as well as rights .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "The Grand Dauphin had often forgotten these duties , but his son , the Petit Dauphin , would bear them in mind . The tutors imagination looked forward to a time when France would blossom into Utopia , with a Christian philosopher on the throne . That is what made him so stalwart a champion of authority in all its forms : le roi , Jesus-Christ et lEglise , Dieu en ces trois noms ( the king , Jesus Christ , and the Church , God in His three names ) , he says in a characteristic letter . The",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "object of his books is to provide authority with a rational basis . Bossuets worship of authority by no means killed his confidence in reason ; what it did was make him doubt the honesty of those who reasoned otherwise than himself .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": " The whole chain of argument seemed to him so clear and simple . Philosophy proves that God exists and that He shapes and governs the course of human affairs . History shows that this governance is , for the most part , indirect , exercised through certain venerable corporations , as well civil and ecclesiastical , all of which demand implicit obedience as the immediate representatives of God . Thus all revolt , whether civil or religious , is a direct defiance of the Almighty .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "Oliver Cromwell becomes a moral monster , and the revocation of the Edict of Nantes was the greatest achievement of the second Constantine . The France of his youth had known the misery of divided counsels and civil war ; the France of his manhood , brought together under an absolute sovereign , had suddenly shot up into a splendour only comparable with ancient Rome . Why not , then , strain every nerve to hold innovation at bay and prolong that splendour for all time ? Bossuets own Discours sur lhistoire universelle might have furnished an answer , for",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "there the fall of many empires is detailed ; but then the Discours was composed under a single preoccupation .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "To Bossuet , the establishment of Christianity was the one point of real importance in the whole history of the world . He totally ignores the history of Islam and Asia ; on Greece and Rome , he only touched insofar as they formed part of the Praeparatio Evangelica . Yet his Discours is far more than a theological pamphlet . While Pascal might refer the rise and fall of empires to Providence or chance or a little grain of sand in the English lord protectors veins , Bossuet held fast to his principle that God works through secondary causes",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": ". It is His will that every great change should have its roots in the ages that went before it . Bossuet , accordingly , made a heroic attempt to grapple with origins and causes , and in this way , his book deserves its place as one of the first of philosophic histories .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "With the period of the Dauphins formal education ending in 1681 , Bossuet was appointed Bishop of Meaux by the King on 2 May 1681 , which was approved by Pope Innocent XI on 17 November . But before he could take possession of his see , he was drawn into a violent quarrel between Louis XIV and Pope Innocent XI . Here he found himself in a quandary : to support the Pope meant supporting the Jesuits ; and he hated their supposed casuistry and dévotion aisée almost as much as Pascal ; to oppose the Pope was to",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "play into the hands of Louis XIV , who was eager to subject the Church to the will of the State . Bossuet therefore attempted to steer a middle course . In 1682 , before the general Assembly of the French Clergy , he preached a great sermon on the unity of the Church and made it a magnificent plea for compromise . As Louis XIV insisted on his clergy making an anti-papal declaration , Bossuet got leave to draw it up and made it as moderate as he could , and when the Pope declared it null and void",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": ", he set to work on a gigantic Defensio Cleri Gallicani , only published after his death . Throughout this controversy , unlike the court bishops , Bossuet constantly resided in his diocese and took an active interest in its administration .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": " Efforts to combat Protestantism . The Gallican storm a little abated , he turned back to a project very near his heart . Ever since the early days at Metz , he had been busy with schemes for uniting the Huguenots to the Catholic Church . In 1668 , he converted Turenne ; in 1670 , he published an Exposition de la foi catholique ( Exposition of the Catholic Faith ) , so moderate in tone that adversaries were driven to accuse him of having fraudulently watered down the Catholic dogmas to suit Protestant taste .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "Finally , in 1688 , his great Histoire des variations des Églises protestantes ( History of the Variations of the Protestant Churches ) , perhaps the most brilliant of all his works , appeared . Few writers could have made the Justification controversy interesting or even intelligible . His argument is simple enough . Without rules , an organized society cannot hold together , and rules require an authorized interpreter . The Protestant churches had thrown over this interpreter ; and Bossuet had small trouble in showing that , the longer they lived , the more they varied on increasingly",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "important points .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": " For the moment , the Protestants were pulverized ; but before long , they began to ask whether variation was necessarily so great an evil . Between 1691 and 1701 , Bossuet corresponded with Leibniz with a view to reunion , but negotiations broke down precisely at this point . Leibniz thought his countrymen might accept individual Roman doctrines , but he flatly refused to guarantee that they would necessarily believe tomorrow what they believe today . We prefer , he said , a church eternally variable and for ever moving forwards .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "Next , Protestant writers began to accumulate some alleged proofs of Romes own variations ; and here , they were backed up by Richard Simon , a priest of the Paris Oratory and the father of biblical criticism in France . He accused St Augustine , Bossuets own special master , of having corrupted the primitive doctrine of grace .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "Bossuet set to work on a Defense de la tradition , but Simon calmly went on to raise issues graver still . Under a veil of politely ironic circumlocutions , such as did not deceive the Bishop of Meaux , he claimed his right to interpret the Bible like any other book . Bossuet denounced him again and again ; Simon told his friends he would wait until the old fellow was no more . Another Oratorian proved more dangerous still . Simon had endangered miracles by applying to them lay rules of evidence , but Malebranche abrogated miracles altogether",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": ". It was blasphemous , he argued , to suppose that the Author of nature would violate the law He had Himself established . Bossuet might scribble nova , mira , falsa in the margins of his book and urge Fénelon to attack them ; Malebranche politely met his threats by saying that to be refuted by such a pen would do him too much honor . These repeated checks soured Bossuets temper .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "In his earlier controversies , he had borne himself with great magnanimity , and the Huguenot ministers he refuted had found him a kindly advocate at court . His approval of the revocation of the Edict of Nantes stopped far short of approving dragonnades within his Diocese of Meaux , but now his patience was waning . A dissertation by one Father Caffaro , an obscure Italian monk , became his excuse for writing certain , violent Maximes sur la comédie ( 1694 ) , wherein he made an attack on the memory of Molière , dead more than twenty",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": "years .",
"title": "Priest at Metz"
},
{
"text": " Three years later , he was battling with Bishop François Fénelon over the love of God . Fénelon , 24 years his junior , was an old pupil who had suddenly become a rival ; like Bossuet , Fénelon was a bishop who served as a royal tutor .",
"title": "Controversy with Fénelon"
},
{
"text": "The controversy concerned their different reactions to the opinions of Jeanne Guyon : her ideas were similar to the Quietism of Molinos , which was condemned by Pope Innocent XI in 1687 . When Mme de Maintenon began questioning the orthodoxy of Mme Guyons opinions , an ecclesiastical commission of three members , including Bossuet , was appointed to report on the matter . The commission issued 34 articles known as the Articles dIssy , which condemned Mme Guyons ideas very briefly and provided a short treatise on the orthodox , Catholic conception of prayer . Fénelon , who had",
"title": "Controversy with Fénelon"
},
{
"text": "been attracted to Mme Guyons ideas , signed off on the Articles , and Mme Guyon submitted to the judgment .",
"title": "Controversy with Fénelon"
},
{
"text": "Bossuet now composed Instructions sur les états doraison , a work that explained the Articles dIssy in greater depth . Fénelon refused to endorse this treatise , however , and instead composed his own explanation as to the meaning of the Articles dIssy , his Explication des Maximes des Saints . He explained his view that the goal of human life should be to have love of God as its perfect object , with neither fear of punishment nor desire for the reward of eternal life having anything to do with this pure love of God . King Louis XIV",
"title": "Controversy with Fénelon"
},
{
"text": "reproached Bossuet for failing to warn him that his grandsons tutor had such unorthodox opinions and instructed Bossuet and other bishops to respond to the Maximes des Saints .",
"title": "Controversy with Fénelon"
},
{
"text": " Bossuet and Fénelon thus spent the years 1697–1699 battling each other in pamphlets and letters until the Inquisition finally condemned the Maximes des Saints on 12 March 1699 . Pope Innocent XII selected 23 specific passages for condemnation . Bossuet triumphed in the controversy and Fénelon submitted to Romes determination of the matter .",
"title": "Controversy with Fénelon"
},
{
"text": " Until he was over 70 years , Bossuet enjoyed good health , but in 1702 he developed chronic kidney stones . Two years later he was a hopeless invalid , and on 12 April 1704 he died quietly . His funeral oration was given by Charles de la Rue , SJ . He was buried at Meaux Cathedral .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "Bossuet is widely considered to be one of the most influential homilists of all time . He is one of the preachers , along with John Tillotson and Louis Bourdaloue , who began the transition from Baroque to Neoclassical preaching . He preached with a simple eloquence that eschewed the grandiose extravagances of earlier preaching . He focused on ethical rather than doctrinal messages , often drawing from the lives of saints or saintly contemporaries as examples . He preached , for example , on St . Francis de Sales as well as funeral orations on Queen Henrietta Maria of",
"title": "Preaching"
},
{
"text": "France and Henrietta Anne of England . Bossuets funeral orations in particular had lasting importance and were translated early into many languages , including English . Such was their power that even Voltaire , normally so antagonistic toward clergy , praised his oratorical excellence .",
"title": "Preaching"
},
{
"text": " An edition of Bossuets sermons was edited by Abbé Lebarq in 6 vols . ( Paris , 1890 , 1896 ) , as the Œuvres oratoires de Bossuet . His complete works were edited by Lachat in 31 vols . ( Paris , 1862–1864 ) . - Méditation sur la brièveté de la vie ( 1648 ) - Réfutation du catéchisme de Paul Ferry ( 1655 ) - Oraison funèbre de Yolande de Monterby ( 1656 ) - Oracion funebre e Valeria Slazar ( 1657 ) - Panégyrique de saint Paul ( 1659 )",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": "- Oraison funèbre de Nicolas Cornet ( 1663 )",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": " - Oraison funèbre dAnne dAutriche ( 1667 ) - Oraison funèbre dHenriette Marie de France ( 1669 ) - Oraison funèbre dHenriette dAngleterre ( 1670 ) - Exposition de la doctrine de léglise catholique sur les matières de controverse ( 1671 ) - Sermon pour la Profession de Mademoiselle de La Vallière ( 1675 ) - Traité de la connaissance de Dieu et de soi-même ( 1677 ) - Traité du libre arbitre ( 1677 ) - Logique ( 1677 – published only in 1828 ) - Conférence avec le pasteur Claude ( 1678 – published 1682 )",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": "- Discours sur lhistoire universelle or Speech of Universal History ( 1681 )",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": " - Politique tirée de lÉcriture sainte ( Politics Drawn from the Very Words of Holy Scripture ) ( 1679 – published 1709 ) - Sermon sur lunité de lÉglise ( 1682 ) - Oraison funèbre de Marie Thérèse ( 1683 ) - Oraison funèbre d Anne de Gonzague , princesse Palatine ( 1685 ) - Oraison funèbre de Michel Le Tellier ( 1686 ) - Oraison funèbre de Mme du Blé dUxelles ( 1686 ) - Oraison funèbre du prince de Condé ( 1687 ) - Catéchisme du diocèse de Meaux ( 1687 )",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": "- Histoire des variations des Églises protestantes ( 1688 )",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": " - Explication de lApocalypse ( 1689 ) - Avertissements aux Protestants ( I , II , III ) ( 1689 ) - Avertissements aux Protestants ( IV , V , VI ) ( 1690–91 ) - Défense de lHistoire des variations ( 1690–91 ) - Correspondence avec Leibniz ( 1691–93 ) - Défense de la Tradition et des Saints Pères ( 1691–93 ) - Traité de la concupiscence ( 1691–93 ) - Lettre au P . Caffaro ( 1694–95 ) - Maximes et réflexions sur la comédie ( 1694–95 ) - Méditation sur lEvangile ( 1694–95 )",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": "- Élévations sur les mystères ( 1694–95 )",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": " - Instructions sur les états doraison ( replying to Fénelon ) ( 1697 ) - Relation sur le quiétisme ( 1698 ) - Instructions pastorales pour les Protestants ( manual for Protestant converts to Catholicism ) ( 1701 ) Politics Drawn from the Very Words of Holy Scripture .",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": "When Bossuet was chosen to be the tutor of the Dauphin , oldest child of Louis XIV , he wrote several works for the edification of his pupil , one of which was Politics Derived from the Words of Holy Scripture , a discourse on the principles of royal absolutism . The work was published posthumously in 1709 .",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": " The work consists of several books which are divided into articles and propositions which lay out the nature , characteristics , duties , and resources of royalty . To justify his propositions , Bossuet quotes liberally from the Bible and various psalms .",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": "Throughout his essay , Bossuet emphasizes the fact that royal authority comes directly from God and that the person of the king is sacred . In the third book , Bossuet asserts that God establishes kings as his ministers , and reigns through them over the people . He also states that the prince must be obeyed on principle , as a matter of religion and of conscience . While he declares the absolute authority of rulers , he emphasizes the fact that kings must use their power only for the public good and that the king is not above",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": "the law for if he sins , he destroys the laws by his example .",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": "In books six and seven , Bossuet describes the duties of the subjects to the prince and the special duties of royalty . For Bossuet , the prince was synonymous with the state , which is why , according to him , the subjects of the prince owe the prince the same duties that they owe their country . He also states that only public enemies make a separation between the interest of the prince and the interest of the state . As far as the duties of royalty , the primary goal is the preservation of the state .",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": "Bossuet describes three ways that this can be achieved : by maintaining a good constitution , making good use of the states resources , and protecting the state from the dangers and difficulties that threaten it .",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": "In books nine and ten , Bossuet outlines the various resources of royalty ( arms , wealth , and counsel ) and how they should be used . In regards to arms , Bossuet explains that there are just and unjust grounds for war . Unjust causes include ambitious conquest , pillage , and jealousy . As far as wealth is concerned , he then lays out the types of expenditures that a king has and the various sources of wealth for the kingdom . He emphasizes that the true wealth of a kingdom is its men and says that",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": "it is important to improve the peoples lot and that there would be no more poor .",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"text": " The Catholic Encyclopedia ( 1913 ) calls Bossuet the greatest pulpit orator of all time , ranking him even ahead of Augustine and Chrysostom . The exterior of Harvards Sanders Theater includes busts of the eight greatest orators of all time – they include a bust of Bossuet alongside such giants of oratory as Demosthenes , Cicero , and Chrysostom . A character in Les Misérables , being from Meaux and an orator , is nicknamed Bossuet by his friends .",
"title": "Trivia"
},
{
"text": "Bossuet was one of several co-editors on the Ad usum Delphini book series ( commonly known as the Delphin Classics ) of the Latin classics .",
"title": "Trivia"
},
{
"text": " Bossuet was the uncle of Louis Bossuet .",
"title": "Trivia"
}
] |
/wiki/International_Skating_Union#P488#0
|
Who was the head of International Skating Union before Apr 1892?
|
International Skating Union The International Skating Union ( ISU ) is the international governing body for competitive ice skating disciplines , including figure skating , synchronized skating , speed skating , and short track speed skating . It was founded in Scheveningen , Netherlands , in July 1892 , making it one of the oldest international sport federations . The ISU was formed to establish standardized international rules and regulations for the skating disciplines it governs , and to organize international competitions in these disciplines . It is now based in Lausanne , Switzerland . History . The International Skating Union ( ISU ) was founded in 1892 in the Dutch seaside town of Scheveningen . The meeting was attended by fifteen men , as the national association representatives from the Netherlands , Great Britain , Germany/Austria , and two clubs from Stockholm ( Sweden ) and Budapest ( Hungary ) . The ISU was the first international winter sports federation to govern speed skating and figure skating , as it laid down the rules for speed skating , shortly followed by figure skating . In 1895 , the organization streamlined its mission to deal only with amateur competitors , not professionals , and hosted its first amateur skating championship in February 1896 in St . Petersburg , Russia . The United States and Canada formed a competing organization , the International Skating Union of America ( ISUA ) , in 1907 . Over the next two years , twelve European nations had joined the ISU , while the ISUA had only its original two members . The ISUA folded in 1927 . European and North American figure skaters rarely competed against each other because of differences in their styles of skating . The ISU had systematized and arranged the sport of figure skating , with competitions including a selection of ten or twelve numbers from the I . S . U . programme , .. . five minutes free skating to music , .. . [ and ] special figures on one foot . In 1911 , Canada joined the ISU , leaving the United States as the only major competitor to not be a member . This changed in 1923 , when the United States Figure Skating Association joined the ISU and in 1926 , the Japanese sport governing body followed to acquire ISU membership . The first ISU competitions to emerge were the World and European Speed Skating and Figure Skating Championships . Both disciplines were included in the official program of the first Winter Olympic Games in Chamonix in 1924 . The discipline of ice dancing was introduced at the Innsbruck Games in 1976 . After 1945 , the ISU slowly continued to grow with accession of members from other countries in Europe , Oceania and ( Southern ) Africa . In 1967 , the ISU adopted short track speed skating , and the first official ISU World Championships took place in 1981 . Short track speed skating became part of the official Olympic program in 1992 . The earliest speed skating competitions hosted by the ISU , between 1976 and 1980 , were held under different names but have retrospectively received World Championship status . The discipline was known as indoor speed skating at first , until being renamed short track speed skating when indoor rinks for the longer speed skating events were introduced . By 1988 , thirty-eight nations had joined the ISU . Over the next few years , the organization abandoned one of its long-held practices , eliminating the use of mandatory figures in the singles figure skating competitions and reducing their use in ice dancing . During the 1970s and 1980s , several Asian countries joined the ISU , followed in the early 1990s by many new countries emerging from the breakup of the USSR , Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia . In 1994 , synchronized skating was formally recognized as a separate discipline , and the first ISU World Championships were held in 2000 in Minneapolis , Minnesota , US . After the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City , Utah , the ISU implemented sweeping changes to many of its events . In one of the short track speed skating events , Apolo Anton Ohno was awarded the gold medal after the disqualification of Kim Dong-Sung . Although the South Korean delegation protested the decision , ISU rules did not allow for a review of the officials call . Several months later , the ISU approved the use of video replay , when available , to review referee decisions . The rules for judging figure skating were also overhauled as a direct result of the 2002 Olympic Winter Games figure skating scandal . According to Ottavio Cinquanta , former president of the ISU , Something was wrong there , .. . Not just the individual but also the system . It existed for 70 years . Now we are trying to replace one system with another . A new judging system for figure skating took effect in 2005 , replacing the 6.0 system of perfect scores and instead giving points for various technical elements . Since the 2000s , the ISU has experienced a new wave of expansion , with several countries in Asia and Latin America joining the organization . In 2019 , skating federations from Chile , Peru , Turkmenistan , and Vietnam acquired membership of the ISU . ISU Championships . In addition to sanctioning other international competitions , the ISU designates the following competitions each year as ISU Championships : The events such as the Olympic Winter Games and the ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating are not ISU Championships . However , they do count towards Personal Best scores . First world championships . Dates and locations of first world championships in various disciplines held under the auspices of the ISU : - 1893 : Speed skating ( men only ) , Amsterdam - 1896 : Figure skating ( men only ) , St . Petersburg - 1906 : Figure skating ( ladies ) , Davos - 1908 : Figure skating ( pairs ) , St . Petersburg - 1936 : Speed skating ( women ) , Stockholm - 1952 : Figure skating ( ice dance ) , Paris - 1970 : Sprint speed skating , West Allis , Wisconsin - 1978 : Short track speed skating , Solihull , UK - 2000 : Synchronized skating , Minneapolis Cooperation with other sports . The ISU has an agreement with the Federation of International Bandy to use the same arenas . The cooperation between the two federations is increasing , since both have an interest in more indoor venues with large ice surfaces being built . Organization . The ISU is an international sport federation recognised by the International Olympic Committee as the body globally administering figure skating and speed skating sports with the following disciplines : Speed skating , Single & Pair skating , Ice dance , Short track speed skating , and Synchronized skating . Whereas the individual national associations administer these sports at the national level , all international matters are under the sole jurisdiction and control of the ISU . There was an attempt to set up an alternative association to replace the ISU for governing and promoting figure skating throughout the world . In March 2003 , a group of several former figure skating champions ( who at the time were still practicing as coaches , judges , referees ) announced the creation of a new international governing body for figure skating , the World Skating Federation ( WSF ) . This attempt ultimately failed . ISU is organized as an association pursuant to Swiss laws ( art . 60 of Swiss Civil Code ) . It has its own legal identity and falls under the jurisdiction of Switzerland . Articles of Association define ISUs purpose as The objectives of the ISU are regulating , governing and promoting the sports of Figure and Speed Skating and their organized development on the basis of friendship and mutual understanding between sportsmen.The ISU shall work for broadening interest in Figure and Speed Skating sports by increasing their popularity , improving their quality and increasing the number of participants throughout the world . The ISU shall ensure that the interests of all ISU Members are observed and respected . The ISU Statutes consist of the ISU Constitution including its Procedural Provisions , and ISU General Regulations setting out framework principles . More detailed provisions are contained in Special Regulations and Technical Rules for Single & Pair Skating and Ice Dance , Synchronized Skating Speed Skating , and Short Track Speed Skating . The ISU Code of Ethics , the ISU Anti-Doping Rules , and ISU Anti-Doping Procedures contain further guidelines . Additional provisions and updates can also be found in ad-hoc published ISU Communications . Members . The members of the ISU are the individual national associations whose task is to administer figure and speed skating on ice at the national level . Members are typically composed of skating clubs and athletes are individual members of those clubs . As of 20 February 2020 , the International Skating Union counts 98 members . ISU Congress . The highest-ranking body of the ISU is the ISU Congress which consists of the ISU Members . The Congress meets once every two years for an ordinary meeting . Ordinary resolutions are passed by a simple majority of votes of the ISU Members represented and voting at a Congress . Proposals require a two-thirds majority of ISU Members in favor in order to be accepted . Since the ISUs inception in 1892 , 58 ordinary meetings in total have been organized . ISU Council . The ISU Council constitutes the highest ISU body between two Congresses . It is the executive body of the ISU and is responsible for determining the policies of the ISU and deciding upon the general coordination of the ISU structure and strategy . The Council consists of the President , a Vice President , and five members for the Figure Skating Branch and a Vice President , and five members for the Speed Skating Branch . The Council is assisted by the Director General and the ISU Secretariat . The Director General is responsible for the daily management of all business and financially related activities of the ISU and the operation of the Secretariat . As of the summer of 2008 , the ISU consisted of 63 member nations , with a governing council of 11 . To add any proposal to the agenda of meetings , it must have support from four-fifths of the members . Proposals on the agenda are approved with a two-thirds majority vote . Presidents of the ISU . 1 . 1892–1895 , Pim Mulier 2 . 1895–1925 , Viktor Balck 3 . 1925–1937 , Ulrich Salchow 4 . 1937–1945 , Gerrit W . A . van Laer 5 . 1945–1953 , Herbert J . Clarke 6 . 1953–1967 , James Koch 7 . 1967–1967 , Ernst Labin 8 . 1967–1980 , Jacques Favart 9 . 1980–1994 , Olaf Poulsen 10 . 1994–2016 , Ottavio Cinquanta 11 . 2016–present , Jan Dijkema ISU Commissions and Committees . Following the ISU Congress 2018 , the organizational chart of the ISU includes alongside the ISU Congress and ISU Council , assisted by the ISU Secretariat , the following bodies : 1 . ISU Disciplinary Commission 2 . ISU Athletes Commission 3 . ISU Medical Commission 4 . ISU Development Commission 5 . ISU Technical Committees . The ISU Disciplinary Commission ( DC ) constitutes a judicial body of the ISU . It is an independent body elected by the ISU Congress . The ISU Athletes Commission was introduced on the 56th ISU Ordinary Congress 2016 in Dubrovnik and represents Skaters’ positions within the ISU by providing advice to the ISU Council , Technical Committees , Sports Directors , Director General and other internal bodies . The ISU Medical Commission coordinates compliance with anti-doping regulations . The ISU Development Commission implements the ISU Development Program in accordance with the ISU policy and the approved budget . The main functions of the ISU Technical Committees include the preparation , monitoring and maintenance of the Technical Rules . The following Technical Committees are established : Single and Pair Skating , Ice Dance , Synchronized Skating , Speed Skating and Short Track Speed Skating . Eligibility rules . ISUs role as an international sports federation involves setting the rules to ensure proper governance of sport , notably in terms of the health and safety of the athletes and the integrity of competitions . Similar to many international sports federations , ISU adopted eligibility rules . Under the ISU eligibility rules , skaters participating in competitions that are not approved by the ISU face severe penalties up to a lifetime ban from all major international skating events . Historically , only amateurs were allowed to qualify for the Olympic Games and in 1962 , the IOC issued the Eligibility rules which specified that persons receiving remuneration and other material advantages for participation in sport were not eligible to compete in the Olympic Games . However , the concept of amateur sport developed over time , moving by the end of the 1980s towards professionalisation . Respecting the Olympic principles , the ISU rules made a difference in treatment of amateur and professional skaters wishing to qualify for the Olympic Games . In 1986 , the limitations imposed on professional skaters were removed and the categories of eligible and ineligible persons were introduced to replace the concepts of amateurs and professionals . In 1998 , Eligibility rules established a comprehensive pre-authorisation system by stipulating that eligible skaters could only take part in competitions approved by the ISU , and conducted under the ISU Regulations by ISU-approved officials . Under the 2014 Eligibility rules , the person who breached the Eligibility rules could not be reinstated . This resulted in a lifetime ban , since the loss of eligibility is not limited in time . There were attempts of independent organisers to hold alternative speed skating events . Icederby International co. , Ltd sought to set up a series of events titled ‘Icederby Grand Prix’ scheduled to run for six consecutive years from 2014–2020 . Run by a Korean event organiser , it offered unprecedented prize money to attract the worlds best skaters . In 2011 , Icederby International approached the ISU to enter into a partnership agreement and presented its action plan . Initially , Icederby included betting in connection with its planned Grand Prix in countries where betting was not prohibited . In January 2012 , the ISU updated its Code of Ethics to rule out the participation in all forms of betting . Two years later , Icederby notified the ISU that no betting would be organised in connection with the planned Dubai Icederby Grand Prix as betting is illegal in Dubai . Nonetheless , the ISU did not authorise the Dubai Icederby Grand Prix 2014 and announced that all skaters who take part in the Icederby event would be subject to the lifetime ban established by the Eligibility rules . In consequence , Icederby decided not to organise the Dubai Icederby Grand Prix 2014 due to its difficulty to secure the participation of speed skaters . Two professional speed skaters , Mark Tuitert and Niels Kerstholt , lodged a complaint and on 5 October 2015 , the European Commission initiated formal antitrust proceedings into alleged anti-competitive restrictions imposed by the International Skating Union on athletes and officials economic activities and alleged foreclosure of competing alternative sport event organisers . On 20 October 2015 , the ISU published the procedure for independent organisers to receive authorisation from the ISU Council . Under the 2016 Eligibility rules , the sanctions imposed on a skater participating in non-authorised events ranged from a warning to periods of ineligibility running from an unspecified minimum to a maximum of a lifetime . In December 2017 , the European Commission decided that ISUs eligibility rules breach EU competition laws . The Commission gave the ISU 90 days to amend the rules and did not impose a fine . The ISU disagreed with the decision , suspended the enforcement of the rules subject to the Commission decision , and put in place provisional rules . In addition , the ISU filed an appeal against the EU Commission decision pending before the EU General Court . Commercial aspects . The ISU , as an Olympic Winter Sport Federation , derives its revenues from 1 . Broadcast partnerships for world-wide media coverage of ISU Events ; 2 . Sponsorship agreements ; 3 . Contributions provided by the IOC for the Winter/ Youth Olympic Games ; and 4 . Interest income earned from the ISUs financial assets . In 2018 , the ISU generated a worldwide consolidated turnover of CHF 35.6 million , as compared to CHF 36.9 million for the financial year 2017 . For the financial year 2018 , the operating income for Television ISU Events ( net ) amounted to around 17 million CHF , and for advertising events ( sponsorship agreements ) to around 6.9 million CHF . Whereas the situation regarding TV events appears to be relatively stable , the conclusion of sponsorship agreements becomes more challenging due to a highly competitive market environment . Thus , ISU has been unable to replace the Speed Skating Title Sponsor with a similarly lucrative agreement . Also , as ISU Members in China and the Republic of Korea were , for different reasons , unable to host ISU Short Track Speed Skating Events during the 2018/19 season , the ISU was also unable to maintain sponsorship agreements in those countries . As the ISU sport disciplines significantly contribute to the success of the Olympic Winter Games , the ISU can also continue to rely on substantial amounts provided by the IOC . After the successful 2018 Olympic Winter Games ( OWG ) in South Korea , these incomes have increased as compared to the 2014 OWG in Sochi and are again close to the level of the 2010 OWG of Vancouver . To ensure a substantial annual interest income independent from commercial partners’ interests , the ISU employs a long-standing conservative investment policy . The interest income on high-rated bonds from Credit Suisse , Banque Cantonale Vaudoise , and UBS accrued at the end of the financial year 2018 amounted to CHF 1.44 million . In 2020 , the ISU launched the ISU Skating Awards
|
[
"Pim Mulier"
] |
[
{
"text": " The International Skating Union ( ISU ) is the international governing body for competitive ice skating disciplines , including figure skating , synchronized skating , speed skating , and short track speed skating . It was founded in Scheveningen , Netherlands , in July 1892 , making it one of the oldest international sport federations . The ISU was formed to establish standardized international rules and regulations for the skating disciplines it governs , and to organize international competitions in these disciplines . It is now based in Lausanne , Switzerland .",
"title": "International Skating Union"
},
{
"text": " The International Skating Union ( ISU ) was founded in 1892 in the Dutch seaside town of Scheveningen . The meeting was attended by fifteen men , as the national association representatives from the Netherlands , Great Britain , Germany/Austria , and two clubs from Stockholm ( Sweden ) and Budapest ( Hungary ) .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The ISU was the first international winter sports federation to govern speed skating and figure skating , as it laid down the rules for speed skating , shortly followed by figure skating . In 1895 , the organization streamlined its mission to deal only with amateur competitors , not professionals , and hosted its first amateur skating championship in February 1896 in St . Petersburg , Russia .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The United States and Canada formed a competing organization , the International Skating Union of America ( ISUA ) , in 1907 . Over the next two years , twelve European nations had joined the ISU , while the ISUA had only its original two members . The ISUA folded in 1927 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "European and North American figure skaters rarely competed against each other because of differences in their styles of skating . The ISU had systematized and arranged the sport of figure skating , with competitions including a selection of ten or twelve numbers from the I . S . U . programme , .. . five minutes free skating to music , .. . [ and ] special figures on one foot . In 1911 , Canada joined the ISU , leaving the United States as the only major competitor to not be a member . This changed in 1923 ,",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "when the United States Figure Skating Association joined the ISU and in 1926 , the Japanese sport governing body followed to acquire ISU membership .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The first ISU competitions to emerge were the World and European Speed Skating and Figure Skating Championships . Both disciplines were included in the official program of the first Winter Olympic Games in Chamonix in 1924 . The discipline of ice dancing was introduced at the Innsbruck Games in 1976 . After 1945 , the ISU slowly continued to grow with accession of members from other countries in Europe , Oceania and ( Southern ) Africa .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1967 , the ISU adopted short track speed skating , and the first official ISU World Championships took place in 1981 . Short track speed skating became part of the official Olympic program in 1992 . The earliest speed skating competitions hosted by the ISU , between 1976 and 1980 , were held under different names but have retrospectively received World Championship status . The discipline was known as indoor speed skating at first , until being renamed short track speed skating when indoor rinks for the longer speed skating events were introduced .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "By 1988 , thirty-eight nations had joined the ISU . Over the next few years , the organization abandoned one of its long-held practices , eliminating the use of mandatory figures in the singles figure skating competitions and reducing their use in ice dancing . During the 1970s and 1980s , several Asian countries joined the ISU , followed in the early 1990s by many new countries emerging from the breakup of the USSR , Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia . In 1994 , synchronized skating was formally recognized as a separate discipline , and the first ISU World Championships were held",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "in 2000 in Minneapolis , Minnesota , US .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "After the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City , Utah , the ISU implemented sweeping changes to many of its events . In one of the short track speed skating events , Apolo Anton Ohno was awarded the gold medal after the disqualification of Kim Dong-Sung . Although the South Korean delegation protested the decision , ISU rules did not allow for a review of the officials call . Several months later , the ISU approved the use of video replay , when available , to review referee decisions . The rules for judging figure skating were also overhauled",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "as a direct result of the 2002 Olympic Winter Games figure skating scandal . According to Ottavio Cinquanta , former president of the ISU , Something was wrong there , .. . Not just the individual but also the system . It existed for 70 years . Now we are trying to replace one system with another . A new judging system for figure skating took effect in 2005 , replacing the 6.0 system of perfect scores and instead giving points for various technical elements .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Since the 2000s , the ISU has experienced a new wave of expansion , with several countries in Asia and Latin America joining the organization . In 2019 , skating federations from Chile , Peru , Turkmenistan , and Vietnam acquired membership of the ISU .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In addition to sanctioning other international competitions , the ISU designates the following competitions each year as ISU Championships : The events such as the Olympic Winter Games and the ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating are not ISU Championships . However , they do count towards Personal Best scores .",
"title": "ISU Championships"
},
{
"text": " Dates and locations of first world championships in various disciplines held under the auspices of the ISU : - 1893 : Speed skating ( men only ) , Amsterdam - 1896 : Figure skating ( men only ) , St . Petersburg - 1906 : Figure skating ( ladies ) , Davos - 1908 : Figure skating ( pairs ) , St . Petersburg - 1936 : Speed skating ( women ) , Stockholm - 1952 : Figure skating ( ice dance ) , Paris - 1970 : Sprint speed skating , West Allis , Wisconsin",
"title": "First world championships"
},
{
"text": "- 1978 : Short track speed skating , Solihull , UK",
"title": "First world championships"
},
{
"text": " - 2000 : Synchronized skating , Minneapolis Cooperation with other sports . The ISU has an agreement with the Federation of International Bandy to use the same arenas . The cooperation between the two federations is increasing , since both have an interest in more indoor venues with large ice surfaces being built .",
"title": "First world championships"
},
{
"text": " The ISU is an international sport federation recognised by the International Olympic Committee as the body globally administering figure skating and speed skating sports with the following disciplines : Speed skating , Single & Pair skating , Ice dance , Short track speed skating , and Synchronized skating . Whereas the individual national associations administer these sports at the national level , all international matters are under the sole jurisdiction and control of the ISU . There was an attempt to set up an alternative association to replace the ISU for governing and promoting figure skating throughout the",
"title": "Organization"
},
{
"text": "world . In March 2003 , a group of several former figure skating champions ( who at the time were still practicing as coaches , judges , referees ) announced the creation of a new international governing body for figure skating , the World Skating Federation ( WSF ) . This attempt ultimately failed .",
"title": "Organization"
},
{
"text": " ISU is organized as an association pursuant to Swiss laws ( art . 60 of Swiss Civil Code ) . It has its own legal identity and falls under the jurisdiction of Switzerland . Articles of Association define ISUs purpose as",
"title": "Organization"
},
{
"text": "The objectives of the ISU are regulating , governing and promoting the sports of Figure and Speed Skating and their organized development on the basis of friendship and mutual understanding between sportsmen.The ISU shall work for broadening interest in Figure and Speed Skating sports by increasing their popularity , improving their quality and increasing the number of participants throughout the world . The ISU shall ensure that the interests of all ISU Members are observed and respected .",
"title": "Organization"
},
{
"text": " The ISU Statutes consist of the ISU Constitution including its Procedural Provisions , and ISU General Regulations setting out framework principles . More detailed provisions are contained in Special Regulations and Technical Rules for Single & Pair Skating and Ice Dance , Synchronized Skating Speed Skating , and Short Track Speed Skating . The ISU Code of Ethics , the ISU Anti-Doping Rules , and ISU Anti-Doping Procedures contain further guidelines . Additional provisions and updates can also be found in ad-hoc published ISU Communications .",
"title": "Organization"
},
{
"text": " The members of the ISU are the individual national associations whose task is to administer figure and speed skating on ice at the national level . Members are typically composed of skating clubs and athletes are individual members of those clubs . As of 20 February 2020 , the International Skating Union counts 98 members .",
"title": "Members"
},
{
"text": " The highest-ranking body of the ISU is the ISU Congress which consists of the ISU Members . The Congress meets once every two years for an ordinary meeting . Ordinary resolutions are passed by a simple majority of votes of the ISU Members represented and voting at a Congress . Proposals require a two-thirds majority of ISU Members in favor in order to be accepted . Since the ISUs inception in 1892 , 58 ordinary meetings in total have been organized .",
"title": "ISU Congress"
},
{
"text": " The ISU Council constitutes the highest ISU body between two Congresses . It is the executive body of the ISU and is responsible for determining the policies of the ISU and deciding upon the general coordination of the ISU structure and strategy . The Council consists of the President , a Vice President , and five members for the Figure Skating Branch and a Vice President , and five members for the Speed Skating Branch .",
"title": "ISU Council"
},
{
"text": "The Council is assisted by the Director General and the ISU Secretariat . The Director General is responsible for the daily management of all business and financially related activities of the ISU and the operation of the Secretariat .",
"title": "ISU Council"
},
{
"text": " As of the summer of 2008 , the ISU consisted of 63 member nations , with a governing council of 11 . To add any proposal to the agenda of meetings , it must have support from four-fifths of the members . Proposals on the agenda are approved with a two-thirds majority vote . Presidents of the ISU . 1 . 1892–1895 , Pim Mulier 2 . 1895–1925 , Viktor Balck 3 . 1925–1937 , Ulrich Salchow 4 . 1937–1945 , Gerrit W . A . van Laer 5 . 1945–1953 , Herbert J . Clarke",
"title": "ISU Council"
},
{
"text": "6 . 1953–1967 , James Koch",
"title": "ISU Council"
},
{
"text": " 7 . 1967–1967 , Ernst Labin 8 . 1967–1980 , Jacques Favart 9 . 1980–1994 , Olaf Poulsen 10 . 1994–2016 , Ottavio Cinquanta 11 . 2016–present , Jan Dijkema ISU Commissions and Committees . Following the ISU Congress 2018 , the organizational chart of the ISU includes alongside the ISU Congress and ISU Council , assisted by the ISU Secretariat , the following bodies : 1 . ISU Disciplinary Commission 2 . ISU Athletes Commission 3 . ISU Medical Commission 4 . ISU Development Commission 5 . ISU Technical Committees .",
"title": "ISU Council"
},
{
"text": "The ISU Disciplinary Commission ( DC ) constitutes a judicial body of the ISU . It is an independent body elected by the ISU Congress .",
"title": "ISU Council"
},
{
"text": " The ISU Athletes Commission was introduced on the 56th ISU Ordinary Congress 2016 in Dubrovnik and represents Skaters’ positions within the ISU by providing advice to the ISU Council , Technical Committees , Sports Directors , Director General and other internal bodies . The ISU Medical Commission coordinates compliance with anti-doping regulations . The ISU Development Commission implements the ISU Development Program in accordance with the ISU policy and the approved budget .",
"title": "ISU Council"
},
{
"text": "The main functions of the ISU Technical Committees include the preparation , monitoring and maintenance of the Technical Rules . The following Technical Committees are established : Single and Pair Skating , Ice Dance , Synchronized Skating , Speed Skating and Short Track Speed Skating .",
"title": "ISU Council"
},
{
"text": " ISUs role as an international sports federation involves setting the rules to ensure proper governance of sport , notably in terms of the health and safety of the athletes and the integrity of competitions . Similar to many international sports federations , ISU adopted eligibility rules . Under the ISU eligibility rules , skaters participating in competitions that are not approved by the ISU face severe penalties up to a lifetime ban from all major international skating events .",
"title": "Eligibility rules"
},
{
"text": "Historically , only amateurs were allowed to qualify for the Olympic Games and in 1962 , the IOC issued the Eligibility rules which specified that persons receiving remuneration and other material advantages for participation in sport were not eligible to compete in",
"title": "Eligibility rules"
},
{
"text": "the Olympic Games . However , the concept of amateur sport developed over time , moving by the end of the 1980s towards professionalisation . Respecting the Olympic principles , the ISU rules made a difference in treatment of amateur and professional skaters wishing to qualify for the Olympic Games . In 1986 , the limitations imposed on professional skaters were removed and the categories of eligible and ineligible persons were introduced to replace the concepts of amateurs and professionals . In 1998 , Eligibility rules established a comprehensive pre-authorisation system by stipulating that eligible skaters could only take part",
"title": "Eligibility rules"
},
{
"text": "in competitions approved by the ISU , and conducted under the ISU Regulations by ISU-approved officials . Under the 2014 Eligibility rules , the person who breached the Eligibility rules could not be reinstated . This resulted in a lifetime ban , since the loss of eligibility is not limited in time .",
"title": "Eligibility rules"
},
{
"text": " There were attempts of independent organisers to hold alternative speed skating events . Icederby International co. , Ltd sought to set up a series of events titled ‘Icederby Grand Prix’ scheduled to run for six consecutive years from 2014–2020 . Run by a Korean event organiser , it offered unprecedented prize money to attract the worlds best skaters .",
"title": "Eligibility rules"
},
{
"text": "In 2011 , Icederby International approached the ISU to enter into a partnership agreement and presented its action plan . Initially , Icederby included betting in connection with its planned Grand Prix in countries where betting was not prohibited . In January 2012 , the ISU updated its Code of Ethics to rule out the participation in all forms of betting . Two years later , Icederby notified the ISU that no betting would be organised in connection with the planned Dubai Icederby Grand Prix as betting is illegal in Dubai .",
"title": "Eligibility rules"
},
{
"text": " Nonetheless , the ISU did not authorise the Dubai Icederby Grand Prix 2014 and announced that all skaters who take part in the Icederby event would be subject to the lifetime ban established by the Eligibility rules . In consequence , Icederby decided not to organise the Dubai Icederby Grand Prix 2014 due to its difficulty to secure the participation of speed skaters .",
"title": "Eligibility rules"
},
{
"text": "Two professional speed skaters , Mark Tuitert and Niels Kerstholt , lodged a complaint and on 5 October 2015 , the European Commission initiated formal antitrust proceedings into alleged anti-competitive restrictions imposed by the International Skating Union on athletes and officials economic activities and alleged foreclosure of competing alternative sport event organisers .",
"title": "Eligibility rules"
},
{
"text": " On 20 October 2015 , the ISU published the procedure for independent organisers to receive authorisation from the ISU Council . Under the 2016 Eligibility rules , the sanctions imposed on a skater participating in non-authorised events ranged from a warning to periods of ineligibility running from an unspecified minimum to a maximum of a lifetime . In December 2017 , the European Commission decided that ISUs eligibility rules breach EU competition laws . The Commission gave the ISU 90 days to amend the rules and did not impose a fine .",
"title": "Eligibility rules"
},
{
"text": "The ISU disagreed with the decision , suspended the enforcement of the rules subject to the Commission decision , and put in place provisional rules .",
"title": "Eligibility rules"
},
{
"text": " In addition , the ISU filed an appeal against the EU Commission decision pending before the EU General Court .",
"title": "Eligibility rules"
},
{
"text": " The ISU , as an Olympic Winter Sport Federation , derives its revenues from 1 . Broadcast partnerships for world-wide media coverage of ISU Events ; 2 . Sponsorship agreements ; 3 . Contributions provided by the IOC for the Winter/ Youth Olympic Games ; and 4 . Interest income earned from the ISUs financial assets . In 2018 , the ISU generated a worldwide consolidated turnover of CHF 35.6 million , as compared to CHF 36.9 million for the financial year 2017 .",
"title": "Commercial aspects"
},
{
"text": "For the financial year 2018 , the operating income for Television ISU Events ( net ) amounted to around 17 million CHF , and for advertising events ( sponsorship agreements ) to around 6.9 million CHF .",
"title": "Commercial aspects"
},
{
"text": " Whereas the situation regarding TV events appears to be relatively stable , the conclusion of sponsorship agreements becomes more challenging due to a highly competitive market environment . Thus , ISU has been unable to replace the Speed Skating Title Sponsor with a similarly lucrative agreement . Also , as ISU Members in China and the Republic of Korea were , for different reasons , unable to host ISU Short Track Speed Skating Events during the 2018/19 season , the ISU was also unable to maintain sponsorship agreements in those countries .",
"title": "Commercial aspects"
},
{
"text": "As the ISU sport disciplines significantly contribute to the success of the Olympic Winter Games , the ISU can also continue to rely on substantial amounts provided by the IOC . After the successful 2018 Olympic Winter Games ( OWG ) in South Korea , these incomes have increased as compared to the 2014 OWG in Sochi and are again close to the level of the 2010 OWG of Vancouver .",
"title": "Commercial aspects"
},
{
"text": " To ensure a substantial annual interest income independent from commercial partners’ interests , the ISU employs a long-standing conservative investment policy . The interest income on high-rated bonds from Credit Suisse , Banque Cantonale Vaudoise , and UBS accrued at the end of the financial year 2018 amounted to CHF 1.44 million . In 2020 , the ISU launched the ISU Skating Awards",
"title": "Commercial aspects"
}
] |
/wiki/International_Skating_Union#P488#1
|
Who was the head of International Skating Union between Jan 1903 and Dec 1913?
|
International Skating Union The International Skating Union ( ISU ) is the international governing body for competitive ice skating disciplines , including figure skating , synchronized skating , speed skating , and short track speed skating . It was founded in Scheveningen , Netherlands , in July 1892 , making it one of the oldest international sport federations . The ISU was formed to establish standardized international rules and regulations for the skating disciplines it governs , and to organize international competitions in these disciplines . It is now based in Lausanne , Switzerland . History . The International Skating Union ( ISU ) was founded in 1892 in the Dutch seaside town of Scheveningen . The meeting was attended by fifteen men , as the national association representatives from the Netherlands , Great Britain , Germany/Austria , and two clubs from Stockholm ( Sweden ) and Budapest ( Hungary ) . The ISU was the first international winter sports federation to govern speed skating and figure skating , as it laid down the rules for speed skating , shortly followed by figure skating . In 1895 , the organization streamlined its mission to deal only with amateur competitors , not professionals , and hosted its first amateur skating championship in February 1896 in St . Petersburg , Russia . The United States and Canada formed a competing organization , the International Skating Union of America ( ISUA ) , in 1907 . Over the next two years , twelve European nations had joined the ISU , while the ISUA had only its original two members . The ISUA folded in 1927 . European and North American figure skaters rarely competed against each other because of differences in their styles of skating . The ISU had systematized and arranged the sport of figure skating , with competitions including a selection of ten or twelve numbers from the I . S . U . programme , .. . five minutes free skating to music , .. . [ and ] special figures on one foot . In 1911 , Canada joined the ISU , leaving the United States as the only major competitor to not be a member . This changed in 1923 , when the United States Figure Skating Association joined the ISU and in 1926 , the Japanese sport governing body followed to acquire ISU membership . The first ISU competitions to emerge were the World and European Speed Skating and Figure Skating Championships . Both disciplines were included in the official program of the first Winter Olympic Games in Chamonix in 1924 . The discipline of ice dancing was introduced at the Innsbruck Games in 1976 . After 1945 , the ISU slowly continued to grow with accession of members from other countries in Europe , Oceania and ( Southern ) Africa . In 1967 , the ISU adopted short track speed skating , and the first official ISU World Championships took place in 1981 . Short track speed skating became part of the official Olympic program in 1992 . The earliest speed skating competitions hosted by the ISU , between 1976 and 1980 , were held under different names but have retrospectively received World Championship status . The discipline was known as indoor speed skating at first , until being renamed short track speed skating when indoor rinks for the longer speed skating events were introduced . By 1988 , thirty-eight nations had joined the ISU . Over the next few years , the organization abandoned one of its long-held practices , eliminating the use of mandatory figures in the singles figure skating competitions and reducing their use in ice dancing . During the 1970s and 1980s , several Asian countries joined the ISU , followed in the early 1990s by many new countries emerging from the breakup of the USSR , Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia . In 1994 , synchronized skating was formally recognized as a separate discipline , and the first ISU World Championships were held in 2000 in Minneapolis , Minnesota , US . After the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City , Utah , the ISU implemented sweeping changes to many of its events . In one of the short track speed skating events , Apolo Anton Ohno was awarded the gold medal after the disqualification of Kim Dong-Sung . Although the South Korean delegation protested the decision , ISU rules did not allow for a review of the officials call . Several months later , the ISU approved the use of video replay , when available , to review referee decisions . The rules for judging figure skating were also overhauled as a direct result of the 2002 Olympic Winter Games figure skating scandal . According to Ottavio Cinquanta , former president of the ISU , Something was wrong there , .. . Not just the individual but also the system . It existed for 70 years . Now we are trying to replace one system with another . A new judging system for figure skating took effect in 2005 , replacing the 6.0 system of perfect scores and instead giving points for various technical elements . Since the 2000s , the ISU has experienced a new wave of expansion , with several countries in Asia and Latin America joining the organization . In 2019 , skating federations from Chile , Peru , Turkmenistan , and Vietnam acquired membership of the ISU . ISU Championships . In addition to sanctioning other international competitions , the ISU designates the following competitions each year as ISU Championships : The events such as the Olympic Winter Games and the ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating are not ISU Championships . However , they do count towards Personal Best scores . First world championships . Dates and locations of first world championships in various disciplines held under the auspices of the ISU : - 1893 : Speed skating ( men only ) , Amsterdam - 1896 : Figure skating ( men only ) , St . Petersburg - 1906 : Figure skating ( ladies ) , Davos - 1908 : Figure skating ( pairs ) , St . Petersburg - 1936 : Speed skating ( women ) , Stockholm - 1952 : Figure skating ( ice dance ) , Paris - 1970 : Sprint speed skating , West Allis , Wisconsin - 1978 : Short track speed skating , Solihull , UK - 2000 : Synchronized skating , Minneapolis Cooperation with other sports . The ISU has an agreement with the Federation of International Bandy to use the same arenas . The cooperation between the two federations is increasing , since both have an interest in more indoor venues with large ice surfaces being built . Organization . The ISU is an international sport federation recognised by the International Olympic Committee as the body globally administering figure skating and speed skating sports with the following disciplines : Speed skating , Single & Pair skating , Ice dance , Short track speed skating , and Synchronized skating . Whereas the individual national associations administer these sports at the national level , all international matters are under the sole jurisdiction and control of the ISU . There was an attempt to set up an alternative association to replace the ISU for governing and promoting figure skating throughout the world . In March 2003 , a group of several former figure skating champions ( who at the time were still practicing as coaches , judges , referees ) announced the creation of a new international governing body for figure skating , the World Skating Federation ( WSF ) . This attempt ultimately failed . ISU is organized as an association pursuant to Swiss laws ( art . 60 of Swiss Civil Code ) . It has its own legal identity and falls under the jurisdiction of Switzerland . Articles of Association define ISUs purpose as The objectives of the ISU are regulating , governing and promoting the sports of Figure and Speed Skating and their organized development on the basis of friendship and mutual understanding between sportsmen.The ISU shall work for broadening interest in Figure and Speed Skating sports by increasing their popularity , improving their quality and increasing the number of participants throughout the world . The ISU shall ensure that the interests of all ISU Members are observed and respected . The ISU Statutes consist of the ISU Constitution including its Procedural Provisions , and ISU General Regulations setting out framework principles . More detailed provisions are contained in Special Regulations and Technical Rules for Single & Pair Skating and Ice Dance , Synchronized Skating Speed Skating , and Short Track Speed Skating . The ISU Code of Ethics , the ISU Anti-Doping Rules , and ISU Anti-Doping Procedures contain further guidelines . Additional provisions and updates can also be found in ad-hoc published ISU Communications . Members . The members of the ISU are the individual national associations whose task is to administer figure and speed skating on ice at the national level . Members are typically composed of skating clubs and athletes are individual members of those clubs . As of 20 February 2020 , the International Skating Union counts 98 members . ISU Congress . The highest-ranking body of the ISU is the ISU Congress which consists of the ISU Members . The Congress meets once every two years for an ordinary meeting . Ordinary resolutions are passed by a simple majority of votes of the ISU Members represented and voting at a Congress . Proposals require a two-thirds majority of ISU Members in favor in order to be accepted . Since the ISUs inception in 1892 , 58 ordinary meetings in total have been organized . ISU Council . The ISU Council constitutes the highest ISU body between two Congresses . It is the executive body of the ISU and is responsible for determining the policies of the ISU and deciding upon the general coordination of the ISU structure and strategy . The Council consists of the President , a Vice President , and five members for the Figure Skating Branch and a Vice President , and five members for the Speed Skating Branch . The Council is assisted by the Director General and the ISU Secretariat . The Director General is responsible for the daily management of all business and financially related activities of the ISU and the operation of the Secretariat . As of the summer of 2008 , the ISU consisted of 63 member nations , with a governing council of 11 . To add any proposal to the agenda of meetings , it must have support from four-fifths of the members . Proposals on the agenda are approved with a two-thirds majority vote . Presidents of the ISU . 1 . 1892–1895 , Pim Mulier 2 . 1895–1925 , Viktor Balck 3 . 1925–1937 , Ulrich Salchow 4 . 1937–1945 , Gerrit W . A . van Laer 5 . 1945–1953 , Herbert J . Clarke 6 . 1953–1967 , James Koch 7 . 1967–1967 , Ernst Labin 8 . 1967–1980 , Jacques Favart 9 . 1980–1994 , Olaf Poulsen 10 . 1994–2016 , Ottavio Cinquanta 11 . 2016–present , Jan Dijkema ISU Commissions and Committees . Following the ISU Congress 2018 , the organizational chart of the ISU includes alongside the ISU Congress and ISU Council , assisted by the ISU Secretariat , the following bodies : 1 . ISU Disciplinary Commission 2 . ISU Athletes Commission 3 . ISU Medical Commission 4 . ISU Development Commission 5 . ISU Technical Committees . The ISU Disciplinary Commission ( DC ) constitutes a judicial body of the ISU . It is an independent body elected by the ISU Congress . The ISU Athletes Commission was introduced on the 56th ISU Ordinary Congress 2016 in Dubrovnik and represents Skaters’ positions within the ISU by providing advice to the ISU Council , Technical Committees , Sports Directors , Director General and other internal bodies . The ISU Medical Commission coordinates compliance with anti-doping regulations . The ISU Development Commission implements the ISU Development Program in accordance with the ISU policy and the approved budget . The main functions of the ISU Technical Committees include the preparation , monitoring and maintenance of the Technical Rules . The following Technical Committees are established : Single and Pair Skating , Ice Dance , Synchronized Skating , Speed Skating and Short Track Speed Skating . Eligibility rules . ISUs role as an international sports federation involves setting the rules to ensure proper governance of sport , notably in terms of the health and safety of the athletes and the integrity of competitions . Similar to many international sports federations , ISU adopted eligibility rules . Under the ISU eligibility rules , skaters participating in competitions that are not approved by the ISU face severe penalties up to a lifetime ban from all major international skating events . Historically , only amateurs were allowed to qualify for the Olympic Games and in 1962 , the IOC issued the Eligibility rules which specified that persons receiving remuneration and other material advantages for participation in sport were not eligible to compete in the Olympic Games . However , the concept of amateur sport developed over time , moving by the end of the 1980s towards professionalisation . Respecting the Olympic principles , the ISU rules made a difference in treatment of amateur and professional skaters wishing to qualify for the Olympic Games . In 1986 , the limitations imposed on professional skaters were removed and the categories of eligible and ineligible persons were introduced to replace the concepts of amateurs and professionals . In 1998 , Eligibility rules established a comprehensive pre-authorisation system by stipulating that eligible skaters could only take part in competitions approved by the ISU , and conducted under the ISU Regulations by ISU-approved officials . Under the 2014 Eligibility rules , the person who breached the Eligibility rules could not be reinstated . This resulted in a lifetime ban , since the loss of eligibility is not limited in time . There were attempts of independent organisers to hold alternative speed skating events . Icederby International co. , Ltd sought to set up a series of events titled ‘Icederby Grand Prix’ scheduled to run for six consecutive years from 2014–2020 . Run by a Korean event organiser , it offered unprecedented prize money to attract the worlds best skaters . In 2011 , Icederby International approached the ISU to enter into a partnership agreement and presented its action plan . Initially , Icederby included betting in connection with its planned Grand Prix in countries where betting was not prohibited . In January 2012 , the ISU updated its Code of Ethics to rule out the participation in all forms of betting . Two years later , Icederby notified the ISU that no betting would be organised in connection with the planned Dubai Icederby Grand Prix as betting is illegal in Dubai . Nonetheless , the ISU did not authorise the Dubai Icederby Grand Prix 2014 and announced that all skaters who take part in the Icederby event would be subject to the lifetime ban established by the Eligibility rules . In consequence , Icederby decided not to organise the Dubai Icederby Grand Prix 2014 due to its difficulty to secure the participation of speed skaters . Two professional speed skaters , Mark Tuitert and Niels Kerstholt , lodged a complaint and on 5 October 2015 , the European Commission initiated formal antitrust proceedings into alleged anti-competitive restrictions imposed by the International Skating Union on athletes and officials economic activities and alleged foreclosure of competing alternative sport event organisers . On 20 October 2015 , the ISU published the procedure for independent organisers to receive authorisation from the ISU Council . Under the 2016 Eligibility rules , the sanctions imposed on a skater participating in non-authorised events ranged from a warning to periods of ineligibility running from an unspecified minimum to a maximum of a lifetime . In December 2017 , the European Commission decided that ISUs eligibility rules breach EU competition laws . The Commission gave the ISU 90 days to amend the rules and did not impose a fine . The ISU disagreed with the decision , suspended the enforcement of the rules subject to the Commission decision , and put in place provisional rules . In addition , the ISU filed an appeal against the EU Commission decision pending before the EU General Court . Commercial aspects . The ISU , as an Olympic Winter Sport Federation , derives its revenues from 1 . Broadcast partnerships for world-wide media coverage of ISU Events ; 2 . Sponsorship agreements ; 3 . Contributions provided by the IOC for the Winter/ Youth Olympic Games ; and 4 . Interest income earned from the ISUs financial assets . In 2018 , the ISU generated a worldwide consolidated turnover of CHF 35.6 million , as compared to CHF 36.9 million for the financial year 2017 . For the financial year 2018 , the operating income for Television ISU Events ( net ) amounted to around 17 million CHF , and for advertising events ( sponsorship agreements ) to around 6.9 million CHF . Whereas the situation regarding TV events appears to be relatively stable , the conclusion of sponsorship agreements becomes more challenging due to a highly competitive market environment . Thus , ISU has been unable to replace the Speed Skating Title Sponsor with a similarly lucrative agreement . Also , as ISU Members in China and the Republic of Korea were , for different reasons , unable to host ISU Short Track Speed Skating Events during the 2018/19 season , the ISU was also unable to maintain sponsorship agreements in those countries . As the ISU sport disciplines significantly contribute to the success of the Olympic Winter Games , the ISU can also continue to rely on substantial amounts provided by the IOC . After the successful 2018 Olympic Winter Games ( OWG ) in South Korea , these incomes have increased as compared to the 2014 OWG in Sochi and are again close to the level of the 2010 OWG of Vancouver . To ensure a substantial annual interest income independent from commercial partners’ interests , the ISU employs a long-standing conservative investment policy . The interest income on high-rated bonds from Credit Suisse , Banque Cantonale Vaudoise , and UBS accrued at the end of the financial year 2018 amounted to CHF 1.44 million . In 2020 , the ISU launched the ISU Skating Awards
|
[
"Viktor Balck"
] |
[
{
"text": " The International Skating Union ( ISU ) is the international governing body for competitive ice skating disciplines , including figure skating , synchronized skating , speed skating , and short track speed skating . It was founded in Scheveningen , Netherlands , in July 1892 , making it one of the oldest international sport federations . The ISU was formed to establish standardized international rules and regulations for the skating disciplines it governs , and to organize international competitions in these disciplines . It is now based in Lausanne , Switzerland .",
"title": "International Skating Union"
},
{
"text": " The International Skating Union ( ISU ) was founded in 1892 in the Dutch seaside town of Scheveningen . The meeting was attended by fifteen men , as the national association representatives from the Netherlands , Great Britain , Germany/Austria , and two clubs from Stockholm ( Sweden ) and Budapest ( Hungary ) .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The ISU was the first international winter sports federation to govern speed skating and figure skating , as it laid down the rules for speed skating , shortly followed by figure skating . In 1895 , the organization streamlined its mission to deal only with amateur competitors , not professionals , and hosted its first amateur skating championship in February 1896 in St . Petersburg , Russia .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The United States and Canada formed a competing organization , the International Skating Union of America ( ISUA ) , in 1907 . Over the next two years , twelve European nations had joined the ISU , while the ISUA had only its original two members . The ISUA folded in 1927 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "European and North American figure skaters rarely competed against each other because of differences in their styles of skating . The ISU had systematized and arranged the sport of figure skating , with competitions including a selection of ten or twelve numbers from the I . S . U . programme , .. . five minutes free skating to music , .. . [ and ] special figures on one foot . In 1911 , Canada joined the ISU , leaving the United States as the only major competitor to not be a member . This changed in 1923 ,",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "when the United States Figure Skating Association joined the ISU and in 1926 , the Japanese sport governing body followed to acquire ISU membership .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The first ISU competitions to emerge were the World and European Speed Skating and Figure Skating Championships . Both disciplines were included in the official program of the first Winter Olympic Games in Chamonix in 1924 . The discipline of ice dancing was introduced at the Innsbruck Games in 1976 . After 1945 , the ISU slowly continued to grow with accession of members from other countries in Europe , Oceania and ( Southern ) Africa .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1967 , the ISU adopted short track speed skating , and the first official ISU World Championships took place in 1981 . Short track speed skating became part of the official Olympic program in 1992 . The earliest speed skating competitions hosted by the ISU , between 1976 and 1980 , were held under different names but have retrospectively received World Championship status . The discipline was known as indoor speed skating at first , until being renamed short track speed skating when indoor rinks for the longer speed skating events were introduced .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "By 1988 , thirty-eight nations had joined the ISU . Over the next few years , the organization abandoned one of its long-held practices , eliminating the use of mandatory figures in the singles figure skating competitions and reducing their use in ice dancing . During the 1970s and 1980s , several Asian countries joined the ISU , followed in the early 1990s by many new countries emerging from the breakup of the USSR , Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia . In 1994 , synchronized skating was formally recognized as a separate discipline , and the first ISU World Championships were held",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "in 2000 in Minneapolis , Minnesota , US .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "After the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City , Utah , the ISU implemented sweeping changes to many of its events . In one of the short track speed skating events , Apolo Anton Ohno was awarded the gold medal after the disqualification of Kim Dong-Sung . Although the South Korean delegation protested the decision , ISU rules did not allow for a review of the officials call . Several months later , the ISU approved the use of video replay , when available , to review referee decisions . The rules for judging figure skating were also overhauled",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "as a direct result of the 2002 Olympic Winter Games figure skating scandal . According to Ottavio Cinquanta , former president of the ISU , Something was wrong there , .. . Not just the individual but also the system . It existed for 70 years . Now we are trying to replace one system with another . A new judging system for figure skating took effect in 2005 , replacing the 6.0 system of perfect scores and instead giving points for various technical elements .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Since the 2000s , the ISU has experienced a new wave of expansion , with several countries in Asia and Latin America joining the organization . In 2019 , skating federations from Chile , Peru , Turkmenistan , and Vietnam acquired membership of the ISU .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In addition to sanctioning other international competitions , the ISU designates the following competitions each year as ISU Championships : The events such as the Olympic Winter Games and the ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating are not ISU Championships . However , they do count towards Personal Best scores .",
"title": "ISU Championships"
},
{
"text": " Dates and locations of first world championships in various disciplines held under the auspices of the ISU : - 1893 : Speed skating ( men only ) , Amsterdam - 1896 : Figure skating ( men only ) , St . Petersburg - 1906 : Figure skating ( ladies ) , Davos - 1908 : Figure skating ( pairs ) , St . Petersburg - 1936 : Speed skating ( women ) , Stockholm - 1952 : Figure skating ( ice dance ) , Paris - 1970 : Sprint speed skating , West Allis , Wisconsin",
"title": "First world championships"
},
{
"text": "- 1978 : Short track speed skating , Solihull , UK",
"title": "First world championships"
},
{
"text": " - 2000 : Synchronized skating , Minneapolis Cooperation with other sports . The ISU has an agreement with the Federation of International Bandy to use the same arenas . The cooperation between the two federations is increasing , since both have an interest in more indoor venues with large ice surfaces being built .",
"title": "First world championships"
},
{
"text": " The ISU is an international sport federation recognised by the International Olympic Committee as the body globally administering figure skating and speed skating sports with the following disciplines : Speed skating , Single & Pair skating , Ice dance , Short track speed skating , and Synchronized skating . Whereas the individual national associations administer these sports at the national level , all international matters are under the sole jurisdiction and control of the ISU . There was an attempt to set up an alternative association to replace the ISU for governing and promoting figure skating throughout the",
"title": "Organization"
},
{
"text": "world . In March 2003 , a group of several former figure skating champions ( who at the time were still practicing as coaches , judges , referees ) announced the creation of a new international governing body for figure skating , the World Skating Federation ( WSF ) . This attempt ultimately failed .",
"title": "Organization"
},
{
"text": " ISU is organized as an association pursuant to Swiss laws ( art . 60 of Swiss Civil Code ) . It has its own legal identity and falls under the jurisdiction of Switzerland . Articles of Association define ISUs purpose as",
"title": "Organization"
},
{
"text": "The objectives of the ISU are regulating , governing and promoting the sports of Figure and Speed Skating and their organized development on the basis of friendship and mutual understanding between sportsmen.The ISU shall work for broadening interest in Figure and Speed Skating sports by increasing their popularity , improving their quality and increasing the number of participants throughout the world . The ISU shall ensure that the interests of all ISU Members are observed and respected .",
"title": "Organization"
},
{
"text": " The ISU Statutes consist of the ISU Constitution including its Procedural Provisions , and ISU General Regulations setting out framework principles . More detailed provisions are contained in Special Regulations and Technical Rules for Single & Pair Skating and Ice Dance , Synchronized Skating Speed Skating , and Short Track Speed Skating . The ISU Code of Ethics , the ISU Anti-Doping Rules , and ISU Anti-Doping Procedures contain further guidelines . Additional provisions and updates can also be found in ad-hoc published ISU Communications .",
"title": "Organization"
},
{
"text": " The members of the ISU are the individual national associations whose task is to administer figure and speed skating on ice at the national level . Members are typically composed of skating clubs and athletes are individual members of those clubs . As of 20 February 2020 , the International Skating Union counts 98 members .",
"title": "Members"
},
{
"text": " The highest-ranking body of the ISU is the ISU Congress which consists of the ISU Members . The Congress meets once every two years for an ordinary meeting . Ordinary resolutions are passed by a simple majority of votes of the ISU Members represented and voting at a Congress . Proposals require a two-thirds majority of ISU Members in favor in order to be accepted . Since the ISUs inception in 1892 , 58 ordinary meetings in total have been organized .",
"title": "ISU Congress"
},
{
"text": " The ISU Council constitutes the highest ISU body between two Congresses . It is the executive body of the ISU and is responsible for determining the policies of the ISU and deciding upon the general coordination of the ISU structure and strategy . The Council consists of the President , a Vice President , and five members for the Figure Skating Branch and a Vice President , and five members for the Speed Skating Branch .",
"title": "ISU Council"
},
{
"text": "The Council is assisted by the Director General and the ISU Secretariat . The Director General is responsible for the daily management of all business and financially related activities of the ISU and the operation of the Secretariat .",
"title": "ISU Council"
},
{
"text": " As of the summer of 2008 , the ISU consisted of 63 member nations , with a governing council of 11 . To add any proposal to the agenda of meetings , it must have support from four-fifths of the members . Proposals on the agenda are approved with a two-thirds majority vote . Presidents of the ISU . 1 . 1892–1895 , Pim Mulier 2 . 1895–1925 , Viktor Balck 3 . 1925–1937 , Ulrich Salchow 4 . 1937–1945 , Gerrit W . A . van Laer 5 . 1945–1953 , Herbert J . Clarke",
"title": "ISU Council"
},
{
"text": "6 . 1953–1967 , James Koch",
"title": "ISU Council"
},
{
"text": " 7 . 1967–1967 , Ernst Labin 8 . 1967–1980 , Jacques Favart 9 . 1980–1994 , Olaf Poulsen 10 . 1994–2016 , Ottavio Cinquanta 11 . 2016–present , Jan Dijkema ISU Commissions and Committees . Following the ISU Congress 2018 , the organizational chart of the ISU includes alongside the ISU Congress and ISU Council , assisted by the ISU Secretariat , the following bodies : 1 . ISU Disciplinary Commission 2 . ISU Athletes Commission 3 . ISU Medical Commission 4 . ISU Development Commission 5 . ISU Technical Committees .",
"title": "ISU Council"
},
{
"text": "The ISU Disciplinary Commission ( DC ) constitutes a judicial body of the ISU . It is an independent body elected by the ISU Congress .",
"title": "ISU Council"
},
{
"text": " The ISU Athletes Commission was introduced on the 56th ISU Ordinary Congress 2016 in Dubrovnik and represents Skaters’ positions within the ISU by providing advice to the ISU Council , Technical Committees , Sports Directors , Director General and other internal bodies . The ISU Medical Commission coordinates compliance with anti-doping regulations . The ISU Development Commission implements the ISU Development Program in accordance with the ISU policy and the approved budget .",
"title": "ISU Council"
},
{
"text": "The main functions of the ISU Technical Committees include the preparation , monitoring and maintenance of the Technical Rules . The following Technical Committees are established : Single and Pair Skating , Ice Dance , Synchronized Skating , Speed Skating and Short Track Speed Skating .",
"title": "ISU Council"
},
{
"text": " ISUs role as an international sports federation involves setting the rules to ensure proper governance of sport , notably in terms of the health and safety of the athletes and the integrity of competitions . Similar to many international sports federations , ISU adopted eligibility rules . Under the ISU eligibility rules , skaters participating in competitions that are not approved by the ISU face severe penalties up to a lifetime ban from all major international skating events .",
"title": "Eligibility rules"
},
{
"text": "Historically , only amateurs were allowed to qualify for the Olympic Games and in 1962 , the IOC issued the Eligibility rules which specified that persons receiving remuneration and other material advantages for participation in sport were not eligible to compete in",
"title": "Eligibility rules"
},
{
"text": "the Olympic Games . However , the concept of amateur sport developed over time , moving by the end of the 1980s towards professionalisation . Respecting the Olympic principles , the ISU rules made a difference in treatment of amateur and professional skaters wishing to qualify for the Olympic Games . In 1986 , the limitations imposed on professional skaters were removed and the categories of eligible and ineligible persons were introduced to replace the concepts of amateurs and professionals . In 1998 , Eligibility rules established a comprehensive pre-authorisation system by stipulating that eligible skaters could only take part",
"title": "Eligibility rules"
},
{
"text": "in competitions approved by the ISU , and conducted under the ISU Regulations by ISU-approved officials . Under the 2014 Eligibility rules , the person who breached the Eligibility rules could not be reinstated . This resulted in a lifetime ban , since the loss of eligibility is not limited in time .",
"title": "Eligibility rules"
},
{
"text": " There were attempts of independent organisers to hold alternative speed skating events . Icederby International co. , Ltd sought to set up a series of events titled ‘Icederby Grand Prix’ scheduled to run for six consecutive years from 2014–2020 . Run by a Korean event organiser , it offered unprecedented prize money to attract the worlds best skaters .",
"title": "Eligibility rules"
},
{
"text": "In 2011 , Icederby International approached the ISU to enter into a partnership agreement and presented its action plan . Initially , Icederby included betting in connection with its planned Grand Prix in countries where betting was not prohibited . In January 2012 , the ISU updated its Code of Ethics to rule out the participation in all forms of betting . Two years later , Icederby notified the ISU that no betting would be organised in connection with the planned Dubai Icederby Grand Prix as betting is illegal in Dubai .",
"title": "Eligibility rules"
},
{
"text": " Nonetheless , the ISU did not authorise the Dubai Icederby Grand Prix 2014 and announced that all skaters who take part in the Icederby event would be subject to the lifetime ban established by the Eligibility rules . In consequence , Icederby decided not to organise the Dubai Icederby Grand Prix 2014 due to its difficulty to secure the participation of speed skaters .",
"title": "Eligibility rules"
},
{
"text": "Two professional speed skaters , Mark Tuitert and Niels Kerstholt , lodged a complaint and on 5 October 2015 , the European Commission initiated formal antitrust proceedings into alleged anti-competitive restrictions imposed by the International Skating Union on athletes and officials economic activities and alleged foreclosure of competing alternative sport event organisers .",
"title": "Eligibility rules"
},
{
"text": " On 20 October 2015 , the ISU published the procedure for independent organisers to receive authorisation from the ISU Council . Under the 2016 Eligibility rules , the sanctions imposed on a skater participating in non-authorised events ranged from a warning to periods of ineligibility running from an unspecified minimum to a maximum of a lifetime . In December 2017 , the European Commission decided that ISUs eligibility rules breach EU competition laws . The Commission gave the ISU 90 days to amend the rules and did not impose a fine .",
"title": "Eligibility rules"
},
{
"text": "The ISU disagreed with the decision , suspended the enforcement of the rules subject to the Commission decision , and put in place provisional rules .",
"title": "Eligibility rules"
},
{
"text": " In addition , the ISU filed an appeal against the EU Commission decision pending before the EU General Court .",
"title": "Eligibility rules"
},
{
"text": " The ISU , as an Olympic Winter Sport Federation , derives its revenues from 1 . Broadcast partnerships for world-wide media coverage of ISU Events ; 2 . Sponsorship agreements ; 3 . Contributions provided by the IOC for the Winter/ Youth Olympic Games ; and 4 . Interest income earned from the ISUs financial assets . In 2018 , the ISU generated a worldwide consolidated turnover of CHF 35.6 million , as compared to CHF 36.9 million for the financial year 2017 .",
"title": "Commercial aspects"
},
{
"text": "For the financial year 2018 , the operating income for Television ISU Events ( net ) amounted to around 17 million CHF , and for advertising events ( sponsorship agreements ) to around 6.9 million CHF .",
"title": "Commercial aspects"
},
{
"text": " Whereas the situation regarding TV events appears to be relatively stable , the conclusion of sponsorship agreements becomes more challenging due to a highly competitive market environment . Thus , ISU has been unable to replace the Speed Skating Title Sponsor with a similarly lucrative agreement . Also , as ISU Members in China and the Republic of Korea were , for different reasons , unable to host ISU Short Track Speed Skating Events during the 2018/19 season , the ISU was also unable to maintain sponsorship agreements in those countries .",
"title": "Commercial aspects"
},
{
"text": "As the ISU sport disciplines significantly contribute to the success of the Olympic Winter Games , the ISU can also continue to rely on substantial amounts provided by the IOC . After the successful 2018 Olympic Winter Games ( OWG ) in South Korea , these incomes have increased as compared to the 2014 OWG in Sochi and are again close to the level of the 2010 OWG of Vancouver .",
"title": "Commercial aspects"
},
{
"text": " To ensure a substantial annual interest income independent from commercial partners’ interests , the ISU employs a long-standing conservative investment policy . The interest income on high-rated bonds from Credit Suisse , Banque Cantonale Vaudoise , and UBS accrued at the end of the financial year 2018 amounted to CHF 1.44 million . In 2020 , the ISU launched the ISU Skating Awards",
"title": "Commercial aspects"
}
] |
/wiki/International_Skating_Union#P488#2
|
Who was the head of International Skating Union between Apr 1927 and Nov 1929?
|
International Skating Union The International Skating Union ( ISU ) is the international governing body for competitive ice skating disciplines , including figure skating , synchronized skating , speed skating , and short track speed skating . It was founded in Scheveningen , Netherlands , in July 1892 , making it one of the oldest international sport federations . The ISU was formed to establish standardized international rules and regulations for the skating disciplines it governs , and to organize international competitions in these disciplines . It is now based in Lausanne , Switzerland . History . The International Skating Union ( ISU ) was founded in 1892 in the Dutch seaside town of Scheveningen . The meeting was attended by fifteen men , as the national association representatives from the Netherlands , Great Britain , Germany/Austria , and two clubs from Stockholm ( Sweden ) and Budapest ( Hungary ) . The ISU was the first international winter sports federation to govern speed skating and figure skating , as it laid down the rules for speed skating , shortly followed by figure skating . In 1895 , the organization streamlined its mission to deal only with amateur competitors , not professionals , and hosted its first amateur skating championship in February 1896 in St . Petersburg , Russia . The United States and Canada formed a competing organization , the International Skating Union of America ( ISUA ) , in 1907 . Over the next two years , twelve European nations had joined the ISU , while the ISUA had only its original two members . The ISUA folded in 1927 . European and North American figure skaters rarely competed against each other because of differences in their styles of skating . The ISU had systematized and arranged the sport of figure skating , with competitions including a selection of ten or twelve numbers from the I . S . U . programme , .. . five minutes free skating to music , .. . [ and ] special figures on one foot . In 1911 , Canada joined the ISU , leaving the United States as the only major competitor to not be a member . This changed in 1923 , when the United States Figure Skating Association joined the ISU and in 1926 , the Japanese sport governing body followed to acquire ISU membership . The first ISU competitions to emerge were the World and European Speed Skating and Figure Skating Championships . Both disciplines were included in the official program of the first Winter Olympic Games in Chamonix in 1924 . The discipline of ice dancing was introduced at the Innsbruck Games in 1976 . After 1945 , the ISU slowly continued to grow with accession of members from other countries in Europe , Oceania and ( Southern ) Africa . In 1967 , the ISU adopted short track speed skating , and the first official ISU World Championships took place in 1981 . Short track speed skating became part of the official Olympic program in 1992 . The earliest speed skating competitions hosted by the ISU , between 1976 and 1980 , were held under different names but have retrospectively received World Championship status . The discipline was known as indoor speed skating at first , until being renamed short track speed skating when indoor rinks for the longer speed skating events were introduced . By 1988 , thirty-eight nations had joined the ISU . Over the next few years , the organization abandoned one of its long-held practices , eliminating the use of mandatory figures in the singles figure skating competitions and reducing their use in ice dancing . During the 1970s and 1980s , several Asian countries joined the ISU , followed in the early 1990s by many new countries emerging from the breakup of the USSR , Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia . In 1994 , synchronized skating was formally recognized as a separate discipline , and the first ISU World Championships were held in 2000 in Minneapolis , Minnesota , US . After the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City , Utah , the ISU implemented sweeping changes to many of its events . In one of the short track speed skating events , Apolo Anton Ohno was awarded the gold medal after the disqualification of Kim Dong-Sung . Although the South Korean delegation protested the decision , ISU rules did not allow for a review of the officials call . Several months later , the ISU approved the use of video replay , when available , to review referee decisions . The rules for judging figure skating were also overhauled as a direct result of the 2002 Olympic Winter Games figure skating scandal . According to Ottavio Cinquanta , former president of the ISU , Something was wrong there , .. . Not just the individual but also the system . It existed for 70 years . Now we are trying to replace one system with another . A new judging system for figure skating took effect in 2005 , replacing the 6.0 system of perfect scores and instead giving points for various technical elements . Since the 2000s , the ISU has experienced a new wave of expansion , with several countries in Asia and Latin America joining the organization . In 2019 , skating federations from Chile , Peru , Turkmenistan , and Vietnam acquired membership of the ISU . ISU Championships . In addition to sanctioning other international competitions , the ISU designates the following competitions each year as ISU Championships : The events such as the Olympic Winter Games and the ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating are not ISU Championships . However , they do count towards Personal Best scores . First world championships . Dates and locations of first world championships in various disciplines held under the auspices of the ISU : - 1893 : Speed skating ( men only ) , Amsterdam - 1896 : Figure skating ( men only ) , St . Petersburg - 1906 : Figure skating ( ladies ) , Davos - 1908 : Figure skating ( pairs ) , St . Petersburg - 1936 : Speed skating ( women ) , Stockholm - 1952 : Figure skating ( ice dance ) , Paris - 1970 : Sprint speed skating , West Allis , Wisconsin - 1978 : Short track speed skating , Solihull , UK - 2000 : Synchronized skating , Minneapolis Cooperation with other sports . The ISU has an agreement with the Federation of International Bandy to use the same arenas . The cooperation between the two federations is increasing , since both have an interest in more indoor venues with large ice surfaces being built . Organization . The ISU is an international sport federation recognised by the International Olympic Committee as the body globally administering figure skating and speed skating sports with the following disciplines : Speed skating , Single & Pair skating , Ice dance , Short track speed skating , and Synchronized skating . Whereas the individual national associations administer these sports at the national level , all international matters are under the sole jurisdiction and control of the ISU . There was an attempt to set up an alternative association to replace the ISU for governing and promoting figure skating throughout the world . In March 2003 , a group of several former figure skating champions ( who at the time were still practicing as coaches , judges , referees ) announced the creation of a new international governing body for figure skating , the World Skating Federation ( WSF ) . This attempt ultimately failed . ISU is organized as an association pursuant to Swiss laws ( art . 60 of Swiss Civil Code ) . It has its own legal identity and falls under the jurisdiction of Switzerland . Articles of Association define ISUs purpose as The objectives of the ISU are regulating , governing and promoting the sports of Figure and Speed Skating and their organized development on the basis of friendship and mutual understanding between sportsmen.The ISU shall work for broadening interest in Figure and Speed Skating sports by increasing their popularity , improving their quality and increasing the number of participants throughout the world . The ISU shall ensure that the interests of all ISU Members are observed and respected . The ISU Statutes consist of the ISU Constitution including its Procedural Provisions , and ISU General Regulations setting out framework principles . More detailed provisions are contained in Special Regulations and Technical Rules for Single & Pair Skating and Ice Dance , Synchronized Skating Speed Skating , and Short Track Speed Skating . The ISU Code of Ethics , the ISU Anti-Doping Rules , and ISU Anti-Doping Procedures contain further guidelines . Additional provisions and updates can also be found in ad-hoc published ISU Communications . Members . The members of the ISU are the individual national associations whose task is to administer figure and speed skating on ice at the national level . Members are typically composed of skating clubs and athletes are individual members of those clubs . As of 20 February 2020 , the International Skating Union counts 98 members . ISU Congress . The highest-ranking body of the ISU is the ISU Congress which consists of the ISU Members . The Congress meets once every two years for an ordinary meeting . Ordinary resolutions are passed by a simple majority of votes of the ISU Members represented and voting at a Congress . Proposals require a two-thirds majority of ISU Members in favor in order to be accepted . Since the ISUs inception in 1892 , 58 ordinary meetings in total have been organized . ISU Council . The ISU Council constitutes the highest ISU body between two Congresses . It is the executive body of the ISU and is responsible for determining the policies of the ISU and deciding upon the general coordination of the ISU structure and strategy . The Council consists of the President , a Vice President , and five members for the Figure Skating Branch and a Vice President , and five members for the Speed Skating Branch . The Council is assisted by the Director General and the ISU Secretariat . The Director General is responsible for the daily management of all business and financially related activities of the ISU and the operation of the Secretariat . As of the summer of 2008 , the ISU consisted of 63 member nations , with a governing council of 11 . To add any proposal to the agenda of meetings , it must have support from four-fifths of the members . Proposals on the agenda are approved with a two-thirds majority vote . Presidents of the ISU . 1 . 1892–1895 , Pim Mulier 2 . 1895–1925 , Viktor Balck 3 . 1925–1937 , Ulrich Salchow 4 . 1937–1945 , Gerrit W . A . van Laer 5 . 1945–1953 , Herbert J . Clarke 6 . 1953–1967 , James Koch 7 . 1967–1967 , Ernst Labin 8 . 1967–1980 , Jacques Favart 9 . 1980–1994 , Olaf Poulsen 10 . 1994–2016 , Ottavio Cinquanta 11 . 2016–present , Jan Dijkema ISU Commissions and Committees . Following the ISU Congress 2018 , the organizational chart of the ISU includes alongside the ISU Congress and ISU Council , assisted by the ISU Secretariat , the following bodies : 1 . ISU Disciplinary Commission 2 . ISU Athletes Commission 3 . ISU Medical Commission 4 . ISU Development Commission 5 . ISU Technical Committees . The ISU Disciplinary Commission ( DC ) constitutes a judicial body of the ISU . It is an independent body elected by the ISU Congress . The ISU Athletes Commission was introduced on the 56th ISU Ordinary Congress 2016 in Dubrovnik and represents Skaters’ positions within the ISU by providing advice to the ISU Council , Technical Committees , Sports Directors , Director General and other internal bodies . The ISU Medical Commission coordinates compliance with anti-doping regulations . The ISU Development Commission implements the ISU Development Program in accordance with the ISU policy and the approved budget . The main functions of the ISU Technical Committees include the preparation , monitoring and maintenance of the Technical Rules . The following Technical Committees are established : Single and Pair Skating , Ice Dance , Synchronized Skating , Speed Skating and Short Track Speed Skating . Eligibility rules . ISUs role as an international sports federation involves setting the rules to ensure proper governance of sport , notably in terms of the health and safety of the athletes and the integrity of competitions . Similar to many international sports federations , ISU adopted eligibility rules . Under the ISU eligibility rules , skaters participating in competitions that are not approved by the ISU face severe penalties up to a lifetime ban from all major international skating events . Historically , only amateurs were allowed to qualify for the Olympic Games and in 1962 , the IOC issued the Eligibility rules which specified that persons receiving remuneration and other material advantages for participation in sport were not eligible to compete in the Olympic Games . However , the concept of amateur sport developed over time , moving by the end of the 1980s towards professionalisation . Respecting the Olympic principles , the ISU rules made a difference in treatment of amateur and professional skaters wishing to qualify for the Olympic Games . In 1986 , the limitations imposed on professional skaters were removed and the categories of eligible and ineligible persons were introduced to replace the concepts of amateurs and professionals . In 1998 , Eligibility rules established a comprehensive pre-authorisation system by stipulating that eligible skaters could only take part in competitions approved by the ISU , and conducted under the ISU Regulations by ISU-approved officials . Under the 2014 Eligibility rules , the person who breached the Eligibility rules could not be reinstated . This resulted in a lifetime ban , since the loss of eligibility is not limited in time . There were attempts of independent organisers to hold alternative speed skating events . Icederby International co. , Ltd sought to set up a series of events titled ‘Icederby Grand Prix’ scheduled to run for six consecutive years from 2014–2020 . Run by a Korean event organiser , it offered unprecedented prize money to attract the worlds best skaters . In 2011 , Icederby International approached the ISU to enter into a partnership agreement and presented its action plan . Initially , Icederby included betting in connection with its planned Grand Prix in countries where betting was not prohibited . In January 2012 , the ISU updated its Code of Ethics to rule out the participation in all forms of betting . Two years later , Icederby notified the ISU that no betting would be organised in connection with the planned Dubai Icederby Grand Prix as betting is illegal in Dubai . Nonetheless , the ISU did not authorise the Dubai Icederby Grand Prix 2014 and announced that all skaters who take part in the Icederby event would be subject to the lifetime ban established by the Eligibility rules . In consequence , Icederby decided not to organise the Dubai Icederby Grand Prix 2014 due to its difficulty to secure the participation of speed skaters . Two professional speed skaters , Mark Tuitert and Niels Kerstholt , lodged a complaint and on 5 October 2015 , the European Commission initiated formal antitrust proceedings into alleged anti-competitive restrictions imposed by the International Skating Union on athletes and officials economic activities and alleged foreclosure of competing alternative sport event organisers . On 20 October 2015 , the ISU published the procedure for independent organisers to receive authorisation from the ISU Council . Under the 2016 Eligibility rules , the sanctions imposed on a skater participating in non-authorised events ranged from a warning to periods of ineligibility running from an unspecified minimum to a maximum of a lifetime . In December 2017 , the European Commission decided that ISUs eligibility rules breach EU competition laws . The Commission gave the ISU 90 days to amend the rules and did not impose a fine . The ISU disagreed with the decision , suspended the enforcement of the rules subject to the Commission decision , and put in place provisional rules . In addition , the ISU filed an appeal against the EU Commission decision pending before the EU General Court . Commercial aspects . The ISU , as an Olympic Winter Sport Federation , derives its revenues from 1 . Broadcast partnerships for world-wide media coverage of ISU Events ; 2 . Sponsorship agreements ; 3 . Contributions provided by the IOC for the Winter/ Youth Olympic Games ; and 4 . Interest income earned from the ISUs financial assets . In 2018 , the ISU generated a worldwide consolidated turnover of CHF 35.6 million , as compared to CHF 36.9 million for the financial year 2017 . For the financial year 2018 , the operating income for Television ISU Events ( net ) amounted to around 17 million CHF , and for advertising events ( sponsorship agreements ) to around 6.9 million CHF . Whereas the situation regarding TV events appears to be relatively stable , the conclusion of sponsorship agreements becomes more challenging due to a highly competitive market environment . Thus , ISU has been unable to replace the Speed Skating Title Sponsor with a similarly lucrative agreement . Also , as ISU Members in China and the Republic of Korea were , for different reasons , unable to host ISU Short Track Speed Skating Events during the 2018/19 season , the ISU was also unable to maintain sponsorship agreements in those countries . As the ISU sport disciplines significantly contribute to the success of the Olympic Winter Games , the ISU can also continue to rely on substantial amounts provided by the IOC . After the successful 2018 Olympic Winter Games ( OWG ) in South Korea , these incomes have increased as compared to the 2014 OWG in Sochi and are again close to the level of the 2010 OWG of Vancouver . To ensure a substantial annual interest income independent from commercial partners’ interests , the ISU employs a long-standing conservative investment policy . The interest income on high-rated bonds from Credit Suisse , Banque Cantonale Vaudoise , and UBS accrued at the end of the financial year 2018 amounted to CHF 1.44 million . In 2020 , the ISU launched the ISU Skating Awards
|
[
"Ulrich Salchow"
] |
[
{
"text": " The International Skating Union ( ISU ) is the international governing body for competitive ice skating disciplines , including figure skating , synchronized skating , speed skating , and short track speed skating . It was founded in Scheveningen , Netherlands , in July 1892 , making it one of the oldest international sport federations . The ISU was formed to establish standardized international rules and regulations for the skating disciplines it governs , and to organize international competitions in these disciplines . It is now based in Lausanne , Switzerland .",
"title": "International Skating Union"
},
{
"text": " The International Skating Union ( ISU ) was founded in 1892 in the Dutch seaside town of Scheveningen . The meeting was attended by fifteen men , as the national association representatives from the Netherlands , Great Britain , Germany/Austria , and two clubs from Stockholm ( Sweden ) and Budapest ( Hungary ) .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The ISU was the first international winter sports federation to govern speed skating and figure skating , as it laid down the rules for speed skating , shortly followed by figure skating . In 1895 , the organization streamlined its mission to deal only with amateur competitors , not professionals , and hosted its first amateur skating championship in February 1896 in St . Petersburg , Russia .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The United States and Canada formed a competing organization , the International Skating Union of America ( ISUA ) , in 1907 . Over the next two years , twelve European nations had joined the ISU , while the ISUA had only its original two members . The ISUA folded in 1927 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "European and North American figure skaters rarely competed against each other because of differences in their styles of skating . The ISU had systematized and arranged the sport of figure skating , with competitions including a selection of ten or twelve numbers from the I . S . U . programme , .. . five minutes free skating to music , .. . [ and ] special figures on one foot . In 1911 , Canada joined the ISU , leaving the United States as the only major competitor to not be a member . This changed in 1923 ,",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "when the United States Figure Skating Association joined the ISU and in 1926 , the Japanese sport governing body followed to acquire ISU membership .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The first ISU competitions to emerge were the World and European Speed Skating and Figure Skating Championships . Both disciplines were included in the official program of the first Winter Olympic Games in Chamonix in 1924 . The discipline of ice dancing was introduced at the Innsbruck Games in 1976 . After 1945 , the ISU slowly continued to grow with accession of members from other countries in Europe , Oceania and ( Southern ) Africa .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1967 , the ISU adopted short track speed skating , and the first official ISU World Championships took place in 1981 . Short track speed skating became part of the official Olympic program in 1992 . The earliest speed skating competitions hosted by the ISU , between 1976 and 1980 , were held under different names but have retrospectively received World Championship status . The discipline was known as indoor speed skating at first , until being renamed short track speed skating when indoor rinks for the longer speed skating events were introduced .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "By 1988 , thirty-eight nations had joined the ISU . Over the next few years , the organization abandoned one of its long-held practices , eliminating the use of mandatory figures in the singles figure skating competitions and reducing their use in ice dancing . During the 1970s and 1980s , several Asian countries joined the ISU , followed in the early 1990s by many new countries emerging from the breakup of the USSR , Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia . In 1994 , synchronized skating was formally recognized as a separate discipline , and the first ISU World Championships were held",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "in 2000 in Minneapolis , Minnesota , US .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "After the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City , Utah , the ISU implemented sweeping changes to many of its events . In one of the short track speed skating events , Apolo Anton Ohno was awarded the gold medal after the disqualification of Kim Dong-Sung . Although the South Korean delegation protested the decision , ISU rules did not allow for a review of the officials call . Several months later , the ISU approved the use of video replay , when available , to review referee decisions . The rules for judging figure skating were also overhauled",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "as a direct result of the 2002 Olympic Winter Games figure skating scandal . According to Ottavio Cinquanta , former president of the ISU , Something was wrong there , .. . Not just the individual but also the system . It existed for 70 years . Now we are trying to replace one system with another . A new judging system for figure skating took effect in 2005 , replacing the 6.0 system of perfect scores and instead giving points for various technical elements .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Since the 2000s , the ISU has experienced a new wave of expansion , with several countries in Asia and Latin America joining the organization . In 2019 , skating federations from Chile , Peru , Turkmenistan , and Vietnam acquired membership of the ISU .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In addition to sanctioning other international competitions , the ISU designates the following competitions each year as ISU Championships : The events such as the Olympic Winter Games and the ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating are not ISU Championships . However , they do count towards Personal Best scores .",
"title": "ISU Championships"
},
{
"text": " Dates and locations of first world championships in various disciplines held under the auspices of the ISU : - 1893 : Speed skating ( men only ) , Amsterdam - 1896 : Figure skating ( men only ) , St . Petersburg - 1906 : Figure skating ( ladies ) , Davos - 1908 : Figure skating ( pairs ) , St . Petersburg - 1936 : Speed skating ( women ) , Stockholm - 1952 : Figure skating ( ice dance ) , Paris - 1970 : Sprint speed skating , West Allis , Wisconsin",
"title": "First world championships"
},
{
"text": "- 1978 : Short track speed skating , Solihull , UK",
"title": "First world championships"
},
{
"text": " - 2000 : Synchronized skating , Minneapolis Cooperation with other sports . The ISU has an agreement with the Federation of International Bandy to use the same arenas . The cooperation between the two federations is increasing , since both have an interest in more indoor venues with large ice surfaces being built .",
"title": "First world championships"
},
{
"text": " The ISU is an international sport federation recognised by the International Olympic Committee as the body globally administering figure skating and speed skating sports with the following disciplines : Speed skating , Single & Pair skating , Ice dance , Short track speed skating , and Synchronized skating . Whereas the individual national associations administer these sports at the national level , all international matters are under the sole jurisdiction and control of the ISU . There was an attempt to set up an alternative association to replace the ISU for governing and promoting figure skating throughout the",
"title": "Organization"
},
{
"text": "world . In March 2003 , a group of several former figure skating champions ( who at the time were still practicing as coaches , judges , referees ) announced the creation of a new international governing body for figure skating , the World Skating Federation ( WSF ) . This attempt ultimately failed .",
"title": "Organization"
},
{
"text": " ISU is organized as an association pursuant to Swiss laws ( art . 60 of Swiss Civil Code ) . It has its own legal identity and falls under the jurisdiction of Switzerland . Articles of Association define ISUs purpose as",
"title": "Organization"
},
{
"text": "The objectives of the ISU are regulating , governing and promoting the sports of Figure and Speed Skating and their organized development on the basis of friendship and mutual understanding between sportsmen.The ISU shall work for broadening interest in Figure and Speed Skating sports by increasing their popularity , improving their quality and increasing the number of participants throughout the world . The ISU shall ensure that the interests of all ISU Members are observed and respected .",
"title": "Organization"
},
{
"text": " The ISU Statutes consist of the ISU Constitution including its Procedural Provisions , and ISU General Regulations setting out framework principles . More detailed provisions are contained in Special Regulations and Technical Rules for Single & Pair Skating and Ice Dance , Synchronized Skating Speed Skating , and Short Track Speed Skating . The ISU Code of Ethics , the ISU Anti-Doping Rules , and ISU Anti-Doping Procedures contain further guidelines . Additional provisions and updates can also be found in ad-hoc published ISU Communications .",
"title": "Organization"
},
{
"text": " The members of the ISU are the individual national associations whose task is to administer figure and speed skating on ice at the national level . Members are typically composed of skating clubs and athletes are individual members of those clubs . As of 20 February 2020 , the International Skating Union counts 98 members .",
"title": "Members"
},
{
"text": " The highest-ranking body of the ISU is the ISU Congress which consists of the ISU Members . The Congress meets once every two years for an ordinary meeting . Ordinary resolutions are passed by a simple majority of votes of the ISU Members represented and voting at a Congress . Proposals require a two-thirds majority of ISU Members in favor in order to be accepted . Since the ISUs inception in 1892 , 58 ordinary meetings in total have been organized .",
"title": "ISU Congress"
},
{
"text": " The ISU Council constitutes the highest ISU body between two Congresses . It is the executive body of the ISU and is responsible for determining the policies of the ISU and deciding upon the general coordination of the ISU structure and strategy . The Council consists of the President , a Vice President , and five members for the Figure Skating Branch and a Vice President , and five members for the Speed Skating Branch .",
"title": "ISU Council"
},
{
"text": "The Council is assisted by the Director General and the ISU Secretariat . The Director General is responsible for the daily management of all business and financially related activities of the ISU and the operation of the Secretariat .",
"title": "ISU Council"
},
{
"text": " As of the summer of 2008 , the ISU consisted of 63 member nations , with a governing council of 11 . To add any proposal to the agenda of meetings , it must have support from four-fifths of the members . Proposals on the agenda are approved with a two-thirds majority vote . Presidents of the ISU . 1 . 1892–1895 , Pim Mulier 2 . 1895–1925 , Viktor Balck 3 . 1925–1937 , Ulrich Salchow 4 . 1937–1945 , Gerrit W . A . van Laer 5 . 1945–1953 , Herbert J . Clarke",
"title": "ISU Council"
},
{
"text": "6 . 1953–1967 , James Koch",
"title": "ISU Council"
},
{
"text": " 7 . 1967–1967 , Ernst Labin 8 . 1967–1980 , Jacques Favart 9 . 1980–1994 , Olaf Poulsen 10 . 1994–2016 , Ottavio Cinquanta 11 . 2016–present , Jan Dijkema ISU Commissions and Committees . Following the ISU Congress 2018 , the organizational chart of the ISU includes alongside the ISU Congress and ISU Council , assisted by the ISU Secretariat , the following bodies : 1 . ISU Disciplinary Commission 2 . ISU Athletes Commission 3 . ISU Medical Commission 4 . ISU Development Commission 5 . ISU Technical Committees .",
"title": "ISU Council"
},
{
"text": "The ISU Disciplinary Commission ( DC ) constitutes a judicial body of the ISU . It is an independent body elected by the ISU Congress .",
"title": "ISU Council"
},
{
"text": " The ISU Athletes Commission was introduced on the 56th ISU Ordinary Congress 2016 in Dubrovnik and represents Skaters’ positions within the ISU by providing advice to the ISU Council , Technical Committees , Sports Directors , Director General and other internal bodies . The ISU Medical Commission coordinates compliance with anti-doping regulations . The ISU Development Commission implements the ISU Development Program in accordance with the ISU policy and the approved budget .",
"title": "ISU Council"
},
{
"text": "The main functions of the ISU Technical Committees include the preparation , monitoring and maintenance of the Technical Rules . The following Technical Committees are established : Single and Pair Skating , Ice Dance , Synchronized Skating , Speed Skating and Short Track Speed Skating .",
"title": "ISU Council"
},
{
"text": " ISUs role as an international sports federation involves setting the rules to ensure proper governance of sport , notably in terms of the health and safety of the athletes and the integrity of competitions . Similar to many international sports federations , ISU adopted eligibility rules . Under the ISU eligibility rules , skaters participating in competitions that are not approved by the ISU face severe penalties up to a lifetime ban from all major international skating events .",
"title": "Eligibility rules"
},
{
"text": "Historically , only amateurs were allowed to qualify for the Olympic Games and in 1962 , the IOC issued the Eligibility rules which specified that persons receiving remuneration and other material advantages for participation in sport were not eligible to compete in",
"title": "Eligibility rules"
},
{
"text": "the Olympic Games . However , the concept of amateur sport developed over time , moving by the end of the 1980s towards professionalisation . Respecting the Olympic principles , the ISU rules made a difference in treatment of amateur and professional skaters wishing to qualify for the Olympic Games . In 1986 , the limitations imposed on professional skaters were removed and the categories of eligible and ineligible persons were introduced to replace the concepts of amateurs and professionals . In 1998 , Eligibility rules established a comprehensive pre-authorisation system by stipulating that eligible skaters could only take part",
"title": "Eligibility rules"
},
{
"text": "in competitions approved by the ISU , and conducted under the ISU Regulations by ISU-approved officials . Under the 2014 Eligibility rules , the person who breached the Eligibility rules could not be reinstated . This resulted in a lifetime ban , since the loss of eligibility is not limited in time .",
"title": "Eligibility rules"
},
{
"text": " There were attempts of independent organisers to hold alternative speed skating events . Icederby International co. , Ltd sought to set up a series of events titled ‘Icederby Grand Prix’ scheduled to run for six consecutive years from 2014–2020 . Run by a Korean event organiser , it offered unprecedented prize money to attract the worlds best skaters .",
"title": "Eligibility rules"
},
{
"text": "In 2011 , Icederby International approached the ISU to enter into a partnership agreement and presented its action plan . Initially , Icederby included betting in connection with its planned Grand Prix in countries where betting was not prohibited . In January 2012 , the ISU updated its Code of Ethics to rule out the participation in all forms of betting . Two years later , Icederby notified the ISU that no betting would be organised in connection with the planned Dubai Icederby Grand Prix as betting is illegal in Dubai .",
"title": "Eligibility rules"
},
{
"text": " Nonetheless , the ISU did not authorise the Dubai Icederby Grand Prix 2014 and announced that all skaters who take part in the Icederby event would be subject to the lifetime ban established by the Eligibility rules . In consequence , Icederby decided not to organise the Dubai Icederby Grand Prix 2014 due to its difficulty to secure the participation of speed skaters .",
"title": "Eligibility rules"
},
{
"text": "Two professional speed skaters , Mark Tuitert and Niels Kerstholt , lodged a complaint and on 5 October 2015 , the European Commission initiated formal antitrust proceedings into alleged anti-competitive restrictions imposed by the International Skating Union on athletes and officials economic activities and alleged foreclosure of competing alternative sport event organisers .",
"title": "Eligibility rules"
},
{
"text": " On 20 October 2015 , the ISU published the procedure for independent organisers to receive authorisation from the ISU Council . Under the 2016 Eligibility rules , the sanctions imposed on a skater participating in non-authorised events ranged from a warning to periods of ineligibility running from an unspecified minimum to a maximum of a lifetime . In December 2017 , the European Commission decided that ISUs eligibility rules breach EU competition laws . The Commission gave the ISU 90 days to amend the rules and did not impose a fine .",
"title": "Eligibility rules"
},
{
"text": "The ISU disagreed with the decision , suspended the enforcement of the rules subject to the Commission decision , and put in place provisional rules .",
"title": "Eligibility rules"
},
{
"text": " In addition , the ISU filed an appeal against the EU Commission decision pending before the EU General Court .",
"title": "Eligibility rules"
},
{
"text": " The ISU , as an Olympic Winter Sport Federation , derives its revenues from 1 . Broadcast partnerships for world-wide media coverage of ISU Events ; 2 . Sponsorship agreements ; 3 . Contributions provided by the IOC for the Winter/ Youth Olympic Games ; and 4 . Interest income earned from the ISUs financial assets . In 2018 , the ISU generated a worldwide consolidated turnover of CHF 35.6 million , as compared to CHF 36.9 million for the financial year 2017 .",
"title": "Commercial aspects"
},
{
"text": "For the financial year 2018 , the operating income for Television ISU Events ( net ) amounted to around 17 million CHF , and for advertising events ( sponsorship agreements ) to around 6.9 million CHF .",
"title": "Commercial aspects"
},
{
"text": " Whereas the situation regarding TV events appears to be relatively stable , the conclusion of sponsorship agreements becomes more challenging due to a highly competitive market environment . Thus , ISU has been unable to replace the Speed Skating Title Sponsor with a similarly lucrative agreement . Also , as ISU Members in China and the Republic of Korea were , for different reasons , unable to host ISU Short Track Speed Skating Events during the 2018/19 season , the ISU was also unable to maintain sponsorship agreements in those countries .",
"title": "Commercial aspects"
},
{
"text": "As the ISU sport disciplines significantly contribute to the success of the Olympic Winter Games , the ISU can also continue to rely on substantial amounts provided by the IOC . After the successful 2018 Olympic Winter Games ( OWG ) in South Korea , these incomes have increased as compared to the 2014 OWG in Sochi and are again close to the level of the 2010 OWG of Vancouver .",
"title": "Commercial aspects"
},
{
"text": " To ensure a substantial annual interest income independent from commercial partners’ interests , the ISU employs a long-standing conservative investment policy . The interest income on high-rated bonds from Credit Suisse , Banque Cantonale Vaudoise , and UBS accrued at the end of the financial year 2018 amounted to CHF 1.44 million . In 2020 , the ISU launched the ISU Skating Awards",
"title": "Commercial aspects"
}
] |
/wiki/International_Skating_Union#P488#3
|
Who was the head of International Skating Union in late 1940s?
|
International Skating Union The International Skating Union ( ISU ) is the international governing body for competitive ice skating disciplines , including figure skating , synchronized skating , speed skating , and short track speed skating . It was founded in Scheveningen , Netherlands , in July 1892 , making it one of the oldest international sport federations . The ISU was formed to establish standardized international rules and regulations for the skating disciplines it governs , and to organize international competitions in these disciplines . It is now based in Lausanne , Switzerland . History . The International Skating Union ( ISU ) was founded in 1892 in the Dutch seaside town of Scheveningen . The meeting was attended by fifteen men , as the national association representatives from the Netherlands , Great Britain , Germany/Austria , and two clubs from Stockholm ( Sweden ) and Budapest ( Hungary ) . The ISU was the first international winter sports federation to govern speed skating and figure skating , as it laid down the rules for speed skating , shortly followed by figure skating . In 1895 , the organization streamlined its mission to deal only with amateur competitors , not professionals , and hosted its first amateur skating championship in February 1896 in St . Petersburg , Russia . The United States and Canada formed a competing organization , the International Skating Union of America ( ISUA ) , in 1907 . Over the next two years , twelve European nations had joined the ISU , while the ISUA had only its original two members . The ISUA folded in 1927 . European and North American figure skaters rarely competed against each other because of differences in their styles of skating . The ISU had systematized and arranged the sport of figure skating , with competitions including a selection of ten or twelve numbers from the I . S . U . programme , .. . five minutes free skating to music , .. . [ and ] special figures on one foot . In 1911 , Canada joined the ISU , leaving the United States as the only major competitor to not be a member . This changed in 1923 , when the United States Figure Skating Association joined the ISU and in 1926 , the Japanese sport governing body followed to acquire ISU membership . The first ISU competitions to emerge were the World and European Speed Skating and Figure Skating Championships . Both disciplines were included in the official program of the first Winter Olympic Games in Chamonix in 1924 . The discipline of ice dancing was introduced at the Innsbruck Games in 1976 . After 1945 , the ISU slowly continued to grow with accession of members from other countries in Europe , Oceania and ( Southern ) Africa . In 1967 , the ISU adopted short track speed skating , and the first official ISU World Championships took place in 1981 . Short track speed skating became part of the official Olympic program in 1992 . The earliest speed skating competitions hosted by the ISU , between 1976 and 1980 , were held under different names but have retrospectively received World Championship status . The discipline was known as indoor speed skating at first , until being renamed short track speed skating when indoor rinks for the longer speed skating events were introduced . By 1988 , thirty-eight nations had joined the ISU . Over the next few years , the organization abandoned one of its long-held practices , eliminating the use of mandatory figures in the singles figure skating competitions and reducing their use in ice dancing . During the 1970s and 1980s , several Asian countries joined the ISU , followed in the early 1990s by many new countries emerging from the breakup of the USSR , Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia . In 1994 , synchronized skating was formally recognized as a separate discipline , and the first ISU World Championships were held in 2000 in Minneapolis , Minnesota , US . After the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City , Utah , the ISU implemented sweeping changes to many of its events . In one of the short track speed skating events , Apolo Anton Ohno was awarded the gold medal after the disqualification of Kim Dong-Sung . Although the South Korean delegation protested the decision , ISU rules did not allow for a review of the officials call . Several months later , the ISU approved the use of video replay , when available , to review referee decisions . The rules for judging figure skating were also overhauled as a direct result of the 2002 Olympic Winter Games figure skating scandal . According to Ottavio Cinquanta , former president of the ISU , Something was wrong there , .. . Not just the individual but also the system . It existed for 70 years . Now we are trying to replace one system with another . A new judging system for figure skating took effect in 2005 , replacing the 6.0 system of perfect scores and instead giving points for various technical elements . Since the 2000s , the ISU has experienced a new wave of expansion , with several countries in Asia and Latin America joining the organization . In 2019 , skating federations from Chile , Peru , Turkmenistan , and Vietnam acquired membership of the ISU . ISU Championships . In addition to sanctioning other international competitions , the ISU designates the following competitions each year as ISU Championships : The events such as the Olympic Winter Games and the ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating are not ISU Championships . However , they do count towards Personal Best scores . First world championships . Dates and locations of first world championships in various disciplines held under the auspices of the ISU : - 1893 : Speed skating ( men only ) , Amsterdam - 1896 : Figure skating ( men only ) , St . Petersburg - 1906 : Figure skating ( ladies ) , Davos - 1908 : Figure skating ( pairs ) , St . Petersburg - 1936 : Speed skating ( women ) , Stockholm - 1952 : Figure skating ( ice dance ) , Paris - 1970 : Sprint speed skating , West Allis , Wisconsin - 1978 : Short track speed skating , Solihull , UK - 2000 : Synchronized skating , Minneapolis Cooperation with other sports . The ISU has an agreement with the Federation of International Bandy to use the same arenas . The cooperation between the two federations is increasing , since both have an interest in more indoor venues with large ice surfaces being built . Organization . The ISU is an international sport federation recognised by the International Olympic Committee as the body globally administering figure skating and speed skating sports with the following disciplines : Speed skating , Single & Pair skating , Ice dance , Short track speed skating , and Synchronized skating . Whereas the individual national associations administer these sports at the national level , all international matters are under the sole jurisdiction and control of the ISU . There was an attempt to set up an alternative association to replace the ISU for governing and promoting figure skating throughout the world . In March 2003 , a group of several former figure skating champions ( who at the time were still practicing as coaches , judges , referees ) announced the creation of a new international governing body for figure skating , the World Skating Federation ( WSF ) . This attempt ultimately failed . ISU is organized as an association pursuant to Swiss laws ( art . 60 of Swiss Civil Code ) . It has its own legal identity and falls under the jurisdiction of Switzerland . Articles of Association define ISUs purpose as The objectives of the ISU are regulating , governing and promoting the sports of Figure and Speed Skating and their organized development on the basis of friendship and mutual understanding between sportsmen.The ISU shall work for broadening interest in Figure and Speed Skating sports by increasing their popularity , improving their quality and increasing the number of participants throughout the world . The ISU shall ensure that the interests of all ISU Members are observed and respected . The ISU Statutes consist of the ISU Constitution including its Procedural Provisions , and ISU General Regulations setting out framework principles . More detailed provisions are contained in Special Regulations and Technical Rules for Single & Pair Skating and Ice Dance , Synchronized Skating Speed Skating , and Short Track Speed Skating . The ISU Code of Ethics , the ISU Anti-Doping Rules , and ISU Anti-Doping Procedures contain further guidelines . Additional provisions and updates can also be found in ad-hoc published ISU Communications . Members . The members of the ISU are the individual national associations whose task is to administer figure and speed skating on ice at the national level . Members are typically composed of skating clubs and athletes are individual members of those clubs . As of 20 February 2020 , the International Skating Union counts 98 members . ISU Congress . The highest-ranking body of the ISU is the ISU Congress which consists of the ISU Members . The Congress meets once every two years for an ordinary meeting . Ordinary resolutions are passed by a simple majority of votes of the ISU Members represented and voting at a Congress . Proposals require a two-thirds majority of ISU Members in favor in order to be accepted . Since the ISUs inception in 1892 , 58 ordinary meetings in total have been organized . ISU Council . The ISU Council constitutes the highest ISU body between two Congresses . It is the executive body of the ISU and is responsible for determining the policies of the ISU and deciding upon the general coordination of the ISU structure and strategy . The Council consists of the President , a Vice President , and five members for the Figure Skating Branch and a Vice President , and five members for the Speed Skating Branch . The Council is assisted by the Director General and the ISU Secretariat . The Director General is responsible for the daily management of all business and financially related activities of the ISU and the operation of the Secretariat . As of the summer of 2008 , the ISU consisted of 63 member nations , with a governing council of 11 . To add any proposal to the agenda of meetings , it must have support from four-fifths of the members . Proposals on the agenda are approved with a two-thirds majority vote . Presidents of the ISU . 1 . 1892–1895 , Pim Mulier 2 . 1895–1925 , Viktor Balck 3 . 1925–1937 , Ulrich Salchow 4 . 1937–1945 , Gerrit W . A . van Laer 5 . 1945–1953 , Herbert J . Clarke 6 . 1953–1967 , James Koch 7 . 1967–1967 , Ernst Labin 8 . 1967–1980 , Jacques Favart 9 . 1980–1994 , Olaf Poulsen 10 . 1994–2016 , Ottavio Cinquanta 11 . 2016–present , Jan Dijkema ISU Commissions and Committees . Following the ISU Congress 2018 , the organizational chart of the ISU includes alongside the ISU Congress and ISU Council , assisted by the ISU Secretariat , the following bodies : 1 . ISU Disciplinary Commission 2 . ISU Athletes Commission 3 . ISU Medical Commission 4 . ISU Development Commission 5 . ISU Technical Committees . The ISU Disciplinary Commission ( DC ) constitutes a judicial body of the ISU . It is an independent body elected by the ISU Congress . The ISU Athletes Commission was introduced on the 56th ISU Ordinary Congress 2016 in Dubrovnik and represents Skaters’ positions within the ISU by providing advice to the ISU Council , Technical Committees , Sports Directors , Director General and other internal bodies . The ISU Medical Commission coordinates compliance with anti-doping regulations . The ISU Development Commission implements the ISU Development Program in accordance with the ISU policy and the approved budget . The main functions of the ISU Technical Committees include the preparation , monitoring and maintenance of the Technical Rules . The following Technical Committees are established : Single and Pair Skating , Ice Dance , Synchronized Skating , Speed Skating and Short Track Speed Skating . Eligibility rules . ISUs role as an international sports federation involves setting the rules to ensure proper governance of sport , notably in terms of the health and safety of the athletes and the integrity of competitions . Similar to many international sports federations , ISU adopted eligibility rules . Under the ISU eligibility rules , skaters participating in competitions that are not approved by the ISU face severe penalties up to a lifetime ban from all major international skating events . Historically , only amateurs were allowed to qualify for the Olympic Games and in 1962 , the IOC issued the Eligibility rules which specified that persons receiving remuneration and other material advantages for participation in sport were not eligible to compete in the Olympic Games . However , the concept of amateur sport developed over time , moving by the end of the 1980s towards professionalisation . Respecting the Olympic principles , the ISU rules made a difference in treatment of amateur and professional skaters wishing to qualify for the Olympic Games . In 1986 , the limitations imposed on professional skaters were removed and the categories of eligible and ineligible persons were introduced to replace the concepts of amateurs and professionals . In 1998 , Eligibility rules established a comprehensive pre-authorisation system by stipulating that eligible skaters could only take part in competitions approved by the ISU , and conducted under the ISU Regulations by ISU-approved officials . Under the 2014 Eligibility rules , the person who breached the Eligibility rules could not be reinstated . This resulted in a lifetime ban , since the loss of eligibility is not limited in time . There were attempts of independent organisers to hold alternative speed skating events . Icederby International co. , Ltd sought to set up a series of events titled ‘Icederby Grand Prix’ scheduled to run for six consecutive years from 2014–2020 . Run by a Korean event organiser , it offered unprecedented prize money to attract the worlds best skaters . In 2011 , Icederby International approached the ISU to enter into a partnership agreement and presented its action plan . Initially , Icederby included betting in connection with its planned Grand Prix in countries where betting was not prohibited . In January 2012 , the ISU updated its Code of Ethics to rule out the participation in all forms of betting . Two years later , Icederby notified the ISU that no betting would be organised in connection with the planned Dubai Icederby Grand Prix as betting is illegal in Dubai . Nonetheless , the ISU did not authorise the Dubai Icederby Grand Prix 2014 and announced that all skaters who take part in the Icederby event would be subject to the lifetime ban established by the Eligibility rules . In consequence , Icederby decided not to organise the Dubai Icederby Grand Prix 2014 due to its difficulty to secure the participation of speed skaters . Two professional speed skaters , Mark Tuitert and Niels Kerstholt , lodged a complaint and on 5 October 2015 , the European Commission initiated formal antitrust proceedings into alleged anti-competitive restrictions imposed by the International Skating Union on athletes and officials economic activities and alleged foreclosure of competing alternative sport event organisers . On 20 October 2015 , the ISU published the procedure for independent organisers to receive authorisation from the ISU Council . Under the 2016 Eligibility rules , the sanctions imposed on a skater participating in non-authorised events ranged from a warning to periods of ineligibility running from an unspecified minimum to a maximum of a lifetime . In December 2017 , the European Commission decided that ISUs eligibility rules breach EU competition laws . The Commission gave the ISU 90 days to amend the rules and did not impose a fine . The ISU disagreed with the decision , suspended the enforcement of the rules subject to the Commission decision , and put in place provisional rules . In addition , the ISU filed an appeal against the EU Commission decision pending before the EU General Court . Commercial aspects . The ISU , as an Olympic Winter Sport Federation , derives its revenues from 1 . Broadcast partnerships for world-wide media coverage of ISU Events ; 2 . Sponsorship agreements ; 3 . Contributions provided by the IOC for the Winter/ Youth Olympic Games ; and 4 . Interest income earned from the ISUs financial assets . In 2018 , the ISU generated a worldwide consolidated turnover of CHF 35.6 million , as compared to CHF 36.9 million for the financial year 2017 . For the financial year 2018 , the operating income for Television ISU Events ( net ) amounted to around 17 million CHF , and for advertising events ( sponsorship agreements ) to around 6.9 million CHF . Whereas the situation regarding TV events appears to be relatively stable , the conclusion of sponsorship agreements becomes more challenging due to a highly competitive market environment . Thus , ISU has been unable to replace the Speed Skating Title Sponsor with a similarly lucrative agreement . Also , as ISU Members in China and the Republic of Korea were , for different reasons , unable to host ISU Short Track Speed Skating Events during the 2018/19 season , the ISU was also unable to maintain sponsorship agreements in those countries . As the ISU sport disciplines significantly contribute to the success of the Olympic Winter Games , the ISU can also continue to rely on substantial amounts provided by the IOC . After the successful 2018 Olympic Winter Games ( OWG ) in South Korea , these incomes have increased as compared to the 2014 OWG in Sochi and are again close to the level of the 2010 OWG of Vancouver . To ensure a substantial annual interest income independent from commercial partners’ interests , the ISU employs a long-standing conservative investment policy . The interest income on high-rated bonds from Credit Suisse , Banque Cantonale Vaudoise , and UBS accrued at the end of the financial year 2018 amounted to CHF 1.44 million . In 2020 , the ISU launched the ISU Skating Awards
|
[
"Herbert J . Clarke"
] |
[
{
"text": " The International Skating Union ( ISU ) is the international governing body for competitive ice skating disciplines , including figure skating , synchronized skating , speed skating , and short track speed skating . It was founded in Scheveningen , Netherlands , in July 1892 , making it one of the oldest international sport federations . The ISU was formed to establish standardized international rules and regulations for the skating disciplines it governs , and to organize international competitions in these disciplines . It is now based in Lausanne , Switzerland .",
"title": "International Skating Union"
},
{
"text": " The International Skating Union ( ISU ) was founded in 1892 in the Dutch seaside town of Scheveningen . The meeting was attended by fifteen men , as the national association representatives from the Netherlands , Great Britain , Germany/Austria , and two clubs from Stockholm ( Sweden ) and Budapest ( Hungary ) .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The ISU was the first international winter sports federation to govern speed skating and figure skating , as it laid down the rules for speed skating , shortly followed by figure skating . In 1895 , the organization streamlined its mission to deal only with amateur competitors , not professionals , and hosted its first amateur skating championship in February 1896 in St . Petersburg , Russia .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The United States and Canada formed a competing organization , the International Skating Union of America ( ISUA ) , in 1907 . Over the next two years , twelve European nations had joined the ISU , while the ISUA had only its original two members . The ISUA folded in 1927 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "European and North American figure skaters rarely competed against each other because of differences in their styles of skating . The ISU had systematized and arranged the sport of figure skating , with competitions including a selection of ten or twelve numbers from the I . S . U . programme , .. . five minutes free skating to music , .. . [ and ] special figures on one foot . In 1911 , Canada joined the ISU , leaving the United States as the only major competitor to not be a member . This changed in 1923 ,",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "when the United States Figure Skating Association joined the ISU and in 1926 , the Japanese sport governing body followed to acquire ISU membership .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The first ISU competitions to emerge were the World and European Speed Skating and Figure Skating Championships . Both disciplines were included in the official program of the first Winter Olympic Games in Chamonix in 1924 . The discipline of ice dancing was introduced at the Innsbruck Games in 1976 . After 1945 , the ISU slowly continued to grow with accession of members from other countries in Europe , Oceania and ( Southern ) Africa .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1967 , the ISU adopted short track speed skating , and the first official ISU World Championships took place in 1981 . Short track speed skating became part of the official Olympic program in 1992 . The earliest speed skating competitions hosted by the ISU , between 1976 and 1980 , were held under different names but have retrospectively received World Championship status . The discipline was known as indoor speed skating at first , until being renamed short track speed skating when indoor rinks for the longer speed skating events were introduced .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "By 1988 , thirty-eight nations had joined the ISU . Over the next few years , the organization abandoned one of its long-held practices , eliminating the use of mandatory figures in the singles figure skating competitions and reducing their use in ice dancing . During the 1970s and 1980s , several Asian countries joined the ISU , followed in the early 1990s by many new countries emerging from the breakup of the USSR , Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia . In 1994 , synchronized skating was formally recognized as a separate discipline , and the first ISU World Championships were held",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "in 2000 in Minneapolis , Minnesota , US .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "After the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City , Utah , the ISU implemented sweeping changes to many of its events . In one of the short track speed skating events , Apolo Anton Ohno was awarded the gold medal after the disqualification of Kim Dong-Sung . Although the South Korean delegation protested the decision , ISU rules did not allow for a review of the officials call . Several months later , the ISU approved the use of video replay , when available , to review referee decisions . The rules for judging figure skating were also overhauled",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "as a direct result of the 2002 Olympic Winter Games figure skating scandal . According to Ottavio Cinquanta , former president of the ISU , Something was wrong there , .. . Not just the individual but also the system . It existed for 70 years . Now we are trying to replace one system with another . A new judging system for figure skating took effect in 2005 , replacing the 6.0 system of perfect scores and instead giving points for various technical elements .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Since the 2000s , the ISU has experienced a new wave of expansion , with several countries in Asia and Latin America joining the organization . In 2019 , skating federations from Chile , Peru , Turkmenistan , and Vietnam acquired membership of the ISU .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In addition to sanctioning other international competitions , the ISU designates the following competitions each year as ISU Championships : The events such as the Olympic Winter Games and the ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating are not ISU Championships . However , they do count towards Personal Best scores .",
"title": "ISU Championships"
},
{
"text": " Dates and locations of first world championships in various disciplines held under the auspices of the ISU : - 1893 : Speed skating ( men only ) , Amsterdam - 1896 : Figure skating ( men only ) , St . Petersburg - 1906 : Figure skating ( ladies ) , Davos - 1908 : Figure skating ( pairs ) , St . Petersburg - 1936 : Speed skating ( women ) , Stockholm - 1952 : Figure skating ( ice dance ) , Paris - 1970 : Sprint speed skating , West Allis , Wisconsin",
"title": "First world championships"
},
{
"text": "- 1978 : Short track speed skating , Solihull , UK",
"title": "First world championships"
},
{
"text": " - 2000 : Synchronized skating , Minneapolis Cooperation with other sports . The ISU has an agreement with the Federation of International Bandy to use the same arenas . The cooperation between the two federations is increasing , since both have an interest in more indoor venues with large ice surfaces being built .",
"title": "First world championships"
},
{
"text": " The ISU is an international sport federation recognised by the International Olympic Committee as the body globally administering figure skating and speed skating sports with the following disciplines : Speed skating , Single & Pair skating , Ice dance , Short track speed skating , and Synchronized skating . Whereas the individual national associations administer these sports at the national level , all international matters are under the sole jurisdiction and control of the ISU . There was an attempt to set up an alternative association to replace the ISU for governing and promoting figure skating throughout the",
"title": "Organization"
},
{
"text": "world . In March 2003 , a group of several former figure skating champions ( who at the time were still practicing as coaches , judges , referees ) announced the creation of a new international governing body for figure skating , the World Skating Federation ( WSF ) . This attempt ultimately failed .",
"title": "Organization"
},
{
"text": " ISU is organized as an association pursuant to Swiss laws ( art . 60 of Swiss Civil Code ) . It has its own legal identity and falls under the jurisdiction of Switzerland . Articles of Association define ISUs purpose as",
"title": "Organization"
},
{
"text": "The objectives of the ISU are regulating , governing and promoting the sports of Figure and Speed Skating and their organized development on the basis of friendship and mutual understanding between sportsmen.The ISU shall work for broadening interest in Figure and Speed Skating sports by increasing their popularity , improving their quality and increasing the number of participants throughout the world . The ISU shall ensure that the interests of all ISU Members are observed and respected .",
"title": "Organization"
},
{
"text": " The ISU Statutes consist of the ISU Constitution including its Procedural Provisions , and ISU General Regulations setting out framework principles . More detailed provisions are contained in Special Regulations and Technical Rules for Single & Pair Skating and Ice Dance , Synchronized Skating Speed Skating , and Short Track Speed Skating . The ISU Code of Ethics , the ISU Anti-Doping Rules , and ISU Anti-Doping Procedures contain further guidelines . Additional provisions and updates can also be found in ad-hoc published ISU Communications .",
"title": "Organization"
},
{
"text": " The members of the ISU are the individual national associations whose task is to administer figure and speed skating on ice at the national level . Members are typically composed of skating clubs and athletes are individual members of those clubs . As of 20 February 2020 , the International Skating Union counts 98 members .",
"title": "Members"
},
{
"text": " The highest-ranking body of the ISU is the ISU Congress which consists of the ISU Members . The Congress meets once every two years for an ordinary meeting . Ordinary resolutions are passed by a simple majority of votes of the ISU Members represented and voting at a Congress . Proposals require a two-thirds majority of ISU Members in favor in order to be accepted . Since the ISUs inception in 1892 , 58 ordinary meetings in total have been organized .",
"title": "ISU Congress"
},
{
"text": " The ISU Council constitutes the highest ISU body between two Congresses . It is the executive body of the ISU and is responsible for determining the policies of the ISU and deciding upon the general coordination of the ISU structure and strategy . The Council consists of the President , a Vice President , and five members for the Figure Skating Branch and a Vice President , and five members for the Speed Skating Branch .",
"title": "ISU Council"
},
{
"text": "The Council is assisted by the Director General and the ISU Secretariat . The Director General is responsible for the daily management of all business and financially related activities of the ISU and the operation of the Secretariat .",
"title": "ISU Council"
},
{
"text": " As of the summer of 2008 , the ISU consisted of 63 member nations , with a governing council of 11 . To add any proposal to the agenda of meetings , it must have support from four-fifths of the members . Proposals on the agenda are approved with a two-thirds majority vote . Presidents of the ISU . 1 . 1892–1895 , Pim Mulier 2 . 1895–1925 , Viktor Balck 3 . 1925–1937 , Ulrich Salchow 4 . 1937–1945 , Gerrit W . A . van Laer 5 . 1945–1953 , Herbert J . Clarke",
"title": "ISU Council"
},
{
"text": "6 . 1953–1967 , James Koch",
"title": "ISU Council"
},
{
"text": " 7 . 1967–1967 , Ernst Labin 8 . 1967–1980 , Jacques Favart 9 . 1980–1994 , Olaf Poulsen 10 . 1994–2016 , Ottavio Cinquanta 11 . 2016–present , Jan Dijkema ISU Commissions and Committees . Following the ISU Congress 2018 , the organizational chart of the ISU includes alongside the ISU Congress and ISU Council , assisted by the ISU Secretariat , the following bodies : 1 . ISU Disciplinary Commission 2 . ISU Athletes Commission 3 . ISU Medical Commission 4 . ISU Development Commission 5 . ISU Technical Committees .",
"title": "ISU Council"
},
{
"text": "The ISU Disciplinary Commission ( DC ) constitutes a judicial body of the ISU . It is an independent body elected by the ISU Congress .",
"title": "ISU Council"
},
{
"text": " The ISU Athletes Commission was introduced on the 56th ISU Ordinary Congress 2016 in Dubrovnik and represents Skaters’ positions within the ISU by providing advice to the ISU Council , Technical Committees , Sports Directors , Director General and other internal bodies . The ISU Medical Commission coordinates compliance with anti-doping regulations . The ISU Development Commission implements the ISU Development Program in accordance with the ISU policy and the approved budget .",
"title": "ISU Council"
},
{
"text": "The main functions of the ISU Technical Committees include the preparation , monitoring and maintenance of the Technical Rules . The following Technical Committees are established : Single and Pair Skating , Ice Dance , Synchronized Skating , Speed Skating and Short Track Speed Skating .",
"title": "ISU Council"
},
{
"text": " ISUs role as an international sports federation involves setting the rules to ensure proper governance of sport , notably in terms of the health and safety of the athletes and the integrity of competitions . Similar to many international sports federations , ISU adopted eligibility rules . Under the ISU eligibility rules , skaters participating in competitions that are not approved by the ISU face severe penalties up to a lifetime ban from all major international skating events .",
"title": "Eligibility rules"
},
{
"text": "Historically , only amateurs were allowed to qualify for the Olympic Games and in 1962 , the IOC issued the Eligibility rules which specified that persons receiving remuneration and other material advantages for participation in sport were not eligible to compete in",
"title": "Eligibility rules"
},
{
"text": "the Olympic Games . However , the concept of amateur sport developed over time , moving by the end of the 1980s towards professionalisation . Respecting the Olympic principles , the ISU rules made a difference in treatment of amateur and professional skaters wishing to qualify for the Olympic Games . In 1986 , the limitations imposed on professional skaters were removed and the categories of eligible and ineligible persons were introduced to replace the concepts of amateurs and professionals . In 1998 , Eligibility rules established a comprehensive pre-authorisation system by stipulating that eligible skaters could only take part",
"title": "Eligibility rules"
},
{
"text": "in competitions approved by the ISU , and conducted under the ISU Regulations by ISU-approved officials . Under the 2014 Eligibility rules , the person who breached the Eligibility rules could not be reinstated . This resulted in a lifetime ban , since the loss of eligibility is not limited in time .",
"title": "Eligibility rules"
},
{
"text": " There were attempts of independent organisers to hold alternative speed skating events . Icederby International co. , Ltd sought to set up a series of events titled ‘Icederby Grand Prix’ scheduled to run for six consecutive years from 2014–2020 . Run by a Korean event organiser , it offered unprecedented prize money to attract the worlds best skaters .",
"title": "Eligibility rules"
},
{
"text": "In 2011 , Icederby International approached the ISU to enter into a partnership agreement and presented its action plan . Initially , Icederby included betting in connection with its planned Grand Prix in countries where betting was not prohibited . In January 2012 , the ISU updated its Code of Ethics to rule out the participation in all forms of betting . Two years later , Icederby notified the ISU that no betting would be organised in connection with the planned Dubai Icederby Grand Prix as betting is illegal in Dubai .",
"title": "Eligibility rules"
},
{
"text": " Nonetheless , the ISU did not authorise the Dubai Icederby Grand Prix 2014 and announced that all skaters who take part in the Icederby event would be subject to the lifetime ban established by the Eligibility rules . In consequence , Icederby decided not to organise the Dubai Icederby Grand Prix 2014 due to its difficulty to secure the participation of speed skaters .",
"title": "Eligibility rules"
},
{
"text": "Two professional speed skaters , Mark Tuitert and Niels Kerstholt , lodged a complaint and on 5 October 2015 , the European Commission initiated formal antitrust proceedings into alleged anti-competitive restrictions imposed by the International Skating Union on athletes and officials economic activities and alleged foreclosure of competing alternative sport event organisers .",
"title": "Eligibility rules"
},
{
"text": " On 20 October 2015 , the ISU published the procedure for independent organisers to receive authorisation from the ISU Council . Under the 2016 Eligibility rules , the sanctions imposed on a skater participating in non-authorised events ranged from a warning to periods of ineligibility running from an unspecified minimum to a maximum of a lifetime . In December 2017 , the European Commission decided that ISUs eligibility rules breach EU competition laws . The Commission gave the ISU 90 days to amend the rules and did not impose a fine .",
"title": "Eligibility rules"
},
{
"text": "The ISU disagreed with the decision , suspended the enforcement of the rules subject to the Commission decision , and put in place provisional rules .",
"title": "Eligibility rules"
},
{
"text": " In addition , the ISU filed an appeal against the EU Commission decision pending before the EU General Court .",
"title": "Eligibility rules"
},
{
"text": " The ISU , as an Olympic Winter Sport Federation , derives its revenues from 1 . Broadcast partnerships for world-wide media coverage of ISU Events ; 2 . Sponsorship agreements ; 3 . Contributions provided by the IOC for the Winter/ Youth Olympic Games ; and 4 . Interest income earned from the ISUs financial assets . In 2018 , the ISU generated a worldwide consolidated turnover of CHF 35.6 million , as compared to CHF 36.9 million for the financial year 2017 .",
"title": "Commercial aspects"
},
{
"text": "For the financial year 2018 , the operating income for Television ISU Events ( net ) amounted to around 17 million CHF , and for advertising events ( sponsorship agreements ) to around 6.9 million CHF .",
"title": "Commercial aspects"
},
{
"text": " Whereas the situation regarding TV events appears to be relatively stable , the conclusion of sponsorship agreements becomes more challenging due to a highly competitive market environment . Thus , ISU has been unable to replace the Speed Skating Title Sponsor with a similarly lucrative agreement . Also , as ISU Members in China and the Republic of Korea were , for different reasons , unable to host ISU Short Track Speed Skating Events during the 2018/19 season , the ISU was also unable to maintain sponsorship agreements in those countries .",
"title": "Commercial aspects"
},
{
"text": "As the ISU sport disciplines significantly contribute to the success of the Olympic Winter Games , the ISU can also continue to rely on substantial amounts provided by the IOC . After the successful 2018 Olympic Winter Games ( OWG ) in South Korea , these incomes have increased as compared to the 2014 OWG in Sochi and are again close to the level of the 2010 OWG of Vancouver .",
"title": "Commercial aspects"
},
{
"text": " To ensure a substantial annual interest income independent from commercial partners’ interests , the ISU employs a long-standing conservative investment policy . The interest income on high-rated bonds from Credit Suisse , Banque Cantonale Vaudoise , and UBS accrued at the end of the financial year 2018 amounted to CHF 1.44 million . In 2020 , the ISU launched the ISU Skating Awards",
"title": "Commercial aspects"
}
] |
/wiki/International_Skating_Union#P488#4
|
Who was the head of International Skating Union between Jan 1954 and Aug 1965?
|
International Skating Union The International Skating Union ( ISU ) is the international governing body for competitive ice skating disciplines , including figure skating , synchronized skating , speed skating , and short track speed skating . It was founded in Scheveningen , Netherlands , in July 1892 , making it one of the oldest international sport federations . The ISU was formed to establish standardized international rules and regulations for the skating disciplines it governs , and to organize international competitions in these disciplines . It is now based in Lausanne , Switzerland . History . The International Skating Union ( ISU ) was founded in 1892 in the Dutch seaside town of Scheveningen . The meeting was attended by fifteen men , as the national association representatives from the Netherlands , Great Britain , Germany/Austria , and two clubs from Stockholm ( Sweden ) and Budapest ( Hungary ) . The ISU was the first international winter sports federation to govern speed skating and figure skating , as it laid down the rules for speed skating , shortly followed by figure skating . In 1895 , the organization streamlined its mission to deal only with amateur competitors , not professionals , and hosted its first amateur skating championship in February 1896 in St . Petersburg , Russia . The United States and Canada formed a competing organization , the International Skating Union of America ( ISUA ) , in 1907 . Over the next two years , twelve European nations had joined the ISU , while the ISUA had only its original two members . The ISUA folded in 1927 . European and North American figure skaters rarely competed against each other because of differences in their styles of skating . The ISU had systematized and arranged the sport of figure skating , with competitions including a selection of ten or twelve numbers from the I . S . U . programme , .. . five minutes free skating to music , .. . [ and ] special figures on one foot . In 1911 , Canada joined the ISU , leaving the United States as the only major competitor to not be a member . This changed in 1923 , when the United States Figure Skating Association joined the ISU and in 1926 , the Japanese sport governing body followed to acquire ISU membership . The first ISU competitions to emerge were the World and European Speed Skating and Figure Skating Championships . Both disciplines were included in the official program of the first Winter Olympic Games in Chamonix in 1924 . The discipline of ice dancing was introduced at the Innsbruck Games in 1976 . After 1945 , the ISU slowly continued to grow with accession of members from other countries in Europe , Oceania and ( Southern ) Africa . In 1967 , the ISU adopted short track speed skating , and the first official ISU World Championships took place in 1981 . Short track speed skating became part of the official Olympic program in 1992 . The earliest speed skating competitions hosted by the ISU , between 1976 and 1980 , were held under different names but have retrospectively received World Championship status . The discipline was known as indoor speed skating at first , until being renamed short track speed skating when indoor rinks for the longer speed skating events were introduced . By 1988 , thirty-eight nations had joined the ISU . Over the next few years , the organization abandoned one of its long-held practices , eliminating the use of mandatory figures in the singles figure skating competitions and reducing their use in ice dancing . During the 1970s and 1980s , several Asian countries joined the ISU , followed in the early 1990s by many new countries emerging from the breakup of the USSR , Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia . In 1994 , synchronized skating was formally recognized as a separate discipline , and the first ISU World Championships were held in 2000 in Minneapolis , Minnesota , US . After the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City , Utah , the ISU implemented sweeping changes to many of its events . In one of the short track speed skating events , Apolo Anton Ohno was awarded the gold medal after the disqualification of Kim Dong-Sung . Although the South Korean delegation protested the decision , ISU rules did not allow for a review of the officials call . Several months later , the ISU approved the use of video replay , when available , to review referee decisions . The rules for judging figure skating were also overhauled as a direct result of the 2002 Olympic Winter Games figure skating scandal . According to Ottavio Cinquanta , former president of the ISU , Something was wrong there , .. . Not just the individual but also the system . It existed for 70 years . Now we are trying to replace one system with another . A new judging system for figure skating took effect in 2005 , replacing the 6.0 system of perfect scores and instead giving points for various technical elements . Since the 2000s , the ISU has experienced a new wave of expansion , with several countries in Asia and Latin America joining the organization . In 2019 , skating federations from Chile , Peru , Turkmenistan , and Vietnam acquired membership of the ISU . ISU Championships . In addition to sanctioning other international competitions , the ISU designates the following competitions each year as ISU Championships : The events such as the Olympic Winter Games and the ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating are not ISU Championships . However , they do count towards Personal Best scores . First world championships . Dates and locations of first world championships in various disciplines held under the auspices of the ISU : - 1893 : Speed skating ( men only ) , Amsterdam - 1896 : Figure skating ( men only ) , St . Petersburg - 1906 : Figure skating ( ladies ) , Davos - 1908 : Figure skating ( pairs ) , St . Petersburg - 1936 : Speed skating ( women ) , Stockholm - 1952 : Figure skating ( ice dance ) , Paris - 1970 : Sprint speed skating , West Allis , Wisconsin - 1978 : Short track speed skating , Solihull , UK - 2000 : Synchronized skating , Minneapolis Cooperation with other sports . The ISU has an agreement with the Federation of International Bandy to use the same arenas . The cooperation between the two federations is increasing , since both have an interest in more indoor venues with large ice surfaces being built . Organization . The ISU is an international sport federation recognised by the International Olympic Committee as the body globally administering figure skating and speed skating sports with the following disciplines : Speed skating , Single & Pair skating , Ice dance , Short track speed skating , and Synchronized skating . Whereas the individual national associations administer these sports at the national level , all international matters are under the sole jurisdiction and control of the ISU . There was an attempt to set up an alternative association to replace the ISU for governing and promoting figure skating throughout the world . In March 2003 , a group of several former figure skating champions ( who at the time were still practicing as coaches , judges , referees ) announced the creation of a new international governing body for figure skating , the World Skating Federation ( WSF ) . This attempt ultimately failed . ISU is organized as an association pursuant to Swiss laws ( art . 60 of Swiss Civil Code ) . It has its own legal identity and falls under the jurisdiction of Switzerland . Articles of Association define ISUs purpose as The objectives of the ISU are regulating , governing and promoting the sports of Figure and Speed Skating and their organized development on the basis of friendship and mutual understanding between sportsmen.The ISU shall work for broadening interest in Figure and Speed Skating sports by increasing their popularity , improving their quality and increasing the number of participants throughout the world . The ISU shall ensure that the interests of all ISU Members are observed and respected . The ISU Statutes consist of the ISU Constitution including its Procedural Provisions , and ISU General Regulations setting out framework principles . More detailed provisions are contained in Special Regulations and Technical Rules for Single & Pair Skating and Ice Dance , Synchronized Skating Speed Skating , and Short Track Speed Skating . The ISU Code of Ethics , the ISU Anti-Doping Rules , and ISU Anti-Doping Procedures contain further guidelines . Additional provisions and updates can also be found in ad-hoc published ISU Communications . Members . The members of the ISU are the individual national associations whose task is to administer figure and speed skating on ice at the national level . Members are typically composed of skating clubs and athletes are individual members of those clubs . As of 20 February 2020 , the International Skating Union counts 98 members . ISU Congress . The highest-ranking body of the ISU is the ISU Congress which consists of the ISU Members . The Congress meets once every two years for an ordinary meeting . Ordinary resolutions are passed by a simple majority of votes of the ISU Members represented and voting at a Congress . Proposals require a two-thirds majority of ISU Members in favor in order to be accepted . Since the ISUs inception in 1892 , 58 ordinary meetings in total have been organized . ISU Council . The ISU Council constitutes the highest ISU body between two Congresses . It is the executive body of the ISU and is responsible for determining the policies of the ISU and deciding upon the general coordination of the ISU structure and strategy . The Council consists of the President , a Vice President , and five members for the Figure Skating Branch and a Vice President , and five members for the Speed Skating Branch . The Council is assisted by the Director General and the ISU Secretariat . The Director General is responsible for the daily management of all business and financially related activities of the ISU and the operation of the Secretariat . As of the summer of 2008 , the ISU consisted of 63 member nations , with a governing council of 11 . To add any proposal to the agenda of meetings , it must have support from four-fifths of the members . Proposals on the agenda are approved with a two-thirds majority vote . Presidents of the ISU . 1 . 1892–1895 , Pim Mulier 2 . 1895–1925 , Viktor Balck 3 . 1925–1937 , Ulrich Salchow 4 . 1937–1945 , Gerrit W . A . van Laer 5 . 1945–1953 , Herbert J . Clarke 6 . 1953–1967 , James Koch 7 . 1967–1967 , Ernst Labin 8 . 1967–1980 , Jacques Favart 9 . 1980–1994 , Olaf Poulsen 10 . 1994–2016 , Ottavio Cinquanta 11 . 2016–present , Jan Dijkema ISU Commissions and Committees . Following the ISU Congress 2018 , the organizational chart of the ISU includes alongside the ISU Congress and ISU Council , assisted by the ISU Secretariat , the following bodies : 1 . ISU Disciplinary Commission 2 . ISU Athletes Commission 3 . ISU Medical Commission 4 . ISU Development Commission 5 . ISU Technical Committees . The ISU Disciplinary Commission ( DC ) constitutes a judicial body of the ISU . It is an independent body elected by the ISU Congress . The ISU Athletes Commission was introduced on the 56th ISU Ordinary Congress 2016 in Dubrovnik and represents Skaters’ positions within the ISU by providing advice to the ISU Council , Technical Committees , Sports Directors , Director General and other internal bodies . The ISU Medical Commission coordinates compliance with anti-doping regulations . The ISU Development Commission implements the ISU Development Program in accordance with the ISU policy and the approved budget . The main functions of the ISU Technical Committees include the preparation , monitoring and maintenance of the Technical Rules . The following Technical Committees are established : Single and Pair Skating , Ice Dance , Synchronized Skating , Speed Skating and Short Track Speed Skating . Eligibility rules . ISUs role as an international sports federation involves setting the rules to ensure proper governance of sport , notably in terms of the health and safety of the athletes and the integrity of competitions . Similar to many international sports federations , ISU adopted eligibility rules . Under the ISU eligibility rules , skaters participating in competitions that are not approved by the ISU face severe penalties up to a lifetime ban from all major international skating events . Historically , only amateurs were allowed to qualify for the Olympic Games and in 1962 , the IOC issued the Eligibility rules which specified that persons receiving remuneration and other material advantages for participation in sport were not eligible to compete in the Olympic Games . However , the concept of amateur sport developed over time , moving by the end of the 1980s towards professionalisation . Respecting the Olympic principles , the ISU rules made a difference in treatment of amateur and professional skaters wishing to qualify for the Olympic Games . In 1986 , the limitations imposed on professional skaters were removed and the categories of eligible and ineligible persons were introduced to replace the concepts of amateurs and professionals . In 1998 , Eligibility rules established a comprehensive pre-authorisation system by stipulating that eligible skaters could only take part in competitions approved by the ISU , and conducted under the ISU Regulations by ISU-approved officials . Under the 2014 Eligibility rules , the person who breached the Eligibility rules could not be reinstated . This resulted in a lifetime ban , since the loss of eligibility is not limited in time . There were attempts of independent organisers to hold alternative speed skating events . Icederby International co. , Ltd sought to set up a series of events titled ‘Icederby Grand Prix’ scheduled to run for six consecutive years from 2014–2020 . Run by a Korean event organiser , it offered unprecedented prize money to attract the worlds best skaters . In 2011 , Icederby International approached the ISU to enter into a partnership agreement and presented its action plan . Initially , Icederby included betting in connection with its planned Grand Prix in countries where betting was not prohibited . In January 2012 , the ISU updated its Code of Ethics to rule out the participation in all forms of betting . Two years later , Icederby notified the ISU that no betting would be organised in connection with the planned Dubai Icederby Grand Prix as betting is illegal in Dubai . Nonetheless , the ISU did not authorise the Dubai Icederby Grand Prix 2014 and announced that all skaters who take part in the Icederby event would be subject to the lifetime ban established by the Eligibility rules . In consequence , Icederby decided not to organise the Dubai Icederby Grand Prix 2014 due to its difficulty to secure the participation of speed skaters . Two professional speed skaters , Mark Tuitert and Niels Kerstholt , lodged a complaint and on 5 October 2015 , the European Commission initiated formal antitrust proceedings into alleged anti-competitive restrictions imposed by the International Skating Union on athletes and officials economic activities and alleged foreclosure of competing alternative sport event organisers . On 20 October 2015 , the ISU published the procedure for independent organisers to receive authorisation from the ISU Council . Under the 2016 Eligibility rules , the sanctions imposed on a skater participating in non-authorised events ranged from a warning to periods of ineligibility running from an unspecified minimum to a maximum of a lifetime . In December 2017 , the European Commission decided that ISUs eligibility rules breach EU competition laws . The Commission gave the ISU 90 days to amend the rules and did not impose a fine . The ISU disagreed with the decision , suspended the enforcement of the rules subject to the Commission decision , and put in place provisional rules . In addition , the ISU filed an appeal against the EU Commission decision pending before the EU General Court . Commercial aspects . The ISU , as an Olympic Winter Sport Federation , derives its revenues from 1 . Broadcast partnerships for world-wide media coverage of ISU Events ; 2 . Sponsorship agreements ; 3 . Contributions provided by the IOC for the Winter/ Youth Olympic Games ; and 4 . Interest income earned from the ISUs financial assets . In 2018 , the ISU generated a worldwide consolidated turnover of CHF 35.6 million , as compared to CHF 36.9 million for the financial year 2017 . For the financial year 2018 , the operating income for Television ISU Events ( net ) amounted to around 17 million CHF , and for advertising events ( sponsorship agreements ) to around 6.9 million CHF . Whereas the situation regarding TV events appears to be relatively stable , the conclusion of sponsorship agreements becomes more challenging due to a highly competitive market environment . Thus , ISU has been unable to replace the Speed Skating Title Sponsor with a similarly lucrative agreement . Also , as ISU Members in China and the Republic of Korea were , for different reasons , unable to host ISU Short Track Speed Skating Events during the 2018/19 season , the ISU was also unable to maintain sponsorship agreements in those countries . As the ISU sport disciplines significantly contribute to the success of the Olympic Winter Games , the ISU can also continue to rely on substantial amounts provided by the IOC . After the successful 2018 Olympic Winter Games ( OWG ) in South Korea , these incomes have increased as compared to the 2014 OWG in Sochi and are again close to the level of the 2010 OWG of Vancouver . To ensure a substantial annual interest income independent from commercial partners’ interests , the ISU employs a long-standing conservative investment policy . The interest income on high-rated bonds from Credit Suisse , Banque Cantonale Vaudoise , and UBS accrued at the end of the financial year 2018 amounted to CHF 1.44 million . In 2020 , the ISU launched the ISU Skating Awards
|
[
"James Koch"
] |
[
{
"text": " The International Skating Union ( ISU ) is the international governing body for competitive ice skating disciplines , including figure skating , synchronized skating , speed skating , and short track speed skating . It was founded in Scheveningen , Netherlands , in July 1892 , making it one of the oldest international sport federations . The ISU was formed to establish standardized international rules and regulations for the skating disciplines it governs , and to organize international competitions in these disciplines . It is now based in Lausanne , Switzerland .",
"title": "International Skating Union"
},
{
"text": " The International Skating Union ( ISU ) was founded in 1892 in the Dutch seaside town of Scheveningen . The meeting was attended by fifteen men , as the national association representatives from the Netherlands , Great Britain , Germany/Austria , and two clubs from Stockholm ( Sweden ) and Budapest ( Hungary ) .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The ISU was the first international winter sports federation to govern speed skating and figure skating , as it laid down the rules for speed skating , shortly followed by figure skating . In 1895 , the organization streamlined its mission to deal only with amateur competitors , not professionals , and hosted its first amateur skating championship in February 1896 in St . Petersburg , Russia .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The United States and Canada formed a competing organization , the International Skating Union of America ( ISUA ) , in 1907 . Over the next two years , twelve European nations had joined the ISU , while the ISUA had only its original two members . The ISUA folded in 1927 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "European and North American figure skaters rarely competed against each other because of differences in their styles of skating . The ISU had systematized and arranged the sport of figure skating , with competitions including a selection of ten or twelve numbers from the I . S . U . programme , .. . five minutes free skating to music , .. . [ and ] special figures on one foot . In 1911 , Canada joined the ISU , leaving the United States as the only major competitor to not be a member . This changed in 1923 ,",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "when the United States Figure Skating Association joined the ISU and in 1926 , the Japanese sport governing body followed to acquire ISU membership .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The first ISU competitions to emerge were the World and European Speed Skating and Figure Skating Championships . Both disciplines were included in the official program of the first Winter Olympic Games in Chamonix in 1924 . The discipline of ice dancing was introduced at the Innsbruck Games in 1976 . After 1945 , the ISU slowly continued to grow with accession of members from other countries in Europe , Oceania and ( Southern ) Africa .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1967 , the ISU adopted short track speed skating , and the first official ISU World Championships took place in 1981 . Short track speed skating became part of the official Olympic program in 1992 . The earliest speed skating competitions hosted by the ISU , between 1976 and 1980 , were held under different names but have retrospectively received World Championship status . The discipline was known as indoor speed skating at first , until being renamed short track speed skating when indoor rinks for the longer speed skating events were introduced .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "By 1988 , thirty-eight nations had joined the ISU . Over the next few years , the organization abandoned one of its long-held practices , eliminating the use of mandatory figures in the singles figure skating competitions and reducing their use in ice dancing . During the 1970s and 1980s , several Asian countries joined the ISU , followed in the early 1990s by many new countries emerging from the breakup of the USSR , Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia . In 1994 , synchronized skating was formally recognized as a separate discipline , and the first ISU World Championships were held",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "in 2000 in Minneapolis , Minnesota , US .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "After the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City , Utah , the ISU implemented sweeping changes to many of its events . In one of the short track speed skating events , Apolo Anton Ohno was awarded the gold medal after the disqualification of Kim Dong-Sung . Although the South Korean delegation protested the decision , ISU rules did not allow for a review of the officials call . Several months later , the ISU approved the use of video replay , when available , to review referee decisions . The rules for judging figure skating were also overhauled",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "as a direct result of the 2002 Olympic Winter Games figure skating scandal . According to Ottavio Cinquanta , former president of the ISU , Something was wrong there , .. . Not just the individual but also the system . It existed for 70 years . Now we are trying to replace one system with another . A new judging system for figure skating took effect in 2005 , replacing the 6.0 system of perfect scores and instead giving points for various technical elements .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Since the 2000s , the ISU has experienced a new wave of expansion , with several countries in Asia and Latin America joining the organization . In 2019 , skating federations from Chile , Peru , Turkmenistan , and Vietnam acquired membership of the ISU .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In addition to sanctioning other international competitions , the ISU designates the following competitions each year as ISU Championships : The events such as the Olympic Winter Games and the ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating are not ISU Championships . However , they do count towards Personal Best scores .",
"title": "ISU Championships"
},
{
"text": " Dates and locations of first world championships in various disciplines held under the auspices of the ISU : - 1893 : Speed skating ( men only ) , Amsterdam - 1896 : Figure skating ( men only ) , St . Petersburg - 1906 : Figure skating ( ladies ) , Davos - 1908 : Figure skating ( pairs ) , St . Petersburg - 1936 : Speed skating ( women ) , Stockholm - 1952 : Figure skating ( ice dance ) , Paris - 1970 : Sprint speed skating , West Allis , Wisconsin",
"title": "First world championships"
},
{
"text": "- 1978 : Short track speed skating , Solihull , UK",
"title": "First world championships"
},
{
"text": " - 2000 : Synchronized skating , Minneapolis Cooperation with other sports . The ISU has an agreement with the Federation of International Bandy to use the same arenas . The cooperation between the two federations is increasing , since both have an interest in more indoor venues with large ice surfaces being built .",
"title": "First world championships"
},
{
"text": " The ISU is an international sport federation recognised by the International Olympic Committee as the body globally administering figure skating and speed skating sports with the following disciplines : Speed skating , Single & Pair skating , Ice dance , Short track speed skating , and Synchronized skating . Whereas the individual national associations administer these sports at the national level , all international matters are under the sole jurisdiction and control of the ISU . There was an attempt to set up an alternative association to replace the ISU for governing and promoting figure skating throughout the",
"title": "Organization"
},
{
"text": "world . In March 2003 , a group of several former figure skating champions ( who at the time were still practicing as coaches , judges , referees ) announced the creation of a new international governing body for figure skating , the World Skating Federation ( WSF ) . This attempt ultimately failed .",
"title": "Organization"
},
{
"text": " ISU is organized as an association pursuant to Swiss laws ( art . 60 of Swiss Civil Code ) . It has its own legal identity and falls under the jurisdiction of Switzerland . Articles of Association define ISUs purpose as",
"title": "Organization"
},
{
"text": "The objectives of the ISU are regulating , governing and promoting the sports of Figure and Speed Skating and their organized development on the basis of friendship and mutual understanding between sportsmen.The ISU shall work for broadening interest in Figure and Speed Skating sports by increasing their popularity , improving their quality and increasing the number of participants throughout the world . The ISU shall ensure that the interests of all ISU Members are observed and respected .",
"title": "Organization"
},
{
"text": " The ISU Statutes consist of the ISU Constitution including its Procedural Provisions , and ISU General Regulations setting out framework principles . More detailed provisions are contained in Special Regulations and Technical Rules for Single & Pair Skating and Ice Dance , Synchronized Skating Speed Skating , and Short Track Speed Skating . The ISU Code of Ethics , the ISU Anti-Doping Rules , and ISU Anti-Doping Procedures contain further guidelines . Additional provisions and updates can also be found in ad-hoc published ISU Communications .",
"title": "Organization"
},
{
"text": " The members of the ISU are the individual national associations whose task is to administer figure and speed skating on ice at the national level . Members are typically composed of skating clubs and athletes are individual members of those clubs . As of 20 February 2020 , the International Skating Union counts 98 members .",
"title": "Members"
},
{
"text": " The highest-ranking body of the ISU is the ISU Congress which consists of the ISU Members . The Congress meets once every two years for an ordinary meeting . Ordinary resolutions are passed by a simple majority of votes of the ISU Members represented and voting at a Congress . Proposals require a two-thirds majority of ISU Members in favor in order to be accepted . Since the ISUs inception in 1892 , 58 ordinary meetings in total have been organized .",
"title": "ISU Congress"
},
{
"text": " The ISU Council constitutes the highest ISU body between two Congresses . It is the executive body of the ISU and is responsible for determining the policies of the ISU and deciding upon the general coordination of the ISU structure and strategy . The Council consists of the President , a Vice President , and five members for the Figure Skating Branch and a Vice President , and five members for the Speed Skating Branch .",
"title": "ISU Council"
},
{
"text": "The Council is assisted by the Director General and the ISU Secretariat . The Director General is responsible for the daily management of all business and financially related activities of the ISU and the operation of the Secretariat .",
"title": "ISU Council"
},
{
"text": " As of the summer of 2008 , the ISU consisted of 63 member nations , with a governing council of 11 . To add any proposal to the agenda of meetings , it must have support from four-fifths of the members . Proposals on the agenda are approved with a two-thirds majority vote . Presidents of the ISU . 1 . 1892–1895 , Pim Mulier 2 . 1895–1925 , Viktor Balck 3 . 1925–1937 , Ulrich Salchow 4 . 1937–1945 , Gerrit W . A . van Laer 5 . 1945–1953 , Herbert J . Clarke",
"title": "ISU Council"
},
{
"text": "6 . 1953–1967 , James Koch",
"title": "ISU Council"
},
{
"text": " 7 . 1967–1967 , Ernst Labin 8 . 1967–1980 , Jacques Favart 9 . 1980–1994 , Olaf Poulsen 10 . 1994–2016 , Ottavio Cinquanta 11 . 2016–present , Jan Dijkema ISU Commissions and Committees . Following the ISU Congress 2018 , the organizational chart of the ISU includes alongside the ISU Congress and ISU Council , assisted by the ISU Secretariat , the following bodies : 1 . ISU Disciplinary Commission 2 . ISU Athletes Commission 3 . ISU Medical Commission 4 . ISU Development Commission 5 . ISU Technical Committees .",
"title": "ISU Council"
},
{
"text": "The ISU Disciplinary Commission ( DC ) constitutes a judicial body of the ISU . It is an independent body elected by the ISU Congress .",
"title": "ISU Council"
},
{
"text": " The ISU Athletes Commission was introduced on the 56th ISU Ordinary Congress 2016 in Dubrovnik and represents Skaters’ positions within the ISU by providing advice to the ISU Council , Technical Committees , Sports Directors , Director General and other internal bodies . The ISU Medical Commission coordinates compliance with anti-doping regulations . The ISU Development Commission implements the ISU Development Program in accordance with the ISU policy and the approved budget .",
"title": "ISU Council"
},
{
"text": "The main functions of the ISU Technical Committees include the preparation , monitoring and maintenance of the Technical Rules . The following Technical Committees are established : Single and Pair Skating , Ice Dance , Synchronized Skating , Speed Skating and Short Track Speed Skating .",
"title": "ISU Council"
},
{
"text": " ISUs role as an international sports federation involves setting the rules to ensure proper governance of sport , notably in terms of the health and safety of the athletes and the integrity of competitions . Similar to many international sports federations , ISU adopted eligibility rules . Under the ISU eligibility rules , skaters participating in competitions that are not approved by the ISU face severe penalties up to a lifetime ban from all major international skating events .",
"title": "Eligibility rules"
},
{
"text": "Historically , only amateurs were allowed to qualify for the Olympic Games and in 1962 , the IOC issued the Eligibility rules which specified that persons receiving remuneration and other material advantages for participation in sport were not eligible to compete in",
"title": "Eligibility rules"
},
{
"text": "the Olympic Games . However , the concept of amateur sport developed over time , moving by the end of the 1980s towards professionalisation . Respecting the Olympic principles , the ISU rules made a difference in treatment of amateur and professional skaters wishing to qualify for the Olympic Games . In 1986 , the limitations imposed on professional skaters were removed and the categories of eligible and ineligible persons were introduced to replace the concepts of amateurs and professionals . In 1998 , Eligibility rules established a comprehensive pre-authorisation system by stipulating that eligible skaters could only take part",
"title": "Eligibility rules"
},
{
"text": "in competitions approved by the ISU , and conducted under the ISU Regulations by ISU-approved officials . Under the 2014 Eligibility rules , the person who breached the Eligibility rules could not be reinstated . This resulted in a lifetime ban , since the loss of eligibility is not limited in time .",
"title": "Eligibility rules"
},
{
"text": " There were attempts of independent organisers to hold alternative speed skating events . Icederby International co. , Ltd sought to set up a series of events titled ‘Icederby Grand Prix’ scheduled to run for six consecutive years from 2014–2020 . Run by a Korean event organiser , it offered unprecedented prize money to attract the worlds best skaters .",
"title": "Eligibility rules"
},
{
"text": "In 2011 , Icederby International approached the ISU to enter into a partnership agreement and presented its action plan . Initially , Icederby included betting in connection with its planned Grand Prix in countries where betting was not prohibited . In January 2012 , the ISU updated its Code of Ethics to rule out the participation in all forms of betting . Two years later , Icederby notified the ISU that no betting would be organised in connection with the planned Dubai Icederby Grand Prix as betting is illegal in Dubai .",
"title": "Eligibility rules"
},
{
"text": " Nonetheless , the ISU did not authorise the Dubai Icederby Grand Prix 2014 and announced that all skaters who take part in the Icederby event would be subject to the lifetime ban established by the Eligibility rules . In consequence , Icederby decided not to organise the Dubai Icederby Grand Prix 2014 due to its difficulty to secure the participation of speed skaters .",
"title": "Eligibility rules"
},
{
"text": "Two professional speed skaters , Mark Tuitert and Niels Kerstholt , lodged a complaint and on 5 October 2015 , the European Commission initiated formal antitrust proceedings into alleged anti-competitive restrictions imposed by the International Skating Union on athletes and officials economic activities and alleged foreclosure of competing alternative sport event organisers .",
"title": "Eligibility rules"
},
{
"text": " On 20 October 2015 , the ISU published the procedure for independent organisers to receive authorisation from the ISU Council . Under the 2016 Eligibility rules , the sanctions imposed on a skater participating in non-authorised events ranged from a warning to periods of ineligibility running from an unspecified minimum to a maximum of a lifetime . In December 2017 , the European Commission decided that ISUs eligibility rules breach EU competition laws . The Commission gave the ISU 90 days to amend the rules and did not impose a fine .",
"title": "Eligibility rules"
},
{
"text": "The ISU disagreed with the decision , suspended the enforcement of the rules subject to the Commission decision , and put in place provisional rules .",
"title": "Eligibility rules"
},
{
"text": " In addition , the ISU filed an appeal against the EU Commission decision pending before the EU General Court .",
"title": "Eligibility rules"
},
{
"text": " The ISU , as an Olympic Winter Sport Federation , derives its revenues from 1 . Broadcast partnerships for world-wide media coverage of ISU Events ; 2 . Sponsorship agreements ; 3 . Contributions provided by the IOC for the Winter/ Youth Olympic Games ; and 4 . Interest income earned from the ISUs financial assets . In 2018 , the ISU generated a worldwide consolidated turnover of CHF 35.6 million , as compared to CHF 36.9 million for the financial year 2017 .",
"title": "Commercial aspects"
},
{
"text": "For the financial year 2018 , the operating income for Television ISU Events ( net ) amounted to around 17 million CHF , and for advertising events ( sponsorship agreements ) to around 6.9 million CHF .",
"title": "Commercial aspects"
},
{
"text": " Whereas the situation regarding TV events appears to be relatively stable , the conclusion of sponsorship agreements becomes more challenging due to a highly competitive market environment . Thus , ISU has been unable to replace the Speed Skating Title Sponsor with a similarly lucrative agreement . Also , as ISU Members in China and the Republic of Korea were , for different reasons , unable to host ISU Short Track Speed Skating Events during the 2018/19 season , the ISU was also unable to maintain sponsorship agreements in those countries .",
"title": "Commercial aspects"
},
{
"text": "As the ISU sport disciplines significantly contribute to the success of the Olympic Winter Games , the ISU can also continue to rely on substantial amounts provided by the IOC . After the successful 2018 Olympic Winter Games ( OWG ) in South Korea , these incomes have increased as compared to the 2014 OWG in Sochi and are again close to the level of the 2010 OWG of Vancouver .",
"title": "Commercial aspects"
},
{
"text": " To ensure a substantial annual interest income independent from commercial partners’ interests , the ISU employs a long-standing conservative investment policy . The interest income on high-rated bonds from Credit Suisse , Banque Cantonale Vaudoise , and UBS accrued at the end of the financial year 2018 amounted to CHF 1.44 million . In 2020 , the ISU launched the ISU Skating Awards",
"title": "Commercial aspects"
}
] |
/wiki/International_Skating_Union#P488#5
|
Who was the head of International Skating Union in Jan 1967?
|
International Skating Union The International Skating Union ( ISU ) is the international governing body for competitive ice skating disciplines , including figure skating , synchronized skating , speed skating , and short track speed skating . It was founded in Scheveningen , Netherlands , in July 1892 , making it one of the oldest international sport federations . The ISU was formed to establish standardized international rules and regulations for the skating disciplines it governs , and to organize international competitions in these disciplines . It is now based in Lausanne , Switzerland . History . The International Skating Union ( ISU ) was founded in 1892 in the Dutch seaside town of Scheveningen . The meeting was attended by fifteen men , as the national association representatives from the Netherlands , Great Britain , Germany/Austria , and two clubs from Stockholm ( Sweden ) and Budapest ( Hungary ) . The ISU was the first international winter sports federation to govern speed skating and figure skating , as it laid down the rules for speed skating , shortly followed by figure skating . In 1895 , the organization streamlined its mission to deal only with amateur competitors , not professionals , and hosted its first amateur skating championship in February 1896 in St . Petersburg , Russia . The United States and Canada formed a competing organization , the International Skating Union of America ( ISUA ) , in 1907 . Over the next two years , twelve European nations had joined the ISU , while the ISUA had only its original two members . The ISUA folded in 1927 . European and North American figure skaters rarely competed against each other because of differences in their styles of skating . The ISU had systematized and arranged the sport of figure skating , with competitions including a selection of ten or twelve numbers from the I . S . U . programme , .. . five minutes free skating to music , .. . [ and ] special figures on one foot . In 1911 , Canada joined the ISU , leaving the United States as the only major competitor to not be a member . This changed in 1923 , when the United States Figure Skating Association joined the ISU and in 1926 , the Japanese sport governing body followed to acquire ISU membership . The first ISU competitions to emerge were the World and European Speed Skating and Figure Skating Championships . Both disciplines were included in the official program of the first Winter Olympic Games in Chamonix in 1924 . The discipline of ice dancing was introduced at the Innsbruck Games in 1976 . After 1945 , the ISU slowly continued to grow with accession of members from other countries in Europe , Oceania and ( Southern ) Africa . In 1967 , the ISU adopted short track speed skating , and the first official ISU World Championships took place in 1981 . Short track speed skating became part of the official Olympic program in 1992 . The earliest speed skating competitions hosted by the ISU , between 1976 and 1980 , were held under different names but have retrospectively received World Championship status . The discipline was known as indoor speed skating at first , until being renamed short track speed skating when indoor rinks for the longer speed skating events were introduced . By 1988 , thirty-eight nations had joined the ISU . Over the next few years , the organization abandoned one of its long-held practices , eliminating the use of mandatory figures in the singles figure skating competitions and reducing their use in ice dancing . During the 1970s and 1980s , several Asian countries joined the ISU , followed in the early 1990s by many new countries emerging from the breakup of the USSR , Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia . In 1994 , synchronized skating was formally recognized as a separate discipline , and the first ISU World Championships were held in 2000 in Minneapolis , Minnesota , US . After the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City , Utah , the ISU implemented sweeping changes to many of its events . In one of the short track speed skating events , Apolo Anton Ohno was awarded the gold medal after the disqualification of Kim Dong-Sung . Although the South Korean delegation protested the decision , ISU rules did not allow for a review of the officials call . Several months later , the ISU approved the use of video replay , when available , to review referee decisions . The rules for judging figure skating were also overhauled as a direct result of the 2002 Olympic Winter Games figure skating scandal . According to Ottavio Cinquanta , former president of the ISU , Something was wrong there , .. . Not just the individual but also the system . It existed for 70 years . Now we are trying to replace one system with another . A new judging system for figure skating took effect in 2005 , replacing the 6.0 system of perfect scores and instead giving points for various technical elements . Since the 2000s , the ISU has experienced a new wave of expansion , with several countries in Asia and Latin America joining the organization . In 2019 , skating federations from Chile , Peru , Turkmenistan , and Vietnam acquired membership of the ISU . ISU Championships . In addition to sanctioning other international competitions , the ISU designates the following competitions each year as ISU Championships : The events such as the Olympic Winter Games and the ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating are not ISU Championships . However , they do count towards Personal Best scores . First world championships . Dates and locations of first world championships in various disciplines held under the auspices of the ISU : - 1893 : Speed skating ( men only ) , Amsterdam - 1896 : Figure skating ( men only ) , St . Petersburg - 1906 : Figure skating ( ladies ) , Davos - 1908 : Figure skating ( pairs ) , St . Petersburg - 1936 : Speed skating ( women ) , Stockholm - 1952 : Figure skating ( ice dance ) , Paris - 1970 : Sprint speed skating , West Allis , Wisconsin - 1978 : Short track speed skating , Solihull , UK - 2000 : Synchronized skating , Minneapolis Cooperation with other sports . The ISU has an agreement with the Federation of International Bandy to use the same arenas . The cooperation between the two federations is increasing , since both have an interest in more indoor venues with large ice surfaces being built . Organization . The ISU is an international sport federation recognised by the International Olympic Committee as the body globally administering figure skating and speed skating sports with the following disciplines : Speed skating , Single & Pair skating , Ice dance , Short track speed skating , and Synchronized skating . Whereas the individual national associations administer these sports at the national level , all international matters are under the sole jurisdiction and control of the ISU . There was an attempt to set up an alternative association to replace the ISU for governing and promoting figure skating throughout the world . In March 2003 , a group of several former figure skating champions ( who at the time were still practicing as coaches , judges , referees ) announced the creation of a new international governing body for figure skating , the World Skating Federation ( WSF ) . This attempt ultimately failed . ISU is organized as an association pursuant to Swiss laws ( art . 60 of Swiss Civil Code ) . It has its own legal identity and falls under the jurisdiction of Switzerland . Articles of Association define ISUs purpose as The objectives of the ISU are regulating , governing and promoting the sports of Figure and Speed Skating and their organized development on the basis of friendship and mutual understanding between sportsmen.The ISU shall work for broadening interest in Figure and Speed Skating sports by increasing their popularity , improving their quality and increasing the number of participants throughout the world . The ISU shall ensure that the interests of all ISU Members are observed and respected . The ISU Statutes consist of the ISU Constitution including its Procedural Provisions , and ISU General Regulations setting out framework principles . More detailed provisions are contained in Special Regulations and Technical Rules for Single & Pair Skating and Ice Dance , Synchronized Skating Speed Skating , and Short Track Speed Skating . The ISU Code of Ethics , the ISU Anti-Doping Rules , and ISU Anti-Doping Procedures contain further guidelines . Additional provisions and updates can also be found in ad-hoc published ISU Communications . Members . The members of the ISU are the individual national associations whose task is to administer figure and speed skating on ice at the national level . Members are typically composed of skating clubs and athletes are individual members of those clubs . As of 20 February 2020 , the International Skating Union counts 98 members . ISU Congress . The highest-ranking body of the ISU is the ISU Congress which consists of the ISU Members . The Congress meets once every two years for an ordinary meeting . Ordinary resolutions are passed by a simple majority of votes of the ISU Members represented and voting at a Congress . Proposals require a two-thirds majority of ISU Members in favor in order to be accepted . Since the ISUs inception in 1892 , 58 ordinary meetings in total have been organized . ISU Council . The ISU Council constitutes the highest ISU body between two Congresses . It is the executive body of the ISU and is responsible for determining the policies of the ISU and deciding upon the general coordination of the ISU structure and strategy . The Council consists of the President , a Vice President , and five members for the Figure Skating Branch and a Vice President , and five members for the Speed Skating Branch . The Council is assisted by the Director General and the ISU Secretariat . The Director General is responsible for the daily management of all business and financially related activities of the ISU and the operation of the Secretariat . As of the summer of 2008 , the ISU consisted of 63 member nations , with a governing council of 11 . To add any proposal to the agenda of meetings , it must have support from four-fifths of the members . Proposals on the agenda are approved with a two-thirds majority vote . Presidents of the ISU . 1 . 1892–1895 , Pim Mulier 2 . 1895–1925 , Viktor Balck 3 . 1925–1937 , Ulrich Salchow 4 . 1937–1945 , Gerrit W . A . van Laer 5 . 1945–1953 , Herbert J . Clarke 6 . 1953–1967 , James Koch 7 . 1967–1967 , Ernst Labin 8 . 1967–1980 , Jacques Favart 9 . 1980–1994 , Olaf Poulsen 10 . 1994–2016 , Ottavio Cinquanta 11 . 2016–present , Jan Dijkema ISU Commissions and Committees . Following the ISU Congress 2018 , the organizational chart of the ISU includes alongside the ISU Congress and ISU Council , assisted by the ISU Secretariat , the following bodies : 1 . ISU Disciplinary Commission 2 . ISU Athletes Commission 3 . ISU Medical Commission 4 . ISU Development Commission 5 . ISU Technical Committees . The ISU Disciplinary Commission ( DC ) constitutes a judicial body of the ISU . It is an independent body elected by the ISU Congress . The ISU Athletes Commission was introduced on the 56th ISU Ordinary Congress 2016 in Dubrovnik and represents Skaters’ positions within the ISU by providing advice to the ISU Council , Technical Committees , Sports Directors , Director General and other internal bodies . The ISU Medical Commission coordinates compliance with anti-doping regulations . The ISU Development Commission implements the ISU Development Program in accordance with the ISU policy and the approved budget . The main functions of the ISU Technical Committees include the preparation , monitoring and maintenance of the Technical Rules . The following Technical Committees are established : Single and Pair Skating , Ice Dance , Synchronized Skating , Speed Skating and Short Track Speed Skating . Eligibility rules . ISUs role as an international sports federation involves setting the rules to ensure proper governance of sport , notably in terms of the health and safety of the athletes and the integrity of competitions . Similar to many international sports federations , ISU adopted eligibility rules . Under the ISU eligibility rules , skaters participating in competitions that are not approved by the ISU face severe penalties up to a lifetime ban from all major international skating events . Historically , only amateurs were allowed to qualify for the Olympic Games and in 1962 , the IOC issued the Eligibility rules which specified that persons receiving remuneration and other material advantages for participation in sport were not eligible to compete in the Olympic Games . However , the concept of amateur sport developed over time , moving by the end of the 1980s towards professionalisation . Respecting the Olympic principles , the ISU rules made a difference in treatment of amateur and professional skaters wishing to qualify for the Olympic Games . In 1986 , the limitations imposed on professional skaters were removed and the categories of eligible and ineligible persons were introduced to replace the concepts of amateurs and professionals . In 1998 , Eligibility rules established a comprehensive pre-authorisation system by stipulating that eligible skaters could only take part in competitions approved by the ISU , and conducted under the ISU Regulations by ISU-approved officials . Under the 2014 Eligibility rules , the person who breached the Eligibility rules could not be reinstated . This resulted in a lifetime ban , since the loss of eligibility is not limited in time . There were attempts of independent organisers to hold alternative speed skating events . Icederby International co. , Ltd sought to set up a series of events titled ‘Icederby Grand Prix’ scheduled to run for six consecutive years from 2014–2020 . Run by a Korean event organiser , it offered unprecedented prize money to attract the worlds best skaters . In 2011 , Icederby International approached the ISU to enter into a partnership agreement and presented its action plan . Initially , Icederby included betting in connection with its planned Grand Prix in countries where betting was not prohibited . In January 2012 , the ISU updated its Code of Ethics to rule out the participation in all forms of betting . Two years later , Icederby notified the ISU that no betting would be organised in connection with the planned Dubai Icederby Grand Prix as betting is illegal in Dubai . Nonetheless , the ISU did not authorise the Dubai Icederby Grand Prix 2014 and announced that all skaters who take part in the Icederby event would be subject to the lifetime ban established by the Eligibility rules . In consequence , Icederby decided not to organise the Dubai Icederby Grand Prix 2014 due to its difficulty to secure the participation of speed skaters . Two professional speed skaters , Mark Tuitert and Niels Kerstholt , lodged a complaint and on 5 October 2015 , the European Commission initiated formal antitrust proceedings into alleged anti-competitive restrictions imposed by the International Skating Union on athletes and officials economic activities and alleged foreclosure of competing alternative sport event organisers . On 20 October 2015 , the ISU published the procedure for independent organisers to receive authorisation from the ISU Council . Under the 2016 Eligibility rules , the sanctions imposed on a skater participating in non-authorised events ranged from a warning to periods of ineligibility running from an unspecified minimum to a maximum of a lifetime . In December 2017 , the European Commission decided that ISUs eligibility rules breach EU competition laws . The Commission gave the ISU 90 days to amend the rules and did not impose a fine . The ISU disagreed with the decision , suspended the enforcement of the rules subject to the Commission decision , and put in place provisional rules . In addition , the ISU filed an appeal against the EU Commission decision pending before the EU General Court . Commercial aspects . The ISU , as an Olympic Winter Sport Federation , derives its revenues from 1 . Broadcast partnerships for world-wide media coverage of ISU Events ; 2 . Sponsorship agreements ; 3 . Contributions provided by the IOC for the Winter/ Youth Olympic Games ; and 4 . Interest income earned from the ISUs financial assets . In 2018 , the ISU generated a worldwide consolidated turnover of CHF 35.6 million , as compared to CHF 36.9 million for the financial year 2017 . For the financial year 2018 , the operating income for Television ISU Events ( net ) amounted to around 17 million CHF , and for advertising events ( sponsorship agreements ) to around 6.9 million CHF . Whereas the situation regarding TV events appears to be relatively stable , the conclusion of sponsorship agreements becomes more challenging due to a highly competitive market environment . Thus , ISU has been unable to replace the Speed Skating Title Sponsor with a similarly lucrative agreement . Also , as ISU Members in China and the Republic of Korea were , for different reasons , unable to host ISU Short Track Speed Skating Events during the 2018/19 season , the ISU was also unable to maintain sponsorship agreements in those countries . As the ISU sport disciplines significantly contribute to the success of the Olympic Winter Games , the ISU can also continue to rely on substantial amounts provided by the IOC . After the successful 2018 Olympic Winter Games ( OWG ) in South Korea , these incomes have increased as compared to the 2014 OWG in Sochi and are again close to the level of the 2010 OWG of Vancouver . To ensure a substantial annual interest income independent from commercial partners’ interests , the ISU employs a long-standing conservative investment policy . The interest income on high-rated bonds from Credit Suisse , Banque Cantonale Vaudoise , and UBS accrued at the end of the financial year 2018 amounted to CHF 1.44 million . In 2020 , the ISU launched the ISU Skating Awards
|
[
"Ernst Labin"
] |
[
{
"text": " The International Skating Union ( ISU ) is the international governing body for competitive ice skating disciplines , including figure skating , synchronized skating , speed skating , and short track speed skating . It was founded in Scheveningen , Netherlands , in July 1892 , making it one of the oldest international sport federations . The ISU was formed to establish standardized international rules and regulations for the skating disciplines it governs , and to organize international competitions in these disciplines . It is now based in Lausanne , Switzerland .",
"title": "International Skating Union"
},
{
"text": " The International Skating Union ( ISU ) was founded in 1892 in the Dutch seaside town of Scheveningen . The meeting was attended by fifteen men , as the national association representatives from the Netherlands , Great Britain , Germany/Austria , and two clubs from Stockholm ( Sweden ) and Budapest ( Hungary ) .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The ISU was the first international winter sports federation to govern speed skating and figure skating , as it laid down the rules for speed skating , shortly followed by figure skating . In 1895 , the organization streamlined its mission to deal only with amateur competitors , not professionals , and hosted its first amateur skating championship in February 1896 in St . Petersburg , Russia .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The United States and Canada formed a competing organization , the International Skating Union of America ( ISUA ) , in 1907 . Over the next two years , twelve European nations had joined the ISU , while the ISUA had only its original two members . The ISUA folded in 1927 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "European and North American figure skaters rarely competed against each other because of differences in their styles of skating . The ISU had systematized and arranged the sport of figure skating , with competitions including a selection of ten or twelve numbers from the I . S . U . programme , .. . five minutes free skating to music , .. . [ and ] special figures on one foot . In 1911 , Canada joined the ISU , leaving the United States as the only major competitor to not be a member . This changed in 1923 ,",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "when the United States Figure Skating Association joined the ISU and in 1926 , the Japanese sport governing body followed to acquire ISU membership .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The first ISU competitions to emerge were the World and European Speed Skating and Figure Skating Championships . Both disciplines were included in the official program of the first Winter Olympic Games in Chamonix in 1924 . The discipline of ice dancing was introduced at the Innsbruck Games in 1976 . After 1945 , the ISU slowly continued to grow with accession of members from other countries in Europe , Oceania and ( Southern ) Africa .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1967 , the ISU adopted short track speed skating , and the first official ISU World Championships took place in 1981 . Short track speed skating became part of the official Olympic program in 1992 . The earliest speed skating competitions hosted by the ISU , between 1976 and 1980 , were held under different names but have retrospectively received World Championship status . The discipline was known as indoor speed skating at first , until being renamed short track speed skating when indoor rinks for the longer speed skating events were introduced .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "By 1988 , thirty-eight nations had joined the ISU . Over the next few years , the organization abandoned one of its long-held practices , eliminating the use of mandatory figures in the singles figure skating competitions and reducing their use in ice dancing . During the 1970s and 1980s , several Asian countries joined the ISU , followed in the early 1990s by many new countries emerging from the breakup of the USSR , Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia . In 1994 , synchronized skating was formally recognized as a separate discipline , and the first ISU World Championships were held",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "in 2000 in Minneapolis , Minnesota , US .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "After the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City , Utah , the ISU implemented sweeping changes to many of its events . In one of the short track speed skating events , Apolo Anton Ohno was awarded the gold medal after the disqualification of Kim Dong-Sung . Although the South Korean delegation protested the decision , ISU rules did not allow for a review of the officials call . Several months later , the ISU approved the use of video replay , when available , to review referee decisions . The rules for judging figure skating were also overhauled",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "as a direct result of the 2002 Olympic Winter Games figure skating scandal . According to Ottavio Cinquanta , former president of the ISU , Something was wrong there , .. . Not just the individual but also the system . It existed for 70 years . Now we are trying to replace one system with another . A new judging system for figure skating took effect in 2005 , replacing the 6.0 system of perfect scores and instead giving points for various technical elements .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Since the 2000s , the ISU has experienced a new wave of expansion , with several countries in Asia and Latin America joining the organization . In 2019 , skating federations from Chile , Peru , Turkmenistan , and Vietnam acquired membership of the ISU .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In addition to sanctioning other international competitions , the ISU designates the following competitions each year as ISU Championships : The events such as the Olympic Winter Games and the ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating are not ISU Championships . However , they do count towards Personal Best scores .",
"title": "ISU Championships"
},
{
"text": " Dates and locations of first world championships in various disciplines held under the auspices of the ISU : - 1893 : Speed skating ( men only ) , Amsterdam - 1896 : Figure skating ( men only ) , St . Petersburg - 1906 : Figure skating ( ladies ) , Davos - 1908 : Figure skating ( pairs ) , St . Petersburg - 1936 : Speed skating ( women ) , Stockholm - 1952 : Figure skating ( ice dance ) , Paris - 1970 : Sprint speed skating , West Allis , Wisconsin",
"title": "First world championships"
},
{
"text": "- 1978 : Short track speed skating , Solihull , UK",
"title": "First world championships"
},
{
"text": " - 2000 : Synchronized skating , Minneapolis Cooperation with other sports . The ISU has an agreement with the Federation of International Bandy to use the same arenas . The cooperation between the two federations is increasing , since both have an interest in more indoor venues with large ice surfaces being built .",
"title": "First world championships"
},
{
"text": " The ISU is an international sport federation recognised by the International Olympic Committee as the body globally administering figure skating and speed skating sports with the following disciplines : Speed skating , Single & Pair skating , Ice dance , Short track speed skating , and Synchronized skating . Whereas the individual national associations administer these sports at the national level , all international matters are under the sole jurisdiction and control of the ISU . There was an attempt to set up an alternative association to replace the ISU for governing and promoting figure skating throughout the",
"title": "Organization"
},
{
"text": "world . In March 2003 , a group of several former figure skating champions ( who at the time were still practicing as coaches , judges , referees ) announced the creation of a new international governing body for figure skating , the World Skating Federation ( WSF ) . This attempt ultimately failed .",
"title": "Organization"
},
{
"text": " ISU is organized as an association pursuant to Swiss laws ( art . 60 of Swiss Civil Code ) . It has its own legal identity and falls under the jurisdiction of Switzerland . Articles of Association define ISUs purpose as",
"title": "Organization"
},
{
"text": "The objectives of the ISU are regulating , governing and promoting the sports of Figure and Speed Skating and their organized development on the basis of friendship and mutual understanding between sportsmen.The ISU shall work for broadening interest in Figure and Speed Skating sports by increasing their popularity , improving their quality and increasing the number of participants throughout the world . The ISU shall ensure that the interests of all ISU Members are observed and respected .",
"title": "Organization"
},
{
"text": " The ISU Statutes consist of the ISU Constitution including its Procedural Provisions , and ISU General Regulations setting out framework principles . More detailed provisions are contained in Special Regulations and Technical Rules for Single & Pair Skating and Ice Dance , Synchronized Skating Speed Skating , and Short Track Speed Skating . The ISU Code of Ethics , the ISU Anti-Doping Rules , and ISU Anti-Doping Procedures contain further guidelines . Additional provisions and updates can also be found in ad-hoc published ISU Communications .",
"title": "Organization"
},
{
"text": " The members of the ISU are the individual national associations whose task is to administer figure and speed skating on ice at the national level . Members are typically composed of skating clubs and athletes are individual members of those clubs . As of 20 February 2020 , the International Skating Union counts 98 members .",
"title": "Members"
},
{
"text": " The highest-ranking body of the ISU is the ISU Congress which consists of the ISU Members . The Congress meets once every two years for an ordinary meeting . Ordinary resolutions are passed by a simple majority of votes of the ISU Members represented and voting at a Congress . Proposals require a two-thirds majority of ISU Members in favor in order to be accepted . Since the ISUs inception in 1892 , 58 ordinary meetings in total have been organized .",
"title": "ISU Congress"
},
{
"text": " The ISU Council constitutes the highest ISU body between two Congresses . It is the executive body of the ISU and is responsible for determining the policies of the ISU and deciding upon the general coordination of the ISU structure and strategy . The Council consists of the President , a Vice President , and five members for the Figure Skating Branch and a Vice President , and five members for the Speed Skating Branch .",
"title": "ISU Council"
},
{
"text": "The Council is assisted by the Director General and the ISU Secretariat . The Director General is responsible for the daily management of all business and financially related activities of the ISU and the operation of the Secretariat .",
"title": "ISU Council"
},
{
"text": " As of the summer of 2008 , the ISU consisted of 63 member nations , with a governing council of 11 . To add any proposal to the agenda of meetings , it must have support from four-fifths of the members . Proposals on the agenda are approved with a two-thirds majority vote . Presidents of the ISU . 1 . 1892–1895 , Pim Mulier 2 . 1895–1925 , Viktor Balck 3 . 1925–1937 , Ulrich Salchow 4 . 1937–1945 , Gerrit W . A . van Laer 5 . 1945–1953 , Herbert J . Clarke",
"title": "ISU Council"
},
{
"text": "6 . 1953–1967 , James Koch",
"title": "ISU Council"
},
{
"text": " 7 . 1967–1967 , Ernst Labin 8 . 1967–1980 , Jacques Favart 9 . 1980–1994 , Olaf Poulsen 10 . 1994–2016 , Ottavio Cinquanta 11 . 2016–present , Jan Dijkema ISU Commissions and Committees . Following the ISU Congress 2018 , the organizational chart of the ISU includes alongside the ISU Congress and ISU Council , assisted by the ISU Secretariat , the following bodies : 1 . ISU Disciplinary Commission 2 . ISU Athletes Commission 3 . ISU Medical Commission 4 . ISU Development Commission 5 . ISU Technical Committees .",
"title": "ISU Council"
},
{
"text": "The ISU Disciplinary Commission ( DC ) constitutes a judicial body of the ISU . It is an independent body elected by the ISU Congress .",
"title": "ISU Council"
},
{
"text": " The ISU Athletes Commission was introduced on the 56th ISU Ordinary Congress 2016 in Dubrovnik and represents Skaters’ positions within the ISU by providing advice to the ISU Council , Technical Committees , Sports Directors , Director General and other internal bodies . The ISU Medical Commission coordinates compliance with anti-doping regulations . The ISU Development Commission implements the ISU Development Program in accordance with the ISU policy and the approved budget .",
"title": "ISU Council"
},
{
"text": "The main functions of the ISU Technical Committees include the preparation , monitoring and maintenance of the Technical Rules . The following Technical Committees are established : Single and Pair Skating , Ice Dance , Synchronized Skating , Speed Skating and Short Track Speed Skating .",
"title": "ISU Council"
},
{
"text": " ISUs role as an international sports federation involves setting the rules to ensure proper governance of sport , notably in terms of the health and safety of the athletes and the integrity of competitions . Similar to many international sports federations , ISU adopted eligibility rules . Under the ISU eligibility rules , skaters participating in competitions that are not approved by the ISU face severe penalties up to a lifetime ban from all major international skating events .",
"title": "Eligibility rules"
},
{
"text": "Historically , only amateurs were allowed to qualify for the Olympic Games and in 1962 , the IOC issued the Eligibility rules which specified that persons receiving remuneration and other material advantages for participation in sport were not eligible to compete in",
"title": "Eligibility rules"
},
{
"text": "the Olympic Games . However , the concept of amateur sport developed over time , moving by the end of the 1980s towards professionalisation . Respecting the Olympic principles , the ISU rules made a difference in treatment of amateur and professional skaters wishing to qualify for the Olympic Games . In 1986 , the limitations imposed on professional skaters were removed and the categories of eligible and ineligible persons were introduced to replace the concepts of amateurs and professionals . In 1998 , Eligibility rules established a comprehensive pre-authorisation system by stipulating that eligible skaters could only take part",
"title": "Eligibility rules"
},
{
"text": "in competitions approved by the ISU , and conducted under the ISU Regulations by ISU-approved officials . Under the 2014 Eligibility rules , the person who breached the Eligibility rules could not be reinstated . This resulted in a lifetime ban , since the loss of eligibility is not limited in time .",
"title": "Eligibility rules"
},
{
"text": " There were attempts of independent organisers to hold alternative speed skating events . Icederby International co. , Ltd sought to set up a series of events titled ‘Icederby Grand Prix’ scheduled to run for six consecutive years from 2014–2020 . Run by a Korean event organiser , it offered unprecedented prize money to attract the worlds best skaters .",
"title": "Eligibility rules"
},
{
"text": "In 2011 , Icederby International approached the ISU to enter into a partnership agreement and presented its action plan . Initially , Icederby included betting in connection with its planned Grand Prix in countries where betting was not prohibited . In January 2012 , the ISU updated its Code of Ethics to rule out the participation in all forms of betting . Two years later , Icederby notified the ISU that no betting would be organised in connection with the planned Dubai Icederby Grand Prix as betting is illegal in Dubai .",
"title": "Eligibility rules"
},
{
"text": " Nonetheless , the ISU did not authorise the Dubai Icederby Grand Prix 2014 and announced that all skaters who take part in the Icederby event would be subject to the lifetime ban established by the Eligibility rules . In consequence , Icederby decided not to organise the Dubai Icederby Grand Prix 2014 due to its difficulty to secure the participation of speed skaters .",
"title": "Eligibility rules"
},
{
"text": "Two professional speed skaters , Mark Tuitert and Niels Kerstholt , lodged a complaint and on 5 October 2015 , the European Commission initiated formal antitrust proceedings into alleged anti-competitive restrictions imposed by the International Skating Union on athletes and officials economic activities and alleged foreclosure of competing alternative sport event organisers .",
"title": "Eligibility rules"
},
{
"text": " On 20 October 2015 , the ISU published the procedure for independent organisers to receive authorisation from the ISU Council . Under the 2016 Eligibility rules , the sanctions imposed on a skater participating in non-authorised events ranged from a warning to periods of ineligibility running from an unspecified minimum to a maximum of a lifetime . In December 2017 , the European Commission decided that ISUs eligibility rules breach EU competition laws . The Commission gave the ISU 90 days to amend the rules and did not impose a fine .",
"title": "Eligibility rules"
},
{
"text": "The ISU disagreed with the decision , suspended the enforcement of the rules subject to the Commission decision , and put in place provisional rules .",
"title": "Eligibility rules"
},
{
"text": " In addition , the ISU filed an appeal against the EU Commission decision pending before the EU General Court .",
"title": "Eligibility rules"
},
{
"text": " The ISU , as an Olympic Winter Sport Federation , derives its revenues from 1 . Broadcast partnerships for world-wide media coverage of ISU Events ; 2 . Sponsorship agreements ; 3 . Contributions provided by the IOC for the Winter/ Youth Olympic Games ; and 4 . Interest income earned from the ISUs financial assets . In 2018 , the ISU generated a worldwide consolidated turnover of CHF 35.6 million , as compared to CHF 36.9 million for the financial year 2017 .",
"title": "Commercial aspects"
},
{
"text": "For the financial year 2018 , the operating income for Television ISU Events ( net ) amounted to around 17 million CHF , and for advertising events ( sponsorship agreements ) to around 6.9 million CHF .",
"title": "Commercial aspects"
},
{
"text": " Whereas the situation regarding TV events appears to be relatively stable , the conclusion of sponsorship agreements becomes more challenging due to a highly competitive market environment . Thus , ISU has been unable to replace the Speed Skating Title Sponsor with a similarly lucrative agreement . Also , as ISU Members in China and the Republic of Korea were , for different reasons , unable to host ISU Short Track Speed Skating Events during the 2018/19 season , the ISU was also unable to maintain sponsorship agreements in those countries .",
"title": "Commercial aspects"
},
{
"text": "As the ISU sport disciplines significantly contribute to the success of the Olympic Winter Games , the ISU can also continue to rely on substantial amounts provided by the IOC . After the successful 2018 Olympic Winter Games ( OWG ) in South Korea , these incomes have increased as compared to the 2014 OWG in Sochi and are again close to the level of the 2010 OWG of Vancouver .",
"title": "Commercial aspects"
},
{
"text": " To ensure a substantial annual interest income independent from commercial partners’ interests , the ISU employs a long-standing conservative investment policy . The interest income on high-rated bonds from Credit Suisse , Banque Cantonale Vaudoise , and UBS accrued at the end of the financial year 2018 amounted to CHF 1.44 million . In 2020 , the ISU launched the ISU Skating Awards",
"title": "Commercial aspects"
}
] |
/wiki/International_Skating_Union#P488#6
|
Who was the head of International Skating Union in Jul 1967?
|
International Skating Union The International Skating Union ( ISU ) is the international governing body for competitive ice skating disciplines , including figure skating , synchronized skating , speed skating , and short track speed skating . It was founded in Scheveningen , Netherlands , in July 1892 , making it one of the oldest international sport federations . The ISU was formed to establish standardized international rules and regulations for the skating disciplines it governs , and to organize international competitions in these disciplines . It is now based in Lausanne , Switzerland . History . The International Skating Union ( ISU ) was founded in 1892 in the Dutch seaside town of Scheveningen . The meeting was attended by fifteen men , as the national association representatives from the Netherlands , Great Britain , Germany/Austria , and two clubs from Stockholm ( Sweden ) and Budapest ( Hungary ) . The ISU was the first international winter sports federation to govern speed skating and figure skating , as it laid down the rules for speed skating , shortly followed by figure skating . In 1895 , the organization streamlined its mission to deal only with amateur competitors , not professionals , and hosted its first amateur skating championship in February 1896 in St . Petersburg , Russia . The United States and Canada formed a competing organization , the International Skating Union of America ( ISUA ) , in 1907 . Over the next two years , twelve European nations had joined the ISU , while the ISUA had only its original two members . The ISUA folded in 1927 . European and North American figure skaters rarely competed against each other because of differences in their styles of skating . The ISU had systematized and arranged the sport of figure skating , with competitions including a selection of ten or twelve numbers from the I . S . U . programme , .. . five minutes free skating to music , .. . [ and ] special figures on one foot . In 1911 , Canada joined the ISU , leaving the United States as the only major competitor to not be a member . This changed in 1923 , when the United States Figure Skating Association joined the ISU and in 1926 , the Japanese sport governing body followed to acquire ISU membership . The first ISU competitions to emerge were the World and European Speed Skating and Figure Skating Championships . Both disciplines were included in the official program of the first Winter Olympic Games in Chamonix in 1924 . The discipline of ice dancing was introduced at the Innsbruck Games in 1976 . After 1945 , the ISU slowly continued to grow with accession of members from other countries in Europe , Oceania and ( Southern ) Africa . In 1967 , the ISU adopted short track speed skating , and the first official ISU World Championships took place in 1981 . Short track speed skating became part of the official Olympic program in 1992 . The earliest speed skating competitions hosted by the ISU , between 1976 and 1980 , were held under different names but have retrospectively received World Championship status . The discipline was known as indoor speed skating at first , until being renamed short track speed skating when indoor rinks for the longer speed skating events were introduced . By 1988 , thirty-eight nations had joined the ISU . Over the next few years , the organization abandoned one of its long-held practices , eliminating the use of mandatory figures in the singles figure skating competitions and reducing their use in ice dancing . During the 1970s and 1980s , several Asian countries joined the ISU , followed in the early 1990s by many new countries emerging from the breakup of the USSR , Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia . In 1994 , synchronized skating was formally recognized as a separate discipline , and the first ISU World Championships were held in 2000 in Minneapolis , Minnesota , US . After the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City , Utah , the ISU implemented sweeping changes to many of its events . In one of the short track speed skating events , Apolo Anton Ohno was awarded the gold medal after the disqualification of Kim Dong-Sung . Although the South Korean delegation protested the decision , ISU rules did not allow for a review of the officials call . Several months later , the ISU approved the use of video replay , when available , to review referee decisions . The rules for judging figure skating were also overhauled as a direct result of the 2002 Olympic Winter Games figure skating scandal . According to Ottavio Cinquanta , former president of the ISU , Something was wrong there , .. . Not just the individual but also the system . It existed for 70 years . Now we are trying to replace one system with another . A new judging system for figure skating took effect in 2005 , replacing the 6.0 system of perfect scores and instead giving points for various technical elements . Since the 2000s , the ISU has experienced a new wave of expansion , with several countries in Asia and Latin America joining the organization . In 2019 , skating federations from Chile , Peru , Turkmenistan , and Vietnam acquired membership of the ISU . ISU Championships . In addition to sanctioning other international competitions , the ISU designates the following competitions each year as ISU Championships : The events such as the Olympic Winter Games and the ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating are not ISU Championships . However , they do count towards Personal Best scores . First world championships . Dates and locations of first world championships in various disciplines held under the auspices of the ISU : - 1893 : Speed skating ( men only ) , Amsterdam - 1896 : Figure skating ( men only ) , St . Petersburg - 1906 : Figure skating ( ladies ) , Davos - 1908 : Figure skating ( pairs ) , St . Petersburg - 1936 : Speed skating ( women ) , Stockholm - 1952 : Figure skating ( ice dance ) , Paris - 1970 : Sprint speed skating , West Allis , Wisconsin - 1978 : Short track speed skating , Solihull , UK - 2000 : Synchronized skating , Minneapolis Cooperation with other sports . The ISU has an agreement with the Federation of International Bandy to use the same arenas . The cooperation between the two federations is increasing , since both have an interest in more indoor venues with large ice surfaces being built . Organization . The ISU is an international sport federation recognised by the International Olympic Committee as the body globally administering figure skating and speed skating sports with the following disciplines : Speed skating , Single & Pair skating , Ice dance , Short track speed skating , and Synchronized skating . Whereas the individual national associations administer these sports at the national level , all international matters are under the sole jurisdiction and control of the ISU . There was an attempt to set up an alternative association to replace the ISU for governing and promoting figure skating throughout the world . In March 2003 , a group of several former figure skating champions ( who at the time were still practicing as coaches , judges , referees ) announced the creation of a new international governing body for figure skating , the World Skating Federation ( WSF ) . This attempt ultimately failed . ISU is organized as an association pursuant to Swiss laws ( art . 60 of Swiss Civil Code ) . It has its own legal identity and falls under the jurisdiction of Switzerland . Articles of Association define ISUs purpose as The objectives of the ISU are regulating , governing and promoting the sports of Figure and Speed Skating and their organized development on the basis of friendship and mutual understanding between sportsmen.The ISU shall work for broadening interest in Figure and Speed Skating sports by increasing their popularity , improving their quality and increasing the number of participants throughout the world . The ISU shall ensure that the interests of all ISU Members are observed and respected . The ISU Statutes consist of the ISU Constitution including its Procedural Provisions , and ISU General Regulations setting out framework principles . More detailed provisions are contained in Special Regulations and Technical Rules for Single & Pair Skating and Ice Dance , Synchronized Skating Speed Skating , and Short Track Speed Skating . The ISU Code of Ethics , the ISU Anti-Doping Rules , and ISU Anti-Doping Procedures contain further guidelines . Additional provisions and updates can also be found in ad-hoc published ISU Communications . Members . The members of the ISU are the individual national associations whose task is to administer figure and speed skating on ice at the national level . Members are typically composed of skating clubs and athletes are individual members of those clubs . As of 20 February 2020 , the International Skating Union counts 98 members . ISU Congress . The highest-ranking body of the ISU is the ISU Congress which consists of the ISU Members . The Congress meets once every two years for an ordinary meeting . Ordinary resolutions are passed by a simple majority of votes of the ISU Members represented and voting at a Congress . Proposals require a two-thirds majority of ISU Members in favor in order to be accepted . Since the ISUs inception in 1892 , 58 ordinary meetings in total have been organized . ISU Council . The ISU Council constitutes the highest ISU body between two Congresses . It is the executive body of the ISU and is responsible for determining the policies of the ISU and deciding upon the general coordination of the ISU structure and strategy . The Council consists of the President , a Vice President , and five members for the Figure Skating Branch and a Vice President , and five members for the Speed Skating Branch . The Council is assisted by the Director General and the ISU Secretariat . The Director General is responsible for the daily management of all business and financially related activities of the ISU and the operation of the Secretariat . As of the summer of 2008 , the ISU consisted of 63 member nations , with a governing council of 11 . To add any proposal to the agenda of meetings , it must have support from four-fifths of the members . Proposals on the agenda are approved with a two-thirds majority vote . Presidents of the ISU . 1 . 1892–1895 , Pim Mulier 2 . 1895–1925 , Viktor Balck 3 . 1925–1937 , Ulrich Salchow 4 . 1937–1945 , Gerrit W . A . van Laer 5 . 1945–1953 , Herbert J . Clarke 6 . 1953–1967 , James Koch 7 . 1967–1967 , Ernst Labin 8 . 1967–1980 , Jacques Favart 9 . 1980–1994 , Olaf Poulsen 10 . 1994–2016 , Ottavio Cinquanta 11 . 2016–present , Jan Dijkema ISU Commissions and Committees . Following the ISU Congress 2018 , the organizational chart of the ISU includes alongside the ISU Congress and ISU Council , assisted by the ISU Secretariat , the following bodies : 1 . ISU Disciplinary Commission 2 . ISU Athletes Commission 3 . ISU Medical Commission 4 . ISU Development Commission 5 . ISU Technical Committees . The ISU Disciplinary Commission ( DC ) constitutes a judicial body of the ISU . It is an independent body elected by the ISU Congress . The ISU Athletes Commission was introduced on the 56th ISU Ordinary Congress 2016 in Dubrovnik and represents Skaters’ positions within the ISU by providing advice to the ISU Council , Technical Committees , Sports Directors , Director General and other internal bodies . The ISU Medical Commission coordinates compliance with anti-doping regulations . The ISU Development Commission implements the ISU Development Program in accordance with the ISU policy and the approved budget . The main functions of the ISU Technical Committees include the preparation , monitoring and maintenance of the Technical Rules . The following Technical Committees are established : Single and Pair Skating , Ice Dance , Synchronized Skating , Speed Skating and Short Track Speed Skating . Eligibility rules . ISUs role as an international sports federation involves setting the rules to ensure proper governance of sport , notably in terms of the health and safety of the athletes and the integrity of competitions . Similar to many international sports federations , ISU adopted eligibility rules . Under the ISU eligibility rules , skaters participating in competitions that are not approved by the ISU face severe penalties up to a lifetime ban from all major international skating events . Historically , only amateurs were allowed to qualify for the Olympic Games and in 1962 , the IOC issued the Eligibility rules which specified that persons receiving remuneration and other material advantages for participation in sport were not eligible to compete in the Olympic Games . However , the concept of amateur sport developed over time , moving by the end of the 1980s towards professionalisation . Respecting the Olympic principles , the ISU rules made a difference in treatment of amateur and professional skaters wishing to qualify for the Olympic Games . In 1986 , the limitations imposed on professional skaters were removed and the categories of eligible and ineligible persons were introduced to replace the concepts of amateurs and professionals . In 1998 , Eligibility rules established a comprehensive pre-authorisation system by stipulating that eligible skaters could only take part in competitions approved by the ISU , and conducted under the ISU Regulations by ISU-approved officials . Under the 2014 Eligibility rules , the person who breached the Eligibility rules could not be reinstated . This resulted in a lifetime ban , since the loss of eligibility is not limited in time . There were attempts of independent organisers to hold alternative speed skating events . Icederby International co. , Ltd sought to set up a series of events titled ‘Icederby Grand Prix’ scheduled to run for six consecutive years from 2014–2020 . Run by a Korean event organiser , it offered unprecedented prize money to attract the worlds best skaters . In 2011 , Icederby International approached the ISU to enter into a partnership agreement and presented its action plan . Initially , Icederby included betting in connection with its planned Grand Prix in countries where betting was not prohibited . In January 2012 , the ISU updated its Code of Ethics to rule out the participation in all forms of betting . Two years later , Icederby notified the ISU that no betting would be organised in connection with the planned Dubai Icederby Grand Prix as betting is illegal in Dubai . Nonetheless , the ISU did not authorise the Dubai Icederby Grand Prix 2014 and announced that all skaters who take part in the Icederby event would be subject to the lifetime ban established by the Eligibility rules . In consequence , Icederby decided not to organise the Dubai Icederby Grand Prix 2014 due to its difficulty to secure the participation of speed skaters . Two professional speed skaters , Mark Tuitert and Niels Kerstholt , lodged a complaint and on 5 October 2015 , the European Commission initiated formal antitrust proceedings into alleged anti-competitive restrictions imposed by the International Skating Union on athletes and officials economic activities and alleged foreclosure of competing alternative sport event organisers . On 20 October 2015 , the ISU published the procedure for independent organisers to receive authorisation from the ISU Council . Under the 2016 Eligibility rules , the sanctions imposed on a skater participating in non-authorised events ranged from a warning to periods of ineligibility running from an unspecified minimum to a maximum of a lifetime . In December 2017 , the European Commission decided that ISUs eligibility rules breach EU competition laws . The Commission gave the ISU 90 days to amend the rules and did not impose a fine . The ISU disagreed with the decision , suspended the enforcement of the rules subject to the Commission decision , and put in place provisional rules . In addition , the ISU filed an appeal against the EU Commission decision pending before the EU General Court . Commercial aspects . The ISU , as an Olympic Winter Sport Federation , derives its revenues from 1 . Broadcast partnerships for world-wide media coverage of ISU Events ; 2 . Sponsorship agreements ; 3 . Contributions provided by the IOC for the Winter/ Youth Olympic Games ; and 4 . Interest income earned from the ISUs financial assets . In 2018 , the ISU generated a worldwide consolidated turnover of CHF 35.6 million , as compared to CHF 36.9 million for the financial year 2017 . For the financial year 2018 , the operating income for Television ISU Events ( net ) amounted to around 17 million CHF , and for advertising events ( sponsorship agreements ) to around 6.9 million CHF . Whereas the situation regarding TV events appears to be relatively stable , the conclusion of sponsorship agreements becomes more challenging due to a highly competitive market environment . Thus , ISU has been unable to replace the Speed Skating Title Sponsor with a similarly lucrative agreement . Also , as ISU Members in China and the Republic of Korea were , for different reasons , unable to host ISU Short Track Speed Skating Events during the 2018/19 season , the ISU was also unable to maintain sponsorship agreements in those countries . As the ISU sport disciplines significantly contribute to the success of the Olympic Winter Games , the ISU can also continue to rely on substantial amounts provided by the IOC . After the successful 2018 Olympic Winter Games ( OWG ) in South Korea , these incomes have increased as compared to the 2014 OWG in Sochi and are again close to the level of the 2010 OWG of Vancouver . To ensure a substantial annual interest income independent from commercial partners’ interests , the ISU employs a long-standing conservative investment policy . The interest income on high-rated bonds from Credit Suisse , Banque Cantonale Vaudoise , and UBS accrued at the end of the financial year 2018 amounted to CHF 1.44 million . In 2020 , the ISU launched the ISU Skating Awards
|
[
"Olaf Poulsen"
] |
[
{
"text": " The International Skating Union ( ISU ) is the international governing body for competitive ice skating disciplines , including figure skating , synchronized skating , speed skating , and short track speed skating . It was founded in Scheveningen , Netherlands , in July 1892 , making it one of the oldest international sport federations . The ISU was formed to establish standardized international rules and regulations for the skating disciplines it governs , and to organize international competitions in these disciplines . It is now based in Lausanne , Switzerland .",
"title": "International Skating Union"
},
{
"text": " The International Skating Union ( ISU ) was founded in 1892 in the Dutch seaside town of Scheveningen . The meeting was attended by fifteen men , as the national association representatives from the Netherlands , Great Britain , Germany/Austria , and two clubs from Stockholm ( Sweden ) and Budapest ( Hungary ) .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The ISU was the first international winter sports federation to govern speed skating and figure skating , as it laid down the rules for speed skating , shortly followed by figure skating . In 1895 , the organization streamlined its mission to deal only with amateur competitors , not professionals , and hosted its first amateur skating championship in February 1896 in St . Petersburg , Russia .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The United States and Canada formed a competing organization , the International Skating Union of America ( ISUA ) , in 1907 . Over the next two years , twelve European nations had joined the ISU , while the ISUA had only its original two members . The ISUA folded in 1927 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "European and North American figure skaters rarely competed against each other because of differences in their styles of skating . The ISU had systematized and arranged the sport of figure skating , with competitions including a selection of ten or twelve numbers from the I . S . U . programme , .. . five minutes free skating to music , .. . [ and ] special figures on one foot . In 1911 , Canada joined the ISU , leaving the United States as the only major competitor to not be a member . This changed in 1923 ,",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "when the United States Figure Skating Association joined the ISU and in 1926 , the Japanese sport governing body followed to acquire ISU membership .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The first ISU competitions to emerge were the World and European Speed Skating and Figure Skating Championships . Both disciplines were included in the official program of the first Winter Olympic Games in Chamonix in 1924 . The discipline of ice dancing was introduced at the Innsbruck Games in 1976 . After 1945 , the ISU slowly continued to grow with accession of members from other countries in Europe , Oceania and ( Southern ) Africa .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1967 , the ISU adopted short track speed skating , and the first official ISU World Championships took place in 1981 . Short track speed skating became part of the official Olympic program in 1992 . The earliest speed skating competitions hosted by the ISU , between 1976 and 1980 , were held under different names but have retrospectively received World Championship status . The discipline was known as indoor speed skating at first , until being renamed short track speed skating when indoor rinks for the longer speed skating events were introduced .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "By 1988 , thirty-eight nations had joined the ISU . Over the next few years , the organization abandoned one of its long-held practices , eliminating the use of mandatory figures in the singles figure skating competitions and reducing their use in ice dancing . During the 1970s and 1980s , several Asian countries joined the ISU , followed in the early 1990s by many new countries emerging from the breakup of the USSR , Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia . In 1994 , synchronized skating was formally recognized as a separate discipline , and the first ISU World Championships were held",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "in 2000 in Minneapolis , Minnesota , US .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "After the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City , Utah , the ISU implemented sweeping changes to many of its events . In one of the short track speed skating events , Apolo Anton Ohno was awarded the gold medal after the disqualification of Kim Dong-Sung . Although the South Korean delegation protested the decision , ISU rules did not allow for a review of the officials call . Several months later , the ISU approved the use of video replay , when available , to review referee decisions . The rules for judging figure skating were also overhauled",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "as a direct result of the 2002 Olympic Winter Games figure skating scandal . According to Ottavio Cinquanta , former president of the ISU , Something was wrong there , .. . Not just the individual but also the system . It existed for 70 years . Now we are trying to replace one system with another . A new judging system for figure skating took effect in 2005 , replacing the 6.0 system of perfect scores and instead giving points for various technical elements .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Since the 2000s , the ISU has experienced a new wave of expansion , with several countries in Asia and Latin America joining the organization . In 2019 , skating federations from Chile , Peru , Turkmenistan , and Vietnam acquired membership of the ISU .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In addition to sanctioning other international competitions , the ISU designates the following competitions each year as ISU Championships : The events such as the Olympic Winter Games and the ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating are not ISU Championships . However , they do count towards Personal Best scores .",
"title": "ISU Championships"
},
{
"text": " Dates and locations of first world championships in various disciplines held under the auspices of the ISU : - 1893 : Speed skating ( men only ) , Amsterdam - 1896 : Figure skating ( men only ) , St . Petersburg - 1906 : Figure skating ( ladies ) , Davos - 1908 : Figure skating ( pairs ) , St . Petersburg - 1936 : Speed skating ( women ) , Stockholm - 1952 : Figure skating ( ice dance ) , Paris - 1970 : Sprint speed skating , West Allis , Wisconsin",
"title": "First world championships"
},
{
"text": "- 1978 : Short track speed skating , Solihull , UK",
"title": "First world championships"
},
{
"text": " - 2000 : Synchronized skating , Minneapolis Cooperation with other sports . The ISU has an agreement with the Federation of International Bandy to use the same arenas . The cooperation between the two federations is increasing , since both have an interest in more indoor venues with large ice surfaces being built .",
"title": "First world championships"
},
{
"text": " The ISU is an international sport federation recognised by the International Olympic Committee as the body globally administering figure skating and speed skating sports with the following disciplines : Speed skating , Single & Pair skating , Ice dance , Short track speed skating , and Synchronized skating . Whereas the individual national associations administer these sports at the national level , all international matters are under the sole jurisdiction and control of the ISU . There was an attempt to set up an alternative association to replace the ISU for governing and promoting figure skating throughout the",
"title": "Organization"
},
{
"text": "world . In March 2003 , a group of several former figure skating champions ( who at the time were still practicing as coaches , judges , referees ) announced the creation of a new international governing body for figure skating , the World Skating Federation ( WSF ) . This attempt ultimately failed .",
"title": "Organization"
},
{
"text": " ISU is organized as an association pursuant to Swiss laws ( art . 60 of Swiss Civil Code ) . It has its own legal identity and falls under the jurisdiction of Switzerland . Articles of Association define ISUs purpose as",
"title": "Organization"
},
{
"text": "The objectives of the ISU are regulating , governing and promoting the sports of Figure and Speed Skating and their organized development on the basis of friendship and mutual understanding between sportsmen.The ISU shall work for broadening interest in Figure and Speed Skating sports by increasing their popularity , improving their quality and increasing the number of participants throughout the world . The ISU shall ensure that the interests of all ISU Members are observed and respected .",
"title": "Organization"
},
{
"text": " The ISU Statutes consist of the ISU Constitution including its Procedural Provisions , and ISU General Regulations setting out framework principles . More detailed provisions are contained in Special Regulations and Technical Rules for Single & Pair Skating and Ice Dance , Synchronized Skating Speed Skating , and Short Track Speed Skating . The ISU Code of Ethics , the ISU Anti-Doping Rules , and ISU Anti-Doping Procedures contain further guidelines . Additional provisions and updates can also be found in ad-hoc published ISU Communications .",
"title": "Organization"
},
{
"text": " The members of the ISU are the individual national associations whose task is to administer figure and speed skating on ice at the national level . Members are typically composed of skating clubs and athletes are individual members of those clubs . As of 20 February 2020 , the International Skating Union counts 98 members .",
"title": "Members"
},
{
"text": " The highest-ranking body of the ISU is the ISU Congress which consists of the ISU Members . The Congress meets once every two years for an ordinary meeting . Ordinary resolutions are passed by a simple majority of votes of the ISU Members represented and voting at a Congress . Proposals require a two-thirds majority of ISU Members in favor in order to be accepted . Since the ISUs inception in 1892 , 58 ordinary meetings in total have been organized .",
"title": "ISU Congress"
},
{
"text": " The ISU Council constitutes the highest ISU body between two Congresses . It is the executive body of the ISU and is responsible for determining the policies of the ISU and deciding upon the general coordination of the ISU structure and strategy . The Council consists of the President , a Vice President , and five members for the Figure Skating Branch and a Vice President , and five members for the Speed Skating Branch .",
"title": "ISU Council"
},
{
"text": "The Council is assisted by the Director General and the ISU Secretariat . The Director General is responsible for the daily management of all business and financially related activities of the ISU and the operation of the Secretariat .",
"title": "ISU Council"
},
{
"text": " As of the summer of 2008 , the ISU consisted of 63 member nations , with a governing council of 11 . To add any proposal to the agenda of meetings , it must have support from four-fifths of the members . Proposals on the agenda are approved with a two-thirds majority vote . Presidents of the ISU . 1 . 1892–1895 , Pim Mulier 2 . 1895–1925 , Viktor Balck 3 . 1925–1937 , Ulrich Salchow 4 . 1937–1945 , Gerrit W . A . van Laer 5 . 1945–1953 , Herbert J . Clarke",
"title": "ISU Council"
},
{
"text": "6 . 1953–1967 , James Koch",
"title": "ISU Council"
},
{
"text": " 7 . 1967–1967 , Ernst Labin 8 . 1967–1980 , Jacques Favart 9 . 1980–1994 , Olaf Poulsen 10 . 1994–2016 , Ottavio Cinquanta 11 . 2016–present , Jan Dijkema ISU Commissions and Committees . Following the ISU Congress 2018 , the organizational chart of the ISU includes alongside the ISU Congress and ISU Council , assisted by the ISU Secretariat , the following bodies : 1 . ISU Disciplinary Commission 2 . ISU Athletes Commission 3 . ISU Medical Commission 4 . ISU Development Commission 5 . ISU Technical Committees .",
"title": "ISU Council"
},
{
"text": "The ISU Disciplinary Commission ( DC ) constitutes a judicial body of the ISU . It is an independent body elected by the ISU Congress .",
"title": "ISU Council"
},
{
"text": " The ISU Athletes Commission was introduced on the 56th ISU Ordinary Congress 2016 in Dubrovnik and represents Skaters’ positions within the ISU by providing advice to the ISU Council , Technical Committees , Sports Directors , Director General and other internal bodies . The ISU Medical Commission coordinates compliance with anti-doping regulations . The ISU Development Commission implements the ISU Development Program in accordance with the ISU policy and the approved budget .",
"title": "ISU Council"
},
{
"text": "The main functions of the ISU Technical Committees include the preparation , monitoring and maintenance of the Technical Rules . The following Technical Committees are established : Single and Pair Skating , Ice Dance , Synchronized Skating , Speed Skating and Short Track Speed Skating .",
"title": "ISU Council"
},
{
"text": " ISUs role as an international sports federation involves setting the rules to ensure proper governance of sport , notably in terms of the health and safety of the athletes and the integrity of competitions . Similar to many international sports federations , ISU adopted eligibility rules . Under the ISU eligibility rules , skaters participating in competitions that are not approved by the ISU face severe penalties up to a lifetime ban from all major international skating events .",
"title": "Eligibility rules"
},
{
"text": "Historically , only amateurs were allowed to qualify for the Olympic Games and in 1962 , the IOC issued the Eligibility rules which specified that persons receiving remuneration and other material advantages for participation in sport were not eligible to compete in",
"title": "Eligibility rules"
},
{
"text": "the Olympic Games . However , the concept of amateur sport developed over time , moving by the end of the 1980s towards professionalisation . Respecting the Olympic principles , the ISU rules made a difference in treatment of amateur and professional skaters wishing to qualify for the Olympic Games . In 1986 , the limitations imposed on professional skaters were removed and the categories of eligible and ineligible persons were introduced to replace the concepts of amateurs and professionals . In 1998 , Eligibility rules established a comprehensive pre-authorisation system by stipulating that eligible skaters could only take part",
"title": "Eligibility rules"
},
{
"text": "in competitions approved by the ISU , and conducted under the ISU Regulations by ISU-approved officials . Under the 2014 Eligibility rules , the person who breached the Eligibility rules could not be reinstated . This resulted in a lifetime ban , since the loss of eligibility is not limited in time .",
"title": "Eligibility rules"
},
{
"text": " There were attempts of independent organisers to hold alternative speed skating events . Icederby International co. , Ltd sought to set up a series of events titled ‘Icederby Grand Prix’ scheduled to run for six consecutive years from 2014–2020 . Run by a Korean event organiser , it offered unprecedented prize money to attract the worlds best skaters .",
"title": "Eligibility rules"
},
{
"text": "In 2011 , Icederby International approached the ISU to enter into a partnership agreement and presented its action plan . Initially , Icederby included betting in connection with its planned Grand Prix in countries where betting was not prohibited . In January 2012 , the ISU updated its Code of Ethics to rule out the participation in all forms of betting . Two years later , Icederby notified the ISU that no betting would be organised in connection with the planned Dubai Icederby Grand Prix as betting is illegal in Dubai .",
"title": "Eligibility rules"
},
{
"text": " Nonetheless , the ISU did not authorise the Dubai Icederby Grand Prix 2014 and announced that all skaters who take part in the Icederby event would be subject to the lifetime ban established by the Eligibility rules . In consequence , Icederby decided not to organise the Dubai Icederby Grand Prix 2014 due to its difficulty to secure the participation of speed skaters .",
"title": "Eligibility rules"
},
{
"text": "Two professional speed skaters , Mark Tuitert and Niels Kerstholt , lodged a complaint and on 5 October 2015 , the European Commission initiated formal antitrust proceedings into alleged anti-competitive restrictions imposed by the International Skating Union on athletes and officials economic activities and alleged foreclosure of competing alternative sport event organisers .",
"title": "Eligibility rules"
},
{
"text": " On 20 October 2015 , the ISU published the procedure for independent organisers to receive authorisation from the ISU Council . Under the 2016 Eligibility rules , the sanctions imposed on a skater participating in non-authorised events ranged from a warning to periods of ineligibility running from an unspecified minimum to a maximum of a lifetime . In December 2017 , the European Commission decided that ISUs eligibility rules breach EU competition laws . The Commission gave the ISU 90 days to amend the rules and did not impose a fine .",
"title": "Eligibility rules"
},
{
"text": "The ISU disagreed with the decision , suspended the enforcement of the rules subject to the Commission decision , and put in place provisional rules .",
"title": "Eligibility rules"
},
{
"text": " In addition , the ISU filed an appeal against the EU Commission decision pending before the EU General Court .",
"title": "Eligibility rules"
},
{
"text": " The ISU , as an Olympic Winter Sport Federation , derives its revenues from 1 . Broadcast partnerships for world-wide media coverage of ISU Events ; 2 . Sponsorship agreements ; 3 . Contributions provided by the IOC for the Winter/ Youth Olympic Games ; and 4 . Interest income earned from the ISUs financial assets . In 2018 , the ISU generated a worldwide consolidated turnover of CHF 35.6 million , as compared to CHF 36.9 million for the financial year 2017 .",
"title": "Commercial aspects"
},
{
"text": "For the financial year 2018 , the operating income for Television ISU Events ( net ) amounted to around 17 million CHF , and for advertising events ( sponsorship agreements ) to around 6.9 million CHF .",
"title": "Commercial aspects"
},
{
"text": " Whereas the situation regarding TV events appears to be relatively stable , the conclusion of sponsorship agreements becomes more challenging due to a highly competitive market environment . Thus , ISU has been unable to replace the Speed Skating Title Sponsor with a similarly lucrative agreement . Also , as ISU Members in China and the Republic of Korea were , for different reasons , unable to host ISU Short Track Speed Skating Events during the 2018/19 season , the ISU was also unable to maintain sponsorship agreements in those countries .",
"title": "Commercial aspects"
},
{
"text": "As the ISU sport disciplines significantly contribute to the success of the Olympic Winter Games , the ISU can also continue to rely on substantial amounts provided by the IOC . After the successful 2018 Olympic Winter Games ( OWG ) in South Korea , these incomes have increased as compared to the 2014 OWG in Sochi and are again close to the level of the 2010 OWG of Vancouver .",
"title": "Commercial aspects"
},
{
"text": " To ensure a substantial annual interest income independent from commercial partners’ interests , the ISU employs a long-standing conservative investment policy . The interest income on high-rated bonds from Credit Suisse , Banque Cantonale Vaudoise , and UBS accrued at the end of the financial year 2018 amounted to CHF 1.44 million . In 2020 , the ISU launched the ISU Skating Awards",
"title": "Commercial aspects"
}
] |
/wiki/International_Skating_Union#P488#7
|
Who was the head of International Skating Union between Dec 1992 and Nov 1993?
|
International Skating Union The International Skating Union ( ISU ) is the international governing body for competitive ice skating disciplines , including figure skating , synchronized skating , speed skating , and short track speed skating . It was founded in Scheveningen , Netherlands , in July 1892 , making it one of the oldest international sport federations . The ISU was formed to establish standardized international rules and regulations for the skating disciplines it governs , and to organize international competitions in these disciplines . It is now based in Lausanne , Switzerland . History . The International Skating Union ( ISU ) was founded in 1892 in the Dutch seaside town of Scheveningen . The meeting was attended by fifteen men , as the national association representatives from the Netherlands , Great Britain , Germany/Austria , and two clubs from Stockholm ( Sweden ) and Budapest ( Hungary ) . The ISU was the first international winter sports federation to govern speed skating and figure skating , as it laid down the rules for speed skating , shortly followed by figure skating . In 1895 , the organization streamlined its mission to deal only with amateur competitors , not professionals , and hosted its first amateur skating championship in February 1896 in St . Petersburg , Russia . The United States and Canada formed a competing organization , the International Skating Union of America ( ISUA ) , in 1907 . Over the next two years , twelve European nations had joined the ISU , while the ISUA had only its original two members . The ISUA folded in 1927 . European and North American figure skaters rarely competed against each other because of differences in their styles of skating . The ISU had systematized and arranged the sport of figure skating , with competitions including a selection of ten or twelve numbers from the I . S . U . programme , .. . five minutes free skating to music , .. . [ and ] special figures on one foot . In 1911 , Canada joined the ISU , leaving the United States as the only major competitor to not be a member . This changed in 1923 , when the United States Figure Skating Association joined the ISU and in 1926 , the Japanese sport governing body followed to acquire ISU membership . The first ISU competitions to emerge were the World and European Speed Skating and Figure Skating Championships . Both disciplines were included in the official program of the first Winter Olympic Games in Chamonix in 1924 . The discipline of ice dancing was introduced at the Innsbruck Games in 1976 . After 1945 , the ISU slowly continued to grow with accession of members from other countries in Europe , Oceania and ( Southern ) Africa . In 1967 , the ISU adopted short track speed skating , and the first official ISU World Championships took place in 1981 . Short track speed skating became part of the official Olympic program in 1992 . The earliest speed skating competitions hosted by the ISU , between 1976 and 1980 , were held under different names but have retrospectively received World Championship status . The discipline was known as indoor speed skating at first , until being renamed short track speed skating when indoor rinks for the longer speed skating events were introduced . By 1988 , thirty-eight nations had joined the ISU . Over the next few years , the organization abandoned one of its long-held practices , eliminating the use of mandatory figures in the singles figure skating competitions and reducing their use in ice dancing . During the 1970s and 1980s , several Asian countries joined the ISU , followed in the early 1990s by many new countries emerging from the breakup of the USSR , Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia . In 1994 , synchronized skating was formally recognized as a separate discipline , and the first ISU World Championships were held in 2000 in Minneapolis , Minnesota , US . After the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City , Utah , the ISU implemented sweeping changes to many of its events . In one of the short track speed skating events , Apolo Anton Ohno was awarded the gold medal after the disqualification of Kim Dong-Sung . Although the South Korean delegation protested the decision , ISU rules did not allow for a review of the officials call . Several months later , the ISU approved the use of video replay , when available , to review referee decisions . The rules for judging figure skating were also overhauled as a direct result of the 2002 Olympic Winter Games figure skating scandal . According to Ottavio Cinquanta , former president of the ISU , Something was wrong there , .. . Not just the individual but also the system . It existed for 70 years . Now we are trying to replace one system with another . A new judging system for figure skating took effect in 2005 , replacing the 6.0 system of perfect scores and instead giving points for various technical elements . Since the 2000s , the ISU has experienced a new wave of expansion , with several countries in Asia and Latin America joining the organization . In 2019 , skating federations from Chile , Peru , Turkmenistan , and Vietnam acquired membership of the ISU . ISU Championships . In addition to sanctioning other international competitions , the ISU designates the following competitions each year as ISU Championships : The events such as the Olympic Winter Games and the ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating are not ISU Championships . However , they do count towards Personal Best scores . First world championships . Dates and locations of first world championships in various disciplines held under the auspices of the ISU : - 1893 : Speed skating ( men only ) , Amsterdam - 1896 : Figure skating ( men only ) , St . Petersburg - 1906 : Figure skating ( ladies ) , Davos - 1908 : Figure skating ( pairs ) , St . Petersburg - 1936 : Speed skating ( women ) , Stockholm - 1952 : Figure skating ( ice dance ) , Paris - 1970 : Sprint speed skating , West Allis , Wisconsin - 1978 : Short track speed skating , Solihull , UK - 2000 : Synchronized skating , Minneapolis Cooperation with other sports . The ISU has an agreement with the Federation of International Bandy to use the same arenas . The cooperation between the two federations is increasing , since both have an interest in more indoor venues with large ice surfaces being built . Organization . The ISU is an international sport federation recognised by the International Olympic Committee as the body globally administering figure skating and speed skating sports with the following disciplines : Speed skating , Single & Pair skating , Ice dance , Short track speed skating , and Synchronized skating . Whereas the individual national associations administer these sports at the national level , all international matters are under the sole jurisdiction and control of the ISU . There was an attempt to set up an alternative association to replace the ISU for governing and promoting figure skating throughout the world . In March 2003 , a group of several former figure skating champions ( who at the time were still practicing as coaches , judges , referees ) announced the creation of a new international governing body for figure skating , the World Skating Federation ( WSF ) . This attempt ultimately failed . ISU is organized as an association pursuant to Swiss laws ( art . 60 of Swiss Civil Code ) . It has its own legal identity and falls under the jurisdiction of Switzerland . Articles of Association define ISUs purpose as The objectives of the ISU are regulating , governing and promoting the sports of Figure and Speed Skating and their organized development on the basis of friendship and mutual understanding between sportsmen.The ISU shall work for broadening interest in Figure and Speed Skating sports by increasing their popularity , improving their quality and increasing the number of participants throughout the world . The ISU shall ensure that the interests of all ISU Members are observed and respected . The ISU Statutes consist of the ISU Constitution including its Procedural Provisions , and ISU General Regulations setting out framework principles . More detailed provisions are contained in Special Regulations and Technical Rules for Single & Pair Skating and Ice Dance , Synchronized Skating Speed Skating , and Short Track Speed Skating . The ISU Code of Ethics , the ISU Anti-Doping Rules , and ISU Anti-Doping Procedures contain further guidelines . Additional provisions and updates can also be found in ad-hoc published ISU Communications . Members . The members of the ISU are the individual national associations whose task is to administer figure and speed skating on ice at the national level . Members are typically composed of skating clubs and athletes are individual members of those clubs . As of 20 February 2020 , the International Skating Union counts 98 members . ISU Congress . The highest-ranking body of the ISU is the ISU Congress which consists of the ISU Members . The Congress meets once every two years for an ordinary meeting . Ordinary resolutions are passed by a simple majority of votes of the ISU Members represented and voting at a Congress . Proposals require a two-thirds majority of ISU Members in favor in order to be accepted . Since the ISUs inception in 1892 , 58 ordinary meetings in total have been organized . ISU Council . The ISU Council constitutes the highest ISU body between two Congresses . It is the executive body of the ISU and is responsible for determining the policies of the ISU and deciding upon the general coordination of the ISU structure and strategy . The Council consists of the President , a Vice President , and five members for the Figure Skating Branch and a Vice President , and five members for the Speed Skating Branch . The Council is assisted by the Director General and the ISU Secretariat . The Director General is responsible for the daily management of all business and financially related activities of the ISU and the operation of the Secretariat . As of the summer of 2008 , the ISU consisted of 63 member nations , with a governing council of 11 . To add any proposal to the agenda of meetings , it must have support from four-fifths of the members . Proposals on the agenda are approved with a two-thirds majority vote . Presidents of the ISU . 1 . 1892–1895 , Pim Mulier 2 . 1895–1925 , Viktor Balck 3 . 1925–1937 , Ulrich Salchow 4 . 1937–1945 , Gerrit W . A . van Laer 5 . 1945–1953 , Herbert J . Clarke 6 . 1953–1967 , James Koch 7 . 1967–1967 , Ernst Labin 8 . 1967–1980 , Jacques Favart 9 . 1980–1994 , Olaf Poulsen 10 . 1994–2016 , Ottavio Cinquanta 11 . 2016–present , Jan Dijkema ISU Commissions and Committees . Following the ISU Congress 2018 , the organizational chart of the ISU includes alongside the ISU Congress and ISU Council , assisted by the ISU Secretariat , the following bodies : 1 . ISU Disciplinary Commission 2 . ISU Athletes Commission 3 . ISU Medical Commission 4 . ISU Development Commission 5 . ISU Technical Committees . The ISU Disciplinary Commission ( DC ) constitutes a judicial body of the ISU . It is an independent body elected by the ISU Congress . The ISU Athletes Commission was introduced on the 56th ISU Ordinary Congress 2016 in Dubrovnik and represents Skaters’ positions within the ISU by providing advice to the ISU Council , Technical Committees , Sports Directors , Director General and other internal bodies . The ISU Medical Commission coordinates compliance with anti-doping regulations . The ISU Development Commission implements the ISU Development Program in accordance with the ISU policy and the approved budget . The main functions of the ISU Technical Committees include the preparation , monitoring and maintenance of the Technical Rules . The following Technical Committees are established : Single and Pair Skating , Ice Dance , Synchronized Skating , Speed Skating and Short Track Speed Skating . Eligibility rules . ISUs role as an international sports federation involves setting the rules to ensure proper governance of sport , notably in terms of the health and safety of the athletes and the integrity of competitions . Similar to many international sports federations , ISU adopted eligibility rules . Under the ISU eligibility rules , skaters participating in competitions that are not approved by the ISU face severe penalties up to a lifetime ban from all major international skating events . Historically , only amateurs were allowed to qualify for the Olympic Games and in 1962 , the IOC issued the Eligibility rules which specified that persons receiving remuneration and other material advantages for participation in sport were not eligible to compete in the Olympic Games . However , the concept of amateur sport developed over time , moving by the end of the 1980s towards professionalisation . Respecting the Olympic principles , the ISU rules made a difference in treatment of amateur and professional skaters wishing to qualify for the Olympic Games . In 1986 , the limitations imposed on professional skaters were removed and the categories of eligible and ineligible persons were introduced to replace the concepts of amateurs and professionals . In 1998 , Eligibility rules established a comprehensive pre-authorisation system by stipulating that eligible skaters could only take part in competitions approved by the ISU , and conducted under the ISU Regulations by ISU-approved officials . Under the 2014 Eligibility rules , the person who breached the Eligibility rules could not be reinstated . This resulted in a lifetime ban , since the loss of eligibility is not limited in time . There were attempts of independent organisers to hold alternative speed skating events . Icederby International co. , Ltd sought to set up a series of events titled ‘Icederby Grand Prix’ scheduled to run for six consecutive years from 2014–2020 . Run by a Korean event organiser , it offered unprecedented prize money to attract the worlds best skaters . In 2011 , Icederby International approached the ISU to enter into a partnership agreement and presented its action plan . Initially , Icederby included betting in connection with its planned Grand Prix in countries where betting was not prohibited . In January 2012 , the ISU updated its Code of Ethics to rule out the participation in all forms of betting . Two years later , Icederby notified the ISU that no betting would be organised in connection with the planned Dubai Icederby Grand Prix as betting is illegal in Dubai . Nonetheless , the ISU did not authorise the Dubai Icederby Grand Prix 2014 and announced that all skaters who take part in the Icederby event would be subject to the lifetime ban established by the Eligibility rules . In consequence , Icederby decided not to organise the Dubai Icederby Grand Prix 2014 due to its difficulty to secure the participation of speed skaters . Two professional speed skaters , Mark Tuitert and Niels Kerstholt , lodged a complaint and on 5 October 2015 , the European Commission initiated formal antitrust proceedings into alleged anti-competitive restrictions imposed by the International Skating Union on athletes and officials economic activities and alleged foreclosure of competing alternative sport event organisers . On 20 October 2015 , the ISU published the procedure for independent organisers to receive authorisation from the ISU Council . Under the 2016 Eligibility rules , the sanctions imposed on a skater participating in non-authorised events ranged from a warning to periods of ineligibility running from an unspecified minimum to a maximum of a lifetime . In December 2017 , the European Commission decided that ISUs eligibility rules breach EU competition laws . The Commission gave the ISU 90 days to amend the rules and did not impose a fine . The ISU disagreed with the decision , suspended the enforcement of the rules subject to the Commission decision , and put in place provisional rules . In addition , the ISU filed an appeal against the EU Commission decision pending before the EU General Court . Commercial aspects . The ISU , as an Olympic Winter Sport Federation , derives its revenues from 1 . Broadcast partnerships for world-wide media coverage of ISU Events ; 2 . Sponsorship agreements ; 3 . Contributions provided by the IOC for the Winter/ Youth Olympic Games ; and 4 . Interest income earned from the ISUs financial assets . In 2018 , the ISU generated a worldwide consolidated turnover of CHF 35.6 million , as compared to CHF 36.9 million for the financial year 2017 . For the financial year 2018 , the operating income for Television ISU Events ( net ) amounted to around 17 million CHF , and for advertising events ( sponsorship agreements ) to around 6.9 million CHF . Whereas the situation regarding TV events appears to be relatively stable , the conclusion of sponsorship agreements becomes more challenging due to a highly competitive market environment . Thus , ISU has been unable to replace the Speed Skating Title Sponsor with a similarly lucrative agreement . Also , as ISU Members in China and the Republic of Korea were , for different reasons , unable to host ISU Short Track Speed Skating Events during the 2018/19 season , the ISU was also unable to maintain sponsorship agreements in those countries . As the ISU sport disciplines significantly contribute to the success of the Olympic Winter Games , the ISU can also continue to rely on substantial amounts provided by the IOC . After the successful 2018 Olympic Winter Games ( OWG ) in South Korea , these incomes have increased as compared to the 2014 OWG in Sochi and are again close to the level of the 2010 OWG of Vancouver . To ensure a substantial annual interest income independent from commercial partners’ interests , the ISU employs a long-standing conservative investment policy . The interest income on high-rated bonds from Credit Suisse , Banque Cantonale Vaudoise , and UBS accrued at the end of the financial year 2018 amounted to CHF 1.44 million . In 2020 , the ISU launched the ISU Skating Awards
|
[
"Ottavio Cinquanta"
] |
[
{
"text": " The International Skating Union ( ISU ) is the international governing body for competitive ice skating disciplines , including figure skating , synchronized skating , speed skating , and short track speed skating . It was founded in Scheveningen , Netherlands , in July 1892 , making it one of the oldest international sport federations . The ISU was formed to establish standardized international rules and regulations for the skating disciplines it governs , and to organize international competitions in these disciplines . It is now based in Lausanne , Switzerland .",
"title": "International Skating Union"
},
{
"text": " The International Skating Union ( ISU ) was founded in 1892 in the Dutch seaside town of Scheveningen . The meeting was attended by fifteen men , as the national association representatives from the Netherlands , Great Britain , Germany/Austria , and two clubs from Stockholm ( Sweden ) and Budapest ( Hungary ) .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The ISU was the first international winter sports federation to govern speed skating and figure skating , as it laid down the rules for speed skating , shortly followed by figure skating . In 1895 , the organization streamlined its mission to deal only with amateur competitors , not professionals , and hosted its first amateur skating championship in February 1896 in St . Petersburg , Russia .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The United States and Canada formed a competing organization , the International Skating Union of America ( ISUA ) , in 1907 . Over the next two years , twelve European nations had joined the ISU , while the ISUA had only its original two members . The ISUA folded in 1927 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "European and North American figure skaters rarely competed against each other because of differences in their styles of skating . The ISU had systematized and arranged the sport of figure skating , with competitions including a selection of ten or twelve numbers from the I . S . U . programme , .. . five minutes free skating to music , .. . [ and ] special figures on one foot . In 1911 , Canada joined the ISU , leaving the United States as the only major competitor to not be a member . This changed in 1923 ,",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "when the United States Figure Skating Association joined the ISU and in 1926 , the Japanese sport governing body followed to acquire ISU membership .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The first ISU competitions to emerge were the World and European Speed Skating and Figure Skating Championships . Both disciplines were included in the official program of the first Winter Olympic Games in Chamonix in 1924 . The discipline of ice dancing was introduced at the Innsbruck Games in 1976 . After 1945 , the ISU slowly continued to grow with accession of members from other countries in Europe , Oceania and ( Southern ) Africa .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1967 , the ISU adopted short track speed skating , and the first official ISU World Championships took place in 1981 . Short track speed skating became part of the official Olympic program in 1992 . The earliest speed skating competitions hosted by the ISU , between 1976 and 1980 , were held under different names but have retrospectively received World Championship status . The discipline was known as indoor speed skating at first , until being renamed short track speed skating when indoor rinks for the longer speed skating events were introduced .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "By 1988 , thirty-eight nations had joined the ISU . Over the next few years , the organization abandoned one of its long-held practices , eliminating the use of mandatory figures in the singles figure skating competitions and reducing their use in ice dancing . During the 1970s and 1980s , several Asian countries joined the ISU , followed in the early 1990s by many new countries emerging from the breakup of the USSR , Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia . In 1994 , synchronized skating was formally recognized as a separate discipline , and the first ISU World Championships were held",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "in 2000 in Minneapolis , Minnesota , US .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "After the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City , Utah , the ISU implemented sweeping changes to many of its events . In one of the short track speed skating events , Apolo Anton Ohno was awarded the gold medal after the disqualification of Kim Dong-Sung . Although the South Korean delegation protested the decision , ISU rules did not allow for a review of the officials call . Several months later , the ISU approved the use of video replay , when available , to review referee decisions . The rules for judging figure skating were also overhauled",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "as a direct result of the 2002 Olympic Winter Games figure skating scandal . According to Ottavio Cinquanta , former president of the ISU , Something was wrong there , .. . Not just the individual but also the system . It existed for 70 years . Now we are trying to replace one system with another . A new judging system for figure skating took effect in 2005 , replacing the 6.0 system of perfect scores and instead giving points for various technical elements .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Since the 2000s , the ISU has experienced a new wave of expansion , with several countries in Asia and Latin America joining the organization . In 2019 , skating federations from Chile , Peru , Turkmenistan , and Vietnam acquired membership of the ISU .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In addition to sanctioning other international competitions , the ISU designates the following competitions each year as ISU Championships : The events such as the Olympic Winter Games and the ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating are not ISU Championships . However , they do count towards Personal Best scores .",
"title": "ISU Championships"
},
{
"text": " Dates and locations of first world championships in various disciplines held under the auspices of the ISU : - 1893 : Speed skating ( men only ) , Amsterdam - 1896 : Figure skating ( men only ) , St . Petersburg - 1906 : Figure skating ( ladies ) , Davos - 1908 : Figure skating ( pairs ) , St . Petersburg - 1936 : Speed skating ( women ) , Stockholm - 1952 : Figure skating ( ice dance ) , Paris - 1970 : Sprint speed skating , West Allis , Wisconsin",
"title": "First world championships"
},
{
"text": "- 1978 : Short track speed skating , Solihull , UK",
"title": "First world championships"
},
{
"text": " - 2000 : Synchronized skating , Minneapolis Cooperation with other sports . The ISU has an agreement with the Federation of International Bandy to use the same arenas . The cooperation between the two federations is increasing , since both have an interest in more indoor venues with large ice surfaces being built .",
"title": "First world championships"
},
{
"text": " The ISU is an international sport federation recognised by the International Olympic Committee as the body globally administering figure skating and speed skating sports with the following disciplines : Speed skating , Single & Pair skating , Ice dance , Short track speed skating , and Synchronized skating . Whereas the individual national associations administer these sports at the national level , all international matters are under the sole jurisdiction and control of the ISU . There was an attempt to set up an alternative association to replace the ISU for governing and promoting figure skating throughout the",
"title": "Organization"
},
{
"text": "world . In March 2003 , a group of several former figure skating champions ( who at the time were still practicing as coaches , judges , referees ) announced the creation of a new international governing body for figure skating , the World Skating Federation ( WSF ) . This attempt ultimately failed .",
"title": "Organization"
},
{
"text": " ISU is organized as an association pursuant to Swiss laws ( art . 60 of Swiss Civil Code ) . It has its own legal identity and falls under the jurisdiction of Switzerland . Articles of Association define ISUs purpose as",
"title": "Organization"
},
{
"text": "The objectives of the ISU are regulating , governing and promoting the sports of Figure and Speed Skating and their organized development on the basis of friendship and mutual understanding between sportsmen.The ISU shall work for broadening interest in Figure and Speed Skating sports by increasing their popularity , improving their quality and increasing the number of participants throughout the world . The ISU shall ensure that the interests of all ISU Members are observed and respected .",
"title": "Organization"
},
{
"text": " The ISU Statutes consist of the ISU Constitution including its Procedural Provisions , and ISU General Regulations setting out framework principles . More detailed provisions are contained in Special Regulations and Technical Rules for Single & Pair Skating and Ice Dance , Synchronized Skating Speed Skating , and Short Track Speed Skating . The ISU Code of Ethics , the ISU Anti-Doping Rules , and ISU Anti-Doping Procedures contain further guidelines . Additional provisions and updates can also be found in ad-hoc published ISU Communications .",
"title": "Organization"
},
{
"text": " The members of the ISU are the individual national associations whose task is to administer figure and speed skating on ice at the national level . Members are typically composed of skating clubs and athletes are individual members of those clubs . As of 20 February 2020 , the International Skating Union counts 98 members .",
"title": "Members"
},
{
"text": " The highest-ranking body of the ISU is the ISU Congress which consists of the ISU Members . The Congress meets once every two years for an ordinary meeting . Ordinary resolutions are passed by a simple majority of votes of the ISU Members represented and voting at a Congress . Proposals require a two-thirds majority of ISU Members in favor in order to be accepted . Since the ISUs inception in 1892 , 58 ordinary meetings in total have been organized .",
"title": "ISU Congress"
},
{
"text": " The ISU Council constitutes the highest ISU body between two Congresses . It is the executive body of the ISU and is responsible for determining the policies of the ISU and deciding upon the general coordination of the ISU structure and strategy . The Council consists of the President , a Vice President , and five members for the Figure Skating Branch and a Vice President , and five members for the Speed Skating Branch .",
"title": "ISU Council"
},
{
"text": "The Council is assisted by the Director General and the ISU Secretariat . The Director General is responsible for the daily management of all business and financially related activities of the ISU and the operation of the Secretariat .",
"title": "ISU Council"
},
{
"text": " As of the summer of 2008 , the ISU consisted of 63 member nations , with a governing council of 11 . To add any proposal to the agenda of meetings , it must have support from four-fifths of the members . Proposals on the agenda are approved with a two-thirds majority vote . Presidents of the ISU . 1 . 1892–1895 , Pim Mulier 2 . 1895–1925 , Viktor Balck 3 . 1925–1937 , Ulrich Salchow 4 . 1937–1945 , Gerrit W . A . van Laer 5 . 1945–1953 , Herbert J . Clarke",
"title": "ISU Council"
},
{
"text": "6 . 1953–1967 , James Koch",
"title": "ISU Council"
},
{
"text": " 7 . 1967–1967 , Ernst Labin 8 . 1967–1980 , Jacques Favart 9 . 1980–1994 , Olaf Poulsen 10 . 1994–2016 , Ottavio Cinquanta 11 . 2016–present , Jan Dijkema ISU Commissions and Committees . Following the ISU Congress 2018 , the organizational chart of the ISU includes alongside the ISU Congress and ISU Council , assisted by the ISU Secretariat , the following bodies : 1 . ISU Disciplinary Commission 2 . ISU Athletes Commission 3 . ISU Medical Commission 4 . ISU Development Commission 5 . ISU Technical Committees .",
"title": "ISU Council"
},
{
"text": "The ISU Disciplinary Commission ( DC ) constitutes a judicial body of the ISU . It is an independent body elected by the ISU Congress .",
"title": "ISU Council"
},
{
"text": " The ISU Athletes Commission was introduced on the 56th ISU Ordinary Congress 2016 in Dubrovnik and represents Skaters’ positions within the ISU by providing advice to the ISU Council , Technical Committees , Sports Directors , Director General and other internal bodies . The ISU Medical Commission coordinates compliance with anti-doping regulations . The ISU Development Commission implements the ISU Development Program in accordance with the ISU policy and the approved budget .",
"title": "ISU Council"
},
{
"text": "The main functions of the ISU Technical Committees include the preparation , monitoring and maintenance of the Technical Rules . The following Technical Committees are established : Single and Pair Skating , Ice Dance , Synchronized Skating , Speed Skating and Short Track Speed Skating .",
"title": "ISU Council"
},
{
"text": " ISUs role as an international sports federation involves setting the rules to ensure proper governance of sport , notably in terms of the health and safety of the athletes and the integrity of competitions . Similar to many international sports federations , ISU adopted eligibility rules . Under the ISU eligibility rules , skaters participating in competitions that are not approved by the ISU face severe penalties up to a lifetime ban from all major international skating events .",
"title": "Eligibility rules"
},
{
"text": "Historically , only amateurs were allowed to qualify for the Olympic Games and in 1962 , the IOC issued the Eligibility rules which specified that persons receiving remuneration and other material advantages for participation in sport were not eligible to compete in",
"title": "Eligibility rules"
},
{
"text": "the Olympic Games . However , the concept of amateur sport developed over time , moving by the end of the 1980s towards professionalisation . Respecting the Olympic principles , the ISU rules made a difference in treatment of amateur and professional skaters wishing to qualify for the Olympic Games . In 1986 , the limitations imposed on professional skaters were removed and the categories of eligible and ineligible persons were introduced to replace the concepts of amateurs and professionals . In 1998 , Eligibility rules established a comprehensive pre-authorisation system by stipulating that eligible skaters could only take part",
"title": "Eligibility rules"
},
{
"text": "in competitions approved by the ISU , and conducted under the ISU Regulations by ISU-approved officials . Under the 2014 Eligibility rules , the person who breached the Eligibility rules could not be reinstated . This resulted in a lifetime ban , since the loss of eligibility is not limited in time .",
"title": "Eligibility rules"
},
{
"text": " There were attempts of independent organisers to hold alternative speed skating events . Icederby International co. , Ltd sought to set up a series of events titled ‘Icederby Grand Prix’ scheduled to run for six consecutive years from 2014–2020 . Run by a Korean event organiser , it offered unprecedented prize money to attract the worlds best skaters .",
"title": "Eligibility rules"
},
{
"text": "In 2011 , Icederby International approached the ISU to enter into a partnership agreement and presented its action plan . Initially , Icederby included betting in connection with its planned Grand Prix in countries where betting was not prohibited . In January 2012 , the ISU updated its Code of Ethics to rule out the participation in all forms of betting . Two years later , Icederby notified the ISU that no betting would be organised in connection with the planned Dubai Icederby Grand Prix as betting is illegal in Dubai .",
"title": "Eligibility rules"
},
{
"text": " Nonetheless , the ISU did not authorise the Dubai Icederby Grand Prix 2014 and announced that all skaters who take part in the Icederby event would be subject to the lifetime ban established by the Eligibility rules . In consequence , Icederby decided not to organise the Dubai Icederby Grand Prix 2014 due to its difficulty to secure the participation of speed skaters .",
"title": "Eligibility rules"
},
{
"text": "Two professional speed skaters , Mark Tuitert and Niels Kerstholt , lodged a complaint and on 5 October 2015 , the European Commission initiated formal antitrust proceedings into alleged anti-competitive restrictions imposed by the International Skating Union on athletes and officials economic activities and alleged foreclosure of competing alternative sport event organisers .",
"title": "Eligibility rules"
},
{
"text": " On 20 October 2015 , the ISU published the procedure for independent organisers to receive authorisation from the ISU Council . Under the 2016 Eligibility rules , the sanctions imposed on a skater participating in non-authorised events ranged from a warning to periods of ineligibility running from an unspecified minimum to a maximum of a lifetime . In December 2017 , the European Commission decided that ISUs eligibility rules breach EU competition laws . The Commission gave the ISU 90 days to amend the rules and did not impose a fine .",
"title": "Eligibility rules"
},
{
"text": "The ISU disagreed with the decision , suspended the enforcement of the rules subject to the Commission decision , and put in place provisional rules .",
"title": "Eligibility rules"
},
{
"text": " In addition , the ISU filed an appeal against the EU Commission decision pending before the EU General Court .",
"title": "Eligibility rules"
},
{
"text": " The ISU , as an Olympic Winter Sport Federation , derives its revenues from 1 . Broadcast partnerships for world-wide media coverage of ISU Events ; 2 . Sponsorship agreements ; 3 . Contributions provided by the IOC for the Winter/ Youth Olympic Games ; and 4 . Interest income earned from the ISUs financial assets . In 2018 , the ISU generated a worldwide consolidated turnover of CHF 35.6 million , as compared to CHF 36.9 million for the financial year 2017 .",
"title": "Commercial aspects"
},
{
"text": "For the financial year 2018 , the operating income for Television ISU Events ( net ) amounted to around 17 million CHF , and for advertising events ( sponsorship agreements ) to around 6.9 million CHF .",
"title": "Commercial aspects"
},
{
"text": " Whereas the situation regarding TV events appears to be relatively stable , the conclusion of sponsorship agreements becomes more challenging due to a highly competitive market environment . Thus , ISU has been unable to replace the Speed Skating Title Sponsor with a similarly lucrative agreement . Also , as ISU Members in China and the Republic of Korea were , for different reasons , unable to host ISU Short Track Speed Skating Events during the 2018/19 season , the ISU was also unable to maintain sponsorship agreements in those countries .",
"title": "Commercial aspects"
},
{
"text": "As the ISU sport disciplines significantly contribute to the success of the Olympic Winter Games , the ISU can also continue to rely on substantial amounts provided by the IOC . After the successful 2018 Olympic Winter Games ( OWG ) in South Korea , these incomes have increased as compared to the 2014 OWG in Sochi and are again close to the level of the 2010 OWG of Vancouver .",
"title": "Commercial aspects"
},
{
"text": " To ensure a substantial annual interest income independent from commercial partners’ interests , the ISU employs a long-standing conservative investment policy . The interest income on high-rated bonds from Credit Suisse , Banque Cantonale Vaudoise , and UBS accrued at the end of the financial year 2018 amounted to CHF 1.44 million . In 2020 , the ISU launched the ISU Skating Awards",
"title": "Commercial aspects"
}
] |
/wiki/Jules_Michelet#P108#0
|
What was the name of the employer Jules Michelet work for between Feb 1827 and Feb 1827?
|
Jules Michelet Jules Michelet ( ; 21 August 1798 – 9 February 1874 ) was a French historian . He was born in Paris to a family with Huguenot traditions . In his 1855 work , Histoire de France ( History of France ) , Jules Michelet was the first historian to use and define the word Renaissance ( Re-birth in French ) as a period in Europes cultural history that represented a drastic break from the Middle Ages ( which he loathed ) , creating a modern understanding of humanity and its place in the world . Historian François Furet wrote that his History of the French Revolution ( 1847 ) remains the cornerstone of all revolutionary historiography and is also a literary monument . His aphoristic style emphasized his anti-clerical republicanism . Early life . His father was a master printer , and Jules assisted him in the actual work of the press . A place was offered him in the imperial printing office , but his father was able to send him to the famous Collège or Lycée Charlemagne , where he distinguished himself . He passed the university examination in 1821 , and was soon appointed to a professorship of history in the Collège Rollin . Soon after this , in 1824 , he married . This was one of the most favourable periods ever for scholars and men of letters in France , and Michelet had powerful patrons in Abel-François Villemain and Victor Cousin , among others . Although he was an ardent politician ( having from his childhood embraced republicanism and a peculiar variety of romantic free-thought ) , he was above all a man of letters and an inquirer into the history of the past . His earliest works were school textbooks . Between 1825 and 1827 he produced diverse sketches , chronological tables etc. , of modern history . His précis of the subject , published in 1827 , is a sound and careful book , far better than anything that had appeared before it , and written in a sober yet interesting style . In the same year he was appointed maître de conférences at the École normale supérieure . Four years later , in 1831 , the Introduction à lhistoire universelle showed a very different style , exhibiting the idiosyncrasy and literary power of the writer to greater advantage but also displaying , according to the Encyclopædia Britannica ( Eleventh Edition ) , the peculiar visionary qualities which made Michelet the most stimulating , but the most untrustworthy ( not in facts , which he never consciously falsifies , but in suggestion ) of all historians . Record Office . The events of 1830 had placed him in a better position for study by obtaining him a place in the Record Office , and a deputy-professorship under Guizot in the literary faculty of the university . Soon afterwards he began his chief and monumental work , the Histoire de France that would take 30 years to complete . But he accompanied this with numerous other books , chiefly of erudition , such as the Œuvres choisies de Vico , the Mémoires de Luther écrits par lui-même , the Origines du droit français , and somewhat later the le Procès des Templiers . 1838 was a year of great importance in Michelets life . He was in the fullness of his powers , his studies had fed his natural aversion to the principles of authority and ecclesiasticism , and at a moment when the revived activity of the Jesuits caused some pretended alarm , he was appointed to the chair of history at the Collège de France . Assisted by his friend Edgar Quinet , he began a violent polemic against the unpopular order and the principles which it represented , a polemic which made their lectures , and especially Michelets , one of the most popular resorts of the day . He published , in 1839 , his Histoire romaine , but this was in his graver and earlier manner . The results of his lectures appeared in the volumes Du prêtre , de la femme et de la famille and Le peuple . These books do not display the apocalyptic style which , partly borrowed from Lamennais , characterizes Michelets later works , but they contain in miniature almost the whole of his curious ethicopolitico-theological creed—a mixture of sentimentalism , communism , and anti-sacerdotalism , supported by the most eccentric arguments , but urged with a great deal of eloquence . The principles of the outbreak of 1848 were in the air , and Michelet was one of many who condensed and propagated them : his original lectures were of so incendiary a kind that the course had to be interdicted . However , when the revolution broke out , Michelet , unlike many other men of letters , did not attempt to enter active political life , and merely devoted himself more strenuously to his literary work . Besides continuing the great history , he undertook and carried out , during the years between the downfall of Louis Philippe and the final establishment of Napoleon III , an enthusiastic Histoire de la Révolution française . Minor books . After Napoleon IIIs coup détat , Michelet lost his position in the Record Office when he refused to take the oaths to the empire . The new régime kindled afresh his republican zeal , further stimulated by his second marriage to Athénaïs ( née Mialaret ) , a lady of some literary capacity and republican sympathies . While his great work of history was still his main pursuit , a crowd of extraordinary little books accompanied and diversified it . Sometimes they were expanded versions of its episodes , sometimes what may be called commentaries or companion volumes . The first of these was Les Femmes de la Révolution ( 1854 ) , in which Michelets natural and inimitable faculty of dithyrambic too often gives way to tedious and not very conclusive argument and preaching . In the next , LOiseau ( 1856 ) , a new and most successful vein was struck : The subject of natural history , a new subject with Michelet to which his wife introduced him , was treated , not from the point of view of mere science , nor from that of sentiment , but from that of the authors fervent pantheism . LInsecte followed . It was succeeded by LAmour ( 1859 ) , one of the authors most popular books . These remarkable works , half pamphlets half moral treatises , succeeded each other as a rule at the twelve months interval , and the succession was almost unbroken for five or six years . LAmour was followed by La Femme ( 1860 ) , a book on which a whole critique of French literature and French character might be founded . Vincent van Gogh used a quote from La Femme on his drawing Sorrow . Then came La Mer ( 1861 ) , a return to the natural history class , which , considering the powers of the writer and the attraction of the subject , is perhaps a little disappointing . The next year ( 1862 ) the most striking of all Michelets minor works , La Sorcière , made its appearance . Developed out of an episode of the history , it has all its authors peculiarities in the strongest degree . It is a nightmare and nothing more , but a nightmare of the most extraordinary verisimilitude and poetical power . This remarkable series , every volume of which was a work at once of imagination and of research , was not even yet finished , but the later volumes exhibit a certain falling off . The ambitious Bible de lhumanité ( 1864 ) , a historical sketch of religions , has little merit . In La Montagne ( 1868 ) , the last of the natural history series , the tricks of staccato style are pushed even farther than by Victor Hugo in his less inspired moments , though—as is inevitable , in the hands of such a master of language as Michelet—the effect is frequently grandiose if not grand . Nos fils ( 1869 ) , the last of the string of smaller books published during the authors life , is a tractate on education , written with ample knowledge of the facts and with all Michelets usual sweep , and range of view , if with visibly declining powers of expression . But in a book published posthumously , Le Banquet , these powers reappear at their fullest . The picture of the industrious and famishing populations of the Riviera is ( whether true to fact or not ) one of the best things that Michelet has done . To complete the list of his miscellaneous works , two collections of pieces , written and partly published at different times , may be mentioned . These are Les Soldats de la révolution and Legendes démocratiques du nord . Michelets Origines du droit français , cherchées dans les symboles et les formules du droit universel was edited by Émile Faguet in 1890 and went into a second edition in 1900 . The publication of this series of books , and the completion of his history , occupied Michelet during both decades of the empire . He lived partly in France , partly in Italy , and was accustomed to spend the winter on the Riviera , chiefly at Hyères . Masterpiece . At last , in 1867 , the great work of his life , Histoire de France , was finished . In the usual edition it fills nineteen volumes . The first of these deals with the early history up to the death of Charlemagne , the second with the flourishing time of feudal France , the third with the 13th century , the fourth , fifth , and sixth with the Hundred Years War , the seventh and eighth with the establishment of the royal power under Charles VII and Louis XI . The 16th and 17th centuries have four volumes apiece , much of which is very distantly connected with French history proper , especially in the two volumes entitled Renaissance and Reforme . The last three volumes carry on the history of the 18th century to the outbreak of the Revolution . Michelet abhorred the Middle Ages , and celebrated their end as a radical transformation . He tried to explain how a dynamic Renaissance could emerge from fossilized medieval culture . Themes . Michelet has several themes running throughout his works , these included the following three categories : Maleficent , Beneficent , and Paired . Within each of the three themes there are subsets of ideas that occur throughout Michelets various works . One of these themes was the idea of Paired Themes , for example in many of his works he writes on Grace and Justice , Grace being the Woman or Feminine and Justice being more of a Masculine idea . Michelet , additionally , used Union and Unity in his discussions about National History , and Natural History . In terms of the Maleficent themes , there were subcategories these were : Themes of the Dry , which included concepts such as : The Machine , The Jesuits , Scribes , The Electric , Irony ( Goethe ) , The Scholastics , Public Safety , fatalism ( Hobbes , Molinos , Spinoza , Hegel ) . Themes of the Empty and the Turgid , which included the Middle Ages , the imitation , tedium , the novel , narcotics , Alexander , plethoric ( engorged blood ) . Michelet also touches on Themes of the Indeterminate such as The Honnete-Hommes , Conde , Chantilly Sade , Gambling , Phantasmorgia , Italian Comedy , White Blood , Sealed blood . Martial dualism is a prominent theme , with a war of man against nature , spirit against matter , liberty against fatality . History is nothing other than the record of this interminable struggle . Leading some to describe him as a Manichaean dualist . His framing of history as a struggle between Christian spirit and liberty against Jewish matter , fatality , and tyranny , is seen by intellectual historian David Nirenberg as an example of antijudaism as a constituent conceptual tool in western thought . Academic reception . Michelet was perhaps the first historian to devote himself to anything like a picturesque history of the Middle Ages , and his account is still one of the most vivid that exists . His inquiry into manuscript and printed authorities was most laborious , but his lively imagination , and his strong religious and political prejudices , made him regard all things from a singularly personal point of view . There is an unevenness of treatment of historical incidents . However , Michelets insistence that history should concentrate on the people , and not only its leaders or its institutions clearly drew inspiration from the French Revolution . Michelet was one of the first historians to apply these liberal principles to historical scholarship . Political life . Uncompromisingly hostile as Michelet was to the empire , its downfall in 1870 in the midst of Frances defeat by Prussia and the rise and fall of the Paris Commune during the following year once more stimulated him to activity . Not only did he write letters and pamphlets during the struggle , but when it was over he set himself to complete the vast task which his two great histories had almost covered by a Histoire du XIXe siècle . He did not , however , live to carry it farther than the Battle of Waterloo , and the best criticism of it is perhaps contained in the opening words of the introduction to the last volume—lâge me presse ( age hurries me ) . The new republic was not altogether a restoration for Michelet , and his professorship at the Collège de France , of which he always contended he had been unjustly deprived , was not given back to him . He was also a supporter of the Romanian National Awakening movements . Grave . Upon his death from a heart attack at Hyères on 9 February 1874 , Michelet was interred there . At his widows request , a Paris court granted permission for his body to be exhumed on 13 May 1876 . On 16 May , his coffin arrived for reburial at Le Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris . Michelets monument there , designed by architect Jean-Louis Pascal , was erected in 1893 through public subscription . Family . His second wife , Athénaïs Michelet , who survived him , had been a teacher in St . Petersburg . She opened a correspondence with him arising from her ardent admiration of his ideas , and they became engaged before they had seen each other . She assisted him in his labors and was preparing a new work , La nature , at the time of his death . Bibliography . - Michelet , Jules . The History of the French Revolution ( Charles Cocks , trans. , 1847 ) online - Michelet , Jules ( 1844 ) . The History of France . Trans . by W . K . Kelly ( vol . 1–2 only ) . - Michelet , Jules . On History : Introduction to World History ( 1831 ) ; Opening Address at the Faculty of Letters ( 1834 ) ; Preface to History of France ( 1869 ) . Trans . Flora Kimmich , Lionel Gossman and Edward K . Kaplan . Cambridge , UK : Open Book Publishers , 2013 . - History of France v 1 English translation - History of France v 2 English translation
|
[
"Collège Rollin"
] |
[
{
"text": " Jules Michelet ( ; 21 August 1798 – 9 February 1874 ) was a French historian . He was born in Paris to a family with Huguenot traditions .",
"title": "Jules Michelet"
},
{
"text": "In his 1855 work , Histoire de France ( History of France ) , Jules Michelet was the first historian to use and define the word Renaissance ( Re-birth in French ) as a period in Europes cultural history that represented a drastic break from the Middle Ages ( which he loathed ) , creating a modern understanding of humanity and its place in the world . Historian François Furet wrote that his History of the French Revolution ( 1847 ) remains the cornerstone of all revolutionary historiography and is also a literary monument . His aphoristic style emphasized his",
"title": "Jules Michelet"
},
{
"text": "anti-clerical republicanism .",
"title": "Jules Michelet"
},
{
"text": " His father was a master printer , and Jules assisted him in the actual work of the press . A place was offered him in the imperial printing office , but his father was able to send him to the famous Collège or Lycée Charlemagne , where he distinguished himself . He passed the university examination in 1821 , and was soon appointed to a professorship of history in the Collège Rollin .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Soon after this , in 1824 , he married . This was one of the most favourable periods ever for scholars and men of letters in France , and Michelet had powerful patrons in Abel-François Villemain and Victor Cousin , among others . Although he was an ardent politician ( having from his childhood embraced republicanism and a peculiar variety of romantic free-thought ) , he was above all a man of letters and an inquirer into the history of the past . His earliest works were school textbooks .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Between 1825 and 1827 he produced diverse sketches , chronological tables etc. , of modern history . His précis of the subject , published in 1827 , is a sound and careful book , far better than anything that had appeared before it , and written in a sober yet interesting style . In the same year he was appointed maître de conférences at the École normale supérieure .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Four years later , in 1831 , the Introduction à lhistoire universelle showed a very different style , exhibiting the idiosyncrasy and literary power of the writer to greater advantage but also displaying , according to the Encyclopædia Britannica ( Eleventh Edition ) , the peculiar visionary qualities which made Michelet the most stimulating , but the most untrustworthy ( not in facts , which he never consciously falsifies , but in suggestion ) of all historians .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "The events of 1830 had placed him in a better position for study by obtaining him a place in the Record Office , and a deputy-professorship under Guizot in the literary faculty of the university . Soon afterwards he began his chief and monumental work , the Histoire de France that would take 30 years to complete . But he accompanied this with numerous other books , chiefly of erudition , such as the Œuvres choisies de Vico , the Mémoires de Luther écrits par lui-même , the Origines du droit français , and somewhat later the le Procès des",
"title": "Record Office"
},
{
"text": "Templiers .",
"title": "Record Office"
},
{
"text": "1838 was a year of great importance in Michelets life . He was in the fullness of his powers , his studies had fed his natural aversion to the principles of authority and ecclesiasticism , and at a moment when the revived activity of the Jesuits caused some pretended alarm , he was appointed to the chair of history at the Collège de France . Assisted by his friend Edgar Quinet , he began a violent polemic against the unpopular order and the principles which it represented , a polemic which made their lectures , and especially Michelets , one",
"title": "Record Office"
},
{
"text": "of the most popular resorts of the day .",
"title": "Record Office"
},
{
"text": "He published , in 1839 , his Histoire romaine , but this was in his graver and earlier manner . The results of his lectures appeared in the volumes Du prêtre , de la femme et de la famille and Le peuple . These books do not display the apocalyptic style which , partly borrowed from Lamennais , characterizes Michelets later works , but they contain in miniature almost the whole of his curious ethicopolitico-theological creed—a mixture of sentimentalism , communism , and anti-sacerdotalism , supported by the most eccentric arguments , but urged with a great deal of eloquence",
"title": "Record Office"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Record Office"
},
{
"text": "The principles of the outbreak of 1848 were in the air , and Michelet was one of many who condensed and propagated them : his original lectures were of so incendiary a kind that the course had to be interdicted . However , when the revolution broke out , Michelet , unlike many other men of letters , did not attempt to enter active political life , and merely devoted himself more strenuously to his literary work . Besides continuing the great history , he undertook and carried out , during the years between the downfall of Louis Philippe and",
"title": "Record Office"
},
{
"text": "the final establishment of Napoleon III , an enthusiastic Histoire de la Révolution française .",
"title": "Record Office"
},
{
"text": "After Napoleon IIIs coup détat , Michelet lost his position in the Record Office when he refused to take the oaths to the empire . The new régime kindled afresh his republican zeal , further stimulated by his second marriage to Athénaïs ( née Mialaret ) , a lady of some literary capacity and republican sympathies . While his great work of history was still his main pursuit , a crowd of extraordinary little books accompanied and diversified it . Sometimes they were expanded versions of its episodes , sometimes what may be called commentaries or companion volumes . The",
"title": "Minor books"
},
{
"text": "first of these was Les Femmes de la Révolution ( 1854 ) , in which Michelets natural and inimitable faculty of dithyrambic too often gives way to tedious and not very conclusive argument and preaching . In the next , LOiseau ( 1856 ) , a new and most successful vein was struck : The subject of natural history , a new subject with Michelet to which his wife introduced him , was treated , not from the point of view of mere science , nor from that of sentiment , but from that of the authors fervent pantheism .",
"title": "Minor books"
},
{
"text": " LInsecte followed . It was succeeded by LAmour ( 1859 ) , one of the authors most popular books . These remarkable works , half pamphlets half moral treatises , succeeded each other as a rule at the twelve months interval , and the succession was almost unbroken for five or six years . LAmour was followed by La Femme ( 1860 ) , a book on which a whole critique of French literature and French character might be founded . Vincent van Gogh used a quote from La Femme on his drawing Sorrow .",
"title": "Minor books"
},
{
"text": "Then came La Mer ( 1861 ) , a return to the natural history class , which , considering the powers of the writer and the attraction of the subject , is perhaps a little disappointing .",
"title": "Minor books"
},
{
"text": " The next year ( 1862 ) the most striking of all Michelets minor works , La Sorcière , made its appearance . Developed out of an episode of the history , it has all its authors peculiarities in the strongest degree . It is a nightmare and nothing more , but a nightmare of the most extraordinary verisimilitude and poetical power .",
"title": "Minor books"
},
{
"text": "This remarkable series , every volume of which was a work at once of imagination and of research , was not even yet finished , but the later volumes exhibit a certain falling off . The ambitious Bible de lhumanité ( 1864 ) , a historical sketch of religions , has little merit . In La Montagne ( 1868 ) , the last of the natural history series , the tricks of staccato style are pushed even farther than by Victor Hugo in his less inspired moments , though—as is inevitable , in the hands of such a master of",
"title": "Minor books"
},
{
"text": "language as Michelet—the effect is frequently grandiose if not grand . Nos fils ( 1869 ) , the last of the string of smaller books published during the authors life , is a tractate on education , written with ample knowledge of the facts and with all Michelets usual sweep , and range of view , if with visibly declining powers of expression . But in a book published posthumously , Le Banquet , these powers reappear at their fullest . The picture of the industrious and famishing populations of the Riviera is ( whether true to fact or not",
"title": "Minor books"
},
{
"text": ") one of the best things that Michelet has done . To complete the list of his miscellaneous works , two collections of pieces , written and partly published at different times , may be mentioned . These are Les Soldats de la révolution and Legendes démocratiques du nord .",
"title": "Minor books"
},
{
"text": " Michelets Origines du droit français , cherchées dans les symboles et les formules du droit universel was edited by Émile Faguet in 1890 and went into a second edition in 1900 . The publication of this series of books , and the completion of his history , occupied Michelet during both decades of the empire . He lived partly in France , partly in Italy , and was accustomed to spend the winter on the Riviera , chiefly at Hyères .",
"title": "Minor books"
},
{
"text": "At last , in 1867 , the great work of his life , Histoire de France , was finished . In the usual edition it fills nineteen volumes . The first of these deals with the early history up to the death of Charlemagne , the second with the flourishing time of feudal France , the third with the 13th century , the fourth , fifth , and sixth with the Hundred Years War , the seventh and eighth with the establishment of the royal power under Charles VII and Louis XI . The 16th and 17th centuries have four",
"title": "Masterpiece"
},
{
"text": "volumes apiece , much of which is very distantly connected with French history proper , especially in the two volumes entitled Renaissance and Reforme . The last three volumes carry on the history of the 18th century to the outbreak of the Revolution .",
"title": "Masterpiece"
},
{
"text": " Michelet abhorred the Middle Ages , and celebrated their end as a radical transformation . He tried to explain how a dynamic Renaissance could emerge from fossilized medieval culture .",
"title": "Masterpiece"
},
{
"text": "Michelet has several themes running throughout his works , these included the following three categories : Maleficent , Beneficent , and Paired . Within each of the three themes there are subsets of ideas that occur throughout Michelets various works . One of these themes was the idea of Paired Themes , for example in many of his works he writes on Grace and Justice , Grace being the Woman or Feminine and Justice being more of a Masculine idea . Michelet , additionally , used Union and Unity in his discussions about National History , and Natural History .",
"title": "Themes"
},
{
"text": "In terms of the Maleficent themes , there were subcategories these were : Themes of the Dry , which included concepts such as : The Machine , The Jesuits , Scribes , The Electric , Irony ( Goethe ) , The Scholastics , Public Safety , fatalism ( Hobbes , Molinos , Spinoza , Hegel ) . Themes of the Empty and the Turgid , which included the Middle Ages , the imitation , tedium , the novel , narcotics , Alexander , plethoric ( engorged blood ) . Michelet also touches on Themes of the Indeterminate such as The",
"title": "Themes"
},
{
"text": "Honnete-Hommes , Conde , Chantilly Sade , Gambling , Phantasmorgia , Italian Comedy , White Blood , Sealed blood . Martial dualism is a prominent theme , with a war of man against nature , spirit against matter , liberty against fatality . History is nothing other than the record of this interminable struggle . Leading some to describe him as a Manichaean dualist . His framing of history as a struggle between Christian spirit and liberty against Jewish matter , fatality , and tyranny , is seen by intellectual historian David Nirenberg as an example of antijudaism as a",
"title": "Themes"
},
{
"text": "constituent conceptual tool in western thought .",
"title": "Themes"
},
{
"text": "Michelet was perhaps the first historian to devote himself to anything like a picturesque history of the Middle Ages , and his account is still one of the most vivid that exists . His inquiry into manuscript and printed authorities was most laborious , but his lively imagination , and his strong religious and political prejudices , made him regard all things from a singularly personal point of view . There is an unevenness of treatment of historical incidents . However , Michelets insistence that history should concentrate on the people , and not only its leaders or its institutions",
"title": "Academic reception"
},
{
"text": "clearly drew inspiration from the French Revolution . Michelet was one of the first historians to apply these liberal principles to historical scholarship .",
"title": "Academic reception"
},
{
"text": "Uncompromisingly hostile as Michelet was to the empire , its downfall in 1870 in the midst of Frances defeat by Prussia and the rise and fall of the Paris Commune during the following year once more stimulated him to activity . Not only did he write letters and pamphlets during the struggle , but when it was over he set himself to complete the vast task which his two great histories had almost covered by a Histoire du XIXe siècle . He did not , however , live to carry it farther than the Battle of Waterloo , and the",
"title": "Political life"
},
{
"text": "best criticism of it is perhaps contained in the opening words of the introduction to the last volume—lâge me presse ( age hurries me ) . The new republic was not altogether a restoration for Michelet , and his professorship at the Collège de France , of which he always contended he had been unjustly deprived , was not given back to him . He was also a supporter of the Romanian National Awakening movements .",
"title": "Political life"
},
{
"text": " Upon his death from a heart attack at Hyères on 9 February 1874 , Michelet was interred there . At his widows request , a Paris court granted permission for his body to be exhumed on 13 May 1876 . On 16 May , his coffin arrived for reburial at Le Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris . Michelets monument there , designed by architect Jean-Louis Pascal , was erected in 1893 through public subscription .",
"title": "Grave"
},
{
"text": " His second wife , Athénaïs Michelet , who survived him , had been a teacher in St . Petersburg . She opened a correspondence with him arising from her ardent admiration of his ideas , and they became engaged before they had seen each other . She assisted him in his labors and was preparing a new work , La nature , at the time of his death .",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": " - Michelet , Jules . The History of the French Revolution ( Charles Cocks , trans. , 1847 ) online - Michelet , Jules ( 1844 ) . The History of France . Trans . by W . K . Kelly ( vol . 1–2 only ) .",
"title": "Bibliography"
},
{
"text": "- Michelet , Jules . On History : Introduction to World History ( 1831 ) ; Opening Address at the Faculty of Letters ( 1834 ) ; Preface to History of France ( 1869 ) . Trans . Flora Kimmich , Lionel Gossman and Edward K . Kaplan . Cambridge , UK : Open Book Publishers , 2013 .",
"title": "Bibliography"
},
{
"text": " - History of France v 1 English translation - History of France v 2 English translation",
"title": "Bibliography"
}
] |
/wiki/Jules_Michelet#P108#1
|
What was the name of the employer Jules Michelet work for between Nov 1827 and Apr 1829?
|
Jules Michelet Jules Michelet ( ; 21 August 1798 – 9 February 1874 ) was a French historian . He was born in Paris to a family with Huguenot traditions . In his 1855 work , Histoire de France ( History of France ) , Jules Michelet was the first historian to use and define the word Renaissance ( Re-birth in French ) as a period in Europes cultural history that represented a drastic break from the Middle Ages ( which he loathed ) , creating a modern understanding of humanity and its place in the world . Historian François Furet wrote that his History of the French Revolution ( 1847 ) remains the cornerstone of all revolutionary historiography and is also a literary monument . His aphoristic style emphasized his anti-clerical republicanism . Early life . His father was a master printer , and Jules assisted him in the actual work of the press . A place was offered him in the imperial printing office , but his father was able to send him to the famous Collège or Lycée Charlemagne , where he distinguished himself . He passed the university examination in 1821 , and was soon appointed to a professorship of history in the Collège Rollin . Soon after this , in 1824 , he married . This was one of the most favourable periods ever for scholars and men of letters in France , and Michelet had powerful patrons in Abel-François Villemain and Victor Cousin , among others . Although he was an ardent politician ( having from his childhood embraced republicanism and a peculiar variety of romantic free-thought ) , he was above all a man of letters and an inquirer into the history of the past . His earliest works were school textbooks . Between 1825 and 1827 he produced diverse sketches , chronological tables etc. , of modern history . His précis of the subject , published in 1827 , is a sound and careful book , far better than anything that had appeared before it , and written in a sober yet interesting style . In the same year he was appointed maître de conférences at the École normale supérieure . Four years later , in 1831 , the Introduction à lhistoire universelle showed a very different style , exhibiting the idiosyncrasy and literary power of the writer to greater advantage but also displaying , according to the Encyclopædia Britannica ( Eleventh Edition ) , the peculiar visionary qualities which made Michelet the most stimulating , but the most untrustworthy ( not in facts , which he never consciously falsifies , but in suggestion ) of all historians . Record Office . The events of 1830 had placed him in a better position for study by obtaining him a place in the Record Office , and a deputy-professorship under Guizot in the literary faculty of the university . Soon afterwards he began his chief and monumental work , the Histoire de France that would take 30 years to complete . But he accompanied this with numerous other books , chiefly of erudition , such as the Œuvres choisies de Vico , the Mémoires de Luther écrits par lui-même , the Origines du droit français , and somewhat later the le Procès des Templiers . 1838 was a year of great importance in Michelets life . He was in the fullness of his powers , his studies had fed his natural aversion to the principles of authority and ecclesiasticism , and at a moment when the revived activity of the Jesuits caused some pretended alarm , he was appointed to the chair of history at the Collège de France . Assisted by his friend Edgar Quinet , he began a violent polemic against the unpopular order and the principles which it represented , a polemic which made their lectures , and especially Michelets , one of the most popular resorts of the day . He published , in 1839 , his Histoire romaine , but this was in his graver and earlier manner . The results of his lectures appeared in the volumes Du prêtre , de la femme et de la famille and Le peuple . These books do not display the apocalyptic style which , partly borrowed from Lamennais , characterizes Michelets later works , but they contain in miniature almost the whole of his curious ethicopolitico-theological creed—a mixture of sentimentalism , communism , and anti-sacerdotalism , supported by the most eccentric arguments , but urged with a great deal of eloquence . The principles of the outbreak of 1848 were in the air , and Michelet was one of many who condensed and propagated them : his original lectures were of so incendiary a kind that the course had to be interdicted . However , when the revolution broke out , Michelet , unlike many other men of letters , did not attempt to enter active political life , and merely devoted himself more strenuously to his literary work . Besides continuing the great history , he undertook and carried out , during the years between the downfall of Louis Philippe and the final establishment of Napoleon III , an enthusiastic Histoire de la Révolution française . Minor books . After Napoleon IIIs coup détat , Michelet lost his position in the Record Office when he refused to take the oaths to the empire . The new régime kindled afresh his republican zeal , further stimulated by his second marriage to Athénaïs ( née Mialaret ) , a lady of some literary capacity and republican sympathies . While his great work of history was still his main pursuit , a crowd of extraordinary little books accompanied and diversified it . Sometimes they were expanded versions of its episodes , sometimes what may be called commentaries or companion volumes . The first of these was Les Femmes de la Révolution ( 1854 ) , in which Michelets natural and inimitable faculty of dithyrambic too often gives way to tedious and not very conclusive argument and preaching . In the next , LOiseau ( 1856 ) , a new and most successful vein was struck : The subject of natural history , a new subject with Michelet to which his wife introduced him , was treated , not from the point of view of mere science , nor from that of sentiment , but from that of the authors fervent pantheism . LInsecte followed . It was succeeded by LAmour ( 1859 ) , one of the authors most popular books . These remarkable works , half pamphlets half moral treatises , succeeded each other as a rule at the twelve months interval , and the succession was almost unbroken for five or six years . LAmour was followed by La Femme ( 1860 ) , a book on which a whole critique of French literature and French character might be founded . Vincent van Gogh used a quote from La Femme on his drawing Sorrow . Then came La Mer ( 1861 ) , a return to the natural history class , which , considering the powers of the writer and the attraction of the subject , is perhaps a little disappointing . The next year ( 1862 ) the most striking of all Michelets minor works , La Sorcière , made its appearance . Developed out of an episode of the history , it has all its authors peculiarities in the strongest degree . It is a nightmare and nothing more , but a nightmare of the most extraordinary verisimilitude and poetical power . This remarkable series , every volume of which was a work at once of imagination and of research , was not even yet finished , but the later volumes exhibit a certain falling off . The ambitious Bible de lhumanité ( 1864 ) , a historical sketch of religions , has little merit . In La Montagne ( 1868 ) , the last of the natural history series , the tricks of staccato style are pushed even farther than by Victor Hugo in his less inspired moments , though—as is inevitable , in the hands of such a master of language as Michelet—the effect is frequently grandiose if not grand . Nos fils ( 1869 ) , the last of the string of smaller books published during the authors life , is a tractate on education , written with ample knowledge of the facts and with all Michelets usual sweep , and range of view , if with visibly declining powers of expression . But in a book published posthumously , Le Banquet , these powers reappear at their fullest . The picture of the industrious and famishing populations of the Riviera is ( whether true to fact or not ) one of the best things that Michelet has done . To complete the list of his miscellaneous works , two collections of pieces , written and partly published at different times , may be mentioned . These are Les Soldats de la révolution and Legendes démocratiques du nord . Michelets Origines du droit français , cherchées dans les symboles et les formules du droit universel was edited by Émile Faguet in 1890 and went into a second edition in 1900 . The publication of this series of books , and the completion of his history , occupied Michelet during both decades of the empire . He lived partly in France , partly in Italy , and was accustomed to spend the winter on the Riviera , chiefly at Hyères . Masterpiece . At last , in 1867 , the great work of his life , Histoire de France , was finished . In the usual edition it fills nineteen volumes . The first of these deals with the early history up to the death of Charlemagne , the second with the flourishing time of feudal France , the third with the 13th century , the fourth , fifth , and sixth with the Hundred Years War , the seventh and eighth with the establishment of the royal power under Charles VII and Louis XI . The 16th and 17th centuries have four volumes apiece , much of which is very distantly connected with French history proper , especially in the two volumes entitled Renaissance and Reforme . The last three volumes carry on the history of the 18th century to the outbreak of the Revolution . Michelet abhorred the Middle Ages , and celebrated their end as a radical transformation . He tried to explain how a dynamic Renaissance could emerge from fossilized medieval culture . Themes . Michelet has several themes running throughout his works , these included the following three categories : Maleficent , Beneficent , and Paired . Within each of the three themes there are subsets of ideas that occur throughout Michelets various works . One of these themes was the idea of Paired Themes , for example in many of his works he writes on Grace and Justice , Grace being the Woman or Feminine and Justice being more of a Masculine idea . Michelet , additionally , used Union and Unity in his discussions about National History , and Natural History . In terms of the Maleficent themes , there were subcategories these were : Themes of the Dry , which included concepts such as : The Machine , The Jesuits , Scribes , The Electric , Irony ( Goethe ) , The Scholastics , Public Safety , fatalism ( Hobbes , Molinos , Spinoza , Hegel ) . Themes of the Empty and the Turgid , which included the Middle Ages , the imitation , tedium , the novel , narcotics , Alexander , plethoric ( engorged blood ) . Michelet also touches on Themes of the Indeterminate such as The Honnete-Hommes , Conde , Chantilly Sade , Gambling , Phantasmorgia , Italian Comedy , White Blood , Sealed blood . Martial dualism is a prominent theme , with a war of man against nature , spirit against matter , liberty against fatality . History is nothing other than the record of this interminable struggle . Leading some to describe him as a Manichaean dualist . His framing of history as a struggle between Christian spirit and liberty against Jewish matter , fatality , and tyranny , is seen by intellectual historian David Nirenberg as an example of antijudaism as a constituent conceptual tool in western thought . Academic reception . Michelet was perhaps the first historian to devote himself to anything like a picturesque history of the Middle Ages , and his account is still one of the most vivid that exists . His inquiry into manuscript and printed authorities was most laborious , but his lively imagination , and his strong religious and political prejudices , made him regard all things from a singularly personal point of view . There is an unevenness of treatment of historical incidents . However , Michelets insistence that history should concentrate on the people , and not only its leaders or its institutions clearly drew inspiration from the French Revolution . Michelet was one of the first historians to apply these liberal principles to historical scholarship . Political life . Uncompromisingly hostile as Michelet was to the empire , its downfall in 1870 in the midst of Frances defeat by Prussia and the rise and fall of the Paris Commune during the following year once more stimulated him to activity . Not only did he write letters and pamphlets during the struggle , but when it was over he set himself to complete the vast task which his two great histories had almost covered by a Histoire du XIXe siècle . He did not , however , live to carry it farther than the Battle of Waterloo , and the best criticism of it is perhaps contained in the opening words of the introduction to the last volume—lâge me presse ( age hurries me ) . The new republic was not altogether a restoration for Michelet , and his professorship at the Collège de France , of which he always contended he had been unjustly deprived , was not given back to him . He was also a supporter of the Romanian National Awakening movements . Grave . Upon his death from a heart attack at Hyères on 9 February 1874 , Michelet was interred there . At his widows request , a Paris court granted permission for his body to be exhumed on 13 May 1876 . On 16 May , his coffin arrived for reburial at Le Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris . Michelets monument there , designed by architect Jean-Louis Pascal , was erected in 1893 through public subscription . Family . His second wife , Athénaïs Michelet , who survived him , had been a teacher in St . Petersburg . She opened a correspondence with him arising from her ardent admiration of his ideas , and they became engaged before they had seen each other . She assisted him in his labors and was preparing a new work , La nature , at the time of his death . Bibliography . - Michelet , Jules . The History of the French Revolution ( Charles Cocks , trans. , 1847 ) online - Michelet , Jules ( 1844 ) . The History of France . Trans . by W . K . Kelly ( vol . 1–2 only ) . - Michelet , Jules . On History : Introduction to World History ( 1831 ) ; Opening Address at the Faculty of Letters ( 1834 ) ; Preface to History of France ( 1869 ) . Trans . Flora Kimmich , Lionel Gossman and Edward K . Kaplan . Cambridge , UK : Open Book Publishers , 2013 . - History of France v 1 English translation - History of France v 2 English translation
|
[
"École normale supérieure"
] |
[
{
"text": " Jules Michelet ( ; 21 August 1798 – 9 February 1874 ) was a French historian . He was born in Paris to a family with Huguenot traditions .",
"title": "Jules Michelet"
},
{
"text": "In his 1855 work , Histoire de France ( History of France ) , Jules Michelet was the first historian to use and define the word Renaissance ( Re-birth in French ) as a period in Europes cultural history that represented a drastic break from the Middle Ages ( which he loathed ) , creating a modern understanding of humanity and its place in the world . Historian François Furet wrote that his History of the French Revolution ( 1847 ) remains the cornerstone of all revolutionary historiography and is also a literary monument . His aphoristic style emphasized his",
"title": "Jules Michelet"
},
{
"text": "anti-clerical republicanism .",
"title": "Jules Michelet"
},
{
"text": " His father was a master printer , and Jules assisted him in the actual work of the press . A place was offered him in the imperial printing office , but his father was able to send him to the famous Collège or Lycée Charlemagne , where he distinguished himself . He passed the university examination in 1821 , and was soon appointed to a professorship of history in the Collège Rollin .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Soon after this , in 1824 , he married . This was one of the most favourable periods ever for scholars and men of letters in France , and Michelet had powerful patrons in Abel-François Villemain and Victor Cousin , among others . Although he was an ardent politician ( having from his childhood embraced republicanism and a peculiar variety of romantic free-thought ) , he was above all a man of letters and an inquirer into the history of the past . His earliest works were school textbooks .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Between 1825 and 1827 he produced diverse sketches , chronological tables etc. , of modern history . His précis of the subject , published in 1827 , is a sound and careful book , far better than anything that had appeared before it , and written in a sober yet interesting style . In the same year he was appointed maître de conférences at the École normale supérieure .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Four years later , in 1831 , the Introduction à lhistoire universelle showed a very different style , exhibiting the idiosyncrasy and literary power of the writer to greater advantage but also displaying , according to the Encyclopædia Britannica ( Eleventh Edition ) , the peculiar visionary qualities which made Michelet the most stimulating , but the most untrustworthy ( not in facts , which he never consciously falsifies , but in suggestion ) of all historians .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "The events of 1830 had placed him in a better position for study by obtaining him a place in the Record Office , and a deputy-professorship under Guizot in the literary faculty of the university . Soon afterwards he began his chief and monumental work , the Histoire de France that would take 30 years to complete . But he accompanied this with numerous other books , chiefly of erudition , such as the Œuvres choisies de Vico , the Mémoires de Luther écrits par lui-même , the Origines du droit français , and somewhat later the le Procès des",
"title": "Record Office"
},
{
"text": "Templiers .",
"title": "Record Office"
},
{
"text": "1838 was a year of great importance in Michelets life . He was in the fullness of his powers , his studies had fed his natural aversion to the principles of authority and ecclesiasticism , and at a moment when the revived activity of the Jesuits caused some pretended alarm , he was appointed to the chair of history at the Collège de France . Assisted by his friend Edgar Quinet , he began a violent polemic against the unpopular order and the principles which it represented , a polemic which made their lectures , and especially Michelets , one",
"title": "Record Office"
},
{
"text": "of the most popular resorts of the day .",
"title": "Record Office"
},
{
"text": "He published , in 1839 , his Histoire romaine , but this was in his graver and earlier manner . The results of his lectures appeared in the volumes Du prêtre , de la femme et de la famille and Le peuple . These books do not display the apocalyptic style which , partly borrowed from Lamennais , characterizes Michelets later works , but they contain in miniature almost the whole of his curious ethicopolitico-theological creed—a mixture of sentimentalism , communism , and anti-sacerdotalism , supported by the most eccentric arguments , but urged with a great deal of eloquence",
"title": "Record Office"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Record Office"
},
{
"text": "The principles of the outbreak of 1848 were in the air , and Michelet was one of many who condensed and propagated them : his original lectures were of so incendiary a kind that the course had to be interdicted . However , when the revolution broke out , Michelet , unlike many other men of letters , did not attempt to enter active political life , and merely devoted himself more strenuously to his literary work . Besides continuing the great history , he undertook and carried out , during the years between the downfall of Louis Philippe and",
"title": "Record Office"
},
{
"text": "the final establishment of Napoleon III , an enthusiastic Histoire de la Révolution française .",
"title": "Record Office"
},
{
"text": "After Napoleon IIIs coup détat , Michelet lost his position in the Record Office when he refused to take the oaths to the empire . The new régime kindled afresh his republican zeal , further stimulated by his second marriage to Athénaïs ( née Mialaret ) , a lady of some literary capacity and republican sympathies . While his great work of history was still his main pursuit , a crowd of extraordinary little books accompanied and diversified it . Sometimes they were expanded versions of its episodes , sometimes what may be called commentaries or companion volumes . The",
"title": "Minor books"
},
{
"text": "first of these was Les Femmes de la Révolution ( 1854 ) , in which Michelets natural and inimitable faculty of dithyrambic too often gives way to tedious and not very conclusive argument and preaching . In the next , LOiseau ( 1856 ) , a new and most successful vein was struck : The subject of natural history , a new subject with Michelet to which his wife introduced him , was treated , not from the point of view of mere science , nor from that of sentiment , but from that of the authors fervent pantheism .",
"title": "Minor books"
},
{
"text": " LInsecte followed . It was succeeded by LAmour ( 1859 ) , one of the authors most popular books . These remarkable works , half pamphlets half moral treatises , succeeded each other as a rule at the twelve months interval , and the succession was almost unbroken for five or six years . LAmour was followed by La Femme ( 1860 ) , a book on which a whole critique of French literature and French character might be founded . Vincent van Gogh used a quote from La Femme on his drawing Sorrow .",
"title": "Minor books"
},
{
"text": "Then came La Mer ( 1861 ) , a return to the natural history class , which , considering the powers of the writer and the attraction of the subject , is perhaps a little disappointing .",
"title": "Minor books"
},
{
"text": " The next year ( 1862 ) the most striking of all Michelets minor works , La Sorcière , made its appearance . Developed out of an episode of the history , it has all its authors peculiarities in the strongest degree . It is a nightmare and nothing more , but a nightmare of the most extraordinary verisimilitude and poetical power .",
"title": "Minor books"
},
{
"text": "This remarkable series , every volume of which was a work at once of imagination and of research , was not even yet finished , but the later volumes exhibit a certain falling off . The ambitious Bible de lhumanité ( 1864 ) , a historical sketch of religions , has little merit . In La Montagne ( 1868 ) , the last of the natural history series , the tricks of staccato style are pushed even farther than by Victor Hugo in his less inspired moments , though—as is inevitable , in the hands of such a master of",
"title": "Minor books"
},
{
"text": "language as Michelet—the effect is frequently grandiose if not grand . Nos fils ( 1869 ) , the last of the string of smaller books published during the authors life , is a tractate on education , written with ample knowledge of the facts and with all Michelets usual sweep , and range of view , if with visibly declining powers of expression . But in a book published posthumously , Le Banquet , these powers reappear at their fullest . The picture of the industrious and famishing populations of the Riviera is ( whether true to fact or not",
"title": "Minor books"
},
{
"text": ") one of the best things that Michelet has done . To complete the list of his miscellaneous works , two collections of pieces , written and partly published at different times , may be mentioned . These are Les Soldats de la révolution and Legendes démocratiques du nord .",
"title": "Minor books"
},
{
"text": " Michelets Origines du droit français , cherchées dans les symboles et les formules du droit universel was edited by Émile Faguet in 1890 and went into a second edition in 1900 . The publication of this series of books , and the completion of his history , occupied Michelet during both decades of the empire . He lived partly in France , partly in Italy , and was accustomed to spend the winter on the Riviera , chiefly at Hyères .",
"title": "Minor books"
},
{
"text": "At last , in 1867 , the great work of his life , Histoire de France , was finished . In the usual edition it fills nineteen volumes . The first of these deals with the early history up to the death of Charlemagne , the second with the flourishing time of feudal France , the third with the 13th century , the fourth , fifth , and sixth with the Hundred Years War , the seventh and eighth with the establishment of the royal power under Charles VII and Louis XI . The 16th and 17th centuries have four",
"title": "Masterpiece"
},
{
"text": "volumes apiece , much of which is very distantly connected with French history proper , especially in the two volumes entitled Renaissance and Reforme . The last three volumes carry on the history of the 18th century to the outbreak of the Revolution .",
"title": "Masterpiece"
},
{
"text": " Michelet abhorred the Middle Ages , and celebrated their end as a radical transformation . He tried to explain how a dynamic Renaissance could emerge from fossilized medieval culture .",
"title": "Masterpiece"
},
{
"text": "Michelet has several themes running throughout his works , these included the following three categories : Maleficent , Beneficent , and Paired . Within each of the three themes there are subsets of ideas that occur throughout Michelets various works . One of these themes was the idea of Paired Themes , for example in many of his works he writes on Grace and Justice , Grace being the Woman or Feminine and Justice being more of a Masculine idea . Michelet , additionally , used Union and Unity in his discussions about National History , and Natural History .",
"title": "Themes"
},
{
"text": "In terms of the Maleficent themes , there were subcategories these were : Themes of the Dry , which included concepts such as : The Machine , The Jesuits , Scribes , The Electric , Irony ( Goethe ) , The Scholastics , Public Safety , fatalism ( Hobbes , Molinos , Spinoza , Hegel ) . Themes of the Empty and the Turgid , which included the Middle Ages , the imitation , tedium , the novel , narcotics , Alexander , plethoric ( engorged blood ) . Michelet also touches on Themes of the Indeterminate such as The",
"title": "Themes"
},
{
"text": "Honnete-Hommes , Conde , Chantilly Sade , Gambling , Phantasmorgia , Italian Comedy , White Blood , Sealed blood . Martial dualism is a prominent theme , with a war of man against nature , spirit against matter , liberty against fatality . History is nothing other than the record of this interminable struggle . Leading some to describe him as a Manichaean dualist . His framing of history as a struggle between Christian spirit and liberty against Jewish matter , fatality , and tyranny , is seen by intellectual historian David Nirenberg as an example of antijudaism as a",
"title": "Themes"
},
{
"text": "constituent conceptual tool in western thought .",
"title": "Themes"
},
{
"text": "Michelet was perhaps the first historian to devote himself to anything like a picturesque history of the Middle Ages , and his account is still one of the most vivid that exists . His inquiry into manuscript and printed authorities was most laborious , but his lively imagination , and his strong religious and political prejudices , made him regard all things from a singularly personal point of view . There is an unevenness of treatment of historical incidents . However , Michelets insistence that history should concentrate on the people , and not only its leaders or its institutions",
"title": "Academic reception"
},
{
"text": "clearly drew inspiration from the French Revolution . Michelet was one of the first historians to apply these liberal principles to historical scholarship .",
"title": "Academic reception"
},
{
"text": "Uncompromisingly hostile as Michelet was to the empire , its downfall in 1870 in the midst of Frances defeat by Prussia and the rise and fall of the Paris Commune during the following year once more stimulated him to activity . Not only did he write letters and pamphlets during the struggle , but when it was over he set himself to complete the vast task which his two great histories had almost covered by a Histoire du XIXe siècle . He did not , however , live to carry it farther than the Battle of Waterloo , and the",
"title": "Political life"
},
{
"text": "best criticism of it is perhaps contained in the opening words of the introduction to the last volume—lâge me presse ( age hurries me ) . The new republic was not altogether a restoration for Michelet , and his professorship at the Collège de France , of which he always contended he had been unjustly deprived , was not given back to him . He was also a supporter of the Romanian National Awakening movements .",
"title": "Political life"
},
{
"text": " Upon his death from a heart attack at Hyères on 9 February 1874 , Michelet was interred there . At his widows request , a Paris court granted permission for his body to be exhumed on 13 May 1876 . On 16 May , his coffin arrived for reburial at Le Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris . Michelets monument there , designed by architect Jean-Louis Pascal , was erected in 1893 through public subscription .",
"title": "Grave"
},
{
"text": " His second wife , Athénaïs Michelet , who survived him , had been a teacher in St . Petersburg . She opened a correspondence with him arising from her ardent admiration of his ideas , and they became engaged before they had seen each other . She assisted him in his labors and was preparing a new work , La nature , at the time of his death .",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": " - Michelet , Jules . The History of the French Revolution ( Charles Cocks , trans. , 1847 ) online - Michelet , Jules ( 1844 ) . The History of France . Trans . by W . K . Kelly ( vol . 1–2 only ) .",
"title": "Bibliography"
},
{
"text": "- Michelet , Jules . On History : Introduction to World History ( 1831 ) ; Opening Address at the Faculty of Letters ( 1834 ) ; Preface to History of France ( 1869 ) . Trans . Flora Kimmich , Lionel Gossman and Edward K . Kaplan . Cambridge , UK : Open Book Publishers , 2013 .",
"title": "Bibliography"
},
{
"text": " - History of France v 1 English translation - History of France v 2 English translation",
"title": "Bibliography"
}
] |
/wiki/Jules_Michelet#P108#2
|
What was the name of the employer Jules Michelet work for in Jun 1832?
|
Jules Michelet Jules Michelet ( ; 21 August 1798 – 9 February 1874 ) was a French historian . He was born in Paris to a family with Huguenot traditions . In his 1855 work , Histoire de France ( History of France ) , Jules Michelet was the first historian to use and define the word Renaissance ( Re-birth in French ) as a period in Europes cultural history that represented a drastic break from the Middle Ages ( which he loathed ) , creating a modern understanding of humanity and its place in the world . Historian François Furet wrote that his History of the French Revolution ( 1847 ) remains the cornerstone of all revolutionary historiography and is also a literary monument . His aphoristic style emphasized his anti-clerical republicanism . Early life . His father was a master printer , and Jules assisted him in the actual work of the press . A place was offered him in the imperial printing office , but his father was able to send him to the famous Collège or Lycée Charlemagne , where he distinguished himself . He passed the university examination in 1821 , and was soon appointed to a professorship of history in the Collège Rollin . Soon after this , in 1824 , he married . This was one of the most favourable periods ever for scholars and men of letters in France , and Michelet had powerful patrons in Abel-François Villemain and Victor Cousin , among others . Although he was an ardent politician ( having from his childhood embraced republicanism and a peculiar variety of romantic free-thought ) , he was above all a man of letters and an inquirer into the history of the past . His earliest works were school textbooks . Between 1825 and 1827 he produced diverse sketches , chronological tables etc. , of modern history . His précis of the subject , published in 1827 , is a sound and careful book , far better than anything that had appeared before it , and written in a sober yet interesting style . In the same year he was appointed maître de conférences at the École normale supérieure . Four years later , in 1831 , the Introduction à lhistoire universelle showed a very different style , exhibiting the idiosyncrasy and literary power of the writer to greater advantage but also displaying , according to the Encyclopædia Britannica ( Eleventh Edition ) , the peculiar visionary qualities which made Michelet the most stimulating , but the most untrustworthy ( not in facts , which he never consciously falsifies , but in suggestion ) of all historians . Record Office . The events of 1830 had placed him in a better position for study by obtaining him a place in the Record Office , and a deputy-professorship under Guizot in the literary faculty of the university . Soon afterwards he began his chief and monumental work , the Histoire de France that would take 30 years to complete . But he accompanied this with numerous other books , chiefly of erudition , such as the Œuvres choisies de Vico , the Mémoires de Luther écrits par lui-même , the Origines du droit français , and somewhat later the le Procès des Templiers . 1838 was a year of great importance in Michelets life . He was in the fullness of his powers , his studies had fed his natural aversion to the principles of authority and ecclesiasticism , and at a moment when the revived activity of the Jesuits caused some pretended alarm , he was appointed to the chair of history at the Collège de France . Assisted by his friend Edgar Quinet , he began a violent polemic against the unpopular order and the principles which it represented , a polemic which made their lectures , and especially Michelets , one of the most popular resorts of the day . He published , in 1839 , his Histoire romaine , but this was in his graver and earlier manner . The results of his lectures appeared in the volumes Du prêtre , de la femme et de la famille and Le peuple . These books do not display the apocalyptic style which , partly borrowed from Lamennais , characterizes Michelets later works , but they contain in miniature almost the whole of his curious ethicopolitico-theological creed—a mixture of sentimentalism , communism , and anti-sacerdotalism , supported by the most eccentric arguments , but urged with a great deal of eloquence . The principles of the outbreak of 1848 were in the air , and Michelet was one of many who condensed and propagated them : his original lectures were of so incendiary a kind that the course had to be interdicted . However , when the revolution broke out , Michelet , unlike many other men of letters , did not attempt to enter active political life , and merely devoted himself more strenuously to his literary work . Besides continuing the great history , he undertook and carried out , during the years between the downfall of Louis Philippe and the final establishment of Napoleon III , an enthusiastic Histoire de la Révolution française . Minor books . After Napoleon IIIs coup détat , Michelet lost his position in the Record Office when he refused to take the oaths to the empire . The new régime kindled afresh his republican zeal , further stimulated by his second marriage to Athénaïs ( née Mialaret ) , a lady of some literary capacity and republican sympathies . While his great work of history was still his main pursuit , a crowd of extraordinary little books accompanied and diversified it . Sometimes they were expanded versions of its episodes , sometimes what may be called commentaries or companion volumes . The first of these was Les Femmes de la Révolution ( 1854 ) , in which Michelets natural and inimitable faculty of dithyrambic too often gives way to tedious and not very conclusive argument and preaching . In the next , LOiseau ( 1856 ) , a new and most successful vein was struck : The subject of natural history , a new subject with Michelet to which his wife introduced him , was treated , not from the point of view of mere science , nor from that of sentiment , but from that of the authors fervent pantheism . LInsecte followed . It was succeeded by LAmour ( 1859 ) , one of the authors most popular books . These remarkable works , half pamphlets half moral treatises , succeeded each other as a rule at the twelve months interval , and the succession was almost unbroken for five or six years . LAmour was followed by La Femme ( 1860 ) , a book on which a whole critique of French literature and French character might be founded . Vincent van Gogh used a quote from La Femme on his drawing Sorrow . Then came La Mer ( 1861 ) , a return to the natural history class , which , considering the powers of the writer and the attraction of the subject , is perhaps a little disappointing . The next year ( 1862 ) the most striking of all Michelets minor works , La Sorcière , made its appearance . Developed out of an episode of the history , it has all its authors peculiarities in the strongest degree . It is a nightmare and nothing more , but a nightmare of the most extraordinary verisimilitude and poetical power . This remarkable series , every volume of which was a work at once of imagination and of research , was not even yet finished , but the later volumes exhibit a certain falling off . The ambitious Bible de lhumanité ( 1864 ) , a historical sketch of religions , has little merit . In La Montagne ( 1868 ) , the last of the natural history series , the tricks of staccato style are pushed even farther than by Victor Hugo in his less inspired moments , though—as is inevitable , in the hands of such a master of language as Michelet—the effect is frequently grandiose if not grand . Nos fils ( 1869 ) , the last of the string of smaller books published during the authors life , is a tractate on education , written with ample knowledge of the facts and with all Michelets usual sweep , and range of view , if with visibly declining powers of expression . But in a book published posthumously , Le Banquet , these powers reappear at their fullest . The picture of the industrious and famishing populations of the Riviera is ( whether true to fact or not ) one of the best things that Michelet has done . To complete the list of his miscellaneous works , two collections of pieces , written and partly published at different times , may be mentioned . These are Les Soldats de la révolution and Legendes démocratiques du nord . Michelets Origines du droit français , cherchées dans les symboles et les formules du droit universel was edited by Émile Faguet in 1890 and went into a second edition in 1900 . The publication of this series of books , and the completion of his history , occupied Michelet during both decades of the empire . He lived partly in France , partly in Italy , and was accustomed to spend the winter on the Riviera , chiefly at Hyères . Masterpiece . At last , in 1867 , the great work of his life , Histoire de France , was finished . In the usual edition it fills nineteen volumes . The first of these deals with the early history up to the death of Charlemagne , the second with the flourishing time of feudal France , the third with the 13th century , the fourth , fifth , and sixth with the Hundred Years War , the seventh and eighth with the establishment of the royal power under Charles VII and Louis XI . The 16th and 17th centuries have four volumes apiece , much of which is very distantly connected with French history proper , especially in the two volumes entitled Renaissance and Reforme . The last three volumes carry on the history of the 18th century to the outbreak of the Revolution . Michelet abhorred the Middle Ages , and celebrated their end as a radical transformation . He tried to explain how a dynamic Renaissance could emerge from fossilized medieval culture . Themes . Michelet has several themes running throughout his works , these included the following three categories : Maleficent , Beneficent , and Paired . Within each of the three themes there are subsets of ideas that occur throughout Michelets various works . One of these themes was the idea of Paired Themes , for example in many of his works he writes on Grace and Justice , Grace being the Woman or Feminine and Justice being more of a Masculine idea . Michelet , additionally , used Union and Unity in his discussions about National History , and Natural History . In terms of the Maleficent themes , there were subcategories these were : Themes of the Dry , which included concepts such as : The Machine , The Jesuits , Scribes , The Electric , Irony ( Goethe ) , The Scholastics , Public Safety , fatalism ( Hobbes , Molinos , Spinoza , Hegel ) . Themes of the Empty and the Turgid , which included the Middle Ages , the imitation , tedium , the novel , narcotics , Alexander , plethoric ( engorged blood ) . Michelet also touches on Themes of the Indeterminate such as The Honnete-Hommes , Conde , Chantilly Sade , Gambling , Phantasmorgia , Italian Comedy , White Blood , Sealed blood . Martial dualism is a prominent theme , with a war of man against nature , spirit against matter , liberty against fatality . History is nothing other than the record of this interminable struggle . Leading some to describe him as a Manichaean dualist . His framing of history as a struggle between Christian spirit and liberty against Jewish matter , fatality , and tyranny , is seen by intellectual historian David Nirenberg as an example of antijudaism as a constituent conceptual tool in western thought . Academic reception . Michelet was perhaps the first historian to devote himself to anything like a picturesque history of the Middle Ages , and his account is still one of the most vivid that exists . His inquiry into manuscript and printed authorities was most laborious , but his lively imagination , and his strong religious and political prejudices , made him regard all things from a singularly personal point of view . There is an unevenness of treatment of historical incidents . However , Michelets insistence that history should concentrate on the people , and not only its leaders or its institutions clearly drew inspiration from the French Revolution . Michelet was one of the first historians to apply these liberal principles to historical scholarship . Political life . Uncompromisingly hostile as Michelet was to the empire , its downfall in 1870 in the midst of Frances defeat by Prussia and the rise and fall of the Paris Commune during the following year once more stimulated him to activity . Not only did he write letters and pamphlets during the struggle , but when it was over he set himself to complete the vast task which his two great histories had almost covered by a Histoire du XIXe siècle . He did not , however , live to carry it farther than the Battle of Waterloo , and the best criticism of it is perhaps contained in the opening words of the introduction to the last volume—lâge me presse ( age hurries me ) . The new republic was not altogether a restoration for Michelet , and his professorship at the Collège de France , of which he always contended he had been unjustly deprived , was not given back to him . He was also a supporter of the Romanian National Awakening movements . Grave . Upon his death from a heart attack at Hyères on 9 February 1874 , Michelet was interred there . At his widows request , a Paris court granted permission for his body to be exhumed on 13 May 1876 . On 16 May , his coffin arrived for reburial at Le Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris . Michelets monument there , designed by architect Jean-Louis Pascal , was erected in 1893 through public subscription . Family . His second wife , Athénaïs Michelet , who survived him , had been a teacher in St . Petersburg . She opened a correspondence with him arising from her ardent admiration of his ideas , and they became engaged before they had seen each other . She assisted him in his labors and was preparing a new work , La nature , at the time of his death . Bibliography . - Michelet , Jules . The History of the French Revolution ( Charles Cocks , trans. , 1847 ) online - Michelet , Jules ( 1844 ) . The History of France . Trans . by W . K . Kelly ( vol . 1–2 only ) . - Michelet , Jules . On History : Introduction to World History ( 1831 ) ; Opening Address at the Faculty of Letters ( 1834 ) ; Preface to History of France ( 1869 ) . Trans . Flora Kimmich , Lionel Gossman and Edward K . Kaplan . Cambridge , UK : Open Book Publishers , 2013 . - History of France v 1 English translation - History of France v 2 English translation
|
[
"à lhistoire universelle"
] |
[
{
"text": " Jules Michelet ( ; 21 August 1798 – 9 February 1874 ) was a French historian . He was born in Paris to a family with Huguenot traditions .",
"title": "Jules Michelet"
},
{
"text": "In his 1855 work , Histoire de France ( History of France ) , Jules Michelet was the first historian to use and define the word Renaissance ( Re-birth in French ) as a period in Europes cultural history that represented a drastic break from the Middle Ages ( which he loathed ) , creating a modern understanding of humanity and its place in the world . Historian François Furet wrote that his History of the French Revolution ( 1847 ) remains the cornerstone of all revolutionary historiography and is also a literary monument . His aphoristic style emphasized his",
"title": "Jules Michelet"
},
{
"text": "anti-clerical republicanism .",
"title": "Jules Michelet"
},
{
"text": " His father was a master printer , and Jules assisted him in the actual work of the press . A place was offered him in the imperial printing office , but his father was able to send him to the famous Collège or Lycée Charlemagne , where he distinguished himself . He passed the university examination in 1821 , and was soon appointed to a professorship of history in the Collège Rollin .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Soon after this , in 1824 , he married . This was one of the most favourable periods ever for scholars and men of letters in France , and Michelet had powerful patrons in Abel-François Villemain and Victor Cousin , among others . Although he was an ardent politician ( having from his childhood embraced republicanism and a peculiar variety of romantic free-thought ) , he was above all a man of letters and an inquirer into the history of the past . His earliest works were school textbooks .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Between 1825 and 1827 he produced diverse sketches , chronological tables etc. , of modern history . His précis of the subject , published in 1827 , is a sound and careful book , far better than anything that had appeared before it , and written in a sober yet interesting style . In the same year he was appointed maître de conférences at the École normale supérieure .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Four years later , in 1831 , the Introduction à lhistoire universelle showed a very different style , exhibiting the idiosyncrasy and literary power of the writer to greater advantage but also displaying , according to the Encyclopædia Britannica ( Eleventh Edition ) , the peculiar visionary qualities which made Michelet the most stimulating , but the most untrustworthy ( not in facts , which he never consciously falsifies , but in suggestion ) of all historians .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "The events of 1830 had placed him in a better position for study by obtaining him a place in the Record Office , and a deputy-professorship under Guizot in the literary faculty of the university . Soon afterwards he began his chief and monumental work , the Histoire de France that would take 30 years to complete . But he accompanied this with numerous other books , chiefly of erudition , such as the Œuvres choisies de Vico , the Mémoires de Luther écrits par lui-même , the Origines du droit français , and somewhat later the le Procès des",
"title": "Record Office"
},
{
"text": "Templiers .",
"title": "Record Office"
},
{
"text": "1838 was a year of great importance in Michelets life . He was in the fullness of his powers , his studies had fed his natural aversion to the principles of authority and ecclesiasticism , and at a moment when the revived activity of the Jesuits caused some pretended alarm , he was appointed to the chair of history at the Collège de France . Assisted by his friend Edgar Quinet , he began a violent polemic against the unpopular order and the principles which it represented , a polemic which made their lectures , and especially Michelets , one",
"title": "Record Office"
},
{
"text": "of the most popular resorts of the day .",
"title": "Record Office"
},
{
"text": "He published , in 1839 , his Histoire romaine , but this was in his graver and earlier manner . The results of his lectures appeared in the volumes Du prêtre , de la femme et de la famille and Le peuple . These books do not display the apocalyptic style which , partly borrowed from Lamennais , characterizes Michelets later works , but they contain in miniature almost the whole of his curious ethicopolitico-theological creed—a mixture of sentimentalism , communism , and anti-sacerdotalism , supported by the most eccentric arguments , but urged with a great deal of eloquence",
"title": "Record Office"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Record Office"
},
{
"text": "The principles of the outbreak of 1848 were in the air , and Michelet was one of many who condensed and propagated them : his original lectures were of so incendiary a kind that the course had to be interdicted . However , when the revolution broke out , Michelet , unlike many other men of letters , did not attempt to enter active political life , and merely devoted himself more strenuously to his literary work . Besides continuing the great history , he undertook and carried out , during the years between the downfall of Louis Philippe and",
"title": "Record Office"
},
{
"text": "the final establishment of Napoleon III , an enthusiastic Histoire de la Révolution française .",
"title": "Record Office"
},
{
"text": "After Napoleon IIIs coup détat , Michelet lost his position in the Record Office when he refused to take the oaths to the empire . The new régime kindled afresh his republican zeal , further stimulated by his second marriage to Athénaïs ( née Mialaret ) , a lady of some literary capacity and republican sympathies . While his great work of history was still his main pursuit , a crowd of extraordinary little books accompanied and diversified it . Sometimes they were expanded versions of its episodes , sometimes what may be called commentaries or companion volumes . The",
"title": "Minor books"
},
{
"text": "first of these was Les Femmes de la Révolution ( 1854 ) , in which Michelets natural and inimitable faculty of dithyrambic too often gives way to tedious and not very conclusive argument and preaching . In the next , LOiseau ( 1856 ) , a new and most successful vein was struck : The subject of natural history , a new subject with Michelet to which his wife introduced him , was treated , not from the point of view of mere science , nor from that of sentiment , but from that of the authors fervent pantheism .",
"title": "Minor books"
},
{
"text": " LInsecte followed . It was succeeded by LAmour ( 1859 ) , one of the authors most popular books . These remarkable works , half pamphlets half moral treatises , succeeded each other as a rule at the twelve months interval , and the succession was almost unbroken for five or six years . LAmour was followed by La Femme ( 1860 ) , a book on which a whole critique of French literature and French character might be founded . Vincent van Gogh used a quote from La Femme on his drawing Sorrow .",
"title": "Minor books"
},
{
"text": "Then came La Mer ( 1861 ) , a return to the natural history class , which , considering the powers of the writer and the attraction of the subject , is perhaps a little disappointing .",
"title": "Minor books"
},
{
"text": " The next year ( 1862 ) the most striking of all Michelets minor works , La Sorcière , made its appearance . Developed out of an episode of the history , it has all its authors peculiarities in the strongest degree . It is a nightmare and nothing more , but a nightmare of the most extraordinary verisimilitude and poetical power .",
"title": "Minor books"
},
{
"text": "This remarkable series , every volume of which was a work at once of imagination and of research , was not even yet finished , but the later volumes exhibit a certain falling off . The ambitious Bible de lhumanité ( 1864 ) , a historical sketch of religions , has little merit . In La Montagne ( 1868 ) , the last of the natural history series , the tricks of staccato style are pushed even farther than by Victor Hugo in his less inspired moments , though—as is inevitable , in the hands of such a master of",
"title": "Minor books"
},
{
"text": "language as Michelet—the effect is frequently grandiose if not grand . Nos fils ( 1869 ) , the last of the string of smaller books published during the authors life , is a tractate on education , written with ample knowledge of the facts and with all Michelets usual sweep , and range of view , if with visibly declining powers of expression . But in a book published posthumously , Le Banquet , these powers reappear at their fullest . The picture of the industrious and famishing populations of the Riviera is ( whether true to fact or not",
"title": "Minor books"
},
{
"text": ") one of the best things that Michelet has done . To complete the list of his miscellaneous works , two collections of pieces , written and partly published at different times , may be mentioned . These are Les Soldats de la révolution and Legendes démocratiques du nord .",
"title": "Minor books"
},
{
"text": " Michelets Origines du droit français , cherchées dans les symboles et les formules du droit universel was edited by Émile Faguet in 1890 and went into a second edition in 1900 . The publication of this series of books , and the completion of his history , occupied Michelet during both decades of the empire . He lived partly in France , partly in Italy , and was accustomed to spend the winter on the Riviera , chiefly at Hyères .",
"title": "Minor books"
},
{
"text": "At last , in 1867 , the great work of his life , Histoire de France , was finished . In the usual edition it fills nineteen volumes . The first of these deals with the early history up to the death of Charlemagne , the second with the flourishing time of feudal France , the third with the 13th century , the fourth , fifth , and sixth with the Hundred Years War , the seventh and eighth with the establishment of the royal power under Charles VII and Louis XI . The 16th and 17th centuries have four",
"title": "Masterpiece"
},
{
"text": "volumes apiece , much of which is very distantly connected with French history proper , especially in the two volumes entitled Renaissance and Reforme . The last three volumes carry on the history of the 18th century to the outbreak of the Revolution .",
"title": "Masterpiece"
},
{
"text": " Michelet abhorred the Middle Ages , and celebrated their end as a radical transformation . He tried to explain how a dynamic Renaissance could emerge from fossilized medieval culture .",
"title": "Masterpiece"
},
{
"text": "Michelet has several themes running throughout his works , these included the following three categories : Maleficent , Beneficent , and Paired . Within each of the three themes there are subsets of ideas that occur throughout Michelets various works . One of these themes was the idea of Paired Themes , for example in many of his works he writes on Grace and Justice , Grace being the Woman or Feminine and Justice being more of a Masculine idea . Michelet , additionally , used Union and Unity in his discussions about National History , and Natural History .",
"title": "Themes"
},
{
"text": "In terms of the Maleficent themes , there were subcategories these were : Themes of the Dry , which included concepts such as : The Machine , The Jesuits , Scribes , The Electric , Irony ( Goethe ) , The Scholastics , Public Safety , fatalism ( Hobbes , Molinos , Spinoza , Hegel ) . Themes of the Empty and the Turgid , which included the Middle Ages , the imitation , tedium , the novel , narcotics , Alexander , plethoric ( engorged blood ) . Michelet also touches on Themes of the Indeterminate such as The",
"title": "Themes"
},
{
"text": "Honnete-Hommes , Conde , Chantilly Sade , Gambling , Phantasmorgia , Italian Comedy , White Blood , Sealed blood . Martial dualism is a prominent theme , with a war of man against nature , spirit against matter , liberty against fatality . History is nothing other than the record of this interminable struggle . Leading some to describe him as a Manichaean dualist . His framing of history as a struggle between Christian spirit and liberty against Jewish matter , fatality , and tyranny , is seen by intellectual historian David Nirenberg as an example of antijudaism as a",
"title": "Themes"
},
{
"text": "constituent conceptual tool in western thought .",
"title": "Themes"
},
{
"text": "Michelet was perhaps the first historian to devote himself to anything like a picturesque history of the Middle Ages , and his account is still one of the most vivid that exists . His inquiry into manuscript and printed authorities was most laborious , but his lively imagination , and his strong religious and political prejudices , made him regard all things from a singularly personal point of view . There is an unevenness of treatment of historical incidents . However , Michelets insistence that history should concentrate on the people , and not only its leaders or its institutions",
"title": "Academic reception"
},
{
"text": "clearly drew inspiration from the French Revolution . Michelet was one of the first historians to apply these liberal principles to historical scholarship .",
"title": "Academic reception"
},
{
"text": "Uncompromisingly hostile as Michelet was to the empire , its downfall in 1870 in the midst of Frances defeat by Prussia and the rise and fall of the Paris Commune during the following year once more stimulated him to activity . Not only did he write letters and pamphlets during the struggle , but when it was over he set himself to complete the vast task which his two great histories had almost covered by a Histoire du XIXe siècle . He did not , however , live to carry it farther than the Battle of Waterloo , and the",
"title": "Political life"
},
{
"text": "best criticism of it is perhaps contained in the opening words of the introduction to the last volume—lâge me presse ( age hurries me ) . The new republic was not altogether a restoration for Michelet , and his professorship at the Collège de France , of which he always contended he had been unjustly deprived , was not given back to him . He was also a supporter of the Romanian National Awakening movements .",
"title": "Political life"
},
{
"text": " Upon his death from a heart attack at Hyères on 9 February 1874 , Michelet was interred there . At his widows request , a Paris court granted permission for his body to be exhumed on 13 May 1876 . On 16 May , his coffin arrived for reburial at Le Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris . Michelets monument there , designed by architect Jean-Louis Pascal , was erected in 1893 through public subscription .",
"title": "Grave"
},
{
"text": " His second wife , Athénaïs Michelet , who survived him , had been a teacher in St . Petersburg . She opened a correspondence with him arising from her ardent admiration of his ideas , and they became engaged before they had seen each other . She assisted him in his labors and was preparing a new work , La nature , at the time of his death .",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": " - Michelet , Jules . The History of the French Revolution ( Charles Cocks , trans. , 1847 ) online - Michelet , Jules ( 1844 ) . The History of France . Trans . by W . K . Kelly ( vol . 1–2 only ) .",
"title": "Bibliography"
},
{
"text": "- Michelet , Jules . On History : Introduction to World History ( 1831 ) ; Opening Address at the Faculty of Letters ( 1834 ) ; Preface to History of France ( 1869 ) . Trans . Flora Kimmich , Lionel Gossman and Edward K . Kaplan . Cambridge , UK : Open Book Publishers , 2013 .",
"title": "Bibliography"
},
{
"text": " - History of France v 1 English translation - History of France v 2 English translation",
"title": "Bibliography"
}
] |
/wiki/Jules_Michelet#P108#3
|
What was the name of the employer Jules Michelet work for between Aug 1846 and Jan 1847?
|
Jules Michelet Jules Michelet ( ; 21 August 1798 – 9 February 1874 ) was a French historian . He was born in Paris to a family with Huguenot traditions . In his 1855 work , Histoire de France ( History of France ) , Jules Michelet was the first historian to use and define the word Renaissance ( Re-birth in French ) as a period in Europes cultural history that represented a drastic break from the Middle Ages ( which he loathed ) , creating a modern understanding of humanity and its place in the world . Historian François Furet wrote that his History of the French Revolution ( 1847 ) remains the cornerstone of all revolutionary historiography and is also a literary monument . His aphoristic style emphasized his anti-clerical republicanism . Early life . His father was a master printer , and Jules assisted him in the actual work of the press . A place was offered him in the imperial printing office , but his father was able to send him to the famous Collège or Lycée Charlemagne , where he distinguished himself . He passed the university examination in 1821 , and was soon appointed to a professorship of history in the Collège Rollin . Soon after this , in 1824 , he married . This was one of the most favourable periods ever for scholars and men of letters in France , and Michelet had powerful patrons in Abel-François Villemain and Victor Cousin , among others . Although he was an ardent politician ( having from his childhood embraced republicanism and a peculiar variety of romantic free-thought ) , he was above all a man of letters and an inquirer into the history of the past . His earliest works were school textbooks . Between 1825 and 1827 he produced diverse sketches , chronological tables etc. , of modern history . His précis of the subject , published in 1827 , is a sound and careful book , far better than anything that had appeared before it , and written in a sober yet interesting style . In the same year he was appointed maître de conférences at the École normale supérieure . Four years later , in 1831 , the Introduction à lhistoire universelle showed a very different style , exhibiting the idiosyncrasy and literary power of the writer to greater advantage but also displaying , according to the Encyclopædia Britannica ( Eleventh Edition ) , the peculiar visionary qualities which made Michelet the most stimulating , but the most untrustworthy ( not in facts , which he never consciously falsifies , but in suggestion ) of all historians . Record Office . The events of 1830 had placed him in a better position for study by obtaining him a place in the Record Office , and a deputy-professorship under Guizot in the literary faculty of the university . Soon afterwards he began his chief and monumental work , the Histoire de France that would take 30 years to complete . But he accompanied this with numerous other books , chiefly of erudition , such as the Œuvres choisies de Vico , the Mémoires de Luther écrits par lui-même , the Origines du droit français , and somewhat later the le Procès des Templiers . 1838 was a year of great importance in Michelets life . He was in the fullness of his powers , his studies had fed his natural aversion to the principles of authority and ecclesiasticism , and at a moment when the revived activity of the Jesuits caused some pretended alarm , he was appointed to the chair of history at the Collège de France . Assisted by his friend Edgar Quinet , he began a violent polemic against the unpopular order and the principles which it represented , a polemic which made their lectures , and especially Michelets , one of the most popular resorts of the day . He published , in 1839 , his Histoire romaine , but this was in his graver and earlier manner . The results of his lectures appeared in the volumes Du prêtre , de la femme et de la famille and Le peuple . These books do not display the apocalyptic style which , partly borrowed from Lamennais , characterizes Michelets later works , but they contain in miniature almost the whole of his curious ethicopolitico-theological creed—a mixture of sentimentalism , communism , and anti-sacerdotalism , supported by the most eccentric arguments , but urged with a great deal of eloquence . The principles of the outbreak of 1848 were in the air , and Michelet was one of many who condensed and propagated them : his original lectures were of so incendiary a kind that the course had to be interdicted . However , when the revolution broke out , Michelet , unlike many other men of letters , did not attempt to enter active political life , and merely devoted himself more strenuously to his literary work . Besides continuing the great history , he undertook and carried out , during the years between the downfall of Louis Philippe and the final establishment of Napoleon III , an enthusiastic Histoire de la Révolution française . Minor books . After Napoleon IIIs coup détat , Michelet lost his position in the Record Office when he refused to take the oaths to the empire . The new régime kindled afresh his republican zeal , further stimulated by his second marriage to Athénaïs ( née Mialaret ) , a lady of some literary capacity and republican sympathies . While his great work of history was still his main pursuit , a crowd of extraordinary little books accompanied and diversified it . Sometimes they were expanded versions of its episodes , sometimes what may be called commentaries or companion volumes . The first of these was Les Femmes de la Révolution ( 1854 ) , in which Michelets natural and inimitable faculty of dithyrambic too often gives way to tedious and not very conclusive argument and preaching . In the next , LOiseau ( 1856 ) , a new and most successful vein was struck : The subject of natural history , a new subject with Michelet to which his wife introduced him , was treated , not from the point of view of mere science , nor from that of sentiment , but from that of the authors fervent pantheism . LInsecte followed . It was succeeded by LAmour ( 1859 ) , one of the authors most popular books . These remarkable works , half pamphlets half moral treatises , succeeded each other as a rule at the twelve months interval , and the succession was almost unbroken for five or six years . LAmour was followed by La Femme ( 1860 ) , a book on which a whole critique of French literature and French character might be founded . Vincent van Gogh used a quote from La Femme on his drawing Sorrow . Then came La Mer ( 1861 ) , a return to the natural history class , which , considering the powers of the writer and the attraction of the subject , is perhaps a little disappointing . The next year ( 1862 ) the most striking of all Michelets minor works , La Sorcière , made its appearance . Developed out of an episode of the history , it has all its authors peculiarities in the strongest degree . It is a nightmare and nothing more , but a nightmare of the most extraordinary verisimilitude and poetical power . This remarkable series , every volume of which was a work at once of imagination and of research , was not even yet finished , but the later volumes exhibit a certain falling off . The ambitious Bible de lhumanité ( 1864 ) , a historical sketch of religions , has little merit . In La Montagne ( 1868 ) , the last of the natural history series , the tricks of staccato style are pushed even farther than by Victor Hugo in his less inspired moments , though—as is inevitable , in the hands of such a master of language as Michelet—the effect is frequently grandiose if not grand . Nos fils ( 1869 ) , the last of the string of smaller books published during the authors life , is a tractate on education , written with ample knowledge of the facts and with all Michelets usual sweep , and range of view , if with visibly declining powers of expression . But in a book published posthumously , Le Banquet , these powers reappear at their fullest . The picture of the industrious and famishing populations of the Riviera is ( whether true to fact or not ) one of the best things that Michelet has done . To complete the list of his miscellaneous works , two collections of pieces , written and partly published at different times , may be mentioned . These are Les Soldats de la révolution and Legendes démocratiques du nord . Michelets Origines du droit français , cherchées dans les symboles et les formules du droit universel was edited by Émile Faguet in 1890 and went into a second edition in 1900 . The publication of this series of books , and the completion of his history , occupied Michelet during both decades of the empire . He lived partly in France , partly in Italy , and was accustomed to spend the winter on the Riviera , chiefly at Hyères . Masterpiece . At last , in 1867 , the great work of his life , Histoire de France , was finished . In the usual edition it fills nineteen volumes . The first of these deals with the early history up to the death of Charlemagne , the second with the flourishing time of feudal France , the third with the 13th century , the fourth , fifth , and sixth with the Hundred Years War , the seventh and eighth with the establishment of the royal power under Charles VII and Louis XI . The 16th and 17th centuries have four volumes apiece , much of which is very distantly connected with French history proper , especially in the two volumes entitled Renaissance and Reforme . The last three volumes carry on the history of the 18th century to the outbreak of the Revolution . Michelet abhorred the Middle Ages , and celebrated their end as a radical transformation . He tried to explain how a dynamic Renaissance could emerge from fossilized medieval culture . Themes . Michelet has several themes running throughout his works , these included the following three categories : Maleficent , Beneficent , and Paired . Within each of the three themes there are subsets of ideas that occur throughout Michelets various works . One of these themes was the idea of Paired Themes , for example in many of his works he writes on Grace and Justice , Grace being the Woman or Feminine and Justice being more of a Masculine idea . Michelet , additionally , used Union and Unity in his discussions about National History , and Natural History . In terms of the Maleficent themes , there were subcategories these were : Themes of the Dry , which included concepts such as : The Machine , The Jesuits , Scribes , The Electric , Irony ( Goethe ) , The Scholastics , Public Safety , fatalism ( Hobbes , Molinos , Spinoza , Hegel ) . Themes of the Empty and the Turgid , which included the Middle Ages , the imitation , tedium , the novel , narcotics , Alexander , plethoric ( engorged blood ) . Michelet also touches on Themes of the Indeterminate such as The Honnete-Hommes , Conde , Chantilly Sade , Gambling , Phantasmorgia , Italian Comedy , White Blood , Sealed blood . Martial dualism is a prominent theme , with a war of man against nature , spirit against matter , liberty against fatality . History is nothing other than the record of this interminable struggle . Leading some to describe him as a Manichaean dualist . His framing of history as a struggle between Christian spirit and liberty against Jewish matter , fatality , and tyranny , is seen by intellectual historian David Nirenberg as an example of antijudaism as a constituent conceptual tool in western thought . Academic reception . Michelet was perhaps the first historian to devote himself to anything like a picturesque history of the Middle Ages , and his account is still one of the most vivid that exists . His inquiry into manuscript and printed authorities was most laborious , but his lively imagination , and his strong religious and political prejudices , made him regard all things from a singularly personal point of view . There is an unevenness of treatment of historical incidents . However , Michelets insistence that history should concentrate on the people , and not only its leaders or its institutions clearly drew inspiration from the French Revolution . Michelet was one of the first historians to apply these liberal principles to historical scholarship . Political life . Uncompromisingly hostile as Michelet was to the empire , its downfall in 1870 in the midst of Frances defeat by Prussia and the rise and fall of the Paris Commune during the following year once more stimulated him to activity . Not only did he write letters and pamphlets during the struggle , but when it was over he set himself to complete the vast task which his two great histories had almost covered by a Histoire du XIXe siècle . He did not , however , live to carry it farther than the Battle of Waterloo , and the best criticism of it is perhaps contained in the opening words of the introduction to the last volume—lâge me presse ( age hurries me ) . The new republic was not altogether a restoration for Michelet , and his professorship at the Collège de France , of which he always contended he had been unjustly deprived , was not given back to him . He was also a supporter of the Romanian National Awakening movements . Grave . Upon his death from a heart attack at Hyères on 9 February 1874 , Michelet was interred there . At his widows request , a Paris court granted permission for his body to be exhumed on 13 May 1876 . On 16 May , his coffin arrived for reburial at Le Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris . Michelets monument there , designed by architect Jean-Louis Pascal , was erected in 1893 through public subscription . Family . His second wife , Athénaïs Michelet , who survived him , had been a teacher in St . Petersburg . She opened a correspondence with him arising from her ardent admiration of his ideas , and they became engaged before they had seen each other . She assisted him in his labors and was preparing a new work , La nature , at the time of his death . Bibliography . - Michelet , Jules . The History of the French Revolution ( Charles Cocks , trans. , 1847 ) online - Michelet , Jules ( 1844 ) . The History of France . Trans . by W . K . Kelly ( vol . 1–2 only ) . - Michelet , Jules . On History : Introduction to World History ( 1831 ) ; Opening Address at the Faculty of Letters ( 1834 ) ; Preface to History of France ( 1869 ) . Trans . Flora Kimmich , Lionel Gossman and Edward K . Kaplan . Cambridge , UK : Open Book Publishers , 2013 . - History of France v 1 English translation - History of France v 2 English translation
|
[
"Collège de France"
] |
[
{
"text": " Jules Michelet ( ; 21 August 1798 – 9 February 1874 ) was a French historian . He was born in Paris to a family with Huguenot traditions .",
"title": "Jules Michelet"
},
{
"text": "In his 1855 work , Histoire de France ( History of France ) , Jules Michelet was the first historian to use and define the word Renaissance ( Re-birth in French ) as a period in Europes cultural history that represented a drastic break from the Middle Ages ( which he loathed ) , creating a modern understanding of humanity and its place in the world . Historian François Furet wrote that his History of the French Revolution ( 1847 ) remains the cornerstone of all revolutionary historiography and is also a literary monument . His aphoristic style emphasized his",
"title": "Jules Michelet"
},
{
"text": "anti-clerical republicanism .",
"title": "Jules Michelet"
},
{
"text": " His father was a master printer , and Jules assisted him in the actual work of the press . A place was offered him in the imperial printing office , but his father was able to send him to the famous Collège or Lycée Charlemagne , where he distinguished himself . He passed the university examination in 1821 , and was soon appointed to a professorship of history in the Collège Rollin .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Soon after this , in 1824 , he married . This was one of the most favourable periods ever for scholars and men of letters in France , and Michelet had powerful patrons in Abel-François Villemain and Victor Cousin , among others . Although he was an ardent politician ( having from his childhood embraced republicanism and a peculiar variety of romantic free-thought ) , he was above all a man of letters and an inquirer into the history of the past . His earliest works were school textbooks .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Between 1825 and 1827 he produced diverse sketches , chronological tables etc. , of modern history . His précis of the subject , published in 1827 , is a sound and careful book , far better than anything that had appeared before it , and written in a sober yet interesting style . In the same year he was appointed maître de conférences at the École normale supérieure .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Four years later , in 1831 , the Introduction à lhistoire universelle showed a very different style , exhibiting the idiosyncrasy and literary power of the writer to greater advantage but also displaying , according to the Encyclopædia Britannica ( Eleventh Edition ) , the peculiar visionary qualities which made Michelet the most stimulating , but the most untrustworthy ( not in facts , which he never consciously falsifies , but in suggestion ) of all historians .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "The events of 1830 had placed him in a better position for study by obtaining him a place in the Record Office , and a deputy-professorship under Guizot in the literary faculty of the university . Soon afterwards he began his chief and monumental work , the Histoire de France that would take 30 years to complete . But he accompanied this with numerous other books , chiefly of erudition , such as the Œuvres choisies de Vico , the Mémoires de Luther écrits par lui-même , the Origines du droit français , and somewhat later the le Procès des",
"title": "Record Office"
},
{
"text": "Templiers .",
"title": "Record Office"
},
{
"text": "1838 was a year of great importance in Michelets life . He was in the fullness of his powers , his studies had fed his natural aversion to the principles of authority and ecclesiasticism , and at a moment when the revived activity of the Jesuits caused some pretended alarm , he was appointed to the chair of history at the Collège de France . Assisted by his friend Edgar Quinet , he began a violent polemic against the unpopular order and the principles which it represented , a polemic which made their lectures , and especially Michelets , one",
"title": "Record Office"
},
{
"text": "of the most popular resorts of the day .",
"title": "Record Office"
},
{
"text": "He published , in 1839 , his Histoire romaine , but this was in his graver and earlier manner . The results of his lectures appeared in the volumes Du prêtre , de la femme et de la famille and Le peuple . These books do not display the apocalyptic style which , partly borrowed from Lamennais , characterizes Michelets later works , but they contain in miniature almost the whole of his curious ethicopolitico-theological creed—a mixture of sentimentalism , communism , and anti-sacerdotalism , supported by the most eccentric arguments , but urged with a great deal of eloquence",
"title": "Record Office"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Record Office"
},
{
"text": "The principles of the outbreak of 1848 were in the air , and Michelet was one of many who condensed and propagated them : his original lectures were of so incendiary a kind that the course had to be interdicted . However , when the revolution broke out , Michelet , unlike many other men of letters , did not attempt to enter active political life , and merely devoted himself more strenuously to his literary work . Besides continuing the great history , he undertook and carried out , during the years between the downfall of Louis Philippe and",
"title": "Record Office"
},
{
"text": "the final establishment of Napoleon III , an enthusiastic Histoire de la Révolution française .",
"title": "Record Office"
},
{
"text": "After Napoleon IIIs coup détat , Michelet lost his position in the Record Office when he refused to take the oaths to the empire . The new régime kindled afresh his republican zeal , further stimulated by his second marriage to Athénaïs ( née Mialaret ) , a lady of some literary capacity and republican sympathies . While his great work of history was still his main pursuit , a crowd of extraordinary little books accompanied and diversified it . Sometimes they were expanded versions of its episodes , sometimes what may be called commentaries or companion volumes . The",
"title": "Minor books"
},
{
"text": "first of these was Les Femmes de la Révolution ( 1854 ) , in which Michelets natural and inimitable faculty of dithyrambic too often gives way to tedious and not very conclusive argument and preaching . In the next , LOiseau ( 1856 ) , a new and most successful vein was struck : The subject of natural history , a new subject with Michelet to which his wife introduced him , was treated , not from the point of view of mere science , nor from that of sentiment , but from that of the authors fervent pantheism .",
"title": "Minor books"
},
{
"text": " LInsecte followed . It was succeeded by LAmour ( 1859 ) , one of the authors most popular books . These remarkable works , half pamphlets half moral treatises , succeeded each other as a rule at the twelve months interval , and the succession was almost unbroken for five or six years . LAmour was followed by La Femme ( 1860 ) , a book on which a whole critique of French literature and French character might be founded . Vincent van Gogh used a quote from La Femme on his drawing Sorrow .",
"title": "Minor books"
},
{
"text": "Then came La Mer ( 1861 ) , a return to the natural history class , which , considering the powers of the writer and the attraction of the subject , is perhaps a little disappointing .",
"title": "Minor books"
},
{
"text": " The next year ( 1862 ) the most striking of all Michelets minor works , La Sorcière , made its appearance . Developed out of an episode of the history , it has all its authors peculiarities in the strongest degree . It is a nightmare and nothing more , but a nightmare of the most extraordinary verisimilitude and poetical power .",
"title": "Minor books"
},
{
"text": "This remarkable series , every volume of which was a work at once of imagination and of research , was not even yet finished , but the later volumes exhibit a certain falling off . The ambitious Bible de lhumanité ( 1864 ) , a historical sketch of religions , has little merit . In La Montagne ( 1868 ) , the last of the natural history series , the tricks of staccato style are pushed even farther than by Victor Hugo in his less inspired moments , though—as is inevitable , in the hands of such a master of",
"title": "Minor books"
},
{
"text": "language as Michelet—the effect is frequently grandiose if not grand . Nos fils ( 1869 ) , the last of the string of smaller books published during the authors life , is a tractate on education , written with ample knowledge of the facts and with all Michelets usual sweep , and range of view , if with visibly declining powers of expression . But in a book published posthumously , Le Banquet , these powers reappear at their fullest . The picture of the industrious and famishing populations of the Riviera is ( whether true to fact or not",
"title": "Minor books"
},
{
"text": ") one of the best things that Michelet has done . To complete the list of his miscellaneous works , two collections of pieces , written and partly published at different times , may be mentioned . These are Les Soldats de la révolution and Legendes démocratiques du nord .",
"title": "Minor books"
},
{
"text": " Michelets Origines du droit français , cherchées dans les symboles et les formules du droit universel was edited by Émile Faguet in 1890 and went into a second edition in 1900 . The publication of this series of books , and the completion of his history , occupied Michelet during both decades of the empire . He lived partly in France , partly in Italy , and was accustomed to spend the winter on the Riviera , chiefly at Hyères .",
"title": "Minor books"
},
{
"text": "At last , in 1867 , the great work of his life , Histoire de France , was finished . In the usual edition it fills nineteen volumes . The first of these deals with the early history up to the death of Charlemagne , the second with the flourishing time of feudal France , the third with the 13th century , the fourth , fifth , and sixth with the Hundred Years War , the seventh and eighth with the establishment of the royal power under Charles VII and Louis XI . The 16th and 17th centuries have four",
"title": "Masterpiece"
},
{
"text": "volumes apiece , much of which is very distantly connected with French history proper , especially in the two volumes entitled Renaissance and Reforme . The last three volumes carry on the history of the 18th century to the outbreak of the Revolution .",
"title": "Masterpiece"
},
{
"text": " Michelet abhorred the Middle Ages , and celebrated their end as a radical transformation . He tried to explain how a dynamic Renaissance could emerge from fossilized medieval culture .",
"title": "Masterpiece"
},
{
"text": "Michelet has several themes running throughout his works , these included the following three categories : Maleficent , Beneficent , and Paired . Within each of the three themes there are subsets of ideas that occur throughout Michelets various works . One of these themes was the idea of Paired Themes , for example in many of his works he writes on Grace and Justice , Grace being the Woman or Feminine and Justice being more of a Masculine idea . Michelet , additionally , used Union and Unity in his discussions about National History , and Natural History .",
"title": "Themes"
},
{
"text": "In terms of the Maleficent themes , there were subcategories these were : Themes of the Dry , which included concepts such as : The Machine , The Jesuits , Scribes , The Electric , Irony ( Goethe ) , The Scholastics , Public Safety , fatalism ( Hobbes , Molinos , Spinoza , Hegel ) . Themes of the Empty and the Turgid , which included the Middle Ages , the imitation , tedium , the novel , narcotics , Alexander , plethoric ( engorged blood ) . Michelet also touches on Themes of the Indeterminate such as The",
"title": "Themes"
},
{
"text": "Honnete-Hommes , Conde , Chantilly Sade , Gambling , Phantasmorgia , Italian Comedy , White Blood , Sealed blood . Martial dualism is a prominent theme , with a war of man against nature , spirit against matter , liberty against fatality . History is nothing other than the record of this interminable struggle . Leading some to describe him as a Manichaean dualist . His framing of history as a struggle between Christian spirit and liberty against Jewish matter , fatality , and tyranny , is seen by intellectual historian David Nirenberg as an example of antijudaism as a",
"title": "Themes"
},
{
"text": "constituent conceptual tool in western thought .",
"title": "Themes"
},
{
"text": "Michelet was perhaps the first historian to devote himself to anything like a picturesque history of the Middle Ages , and his account is still one of the most vivid that exists . His inquiry into manuscript and printed authorities was most laborious , but his lively imagination , and his strong religious and political prejudices , made him regard all things from a singularly personal point of view . There is an unevenness of treatment of historical incidents . However , Michelets insistence that history should concentrate on the people , and not only its leaders or its institutions",
"title": "Academic reception"
},
{
"text": "clearly drew inspiration from the French Revolution . Michelet was one of the first historians to apply these liberal principles to historical scholarship .",
"title": "Academic reception"
},
{
"text": "Uncompromisingly hostile as Michelet was to the empire , its downfall in 1870 in the midst of Frances defeat by Prussia and the rise and fall of the Paris Commune during the following year once more stimulated him to activity . Not only did he write letters and pamphlets during the struggle , but when it was over he set himself to complete the vast task which his two great histories had almost covered by a Histoire du XIXe siècle . He did not , however , live to carry it farther than the Battle of Waterloo , and the",
"title": "Political life"
},
{
"text": "best criticism of it is perhaps contained in the opening words of the introduction to the last volume—lâge me presse ( age hurries me ) . The new republic was not altogether a restoration for Michelet , and his professorship at the Collège de France , of which he always contended he had been unjustly deprived , was not given back to him . He was also a supporter of the Romanian National Awakening movements .",
"title": "Political life"
},
{
"text": " Upon his death from a heart attack at Hyères on 9 February 1874 , Michelet was interred there . At his widows request , a Paris court granted permission for his body to be exhumed on 13 May 1876 . On 16 May , his coffin arrived for reburial at Le Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris . Michelets monument there , designed by architect Jean-Louis Pascal , was erected in 1893 through public subscription .",
"title": "Grave"
},
{
"text": " His second wife , Athénaïs Michelet , who survived him , had been a teacher in St . Petersburg . She opened a correspondence with him arising from her ardent admiration of his ideas , and they became engaged before they had seen each other . She assisted him in his labors and was preparing a new work , La nature , at the time of his death .",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": " - Michelet , Jules . The History of the French Revolution ( Charles Cocks , trans. , 1847 ) online - Michelet , Jules ( 1844 ) . The History of France . Trans . by W . K . Kelly ( vol . 1–2 only ) .",
"title": "Bibliography"
},
{
"text": "- Michelet , Jules . On History : Introduction to World History ( 1831 ) ; Opening Address at the Faculty of Letters ( 1834 ) ; Preface to History of France ( 1869 ) . Trans . Flora Kimmich , Lionel Gossman and Edward K . Kaplan . Cambridge , UK : Open Book Publishers , 2013 .",
"title": "Bibliography"
},
{
"text": " - History of France v 1 English translation - History of France v 2 English translation",
"title": "Bibliography"
}
] |
/wiki/Reginald_Maudling#P39#0
|
Reginald Maudling took which position before Jun 1959?
|
Reginald Maudling Reginald Maudling ( 7 March 1917 – 14 February 1979 ) was a British politician who held several Cabinet posts , including Chancellor of the Exchequer . From 1955 until the late 1960s , he was spoken of as a prospective Conservative leader , and he was twice seriously considered for the post ; he was Edward Heaths chief rival in 1965 . He also held directorships in several British financial firms . As Home Secretary , he was responsible for the UK Governments Northern Ireland policy during the period that included Bloody Sunday in 1972 . Soon afterwards , he left office due to an unrelated scandal in one of the companies of which he was director . Early life . Reginald Maudling was born in Woodside Park , North Finchley , and was named after his father , Reginald George Maudling , an actuary at R . Watson & Sons and Public Valuer , who contracted to do actuarial and financial calculations as the Commercial Calculating Company Ltd . The family moved to Bexhill to escape German air raids ; Maudling won scholarships to the Merchant Taylors School and Merton College , Oxford . He stayed out of undergraduate politics at Oxford , and studied the works of Hegel ; he was to formulate his conclusions later as to the inseparability of economic and political freedom : the purpose of State control and the guiding principle of its application is the achievement of true freedom . He obtained a first class Greats degree . Political career . Shortly after graduating , Maudling set up a meeting with Harold Nicolson to discuss whether it would be better , as a moderate conservative , to join the Conservative Party or National Labour ; Nicolson advised him to wait . Maudling was called to the Bar at the Middle Temple in 1940 . However , he did not practise as a barrister , having volunteered for service in the Royal Air Force ( RAF ) in the Second World War . Owing to poor eyesight he took desk jobs in the RAF intelligence branch , where he rose—as a Wingless Wonder , as officers who were not qualified to wear pilots wings were nicknamed—to the rank of Flight Lieutenant ; he was then appointed Private Secretary to the Secretary of State for Air , Sir Archibald Sinclair . Parliamentary candidate . Maudling wrote an essay on Conservative policy in November 1943 , recommending that the Conservatives neither imitate the Labour Party nor reflexively oppose all controls ; in the general election of July 1945 , he was selected as parliamentary candidate for Heston and Isleworth , a newly created constituency in Middlesex , although there were four applicants and he had no ties to that constituency . In the subsequent Labour landslide Maudling was defeated like many others , although Heston and Isleworth had been expected to be a safe Conservative seat . After its defeat in the 1945 general election , the Conservative Party engaged in an extensive rethink of its policy . Maudling argued that the Party had depended excessively on outdated economic slogans and the popularity of Winston Churchill . In November 1945 , Maudling became the first staff member of the Conservative Parliamentary Secretariat , later the Conservative Research Department , where he was head of the Economic Section . He persuaded the party to accept much of the Labour governments nationalisation programme and social services while cutting government spending . In March 1946 , Maudling was chosen as the prospective candidate for Barnet , close to his birthplace in Finchley , and began giving speeches there . Labour had unexpectedly won the seat in 1945 , but it was considered to be marginal . In 1950 , Maudling was elected as Member of Parliament with an absolute majority . Member of Parliament and Cabinet . Following the 1951 election , Churchill made Maudling a junior Minister at the Ministry of Civil Aviation . However , his experience of preparing economic policy led to his speaking on behalf of the Treasury on the 1952 budget and thus to an appointment , later that year , as Economic Secretary to the Treasury . With his mentor Rab Butler as Chancellor of the Exchequer , Maudling worked to reduce taxes and controls in order to move from post-war austerity to affluence . When Anthony Eden took over as Prime Minister in 1955 , Maudling was promoted to head a department as Minister of Supply . He supported the invasion of Suez . The Ministry was responsible for aircraft production and supplying the armed forces , and Maudling came to agree with critics who argued that it was an unnecessary intermediary ; he therefore recommended its abolition . Although supportive of Harold Macmillans appointment as Prime Minister over the rival claims of Butler in 1957 , Maudling found himself in difficulties over his position in the new government . He refused to continue at the Ministry of Supply and also rejected an offer of the Ministry of Health because Iain Macleod , with whom he had a rivalry , had held the post five years earlier and Maudling did not want to be seen as five years behind him . Macmillan appointed Maudling to the post of Paymaster General and spokesman in the House of Commons for the Ministry of Fuel and Power , which was technically a demotion . Nine months later , Maudling had proved his usefulness ; Macmillan brought him into the Cabinet on 17 September 1957 , where he acted more as a Minister without Portfolio : he had specific responsibility for persuading the six members of the embryonic European Economic Community , who had recently signed the Treaty of Rome , to abandon their proposal for a customs union in favour of a wider free-trade area where each country would preserve their own external tariffs . However , Maudlings lack of international experience led him to underestimate the importance of the nascent Community and what was constructive in it . Faced with widespread rejection of the proposals , Maudling aroused hostility in Bonn and Paris by seeking to play off the Germans against the French . On 14 November 1958 , six months after the election of General de Gaulle as premier , Jacques Soustelle , the French Minister of Information , confirmed to the Press that France would reject the Maudling plan . Two days later , the British delegation to the Community formally called an end to accession negotiations . Maudling later revised his proposals , which were to form the basis of the European Free Trade Association . Meanwhile , Maudling became an underwriting member of Lloyds of London in December 1957 , although his assets were somewhat below average for other names . President of the Board of Trade . Maudling entered the front line of politics after the 1959 election when appointed President of the Board of Trade . He was responsible for introducing the governments proposals to help areas of high unemployment . This was achieved by paying grants to companies to create new plants in these deprived areas , and also by the government taking over unused land for development . Maudling also succeeded in negotiating a free trade agreement between the countries outside the Common Market ; this became the European Free Trade Association and was some compensation for his failure to negotiate a free trade area with the Common Market . Maudling was opposed to any proposal to join the Common Market on the basis that it would end Britains right to make commercial agreements with New Zealand and Australia . He was later to remark that I can think of no more retrograde step economically or politically . This comment was to be quoted against him when , less than two years later , he was Chancellor of the Exchequer at the time of the reopening of negotiations for Common Market membership . Colonial Secretary . Reginald Maudling was for a short time , as Secretary of State for the Colonies in 1961 , responsible for the process of decolonisation . In this position he chaired constitutional conferences for Jamaica , Northern Rhodesia and Trinidad and Tobago which prepared them for independence ; his plan for Northern Rhodesia was controversial and he had to threaten resignation before it was approved . However , Maudling was keen to return to economic policy , and seized his opportunity when Macmillan made it clear in private that he supported a voluntary incomes policy . Maudling promptly made his case in public , and three weeks later was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer in Macmillans Night of the Long Knives attempt to rejuvenate his Cabinet . Chancellor of the Exchequer . As Chancellor , Maudling soon cut purchase tax and bank interest rates . His 1963 budget aimed at expansion without inflation . Following a period of economic difficulty , with a growth target of 4% , Maudling was able to remove income tax from owner-occupiers residential premises . He also abolished the rate of duty on home-brewed beer which in effect legalised it . This was the period in which Maudling was at his most popular within the Conservative Party and in the country . However , later commentators have been less kind to Maudling : Harold Wilson and his Chancellor James Callaghan ( who nevertheless sounded out Maudling for the governorship of the Bank of England in 1966 ) blamed the dash for growth that followed the 1963 budget for increasing sterlings chronic instability between 1964 and 1967 and by greatly increasing domestic demand the budget certainly exacerbated the existing balance of payments problem . Maudling largely recognised this himself by the time of the 1964 budget and , although he increased taxes , he did little to subdue demand in an election year . First unsuccessful leadership bid . By 1963 , during the Profumo affair , there was talk , encouraged by Martin Redmayne ( Chief Whip ) and Lord Poole ( Party Chairman ) , of Maudling succeeding Macmillan as Prime Minister . Maudling visited Butler ( Deputy Prime Minister ) and obtained a mutual promise that they would , if necessary , agree to serve under one another – Maudling believed that he had gained an advantage in obtaining the agreement of Butler , his senior , to serve under him if necessary . However , William Rees-Mogg claimed in The Times on 28 July that Butler led Maudling by 2:1 in the Cabinet , although Maudling had more support amongst backbench MPs . However , Macmillans sudden illness and announcement of his resignation in October 1963 came at a time when Maudlings support had fallen . He was also poorly received at the Conservative Party conference , which had become a hustings for the leadership , despite coaching from Iain Macleod in how to deliver his speech . Back in London the following week , a process of consultation by Lord Chancellor Dilhorne and by Redmayne declared Foreign Secretary Lord Home , rather than Maudling or Butler , to be the compromise candidate . Enoch Powell , Macleod , Hailsham and Maudling ( known as the Quad in some accounts of the following days ) sought to persuade Butler to refuse to serve , so that Butler rather than Home would have to become Prime Minister . Macleod and Maudling demanded that Dilhorne lay the results of his consultations before the Cabinet , but he refused to do so . Maudling attended the meeting at Powells house late in the evening of 17 October , well-refreshed after attending a formal dinner , and seems to have gone along with it rather than being a ringleader , although he and Hailsham agreed to serve under Butler . However , on the morning of Saturday 19 October Butler then Maudling agreed to serve under Home , enabling him to accept office as Prime Minister . Maudling retained his post as Chancellor under the new Prime Minister , and , in the 1964 election , Maudling had a prominent role at the helm of the partys daily press conferences while Douglas-Home toured the country . On the BBCs election results programme , the journalist Anthony Howard said that he believed that if Maudling had been leader , the narrow Conservative defeat would have been a narrow Conservative victory . Upon being forced out of the post by the election defeat , Maudling left a note to his successor , James Callaghan , simply stating Good luck , old cock.. . Sorry to leave it in such a mess . Second unsuccessful leadership bid . Out of office , Maudling accepted the offer of a seat on the board of Kleinwort Benson in November 1964 , one of the factors which led to his being shifted to spokesman on Foreign Affairs in early 1965 . Unlike other potential leadership contenders , Maudling publicly maintained his loyalty to Douglas-Home as criticisms of his leadership mounted . When Douglas-Home resigned , after putting in place a system in which the leadership was directly elected , Maudling fought against Edward Heath for the position of candidate to the party centre-right . Unfortunately for Maudling , Enoch Powell also stood , but he was a candidate supporting monetarist and proto-Thatcherite economics , which at that time had little support . Powell won 15 votes . Maudling won 133 votes against Heaths 150 ; Powells 15 votes were seen as more likely to have gone to Maudling had Powell not stood , but they would have made no difference to Heaths narrow majority . This was a moment of philosophical instability for the Conservatives . Their historic scepticism of Keynesianism began to grow through the 1960s because there was little to distinguish between the policies of the Tories and Labour . The cross-party support for economic planning and union negotiation was becoming increasingly unable to stimulate high levels of economic growth . Maudlings business directorships with Kleinwort Benson and others were mentioned by his opponents as evidence of his lack of commitment for the role , and he was criticised as too close to the Macmillan/Douglas-Home style of politics . Deputy Leader and Home Secretary . Maudling served as Deputy Leader under Heath , and was also a prominent member of the Shadow Cabinet . However , he was neither personally nor politically close to Heath , and as a consequence his influence declined ; his support for an incomes policy now went against party policy . He also tended to make gaffes , as for example when he said Harold Wilson had been following the same policy as the Conservatives on Rhodesia and I cant think of anything he has done wrongly . After Enoch Powell had been sacked from the Shadow Cabinet in 1968 for his controversial Rivers of Blood speech , Maudling was moved from the position of Shadow Commonwealth Secretary to become Shadow Defence Secretary until 1969 when he was replaced by Geoffrey Rippon . When the Conservatives returned to power in 1970 , Maudling was appointed Home Secretary ; the most pressing problem at the Home Office was tackling the Troubles in Northern Ireland . After boarding the aircraft at the end of his first visit to the province , he remarked For Gods sake bring me a large Scotch . What a bloody awful country . Maudlings attitude of reassuring calmness in interviews , normally helpful to him , was damaging when he referred to reducing IRA violence to an acceptable level , a remark widely regarded as a gaffe . He also tended to trust the Unionist-controlled Government of Northern Ireland and gloss over differences between their approach and that of the United Kingdom government . This backfired when the Prime Minister of Northern Ireland , James Chichester-Clark , resigned when denied the full number of troops he requested in March 1971 . That August , Maudling authorised the Northern Ireland government to introduce internment without trial for terror suspects , which caused widespread upheaval and anger among the nationalist population due to its exclusive use on that community , and was followed by an already planned massive escalation in the level of violence . Regarding criminal justice , Maudling made no attempt , despite his personal support , to reintroduce capital punishment after its abolition in 1969 . He introduced Community Service , a new alternative to prison , and in 1971 modestly tightened the immigration rules . He was criticised for ordering the deportation of Rudi Dutschke , later one of the founders of the German Green Party . Dutschke , who was in Britain to recuperate from an assassination attempt , was considered a student anarchist . Maudling was often the target of satirical cartoons in major newspapers , and was lampooned in the magazine Private Eye and the television comedy show Monty Pythons Flying Circus . Bloody Sunday . Maudlings statement in the House of Commons after Bloody Sunday agreed with the British armys statement that the Parachute Regiment had fired only in self-defence , although this turned out to be untrue . Bernadette Devlin , a Northern Ireland nationalist MP , had been present in Derry at the protest , yet she was denied recognition to speak on the massacre by the Speaker of the House Selwyn Lloyd . Devlin walked across the floor of the Commons and slapped Maudling . She later said to journalists that Maudlings statement had been untrue and perfunctory , and that it had expressed no regrets for the 13 people shot and killed by British soldiers . Eventually , Edward Heath decided to bring in direct rule of Northern Ireland under a separate Secretary of State . In 1974 , Shane Paul ODoherty , a PIRA member , sent Maudling a letter bomb , which slightly injured him . Scandal . In 1972 , Maudlings business activities were causing considerable disquiet and speculation in the press . In 1966 , he had obtained a directorship in the company of John Poulson , an architect Maudling helped obtain lucrative contracts . Poulson routinely did business through bribery and in 1972 was made bankrupt . The bankruptcy hearings disclosed his bribe payments , and Maudlings connection became public knowledge . Maudling came to the decision that his responsibility for the Metropolitan Police , which was beginning fraud investigations into Poulson , made his position as Home Secretary untenable . He resigned on 18 July , to general sympathy from the press . Shortly after receiving Maudlings resignation , Edward Heaths government performed a U-turn on economic policy and subsequently adopted an approach strikingly similar to Maudlings . Heath advised Maudling not to drop out of the public eye and he continued to make many media appearances . In the year after the Conservative Partys electoral defeat in 1974 , Heath was replaced as leader by Margaret Thatcher . She appointed Maudling to the post of Shadow Foreign Secretary . However , Maudling clashed with Thatcher over economics , and after less than two years in the role he was dismissed on 19 November 1976 . Departing , Maudling summed up his career as hired by Winston Churchill , fired by Margaret Thatcher . Last years . In 1969 , Maudling had been president of the Real Estate Fund of America , whose chief executive , Jerome Hoffman , had been imprisoned for fraud ; Maudling had also been an adviser to the Peachey Property Corporation , whose chairman , Sir Eric Miller , had embezzled company money and later took his own life . He was revealed to have lobbied for more aid to Malta after obtaining a commission for Poulson there , which had led to heavy losses for the Maltese government . These further revelations led to a Parliamentary inquiry into the conduct of Maudling and two other MPs linked to Poulson . This inquiry published its report on 14 July 1977 ; the report concluded that Maudling had indulged in conduct inconsistent with the standards which the House is entitled to expect from its members . When the report was considered by the House of Commons , the Conservative Party organised its MPs to attend the debate to Save Reggie . An amendment was put down to take note of the report , instead of endorsing it , and carried by 230 votes ( 211 Conservatives , 17 Labour , 2 Liberals and 2 Ulster Unionists ) to 207 . No punishment was imposed . An attempt by backbench Labour MPs to expel Maudling from the House was defeated by 331 votes to 11 , and a move to suspend him for six months was lost by 324 to 97 . As Lewis Bastons 2004 biography recounts , Maudling and his wife became heavy drinkers once his political career was effectively ended by the scandal . The drinking turned to alcoholism and Maudlings health rapidly deteriorated in the late 1970s . He collapsed in early 1979 . Death . Maudling died at the Royal Free Hospital in London , from kidney failure and cirrhosis of the liver , on 14 February 1979 ; he was 61 . His body was buried in the churchyard of Little Berkhamsted in Hertfordshire . A stone seat from his garden was placed beside the grave . Family life . Maudling married actress Beryl Laverick ( 1919–1988 ) in 1939 . They had three sons and a daughter , Caroline Maudling , who became a journalist in the 1960s as the travelling teenager of the Daily Mail and , among other things , appeared alongside John Lennon on BBC TVs Juke Box Jury in 1963 . Maudlings mother had disowned him as a result of his marriage , and Maudling did not attend her funeral in 1956 . When Caroline aroused comment by having a child out of wedlock in the late 1960s , Maudling was staunch in her defence , publicly expressing paternal pride . Beryl Maudlings body was buried next to her husbands at Little Berkhamsted . In popular culture . Maudling was portrayed by Irish actor Michael Culkin in the BBC-produced 2018 limited television series A Very English Scandal .
|
[
"Minister without Portfolio"
] |
[
{
"text": " Reginald Maudling ( 7 March 1917 – 14 February 1979 ) was a British politician who held several Cabinet posts , including Chancellor of the Exchequer . From 1955 until the late 1960s , he was spoken of as a prospective Conservative leader , and he was twice seriously considered for the post ; he was Edward Heaths chief rival in 1965 . He also held directorships in several British financial firms .",
"title": "Reginald Maudling"
},
{
"text": "As Home Secretary , he was responsible for the UK Governments Northern Ireland policy during the period that included Bloody Sunday in 1972 . Soon afterwards , he left office due to an unrelated scandal in one of the companies of which he was director .",
"title": "Reginald Maudling"
},
{
"text": " Reginald Maudling was born in Woodside Park , North Finchley , and was named after his father , Reginald George Maudling , an actuary at R . Watson & Sons and Public Valuer , who contracted to do actuarial and financial calculations as the Commercial Calculating Company Ltd . The family moved to Bexhill to escape German air raids ; Maudling won scholarships to the Merchant Taylors School and Merton College , Oxford .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "He stayed out of undergraduate politics at Oxford , and studied the works of Hegel ; he was to formulate his conclusions later as to the inseparability of economic and political freedom : the purpose of State control and the guiding principle of its application is the achievement of true freedom . He obtained a first class Greats degree .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Shortly after graduating , Maudling set up a meeting with Harold Nicolson to discuss whether it would be better , as a moderate conservative , to join the Conservative Party or National Labour ; Nicolson advised him to wait . Maudling was called to the Bar at the Middle Temple in 1940 . However , he did not practise as a barrister , having volunteered for service in the Royal Air Force ( RAF ) in the Second World War .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Owing to poor eyesight he took desk jobs in the RAF intelligence branch , where he rose—as a Wingless Wonder , as officers who were not qualified to wear pilots wings were nicknamed—to the rank of Flight Lieutenant ; he was then appointed Private Secretary to the Secretary of State for Air , Sir Archibald Sinclair .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Maudling wrote an essay on Conservative policy in November 1943 , recommending that the Conservatives neither imitate the Labour Party nor reflexively oppose all controls ; in the general election of July 1945 , he was selected as parliamentary candidate for Heston and Isleworth , a newly created constituency in Middlesex , although there were four applicants and he had no ties to that constituency . In the subsequent Labour landslide Maudling was defeated like many others , although Heston and Isleworth had been expected to be a safe Conservative seat . After its defeat in the 1945 general election",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": ", the Conservative Party engaged in an extensive rethink of its policy . Maudling argued that the Party had depended excessively on outdated economic slogans and the popularity of Winston Churchill .",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "In November 1945 , Maudling became the first staff member of the Conservative Parliamentary Secretariat , later the Conservative Research Department , where he was head of the Economic Section . He persuaded the party to accept much of the Labour governments nationalisation programme and social services while cutting government spending . In March 1946 , Maudling was chosen as the prospective candidate for Barnet , close to his birthplace in Finchley , and began giving speeches there . Labour had unexpectedly won the seat in 1945 , but it was considered to be marginal . In 1950 , Maudling",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "was elected as Member of Parliament with an absolute majority .",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "Following the 1951 election , Churchill made Maudling a junior Minister at the Ministry of Civil Aviation . However , his experience of preparing economic policy led to his speaking on behalf of the Treasury on the 1952 budget and thus to an appointment , later that year , as Economic Secretary to the Treasury . With his mentor Rab Butler as Chancellor of the Exchequer , Maudling worked to reduce taxes and controls in order to move from post-war austerity to affluence . When Anthony Eden took over as Prime Minister in 1955 , Maudling was promoted to head",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "a department as Minister of Supply . He supported the invasion of Suez .",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "The Ministry was responsible for aircraft production and supplying the armed forces , and Maudling came to agree with critics who argued that it was an unnecessary intermediary ; he therefore recommended its abolition . Although supportive of Harold Macmillans appointment as Prime Minister over the rival claims of Butler in 1957 , Maudling found himself in difficulties over his position in the new government . He refused to continue at the Ministry of Supply and also rejected an offer of the Ministry of Health because Iain Macleod , with whom he had a rivalry , had held the post",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "five years earlier and Maudling did not want to be seen as five years behind him .",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "Macmillan appointed Maudling to the post of Paymaster General and spokesman in the House of Commons for the Ministry of Fuel and Power , which was technically a demotion . Nine months later , Maudling had proved his usefulness ; Macmillan brought him into the Cabinet on 17 September 1957 , where he acted more as a Minister without Portfolio : he had specific responsibility for persuading the six members of the embryonic European Economic Community , who had recently signed the Treaty of Rome , to abandon their proposal for a customs union in favour of a wider free-trade",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "area where each country would preserve their own external tariffs . However , Maudlings lack of international experience led him to underestimate the importance of the nascent Community and what was constructive in it . Faced with widespread rejection of the proposals , Maudling aroused hostility in Bonn and Paris by seeking to play off the Germans against the French .",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": " On 14 November 1958 , six months after the election of General de Gaulle as premier , Jacques Soustelle , the French Minister of Information , confirmed to the Press that France would reject the Maudling plan . Two days later , the British delegation to the Community formally called an end to accession negotiations . Maudling later revised his proposals , which were to form the basis of the European Free Trade Association .",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "Meanwhile , Maudling became an underwriting member of Lloyds of London in December 1957 , although his assets were somewhat below average for other names .",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "Maudling entered the front line of politics after the 1959 election when appointed President of the Board of Trade . He was responsible for introducing the governments proposals to help areas of high unemployment . This was achieved by paying grants to companies to create new plants in these deprived areas , and also by the government taking over unused land for development . Maudling also succeeded in negotiating a free trade agreement between the countries outside the Common Market ; this became the European Free Trade Association and was some compensation for his failure to negotiate a free trade",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "area with the Common Market . Maudling was opposed to any proposal to join the Common Market on the basis that it would end Britains right to make commercial agreements with New Zealand and Australia . He was later to remark that I can think of no more retrograde step economically or politically . This comment was to be quoted against him when , less than two years later , he was Chancellor of the Exchequer at the time of the reopening of negotiations for Common Market membership .",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "Reginald Maudling was for a short time , as Secretary of State for the Colonies in 1961 , responsible for the process of decolonisation . In this position he chaired constitutional conferences for Jamaica , Northern Rhodesia and Trinidad and Tobago which prepared them for independence ; his plan for Northern Rhodesia was controversial and he had to threaten resignation before it was approved . However , Maudling was keen to return to economic policy , and seized his opportunity when Macmillan made it clear in private that he supported a voluntary incomes policy . Maudling promptly made his case",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "in public , and three weeks later was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer in Macmillans Night of the Long Knives attempt to rejuvenate his Cabinet .",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": " Chancellor of the Exchequer . As Chancellor , Maudling soon cut purchase tax and bank interest rates . His 1963 budget aimed at expansion without inflation . Following a period of economic difficulty , with a growth target of 4% , Maudling was able to remove income tax from owner-occupiers residential premises . He also abolished the rate of duty on home-brewed beer which in effect legalised it . This was the period in which Maudling was at his most popular within the Conservative Party and in the country .",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "However , later commentators have been less kind to Maudling : Harold Wilson and his Chancellor James Callaghan ( who nevertheless sounded out Maudling for the governorship of the Bank of England in 1966 ) blamed the dash for growth that followed the 1963 budget for increasing sterlings chronic instability between 1964 and 1967 and by greatly increasing domestic demand the budget certainly exacerbated the existing balance of payments problem . Maudling largely recognised this himself by the time of the 1964 budget and , although he increased taxes , he did little to subdue demand in an election year",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "By 1963 , during the Profumo affair , there was talk , encouraged by Martin Redmayne ( Chief Whip ) and Lord Poole ( Party Chairman ) , of Maudling succeeding Macmillan as Prime Minister . Maudling visited Butler ( Deputy Prime Minister ) and obtained a mutual promise that they would , if necessary , agree to serve under one another – Maudling believed that he had gained an advantage in obtaining the agreement of Butler , his senior , to serve under him if necessary . However , William Rees-Mogg claimed in The Times on 28 July that",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "Butler led Maudling by 2:1 in the Cabinet , although Maudling had more support amongst backbench MPs .",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "However , Macmillans sudden illness and announcement of his resignation in October 1963 came at a time when Maudlings support had fallen . He was also poorly received at the Conservative Party conference , which had become a hustings for the leadership , despite coaching from Iain Macleod in how to deliver his speech . Back in London the following week , a process of consultation by Lord Chancellor Dilhorne and by Redmayne declared Foreign Secretary Lord Home , rather than Maudling or Butler , to be the compromise candidate . Enoch Powell , Macleod , Hailsham and Maudling (",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "known as the Quad in some accounts of the following days ) sought to persuade Butler to refuse to serve , so that Butler rather than Home would have to become Prime Minister . Macleod and Maudling demanded that Dilhorne lay the results of his consultations before the Cabinet , but he refused to do so . Maudling attended the meeting at Powells house late in the evening of 17 October , well-refreshed after attending a formal dinner , and seems to have gone along with it rather than being a ringleader , although he and Hailsham agreed to serve",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "under Butler . However , on the morning of Saturday 19 October Butler then Maudling agreed to serve under Home , enabling him to accept office as Prime Minister .",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "Maudling retained his post as Chancellor under the new Prime Minister , and , in the 1964 election , Maudling had a prominent role at the helm of the partys daily press conferences while Douglas-Home toured the country . On the BBCs election results programme , the journalist Anthony Howard said that he believed that if Maudling had been leader , the narrow Conservative defeat would have been a narrow Conservative victory . Upon being forced out of the post by the election defeat , Maudling left a note to his successor , James Callaghan , simply stating Good luck",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": ", old cock.. . Sorry to leave it in such a mess .",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "Out of office , Maudling accepted the offer of a seat on the board of Kleinwort Benson in November 1964 , one of the factors which led to his being shifted to spokesman on Foreign Affairs in early 1965 . Unlike other potential leadership contenders , Maudling publicly maintained his loyalty to Douglas-Home as criticisms of his leadership mounted . When Douglas-Home resigned , after putting in place a system in which the leadership was directly elected , Maudling fought against Edward Heath for the position of candidate to the party centre-right . Unfortunately for Maudling , Enoch Powell also",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "stood , but he was a candidate supporting monetarist and proto-Thatcherite economics , which at that time had little support . Powell won 15 votes . Maudling won 133 votes against Heaths 150 ; Powells 15 votes were seen as more likely to have gone to Maudling had Powell not stood , but they would have made no difference to Heaths narrow majority . This was a moment of philosophical instability for the Conservatives . Their historic scepticism of Keynesianism began to grow through the 1960s because there was little to distinguish between the policies of the Tories and Labour",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": ". The cross-party support for economic planning and union negotiation was becoming increasingly unable to stimulate high levels of economic growth .",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": " Maudlings business directorships with Kleinwort Benson and others were mentioned by his opponents as evidence of his lack of commitment for the role , and he was criticised as too close to the Macmillan/Douglas-Home style of politics . Deputy Leader and Home Secretary .",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "Maudling served as Deputy Leader under Heath , and was also a prominent member of the Shadow Cabinet . However , he was neither personally nor politically close to Heath , and as a consequence his influence declined ; his support for an incomes policy now went against party policy . He also tended to make gaffes , as for example when he said Harold Wilson had been following the same policy as the Conservatives on Rhodesia and I cant think of anything he has done wrongly . After Enoch Powell had been sacked from the Shadow Cabinet in 1968",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "for his controversial Rivers of Blood speech , Maudling was moved from the position of Shadow Commonwealth Secretary to become Shadow Defence Secretary until 1969 when he was replaced by Geoffrey Rippon . When the Conservatives returned to power in 1970 , Maudling was appointed Home Secretary ; the most pressing problem at the Home Office was tackling the Troubles in Northern Ireland . After boarding the aircraft at the end of his first visit to the province , he remarked For Gods sake bring me a large Scotch . What a bloody awful country .",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "Maudlings attitude of reassuring calmness in interviews , normally helpful to him , was damaging when he referred to reducing IRA violence to an acceptable level , a remark widely regarded as a gaffe . He also tended to trust the Unionist-controlled Government of Northern Ireland and gloss over differences between their approach and that of the United Kingdom government . This backfired when the Prime Minister of Northern Ireland , James Chichester-Clark , resigned when denied the full number of troops he requested in March 1971 . That August , Maudling authorised the Northern Ireland government to introduce internment",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "without trial for terror suspects , which caused widespread upheaval and anger among the nationalist population due to its exclusive use on that community , and was followed by an already planned massive escalation in the level of violence .",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": " Regarding criminal justice , Maudling made no attempt , despite his personal support , to reintroduce capital punishment after its abolition in 1969 . He introduced Community Service , a new alternative to prison , and in 1971 modestly tightened the immigration rules . He was criticised for ordering the deportation of Rudi Dutschke , later one of the founders of the German Green Party . Dutschke , who was in Britain to recuperate from an assassination attempt , was considered a student anarchist .",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "Maudling was often the target of satirical cartoons in major newspapers , and was lampooned in the magazine Private Eye and the television comedy show Monty Pythons Flying Circus .",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "Maudlings statement in the House of Commons after Bloody Sunday agreed with the British armys statement that the Parachute Regiment had fired only in self-defence , although this turned out to be untrue . Bernadette Devlin , a Northern Ireland nationalist MP , had been present in Derry at the protest , yet she was denied recognition to speak on the massacre by the Speaker of the House Selwyn Lloyd . Devlin walked across the floor of the Commons and slapped Maudling . She later said to journalists that Maudlings statement had been untrue and perfunctory , and that it",
"title": "Bloody Sunday"
},
{
"text": "had expressed no regrets for the 13 people shot and killed by British soldiers . Eventually , Edward Heath decided to bring in direct rule of Northern Ireland under a separate Secretary of State . In 1974 , Shane Paul ODoherty , a PIRA member , sent Maudling a letter bomb , which slightly injured him .",
"title": "Bloody Sunday"
},
{
"text": "In 1972 , Maudlings business activities were causing considerable disquiet and speculation in the press . In 1966 , he had obtained a directorship in the company of John Poulson , an architect Maudling helped obtain lucrative contracts . Poulson routinely did business through bribery and in 1972 was made bankrupt . The bankruptcy hearings disclosed his bribe payments , and Maudlings connection became public knowledge . Maudling came to the decision that his responsibility for the Metropolitan Police , which was beginning fraud investigations into Poulson , made his position as Home Secretary untenable . He resigned on 18",
"title": "Scandal"
},
{
"text": "July , to general sympathy from the press .",
"title": "Scandal"
},
{
"text": "Shortly after receiving Maudlings resignation , Edward Heaths government performed a U-turn on economic policy and subsequently adopted an approach strikingly similar to Maudlings . Heath advised Maudling not to drop out of the public eye and he continued to make many media appearances . In the year after the Conservative Partys electoral defeat in 1974 , Heath was replaced as leader by Margaret Thatcher . She appointed Maudling to the post of Shadow Foreign Secretary . However , Maudling clashed with Thatcher over economics , and after less than two years in the role he was dismissed on 19",
"title": "Scandal"
},
{
"text": "November 1976 . Departing , Maudling summed up his career as hired by Winston Churchill , fired by Margaret Thatcher .",
"title": "Scandal"
},
{
"text": "In 1969 , Maudling had been president of the Real Estate Fund of America , whose chief executive , Jerome Hoffman , had been imprisoned for fraud ; Maudling had also been an adviser to the Peachey Property Corporation , whose chairman , Sir Eric Miller , had embezzled company money and later took his own life . He was revealed to have lobbied for more aid to Malta after obtaining a commission for Poulson there , which had led to heavy losses for the Maltese government . These further revelations led to a Parliamentary inquiry into the conduct of",
"title": "Last years"
},
{
"text": "Maudling and two other MPs linked to Poulson . This inquiry published its report on 14 July 1977 ; the report concluded that Maudling had indulged in conduct inconsistent with the standards which the House is entitled to expect from its members .",
"title": "Last years"
},
{
"text": "When the report was considered by the House of Commons , the Conservative Party organised its MPs to attend the debate to Save Reggie . An amendment was put down to take note of the report , instead of endorsing it , and carried by 230 votes ( 211 Conservatives , 17 Labour , 2 Liberals and 2 Ulster Unionists ) to 207 . No punishment was imposed . An attempt by backbench Labour MPs to expel Maudling from the House was defeated by 331 votes to 11 , and a move to suspend him for six months was lost",
"title": "Last years"
},
{
"text": "by 324 to 97 .",
"title": "Last years"
},
{
"text": " As Lewis Bastons 2004 biography recounts , Maudling and his wife became heavy drinkers once his political career was effectively ended by the scandal . The drinking turned to alcoholism and Maudlings health rapidly deteriorated in the late 1970s . He collapsed in early 1979 .",
"title": "Last years"
},
{
"text": " Maudling died at the Royal Free Hospital in London , from kidney failure and cirrhosis of the liver , on 14 February 1979 ; he was 61 . His body was buried in the churchyard of Little Berkhamsted in Hertfordshire . A stone seat from his garden was placed beside the grave .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " Maudling married actress Beryl Laverick ( 1919–1988 ) in 1939 . They had three sons and a daughter , Caroline Maudling , who became a journalist in the 1960s as the travelling teenager of the Daily Mail and , among other things , appeared alongside John Lennon on BBC TVs Juke Box Jury in 1963 .",
"title": "Family life"
},
{
"text": "Maudlings mother had disowned him as a result of his marriage , and Maudling did not attend her funeral in 1956 . When Caroline aroused comment by having a child out of wedlock in the late 1960s , Maudling was staunch in her defence , publicly expressing paternal pride . Beryl Maudlings body was buried next to her husbands at Little Berkhamsted .",
"title": "Family life"
},
{
"text": " Maudling was portrayed by Irish actor Michael Culkin in the BBC-produced 2018 limited television series A Very English Scandal .",
"title": "In popular culture"
}
] |
/wiki/Reginald_Maudling#P39#1
|
Reginald Maudling took which position in Aug 1961?
|
Reginald Maudling Reginald Maudling ( 7 March 1917 – 14 February 1979 ) was a British politician who held several Cabinet posts , including Chancellor of the Exchequer . From 1955 until the late 1960s , he was spoken of as a prospective Conservative leader , and he was twice seriously considered for the post ; he was Edward Heaths chief rival in 1965 . He also held directorships in several British financial firms . As Home Secretary , he was responsible for the UK Governments Northern Ireland policy during the period that included Bloody Sunday in 1972 . Soon afterwards , he left office due to an unrelated scandal in one of the companies of which he was director . Early life . Reginald Maudling was born in Woodside Park , North Finchley , and was named after his father , Reginald George Maudling , an actuary at R . Watson & Sons and Public Valuer , who contracted to do actuarial and financial calculations as the Commercial Calculating Company Ltd . The family moved to Bexhill to escape German air raids ; Maudling won scholarships to the Merchant Taylors School and Merton College , Oxford . He stayed out of undergraduate politics at Oxford , and studied the works of Hegel ; he was to formulate his conclusions later as to the inseparability of economic and political freedom : the purpose of State control and the guiding principle of its application is the achievement of true freedom . He obtained a first class Greats degree . Political career . Shortly after graduating , Maudling set up a meeting with Harold Nicolson to discuss whether it would be better , as a moderate conservative , to join the Conservative Party or National Labour ; Nicolson advised him to wait . Maudling was called to the Bar at the Middle Temple in 1940 . However , he did not practise as a barrister , having volunteered for service in the Royal Air Force ( RAF ) in the Second World War . Owing to poor eyesight he took desk jobs in the RAF intelligence branch , where he rose—as a Wingless Wonder , as officers who were not qualified to wear pilots wings were nicknamed—to the rank of Flight Lieutenant ; he was then appointed Private Secretary to the Secretary of State for Air , Sir Archibald Sinclair . Parliamentary candidate . Maudling wrote an essay on Conservative policy in November 1943 , recommending that the Conservatives neither imitate the Labour Party nor reflexively oppose all controls ; in the general election of July 1945 , he was selected as parliamentary candidate for Heston and Isleworth , a newly created constituency in Middlesex , although there were four applicants and he had no ties to that constituency . In the subsequent Labour landslide Maudling was defeated like many others , although Heston and Isleworth had been expected to be a safe Conservative seat . After its defeat in the 1945 general election , the Conservative Party engaged in an extensive rethink of its policy . Maudling argued that the Party had depended excessively on outdated economic slogans and the popularity of Winston Churchill . In November 1945 , Maudling became the first staff member of the Conservative Parliamentary Secretariat , later the Conservative Research Department , where he was head of the Economic Section . He persuaded the party to accept much of the Labour governments nationalisation programme and social services while cutting government spending . In March 1946 , Maudling was chosen as the prospective candidate for Barnet , close to his birthplace in Finchley , and began giving speeches there . Labour had unexpectedly won the seat in 1945 , but it was considered to be marginal . In 1950 , Maudling was elected as Member of Parliament with an absolute majority . Member of Parliament and Cabinet . Following the 1951 election , Churchill made Maudling a junior Minister at the Ministry of Civil Aviation . However , his experience of preparing economic policy led to his speaking on behalf of the Treasury on the 1952 budget and thus to an appointment , later that year , as Economic Secretary to the Treasury . With his mentor Rab Butler as Chancellor of the Exchequer , Maudling worked to reduce taxes and controls in order to move from post-war austerity to affluence . When Anthony Eden took over as Prime Minister in 1955 , Maudling was promoted to head a department as Minister of Supply . He supported the invasion of Suez . The Ministry was responsible for aircraft production and supplying the armed forces , and Maudling came to agree with critics who argued that it was an unnecessary intermediary ; he therefore recommended its abolition . Although supportive of Harold Macmillans appointment as Prime Minister over the rival claims of Butler in 1957 , Maudling found himself in difficulties over his position in the new government . He refused to continue at the Ministry of Supply and also rejected an offer of the Ministry of Health because Iain Macleod , with whom he had a rivalry , had held the post five years earlier and Maudling did not want to be seen as five years behind him . Macmillan appointed Maudling to the post of Paymaster General and spokesman in the House of Commons for the Ministry of Fuel and Power , which was technically a demotion . Nine months later , Maudling had proved his usefulness ; Macmillan brought him into the Cabinet on 17 September 1957 , where he acted more as a Minister without Portfolio : he had specific responsibility for persuading the six members of the embryonic European Economic Community , who had recently signed the Treaty of Rome , to abandon their proposal for a customs union in favour of a wider free-trade area where each country would preserve their own external tariffs . However , Maudlings lack of international experience led him to underestimate the importance of the nascent Community and what was constructive in it . Faced with widespread rejection of the proposals , Maudling aroused hostility in Bonn and Paris by seeking to play off the Germans against the French . On 14 November 1958 , six months after the election of General de Gaulle as premier , Jacques Soustelle , the French Minister of Information , confirmed to the Press that France would reject the Maudling plan . Two days later , the British delegation to the Community formally called an end to accession negotiations . Maudling later revised his proposals , which were to form the basis of the European Free Trade Association . Meanwhile , Maudling became an underwriting member of Lloyds of London in December 1957 , although his assets were somewhat below average for other names . President of the Board of Trade . Maudling entered the front line of politics after the 1959 election when appointed President of the Board of Trade . He was responsible for introducing the governments proposals to help areas of high unemployment . This was achieved by paying grants to companies to create new plants in these deprived areas , and also by the government taking over unused land for development . Maudling also succeeded in negotiating a free trade agreement between the countries outside the Common Market ; this became the European Free Trade Association and was some compensation for his failure to negotiate a free trade area with the Common Market . Maudling was opposed to any proposal to join the Common Market on the basis that it would end Britains right to make commercial agreements with New Zealand and Australia . He was later to remark that I can think of no more retrograde step economically or politically . This comment was to be quoted against him when , less than two years later , he was Chancellor of the Exchequer at the time of the reopening of negotiations for Common Market membership . Colonial Secretary . Reginald Maudling was for a short time , as Secretary of State for the Colonies in 1961 , responsible for the process of decolonisation . In this position he chaired constitutional conferences for Jamaica , Northern Rhodesia and Trinidad and Tobago which prepared them for independence ; his plan for Northern Rhodesia was controversial and he had to threaten resignation before it was approved . However , Maudling was keen to return to economic policy , and seized his opportunity when Macmillan made it clear in private that he supported a voluntary incomes policy . Maudling promptly made his case in public , and three weeks later was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer in Macmillans Night of the Long Knives attempt to rejuvenate his Cabinet . Chancellor of the Exchequer . As Chancellor , Maudling soon cut purchase tax and bank interest rates . His 1963 budget aimed at expansion without inflation . Following a period of economic difficulty , with a growth target of 4% , Maudling was able to remove income tax from owner-occupiers residential premises . He also abolished the rate of duty on home-brewed beer which in effect legalised it . This was the period in which Maudling was at his most popular within the Conservative Party and in the country . However , later commentators have been less kind to Maudling : Harold Wilson and his Chancellor James Callaghan ( who nevertheless sounded out Maudling for the governorship of the Bank of England in 1966 ) blamed the dash for growth that followed the 1963 budget for increasing sterlings chronic instability between 1964 and 1967 and by greatly increasing domestic demand the budget certainly exacerbated the existing balance of payments problem . Maudling largely recognised this himself by the time of the 1964 budget and , although he increased taxes , he did little to subdue demand in an election year . First unsuccessful leadership bid . By 1963 , during the Profumo affair , there was talk , encouraged by Martin Redmayne ( Chief Whip ) and Lord Poole ( Party Chairman ) , of Maudling succeeding Macmillan as Prime Minister . Maudling visited Butler ( Deputy Prime Minister ) and obtained a mutual promise that they would , if necessary , agree to serve under one another – Maudling believed that he had gained an advantage in obtaining the agreement of Butler , his senior , to serve under him if necessary . However , William Rees-Mogg claimed in The Times on 28 July that Butler led Maudling by 2:1 in the Cabinet , although Maudling had more support amongst backbench MPs . However , Macmillans sudden illness and announcement of his resignation in October 1963 came at a time when Maudlings support had fallen . He was also poorly received at the Conservative Party conference , which had become a hustings for the leadership , despite coaching from Iain Macleod in how to deliver his speech . Back in London the following week , a process of consultation by Lord Chancellor Dilhorne and by Redmayne declared Foreign Secretary Lord Home , rather than Maudling or Butler , to be the compromise candidate . Enoch Powell , Macleod , Hailsham and Maudling ( known as the Quad in some accounts of the following days ) sought to persuade Butler to refuse to serve , so that Butler rather than Home would have to become Prime Minister . Macleod and Maudling demanded that Dilhorne lay the results of his consultations before the Cabinet , but he refused to do so . Maudling attended the meeting at Powells house late in the evening of 17 October , well-refreshed after attending a formal dinner , and seems to have gone along with it rather than being a ringleader , although he and Hailsham agreed to serve under Butler . However , on the morning of Saturday 19 October Butler then Maudling agreed to serve under Home , enabling him to accept office as Prime Minister . Maudling retained his post as Chancellor under the new Prime Minister , and , in the 1964 election , Maudling had a prominent role at the helm of the partys daily press conferences while Douglas-Home toured the country . On the BBCs election results programme , the journalist Anthony Howard said that he believed that if Maudling had been leader , the narrow Conservative defeat would have been a narrow Conservative victory . Upon being forced out of the post by the election defeat , Maudling left a note to his successor , James Callaghan , simply stating Good luck , old cock.. . Sorry to leave it in such a mess . Second unsuccessful leadership bid . Out of office , Maudling accepted the offer of a seat on the board of Kleinwort Benson in November 1964 , one of the factors which led to his being shifted to spokesman on Foreign Affairs in early 1965 . Unlike other potential leadership contenders , Maudling publicly maintained his loyalty to Douglas-Home as criticisms of his leadership mounted . When Douglas-Home resigned , after putting in place a system in which the leadership was directly elected , Maudling fought against Edward Heath for the position of candidate to the party centre-right . Unfortunately for Maudling , Enoch Powell also stood , but he was a candidate supporting monetarist and proto-Thatcherite economics , which at that time had little support . Powell won 15 votes . Maudling won 133 votes against Heaths 150 ; Powells 15 votes were seen as more likely to have gone to Maudling had Powell not stood , but they would have made no difference to Heaths narrow majority . This was a moment of philosophical instability for the Conservatives . Their historic scepticism of Keynesianism began to grow through the 1960s because there was little to distinguish between the policies of the Tories and Labour . The cross-party support for economic planning and union negotiation was becoming increasingly unable to stimulate high levels of economic growth . Maudlings business directorships with Kleinwort Benson and others were mentioned by his opponents as evidence of his lack of commitment for the role , and he was criticised as too close to the Macmillan/Douglas-Home style of politics . Deputy Leader and Home Secretary . Maudling served as Deputy Leader under Heath , and was also a prominent member of the Shadow Cabinet . However , he was neither personally nor politically close to Heath , and as a consequence his influence declined ; his support for an incomes policy now went against party policy . He also tended to make gaffes , as for example when he said Harold Wilson had been following the same policy as the Conservatives on Rhodesia and I cant think of anything he has done wrongly . After Enoch Powell had been sacked from the Shadow Cabinet in 1968 for his controversial Rivers of Blood speech , Maudling was moved from the position of Shadow Commonwealth Secretary to become Shadow Defence Secretary until 1969 when he was replaced by Geoffrey Rippon . When the Conservatives returned to power in 1970 , Maudling was appointed Home Secretary ; the most pressing problem at the Home Office was tackling the Troubles in Northern Ireland . After boarding the aircraft at the end of his first visit to the province , he remarked For Gods sake bring me a large Scotch . What a bloody awful country . Maudlings attitude of reassuring calmness in interviews , normally helpful to him , was damaging when he referred to reducing IRA violence to an acceptable level , a remark widely regarded as a gaffe . He also tended to trust the Unionist-controlled Government of Northern Ireland and gloss over differences between their approach and that of the United Kingdom government . This backfired when the Prime Minister of Northern Ireland , James Chichester-Clark , resigned when denied the full number of troops he requested in March 1971 . That August , Maudling authorised the Northern Ireland government to introduce internment without trial for terror suspects , which caused widespread upheaval and anger among the nationalist population due to its exclusive use on that community , and was followed by an already planned massive escalation in the level of violence . Regarding criminal justice , Maudling made no attempt , despite his personal support , to reintroduce capital punishment after its abolition in 1969 . He introduced Community Service , a new alternative to prison , and in 1971 modestly tightened the immigration rules . He was criticised for ordering the deportation of Rudi Dutschke , later one of the founders of the German Green Party . Dutschke , who was in Britain to recuperate from an assassination attempt , was considered a student anarchist . Maudling was often the target of satirical cartoons in major newspapers , and was lampooned in the magazine Private Eye and the television comedy show Monty Pythons Flying Circus . Bloody Sunday . Maudlings statement in the House of Commons after Bloody Sunday agreed with the British armys statement that the Parachute Regiment had fired only in self-defence , although this turned out to be untrue . Bernadette Devlin , a Northern Ireland nationalist MP , had been present in Derry at the protest , yet she was denied recognition to speak on the massacre by the Speaker of the House Selwyn Lloyd . Devlin walked across the floor of the Commons and slapped Maudling . She later said to journalists that Maudlings statement had been untrue and perfunctory , and that it had expressed no regrets for the 13 people shot and killed by British soldiers . Eventually , Edward Heath decided to bring in direct rule of Northern Ireland under a separate Secretary of State . In 1974 , Shane Paul ODoherty , a PIRA member , sent Maudling a letter bomb , which slightly injured him . Scandal . In 1972 , Maudlings business activities were causing considerable disquiet and speculation in the press . In 1966 , he had obtained a directorship in the company of John Poulson , an architect Maudling helped obtain lucrative contracts . Poulson routinely did business through bribery and in 1972 was made bankrupt . The bankruptcy hearings disclosed his bribe payments , and Maudlings connection became public knowledge . Maudling came to the decision that his responsibility for the Metropolitan Police , which was beginning fraud investigations into Poulson , made his position as Home Secretary untenable . He resigned on 18 July , to general sympathy from the press . Shortly after receiving Maudlings resignation , Edward Heaths government performed a U-turn on economic policy and subsequently adopted an approach strikingly similar to Maudlings . Heath advised Maudling not to drop out of the public eye and he continued to make many media appearances . In the year after the Conservative Partys electoral defeat in 1974 , Heath was replaced as leader by Margaret Thatcher . She appointed Maudling to the post of Shadow Foreign Secretary . However , Maudling clashed with Thatcher over economics , and after less than two years in the role he was dismissed on 19 November 1976 . Departing , Maudling summed up his career as hired by Winston Churchill , fired by Margaret Thatcher . Last years . In 1969 , Maudling had been president of the Real Estate Fund of America , whose chief executive , Jerome Hoffman , had been imprisoned for fraud ; Maudling had also been an adviser to the Peachey Property Corporation , whose chairman , Sir Eric Miller , had embezzled company money and later took his own life . He was revealed to have lobbied for more aid to Malta after obtaining a commission for Poulson there , which had led to heavy losses for the Maltese government . These further revelations led to a Parliamentary inquiry into the conduct of Maudling and two other MPs linked to Poulson . This inquiry published its report on 14 July 1977 ; the report concluded that Maudling had indulged in conduct inconsistent with the standards which the House is entitled to expect from its members . When the report was considered by the House of Commons , the Conservative Party organised its MPs to attend the debate to Save Reggie . An amendment was put down to take note of the report , instead of endorsing it , and carried by 230 votes ( 211 Conservatives , 17 Labour , 2 Liberals and 2 Ulster Unionists ) to 207 . No punishment was imposed . An attempt by backbench Labour MPs to expel Maudling from the House was defeated by 331 votes to 11 , and a move to suspend him for six months was lost by 324 to 97 . As Lewis Bastons 2004 biography recounts , Maudling and his wife became heavy drinkers once his political career was effectively ended by the scandal . The drinking turned to alcoholism and Maudlings health rapidly deteriorated in the late 1970s . He collapsed in early 1979 . Death . Maudling died at the Royal Free Hospital in London , from kidney failure and cirrhosis of the liver , on 14 February 1979 ; he was 61 . His body was buried in the churchyard of Little Berkhamsted in Hertfordshire . A stone seat from his garden was placed beside the grave . Family life . Maudling married actress Beryl Laverick ( 1919–1988 ) in 1939 . They had three sons and a daughter , Caroline Maudling , who became a journalist in the 1960s as the travelling teenager of the Daily Mail and , among other things , appeared alongside John Lennon on BBC TVs Juke Box Jury in 1963 . Maudlings mother had disowned him as a result of his marriage , and Maudling did not attend her funeral in 1956 . When Caroline aroused comment by having a child out of wedlock in the late 1960s , Maudling was staunch in her defence , publicly expressing paternal pride . Beryl Maudlings body was buried next to her husbands at Little Berkhamsted . In popular culture . Maudling was portrayed by Irish actor Michael Culkin in the BBC-produced 2018 limited television series A Very English Scandal .
|
[
"President of the Board of Trade"
] |
[
{
"text": " Reginald Maudling ( 7 March 1917 – 14 February 1979 ) was a British politician who held several Cabinet posts , including Chancellor of the Exchequer . From 1955 until the late 1960s , he was spoken of as a prospective Conservative leader , and he was twice seriously considered for the post ; he was Edward Heaths chief rival in 1965 . He also held directorships in several British financial firms .",
"title": "Reginald Maudling"
},
{
"text": "As Home Secretary , he was responsible for the UK Governments Northern Ireland policy during the period that included Bloody Sunday in 1972 . Soon afterwards , he left office due to an unrelated scandal in one of the companies of which he was director .",
"title": "Reginald Maudling"
},
{
"text": " Reginald Maudling was born in Woodside Park , North Finchley , and was named after his father , Reginald George Maudling , an actuary at R . Watson & Sons and Public Valuer , who contracted to do actuarial and financial calculations as the Commercial Calculating Company Ltd . The family moved to Bexhill to escape German air raids ; Maudling won scholarships to the Merchant Taylors School and Merton College , Oxford .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "He stayed out of undergraduate politics at Oxford , and studied the works of Hegel ; he was to formulate his conclusions later as to the inseparability of economic and political freedom : the purpose of State control and the guiding principle of its application is the achievement of true freedom . He obtained a first class Greats degree .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Shortly after graduating , Maudling set up a meeting with Harold Nicolson to discuss whether it would be better , as a moderate conservative , to join the Conservative Party or National Labour ; Nicolson advised him to wait . Maudling was called to the Bar at the Middle Temple in 1940 . However , he did not practise as a barrister , having volunteered for service in the Royal Air Force ( RAF ) in the Second World War .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Owing to poor eyesight he took desk jobs in the RAF intelligence branch , where he rose—as a Wingless Wonder , as officers who were not qualified to wear pilots wings were nicknamed—to the rank of Flight Lieutenant ; he was then appointed Private Secretary to the Secretary of State for Air , Sir Archibald Sinclair .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Maudling wrote an essay on Conservative policy in November 1943 , recommending that the Conservatives neither imitate the Labour Party nor reflexively oppose all controls ; in the general election of July 1945 , he was selected as parliamentary candidate for Heston and Isleworth , a newly created constituency in Middlesex , although there were four applicants and he had no ties to that constituency . In the subsequent Labour landslide Maudling was defeated like many others , although Heston and Isleworth had been expected to be a safe Conservative seat . After its defeat in the 1945 general election",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": ", the Conservative Party engaged in an extensive rethink of its policy . Maudling argued that the Party had depended excessively on outdated economic slogans and the popularity of Winston Churchill .",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "In November 1945 , Maudling became the first staff member of the Conservative Parliamentary Secretariat , later the Conservative Research Department , where he was head of the Economic Section . He persuaded the party to accept much of the Labour governments nationalisation programme and social services while cutting government spending . In March 1946 , Maudling was chosen as the prospective candidate for Barnet , close to his birthplace in Finchley , and began giving speeches there . Labour had unexpectedly won the seat in 1945 , but it was considered to be marginal . In 1950 , Maudling",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "was elected as Member of Parliament with an absolute majority .",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "Following the 1951 election , Churchill made Maudling a junior Minister at the Ministry of Civil Aviation . However , his experience of preparing economic policy led to his speaking on behalf of the Treasury on the 1952 budget and thus to an appointment , later that year , as Economic Secretary to the Treasury . With his mentor Rab Butler as Chancellor of the Exchequer , Maudling worked to reduce taxes and controls in order to move from post-war austerity to affluence . When Anthony Eden took over as Prime Minister in 1955 , Maudling was promoted to head",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "a department as Minister of Supply . He supported the invasion of Suez .",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "The Ministry was responsible for aircraft production and supplying the armed forces , and Maudling came to agree with critics who argued that it was an unnecessary intermediary ; he therefore recommended its abolition . Although supportive of Harold Macmillans appointment as Prime Minister over the rival claims of Butler in 1957 , Maudling found himself in difficulties over his position in the new government . He refused to continue at the Ministry of Supply and also rejected an offer of the Ministry of Health because Iain Macleod , with whom he had a rivalry , had held the post",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "five years earlier and Maudling did not want to be seen as five years behind him .",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "Macmillan appointed Maudling to the post of Paymaster General and spokesman in the House of Commons for the Ministry of Fuel and Power , which was technically a demotion . Nine months later , Maudling had proved his usefulness ; Macmillan brought him into the Cabinet on 17 September 1957 , where he acted more as a Minister without Portfolio : he had specific responsibility for persuading the six members of the embryonic European Economic Community , who had recently signed the Treaty of Rome , to abandon their proposal for a customs union in favour of a wider free-trade",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "area where each country would preserve their own external tariffs . However , Maudlings lack of international experience led him to underestimate the importance of the nascent Community and what was constructive in it . Faced with widespread rejection of the proposals , Maudling aroused hostility in Bonn and Paris by seeking to play off the Germans against the French .",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": " On 14 November 1958 , six months after the election of General de Gaulle as premier , Jacques Soustelle , the French Minister of Information , confirmed to the Press that France would reject the Maudling plan . Two days later , the British delegation to the Community formally called an end to accession negotiations . Maudling later revised his proposals , which were to form the basis of the European Free Trade Association .",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "Meanwhile , Maudling became an underwriting member of Lloyds of London in December 1957 , although his assets were somewhat below average for other names .",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "Maudling entered the front line of politics after the 1959 election when appointed President of the Board of Trade . He was responsible for introducing the governments proposals to help areas of high unemployment . This was achieved by paying grants to companies to create new plants in these deprived areas , and also by the government taking over unused land for development . Maudling also succeeded in negotiating a free trade agreement between the countries outside the Common Market ; this became the European Free Trade Association and was some compensation for his failure to negotiate a free trade",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "area with the Common Market . Maudling was opposed to any proposal to join the Common Market on the basis that it would end Britains right to make commercial agreements with New Zealand and Australia . He was later to remark that I can think of no more retrograde step economically or politically . This comment was to be quoted against him when , less than two years later , he was Chancellor of the Exchequer at the time of the reopening of negotiations for Common Market membership .",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "Reginald Maudling was for a short time , as Secretary of State for the Colonies in 1961 , responsible for the process of decolonisation . In this position he chaired constitutional conferences for Jamaica , Northern Rhodesia and Trinidad and Tobago which prepared them for independence ; his plan for Northern Rhodesia was controversial and he had to threaten resignation before it was approved . However , Maudling was keen to return to economic policy , and seized his opportunity when Macmillan made it clear in private that he supported a voluntary incomes policy . Maudling promptly made his case",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "in public , and three weeks later was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer in Macmillans Night of the Long Knives attempt to rejuvenate his Cabinet .",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": " Chancellor of the Exchequer . As Chancellor , Maudling soon cut purchase tax and bank interest rates . His 1963 budget aimed at expansion without inflation . Following a period of economic difficulty , with a growth target of 4% , Maudling was able to remove income tax from owner-occupiers residential premises . He also abolished the rate of duty on home-brewed beer which in effect legalised it . This was the period in which Maudling was at his most popular within the Conservative Party and in the country .",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "However , later commentators have been less kind to Maudling : Harold Wilson and his Chancellor James Callaghan ( who nevertheless sounded out Maudling for the governorship of the Bank of England in 1966 ) blamed the dash for growth that followed the 1963 budget for increasing sterlings chronic instability between 1964 and 1967 and by greatly increasing domestic demand the budget certainly exacerbated the existing balance of payments problem . Maudling largely recognised this himself by the time of the 1964 budget and , although he increased taxes , he did little to subdue demand in an election year",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "By 1963 , during the Profumo affair , there was talk , encouraged by Martin Redmayne ( Chief Whip ) and Lord Poole ( Party Chairman ) , of Maudling succeeding Macmillan as Prime Minister . Maudling visited Butler ( Deputy Prime Minister ) and obtained a mutual promise that they would , if necessary , agree to serve under one another – Maudling believed that he had gained an advantage in obtaining the agreement of Butler , his senior , to serve under him if necessary . However , William Rees-Mogg claimed in The Times on 28 July that",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "Butler led Maudling by 2:1 in the Cabinet , although Maudling had more support amongst backbench MPs .",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "However , Macmillans sudden illness and announcement of his resignation in October 1963 came at a time when Maudlings support had fallen . He was also poorly received at the Conservative Party conference , which had become a hustings for the leadership , despite coaching from Iain Macleod in how to deliver his speech . Back in London the following week , a process of consultation by Lord Chancellor Dilhorne and by Redmayne declared Foreign Secretary Lord Home , rather than Maudling or Butler , to be the compromise candidate . Enoch Powell , Macleod , Hailsham and Maudling (",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "known as the Quad in some accounts of the following days ) sought to persuade Butler to refuse to serve , so that Butler rather than Home would have to become Prime Minister . Macleod and Maudling demanded that Dilhorne lay the results of his consultations before the Cabinet , but he refused to do so . Maudling attended the meeting at Powells house late in the evening of 17 October , well-refreshed after attending a formal dinner , and seems to have gone along with it rather than being a ringleader , although he and Hailsham agreed to serve",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "under Butler . However , on the morning of Saturday 19 October Butler then Maudling agreed to serve under Home , enabling him to accept office as Prime Minister .",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "Maudling retained his post as Chancellor under the new Prime Minister , and , in the 1964 election , Maudling had a prominent role at the helm of the partys daily press conferences while Douglas-Home toured the country . On the BBCs election results programme , the journalist Anthony Howard said that he believed that if Maudling had been leader , the narrow Conservative defeat would have been a narrow Conservative victory . Upon being forced out of the post by the election defeat , Maudling left a note to his successor , James Callaghan , simply stating Good luck",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": ", old cock.. . Sorry to leave it in such a mess .",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "Out of office , Maudling accepted the offer of a seat on the board of Kleinwort Benson in November 1964 , one of the factors which led to his being shifted to spokesman on Foreign Affairs in early 1965 . Unlike other potential leadership contenders , Maudling publicly maintained his loyalty to Douglas-Home as criticisms of his leadership mounted . When Douglas-Home resigned , after putting in place a system in which the leadership was directly elected , Maudling fought against Edward Heath for the position of candidate to the party centre-right . Unfortunately for Maudling , Enoch Powell also",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "stood , but he was a candidate supporting monetarist and proto-Thatcherite economics , which at that time had little support . Powell won 15 votes . Maudling won 133 votes against Heaths 150 ; Powells 15 votes were seen as more likely to have gone to Maudling had Powell not stood , but they would have made no difference to Heaths narrow majority . This was a moment of philosophical instability for the Conservatives . Their historic scepticism of Keynesianism began to grow through the 1960s because there was little to distinguish between the policies of the Tories and Labour",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": ". The cross-party support for economic planning and union negotiation was becoming increasingly unable to stimulate high levels of economic growth .",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": " Maudlings business directorships with Kleinwort Benson and others were mentioned by his opponents as evidence of his lack of commitment for the role , and he was criticised as too close to the Macmillan/Douglas-Home style of politics . Deputy Leader and Home Secretary .",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "Maudling served as Deputy Leader under Heath , and was also a prominent member of the Shadow Cabinet . However , he was neither personally nor politically close to Heath , and as a consequence his influence declined ; his support for an incomes policy now went against party policy . He also tended to make gaffes , as for example when he said Harold Wilson had been following the same policy as the Conservatives on Rhodesia and I cant think of anything he has done wrongly . After Enoch Powell had been sacked from the Shadow Cabinet in 1968",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "for his controversial Rivers of Blood speech , Maudling was moved from the position of Shadow Commonwealth Secretary to become Shadow Defence Secretary until 1969 when he was replaced by Geoffrey Rippon . When the Conservatives returned to power in 1970 , Maudling was appointed Home Secretary ; the most pressing problem at the Home Office was tackling the Troubles in Northern Ireland . After boarding the aircraft at the end of his first visit to the province , he remarked For Gods sake bring me a large Scotch . What a bloody awful country .",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "Maudlings attitude of reassuring calmness in interviews , normally helpful to him , was damaging when he referred to reducing IRA violence to an acceptable level , a remark widely regarded as a gaffe . He also tended to trust the Unionist-controlled Government of Northern Ireland and gloss over differences between their approach and that of the United Kingdom government . This backfired when the Prime Minister of Northern Ireland , James Chichester-Clark , resigned when denied the full number of troops he requested in March 1971 . That August , Maudling authorised the Northern Ireland government to introduce internment",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "without trial for terror suspects , which caused widespread upheaval and anger among the nationalist population due to its exclusive use on that community , and was followed by an already planned massive escalation in the level of violence .",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": " Regarding criminal justice , Maudling made no attempt , despite his personal support , to reintroduce capital punishment after its abolition in 1969 . He introduced Community Service , a new alternative to prison , and in 1971 modestly tightened the immigration rules . He was criticised for ordering the deportation of Rudi Dutschke , later one of the founders of the German Green Party . Dutschke , who was in Britain to recuperate from an assassination attempt , was considered a student anarchist .",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "Maudling was often the target of satirical cartoons in major newspapers , and was lampooned in the magazine Private Eye and the television comedy show Monty Pythons Flying Circus .",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "Maudlings statement in the House of Commons after Bloody Sunday agreed with the British armys statement that the Parachute Regiment had fired only in self-defence , although this turned out to be untrue . Bernadette Devlin , a Northern Ireland nationalist MP , had been present in Derry at the protest , yet she was denied recognition to speak on the massacre by the Speaker of the House Selwyn Lloyd . Devlin walked across the floor of the Commons and slapped Maudling . She later said to journalists that Maudlings statement had been untrue and perfunctory , and that it",
"title": "Bloody Sunday"
},
{
"text": "had expressed no regrets for the 13 people shot and killed by British soldiers . Eventually , Edward Heath decided to bring in direct rule of Northern Ireland under a separate Secretary of State . In 1974 , Shane Paul ODoherty , a PIRA member , sent Maudling a letter bomb , which slightly injured him .",
"title": "Bloody Sunday"
},
{
"text": "In 1972 , Maudlings business activities were causing considerable disquiet and speculation in the press . In 1966 , he had obtained a directorship in the company of John Poulson , an architect Maudling helped obtain lucrative contracts . Poulson routinely did business through bribery and in 1972 was made bankrupt . The bankruptcy hearings disclosed his bribe payments , and Maudlings connection became public knowledge . Maudling came to the decision that his responsibility for the Metropolitan Police , which was beginning fraud investigations into Poulson , made his position as Home Secretary untenable . He resigned on 18",
"title": "Scandal"
},
{
"text": "July , to general sympathy from the press .",
"title": "Scandal"
},
{
"text": "Shortly after receiving Maudlings resignation , Edward Heaths government performed a U-turn on economic policy and subsequently adopted an approach strikingly similar to Maudlings . Heath advised Maudling not to drop out of the public eye and he continued to make many media appearances . In the year after the Conservative Partys electoral defeat in 1974 , Heath was replaced as leader by Margaret Thatcher . She appointed Maudling to the post of Shadow Foreign Secretary . However , Maudling clashed with Thatcher over economics , and after less than two years in the role he was dismissed on 19",
"title": "Scandal"
},
{
"text": "November 1976 . Departing , Maudling summed up his career as hired by Winston Churchill , fired by Margaret Thatcher .",
"title": "Scandal"
},
{
"text": "In 1969 , Maudling had been president of the Real Estate Fund of America , whose chief executive , Jerome Hoffman , had been imprisoned for fraud ; Maudling had also been an adviser to the Peachey Property Corporation , whose chairman , Sir Eric Miller , had embezzled company money and later took his own life . He was revealed to have lobbied for more aid to Malta after obtaining a commission for Poulson there , which had led to heavy losses for the Maltese government . These further revelations led to a Parliamentary inquiry into the conduct of",
"title": "Last years"
},
{
"text": "Maudling and two other MPs linked to Poulson . This inquiry published its report on 14 July 1977 ; the report concluded that Maudling had indulged in conduct inconsistent with the standards which the House is entitled to expect from its members .",
"title": "Last years"
},
{
"text": "When the report was considered by the House of Commons , the Conservative Party organised its MPs to attend the debate to Save Reggie . An amendment was put down to take note of the report , instead of endorsing it , and carried by 230 votes ( 211 Conservatives , 17 Labour , 2 Liberals and 2 Ulster Unionists ) to 207 . No punishment was imposed . An attempt by backbench Labour MPs to expel Maudling from the House was defeated by 331 votes to 11 , and a move to suspend him for six months was lost",
"title": "Last years"
},
{
"text": "by 324 to 97 .",
"title": "Last years"
},
{
"text": " As Lewis Bastons 2004 biography recounts , Maudling and his wife became heavy drinkers once his political career was effectively ended by the scandal . The drinking turned to alcoholism and Maudlings health rapidly deteriorated in the late 1970s . He collapsed in early 1979 .",
"title": "Last years"
},
{
"text": " Maudling died at the Royal Free Hospital in London , from kidney failure and cirrhosis of the liver , on 14 February 1979 ; he was 61 . His body was buried in the churchyard of Little Berkhamsted in Hertfordshire . A stone seat from his garden was placed beside the grave .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " Maudling married actress Beryl Laverick ( 1919–1988 ) in 1939 . They had three sons and a daughter , Caroline Maudling , who became a journalist in the 1960s as the travelling teenager of the Daily Mail and , among other things , appeared alongside John Lennon on BBC TVs Juke Box Jury in 1963 .",
"title": "Family life"
},
{
"text": "Maudlings mother had disowned him as a result of his marriage , and Maudling did not attend her funeral in 1956 . When Caroline aroused comment by having a child out of wedlock in the late 1960s , Maudling was staunch in her defence , publicly expressing paternal pride . Beryl Maudlings body was buried next to her husbands at Little Berkhamsted .",
"title": "Family life"
},
{
"text": " Maudling was portrayed by Irish actor Michael Culkin in the BBC-produced 2018 limited television series A Very English Scandal .",
"title": "In popular culture"
}
] |
/wiki/Reginald_Maudling#P39#2
|
Reginald Maudling took which position between Apr 1962 and Jul 1962?
|
Reginald Maudling Reginald Maudling ( 7 March 1917 – 14 February 1979 ) was a British politician who held several Cabinet posts , including Chancellor of the Exchequer . From 1955 until the late 1960s , he was spoken of as a prospective Conservative leader , and he was twice seriously considered for the post ; he was Edward Heaths chief rival in 1965 . He also held directorships in several British financial firms . As Home Secretary , he was responsible for the UK Governments Northern Ireland policy during the period that included Bloody Sunday in 1972 . Soon afterwards , he left office due to an unrelated scandal in one of the companies of which he was director . Early life . Reginald Maudling was born in Woodside Park , North Finchley , and was named after his father , Reginald George Maudling , an actuary at R . Watson & Sons and Public Valuer , who contracted to do actuarial and financial calculations as the Commercial Calculating Company Ltd . The family moved to Bexhill to escape German air raids ; Maudling won scholarships to the Merchant Taylors School and Merton College , Oxford . He stayed out of undergraduate politics at Oxford , and studied the works of Hegel ; he was to formulate his conclusions later as to the inseparability of economic and political freedom : the purpose of State control and the guiding principle of its application is the achievement of true freedom . He obtained a first class Greats degree . Political career . Shortly after graduating , Maudling set up a meeting with Harold Nicolson to discuss whether it would be better , as a moderate conservative , to join the Conservative Party or National Labour ; Nicolson advised him to wait . Maudling was called to the Bar at the Middle Temple in 1940 . However , he did not practise as a barrister , having volunteered for service in the Royal Air Force ( RAF ) in the Second World War . Owing to poor eyesight he took desk jobs in the RAF intelligence branch , where he rose—as a Wingless Wonder , as officers who were not qualified to wear pilots wings were nicknamed—to the rank of Flight Lieutenant ; he was then appointed Private Secretary to the Secretary of State for Air , Sir Archibald Sinclair . Parliamentary candidate . Maudling wrote an essay on Conservative policy in November 1943 , recommending that the Conservatives neither imitate the Labour Party nor reflexively oppose all controls ; in the general election of July 1945 , he was selected as parliamentary candidate for Heston and Isleworth , a newly created constituency in Middlesex , although there were four applicants and he had no ties to that constituency . In the subsequent Labour landslide Maudling was defeated like many others , although Heston and Isleworth had been expected to be a safe Conservative seat . After its defeat in the 1945 general election , the Conservative Party engaged in an extensive rethink of its policy . Maudling argued that the Party had depended excessively on outdated economic slogans and the popularity of Winston Churchill . In November 1945 , Maudling became the first staff member of the Conservative Parliamentary Secretariat , later the Conservative Research Department , where he was head of the Economic Section . He persuaded the party to accept much of the Labour governments nationalisation programme and social services while cutting government spending . In March 1946 , Maudling was chosen as the prospective candidate for Barnet , close to his birthplace in Finchley , and began giving speeches there . Labour had unexpectedly won the seat in 1945 , but it was considered to be marginal . In 1950 , Maudling was elected as Member of Parliament with an absolute majority . Member of Parliament and Cabinet . Following the 1951 election , Churchill made Maudling a junior Minister at the Ministry of Civil Aviation . However , his experience of preparing economic policy led to his speaking on behalf of the Treasury on the 1952 budget and thus to an appointment , later that year , as Economic Secretary to the Treasury . With his mentor Rab Butler as Chancellor of the Exchequer , Maudling worked to reduce taxes and controls in order to move from post-war austerity to affluence . When Anthony Eden took over as Prime Minister in 1955 , Maudling was promoted to head a department as Minister of Supply . He supported the invasion of Suez . The Ministry was responsible for aircraft production and supplying the armed forces , and Maudling came to agree with critics who argued that it was an unnecessary intermediary ; he therefore recommended its abolition . Although supportive of Harold Macmillans appointment as Prime Minister over the rival claims of Butler in 1957 , Maudling found himself in difficulties over his position in the new government . He refused to continue at the Ministry of Supply and also rejected an offer of the Ministry of Health because Iain Macleod , with whom he had a rivalry , had held the post five years earlier and Maudling did not want to be seen as five years behind him . Macmillan appointed Maudling to the post of Paymaster General and spokesman in the House of Commons for the Ministry of Fuel and Power , which was technically a demotion . Nine months later , Maudling had proved his usefulness ; Macmillan brought him into the Cabinet on 17 September 1957 , where he acted more as a Minister without Portfolio : he had specific responsibility for persuading the six members of the embryonic European Economic Community , who had recently signed the Treaty of Rome , to abandon their proposal for a customs union in favour of a wider free-trade area where each country would preserve their own external tariffs . However , Maudlings lack of international experience led him to underestimate the importance of the nascent Community and what was constructive in it . Faced with widespread rejection of the proposals , Maudling aroused hostility in Bonn and Paris by seeking to play off the Germans against the French . On 14 November 1958 , six months after the election of General de Gaulle as premier , Jacques Soustelle , the French Minister of Information , confirmed to the Press that France would reject the Maudling plan . Two days later , the British delegation to the Community formally called an end to accession negotiations . Maudling later revised his proposals , which were to form the basis of the European Free Trade Association . Meanwhile , Maudling became an underwriting member of Lloyds of London in December 1957 , although his assets were somewhat below average for other names . President of the Board of Trade . Maudling entered the front line of politics after the 1959 election when appointed President of the Board of Trade . He was responsible for introducing the governments proposals to help areas of high unemployment . This was achieved by paying grants to companies to create new plants in these deprived areas , and also by the government taking over unused land for development . Maudling also succeeded in negotiating a free trade agreement between the countries outside the Common Market ; this became the European Free Trade Association and was some compensation for his failure to negotiate a free trade area with the Common Market . Maudling was opposed to any proposal to join the Common Market on the basis that it would end Britains right to make commercial agreements with New Zealand and Australia . He was later to remark that I can think of no more retrograde step economically or politically . This comment was to be quoted against him when , less than two years later , he was Chancellor of the Exchequer at the time of the reopening of negotiations for Common Market membership . Colonial Secretary . Reginald Maudling was for a short time , as Secretary of State for the Colonies in 1961 , responsible for the process of decolonisation . In this position he chaired constitutional conferences for Jamaica , Northern Rhodesia and Trinidad and Tobago which prepared them for independence ; his plan for Northern Rhodesia was controversial and he had to threaten resignation before it was approved . However , Maudling was keen to return to economic policy , and seized his opportunity when Macmillan made it clear in private that he supported a voluntary incomes policy . Maudling promptly made his case in public , and three weeks later was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer in Macmillans Night of the Long Knives attempt to rejuvenate his Cabinet . Chancellor of the Exchequer . As Chancellor , Maudling soon cut purchase tax and bank interest rates . His 1963 budget aimed at expansion without inflation . Following a period of economic difficulty , with a growth target of 4% , Maudling was able to remove income tax from owner-occupiers residential premises . He also abolished the rate of duty on home-brewed beer which in effect legalised it . This was the period in which Maudling was at his most popular within the Conservative Party and in the country . However , later commentators have been less kind to Maudling : Harold Wilson and his Chancellor James Callaghan ( who nevertheless sounded out Maudling for the governorship of the Bank of England in 1966 ) blamed the dash for growth that followed the 1963 budget for increasing sterlings chronic instability between 1964 and 1967 and by greatly increasing domestic demand the budget certainly exacerbated the existing balance of payments problem . Maudling largely recognised this himself by the time of the 1964 budget and , although he increased taxes , he did little to subdue demand in an election year . First unsuccessful leadership bid . By 1963 , during the Profumo affair , there was talk , encouraged by Martin Redmayne ( Chief Whip ) and Lord Poole ( Party Chairman ) , of Maudling succeeding Macmillan as Prime Minister . Maudling visited Butler ( Deputy Prime Minister ) and obtained a mutual promise that they would , if necessary , agree to serve under one another – Maudling believed that he had gained an advantage in obtaining the agreement of Butler , his senior , to serve under him if necessary . However , William Rees-Mogg claimed in The Times on 28 July that Butler led Maudling by 2:1 in the Cabinet , although Maudling had more support amongst backbench MPs . However , Macmillans sudden illness and announcement of his resignation in October 1963 came at a time when Maudlings support had fallen . He was also poorly received at the Conservative Party conference , which had become a hustings for the leadership , despite coaching from Iain Macleod in how to deliver his speech . Back in London the following week , a process of consultation by Lord Chancellor Dilhorne and by Redmayne declared Foreign Secretary Lord Home , rather than Maudling or Butler , to be the compromise candidate . Enoch Powell , Macleod , Hailsham and Maudling ( known as the Quad in some accounts of the following days ) sought to persuade Butler to refuse to serve , so that Butler rather than Home would have to become Prime Minister . Macleod and Maudling demanded that Dilhorne lay the results of his consultations before the Cabinet , but he refused to do so . Maudling attended the meeting at Powells house late in the evening of 17 October , well-refreshed after attending a formal dinner , and seems to have gone along with it rather than being a ringleader , although he and Hailsham agreed to serve under Butler . However , on the morning of Saturday 19 October Butler then Maudling agreed to serve under Home , enabling him to accept office as Prime Minister . Maudling retained his post as Chancellor under the new Prime Minister , and , in the 1964 election , Maudling had a prominent role at the helm of the partys daily press conferences while Douglas-Home toured the country . On the BBCs election results programme , the journalist Anthony Howard said that he believed that if Maudling had been leader , the narrow Conservative defeat would have been a narrow Conservative victory . Upon being forced out of the post by the election defeat , Maudling left a note to his successor , James Callaghan , simply stating Good luck , old cock.. . Sorry to leave it in such a mess . Second unsuccessful leadership bid . Out of office , Maudling accepted the offer of a seat on the board of Kleinwort Benson in November 1964 , one of the factors which led to his being shifted to spokesman on Foreign Affairs in early 1965 . Unlike other potential leadership contenders , Maudling publicly maintained his loyalty to Douglas-Home as criticisms of his leadership mounted . When Douglas-Home resigned , after putting in place a system in which the leadership was directly elected , Maudling fought against Edward Heath for the position of candidate to the party centre-right . Unfortunately for Maudling , Enoch Powell also stood , but he was a candidate supporting monetarist and proto-Thatcherite economics , which at that time had little support . Powell won 15 votes . Maudling won 133 votes against Heaths 150 ; Powells 15 votes were seen as more likely to have gone to Maudling had Powell not stood , but they would have made no difference to Heaths narrow majority . This was a moment of philosophical instability for the Conservatives . Their historic scepticism of Keynesianism began to grow through the 1960s because there was little to distinguish between the policies of the Tories and Labour . The cross-party support for economic planning and union negotiation was becoming increasingly unable to stimulate high levels of economic growth . Maudlings business directorships with Kleinwort Benson and others were mentioned by his opponents as evidence of his lack of commitment for the role , and he was criticised as too close to the Macmillan/Douglas-Home style of politics . Deputy Leader and Home Secretary . Maudling served as Deputy Leader under Heath , and was also a prominent member of the Shadow Cabinet . However , he was neither personally nor politically close to Heath , and as a consequence his influence declined ; his support for an incomes policy now went against party policy . He also tended to make gaffes , as for example when he said Harold Wilson had been following the same policy as the Conservatives on Rhodesia and I cant think of anything he has done wrongly . After Enoch Powell had been sacked from the Shadow Cabinet in 1968 for his controversial Rivers of Blood speech , Maudling was moved from the position of Shadow Commonwealth Secretary to become Shadow Defence Secretary until 1969 when he was replaced by Geoffrey Rippon . When the Conservatives returned to power in 1970 , Maudling was appointed Home Secretary ; the most pressing problem at the Home Office was tackling the Troubles in Northern Ireland . After boarding the aircraft at the end of his first visit to the province , he remarked For Gods sake bring me a large Scotch . What a bloody awful country . Maudlings attitude of reassuring calmness in interviews , normally helpful to him , was damaging when he referred to reducing IRA violence to an acceptable level , a remark widely regarded as a gaffe . He also tended to trust the Unionist-controlled Government of Northern Ireland and gloss over differences between their approach and that of the United Kingdom government . This backfired when the Prime Minister of Northern Ireland , James Chichester-Clark , resigned when denied the full number of troops he requested in March 1971 . That August , Maudling authorised the Northern Ireland government to introduce internment without trial for terror suspects , which caused widespread upheaval and anger among the nationalist population due to its exclusive use on that community , and was followed by an already planned massive escalation in the level of violence . Regarding criminal justice , Maudling made no attempt , despite his personal support , to reintroduce capital punishment after its abolition in 1969 . He introduced Community Service , a new alternative to prison , and in 1971 modestly tightened the immigration rules . He was criticised for ordering the deportation of Rudi Dutschke , later one of the founders of the German Green Party . Dutschke , who was in Britain to recuperate from an assassination attempt , was considered a student anarchist . Maudling was often the target of satirical cartoons in major newspapers , and was lampooned in the magazine Private Eye and the television comedy show Monty Pythons Flying Circus . Bloody Sunday . Maudlings statement in the House of Commons after Bloody Sunday agreed with the British armys statement that the Parachute Regiment had fired only in self-defence , although this turned out to be untrue . Bernadette Devlin , a Northern Ireland nationalist MP , had been present in Derry at the protest , yet she was denied recognition to speak on the massacre by the Speaker of the House Selwyn Lloyd . Devlin walked across the floor of the Commons and slapped Maudling . She later said to journalists that Maudlings statement had been untrue and perfunctory , and that it had expressed no regrets for the 13 people shot and killed by British soldiers . Eventually , Edward Heath decided to bring in direct rule of Northern Ireland under a separate Secretary of State . In 1974 , Shane Paul ODoherty , a PIRA member , sent Maudling a letter bomb , which slightly injured him . Scandal . In 1972 , Maudlings business activities were causing considerable disquiet and speculation in the press . In 1966 , he had obtained a directorship in the company of John Poulson , an architect Maudling helped obtain lucrative contracts . Poulson routinely did business through bribery and in 1972 was made bankrupt . The bankruptcy hearings disclosed his bribe payments , and Maudlings connection became public knowledge . Maudling came to the decision that his responsibility for the Metropolitan Police , which was beginning fraud investigations into Poulson , made his position as Home Secretary untenable . He resigned on 18 July , to general sympathy from the press . Shortly after receiving Maudlings resignation , Edward Heaths government performed a U-turn on economic policy and subsequently adopted an approach strikingly similar to Maudlings . Heath advised Maudling not to drop out of the public eye and he continued to make many media appearances . In the year after the Conservative Partys electoral defeat in 1974 , Heath was replaced as leader by Margaret Thatcher . She appointed Maudling to the post of Shadow Foreign Secretary . However , Maudling clashed with Thatcher over economics , and after less than two years in the role he was dismissed on 19 November 1976 . Departing , Maudling summed up his career as hired by Winston Churchill , fired by Margaret Thatcher . Last years . In 1969 , Maudling had been president of the Real Estate Fund of America , whose chief executive , Jerome Hoffman , had been imprisoned for fraud ; Maudling had also been an adviser to the Peachey Property Corporation , whose chairman , Sir Eric Miller , had embezzled company money and later took his own life . He was revealed to have lobbied for more aid to Malta after obtaining a commission for Poulson there , which had led to heavy losses for the Maltese government . These further revelations led to a Parliamentary inquiry into the conduct of Maudling and two other MPs linked to Poulson . This inquiry published its report on 14 July 1977 ; the report concluded that Maudling had indulged in conduct inconsistent with the standards which the House is entitled to expect from its members . When the report was considered by the House of Commons , the Conservative Party organised its MPs to attend the debate to Save Reggie . An amendment was put down to take note of the report , instead of endorsing it , and carried by 230 votes ( 211 Conservatives , 17 Labour , 2 Liberals and 2 Ulster Unionists ) to 207 . No punishment was imposed . An attempt by backbench Labour MPs to expel Maudling from the House was defeated by 331 votes to 11 , and a move to suspend him for six months was lost by 324 to 97 . As Lewis Bastons 2004 biography recounts , Maudling and his wife became heavy drinkers once his political career was effectively ended by the scandal . The drinking turned to alcoholism and Maudlings health rapidly deteriorated in the late 1970s . He collapsed in early 1979 . Death . Maudling died at the Royal Free Hospital in London , from kidney failure and cirrhosis of the liver , on 14 February 1979 ; he was 61 . His body was buried in the churchyard of Little Berkhamsted in Hertfordshire . A stone seat from his garden was placed beside the grave . Family life . Maudling married actress Beryl Laverick ( 1919–1988 ) in 1939 . They had three sons and a daughter , Caroline Maudling , who became a journalist in the 1960s as the travelling teenager of the Daily Mail and , among other things , appeared alongside John Lennon on BBC TVs Juke Box Jury in 1963 . Maudlings mother had disowned him as a result of his marriage , and Maudling did not attend her funeral in 1956 . When Caroline aroused comment by having a child out of wedlock in the late 1960s , Maudling was staunch in her defence , publicly expressing paternal pride . Beryl Maudlings body was buried next to her husbands at Little Berkhamsted . In popular culture . Maudling was portrayed by Irish actor Michael Culkin in the BBC-produced 2018 limited television series A Very English Scandal .
|
[
"Secretary of State for the Colonies"
] |
[
{
"text": " Reginald Maudling ( 7 March 1917 – 14 February 1979 ) was a British politician who held several Cabinet posts , including Chancellor of the Exchequer . From 1955 until the late 1960s , he was spoken of as a prospective Conservative leader , and he was twice seriously considered for the post ; he was Edward Heaths chief rival in 1965 . He also held directorships in several British financial firms .",
"title": "Reginald Maudling"
},
{
"text": "As Home Secretary , he was responsible for the UK Governments Northern Ireland policy during the period that included Bloody Sunday in 1972 . Soon afterwards , he left office due to an unrelated scandal in one of the companies of which he was director .",
"title": "Reginald Maudling"
},
{
"text": " Reginald Maudling was born in Woodside Park , North Finchley , and was named after his father , Reginald George Maudling , an actuary at R . Watson & Sons and Public Valuer , who contracted to do actuarial and financial calculations as the Commercial Calculating Company Ltd . The family moved to Bexhill to escape German air raids ; Maudling won scholarships to the Merchant Taylors School and Merton College , Oxford .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "He stayed out of undergraduate politics at Oxford , and studied the works of Hegel ; he was to formulate his conclusions later as to the inseparability of economic and political freedom : the purpose of State control and the guiding principle of its application is the achievement of true freedom . He obtained a first class Greats degree .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Shortly after graduating , Maudling set up a meeting with Harold Nicolson to discuss whether it would be better , as a moderate conservative , to join the Conservative Party or National Labour ; Nicolson advised him to wait . Maudling was called to the Bar at the Middle Temple in 1940 . However , he did not practise as a barrister , having volunteered for service in the Royal Air Force ( RAF ) in the Second World War .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Owing to poor eyesight he took desk jobs in the RAF intelligence branch , where he rose—as a Wingless Wonder , as officers who were not qualified to wear pilots wings were nicknamed—to the rank of Flight Lieutenant ; he was then appointed Private Secretary to the Secretary of State for Air , Sir Archibald Sinclair .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Maudling wrote an essay on Conservative policy in November 1943 , recommending that the Conservatives neither imitate the Labour Party nor reflexively oppose all controls ; in the general election of July 1945 , he was selected as parliamentary candidate for Heston and Isleworth , a newly created constituency in Middlesex , although there were four applicants and he had no ties to that constituency . In the subsequent Labour landslide Maudling was defeated like many others , although Heston and Isleworth had been expected to be a safe Conservative seat . After its defeat in the 1945 general election",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": ", the Conservative Party engaged in an extensive rethink of its policy . Maudling argued that the Party had depended excessively on outdated economic slogans and the popularity of Winston Churchill .",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "In November 1945 , Maudling became the first staff member of the Conservative Parliamentary Secretariat , later the Conservative Research Department , where he was head of the Economic Section . He persuaded the party to accept much of the Labour governments nationalisation programme and social services while cutting government spending . In March 1946 , Maudling was chosen as the prospective candidate for Barnet , close to his birthplace in Finchley , and began giving speeches there . Labour had unexpectedly won the seat in 1945 , but it was considered to be marginal . In 1950 , Maudling",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "was elected as Member of Parliament with an absolute majority .",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "Following the 1951 election , Churchill made Maudling a junior Minister at the Ministry of Civil Aviation . However , his experience of preparing economic policy led to his speaking on behalf of the Treasury on the 1952 budget and thus to an appointment , later that year , as Economic Secretary to the Treasury . With his mentor Rab Butler as Chancellor of the Exchequer , Maudling worked to reduce taxes and controls in order to move from post-war austerity to affluence . When Anthony Eden took over as Prime Minister in 1955 , Maudling was promoted to head",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "a department as Minister of Supply . He supported the invasion of Suez .",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "The Ministry was responsible for aircraft production and supplying the armed forces , and Maudling came to agree with critics who argued that it was an unnecessary intermediary ; he therefore recommended its abolition . Although supportive of Harold Macmillans appointment as Prime Minister over the rival claims of Butler in 1957 , Maudling found himself in difficulties over his position in the new government . He refused to continue at the Ministry of Supply and also rejected an offer of the Ministry of Health because Iain Macleod , with whom he had a rivalry , had held the post",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "five years earlier and Maudling did not want to be seen as five years behind him .",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "Macmillan appointed Maudling to the post of Paymaster General and spokesman in the House of Commons for the Ministry of Fuel and Power , which was technically a demotion . Nine months later , Maudling had proved his usefulness ; Macmillan brought him into the Cabinet on 17 September 1957 , where he acted more as a Minister without Portfolio : he had specific responsibility for persuading the six members of the embryonic European Economic Community , who had recently signed the Treaty of Rome , to abandon their proposal for a customs union in favour of a wider free-trade",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "area where each country would preserve their own external tariffs . However , Maudlings lack of international experience led him to underestimate the importance of the nascent Community and what was constructive in it . Faced with widespread rejection of the proposals , Maudling aroused hostility in Bonn and Paris by seeking to play off the Germans against the French .",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": " On 14 November 1958 , six months after the election of General de Gaulle as premier , Jacques Soustelle , the French Minister of Information , confirmed to the Press that France would reject the Maudling plan . Two days later , the British delegation to the Community formally called an end to accession negotiations . Maudling later revised his proposals , which were to form the basis of the European Free Trade Association .",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "Meanwhile , Maudling became an underwriting member of Lloyds of London in December 1957 , although his assets were somewhat below average for other names .",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "Maudling entered the front line of politics after the 1959 election when appointed President of the Board of Trade . He was responsible for introducing the governments proposals to help areas of high unemployment . This was achieved by paying grants to companies to create new plants in these deprived areas , and also by the government taking over unused land for development . Maudling also succeeded in negotiating a free trade agreement between the countries outside the Common Market ; this became the European Free Trade Association and was some compensation for his failure to negotiate a free trade",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "area with the Common Market . Maudling was opposed to any proposal to join the Common Market on the basis that it would end Britains right to make commercial agreements with New Zealand and Australia . He was later to remark that I can think of no more retrograde step economically or politically . This comment was to be quoted against him when , less than two years later , he was Chancellor of the Exchequer at the time of the reopening of negotiations for Common Market membership .",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "Reginald Maudling was for a short time , as Secretary of State for the Colonies in 1961 , responsible for the process of decolonisation . In this position he chaired constitutional conferences for Jamaica , Northern Rhodesia and Trinidad and Tobago which prepared them for independence ; his plan for Northern Rhodesia was controversial and he had to threaten resignation before it was approved . However , Maudling was keen to return to economic policy , and seized his opportunity when Macmillan made it clear in private that he supported a voluntary incomes policy . Maudling promptly made his case",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "in public , and three weeks later was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer in Macmillans Night of the Long Knives attempt to rejuvenate his Cabinet .",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": " Chancellor of the Exchequer . As Chancellor , Maudling soon cut purchase tax and bank interest rates . His 1963 budget aimed at expansion without inflation . Following a period of economic difficulty , with a growth target of 4% , Maudling was able to remove income tax from owner-occupiers residential premises . He also abolished the rate of duty on home-brewed beer which in effect legalised it . This was the period in which Maudling was at his most popular within the Conservative Party and in the country .",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "However , later commentators have been less kind to Maudling : Harold Wilson and his Chancellor James Callaghan ( who nevertheless sounded out Maudling for the governorship of the Bank of England in 1966 ) blamed the dash for growth that followed the 1963 budget for increasing sterlings chronic instability between 1964 and 1967 and by greatly increasing domestic demand the budget certainly exacerbated the existing balance of payments problem . Maudling largely recognised this himself by the time of the 1964 budget and , although he increased taxes , he did little to subdue demand in an election year",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "By 1963 , during the Profumo affair , there was talk , encouraged by Martin Redmayne ( Chief Whip ) and Lord Poole ( Party Chairman ) , of Maudling succeeding Macmillan as Prime Minister . Maudling visited Butler ( Deputy Prime Minister ) and obtained a mutual promise that they would , if necessary , agree to serve under one another – Maudling believed that he had gained an advantage in obtaining the agreement of Butler , his senior , to serve under him if necessary . However , William Rees-Mogg claimed in The Times on 28 July that",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "Butler led Maudling by 2:1 in the Cabinet , although Maudling had more support amongst backbench MPs .",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "However , Macmillans sudden illness and announcement of his resignation in October 1963 came at a time when Maudlings support had fallen . He was also poorly received at the Conservative Party conference , which had become a hustings for the leadership , despite coaching from Iain Macleod in how to deliver his speech . Back in London the following week , a process of consultation by Lord Chancellor Dilhorne and by Redmayne declared Foreign Secretary Lord Home , rather than Maudling or Butler , to be the compromise candidate . Enoch Powell , Macleod , Hailsham and Maudling (",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "known as the Quad in some accounts of the following days ) sought to persuade Butler to refuse to serve , so that Butler rather than Home would have to become Prime Minister . Macleod and Maudling demanded that Dilhorne lay the results of his consultations before the Cabinet , but he refused to do so . Maudling attended the meeting at Powells house late in the evening of 17 October , well-refreshed after attending a formal dinner , and seems to have gone along with it rather than being a ringleader , although he and Hailsham agreed to serve",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "under Butler . However , on the morning of Saturday 19 October Butler then Maudling agreed to serve under Home , enabling him to accept office as Prime Minister .",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "Maudling retained his post as Chancellor under the new Prime Minister , and , in the 1964 election , Maudling had a prominent role at the helm of the partys daily press conferences while Douglas-Home toured the country . On the BBCs election results programme , the journalist Anthony Howard said that he believed that if Maudling had been leader , the narrow Conservative defeat would have been a narrow Conservative victory . Upon being forced out of the post by the election defeat , Maudling left a note to his successor , James Callaghan , simply stating Good luck",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": ", old cock.. . Sorry to leave it in such a mess .",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "Out of office , Maudling accepted the offer of a seat on the board of Kleinwort Benson in November 1964 , one of the factors which led to his being shifted to spokesman on Foreign Affairs in early 1965 . Unlike other potential leadership contenders , Maudling publicly maintained his loyalty to Douglas-Home as criticisms of his leadership mounted . When Douglas-Home resigned , after putting in place a system in which the leadership was directly elected , Maudling fought against Edward Heath for the position of candidate to the party centre-right . Unfortunately for Maudling , Enoch Powell also",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "stood , but he was a candidate supporting monetarist and proto-Thatcherite economics , which at that time had little support . Powell won 15 votes . Maudling won 133 votes against Heaths 150 ; Powells 15 votes were seen as more likely to have gone to Maudling had Powell not stood , but they would have made no difference to Heaths narrow majority . This was a moment of philosophical instability for the Conservatives . Their historic scepticism of Keynesianism began to grow through the 1960s because there was little to distinguish between the policies of the Tories and Labour",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": ". The cross-party support for economic planning and union negotiation was becoming increasingly unable to stimulate high levels of economic growth .",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": " Maudlings business directorships with Kleinwort Benson and others were mentioned by his opponents as evidence of his lack of commitment for the role , and he was criticised as too close to the Macmillan/Douglas-Home style of politics . Deputy Leader and Home Secretary .",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "Maudling served as Deputy Leader under Heath , and was also a prominent member of the Shadow Cabinet . However , he was neither personally nor politically close to Heath , and as a consequence his influence declined ; his support for an incomes policy now went against party policy . He also tended to make gaffes , as for example when he said Harold Wilson had been following the same policy as the Conservatives on Rhodesia and I cant think of anything he has done wrongly . After Enoch Powell had been sacked from the Shadow Cabinet in 1968",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "for his controversial Rivers of Blood speech , Maudling was moved from the position of Shadow Commonwealth Secretary to become Shadow Defence Secretary until 1969 when he was replaced by Geoffrey Rippon . When the Conservatives returned to power in 1970 , Maudling was appointed Home Secretary ; the most pressing problem at the Home Office was tackling the Troubles in Northern Ireland . After boarding the aircraft at the end of his first visit to the province , he remarked For Gods sake bring me a large Scotch . What a bloody awful country .",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "Maudlings attitude of reassuring calmness in interviews , normally helpful to him , was damaging when he referred to reducing IRA violence to an acceptable level , a remark widely regarded as a gaffe . He also tended to trust the Unionist-controlled Government of Northern Ireland and gloss over differences between their approach and that of the United Kingdom government . This backfired when the Prime Minister of Northern Ireland , James Chichester-Clark , resigned when denied the full number of troops he requested in March 1971 . That August , Maudling authorised the Northern Ireland government to introduce internment",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "without trial for terror suspects , which caused widespread upheaval and anger among the nationalist population due to its exclusive use on that community , and was followed by an already planned massive escalation in the level of violence .",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": " Regarding criminal justice , Maudling made no attempt , despite his personal support , to reintroduce capital punishment after its abolition in 1969 . He introduced Community Service , a new alternative to prison , and in 1971 modestly tightened the immigration rules . He was criticised for ordering the deportation of Rudi Dutschke , later one of the founders of the German Green Party . Dutschke , who was in Britain to recuperate from an assassination attempt , was considered a student anarchist .",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "Maudling was often the target of satirical cartoons in major newspapers , and was lampooned in the magazine Private Eye and the television comedy show Monty Pythons Flying Circus .",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "Maudlings statement in the House of Commons after Bloody Sunday agreed with the British armys statement that the Parachute Regiment had fired only in self-defence , although this turned out to be untrue . Bernadette Devlin , a Northern Ireland nationalist MP , had been present in Derry at the protest , yet she was denied recognition to speak on the massacre by the Speaker of the House Selwyn Lloyd . Devlin walked across the floor of the Commons and slapped Maudling . She later said to journalists that Maudlings statement had been untrue and perfunctory , and that it",
"title": "Bloody Sunday"
},
{
"text": "had expressed no regrets for the 13 people shot and killed by British soldiers . Eventually , Edward Heath decided to bring in direct rule of Northern Ireland under a separate Secretary of State . In 1974 , Shane Paul ODoherty , a PIRA member , sent Maudling a letter bomb , which slightly injured him .",
"title": "Bloody Sunday"
},
{
"text": "In 1972 , Maudlings business activities were causing considerable disquiet and speculation in the press . In 1966 , he had obtained a directorship in the company of John Poulson , an architect Maudling helped obtain lucrative contracts . Poulson routinely did business through bribery and in 1972 was made bankrupt . The bankruptcy hearings disclosed his bribe payments , and Maudlings connection became public knowledge . Maudling came to the decision that his responsibility for the Metropolitan Police , which was beginning fraud investigations into Poulson , made his position as Home Secretary untenable . He resigned on 18",
"title": "Scandal"
},
{
"text": "July , to general sympathy from the press .",
"title": "Scandal"
},
{
"text": "Shortly after receiving Maudlings resignation , Edward Heaths government performed a U-turn on economic policy and subsequently adopted an approach strikingly similar to Maudlings . Heath advised Maudling not to drop out of the public eye and he continued to make many media appearances . In the year after the Conservative Partys electoral defeat in 1974 , Heath was replaced as leader by Margaret Thatcher . She appointed Maudling to the post of Shadow Foreign Secretary . However , Maudling clashed with Thatcher over economics , and after less than two years in the role he was dismissed on 19",
"title": "Scandal"
},
{
"text": "November 1976 . Departing , Maudling summed up his career as hired by Winston Churchill , fired by Margaret Thatcher .",
"title": "Scandal"
},
{
"text": "In 1969 , Maudling had been president of the Real Estate Fund of America , whose chief executive , Jerome Hoffman , had been imprisoned for fraud ; Maudling had also been an adviser to the Peachey Property Corporation , whose chairman , Sir Eric Miller , had embezzled company money and later took his own life . He was revealed to have lobbied for more aid to Malta after obtaining a commission for Poulson there , which had led to heavy losses for the Maltese government . These further revelations led to a Parliamentary inquiry into the conduct of",
"title": "Last years"
},
{
"text": "Maudling and two other MPs linked to Poulson . This inquiry published its report on 14 July 1977 ; the report concluded that Maudling had indulged in conduct inconsistent with the standards which the House is entitled to expect from its members .",
"title": "Last years"
},
{
"text": "When the report was considered by the House of Commons , the Conservative Party organised its MPs to attend the debate to Save Reggie . An amendment was put down to take note of the report , instead of endorsing it , and carried by 230 votes ( 211 Conservatives , 17 Labour , 2 Liberals and 2 Ulster Unionists ) to 207 . No punishment was imposed . An attempt by backbench Labour MPs to expel Maudling from the House was defeated by 331 votes to 11 , and a move to suspend him for six months was lost",
"title": "Last years"
},
{
"text": "by 324 to 97 .",
"title": "Last years"
},
{
"text": " As Lewis Bastons 2004 biography recounts , Maudling and his wife became heavy drinkers once his political career was effectively ended by the scandal . The drinking turned to alcoholism and Maudlings health rapidly deteriorated in the late 1970s . He collapsed in early 1979 .",
"title": "Last years"
},
{
"text": " Maudling died at the Royal Free Hospital in London , from kidney failure and cirrhosis of the liver , on 14 February 1979 ; he was 61 . His body was buried in the churchyard of Little Berkhamsted in Hertfordshire . A stone seat from his garden was placed beside the grave .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " Maudling married actress Beryl Laverick ( 1919–1988 ) in 1939 . They had three sons and a daughter , Caroline Maudling , who became a journalist in the 1960s as the travelling teenager of the Daily Mail and , among other things , appeared alongside John Lennon on BBC TVs Juke Box Jury in 1963 .",
"title": "Family life"
},
{
"text": "Maudlings mother had disowned him as a result of his marriage , and Maudling did not attend her funeral in 1956 . When Caroline aroused comment by having a child out of wedlock in the late 1960s , Maudling was staunch in her defence , publicly expressing paternal pride . Beryl Maudlings body was buried next to her husbands at Little Berkhamsted .",
"title": "Family life"
},
{
"text": " Maudling was portrayed by Irish actor Michael Culkin in the BBC-produced 2018 limited television series A Very English Scandal .",
"title": "In popular culture"
}
] |
/wiki/Reginald_Maudling#P39#3
|
Reginald Maudling took which position in Sep 1962?
|
Reginald Maudling Reginald Maudling ( 7 March 1917 – 14 February 1979 ) was a British politician who held several Cabinet posts , including Chancellor of the Exchequer . From 1955 until the late 1960s , he was spoken of as a prospective Conservative leader , and he was twice seriously considered for the post ; he was Edward Heaths chief rival in 1965 . He also held directorships in several British financial firms . As Home Secretary , he was responsible for the UK Governments Northern Ireland policy during the period that included Bloody Sunday in 1972 . Soon afterwards , he left office due to an unrelated scandal in one of the companies of which he was director . Early life . Reginald Maudling was born in Woodside Park , North Finchley , and was named after his father , Reginald George Maudling , an actuary at R . Watson & Sons and Public Valuer , who contracted to do actuarial and financial calculations as the Commercial Calculating Company Ltd . The family moved to Bexhill to escape German air raids ; Maudling won scholarships to the Merchant Taylors School and Merton College , Oxford . He stayed out of undergraduate politics at Oxford , and studied the works of Hegel ; he was to formulate his conclusions later as to the inseparability of economic and political freedom : the purpose of State control and the guiding principle of its application is the achievement of true freedom . He obtained a first class Greats degree . Political career . Shortly after graduating , Maudling set up a meeting with Harold Nicolson to discuss whether it would be better , as a moderate conservative , to join the Conservative Party or National Labour ; Nicolson advised him to wait . Maudling was called to the Bar at the Middle Temple in 1940 . However , he did not practise as a barrister , having volunteered for service in the Royal Air Force ( RAF ) in the Second World War . Owing to poor eyesight he took desk jobs in the RAF intelligence branch , where he rose—as a Wingless Wonder , as officers who were not qualified to wear pilots wings were nicknamed—to the rank of Flight Lieutenant ; he was then appointed Private Secretary to the Secretary of State for Air , Sir Archibald Sinclair . Parliamentary candidate . Maudling wrote an essay on Conservative policy in November 1943 , recommending that the Conservatives neither imitate the Labour Party nor reflexively oppose all controls ; in the general election of July 1945 , he was selected as parliamentary candidate for Heston and Isleworth , a newly created constituency in Middlesex , although there were four applicants and he had no ties to that constituency . In the subsequent Labour landslide Maudling was defeated like many others , although Heston and Isleworth had been expected to be a safe Conservative seat . After its defeat in the 1945 general election , the Conservative Party engaged in an extensive rethink of its policy . Maudling argued that the Party had depended excessively on outdated economic slogans and the popularity of Winston Churchill . In November 1945 , Maudling became the first staff member of the Conservative Parliamentary Secretariat , later the Conservative Research Department , where he was head of the Economic Section . He persuaded the party to accept much of the Labour governments nationalisation programme and social services while cutting government spending . In March 1946 , Maudling was chosen as the prospective candidate for Barnet , close to his birthplace in Finchley , and began giving speeches there . Labour had unexpectedly won the seat in 1945 , but it was considered to be marginal . In 1950 , Maudling was elected as Member of Parliament with an absolute majority . Member of Parliament and Cabinet . Following the 1951 election , Churchill made Maudling a junior Minister at the Ministry of Civil Aviation . However , his experience of preparing economic policy led to his speaking on behalf of the Treasury on the 1952 budget and thus to an appointment , later that year , as Economic Secretary to the Treasury . With his mentor Rab Butler as Chancellor of the Exchequer , Maudling worked to reduce taxes and controls in order to move from post-war austerity to affluence . When Anthony Eden took over as Prime Minister in 1955 , Maudling was promoted to head a department as Minister of Supply . He supported the invasion of Suez . The Ministry was responsible for aircraft production and supplying the armed forces , and Maudling came to agree with critics who argued that it was an unnecessary intermediary ; he therefore recommended its abolition . Although supportive of Harold Macmillans appointment as Prime Minister over the rival claims of Butler in 1957 , Maudling found himself in difficulties over his position in the new government . He refused to continue at the Ministry of Supply and also rejected an offer of the Ministry of Health because Iain Macleod , with whom he had a rivalry , had held the post five years earlier and Maudling did not want to be seen as five years behind him . Macmillan appointed Maudling to the post of Paymaster General and spokesman in the House of Commons for the Ministry of Fuel and Power , which was technically a demotion . Nine months later , Maudling had proved his usefulness ; Macmillan brought him into the Cabinet on 17 September 1957 , where he acted more as a Minister without Portfolio : he had specific responsibility for persuading the six members of the embryonic European Economic Community , who had recently signed the Treaty of Rome , to abandon their proposal for a customs union in favour of a wider free-trade area where each country would preserve their own external tariffs . However , Maudlings lack of international experience led him to underestimate the importance of the nascent Community and what was constructive in it . Faced with widespread rejection of the proposals , Maudling aroused hostility in Bonn and Paris by seeking to play off the Germans against the French . On 14 November 1958 , six months after the election of General de Gaulle as premier , Jacques Soustelle , the French Minister of Information , confirmed to the Press that France would reject the Maudling plan . Two days later , the British delegation to the Community formally called an end to accession negotiations . Maudling later revised his proposals , which were to form the basis of the European Free Trade Association . Meanwhile , Maudling became an underwriting member of Lloyds of London in December 1957 , although his assets were somewhat below average for other names . President of the Board of Trade . Maudling entered the front line of politics after the 1959 election when appointed President of the Board of Trade . He was responsible for introducing the governments proposals to help areas of high unemployment . This was achieved by paying grants to companies to create new plants in these deprived areas , and also by the government taking over unused land for development . Maudling also succeeded in negotiating a free trade agreement between the countries outside the Common Market ; this became the European Free Trade Association and was some compensation for his failure to negotiate a free trade area with the Common Market . Maudling was opposed to any proposal to join the Common Market on the basis that it would end Britains right to make commercial agreements with New Zealand and Australia . He was later to remark that I can think of no more retrograde step economically or politically . This comment was to be quoted against him when , less than two years later , he was Chancellor of the Exchequer at the time of the reopening of negotiations for Common Market membership . Colonial Secretary . Reginald Maudling was for a short time , as Secretary of State for the Colonies in 1961 , responsible for the process of decolonisation . In this position he chaired constitutional conferences for Jamaica , Northern Rhodesia and Trinidad and Tobago which prepared them for independence ; his plan for Northern Rhodesia was controversial and he had to threaten resignation before it was approved . However , Maudling was keen to return to economic policy , and seized his opportunity when Macmillan made it clear in private that he supported a voluntary incomes policy . Maudling promptly made his case in public , and three weeks later was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer in Macmillans Night of the Long Knives attempt to rejuvenate his Cabinet . Chancellor of the Exchequer . As Chancellor , Maudling soon cut purchase tax and bank interest rates . His 1963 budget aimed at expansion without inflation . Following a period of economic difficulty , with a growth target of 4% , Maudling was able to remove income tax from owner-occupiers residential premises . He also abolished the rate of duty on home-brewed beer which in effect legalised it . This was the period in which Maudling was at his most popular within the Conservative Party and in the country . However , later commentators have been less kind to Maudling : Harold Wilson and his Chancellor James Callaghan ( who nevertheless sounded out Maudling for the governorship of the Bank of England in 1966 ) blamed the dash for growth that followed the 1963 budget for increasing sterlings chronic instability between 1964 and 1967 and by greatly increasing domestic demand the budget certainly exacerbated the existing balance of payments problem . Maudling largely recognised this himself by the time of the 1964 budget and , although he increased taxes , he did little to subdue demand in an election year . First unsuccessful leadership bid . By 1963 , during the Profumo affair , there was talk , encouraged by Martin Redmayne ( Chief Whip ) and Lord Poole ( Party Chairman ) , of Maudling succeeding Macmillan as Prime Minister . Maudling visited Butler ( Deputy Prime Minister ) and obtained a mutual promise that they would , if necessary , agree to serve under one another – Maudling believed that he had gained an advantage in obtaining the agreement of Butler , his senior , to serve under him if necessary . However , William Rees-Mogg claimed in The Times on 28 July that Butler led Maudling by 2:1 in the Cabinet , although Maudling had more support amongst backbench MPs . However , Macmillans sudden illness and announcement of his resignation in October 1963 came at a time when Maudlings support had fallen . He was also poorly received at the Conservative Party conference , which had become a hustings for the leadership , despite coaching from Iain Macleod in how to deliver his speech . Back in London the following week , a process of consultation by Lord Chancellor Dilhorne and by Redmayne declared Foreign Secretary Lord Home , rather than Maudling or Butler , to be the compromise candidate . Enoch Powell , Macleod , Hailsham and Maudling ( known as the Quad in some accounts of the following days ) sought to persuade Butler to refuse to serve , so that Butler rather than Home would have to become Prime Minister . Macleod and Maudling demanded that Dilhorne lay the results of his consultations before the Cabinet , but he refused to do so . Maudling attended the meeting at Powells house late in the evening of 17 October , well-refreshed after attending a formal dinner , and seems to have gone along with it rather than being a ringleader , although he and Hailsham agreed to serve under Butler . However , on the morning of Saturday 19 October Butler then Maudling agreed to serve under Home , enabling him to accept office as Prime Minister . Maudling retained his post as Chancellor under the new Prime Minister , and , in the 1964 election , Maudling had a prominent role at the helm of the partys daily press conferences while Douglas-Home toured the country . On the BBCs election results programme , the journalist Anthony Howard said that he believed that if Maudling had been leader , the narrow Conservative defeat would have been a narrow Conservative victory . Upon being forced out of the post by the election defeat , Maudling left a note to his successor , James Callaghan , simply stating Good luck , old cock.. . Sorry to leave it in such a mess . Second unsuccessful leadership bid . Out of office , Maudling accepted the offer of a seat on the board of Kleinwort Benson in November 1964 , one of the factors which led to his being shifted to spokesman on Foreign Affairs in early 1965 . Unlike other potential leadership contenders , Maudling publicly maintained his loyalty to Douglas-Home as criticisms of his leadership mounted . When Douglas-Home resigned , after putting in place a system in which the leadership was directly elected , Maudling fought against Edward Heath for the position of candidate to the party centre-right . Unfortunately for Maudling , Enoch Powell also stood , but he was a candidate supporting monetarist and proto-Thatcherite economics , which at that time had little support . Powell won 15 votes . Maudling won 133 votes against Heaths 150 ; Powells 15 votes were seen as more likely to have gone to Maudling had Powell not stood , but they would have made no difference to Heaths narrow majority . This was a moment of philosophical instability for the Conservatives . Their historic scepticism of Keynesianism began to grow through the 1960s because there was little to distinguish between the policies of the Tories and Labour . The cross-party support for economic planning and union negotiation was becoming increasingly unable to stimulate high levels of economic growth . Maudlings business directorships with Kleinwort Benson and others were mentioned by his opponents as evidence of his lack of commitment for the role , and he was criticised as too close to the Macmillan/Douglas-Home style of politics . Deputy Leader and Home Secretary . Maudling served as Deputy Leader under Heath , and was also a prominent member of the Shadow Cabinet . However , he was neither personally nor politically close to Heath , and as a consequence his influence declined ; his support for an incomes policy now went against party policy . He also tended to make gaffes , as for example when he said Harold Wilson had been following the same policy as the Conservatives on Rhodesia and I cant think of anything he has done wrongly . After Enoch Powell had been sacked from the Shadow Cabinet in 1968 for his controversial Rivers of Blood speech , Maudling was moved from the position of Shadow Commonwealth Secretary to become Shadow Defence Secretary until 1969 when he was replaced by Geoffrey Rippon . When the Conservatives returned to power in 1970 , Maudling was appointed Home Secretary ; the most pressing problem at the Home Office was tackling the Troubles in Northern Ireland . After boarding the aircraft at the end of his first visit to the province , he remarked For Gods sake bring me a large Scotch . What a bloody awful country . Maudlings attitude of reassuring calmness in interviews , normally helpful to him , was damaging when he referred to reducing IRA violence to an acceptable level , a remark widely regarded as a gaffe . He also tended to trust the Unionist-controlled Government of Northern Ireland and gloss over differences between their approach and that of the United Kingdom government . This backfired when the Prime Minister of Northern Ireland , James Chichester-Clark , resigned when denied the full number of troops he requested in March 1971 . That August , Maudling authorised the Northern Ireland government to introduce internment without trial for terror suspects , which caused widespread upheaval and anger among the nationalist population due to its exclusive use on that community , and was followed by an already planned massive escalation in the level of violence . Regarding criminal justice , Maudling made no attempt , despite his personal support , to reintroduce capital punishment after its abolition in 1969 . He introduced Community Service , a new alternative to prison , and in 1971 modestly tightened the immigration rules . He was criticised for ordering the deportation of Rudi Dutschke , later one of the founders of the German Green Party . Dutschke , who was in Britain to recuperate from an assassination attempt , was considered a student anarchist . Maudling was often the target of satirical cartoons in major newspapers , and was lampooned in the magazine Private Eye and the television comedy show Monty Pythons Flying Circus . Bloody Sunday . Maudlings statement in the House of Commons after Bloody Sunday agreed with the British armys statement that the Parachute Regiment had fired only in self-defence , although this turned out to be untrue . Bernadette Devlin , a Northern Ireland nationalist MP , had been present in Derry at the protest , yet she was denied recognition to speak on the massacre by the Speaker of the House Selwyn Lloyd . Devlin walked across the floor of the Commons and slapped Maudling . She later said to journalists that Maudlings statement had been untrue and perfunctory , and that it had expressed no regrets for the 13 people shot and killed by British soldiers . Eventually , Edward Heath decided to bring in direct rule of Northern Ireland under a separate Secretary of State . In 1974 , Shane Paul ODoherty , a PIRA member , sent Maudling a letter bomb , which slightly injured him . Scandal . In 1972 , Maudlings business activities were causing considerable disquiet and speculation in the press . In 1966 , he had obtained a directorship in the company of John Poulson , an architect Maudling helped obtain lucrative contracts . Poulson routinely did business through bribery and in 1972 was made bankrupt . The bankruptcy hearings disclosed his bribe payments , and Maudlings connection became public knowledge . Maudling came to the decision that his responsibility for the Metropolitan Police , which was beginning fraud investigations into Poulson , made his position as Home Secretary untenable . He resigned on 18 July , to general sympathy from the press . Shortly after receiving Maudlings resignation , Edward Heaths government performed a U-turn on economic policy and subsequently adopted an approach strikingly similar to Maudlings . Heath advised Maudling not to drop out of the public eye and he continued to make many media appearances . In the year after the Conservative Partys electoral defeat in 1974 , Heath was replaced as leader by Margaret Thatcher . She appointed Maudling to the post of Shadow Foreign Secretary . However , Maudling clashed with Thatcher over economics , and after less than two years in the role he was dismissed on 19 November 1976 . Departing , Maudling summed up his career as hired by Winston Churchill , fired by Margaret Thatcher . Last years . In 1969 , Maudling had been president of the Real Estate Fund of America , whose chief executive , Jerome Hoffman , had been imprisoned for fraud ; Maudling had also been an adviser to the Peachey Property Corporation , whose chairman , Sir Eric Miller , had embezzled company money and later took his own life . He was revealed to have lobbied for more aid to Malta after obtaining a commission for Poulson there , which had led to heavy losses for the Maltese government . These further revelations led to a Parliamentary inquiry into the conduct of Maudling and two other MPs linked to Poulson . This inquiry published its report on 14 July 1977 ; the report concluded that Maudling had indulged in conduct inconsistent with the standards which the House is entitled to expect from its members . When the report was considered by the House of Commons , the Conservative Party organised its MPs to attend the debate to Save Reggie . An amendment was put down to take note of the report , instead of endorsing it , and carried by 230 votes ( 211 Conservatives , 17 Labour , 2 Liberals and 2 Ulster Unionists ) to 207 . No punishment was imposed . An attempt by backbench Labour MPs to expel Maudling from the House was defeated by 331 votes to 11 , and a move to suspend him for six months was lost by 324 to 97 . As Lewis Bastons 2004 biography recounts , Maudling and his wife became heavy drinkers once his political career was effectively ended by the scandal . The drinking turned to alcoholism and Maudlings health rapidly deteriorated in the late 1970s . He collapsed in early 1979 . Death . Maudling died at the Royal Free Hospital in London , from kidney failure and cirrhosis of the liver , on 14 February 1979 ; he was 61 . His body was buried in the churchyard of Little Berkhamsted in Hertfordshire . A stone seat from his garden was placed beside the grave . Family life . Maudling married actress Beryl Laverick ( 1919–1988 ) in 1939 . They had three sons and a daughter , Caroline Maudling , who became a journalist in the 1960s as the travelling teenager of the Daily Mail and , among other things , appeared alongside John Lennon on BBC TVs Juke Box Jury in 1963 . Maudlings mother had disowned him as a result of his marriage , and Maudling did not attend her funeral in 1956 . When Caroline aroused comment by having a child out of wedlock in the late 1960s , Maudling was staunch in her defence , publicly expressing paternal pride . Beryl Maudlings body was buried next to her husbands at Little Berkhamsted . In popular culture . Maudling was portrayed by Irish actor Michael Culkin in the BBC-produced 2018 limited television series A Very English Scandal .
|
[
"Chancellor of the Exchequer"
] |
[
{
"text": " Reginald Maudling ( 7 March 1917 – 14 February 1979 ) was a British politician who held several Cabinet posts , including Chancellor of the Exchequer . From 1955 until the late 1960s , he was spoken of as a prospective Conservative leader , and he was twice seriously considered for the post ; he was Edward Heaths chief rival in 1965 . He also held directorships in several British financial firms .",
"title": "Reginald Maudling"
},
{
"text": "As Home Secretary , he was responsible for the UK Governments Northern Ireland policy during the period that included Bloody Sunday in 1972 . Soon afterwards , he left office due to an unrelated scandal in one of the companies of which he was director .",
"title": "Reginald Maudling"
},
{
"text": " Reginald Maudling was born in Woodside Park , North Finchley , and was named after his father , Reginald George Maudling , an actuary at R . Watson & Sons and Public Valuer , who contracted to do actuarial and financial calculations as the Commercial Calculating Company Ltd . The family moved to Bexhill to escape German air raids ; Maudling won scholarships to the Merchant Taylors School and Merton College , Oxford .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "He stayed out of undergraduate politics at Oxford , and studied the works of Hegel ; he was to formulate his conclusions later as to the inseparability of economic and political freedom : the purpose of State control and the guiding principle of its application is the achievement of true freedom . He obtained a first class Greats degree .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Shortly after graduating , Maudling set up a meeting with Harold Nicolson to discuss whether it would be better , as a moderate conservative , to join the Conservative Party or National Labour ; Nicolson advised him to wait . Maudling was called to the Bar at the Middle Temple in 1940 . However , he did not practise as a barrister , having volunteered for service in the Royal Air Force ( RAF ) in the Second World War .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Owing to poor eyesight he took desk jobs in the RAF intelligence branch , where he rose—as a Wingless Wonder , as officers who were not qualified to wear pilots wings were nicknamed—to the rank of Flight Lieutenant ; he was then appointed Private Secretary to the Secretary of State for Air , Sir Archibald Sinclair .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Maudling wrote an essay on Conservative policy in November 1943 , recommending that the Conservatives neither imitate the Labour Party nor reflexively oppose all controls ; in the general election of July 1945 , he was selected as parliamentary candidate for Heston and Isleworth , a newly created constituency in Middlesex , although there were four applicants and he had no ties to that constituency . In the subsequent Labour landslide Maudling was defeated like many others , although Heston and Isleworth had been expected to be a safe Conservative seat . After its defeat in the 1945 general election",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": ", the Conservative Party engaged in an extensive rethink of its policy . Maudling argued that the Party had depended excessively on outdated economic slogans and the popularity of Winston Churchill .",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "In November 1945 , Maudling became the first staff member of the Conservative Parliamentary Secretariat , later the Conservative Research Department , where he was head of the Economic Section . He persuaded the party to accept much of the Labour governments nationalisation programme and social services while cutting government spending . In March 1946 , Maudling was chosen as the prospective candidate for Barnet , close to his birthplace in Finchley , and began giving speeches there . Labour had unexpectedly won the seat in 1945 , but it was considered to be marginal . In 1950 , Maudling",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "was elected as Member of Parliament with an absolute majority .",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "Following the 1951 election , Churchill made Maudling a junior Minister at the Ministry of Civil Aviation . However , his experience of preparing economic policy led to his speaking on behalf of the Treasury on the 1952 budget and thus to an appointment , later that year , as Economic Secretary to the Treasury . With his mentor Rab Butler as Chancellor of the Exchequer , Maudling worked to reduce taxes and controls in order to move from post-war austerity to affluence . When Anthony Eden took over as Prime Minister in 1955 , Maudling was promoted to head",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "a department as Minister of Supply . He supported the invasion of Suez .",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "The Ministry was responsible for aircraft production and supplying the armed forces , and Maudling came to agree with critics who argued that it was an unnecessary intermediary ; he therefore recommended its abolition . Although supportive of Harold Macmillans appointment as Prime Minister over the rival claims of Butler in 1957 , Maudling found himself in difficulties over his position in the new government . He refused to continue at the Ministry of Supply and also rejected an offer of the Ministry of Health because Iain Macleod , with whom he had a rivalry , had held the post",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "five years earlier and Maudling did not want to be seen as five years behind him .",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "Macmillan appointed Maudling to the post of Paymaster General and spokesman in the House of Commons for the Ministry of Fuel and Power , which was technically a demotion . Nine months later , Maudling had proved his usefulness ; Macmillan brought him into the Cabinet on 17 September 1957 , where he acted more as a Minister without Portfolio : he had specific responsibility for persuading the six members of the embryonic European Economic Community , who had recently signed the Treaty of Rome , to abandon their proposal for a customs union in favour of a wider free-trade",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "area where each country would preserve their own external tariffs . However , Maudlings lack of international experience led him to underestimate the importance of the nascent Community and what was constructive in it . Faced with widespread rejection of the proposals , Maudling aroused hostility in Bonn and Paris by seeking to play off the Germans against the French .",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": " On 14 November 1958 , six months after the election of General de Gaulle as premier , Jacques Soustelle , the French Minister of Information , confirmed to the Press that France would reject the Maudling plan . Two days later , the British delegation to the Community formally called an end to accession negotiations . Maudling later revised his proposals , which were to form the basis of the European Free Trade Association .",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "Meanwhile , Maudling became an underwriting member of Lloyds of London in December 1957 , although his assets were somewhat below average for other names .",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "Maudling entered the front line of politics after the 1959 election when appointed President of the Board of Trade . He was responsible for introducing the governments proposals to help areas of high unemployment . This was achieved by paying grants to companies to create new plants in these deprived areas , and also by the government taking over unused land for development . Maudling also succeeded in negotiating a free trade agreement between the countries outside the Common Market ; this became the European Free Trade Association and was some compensation for his failure to negotiate a free trade",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "area with the Common Market . Maudling was opposed to any proposal to join the Common Market on the basis that it would end Britains right to make commercial agreements with New Zealand and Australia . He was later to remark that I can think of no more retrograde step economically or politically . This comment was to be quoted against him when , less than two years later , he was Chancellor of the Exchequer at the time of the reopening of negotiations for Common Market membership .",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "Reginald Maudling was for a short time , as Secretary of State for the Colonies in 1961 , responsible for the process of decolonisation . In this position he chaired constitutional conferences for Jamaica , Northern Rhodesia and Trinidad and Tobago which prepared them for independence ; his plan for Northern Rhodesia was controversial and he had to threaten resignation before it was approved . However , Maudling was keen to return to economic policy , and seized his opportunity when Macmillan made it clear in private that he supported a voluntary incomes policy . Maudling promptly made his case",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "in public , and three weeks later was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer in Macmillans Night of the Long Knives attempt to rejuvenate his Cabinet .",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": " Chancellor of the Exchequer . As Chancellor , Maudling soon cut purchase tax and bank interest rates . His 1963 budget aimed at expansion without inflation . Following a period of economic difficulty , with a growth target of 4% , Maudling was able to remove income tax from owner-occupiers residential premises . He also abolished the rate of duty on home-brewed beer which in effect legalised it . This was the period in which Maudling was at his most popular within the Conservative Party and in the country .",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "However , later commentators have been less kind to Maudling : Harold Wilson and his Chancellor James Callaghan ( who nevertheless sounded out Maudling for the governorship of the Bank of England in 1966 ) blamed the dash for growth that followed the 1963 budget for increasing sterlings chronic instability between 1964 and 1967 and by greatly increasing domestic demand the budget certainly exacerbated the existing balance of payments problem . Maudling largely recognised this himself by the time of the 1964 budget and , although he increased taxes , he did little to subdue demand in an election year",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "By 1963 , during the Profumo affair , there was talk , encouraged by Martin Redmayne ( Chief Whip ) and Lord Poole ( Party Chairman ) , of Maudling succeeding Macmillan as Prime Minister . Maudling visited Butler ( Deputy Prime Minister ) and obtained a mutual promise that they would , if necessary , agree to serve under one another – Maudling believed that he had gained an advantage in obtaining the agreement of Butler , his senior , to serve under him if necessary . However , William Rees-Mogg claimed in The Times on 28 July that",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "Butler led Maudling by 2:1 in the Cabinet , although Maudling had more support amongst backbench MPs .",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "However , Macmillans sudden illness and announcement of his resignation in October 1963 came at a time when Maudlings support had fallen . He was also poorly received at the Conservative Party conference , which had become a hustings for the leadership , despite coaching from Iain Macleod in how to deliver his speech . Back in London the following week , a process of consultation by Lord Chancellor Dilhorne and by Redmayne declared Foreign Secretary Lord Home , rather than Maudling or Butler , to be the compromise candidate . Enoch Powell , Macleod , Hailsham and Maudling (",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "known as the Quad in some accounts of the following days ) sought to persuade Butler to refuse to serve , so that Butler rather than Home would have to become Prime Minister . Macleod and Maudling demanded that Dilhorne lay the results of his consultations before the Cabinet , but he refused to do so . Maudling attended the meeting at Powells house late in the evening of 17 October , well-refreshed after attending a formal dinner , and seems to have gone along with it rather than being a ringleader , although he and Hailsham agreed to serve",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "under Butler . However , on the morning of Saturday 19 October Butler then Maudling agreed to serve under Home , enabling him to accept office as Prime Minister .",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "Maudling retained his post as Chancellor under the new Prime Minister , and , in the 1964 election , Maudling had a prominent role at the helm of the partys daily press conferences while Douglas-Home toured the country . On the BBCs election results programme , the journalist Anthony Howard said that he believed that if Maudling had been leader , the narrow Conservative defeat would have been a narrow Conservative victory . Upon being forced out of the post by the election defeat , Maudling left a note to his successor , James Callaghan , simply stating Good luck",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": ", old cock.. . Sorry to leave it in such a mess .",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "Out of office , Maudling accepted the offer of a seat on the board of Kleinwort Benson in November 1964 , one of the factors which led to his being shifted to spokesman on Foreign Affairs in early 1965 . Unlike other potential leadership contenders , Maudling publicly maintained his loyalty to Douglas-Home as criticisms of his leadership mounted . When Douglas-Home resigned , after putting in place a system in which the leadership was directly elected , Maudling fought against Edward Heath for the position of candidate to the party centre-right . Unfortunately for Maudling , Enoch Powell also",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "stood , but he was a candidate supporting monetarist and proto-Thatcherite economics , which at that time had little support . Powell won 15 votes . Maudling won 133 votes against Heaths 150 ; Powells 15 votes were seen as more likely to have gone to Maudling had Powell not stood , but they would have made no difference to Heaths narrow majority . This was a moment of philosophical instability for the Conservatives . Their historic scepticism of Keynesianism began to grow through the 1960s because there was little to distinguish between the policies of the Tories and Labour",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": ". The cross-party support for economic planning and union negotiation was becoming increasingly unable to stimulate high levels of economic growth .",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": " Maudlings business directorships with Kleinwort Benson and others were mentioned by his opponents as evidence of his lack of commitment for the role , and he was criticised as too close to the Macmillan/Douglas-Home style of politics . Deputy Leader and Home Secretary .",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "Maudling served as Deputy Leader under Heath , and was also a prominent member of the Shadow Cabinet . However , he was neither personally nor politically close to Heath , and as a consequence his influence declined ; his support for an incomes policy now went against party policy . He also tended to make gaffes , as for example when he said Harold Wilson had been following the same policy as the Conservatives on Rhodesia and I cant think of anything he has done wrongly . After Enoch Powell had been sacked from the Shadow Cabinet in 1968",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "for his controversial Rivers of Blood speech , Maudling was moved from the position of Shadow Commonwealth Secretary to become Shadow Defence Secretary until 1969 when he was replaced by Geoffrey Rippon . When the Conservatives returned to power in 1970 , Maudling was appointed Home Secretary ; the most pressing problem at the Home Office was tackling the Troubles in Northern Ireland . After boarding the aircraft at the end of his first visit to the province , he remarked For Gods sake bring me a large Scotch . What a bloody awful country .",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "Maudlings attitude of reassuring calmness in interviews , normally helpful to him , was damaging when he referred to reducing IRA violence to an acceptable level , a remark widely regarded as a gaffe . He also tended to trust the Unionist-controlled Government of Northern Ireland and gloss over differences between their approach and that of the United Kingdom government . This backfired when the Prime Minister of Northern Ireland , James Chichester-Clark , resigned when denied the full number of troops he requested in March 1971 . That August , Maudling authorised the Northern Ireland government to introduce internment",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "without trial for terror suspects , which caused widespread upheaval and anger among the nationalist population due to its exclusive use on that community , and was followed by an already planned massive escalation in the level of violence .",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": " Regarding criminal justice , Maudling made no attempt , despite his personal support , to reintroduce capital punishment after its abolition in 1969 . He introduced Community Service , a new alternative to prison , and in 1971 modestly tightened the immigration rules . He was criticised for ordering the deportation of Rudi Dutschke , later one of the founders of the German Green Party . Dutschke , who was in Britain to recuperate from an assassination attempt , was considered a student anarchist .",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "Maudling was often the target of satirical cartoons in major newspapers , and was lampooned in the magazine Private Eye and the television comedy show Monty Pythons Flying Circus .",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "Maudlings statement in the House of Commons after Bloody Sunday agreed with the British armys statement that the Parachute Regiment had fired only in self-defence , although this turned out to be untrue . Bernadette Devlin , a Northern Ireland nationalist MP , had been present in Derry at the protest , yet she was denied recognition to speak on the massacre by the Speaker of the House Selwyn Lloyd . Devlin walked across the floor of the Commons and slapped Maudling . She later said to journalists that Maudlings statement had been untrue and perfunctory , and that it",
"title": "Bloody Sunday"
},
{
"text": "had expressed no regrets for the 13 people shot and killed by British soldiers . Eventually , Edward Heath decided to bring in direct rule of Northern Ireland under a separate Secretary of State . In 1974 , Shane Paul ODoherty , a PIRA member , sent Maudling a letter bomb , which slightly injured him .",
"title": "Bloody Sunday"
},
{
"text": "In 1972 , Maudlings business activities were causing considerable disquiet and speculation in the press . In 1966 , he had obtained a directorship in the company of John Poulson , an architect Maudling helped obtain lucrative contracts . Poulson routinely did business through bribery and in 1972 was made bankrupt . The bankruptcy hearings disclosed his bribe payments , and Maudlings connection became public knowledge . Maudling came to the decision that his responsibility for the Metropolitan Police , which was beginning fraud investigations into Poulson , made his position as Home Secretary untenable . He resigned on 18",
"title": "Scandal"
},
{
"text": "July , to general sympathy from the press .",
"title": "Scandal"
},
{
"text": "Shortly after receiving Maudlings resignation , Edward Heaths government performed a U-turn on economic policy and subsequently adopted an approach strikingly similar to Maudlings . Heath advised Maudling not to drop out of the public eye and he continued to make many media appearances . In the year after the Conservative Partys electoral defeat in 1974 , Heath was replaced as leader by Margaret Thatcher . She appointed Maudling to the post of Shadow Foreign Secretary . However , Maudling clashed with Thatcher over economics , and after less than two years in the role he was dismissed on 19",
"title": "Scandal"
},
{
"text": "November 1976 . Departing , Maudling summed up his career as hired by Winston Churchill , fired by Margaret Thatcher .",
"title": "Scandal"
},
{
"text": "In 1969 , Maudling had been president of the Real Estate Fund of America , whose chief executive , Jerome Hoffman , had been imprisoned for fraud ; Maudling had also been an adviser to the Peachey Property Corporation , whose chairman , Sir Eric Miller , had embezzled company money and later took his own life . He was revealed to have lobbied for more aid to Malta after obtaining a commission for Poulson there , which had led to heavy losses for the Maltese government . These further revelations led to a Parliamentary inquiry into the conduct of",
"title": "Last years"
},
{
"text": "Maudling and two other MPs linked to Poulson . This inquiry published its report on 14 July 1977 ; the report concluded that Maudling had indulged in conduct inconsistent with the standards which the House is entitled to expect from its members .",
"title": "Last years"
},
{
"text": "When the report was considered by the House of Commons , the Conservative Party organised its MPs to attend the debate to Save Reggie . An amendment was put down to take note of the report , instead of endorsing it , and carried by 230 votes ( 211 Conservatives , 17 Labour , 2 Liberals and 2 Ulster Unionists ) to 207 . No punishment was imposed . An attempt by backbench Labour MPs to expel Maudling from the House was defeated by 331 votes to 11 , and a move to suspend him for six months was lost",
"title": "Last years"
},
{
"text": "by 324 to 97 .",
"title": "Last years"
},
{
"text": " As Lewis Bastons 2004 biography recounts , Maudling and his wife became heavy drinkers once his political career was effectively ended by the scandal . The drinking turned to alcoholism and Maudlings health rapidly deteriorated in the late 1970s . He collapsed in early 1979 .",
"title": "Last years"
},
{
"text": " Maudling died at the Royal Free Hospital in London , from kidney failure and cirrhosis of the liver , on 14 February 1979 ; he was 61 . His body was buried in the churchyard of Little Berkhamsted in Hertfordshire . A stone seat from his garden was placed beside the grave .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " Maudling married actress Beryl Laverick ( 1919–1988 ) in 1939 . They had three sons and a daughter , Caroline Maudling , who became a journalist in the 1960s as the travelling teenager of the Daily Mail and , among other things , appeared alongside John Lennon on BBC TVs Juke Box Jury in 1963 .",
"title": "Family life"
},
{
"text": "Maudlings mother had disowned him as a result of his marriage , and Maudling did not attend her funeral in 1956 . When Caroline aroused comment by having a child out of wedlock in the late 1960s , Maudling was staunch in her defence , publicly expressing paternal pride . Beryl Maudlings body was buried next to her husbands at Little Berkhamsted .",
"title": "Family life"
},
{
"text": " Maudling was portrayed by Irish actor Michael Culkin in the BBC-produced 2018 limited television series A Very English Scandal .",
"title": "In popular culture"
}
] |
/wiki/Reginald_Maudling#P39#4
|
Reginald Maudling took which position in Jul 1965?
|
Reginald Maudling Reginald Maudling ( 7 March 1917 – 14 February 1979 ) was a British politician who held several Cabinet posts , including Chancellor of the Exchequer . From 1955 until the late 1960s , he was spoken of as a prospective Conservative leader , and he was twice seriously considered for the post ; he was Edward Heaths chief rival in 1965 . He also held directorships in several British financial firms . As Home Secretary , he was responsible for the UK Governments Northern Ireland policy during the period that included Bloody Sunday in 1972 . Soon afterwards , he left office due to an unrelated scandal in one of the companies of which he was director . Early life . Reginald Maudling was born in Woodside Park , North Finchley , and was named after his father , Reginald George Maudling , an actuary at R . Watson & Sons and Public Valuer , who contracted to do actuarial and financial calculations as the Commercial Calculating Company Ltd . The family moved to Bexhill to escape German air raids ; Maudling won scholarships to the Merchant Taylors School and Merton College , Oxford . He stayed out of undergraduate politics at Oxford , and studied the works of Hegel ; he was to formulate his conclusions later as to the inseparability of economic and political freedom : the purpose of State control and the guiding principle of its application is the achievement of true freedom . He obtained a first class Greats degree . Political career . Shortly after graduating , Maudling set up a meeting with Harold Nicolson to discuss whether it would be better , as a moderate conservative , to join the Conservative Party or National Labour ; Nicolson advised him to wait . Maudling was called to the Bar at the Middle Temple in 1940 . However , he did not practise as a barrister , having volunteered for service in the Royal Air Force ( RAF ) in the Second World War . Owing to poor eyesight he took desk jobs in the RAF intelligence branch , where he rose—as a Wingless Wonder , as officers who were not qualified to wear pilots wings were nicknamed—to the rank of Flight Lieutenant ; he was then appointed Private Secretary to the Secretary of State for Air , Sir Archibald Sinclair . Parliamentary candidate . Maudling wrote an essay on Conservative policy in November 1943 , recommending that the Conservatives neither imitate the Labour Party nor reflexively oppose all controls ; in the general election of July 1945 , he was selected as parliamentary candidate for Heston and Isleworth , a newly created constituency in Middlesex , although there were four applicants and he had no ties to that constituency . In the subsequent Labour landslide Maudling was defeated like many others , although Heston and Isleworth had been expected to be a safe Conservative seat . After its defeat in the 1945 general election , the Conservative Party engaged in an extensive rethink of its policy . Maudling argued that the Party had depended excessively on outdated economic slogans and the popularity of Winston Churchill . In November 1945 , Maudling became the first staff member of the Conservative Parliamentary Secretariat , later the Conservative Research Department , where he was head of the Economic Section . He persuaded the party to accept much of the Labour governments nationalisation programme and social services while cutting government spending . In March 1946 , Maudling was chosen as the prospective candidate for Barnet , close to his birthplace in Finchley , and began giving speeches there . Labour had unexpectedly won the seat in 1945 , but it was considered to be marginal . In 1950 , Maudling was elected as Member of Parliament with an absolute majority . Member of Parliament and Cabinet . Following the 1951 election , Churchill made Maudling a junior Minister at the Ministry of Civil Aviation . However , his experience of preparing economic policy led to his speaking on behalf of the Treasury on the 1952 budget and thus to an appointment , later that year , as Economic Secretary to the Treasury . With his mentor Rab Butler as Chancellor of the Exchequer , Maudling worked to reduce taxes and controls in order to move from post-war austerity to affluence . When Anthony Eden took over as Prime Minister in 1955 , Maudling was promoted to head a department as Minister of Supply . He supported the invasion of Suez . The Ministry was responsible for aircraft production and supplying the armed forces , and Maudling came to agree with critics who argued that it was an unnecessary intermediary ; he therefore recommended its abolition . Although supportive of Harold Macmillans appointment as Prime Minister over the rival claims of Butler in 1957 , Maudling found himself in difficulties over his position in the new government . He refused to continue at the Ministry of Supply and also rejected an offer of the Ministry of Health because Iain Macleod , with whom he had a rivalry , had held the post five years earlier and Maudling did not want to be seen as five years behind him . Macmillan appointed Maudling to the post of Paymaster General and spokesman in the House of Commons for the Ministry of Fuel and Power , which was technically a demotion . Nine months later , Maudling had proved his usefulness ; Macmillan brought him into the Cabinet on 17 September 1957 , where he acted more as a Minister without Portfolio : he had specific responsibility for persuading the six members of the embryonic European Economic Community , who had recently signed the Treaty of Rome , to abandon their proposal for a customs union in favour of a wider free-trade area where each country would preserve their own external tariffs . However , Maudlings lack of international experience led him to underestimate the importance of the nascent Community and what was constructive in it . Faced with widespread rejection of the proposals , Maudling aroused hostility in Bonn and Paris by seeking to play off the Germans against the French . On 14 November 1958 , six months after the election of General de Gaulle as premier , Jacques Soustelle , the French Minister of Information , confirmed to the Press that France would reject the Maudling plan . Two days later , the British delegation to the Community formally called an end to accession negotiations . Maudling later revised his proposals , which were to form the basis of the European Free Trade Association . Meanwhile , Maudling became an underwriting member of Lloyds of London in December 1957 , although his assets were somewhat below average for other names . President of the Board of Trade . Maudling entered the front line of politics after the 1959 election when appointed President of the Board of Trade . He was responsible for introducing the governments proposals to help areas of high unemployment . This was achieved by paying grants to companies to create new plants in these deprived areas , and also by the government taking over unused land for development . Maudling also succeeded in negotiating a free trade agreement between the countries outside the Common Market ; this became the European Free Trade Association and was some compensation for his failure to negotiate a free trade area with the Common Market . Maudling was opposed to any proposal to join the Common Market on the basis that it would end Britains right to make commercial agreements with New Zealand and Australia . He was later to remark that I can think of no more retrograde step economically or politically . This comment was to be quoted against him when , less than two years later , he was Chancellor of the Exchequer at the time of the reopening of negotiations for Common Market membership . Colonial Secretary . Reginald Maudling was for a short time , as Secretary of State for the Colonies in 1961 , responsible for the process of decolonisation . In this position he chaired constitutional conferences for Jamaica , Northern Rhodesia and Trinidad and Tobago which prepared them for independence ; his plan for Northern Rhodesia was controversial and he had to threaten resignation before it was approved . However , Maudling was keen to return to economic policy , and seized his opportunity when Macmillan made it clear in private that he supported a voluntary incomes policy . Maudling promptly made his case in public , and three weeks later was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer in Macmillans Night of the Long Knives attempt to rejuvenate his Cabinet . Chancellor of the Exchequer . As Chancellor , Maudling soon cut purchase tax and bank interest rates . His 1963 budget aimed at expansion without inflation . Following a period of economic difficulty , with a growth target of 4% , Maudling was able to remove income tax from owner-occupiers residential premises . He also abolished the rate of duty on home-brewed beer which in effect legalised it . This was the period in which Maudling was at his most popular within the Conservative Party and in the country . However , later commentators have been less kind to Maudling : Harold Wilson and his Chancellor James Callaghan ( who nevertheless sounded out Maudling for the governorship of the Bank of England in 1966 ) blamed the dash for growth that followed the 1963 budget for increasing sterlings chronic instability between 1964 and 1967 and by greatly increasing domestic demand the budget certainly exacerbated the existing balance of payments problem . Maudling largely recognised this himself by the time of the 1964 budget and , although he increased taxes , he did little to subdue demand in an election year . First unsuccessful leadership bid . By 1963 , during the Profumo affair , there was talk , encouraged by Martin Redmayne ( Chief Whip ) and Lord Poole ( Party Chairman ) , of Maudling succeeding Macmillan as Prime Minister . Maudling visited Butler ( Deputy Prime Minister ) and obtained a mutual promise that they would , if necessary , agree to serve under one another – Maudling believed that he had gained an advantage in obtaining the agreement of Butler , his senior , to serve under him if necessary . However , William Rees-Mogg claimed in The Times on 28 July that Butler led Maudling by 2:1 in the Cabinet , although Maudling had more support amongst backbench MPs . However , Macmillans sudden illness and announcement of his resignation in October 1963 came at a time when Maudlings support had fallen . He was also poorly received at the Conservative Party conference , which had become a hustings for the leadership , despite coaching from Iain Macleod in how to deliver his speech . Back in London the following week , a process of consultation by Lord Chancellor Dilhorne and by Redmayne declared Foreign Secretary Lord Home , rather than Maudling or Butler , to be the compromise candidate . Enoch Powell , Macleod , Hailsham and Maudling ( known as the Quad in some accounts of the following days ) sought to persuade Butler to refuse to serve , so that Butler rather than Home would have to become Prime Minister . Macleod and Maudling demanded that Dilhorne lay the results of his consultations before the Cabinet , but he refused to do so . Maudling attended the meeting at Powells house late in the evening of 17 October , well-refreshed after attending a formal dinner , and seems to have gone along with it rather than being a ringleader , although he and Hailsham agreed to serve under Butler . However , on the morning of Saturday 19 October Butler then Maudling agreed to serve under Home , enabling him to accept office as Prime Minister . Maudling retained his post as Chancellor under the new Prime Minister , and , in the 1964 election , Maudling had a prominent role at the helm of the partys daily press conferences while Douglas-Home toured the country . On the BBCs election results programme , the journalist Anthony Howard said that he believed that if Maudling had been leader , the narrow Conservative defeat would have been a narrow Conservative victory . Upon being forced out of the post by the election defeat , Maudling left a note to his successor , James Callaghan , simply stating Good luck , old cock.. . Sorry to leave it in such a mess . Second unsuccessful leadership bid . Out of office , Maudling accepted the offer of a seat on the board of Kleinwort Benson in November 1964 , one of the factors which led to his being shifted to spokesman on Foreign Affairs in early 1965 . Unlike other potential leadership contenders , Maudling publicly maintained his loyalty to Douglas-Home as criticisms of his leadership mounted . When Douglas-Home resigned , after putting in place a system in which the leadership was directly elected , Maudling fought against Edward Heath for the position of candidate to the party centre-right . Unfortunately for Maudling , Enoch Powell also stood , but he was a candidate supporting monetarist and proto-Thatcherite economics , which at that time had little support . Powell won 15 votes . Maudling won 133 votes against Heaths 150 ; Powells 15 votes were seen as more likely to have gone to Maudling had Powell not stood , but they would have made no difference to Heaths narrow majority . This was a moment of philosophical instability for the Conservatives . Their historic scepticism of Keynesianism began to grow through the 1960s because there was little to distinguish between the policies of the Tories and Labour . The cross-party support for economic planning and union negotiation was becoming increasingly unable to stimulate high levels of economic growth . Maudlings business directorships with Kleinwort Benson and others were mentioned by his opponents as evidence of his lack of commitment for the role , and he was criticised as too close to the Macmillan/Douglas-Home style of politics . Deputy Leader and Home Secretary . Maudling served as Deputy Leader under Heath , and was also a prominent member of the Shadow Cabinet . However , he was neither personally nor politically close to Heath , and as a consequence his influence declined ; his support for an incomes policy now went against party policy . He also tended to make gaffes , as for example when he said Harold Wilson had been following the same policy as the Conservatives on Rhodesia and I cant think of anything he has done wrongly . After Enoch Powell had been sacked from the Shadow Cabinet in 1968 for his controversial Rivers of Blood speech , Maudling was moved from the position of Shadow Commonwealth Secretary to become Shadow Defence Secretary until 1969 when he was replaced by Geoffrey Rippon . When the Conservatives returned to power in 1970 , Maudling was appointed Home Secretary ; the most pressing problem at the Home Office was tackling the Troubles in Northern Ireland . After boarding the aircraft at the end of his first visit to the province , he remarked For Gods sake bring me a large Scotch . What a bloody awful country . Maudlings attitude of reassuring calmness in interviews , normally helpful to him , was damaging when he referred to reducing IRA violence to an acceptable level , a remark widely regarded as a gaffe . He also tended to trust the Unionist-controlled Government of Northern Ireland and gloss over differences between their approach and that of the United Kingdom government . This backfired when the Prime Minister of Northern Ireland , James Chichester-Clark , resigned when denied the full number of troops he requested in March 1971 . That August , Maudling authorised the Northern Ireland government to introduce internment without trial for terror suspects , which caused widespread upheaval and anger among the nationalist population due to its exclusive use on that community , and was followed by an already planned massive escalation in the level of violence . Regarding criminal justice , Maudling made no attempt , despite his personal support , to reintroduce capital punishment after its abolition in 1969 . He introduced Community Service , a new alternative to prison , and in 1971 modestly tightened the immigration rules . He was criticised for ordering the deportation of Rudi Dutschke , later one of the founders of the German Green Party . Dutschke , who was in Britain to recuperate from an assassination attempt , was considered a student anarchist . Maudling was often the target of satirical cartoons in major newspapers , and was lampooned in the magazine Private Eye and the television comedy show Monty Pythons Flying Circus . Bloody Sunday . Maudlings statement in the House of Commons after Bloody Sunday agreed with the British armys statement that the Parachute Regiment had fired only in self-defence , although this turned out to be untrue . Bernadette Devlin , a Northern Ireland nationalist MP , had been present in Derry at the protest , yet she was denied recognition to speak on the massacre by the Speaker of the House Selwyn Lloyd . Devlin walked across the floor of the Commons and slapped Maudling . She later said to journalists that Maudlings statement had been untrue and perfunctory , and that it had expressed no regrets for the 13 people shot and killed by British soldiers . Eventually , Edward Heath decided to bring in direct rule of Northern Ireland under a separate Secretary of State . In 1974 , Shane Paul ODoherty , a PIRA member , sent Maudling a letter bomb , which slightly injured him . Scandal . In 1972 , Maudlings business activities were causing considerable disquiet and speculation in the press . In 1966 , he had obtained a directorship in the company of John Poulson , an architect Maudling helped obtain lucrative contracts . Poulson routinely did business through bribery and in 1972 was made bankrupt . The bankruptcy hearings disclosed his bribe payments , and Maudlings connection became public knowledge . Maudling came to the decision that his responsibility for the Metropolitan Police , which was beginning fraud investigations into Poulson , made his position as Home Secretary untenable . He resigned on 18 July , to general sympathy from the press . Shortly after receiving Maudlings resignation , Edward Heaths government performed a U-turn on economic policy and subsequently adopted an approach strikingly similar to Maudlings . Heath advised Maudling not to drop out of the public eye and he continued to make many media appearances . In the year after the Conservative Partys electoral defeat in 1974 , Heath was replaced as leader by Margaret Thatcher . She appointed Maudling to the post of Shadow Foreign Secretary . However , Maudling clashed with Thatcher over economics , and after less than two years in the role he was dismissed on 19 November 1976 . Departing , Maudling summed up his career as hired by Winston Churchill , fired by Margaret Thatcher . Last years . In 1969 , Maudling had been president of the Real Estate Fund of America , whose chief executive , Jerome Hoffman , had been imprisoned for fraud ; Maudling had also been an adviser to the Peachey Property Corporation , whose chairman , Sir Eric Miller , had embezzled company money and later took his own life . He was revealed to have lobbied for more aid to Malta after obtaining a commission for Poulson there , which had led to heavy losses for the Maltese government . These further revelations led to a Parliamentary inquiry into the conduct of Maudling and two other MPs linked to Poulson . This inquiry published its report on 14 July 1977 ; the report concluded that Maudling had indulged in conduct inconsistent with the standards which the House is entitled to expect from its members . When the report was considered by the House of Commons , the Conservative Party organised its MPs to attend the debate to Save Reggie . An amendment was put down to take note of the report , instead of endorsing it , and carried by 230 votes ( 211 Conservatives , 17 Labour , 2 Liberals and 2 Ulster Unionists ) to 207 . No punishment was imposed . An attempt by backbench Labour MPs to expel Maudling from the House was defeated by 331 votes to 11 , and a move to suspend him for six months was lost by 324 to 97 . As Lewis Bastons 2004 biography recounts , Maudling and his wife became heavy drinkers once his political career was effectively ended by the scandal . The drinking turned to alcoholism and Maudlings health rapidly deteriorated in the late 1970s . He collapsed in early 1979 . Death . Maudling died at the Royal Free Hospital in London , from kidney failure and cirrhosis of the liver , on 14 February 1979 ; he was 61 . His body was buried in the churchyard of Little Berkhamsted in Hertfordshire . A stone seat from his garden was placed beside the grave . Family life . Maudling married actress Beryl Laverick ( 1919–1988 ) in 1939 . They had three sons and a daughter , Caroline Maudling , who became a journalist in the 1960s as the travelling teenager of the Daily Mail and , among other things , appeared alongside John Lennon on BBC TVs Juke Box Jury in 1963 . Maudlings mother had disowned him as a result of his marriage , and Maudling did not attend her funeral in 1956 . When Caroline aroused comment by having a child out of wedlock in the late 1960s , Maudling was staunch in her defence , publicly expressing paternal pride . Beryl Maudlings body was buried next to her husbands at Little Berkhamsted . In popular culture . Maudling was portrayed by Irish actor Michael Culkin in the BBC-produced 2018 limited television series A Very English Scandal .
|
[
"Deputy Leader under Heath"
] |
[
{
"text": " Reginald Maudling ( 7 March 1917 – 14 February 1979 ) was a British politician who held several Cabinet posts , including Chancellor of the Exchequer . From 1955 until the late 1960s , he was spoken of as a prospective Conservative leader , and he was twice seriously considered for the post ; he was Edward Heaths chief rival in 1965 . He also held directorships in several British financial firms .",
"title": "Reginald Maudling"
},
{
"text": "As Home Secretary , he was responsible for the UK Governments Northern Ireland policy during the period that included Bloody Sunday in 1972 . Soon afterwards , he left office due to an unrelated scandal in one of the companies of which he was director .",
"title": "Reginald Maudling"
},
{
"text": " Reginald Maudling was born in Woodside Park , North Finchley , and was named after his father , Reginald George Maudling , an actuary at R . Watson & Sons and Public Valuer , who contracted to do actuarial and financial calculations as the Commercial Calculating Company Ltd . The family moved to Bexhill to escape German air raids ; Maudling won scholarships to the Merchant Taylors School and Merton College , Oxford .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "He stayed out of undergraduate politics at Oxford , and studied the works of Hegel ; he was to formulate his conclusions later as to the inseparability of economic and political freedom : the purpose of State control and the guiding principle of its application is the achievement of true freedom . He obtained a first class Greats degree .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Shortly after graduating , Maudling set up a meeting with Harold Nicolson to discuss whether it would be better , as a moderate conservative , to join the Conservative Party or National Labour ; Nicolson advised him to wait . Maudling was called to the Bar at the Middle Temple in 1940 . However , he did not practise as a barrister , having volunteered for service in the Royal Air Force ( RAF ) in the Second World War .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Owing to poor eyesight he took desk jobs in the RAF intelligence branch , where he rose—as a Wingless Wonder , as officers who were not qualified to wear pilots wings were nicknamed—to the rank of Flight Lieutenant ; he was then appointed Private Secretary to the Secretary of State for Air , Sir Archibald Sinclair .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Maudling wrote an essay on Conservative policy in November 1943 , recommending that the Conservatives neither imitate the Labour Party nor reflexively oppose all controls ; in the general election of July 1945 , he was selected as parliamentary candidate for Heston and Isleworth , a newly created constituency in Middlesex , although there were four applicants and he had no ties to that constituency . In the subsequent Labour landslide Maudling was defeated like many others , although Heston and Isleworth had been expected to be a safe Conservative seat . After its defeat in the 1945 general election",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": ", the Conservative Party engaged in an extensive rethink of its policy . Maudling argued that the Party had depended excessively on outdated economic slogans and the popularity of Winston Churchill .",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "In November 1945 , Maudling became the first staff member of the Conservative Parliamentary Secretariat , later the Conservative Research Department , where he was head of the Economic Section . He persuaded the party to accept much of the Labour governments nationalisation programme and social services while cutting government spending . In March 1946 , Maudling was chosen as the prospective candidate for Barnet , close to his birthplace in Finchley , and began giving speeches there . Labour had unexpectedly won the seat in 1945 , but it was considered to be marginal . In 1950 , Maudling",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "was elected as Member of Parliament with an absolute majority .",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "Following the 1951 election , Churchill made Maudling a junior Minister at the Ministry of Civil Aviation . However , his experience of preparing economic policy led to his speaking on behalf of the Treasury on the 1952 budget and thus to an appointment , later that year , as Economic Secretary to the Treasury . With his mentor Rab Butler as Chancellor of the Exchequer , Maudling worked to reduce taxes and controls in order to move from post-war austerity to affluence . When Anthony Eden took over as Prime Minister in 1955 , Maudling was promoted to head",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "a department as Minister of Supply . He supported the invasion of Suez .",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "The Ministry was responsible for aircraft production and supplying the armed forces , and Maudling came to agree with critics who argued that it was an unnecessary intermediary ; he therefore recommended its abolition . Although supportive of Harold Macmillans appointment as Prime Minister over the rival claims of Butler in 1957 , Maudling found himself in difficulties over his position in the new government . He refused to continue at the Ministry of Supply and also rejected an offer of the Ministry of Health because Iain Macleod , with whom he had a rivalry , had held the post",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "five years earlier and Maudling did not want to be seen as five years behind him .",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "Macmillan appointed Maudling to the post of Paymaster General and spokesman in the House of Commons for the Ministry of Fuel and Power , which was technically a demotion . Nine months later , Maudling had proved his usefulness ; Macmillan brought him into the Cabinet on 17 September 1957 , where he acted more as a Minister without Portfolio : he had specific responsibility for persuading the six members of the embryonic European Economic Community , who had recently signed the Treaty of Rome , to abandon their proposal for a customs union in favour of a wider free-trade",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "area where each country would preserve their own external tariffs . However , Maudlings lack of international experience led him to underestimate the importance of the nascent Community and what was constructive in it . Faced with widespread rejection of the proposals , Maudling aroused hostility in Bonn and Paris by seeking to play off the Germans against the French .",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": " On 14 November 1958 , six months after the election of General de Gaulle as premier , Jacques Soustelle , the French Minister of Information , confirmed to the Press that France would reject the Maudling plan . Two days later , the British delegation to the Community formally called an end to accession negotiations . Maudling later revised his proposals , which were to form the basis of the European Free Trade Association .",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "Meanwhile , Maudling became an underwriting member of Lloyds of London in December 1957 , although his assets were somewhat below average for other names .",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "Maudling entered the front line of politics after the 1959 election when appointed President of the Board of Trade . He was responsible for introducing the governments proposals to help areas of high unemployment . This was achieved by paying grants to companies to create new plants in these deprived areas , and also by the government taking over unused land for development . Maudling also succeeded in negotiating a free trade agreement between the countries outside the Common Market ; this became the European Free Trade Association and was some compensation for his failure to negotiate a free trade",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "area with the Common Market . Maudling was opposed to any proposal to join the Common Market on the basis that it would end Britains right to make commercial agreements with New Zealand and Australia . He was later to remark that I can think of no more retrograde step economically or politically . This comment was to be quoted against him when , less than two years later , he was Chancellor of the Exchequer at the time of the reopening of negotiations for Common Market membership .",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "Reginald Maudling was for a short time , as Secretary of State for the Colonies in 1961 , responsible for the process of decolonisation . In this position he chaired constitutional conferences for Jamaica , Northern Rhodesia and Trinidad and Tobago which prepared them for independence ; his plan for Northern Rhodesia was controversial and he had to threaten resignation before it was approved . However , Maudling was keen to return to economic policy , and seized his opportunity when Macmillan made it clear in private that he supported a voluntary incomes policy . Maudling promptly made his case",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "in public , and three weeks later was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer in Macmillans Night of the Long Knives attempt to rejuvenate his Cabinet .",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": " Chancellor of the Exchequer . As Chancellor , Maudling soon cut purchase tax and bank interest rates . His 1963 budget aimed at expansion without inflation . Following a period of economic difficulty , with a growth target of 4% , Maudling was able to remove income tax from owner-occupiers residential premises . He also abolished the rate of duty on home-brewed beer which in effect legalised it . This was the period in which Maudling was at his most popular within the Conservative Party and in the country .",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "However , later commentators have been less kind to Maudling : Harold Wilson and his Chancellor James Callaghan ( who nevertheless sounded out Maudling for the governorship of the Bank of England in 1966 ) blamed the dash for growth that followed the 1963 budget for increasing sterlings chronic instability between 1964 and 1967 and by greatly increasing domestic demand the budget certainly exacerbated the existing balance of payments problem . Maudling largely recognised this himself by the time of the 1964 budget and , although he increased taxes , he did little to subdue demand in an election year",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "By 1963 , during the Profumo affair , there was talk , encouraged by Martin Redmayne ( Chief Whip ) and Lord Poole ( Party Chairman ) , of Maudling succeeding Macmillan as Prime Minister . Maudling visited Butler ( Deputy Prime Minister ) and obtained a mutual promise that they would , if necessary , agree to serve under one another – Maudling believed that he had gained an advantage in obtaining the agreement of Butler , his senior , to serve under him if necessary . However , William Rees-Mogg claimed in The Times on 28 July that",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "Butler led Maudling by 2:1 in the Cabinet , although Maudling had more support amongst backbench MPs .",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "However , Macmillans sudden illness and announcement of his resignation in October 1963 came at a time when Maudlings support had fallen . He was also poorly received at the Conservative Party conference , which had become a hustings for the leadership , despite coaching from Iain Macleod in how to deliver his speech . Back in London the following week , a process of consultation by Lord Chancellor Dilhorne and by Redmayne declared Foreign Secretary Lord Home , rather than Maudling or Butler , to be the compromise candidate . Enoch Powell , Macleod , Hailsham and Maudling (",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "known as the Quad in some accounts of the following days ) sought to persuade Butler to refuse to serve , so that Butler rather than Home would have to become Prime Minister . Macleod and Maudling demanded that Dilhorne lay the results of his consultations before the Cabinet , but he refused to do so . Maudling attended the meeting at Powells house late in the evening of 17 October , well-refreshed after attending a formal dinner , and seems to have gone along with it rather than being a ringleader , although he and Hailsham agreed to serve",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "under Butler . However , on the morning of Saturday 19 October Butler then Maudling agreed to serve under Home , enabling him to accept office as Prime Minister .",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "Maudling retained his post as Chancellor under the new Prime Minister , and , in the 1964 election , Maudling had a prominent role at the helm of the partys daily press conferences while Douglas-Home toured the country . On the BBCs election results programme , the journalist Anthony Howard said that he believed that if Maudling had been leader , the narrow Conservative defeat would have been a narrow Conservative victory . Upon being forced out of the post by the election defeat , Maudling left a note to his successor , James Callaghan , simply stating Good luck",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": ", old cock.. . Sorry to leave it in such a mess .",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "Out of office , Maudling accepted the offer of a seat on the board of Kleinwort Benson in November 1964 , one of the factors which led to his being shifted to spokesman on Foreign Affairs in early 1965 . Unlike other potential leadership contenders , Maudling publicly maintained his loyalty to Douglas-Home as criticisms of his leadership mounted . When Douglas-Home resigned , after putting in place a system in which the leadership was directly elected , Maudling fought against Edward Heath for the position of candidate to the party centre-right . Unfortunately for Maudling , Enoch Powell also",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "stood , but he was a candidate supporting monetarist and proto-Thatcherite economics , which at that time had little support . Powell won 15 votes . Maudling won 133 votes against Heaths 150 ; Powells 15 votes were seen as more likely to have gone to Maudling had Powell not stood , but they would have made no difference to Heaths narrow majority . This was a moment of philosophical instability for the Conservatives . Their historic scepticism of Keynesianism began to grow through the 1960s because there was little to distinguish between the policies of the Tories and Labour",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": ". The cross-party support for economic planning and union negotiation was becoming increasingly unable to stimulate high levels of economic growth .",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": " Maudlings business directorships with Kleinwort Benson and others were mentioned by his opponents as evidence of his lack of commitment for the role , and he was criticised as too close to the Macmillan/Douglas-Home style of politics . Deputy Leader and Home Secretary .",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "Maudling served as Deputy Leader under Heath , and was also a prominent member of the Shadow Cabinet . However , he was neither personally nor politically close to Heath , and as a consequence his influence declined ; his support for an incomes policy now went against party policy . He also tended to make gaffes , as for example when he said Harold Wilson had been following the same policy as the Conservatives on Rhodesia and I cant think of anything he has done wrongly . After Enoch Powell had been sacked from the Shadow Cabinet in 1968",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "for his controversial Rivers of Blood speech , Maudling was moved from the position of Shadow Commonwealth Secretary to become Shadow Defence Secretary until 1969 when he was replaced by Geoffrey Rippon . When the Conservatives returned to power in 1970 , Maudling was appointed Home Secretary ; the most pressing problem at the Home Office was tackling the Troubles in Northern Ireland . After boarding the aircraft at the end of his first visit to the province , he remarked For Gods sake bring me a large Scotch . What a bloody awful country .",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "Maudlings attitude of reassuring calmness in interviews , normally helpful to him , was damaging when he referred to reducing IRA violence to an acceptable level , a remark widely regarded as a gaffe . He also tended to trust the Unionist-controlled Government of Northern Ireland and gloss over differences between their approach and that of the United Kingdom government . This backfired when the Prime Minister of Northern Ireland , James Chichester-Clark , resigned when denied the full number of troops he requested in March 1971 . That August , Maudling authorised the Northern Ireland government to introduce internment",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "without trial for terror suspects , which caused widespread upheaval and anger among the nationalist population due to its exclusive use on that community , and was followed by an already planned massive escalation in the level of violence .",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": " Regarding criminal justice , Maudling made no attempt , despite his personal support , to reintroduce capital punishment after its abolition in 1969 . He introduced Community Service , a new alternative to prison , and in 1971 modestly tightened the immigration rules . He was criticised for ordering the deportation of Rudi Dutschke , later one of the founders of the German Green Party . Dutschke , who was in Britain to recuperate from an assassination attempt , was considered a student anarchist .",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "Maudling was often the target of satirical cartoons in major newspapers , and was lampooned in the magazine Private Eye and the television comedy show Monty Pythons Flying Circus .",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "Maudlings statement in the House of Commons after Bloody Sunday agreed with the British armys statement that the Parachute Regiment had fired only in self-defence , although this turned out to be untrue . Bernadette Devlin , a Northern Ireland nationalist MP , had been present in Derry at the protest , yet she was denied recognition to speak on the massacre by the Speaker of the House Selwyn Lloyd . Devlin walked across the floor of the Commons and slapped Maudling . She later said to journalists that Maudlings statement had been untrue and perfunctory , and that it",
"title": "Bloody Sunday"
},
{
"text": "had expressed no regrets for the 13 people shot and killed by British soldiers . Eventually , Edward Heath decided to bring in direct rule of Northern Ireland under a separate Secretary of State . In 1974 , Shane Paul ODoherty , a PIRA member , sent Maudling a letter bomb , which slightly injured him .",
"title": "Bloody Sunday"
},
{
"text": "In 1972 , Maudlings business activities were causing considerable disquiet and speculation in the press . In 1966 , he had obtained a directorship in the company of John Poulson , an architect Maudling helped obtain lucrative contracts . Poulson routinely did business through bribery and in 1972 was made bankrupt . The bankruptcy hearings disclosed his bribe payments , and Maudlings connection became public knowledge . Maudling came to the decision that his responsibility for the Metropolitan Police , which was beginning fraud investigations into Poulson , made his position as Home Secretary untenable . He resigned on 18",
"title": "Scandal"
},
{
"text": "July , to general sympathy from the press .",
"title": "Scandal"
},
{
"text": "Shortly after receiving Maudlings resignation , Edward Heaths government performed a U-turn on economic policy and subsequently adopted an approach strikingly similar to Maudlings . Heath advised Maudling not to drop out of the public eye and he continued to make many media appearances . In the year after the Conservative Partys electoral defeat in 1974 , Heath was replaced as leader by Margaret Thatcher . She appointed Maudling to the post of Shadow Foreign Secretary . However , Maudling clashed with Thatcher over economics , and after less than two years in the role he was dismissed on 19",
"title": "Scandal"
},
{
"text": "November 1976 . Departing , Maudling summed up his career as hired by Winston Churchill , fired by Margaret Thatcher .",
"title": "Scandal"
},
{
"text": "In 1969 , Maudling had been president of the Real Estate Fund of America , whose chief executive , Jerome Hoffman , had been imprisoned for fraud ; Maudling had also been an adviser to the Peachey Property Corporation , whose chairman , Sir Eric Miller , had embezzled company money and later took his own life . He was revealed to have lobbied for more aid to Malta after obtaining a commission for Poulson there , which had led to heavy losses for the Maltese government . These further revelations led to a Parliamentary inquiry into the conduct of",
"title": "Last years"
},
{
"text": "Maudling and two other MPs linked to Poulson . This inquiry published its report on 14 July 1977 ; the report concluded that Maudling had indulged in conduct inconsistent with the standards which the House is entitled to expect from its members .",
"title": "Last years"
},
{
"text": "When the report was considered by the House of Commons , the Conservative Party organised its MPs to attend the debate to Save Reggie . An amendment was put down to take note of the report , instead of endorsing it , and carried by 230 votes ( 211 Conservatives , 17 Labour , 2 Liberals and 2 Ulster Unionists ) to 207 . No punishment was imposed . An attempt by backbench Labour MPs to expel Maudling from the House was defeated by 331 votes to 11 , and a move to suspend him for six months was lost",
"title": "Last years"
},
{
"text": "by 324 to 97 .",
"title": "Last years"
},
{
"text": " As Lewis Bastons 2004 biography recounts , Maudling and his wife became heavy drinkers once his political career was effectively ended by the scandal . The drinking turned to alcoholism and Maudlings health rapidly deteriorated in the late 1970s . He collapsed in early 1979 .",
"title": "Last years"
},
{
"text": " Maudling died at the Royal Free Hospital in London , from kidney failure and cirrhosis of the liver , on 14 February 1979 ; he was 61 . His body was buried in the churchyard of Little Berkhamsted in Hertfordshire . A stone seat from his garden was placed beside the grave .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " Maudling married actress Beryl Laverick ( 1919–1988 ) in 1939 . They had three sons and a daughter , Caroline Maudling , who became a journalist in the 1960s as the travelling teenager of the Daily Mail and , among other things , appeared alongside John Lennon on BBC TVs Juke Box Jury in 1963 .",
"title": "Family life"
},
{
"text": "Maudlings mother had disowned him as a result of his marriage , and Maudling did not attend her funeral in 1956 . When Caroline aroused comment by having a child out of wedlock in the late 1960s , Maudling was staunch in her defence , publicly expressing paternal pride . Beryl Maudlings body was buried next to her husbands at Little Berkhamsted .",
"title": "Family life"
},
{
"text": " Maudling was portrayed by Irish actor Michael Culkin in the BBC-produced 2018 limited television series A Very English Scandal .",
"title": "In popular culture"
}
] |
/wiki/Reginald_Maudling#P39#5
|
Reginald Maudling took which position in Oct 1966?
|
Reginald Maudling Reginald Maudling ( 7 March 1917 – 14 February 1979 ) was a British politician who held several Cabinet posts , including Chancellor of the Exchequer . From 1955 until the late 1960s , he was spoken of as a prospective Conservative leader , and he was twice seriously considered for the post ; he was Edward Heaths chief rival in 1965 . He also held directorships in several British financial firms . As Home Secretary , he was responsible for the UK Governments Northern Ireland policy during the period that included Bloody Sunday in 1972 . Soon afterwards , he left office due to an unrelated scandal in one of the companies of which he was director . Early life . Reginald Maudling was born in Woodside Park , North Finchley , and was named after his father , Reginald George Maudling , an actuary at R . Watson & Sons and Public Valuer , who contracted to do actuarial and financial calculations as the Commercial Calculating Company Ltd . The family moved to Bexhill to escape German air raids ; Maudling won scholarships to the Merchant Taylors School and Merton College , Oxford . He stayed out of undergraduate politics at Oxford , and studied the works of Hegel ; he was to formulate his conclusions later as to the inseparability of economic and political freedom : the purpose of State control and the guiding principle of its application is the achievement of true freedom . He obtained a first class Greats degree . Political career . Shortly after graduating , Maudling set up a meeting with Harold Nicolson to discuss whether it would be better , as a moderate conservative , to join the Conservative Party or National Labour ; Nicolson advised him to wait . Maudling was called to the Bar at the Middle Temple in 1940 . However , he did not practise as a barrister , having volunteered for service in the Royal Air Force ( RAF ) in the Second World War . Owing to poor eyesight he took desk jobs in the RAF intelligence branch , where he rose—as a Wingless Wonder , as officers who were not qualified to wear pilots wings were nicknamed—to the rank of Flight Lieutenant ; he was then appointed Private Secretary to the Secretary of State for Air , Sir Archibald Sinclair . Parliamentary candidate . Maudling wrote an essay on Conservative policy in November 1943 , recommending that the Conservatives neither imitate the Labour Party nor reflexively oppose all controls ; in the general election of July 1945 , he was selected as parliamentary candidate for Heston and Isleworth , a newly created constituency in Middlesex , although there were four applicants and he had no ties to that constituency . In the subsequent Labour landslide Maudling was defeated like many others , although Heston and Isleworth had been expected to be a safe Conservative seat . After its defeat in the 1945 general election , the Conservative Party engaged in an extensive rethink of its policy . Maudling argued that the Party had depended excessively on outdated economic slogans and the popularity of Winston Churchill . In November 1945 , Maudling became the first staff member of the Conservative Parliamentary Secretariat , later the Conservative Research Department , where he was head of the Economic Section . He persuaded the party to accept much of the Labour governments nationalisation programme and social services while cutting government spending . In March 1946 , Maudling was chosen as the prospective candidate for Barnet , close to his birthplace in Finchley , and began giving speeches there . Labour had unexpectedly won the seat in 1945 , but it was considered to be marginal . In 1950 , Maudling was elected as Member of Parliament with an absolute majority . Member of Parliament and Cabinet . Following the 1951 election , Churchill made Maudling a junior Minister at the Ministry of Civil Aviation . However , his experience of preparing economic policy led to his speaking on behalf of the Treasury on the 1952 budget and thus to an appointment , later that year , as Economic Secretary to the Treasury . With his mentor Rab Butler as Chancellor of the Exchequer , Maudling worked to reduce taxes and controls in order to move from post-war austerity to affluence . When Anthony Eden took over as Prime Minister in 1955 , Maudling was promoted to head a department as Minister of Supply . He supported the invasion of Suez . The Ministry was responsible for aircraft production and supplying the armed forces , and Maudling came to agree with critics who argued that it was an unnecessary intermediary ; he therefore recommended its abolition . Although supportive of Harold Macmillans appointment as Prime Minister over the rival claims of Butler in 1957 , Maudling found himself in difficulties over his position in the new government . He refused to continue at the Ministry of Supply and also rejected an offer of the Ministry of Health because Iain Macleod , with whom he had a rivalry , had held the post five years earlier and Maudling did not want to be seen as five years behind him . Macmillan appointed Maudling to the post of Paymaster General and spokesman in the House of Commons for the Ministry of Fuel and Power , which was technically a demotion . Nine months later , Maudling had proved his usefulness ; Macmillan brought him into the Cabinet on 17 September 1957 , where he acted more as a Minister without Portfolio : he had specific responsibility for persuading the six members of the embryonic European Economic Community , who had recently signed the Treaty of Rome , to abandon their proposal for a customs union in favour of a wider free-trade area where each country would preserve their own external tariffs . However , Maudlings lack of international experience led him to underestimate the importance of the nascent Community and what was constructive in it . Faced with widespread rejection of the proposals , Maudling aroused hostility in Bonn and Paris by seeking to play off the Germans against the French . On 14 November 1958 , six months after the election of General de Gaulle as premier , Jacques Soustelle , the French Minister of Information , confirmed to the Press that France would reject the Maudling plan . Two days later , the British delegation to the Community formally called an end to accession negotiations . Maudling later revised his proposals , which were to form the basis of the European Free Trade Association . Meanwhile , Maudling became an underwriting member of Lloyds of London in December 1957 , although his assets were somewhat below average for other names . President of the Board of Trade . Maudling entered the front line of politics after the 1959 election when appointed President of the Board of Trade . He was responsible for introducing the governments proposals to help areas of high unemployment . This was achieved by paying grants to companies to create new plants in these deprived areas , and also by the government taking over unused land for development . Maudling also succeeded in negotiating a free trade agreement between the countries outside the Common Market ; this became the European Free Trade Association and was some compensation for his failure to negotiate a free trade area with the Common Market . Maudling was opposed to any proposal to join the Common Market on the basis that it would end Britains right to make commercial agreements with New Zealand and Australia . He was later to remark that I can think of no more retrograde step economically or politically . This comment was to be quoted against him when , less than two years later , he was Chancellor of the Exchequer at the time of the reopening of negotiations for Common Market membership . Colonial Secretary . Reginald Maudling was for a short time , as Secretary of State for the Colonies in 1961 , responsible for the process of decolonisation . In this position he chaired constitutional conferences for Jamaica , Northern Rhodesia and Trinidad and Tobago which prepared them for independence ; his plan for Northern Rhodesia was controversial and he had to threaten resignation before it was approved . However , Maudling was keen to return to economic policy , and seized his opportunity when Macmillan made it clear in private that he supported a voluntary incomes policy . Maudling promptly made his case in public , and three weeks later was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer in Macmillans Night of the Long Knives attempt to rejuvenate his Cabinet . Chancellor of the Exchequer . As Chancellor , Maudling soon cut purchase tax and bank interest rates . His 1963 budget aimed at expansion without inflation . Following a period of economic difficulty , with a growth target of 4% , Maudling was able to remove income tax from owner-occupiers residential premises . He also abolished the rate of duty on home-brewed beer which in effect legalised it . This was the period in which Maudling was at his most popular within the Conservative Party and in the country . However , later commentators have been less kind to Maudling : Harold Wilson and his Chancellor James Callaghan ( who nevertheless sounded out Maudling for the governorship of the Bank of England in 1966 ) blamed the dash for growth that followed the 1963 budget for increasing sterlings chronic instability between 1964 and 1967 and by greatly increasing domestic demand the budget certainly exacerbated the existing balance of payments problem . Maudling largely recognised this himself by the time of the 1964 budget and , although he increased taxes , he did little to subdue demand in an election year . First unsuccessful leadership bid . By 1963 , during the Profumo affair , there was talk , encouraged by Martin Redmayne ( Chief Whip ) and Lord Poole ( Party Chairman ) , of Maudling succeeding Macmillan as Prime Minister . Maudling visited Butler ( Deputy Prime Minister ) and obtained a mutual promise that they would , if necessary , agree to serve under one another – Maudling believed that he had gained an advantage in obtaining the agreement of Butler , his senior , to serve under him if necessary . However , William Rees-Mogg claimed in The Times on 28 July that Butler led Maudling by 2:1 in the Cabinet , although Maudling had more support amongst backbench MPs . However , Macmillans sudden illness and announcement of his resignation in October 1963 came at a time when Maudlings support had fallen . He was also poorly received at the Conservative Party conference , which had become a hustings for the leadership , despite coaching from Iain Macleod in how to deliver his speech . Back in London the following week , a process of consultation by Lord Chancellor Dilhorne and by Redmayne declared Foreign Secretary Lord Home , rather than Maudling or Butler , to be the compromise candidate . Enoch Powell , Macleod , Hailsham and Maudling ( known as the Quad in some accounts of the following days ) sought to persuade Butler to refuse to serve , so that Butler rather than Home would have to become Prime Minister . Macleod and Maudling demanded that Dilhorne lay the results of his consultations before the Cabinet , but he refused to do so . Maudling attended the meeting at Powells house late in the evening of 17 October , well-refreshed after attending a formal dinner , and seems to have gone along with it rather than being a ringleader , although he and Hailsham agreed to serve under Butler . However , on the morning of Saturday 19 October Butler then Maudling agreed to serve under Home , enabling him to accept office as Prime Minister . Maudling retained his post as Chancellor under the new Prime Minister , and , in the 1964 election , Maudling had a prominent role at the helm of the partys daily press conferences while Douglas-Home toured the country . On the BBCs election results programme , the journalist Anthony Howard said that he believed that if Maudling had been leader , the narrow Conservative defeat would have been a narrow Conservative victory . Upon being forced out of the post by the election defeat , Maudling left a note to his successor , James Callaghan , simply stating Good luck , old cock.. . Sorry to leave it in such a mess . Second unsuccessful leadership bid . Out of office , Maudling accepted the offer of a seat on the board of Kleinwort Benson in November 1964 , one of the factors which led to his being shifted to spokesman on Foreign Affairs in early 1965 . Unlike other potential leadership contenders , Maudling publicly maintained his loyalty to Douglas-Home as criticisms of his leadership mounted . When Douglas-Home resigned , after putting in place a system in which the leadership was directly elected , Maudling fought against Edward Heath for the position of candidate to the party centre-right . Unfortunately for Maudling , Enoch Powell also stood , but he was a candidate supporting monetarist and proto-Thatcherite economics , which at that time had little support . Powell won 15 votes . Maudling won 133 votes against Heaths 150 ; Powells 15 votes were seen as more likely to have gone to Maudling had Powell not stood , but they would have made no difference to Heaths narrow majority . This was a moment of philosophical instability for the Conservatives . Their historic scepticism of Keynesianism began to grow through the 1960s because there was little to distinguish between the policies of the Tories and Labour . The cross-party support for economic planning and union negotiation was becoming increasingly unable to stimulate high levels of economic growth . Maudlings business directorships with Kleinwort Benson and others were mentioned by his opponents as evidence of his lack of commitment for the role , and he was criticised as too close to the Macmillan/Douglas-Home style of politics . Deputy Leader and Home Secretary . Maudling served as Deputy Leader under Heath , and was also a prominent member of the Shadow Cabinet . However , he was neither personally nor politically close to Heath , and as a consequence his influence declined ; his support for an incomes policy now went against party policy . He also tended to make gaffes , as for example when he said Harold Wilson had been following the same policy as the Conservatives on Rhodesia and I cant think of anything he has done wrongly . After Enoch Powell had been sacked from the Shadow Cabinet in 1968 for his controversial Rivers of Blood speech , Maudling was moved from the position of Shadow Commonwealth Secretary to become Shadow Defence Secretary until 1969 when he was replaced by Geoffrey Rippon . When the Conservatives returned to power in 1970 , Maudling was appointed Home Secretary ; the most pressing problem at the Home Office was tackling the Troubles in Northern Ireland . After boarding the aircraft at the end of his first visit to the province , he remarked For Gods sake bring me a large Scotch . What a bloody awful country . Maudlings attitude of reassuring calmness in interviews , normally helpful to him , was damaging when he referred to reducing IRA violence to an acceptable level , a remark widely regarded as a gaffe . He also tended to trust the Unionist-controlled Government of Northern Ireland and gloss over differences between their approach and that of the United Kingdom government . This backfired when the Prime Minister of Northern Ireland , James Chichester-Clark , resigned when denied the full number of troops he requested in March 1971 . That August , Maudling authorised the Northern Ireland government to introduce internment without trial for terror suspects , which caused widespread upheaval and anger among the nationalist population due to its exclusive use on that community , and was followed by an already planned massive escalation in the level of violence . Regarding criminal justice , Maudling made no attempt , despite his personal support , to reintroduce capital punishment after its abolition in 1969 . He introduced Community Service , a new alternative to prison , and in 1971 modestly tightened the immigration rules . He was criticised for ordering the deportation of Rudi Dutschke , later one of the founders of the German Green Party . Dutschke , who was in Britain to recuperate from an assassination attempt , was considered a student anarchist . Maudling was often the target of satirical cartoons in major newspapers , and was lampooned in the magazine Private Eye and the television comedy show Monty Pythons Flying Circus . Bloody Sunday . Maudlings statement in the House of Commons after Bloody Sunday agreed with the British armys statement that the Parachute Regiment had fired only in self-defence , although this turned out to be untrue . Bernadette Devlin , a Northern Ireland nationalist MP , had been present in Derry at the protest , yet she was denied recognition to speak on the massacre by the Speaker of the House Selwyn Lloyd . Devlin walked across the floor of the Commons and slapped Maudling . She later said to journalists that Maudlings statement had been untrue and perfunctory , and that it had expressed no regrets for the 13 people shot and killed by British soldiers . Eventually , Edward Heath decided to bring in direct rule of Northern Ireland under a separate Secretary of State . In 1974 , Shane Paul ODoherty , a PIRA member , sent Maudling a letter bomb , which slightly injured him . Scandal . In 1972 , Maudlings business activities were causing considerable disquiet and speculation in the press . In 1966 , he had obtained a directorship in the company of John Poulson , an architect Maudling helped obtain lucrative contracts . Poulson routinely did business through bribery and in 1972 was made bankrupt . The bankruptcy hearings disclosed his bribe payments , and Maudlings connection became public knowledge . Maudling came to the decision that his responsibility for the Metropolitan Police , which was beginning fraud investigations into Poulson , made his position as Home Secretary untenable . He resigned on 18 July , to general sympathy from the press . Shortly after receiving Maudlings resignation , Edward Heaths government performed a U-turn on economic policy and subsequently adopted an approach strikingly similar to Maudlings . Heath advised Maudling not to drop out of the public eye and he continued to make many media appearances . In the year after the Conservative Partys electoral defeat in 1974 , Heath was replaced as leader by Margaret Thatcher . She appointed Maudling to the post of Shadow Foreign Secretary . However , Maudling clashed with Thatcher over economics , and after less than two years in the role he was dismissed on 19 November 1976 . Departing , Maudling summed up his career as hired by Winston Churchill , fired by Margaret Thatcher . Last years . In 1969 , Maudling had been president of the Real Estate Fund of America , whose chief executive , Jerome Hoffman , had been imprisoned for fraud ; Maudling had also been an adviser to the Peachey Property Corporation , whose chairman , Sir Eric Miller , had embezzled company money and later took his own life . He was revealed to have lobbied for more aid to Malta after obtaining a commission for Poulson there , which had led to heavy losses for the Maltese government . These further revelations led to a Parliamentary inquiry into the conduct of Maudling and two other MPs linked to Poulson . This inquiry published its report on 14 July 1977 ; the report concluded that Maudling had indulged in conduct inconsistent with the standards which the House is entitled to expect from its members . When the report was considered by the House of Commons , the Conservative Party organised its MPs to attend the debate to Save Reggie . An amendment was put down to take note of the report , instead of endorsing it , and carried by 230 votes ( 211 Conservatives , 17 Labour , 2 Liberals and 2 Ulster Unionists ) to 207 . No punishment was imposed . An attempt by backbench Labour MPs to expel Maudling from the House was defeated by 331 votes to 11 , and a move to suspend him for six months was lost by 324 to 97 . As Lewis Bastons 2004 biography recounts , Maudling and his wife became heavy drinkers once his political career was effectively ended by the scandal . The drinking turned to alcoholism and Maudlings health rapidly deteriorated in the late 1970s . He collapsed in early 1979 . Death . Maudling died at the Royal Free Hospital in London , from kidney failure and cirrhosis of the liver , on 14 February 1979 ; he was 61 . His body was buried in the churchyard of Little Berkhamsted in Hertfordshire . A stone seat from his garden was placed beside the grave . Family life . Maudling married actress Beryl Laverick ( 1919–1988 ) in 1939 . They had three sons and a daughter , Caroline Maudling , who became a journalist in the 1960s as the travelling teenager of the Daily Mail and , among other things , appeared alongside John Lennon on BBC TVs Juke Box Jury in 1963 . Maudlings mother had disowned him as a result of his marriage , and Maudling did not attend her funeral in 1956 . When Caroline aroused comment by having a child out of wedlock in the late 1960s , Maudling was staunch in her defence , publicly expressing paternal pride . Beryl Maudlings body was buried next to her husbands at Little Berkhamsted . In popular culture . Maudling was portrayed by Irish actor Michael Culkin in the BBC-produced 2018 limited television series A Very English Scandal .
|
[
"Shadow Commonwealth Secretary"
] |
[
{
"text": " Reginald Maudling ( 7 March 1917 – 14 February 1979 ) was a British politician who held several Cabinet posts , including Chancellor of the Exchequer . From 1955 until the late 1960s , he was spoken of as a prospective Conservative leader , and he was twice seriously considered for the post ; he was Edward Heaths chief rival in 1965 . He also held directorships in several British financial firms .",
"title": "Reginald Maudling"
},
{
"text": "As Home Secretary , he was responsible for the UK Governments Northern Ireland policy during the period that included Bloody Sunday in 1972 . Soon afterwards , he left office due to an unrelated scandal in one of the companies of which he was director .",
"title": "Reginald Maudling"
},
{
"text": " Reginald Maudling was born in Woodside Park , North Finchley , and was named after his father , Reginald George Maudling , an actuary at R . Watson & Sons and Public Valuer , who contracted to do actuarial and financial calculations as the Commercial Calculating Company Ltd . The family moved to Bexhill to escape German air raids ; Maudling won scholarships to the Merchant Taylors School and Merton College , Oxford .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "He stayed out of undergraduate politics at Oxford , and studied the works of Hegel ; he was to formulate his conclusions later as to the inseparability of economic and political freedom : the purpose of State control and the guiding principle of its application is the achievement of true freedom . He obtained a first class Greats degree .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Shortly after graduating , Maudling set up a meeting with Harold Nicolson to discuss whether it would be better , as a moderate conservative , to join the Conservative Party or National Labour ; Nicolson advised him to wait . Maudling was called to the Bar at the Middle Temple in 1940 . However , he did not practise as a barrister , having volunteered for service in the Royal Air Force ( RAF ) in the Second World War .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Owing to poor eyesight he took desk jobs in the RAF intelligence branch , where he rose—as a Wingless Wonder , as officers who were not qualified to wear pilots wings were nicknamed—to the rank of Flight Lieutenant ; he was then appointed Private Secretary to the Secretary of State for Air , Sir Archibald Sinclair .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Maudling wrote an essay on Conservative policy in November 1943 , recommending that the Conservatives neither imitate the Labour Party nor reflexively oppose all controls ; in the general election of July 1945 , he was selected as parliamentary candidate for Heston and Isleworth , a newly created constituency in Middlesex , although there were four applicants and he had no ties to that constituency . In the subsequent Labour landslide Maudling was defeated like many others , although Heston and Isleworth had been expected to be a safe Conservative seat . After its defeat in the 1945 general election",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": ", the Conservative Party engaged in an extensive rethink of its policy . Maudling argued that the Party had depended excessively on outdated economic slogans and the popularity of Winston Churchill .",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "In November 1945 , Maudling became the first staff member of the Conservative Parliamentary Secretariat , later the Conservative Research Department , where he was head of the Economic Section . He persuaded the party to accept much of the Labour governments nationalisation programme and social services while cutting government spending . In March 1946 , Maudling was chosen as the prospective candidate for Barnet , close to his birthplace in Finchley , and began giving speeches there . Labour had unexpectedly won the seat in 1945 , but it was considered to be marginal . In 1950 , Maudling",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "was elected as Member of Parliament with an absolute majority .",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "Following the 1951 election , Churchill made Maudling a junior Minister at the Ministry of Civil Aviation . However , his experience of preparing economic policy led to his speaking on behalf of the Treasury on the 1952 budget and thus to an appointment , later that year , as Economic Secretary to the Treasury . With his mentor Rab Butler as Chancellor of the Exchequer , Maudling worked to reduce taxes and controls in order to move from post-war austerity to affluence . When Anthony Eden took over as Prime Minister in 1955 , Maudling was promoted to head",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "a department as Minister of Supply . He supported the invasion of Suez .",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "The Ministry was responsible for aircraft production and supplying the armed forces , and Maudling came to agree with critics who argued that it was an unnecessary intermediary ; he therefore recommended its abolition . Although supportive of Harold Macmillans appointment as Prime Minister over the rival claims of Butler in 1957 , Maudling found himself in difficulties over his position in the new government . He refused to continue at the Ministry of Supply and also rejected an offer of the Ministry of Health because Iain Macleod , with whom he had a rivalry , had held the post",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "five years earlier and Maudling did not want to be seen as five years behind him .",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "Macmillan appointed Maudling to the post of Paymaster General and spokesman in the House of Commons for the Ministry of Fuel and Power , which was technically a demotion . Nine months later , Maudling had proved his usefulness ; Macmillan brought him into the Cabinet on 17 September 1957 , where he acted more as a Minister without Portfolio : he had specific responsibility for persuading the six members of the embryonic European Economic Community , who had recently signed the Treaty of Rome , to abandon their proposal for a customs union in favour of a wider free-trade",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "area where each country would preserve their own external tariffs . However , Maudlings lack of international experience led him to underestimate the importance of the nascent Community and what was constructive in it . Faced with widespread rejection of the proposals , Maudling aroused hostility in Bonn and Paris by seeking to play off the Germans against the French .",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": " On 14 November 1958 , six months after the election of General de Gaulle as premier , Jacques Soustelle , the French Minister of Information , confirmed to the Press that France would reject the Maudling plan . Two days later , the British delegation to the Community formally called an end to accession negotiations . Maudling later revised his proposals , which were to form the basis of the European Free Trade Association .",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "Meanwhile , Maudling became an underwriting member of Lloyds of London in December 1957 , although his assets were somewhat below average for other names .",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "Maudling entered the front line of politics after the 1959 election when appointed President of the Board of Trade . He was responsible for introducing the governments proposals to help areas of high unemployment . This was achieved by paying grants to companies to create new plants in these deprived areas , and also by the government taking over unused land for development . Maudling also succeeded in negotiating a free trade agreement between the countries outside the Common Market ; this became the European Free Trade Association and was some compensation for his failure to negotiate a free trade",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "area with the Common Market . Maudling was opposed to any proposal to join the Common Market on the basis that it would end Britains right to make commercial agreements with New Zealand and Australia . He was later to remark that I can think of no more retrograde step economically or politically . This comment was to be quoted against him when , less than two years later , he was Chancellor of the Exchequer at the time of the reopening of negotiations for Common Market membership .",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "Reginald Maudling was for a short time , as Secretary of State for the Colonies in 1961 , responsible for the process of decolonisation . In this position he chaired constitutional conferences for Jamaica , Northern Rhodesia and Trinidad and Tobago which prepared them for independence ; his plan for Northern Rhodesia was controversial and he had to threaten resignation before it was approved . However , Maudling was keen to return to economic policy , and seized his opportunity when Macmillan made it clear in private that he supported a voluntary incomes policy . Maudling promptly made his case",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "in public , and three weeks later was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer in Macmillans Night of the Long Knives attempt to rejuvenate his Cabinet .",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": " Chancellor of the Exchequer . As Chancellor , Maudling soon cut purchase tax and bank interest rates . His 1963 budget aimed at expansion without inflation . Following a period of economic difficulty , with a growth target of 4% , Maudling was able to remove income tax from owner-occupiers residential premises . He also abolished the rate of duty on home-brewed beer which in effect legalised it . This was the period in which Maudling was at his most popular within the Conservative Party and in the country .",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "However , later commentators have been less kind to Maudling : Harold Wilson and his Chancellor James Callaghan ( who nevertheless sounded out Maudling for the governorship of the Bank of England in 1966 ) blamed the dash for growth that followed the 1963 budget for increasing sterlings chronic instability between 1964 and 1967 and by greatly increasing domestic demand the budget certainly exacerbated the existing balance of payments problem . Maudling largely recognised this himself by the time of the 1964 budget and , although he increased taxes , he did little to subdue demand in an election year",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "By 1963 , during the Profumo affair , there was talk , encouraged by Martin Redmayne ( Chief Whip ) and Lord Poole ( Party Chairman ) , of Maudling succeeding Macmillan as Prime Minister . Maudling visited Butler ( Deputy Prime Minister ) and obtained a mutual promise that they would , if necessary , agree to serve under one another – Maudling believed that he had gained an advantage in obtaining the agreement of Butler , his senior , to serve under him if necessary . However , William Rees-Mogg claimed in The Times on 28 July that",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "Butler led Maudling by 2:1 in the Cabinet , although Maudling had more support amongst backbench MPs .",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "However , Macmillans sudden illness and announcement of his resignation in October 1963 came at a time when Maudlings support had fallen . He was also poorly received at the Conservative Party conference , which had become a hustings for the leadership , despite coaching from Iain Macleod in how to deliver his speech . Back in London the following week , a process of consultation by Lord Chancellor Dilhorne and by Redmayne declared Foreign Secretary Lord Home , rather than Maudling or Butler , to be the compromise candidate . Enoch Powell , Macleod , Hailsham and Maudling (",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "known as the Quad in some accounts of the following days ) sought to persuade Butler to refuse to serve , so that Butler rather than Home would have to become Prime Minister . Macleod and Maudling demanded that Dilhorne lay the results of his consultations before the Cabinet , but he refused to do so . Maudling attended the meeting at Powells house late in the evening of 17 October , well-refreshed after attending a formal dinner , and seems to have gone along with it rather than being a ringleader , although he and Hailsham agreed to serve",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "under Butler . However , on the morning of Saturday 19 October Butler then Maudling agreed to serve under Home , enabling him to accept office as Prime Minister .",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "Maudling retained his post as Chancellor under the new Prime Minister , and , in the 1964 election , Maudling had a prominent role at the helm of the partys daily press conferences while Douglas-Home toured the country . On the BBCs election results programme , the journalist Anthony Howard said that he believed that if Maudling had been leader , the narrow Conservative defeat would have been a narrow Conservative victory . Upon being forced out of the post by the election defeat , Maudling left a note to his successor , James Callaghan , simply stating Good luck",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": ", old cock.. . Sorry to leave it in such a mess .",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "Out of office , Maudling accepted the offer of a seat on the board of Kleinwort Benson in November 1964 , one of the factors which led to his being shifted to spokesman on Foreign Affairs in early 1965 . Unlike other potential leadership contenders , Maudling publicly maintained his loyalty to Douglas-Home as criticisms of his leadership mounted . When Douglas-Home resigned , after putting in place a system in which the leadership was directly elected , Maudling fought against Edward Heath for the position of candidate to the party centre-right . Unfortunately for Maudling , Enoch Powell also",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "stood , but he was a candidate supporting monetarist and proto-Thatcherite economics , which at that time had little support . Powell won 15 votes . Maudling won 133 votes against Heaths 150 ; Powells 15 votes were seen as more likely to have gone to Maudling had Powell not stood , but they would have made no difference to Heaths narrow majority . This was a moment of philosophical instability for the Conservatives . Their historic scepticism of Keynesianism began to grow through the 1960s because there was little to distinguish between the policies of the Tories and Labour",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": ". The cross-party support for economic planning and union negotiation was becoming increasingly unable to stimulate high levels of economic growth .",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": " Maudlings business directorships with Kleinwort Benson and others were mentioned by his opponents as evidence of his lack of commitment for the role , and he was criticised as too close to the Macmillan/Douglas-Home style of politics . Deputy Leader and Home Secretary .",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "Maudling served as Deputy Leader under Heath , and was also a prominent member of the Shadow Cabinet . However , he was neither personally nor politically close to Heath , and as a consequence his influence declined ; his support for an incomes policy now went against party policy . He also tended to make gaffes , as for example when he said Harold Wilson had been following the same policy as the Conservatives on Rhodesia and I cant think of anything he has done wrongly . After Enoch Powell had been sacked from the Shadow Cabinet in 1968",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "for his controversial Rivers of Blood speech , Maudling was moved from the position of Shadow Commonwealth Secretary to become Shadow Defence Secretary until 1969 when he was replaced by Geoffrey Rippon . When the Conservatives returned to power in 1970 , Maudling was appointed Home Secretary ; the most pressing problem at the Home Office was tackling the Troubles in Northern Ireland . After boarding the aircraft at the end of his first visit to the province , he remarked For Gods sake bring me a large Scotch . What a bloody awful country .",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "Maudlings attitude of reassuring calmness in interviews , normally helpful to him , was damaging when he referred to reducing IRA violence to an acceptable level , a remark widely regarded as a gaffe . He also tended to trust the Unionist-controlled Government of Northern Ireland and gloss over differences between their approach and that of the United Kingdom government . This backfired when the Prime Minister of Northern Ireland , James Chichester-Clark , resigned when denied the full number of troops he requested in March 1971 . That August , Maudling authorised the Northern Ireland government to introduce internment",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "without trial for terror suspects , which caused widespread upheaval and anger among the nationalist population due to its exclusive use on that community , and was followed by an already planned massive escalation in the level of violence .",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": " Regarding criminal justice , Maudling made no attempt , despite his personal support , to reintroduce capital punishment after its abolition in 1969 . He introduced Community Service , a new alternative to prison , and in 1971 modestly tightened the immigration rules . He was criticised for ordering the deportation of Rudi Dutschke , later one of the founders of the German Green Party . Dutschke , who was in Britain to recuperate from an assassination attempt , was considered a student anarchist .",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "Maudling was often the target of satirical cartoons in major newspapers , and was lampooned in the magazine Private Eye and the television comedy show Monty Pythons Flying Circus .",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "Maudlings statement in the House of Commons after Bloody Sunday agreed with the British armys statement that the Parachute Regiment had fired only in self-defence , although this turned out to be untrue . Bernadette Devlin , a Northern Ireland nationalist MP , had been present in Derry at the protest , yet she was denied recognition to speak on the massacre by the Speaker of the House Selwyn Lloyd . Devlin walked across the floor of the Commons and slapped Maudling . She later said to journalists that Maudlings statement had been untrue and perfunctory , and that it",
"title": "Bloody Sunday"
},
{
"text": "had expressed no regrets for the 13 people shot and killed by British soldiers . Eventually , Edward Heath decided to bring in direct rule of Northern Ireland under a separate Secretary of State . In 1974 , Shane Paul ODoherty , a PIRA member , sent Maudling a letter bomb , which slightly injured him .",
"title": "Bloody Sunday"
},
{
"text": "In 1972 , Maudlings business activities were causing considerable disquiet and speculation in the press . In 1966 , he had obtained a directorship in the company of John Poulson , an architect Maudling helped obtain lucrative contracts . Poulson routinely did business through bribery and in 1972 was made bankrupt . The bankruptcy hearings disclosed his bribe payments , and Maudlings connection became public knowledge . Maudling came to the decision that his responsibility for the Metropolitan Police , which was beginning fraud investigations into Poulson , made his position as Home Secretary untenable . He resigned on 18",
"title": "Scandal"
},
{
"text": "July , to general sympathy from the press .",
"title": "Scandal"
},
{
"text": "Shortly after receiving Maudlings resignation , Edward Heaths government performed a U-turn on economic policy and subsequently adopted an approach strikingly similar to Maudlings . Heath advised Maudling not to drop out of the public eye and he continued to make many media appearances . In the year after the Conservative Partys electoral defeat in 1974 , Heath was replaced as leader by Margaret Thatcher . She appointed Maudling to the post of Shadow Foreign Secretary . However , Maudling clashed with Thatcher over economics , and after less than two years in the role he was dismissed on 19",
"title": "Scandal"
},
{
"text": "November 1976 . Departing , Maudling summed up his career as hired by Winston Churchill , fired by Margaret Thatcher .",
"title": "Scandal"
},
{
"text": "In 1969 , Maudling had been president of the Real Estate Fund of America , whose chief executive , Jerome Hoffman , had been imprisoned for fraud ; Maudling had also been an adviser to the Peachey Property Corporation , whose chairman , Sir Eric Miller , had embezzled company money and later took his own life . He was revealed to have lobbied for more aid to Malta after obtaining a commission for Poulson there , which had led to heavy losses for the Maltese government . These further revelations led to a Parliamentary inquiry into the conduct of",
"title": "Last years"
},
{
"text": "Maudling and two other MPs linked to Poulson . This inquiry published its report on 14 July 1977 ; the report concluded that Maudling had indulged in conduct inconsistent with the standards which the House is entitled to expect from its members .",
"title": "Last years"
},
{
"text": "When the report was considered by the House of Commons , the Conservative Party organised its MPs to attend the debate to Save Reggie . An amendment was put down to take note of the report , instead of endorsing it , and carried by 230 votes ( 211 Conservatives , 17 Labour , 2 Liberals and 2 Ulster Unionists ) to 207 . No punishment was imposed . An attempt by backbench Labour MPs to expel Maudling from the House was defeated by 331 votes to 11 , and a move to suspend him for six months was lost",
"title": "Last years"
},
{
"text": "by 324 to 97 .",
"title": "Last years"
},
{
"text": " As Lewis Bastons 2004 biography recounts , Maudling and his wife became heavy drinkers once his political career was effectively ended by the scandal . The drinking turned to alcoholism and Maudlings health rapidly deteriorated in the late 1970s . He collapsed in early 1979 .",
"title": "Last years"
},
{
"text": " Maudling died at the Royal Free Hospital in London , from kidney failure and cirrhosis of the liver , on 14 February 1979 ; he was 61 . His body was buried in the churchyard of Little Berkhamsted in Hertfordshire . A stone seat from his garden was placed beside the grave .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " Maudling married actress Beryl Laverick ( 1919–1988 ) in 1939 . They had three sons and a daughter , Caroline Maudling , who became a journalist in the 1960s as the travelling teenager of the Daily Mail and , among other things , appeared alongside John Lennon on BBC TVs Juke Box Jury in 1963 .",
"title": "Family life"
},
{
"text": "Maudlings mother had disowned him as a result of his marriage , and Maudling did not attend her funeral in 1956 . When Caroline aroused comment by having a child out of wedlock in the late 1960s , Maudling was staunch in her defence , publicly expressing paternal pride . Beryl Maudlings body was buried next to her husbands at Little Berkhamsted .",
"title": "Family life"
},
{
"text": " Maudling was portrayed by Irish actor Michael Culkin in the BBC-produced 2018 limited television series A Very English Scandal .",
"title": "In popular culture"
}
] |
/wiki/Reginald_Maudling#P39#6
|
Reginald Maudling took which position in May 1968?
|
Reginald Maudling Reginald Maudling ( 7 March 1917 – 14 February 1979 ) was a British politician who held several Cabinet posts , including Chancellor of the Exchequer . From 1955 until the late 1960s , he was spoken of as a prospective Conservative leader , and he was twice seriously considered for the post ; he was Edward Heaths chief rival in 1965 . He also held directorships in several British financial firms . As Home Secretary , he was responsible for the UK Governments Northern Ireland policy during the period that included Bloody Sunday in 1972 . Soon afterwards , he left office due to an unrelated scandal in one of the companies of which he was director . Early life . Reginald Maudling was born in Woodside Park , North Finchley , and was named after his father , Reginald George Maudling , an actuary at R . Watson & Sons and Public Valuer , who contracted to do actuarial and financial calculations as the Commercial Calculating Company Ltd . The family moved to Bexhill to escape German air raids ; Maudling won scholarships to the Merchant Taylors School and Merton College , Oxford . He stayed out of undergraduate politics at Oxford , and studied the works of Hegel ; he was to formulate his conclusions later as to the inseparability of economic and political freedom : the purpose of State control and the guiding principle of its application is the achievement of true freedom . He obtained a first class Greats degree . Political career . Shortly after graduating , Maudling set up a meeting with Harold Nicolson to discuss whether it would be better , as a moderate conservative , to join the Conservative Party or National Labour ; Nicolson advised him to wait . Maudling was called to the Bar at the Middle Temple in 1940 . However , he did not practise as a barrister , having volunteered for service in the Royal Air Force ( RAF ) in the Second World War . Owing to poor eyesight he took desk jobs in the RAF intelligence branch , where he rose—as a Wingless Wonder , as officers who were not qualified to wear pilots wings were nicknamed—to the rank of Flight Lieutenant ; he was then appointed Private Secretary to the Secretary of State for Air , Sir Archibald Sinclair . Parliamentary candidate . Maudling wrote an essay on Conservative policy in November 1943 , recommending that the Conservatives neither imitate the Labour Party nor reflexively oppose all controls ; in the general election of July 1945 , he was selected as parliamentary candidate for Heston and Isleworth , a newly created constituency in Middlesex , although there were four applicants and he had no ties to that constituency . In the subsequent Labour landslide Maudling was defeated like many others , although Heston and Isleworth had been expected to be a safe Conservative seat . After its defeat in the 1945 general election , the Conservative Party engaged in an extensive rethink of its policy . Maudling argued that the Party had depended excessively on outdated economic slogans and the popularity of Winston Churchill . In November 1945 , Maudling became the first staff member of the Conservative Parliamentary Secretariat , later the Conservative Research Department , where he was head of the Economic Section . He persuaded the party to accept much of the Labour governments nationalisation programme and social services while cutting government spending . In March 1946 , Maudling was chosen as the prospective candidate for Barnet , close to his birthplace in Finchley , and began giving speeches there . Labour had unexpectedly won the seat in 1945 , but it was considered to be marginal . In 1950 , Maudling was elected as Member of Parliament with an absolute majority . Member of Parliament and Cabinet . Following the 1951 election , Churchill made Maudling a junior Minister at the Ministry of Civil Aviation . However , his experience of preparing economic policy led to his speaking on behalf of the Treasury on the 1952 budget and thus to an appointment , later that year , as Economic Secretary to the Treasury . With his mentor Rab Butler as Chancellor of the Exchequer , Maudling worked to reduce taxes and controls in order to move from post-war austerity to affluence . When Anthony Eden took over as Prime Minister in 1955 , Maudling was promoted to head a department as Minister of Supply . He supported the invasion of Suez . The Ministry was responsible for aircraft production and supplying the armed forces , and Maudling came to agree with critics who argued that it was an unnecessary intermediary ; he therefore recommended its abolition . Although supportive of Harold Macmillans appointment as Prime Minister over the rival claims of Butler in 1957 , Maudling found himself in difficulties over his position in the new government . He refused to continue at the Ministry of Supply and also rejected an offer of the Ministry of Health because Iain Macleod , with whom he had a rivalry , had held the post five years earlier and Maudling did not want to be seen as five years behind him . Macmillan appointed Maudling to the post of Paymaster General and spokesman in the House of Commons for the Ministry of Fuel and Power , which was technically a demotion . Nine months later , Maudling had proved his usefulness ; Macmillan brought him into the Cabinet on 17 September 1957 , where he acted more as a Minister without Portfolio : he had specific responsibility for persuading the six members of the embryonic European Economic Community , who had recently signed the Treaty of Rome , to abandon their proposal for a customs union in favour of a wider free-trade area where each country would preserve their own external tariffs . However , Maudlings lack of international experience led him to underestimate the importance of the nascent Community and what was constructive in it . Faced with widespread rejection of the proposals , Maudling aroused hostility in Bonn and Paris by seeking to play off the Germans against the French . On 14 November 1958 , six months after the election of General de Gaulle as premier , Jacques Soustelle , the French Minister of Information , confirmed to the Press that France would reject the Maudling plan . Two days later , the British delegation to the Community formally called an end to accession negotiations . Maudling later revised his proposals , which were to form the basis of the European Free Trade Association . Meanwhile , Maudling became an underwriting member of Lloyds of London in December 1957 , although his assets were somewhat below average for other names . President of the Board of Trade . Maudling entered the front line of politics after the 1959 election when appointed President of the Board of Trade . He was responsible for introducing the governments proposals to help areas of high unemployment . This was achieved by paying grants to companies to create new plants in these deprived areas , and also by the government taking over unused land for development . Maudling also succeeded in negotiating a free trade agreement between the countries outside the Common Market ; this became the European Free Trade Association and was some compensation for his failure to negotiate a free trade area with the Common Market . Maudling was opposed to any proposal to join the Common Market on the basis that it would end Britains right to make commercial agreements with New Zealand and Australia . He was later to remark that I can think of no more retrograde step economically or politically . This comment was to be quoted against him when , less than two years later , he was Chancellor of the Exchequer at the time of the reopening of negotiations for Common Market membership . Colonial Secretary . Reginald Maudling was for a short time , as Secretary of State for the Colonies in 1961 , responsible for the process of decolonisation . In this position he chaired constitutional conferences for Jamaica , Northern Rhodesia and Trinidad and Tobago which prepared them for independence ; his plan for Northern Rhodesia was controversial and he had to threaten resignation before it was approved . However , Maudling was keen to return to economic policy , and seized his opportunity when Macmillan made it clear in private that he supported a voluntary incomes policy . Maudling promptly made his case in public , and three weeks later was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer in Macmillans Night of the Long Knives attempt to rejuvenate his Cabinet . Chancellor of the Exchequer . As Chancellor , Maudling soon cut purchase tax and bank interest rates . His 1963 budget aimed at expansion without inflation . Following a period of economic difficulty , with a growth target of 4% , Maudling was able to remove income tax from owner-occupiers residential premises . He also abolished the rate of duty on home-brewed beer which in effect legalised it . This was the period in which Maudling was at his most popular within the Conservative Party and in the country . However , later commentators have been less kind to Maudling : Harold Wilson and his Chancellor James Callaghan ( who nevertheless sounded out Maudling for the governorship of the Bank of England in 1966 ) blamed the dash for growth that followed the 1963 budget for increasing sterlings chronic instability between 1964 and 1967 and by greatly increasing domestic demand the budget certainly exacerbated the existing balance of payments problem . Maudling largely recognised this himself by the time of the 1964 budget and , although he increased taxes , he did little to subdue demand in an election year . First unsuccessful leadership bid . By 1963 , during the Profumo affair , there was talk , encouraged by Martin Redmayne ( Chief Whip ) and Lord Poole ( Party Chairman ) , of Maudling succeeding Macmillan as Prime Minister . Maudling visited Butler ( Deputy Prime Minister ) and obtained a mutual promise that they would , if necessary , agree to serve under one another – Maudling believed that he had gained an advantage in obtaining the agreement of Butler , his senior , to serve under him if necessary . However , William Rees-Mogg claimed in The Times on 28 July that Butler led Maudling by 2:1 in the Cabinet , although Maudling had more support amongst backbench MPs . However , Macmillans sudden illness and announcement of his resignation in October 1963 came at a time when Maudlings support had fallen . He was also poorly received at the Conservative Party conference , which had become a hustings for the leadership , despite coaching from Iain Macleod in how to deliver his speech . Back in London the following week , a process of consultation by Lord Chancellor Dilhorne and by Redmayne declared Foreign Secretary Lord Home , rather than Maudling or Butler , to be the compromise candidate . Enoch Powell , Macleod , Hailsham and Maudling ( known as the Quad in some accounts of the following days ) sought to persuade Butler to refuse to serve , so that Butler rather than Home would have to become Prime Minister . Macleod and Maudling demanded that Dilhorne lay the results of his consultations before the Cabinet , but he refused to do so . Maudling attended the meeting at Powells house late in the evening of 17 October , well-refreshed after attending a formal dinner , and seems to have gone along with it rather than being a ringleader , although he and Hailsham agreed to serve under Butler . However , on the morning of Saturday 19 October Butler then Maudling agreed to serve under Home , enabling him to accept office as Prime Minister . Maudling retained his post as Chancellor under the new Prime Minister , and , in the 1964 election , Maudling had a prominent role at the helm of the partys daily press conferences while Douglas-Home toured the country . On the BBCs election results programme , the journalist Anthony Howard said that he believed that if Maudling had been leader , the narrow Conservative defeat would have been a narrow Conservative victory . Upon being forced out of the post by the election defeat , Maudling left a note to his successor , James Callaghan , simply stating Good luck , old cock.. . Sorry to leave it in such a mess . Second unsuccessful leadership bid . Out of office , Maudling accepted the offer of a seat on the board of Kleinwort Benson in November 1964 , one of the factors which led to his being shifted to spokesman on Foreign Affairs in early 1965 . Unlike other potential leadership contenders , Maudling publicly maintained his loyalty to Douglas-Home as criticisms of his leadership mounted . When Douglas-Home resigned , after putting in place a system in which the leadership was directly elected , Maudling fought against Edward Heath for the position of candidate to the party centre-right . Unfortunately for Maudling , Enoch Powell also stood , but he was a candidate supporting monetarist and proto-Thatcherite economics , which at that time had little support . Powell won 15 votes . Maudling won 133 votes against Heaths 150 ; Powells 15 votes were seen as more likely to have gone to Maudling had Powell not stood , but they would have made no difference to Heaths narrow majority . This was a moment of philosophical instability for the Conservatives . Their historic scepticism of Keynesianism began to grow through the 1960s because there was little to distinguish between the policies of the Tories and Labour . The cross-party support for economic planning and union negotiation was becoming increasingly unable to stimulate high levels of economic growth . Maudlings business directorships with Kleinwort Benson and others were mentioned by his opponents as evidence of his lack of commitment for the role , and he was criticised as too close to the Macmillan/Douglas-Home style of politics . Deputy Leader and Home Secretary . Maudling served as Deputy Leader under Heath , and was also a prominent member of the Shadow Cabinet . However , he was neither personally nor politically close to Heath , and as a consequence his influence declined ; his support for an incomes policy now went against party policy . He also tended to make gaffes , as for example when he said Harold Wilson had been following the same policy as the Conservatives on Rhodesia and I cant think of anything he has done wrongly . After Enoch Powell had been sacked from the Shadow Cabinet in 1968 for his controversial Rivers of Blood speech , Maudling was moved from the position of Shadow Commonwealth Secretary to become Shadow Defence Secretary until 1969 when he was replaced by Geoffrey Rippon . When the Conservatives returned to power in 1970 , Maudling was appointed Home Secretary ; the most pressing problem at the Home Office was tackling the Troubles in Northern Ireland . After boarding the aircraft at the end of his first visit to the province , he remarked For Gods sake bring me a large Scotch . What a bloody awful country . Maudlings attitude of reassuring calmness in interviews , normally helpful to him , was damaging when he referred to reducing IRA violence to an acceptable level , a remark widely regarded as a gaffe . He also tended to trust the Unionist-controlled Government of Northern Ireland and gloss over differences between their approach and that of the United Kingdom government . This backfired when the Prime Minister of Northern Ireland , James Chichester-Clark , resigned when denied the full number of troops he requested in March 1971 . That August , Maudling authorised the Northern Ireland government to introduce internment without trial for terror suspects , which caused widespread upheaval and anger among the nationalist population due to its exclusive use on that community , and was followed by an already planned massive escalation in the level of violence . Regarding criminal justice , Maudling made no attempt , despite his personal support , to reintroduce capital punishment after its abolition in 1969 . He introduced Community Service , a new alternative to prison , and in 1971 modestly tightened the immigration rules . He was criticised for ordering the deportation of Rudi Dutschke , later one of the founders of the German Green Party . Dutschke , who was in Britain to recuperate from an assassination attempt , was considered a student anarchist . Maudling was often the target of satirical cartoons in major newspapers , and was lampooned in the magazine Private Eye and the television comedy show Monty Pythons Flying Circus . Bloody Sunday . Maudlings statement in the House of Commons after Bloody Sunday agreed with the British armys statement that the Parachute Regiment had fired only in self-defence , although this turned out to be untrue . Bernadette Devlin , a Northern Ireland nationalist MP , had been present in Derry at the protest , yet she was denied recognition to speak on the massacre by the Speaker of the House Selwyn Lloyd . Devlin walked across the floor of the Commons and slapped Maudling . She later said to journalists that Maudlings statement had been untrue and perfunctory , and that it had expressed no regrets for the 13 people shot and killed by British soldiers . Eventually , Edward Heath decided to bring in direct rule of Northern Ireland under a separate Secretary of State . In 1974 , Shane Paul ODoherty , a PIRA member , sent Maudling a letter bomb , which slightly injured him . Scandal . In 1972 , Maudlings business activities were causing considerable disquiet and speculation in the press . In 1966 , he had obtained a directorship in the company of John Poulson , an architect Maudling helped obtain lucrative contracts . Poulson routinely did business through bribery and in 1972 was made bankrupt . The bankruptcy hearings disclosed his bribe payments , and Maudlings connection became public knowledge . Maudling came to the decision that his responsibility for the Metropolitan Police , which was beginning fraud investigations into Poulson , made his position as Home Secretary untenable . He resigned on 18 July , to general sympathy from the press . Shortly after receiving Maudlings resignation , Edward Heaths government performed a U-turn on economic policy and subsequently adopted an approach strikingly similar to Maudlings . Heath advised Maudling not to drop out of the public eye and he continued to make many media appearances . In the year after the Conservative Partys electoral defeat in 1974 , Heath was replaced as leader by Margaret Thatcher . She appointed Maudling to the post of Shadow Foreign Secretary . However , Maudling clashed with Thatcher over economics , and after less than two years in the role he was dismissed on 19 November 1976 . Departing , Maudling summed up his career as hired by Winston Churchill , fired by Margaret Thatcher . Last years . In 1969 , Maudling had been president of the Real Estate Fund of America , whose chief executive , Jerome Hoffman , had been imprisoned for fraud ; Maudling had also been an adviser to the Peachey Property Corporation , whose chairman , Sir Eric Miller , had embezzled company money and later took his own life . He was revealed to have lobbied for more aid to Malta after obtaining a commission for Poulson there , which had led to heavy losses for the Maltese government . These further revelations led to a Parliamentary inquiry into the conduct of Maudling and two other MPs linked to Poulson . This inquiry published its report on 14 July 1977 ; the report concluded that Maudling had indulged in conduct inconsistent with the standards which the House is entitled to expect from its members . When the report was considered by the House of Commons , the Conservative Party organised its MPs to attend the debate to Save Reggie . An amendment was put down to take note of the report , instead of endorsing it , and carried by 230 votes ( 211 Conservatives , 17 Labour , 2 Liberals and 2 Ulster Unionists ) to 207 . No punishment was imposed . An attempt by backbench Labour MPs to expel Maudling from the House was defeated by 331 votes to 11 , and a move to suspend him for six months was lost by 324 to 97 . As Lewis Bastons 2004 biography recounts , Maudling and his wife became heavy drinkers once his political career was effectively ended by the scandal . The drinking turned to alcoholism and Maudlings health rapidly deteriorated in the late 1970s . He collapsed in early 1979 . Death . Maudling died at the Royal Free Hospital in London , from kidney failure and cirrhosis of the liver , on 14 February 1979 ; he was 61 . His body was buried in the churchyard of Little Berkhamsted in Hertfordshire . A stone seat from his garden was placed beside the grave . Family life . Maudling married actress Beryl Laverick ( 1919–1988 ) in 1939 . They had three sons and a daughter , Caroline Maudling , who became a journalist in the 1960s as the travelling teenager of the Daily Mail and , among other things , appeared alongside John Lennon on BBC TVs Juke Box Jury in 1963 . Maudlings mother had disowned him as a result of his marriage , and Maudling did not attend her funeral in 1956 . When Caroline aroused comment by having a child out of wedlock in the late 1960s , Maudling was staunch in her defence , publicly expressing paternal pride . Beryl Maudlings body was buried next to her husbands at Little Berkhamsted . In popular culture . Maudling was portrayed by Irish actor Michael Culkin in the BBC-produced 2018 limited television series A Very English Scandal .
|
[
"Shadow Defence Secretary"
] |
[
{
"text": " Reginald Maudling ( 7 March 1917 – 14 February 1979 ) was a British politician who held several Cabinet posts , including Chancellor of the Exchequer . From 1955 until the late 1960s , he was spoken of as a prospective Conservative leader , and he was twice seriously considered for the post ; he was Edward Heaths chief rival in 1965 . He also held directorships in several British financial firms .",
"title": "Reginald Maudling"
},
{
"text": "As Home Secretary , he was responsible for the UK Governments Northern Ireland policy during the period that included Bloody Sunday in 1972 . Soon afterwards , he left office due to an unrelated scandal in one of the companies of which he was director .",
"title": "Reginald Maudling"
},
{
"text": " Reginald Maudling was born in Woodside Park , North Finchley , and was named after his father , Reginald George Maudling , an actuary at R . Watson & Sons and Public Valuer , who contracted to do actuarial and financial calculations as the Commercial Calculating Company Ltd . The family moved to Bexhill to escape German air raids ; Maudling won scholarships to the Merchant Taylors School and Merton College , Oxford .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "He stayed out of undergraduate politics at Oxford , and studied the works of Hegel ; he was to formulate his conclusions later as to the inseparability of economic and political freedom : the purpose of State control and the guiding principle of its application is the achievement of true freedom . He obtained a first class Greats degree .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Shortly after graduating , Maudling set up a meeting with Harold Nicolson to discuss whether it would be better , as a moderate conservative , to join the Conservative Party or National Labour ; Nicolson advised him to wait . Maudling was called to the Bar at the Middle Temple in 1940 . However , he did not practise as a barrister , having volunteered for service in the Royal Air Force ( RAF ) in the Second World War .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Owing to poor eyesight he took desk jobs in the RAF intelligence branch , where he rose—as a Wingless Wonder , as officers who were not qualified to wear pilots wings were nicknamed—to the rank of Flight Lieutenant ; he was then appointed Private Secretary to the Secretary of State for Air , Sir Archibald Sinclair .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Maudling wrote an essay on Conservative policy in November 1943 , recommending that the Conservatives neither imitate the Labour Party nor reflexively oppose all controls ; in the general election of July 1945 , he was selected as parliamentary candidate for Heston and Isleworth , a newly created constituency in Middlesex , although there were four applicants and he had no ties to that constituency . In the subsequent Labour landslide Maudling was defeated like many others , although Heston and Isleworth had been expected to be a safe Conservative seat . After its defeat in the 1945 general election",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": ", the Conservative Party engaged in an extensive rethink of its policy . Maudling argued that the Party had depended excessively on outdated economic slogans and the popularity of Winston Churchill .",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "In November 1945 , Maudling became the first staff member of the Conservative Parliamentary Secretariat , later the Conservative Research Department , where he was head of the Economic Section . He persuaded the party to accept much of the Labour governments nationalisation programme and social services while cutting government spending . In March 1946 , Maudling was chosen as the prospective candidate for Barnet , close to his birthplace in Finchley , and began giving speeches there . Labour had unexpectedly won the seat in 1945 , but it was considered to be marginal . In 1950 , Maudling",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "was elected as Member of Parliament with an absolute majority .",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "Following the 1951 election , Churchill made Maudling a junior Minister at the Ministry of Civil Aviation . However , his experience of preparing economic policy led to his speaking on behalf of the Treasury on the 1952 budget and thus to an appointment , later that year , as Economic Secretary to the Treasury . With his mentor Rab Butler as Chancellor of the Exchequer , Maudling worked to reduce taxes and controls in order to move from post-war austerity to affluence . When Anthony Eden took over as Prime Minister in 1955 , Maudling was promoted to head",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "a department as Minister of Supply . He supported the invasion of Suez .",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "The Ministry was responsible for aircraft production and supplying the armed forces , and Maudling came to agree with critics who argued that it was an unnecessary intermediary ; he therefore recommended its abolition . Although supportive of Harold Macmillans appointment as Prime Minister over the rival claims of Butler in 1957 , Maudling found himself in difficulties over his position in the new government . He refused to continue at the Ministry of Supply and also rejected an offer of the Ministry of Health because Iain Macleod , with whom he had a rivalry , had held the post",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "five years earlier and Maudling did not want to be seen as five years behind him .",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "Macmillan appointed Maudling to the post of Paymaster General and spokesman in the House of Commons for the Ministry of Fuel and Power , which was technically a demotion . Nine months later , Maudling had proved his usefulness ; Macmillan brought him into the Cabinet on 17 September 1957 , where he acted more as a Minister without Portfolio : he had specific responsibility for persuading the six members of the embryonic European Economic Community , who had recently signed the Treaty of Rome , to abandon their proposal for a customs union in favour of a wider free-trade",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "area where each country would preserve their own external tariffs . However , Maudlings lack of international experience led him to underestimate the importance of the nascent Community and what was constructive in it . Faced with widespread rejection of the proposals , Maudling aroused hostility in Bonn and Paris by seeking to play off the Germans against the French .",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": " On 14 November 1958 , six months after the election of General de Gaulle as premier , Jacques Soustelle , the French Minister of Information , confirmed to the Press that France would reject the Maudling plan . Two days later , the British delegation to the Community formally called an end to accession negotiations . Maudling later revised his proposals , which were to form the basis of the European Free Trade Association .",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "Meanwhile , Maudling became an underwriting member of Lloyds of London in December 1957 , although his assets were somewhat below average for other names .",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "Maudling entered the front line of politics after the 1959 election when appointed President of the Board of Trade . He was responsible for introducing the governments proposals to help areas of high unemployment . This was achieved by paying grants to companies to create new plants in these deprived areas , and also by the government taking over unused land for development . Maudling also succeeded in negotiating a free trade agreement between the countries outside the Common Market ; this became the European Free Trade Association and was some compensation for his failure to negotiate a free trade",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "area with the Common Market . Maudling was opposed to any proposal to join the Common Market on the basis that it would end Britains right to make commercial agreements with New Zealand and Australia . He was later to remark that I can think of no more retrograde step economically or politically . This comment was to be quoted against him when , less than two years later , he was Chancellor of the Exchequer at the time of the reopening of negotiations for Common Market membership .",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "Reginald Maudling was for a short time , as Secretary of State for the Colonies in 1961 , responsible for the process of decolonisation . In this position he chaired constitutional conferences for Jamaica , Northern Rhodesia and Trinidad and Tobago which prepared them for independence ; his plan for Northern Rhodesia was controversial and he had to threaten resignation before it was approved . However , Maudling was keen to return to economic policy , and seized his opportunity when Macmillan made it clear in private that he supported a voluntary incomes policy . Maudling promptly made his case",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "in public , and three weeks later was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer in Macmillans Night of the Long Knives attempt to rejuvenate his Cabinet .",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": " Chancellor of the Exchequer . As Chancellor , Maudling soon cut purchase tax and bank interest rates . His 1963 budget aimed at expansion without inflation . Following a period of economic difficulty , with a growth target of 4% , Maudling was able to remove income tax from owner-occupiers residential premises . He also abolished the rate of duty on home-brewed beer which in effect legalised it . This was the period in which Maudling was at his most popular within the Conservative Party and in the country .",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "However , later commentators have been less kind to Maudling : Harold Wilson and his Chancellor James Callaghan ( who nevertheless sounded out Maudling for the governorship of the Bank of England in 1966 ) blamed the dash for growth that followed the 1963 budget for increasing sterlings chronic instability between 1964 and 1967 and by greatly increasing domestic demand the budget certainly exacerbated the existing balance of payments problem . Maudling largely recognised this himself by the time of the 1964 budget and , although he increased taxes , he did little to subdue demand in an election year",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "By 1963 , during the Profumo affair , there was talk , encouraged by Martin Redmayne ( Chief Whip ) and Lord Poole ( Party Chairman ) , of Maudling succeeding Macmillan as Prime Minister . Maudling visited Butler ( Deputy Prime Minister ) and obtained a mutual promise that they would , if necessary , agree to serve under one another – Maudling believed that he had gained an advantage in obtaining the agreement of Butler , his senior , to serve under him if necessary . However , William Rees-Mogg claimed in The Times on 28 July that",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "Butler led Maudling by 2:1 in the Cabinet , although Maudling had more support amongst backbench MPs .",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "However , Macmillans sudden illness and announcement of his resignation in October 1963 came at a time when Maudlings support had fallen . He was also poorly received at the Conservative Party conference , which had become a hustings for the leadership , despite coaching from Iain Macleod in how to deliver his speech . Back in London the following week , a process of consultation by Lord Chancellor Dilhorne and by Redmayne declared Foreign Secretary Lord Home , rather than Maudling or Butler , to be the compromise candidate . Enoch Powell , Macleod , Hailsham and Maudling (",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "known as the Quad in some accounts of the following days ) sought to persuade Butler to refuse to serve , so that Butler rather than Home would have to become Prime Minister . Macleod and Maudling demanded that Dilhorne lay the results of his consultations before the Cabinet , but he refused to do so . Maudling attended the meeting at Powells house late in the evening of 17 October , well-refreshed after attending a formal dinner , and seems to have gone along with it rather than being a ringleader , although he and Hailsham agreed to serve",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "under Butler . However , on the morning of Saturday 19 October Butler then Maudling agreed to serve under Home , enabling him to accept office as Prime Minister .",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "Maudling retained his post as Chancellor under the new Prime Minister , and , in the 1964 election , Maudling had a prominent role at the helm of the partys daily press conferences while Douglas-Home toured the country . On the BBCs election results programme , the journalist Anthony Howard said that he believed that if Maudling had been leader , the narrow Conservative defeat would have been a narrow Conservative victory . Upon being forced out of the post by the election defeat , Maudling left a note to his successor , James Callaghan , simply stating Good luck",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": ", old cock.. . Sorry to leave it in such a mess .",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "Out of office , Maudling accepted the offer of a seat on the board of Kleinwort Benson in November 1964 , one of the factors which led to his being shifted to spokesman on Foreign Affairs in early 1965 . Unlike other potential leadership contenders , Maudling publicly maintained his loyalty to Douglas-Home as criticisms of his leadership mounted . When Douglas-Home resigned , after putting in place a system in which the leadership was directly elected , Maudling fought against Edward Heath for the position of candidate to the party centre-right . Unfortunately for Maudling , Enoch Powell also",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "stood , but he was a candidate supporting monetarist and proto-Thatcherite economics , which at that time had little support . Powell won 15 votes . Maudling won 133 votes against Heaths 150 ; Powells 15 votes were seen as more likely to have gone to Maudling had Powell not stood , but they would have made no difference to Heaths narrow majority . This was a moment of philosophical instability for the Conservatives . Their historic scepticism of Keynesianism began to grow through the 1960s because there was little to distinguish between the policies of the Tories and Labour",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": ". The cross-party support for economic planning and union negotiation was becoming increasingly unable to stimulate high levels of economic growth .",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": " Maudlings business directorships with Kleinwort Benson and others were mentioned by his opponents as evidence of his lack of commitment for the role , and he was criticised as too close to the Macmillan/Douglas-Home style of politics . Deputy Leader and Home Secretary .",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "Maudling served as Deputy Leader under Heath , and was also a prominent member of the Shadow Cabinet . However , he was neither personally nor politically close to Heath , and as a consequence his influence declined ; his support for an incomes policy now went against party policy . He also tended to make gaffes , as for example when he said Harold Wilson had been following the same policy as the Conservatives on Rhodesia and I cant think of anything he has done wrongly . After Enoch Powell had been sacked from the Shadow Cabinet in 1968",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "for his controversial Rivers of Blood speech , Maudling was moved from the position of Shadow Commonwealth Secretary to become Shadow Defence Secretary until 1969 when he was replaced by Geoffrey Rippon . When the Conservatives returned to power in 1970 , Maudling was appointed Home Secretary ; the most pressing problem at the Home Office was tackling the Troubles in Northern Ireland . After boarding the aircraft at the end of his first visit to the province , he remarked For Gods sake bring me a large Scotch . What a bloody awful country .",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "Maudlings attitude of reassuring calmness in interviews , normally helpful to him , was damaging when he referred to reducing IRA violence to an acceptable level , a remark widely regarded as a gaffe . He also tended to trust the Unionist-controlled Government of Northern Ireland and gloss over differences between their approach and that of the United Kingdom government . This backfired when the Prime Minister of Northern Ireland , James Chichester-Clark , resigned when denied the full number of troops he requested in March 1971 . That August , Maudling authorised the Northern Ireland government to introduce internment",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "without trial for terror suspects , which caused widespread upheaval and anger among the nationalist population due to its exclusive use on that community , and was followed by an already planned massive escalation in the level of violence .",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": " Regarding criminal justice , Maudling made no attempt , despite his personal support , to reintroduce capital punishment after its abolition in 1969 . He introduced Community Service , a new alternative to prison , and in 1971 modestly tightened the immigration rules . He was criticised for ordering the deportation of Rudi Dutschke , later one of the founders of the German Green Party . Dutschke , who was in Britain to recuperate from an assassination attempt , was considered a student anarchist .",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "Maudling was often the target of satirical cartoons in major newspapers , and was lampooned in the magazine Private Eye and the television comedy show Monty Pythons Flying Circus .",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "Maudlings statement in the House of Commons after Bloody Sunday agreed with the British armys statement that the Parachute Regiment had fired only in self-defence , although this turned out to be untrue . Bernadette Devlin , a Northern Ireland nationalist MP , had been present in Derry at the protest , yet she was denied recognition to speak on the massacre by the Speaker of the House Selwyn Lloyd . Devlin walked across the floor of the Commons and slapped Maudling . She later said to journalists that Maudlings statement had been untrue and perfunctory , and that it",
"title": "Bloody Sunday"
},
{
"text": "had expressed no regrets for the 13 people shot and killed by British soldiers . Eventually , Edward Heath decided to bring in direct rule of Northern Ireland under a separate Secretary of State . In 1974 , Shane Paul ODoherty , a PIRA member , sent Maudling a letter bomb , which slightly injured him .",
"title": "Bloody Sunday"
},
{
"text": "In 1972 , Maudlings business activities were causing considerable disquiet and speculation in the press . In 1966 , he had obtained a directorship in the company of John Poulson , an architect Maudling helped obtain lucrative contracts . Poulson routinely did business through bribery and in 1972 was made bankrupt . The bankruptcy hearings disclosed his bribe payments , and Maudlings connection became public knowledge . Maudling came to the decision that his responsibility for the Metropolitan Police , which was beginning fraud investigations into Poulson , made his position as Home Secretary untenable . He resigned on 18",
"title": "Scandal"
},
{
"text": "July , to general sympathy from the press .",
"title": "Scandal"
},
{
"text": "Shortly after receiving Maudlings resignation , Edward Heaths government performed a U-turn on economic policy and subsequently adopted an approach strikingly similar to Maudlings . Heath advised Maudling not to drop out of the public eye and he continued to make many media appearances . In the year after the Conservative Partys electoral defeat in 1974 , Heath was replaced as leader by Margaret Thatcher . She appointed Maudling to the post of Shadow Foreign Secretary . However , Maudling clashed with Thatcher over economics , and after less than two years in the role he was dismissed on 19",
"title": "Scandal"
},
{
"text": "November 1976 . Departing , Maudling summed up his career as hired by Winston Churchill , fired by Margaret Thatcher .",
"title": "Scandal"
},
{
"text": "In 1969 , Maudling had been president of the Real Estate Fund of America , whose chief executive , Jerome Hoffman , had been imprisoned for fraud ; Maudling had also been an adviser to the Peachey Property Corporation , whose chairman , Sir Eric Miller , had embezzled company money and later took his own life . He was revealed to have lobbied for more aid to Malta after obtaining a commission for Poulson there , which had led to heavy losses for the Maltese government . These further revelations led to a Parliamentary inquiry into the conduct of",
"title": "Last years"
},
{
"text": "Maudling and two other MPs linked to Poulson . This inquiry published its report on 14 July 1977 ; the report concluded that Maudling had indulged in conduct inconsistent with the standards which the House is entitled to expect from its members .",
"title": "Last years"
},
{
"text": "When the report was considered by the House of Commons , the Conservative Party organised its MPs to attend the debate to Save Reggie . An amendment was put down to take note of the report , instead of endorsing it , and carried by 230 votes ( 211 Conservatives , 17 Labour , 2 Liberals and 2 Ulster Unionists ) to 207 . No punishment was imposed . An attempt by backbench Labour MPs to expel Maudling from the House was defeated by 331 votes to 11 , and a move to suspend him for six months was lost",
"title": "Last years"
},
{
"text": "by 324 to 97 .",
"title": "Last years"
},
{
"text": " As Lewis Bastons 2004 biography recounts , Maudling and his wife became heavy drinkers once his political career was effectively ended by the scandal . The drinking turned to alcoholism and Maudlings health rapidly deteriorated in the late 1970s . He collapsed in early 1979 .",
"title": "Last years"
},
{
"text": " Maudling died at the Royal Free Hospital in London , from kidney failure and cirrhosis of the liver , on 14 February 1979 ; he was 61 . His body was buried in the churchyard of Little Berkhamsted in Hertfordshire . A stone seat from his garden was placed beside the grave .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " Maudling married actress Beryl Laverick ( 1919–1988 ) in 1939 . They had three sons and a daughter , Caroline Maudling , who became a journalist in the 1960s as the travelling teenager of the Daily Mail and , among other things , appeared alongside John Lennon on BBC TVs Juke Box Jury in 1963 .",
"title": "Family life"
},
{
"text": "Maudlings mother had disowned him as a result of his marriage , and Maudling did not attend her funeral in 1956 . When Caroline aroused comment by having a child out of wedlock in the late 1960s , Maudling was staunch in her defence , publicly expressing paternal pride . Beryl Maudlings body was buried next to her husbands at Little Berkhamsted .",
"title": "Family life"
},
{
"text": " Maudling was portrayed by Irish actor Michael Culkin in the BBC-produced 2018 limited television series A Very English Scandal .",
"title": "In popular culture"
}
] |
/wiki/Reginald_Maudling#P39#7
|
Reginald Maudling took which position between Jun 1971 and Jun 1972?
|
Reginald Maudling Reginald Maudling ( 7 March 1917 – 14 February 1979 ) was a British politician who held several Cabinet posts , including Chancellor of the Exchequer . From 1955 until the late 1960s , he was spoken of as a prospective Conservative leader , and he was twice seriously considered for the post ; he was Edward Heaths chief rival in 1965 . He also held directorships in several British financial firms . As Home Secretary , he was responsible for the UK Governments Northern Ireland policy during the period that included Bloody Sunday in 1972 . Soon afterwards , he left office due to an unrelated scandal in one of the companies of which he was director . Early life . Reginald Maudling was born in Woodside Park , North Finchley , and was named after his father , Reginald George Maudling , an actuary at R . Watson & Sons and Public Valuer , who contracted to do actuarial and financial calculations as the Commercial Calculating Company Ltd . The family moved to Bexhill to escape German air raids ; Maudling won scholarships to the Merchant Taylors School and Merton College , Oxford . He stayed out of undergraduate politics at Oxford , and studied the works of Hegel ; he was to formulate his conclusions later as to the inseparability of economic and political freedom : the purpose of State control and the guiding principle of its application is the achievement of true freedom . He obtained a first class Greats degree . Political career . Shortly after graduating , Maudling set up a meeting with Harold Nicolson to discuss whether it would be better , as a moderate conservative , to join the Conservative Party or National Labour ; Nicolson advised him to wait . Maudling was called to the Bar at the Middle Temple in 1940 . However , he did not practise as a barrister , having volunteered for service in the Royal Air Force ( RAF ) in the Second World War . Owing to poor eyesight he took desk jobs in the RAF intelligence branch , where he rose—as a Wingless Wonder , as officers who were not qualified to wear pilots wings were nicknamed—to the rank of Flight Lieutenant ; he was then appointed Private Secretary to the Secretary of State for Air , Sir Archibald Sinclair . Parliamentary candidate . Maudling wrote an essay on Conservative policy in November 1943 , recommending that the Conservatives neither imitate the Labour Party nor reflexively oppose all controls ; in the general election of July 1945 , he was selected as parliamentary candidate for Heston and Isleworth , a newly created constituency in Middlesex , although there were four applicants and he had no ties to that constituency . In the subsequent Labour landslide Maudling was defeated like many others , although Heston and Isleworth had been expected to be a safe Conservative seat . After its defeat in the 1945 general election , the Conservative Party engaged in an extensive rethink of its policy . Maudling argued that the Party had depended excessively on outdated economic slogans and the popularity of Winston Churchill . In November 1945 , Maudling became the first staff member of the Conservative Parliamentary Secretariat , later the Conservative Research Department , where he was head of the Economic Section . He persuaded the party to accept much of the Labour governments nationalisation programme and social services while cutting government spending . In March 1946 , Maudling was chosen as the prospective candidate for Barnet , close to his birthplace in Finchley , and began giving speeches there . Labour had unexpectedly won the seat in 1945 , but it was considered to be marginal . In 1950 , Maudling was elected as Member of Parliament with an absolute majority . Member of Parliament and Cabinet . Following the 1951 election , Churchill made Maudling a junior Minister at the Ministry of Civil Aviation . However , his experience of preparing economic policy led to his speaking on behalf of the Treasury on the 1952 budget and thus to an appointment , later that year , as Economic Secretary to the Treasury . With his mentor Rab Butler as Chancellor of the Exchequer , Maudling worked to reduce taxes and controls in order to move from post-war austerity to affluence . When Anthony Eden took over as Prime Minister in 1955 , Maudling was promoted to head a department as Minister of Supply . He supported the invasion of Suez . The Ministry was responsible for aircraft production and supplying the armed forces , and Maudling came to agree with critics who argued that it was an unnecessary intermediary ; he therefore recommended its abolition . Although supportive of Harold Macmillans appointment as Prime Minister over the rival claims of Butler in 1957 , Maudling found himself in difficulties over his position in the new government . He refused to continue at the Ministry of Supply and also rejected an offer of the Ministry of Health because Iain Macleod , with whom he had a rivalry , had held the post five years earlier and Maudling did not want to be seen as five years behind him . Macmillan appointed Maudling to the post of Paymaster General and spokesman in the House of Commons for the Ministry of Fuel and Power , which was technically a demotion . Nine months later , Maudling had proved his usefulness ; Macmillan brought him into the Cabinet on 17 September 1957 , where he acted more as a Minister without Portfolio : he had specific responsibility for persuading the six members of the embryonic European Economic Community , who had recently signed the Treaty of Rome , to abandon their proposal for a customs union in favour of a wider free-trade area where each country would preserve their own external tariffs . However , Maudlings lack of international experience led him to underestimate the importance of the nascent Community and what was constructive in it . Faced with widespread rejection of the proposals , Maudling aroused hostility in Bonn and Paris by seeking to play off the Germans against the French . On 14 November 1958 , six months after the election of General de Gaulle as premier , Jacques Soustelle , the French Minister of Information , confirmed to the Press that France would reject the Maudling plan . Two days later , the British delegation to the Community formally called an end to accession negotiations . Maudling later revised his proposals , which were to form the basis of the European Free Trade Association . Meanwhile , Maudling became an underwriting member of Lloyds of London in December 1957 , although his assets were somewhat below average for other names . President of the Board of Trade . Maudling entered the front line of politics after the 1959 election when appointed President of the Board of Trade . He was responsible for introducing the governments proposals to help areas of high unemployment . This was achieved by paying grants to companies to create new plants in these deprived areas , and also by the government taking over unused land for development . Maudling also succeeded in negotiating a free trade agreement between the countries outside the Common Market ; this became the European Free Trade Association and was some compensation for his failure to negotiate a free trade area with the Common Market . Maudling was opposed to any proposal to join the Common Market on the basis that it would end Britains right to make commercial agreements with New Zealand and Australia . He was later to remark that I can think of no more retrograde step economically or politically . This comment was to be quoted against him when , less than two years later , he was Chancellor of the Exchequer at the time of the reopening of negotiations for Common Market membership . Colonial Secretary . Reginald Maudling was for a short time , as Secretary of State for the Colonies in 1961 , responsible for the process of decolonisation . In this position he chaired constitutional conferences for Jamaica , Northern Rhodesia and Trinidad and Tobago which prepared them for independence ; his plan for Northern Rhodesia was controversial and he had to threaten resignation before it was approved . However , Maudling was keen to return to economic policy , and seized his opportunity when Macmillan made it clear in private that he supported a voluntary incomes policy . Maudling promptly made his case in public , and three weeks later was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer in Macmillans Night of the Long Knives attempt to rejuvenate his Cabinet . Chancellor of the Exchequer . As Chancellor , Maudling soon cut purchase tax and bank interest rates . His 1963 budget aimed at expansion without inflation . Following a period of economic difficulty , with a growth target of 4% , Maudling was able to remove income tax from owner-occupiers residential premises . He also abolished the rate of duty on home-brewed beer which in effect legalised it . This was the period in which Maudling was at his most popular within the Conservative Party and in the country . However , later commentators have been less kind to Maudling : Harold Wilson and his Chancellor James Callaghan ( who nevertheless sounded out Maudling for the governorship of the Bank of England in 1966 ) blamed the dash for growth that followed the 1963 budget for increasing sterlings chronic instability between 1964 and 1967 and by greatly increasing domestic demand the budget certainly exacerbated the existing balance of payments problem . Maudling largely recognised this himself by the time of the 1964 budget and , although he increased taxes , he did little to subdue demand in an election year . First unsuccessful leadership bid . By 1963 , during the Profumo affair , there was talk , encouraged by Martin Redmayne ( Chief Whip ) and Lord Poole ( Party Chairman ) , of Maudling succeeding Macmillan as Prime Minister . Maudling visited Butler ( Deputy Prime Minister ) and obtained a mutual promise that they would , if necessary , agree to serve under one another – Maudling believed that he had gained an advantage in obtaining the agreement of Butler , his senior , to serve under him if necessary . However , William Rees-Mogg claimed in The Times on 28 July that Butler led Maudling by 2:1 in the Cabinet , although Maudling had more support amongst backbench MPs . However , Macmillans sudden illness and announcement of his resignation in October 1963 came at a time when Maudlings support had fallen . He was also poorly received at the Conservative Party conference , which had become a hustings for the leadership , despite coaching from Iain Macleod in how to deliver his speech . Back in London the following week , a process of consultation by Lord Chancellor Dilhorne and by Redmayne declared Foreign Secretary Lord Home , rather than Maudling or Butler , to be the compromise candidate . Enoch Powell , Macleod , Hailsham and Maudling ( known as the Quad in some accounts of the following days ) sought to persuade Butler to refuse to serve , so that Butler rather than Home would have to become Prime Minister . Macleod and Maudling demanded that Dilhorne lay the results of his consultations before the Cabinet , but he refused to do so . Maudling attended the meeting at Powells house late in the evening of 17 October , well-refreshed after attending a formal dinner , and seems to have gone along with it rather than being a ringleader , although he and Hailsham agreed to serve under Butler . However , on the morning of Saturday 19 October Butler then Maudling agreed to serve under Home , enabling him to accept office as Prime Minister . Maudling retained his post as Chancellor under the new Prime Minister , and , in the 1964 election , Maudling had a prominent role at the helm of the partys daily press conferences while Douglas-Home toured the country . On the BBCs election results programme , the journalist Anthony Howard said that he believed that if Maudling had been leader , the narrow Conservative defeat would have been a narrow Conservative victory . Upon being forced out of the post by the election defeat , Maudling left a note to his successor , James Callaghan , simply stating Good luck , old cock.. . Sorry to leave it in such a mess . Second unsuccessful leadership bid . Out of office , Maudling accepted the offer of a seat on the board of Kleinwort Benson in November 1964 , one of the factors which led to his being shifted to spokesman on Foreign Affairs in early 1965 . Unlike other potential leadership contenders , Maudling publicly maintained his loyalty to Douglas-Home as criticisms of his leadership mounted . When Douglas-Home resigned , after putting in place a system in which the leadership was directly elected , Maudling fought against Edward Heath for the position of candidate to the party centre-right . Unfortunately for Maudling , Enoch Powell also stood , but he was a candidate supporting monetarist and proto-Thatcherite economics , which at that time had little support . Powell won 15 votes . Maudling won 133 votes against Heaths 150 ; Powells 15 votes were seen as more likely to have gone to Maudling had Powell not stood , but they would have made no difference to Heaths narrow majority . This was a moment of philosophical instability for the Conservatives . Their historic scepticism of Keynesianism began to grow through the 1960s because there was little to distinguish between the policies of the Tories and Labour . The cross-party support for economic planning and union negotiation was becoming increasingly unable to stimulate high levels of economic growth . Maudlings business directorships with Kleinwort Benson and others were mentioned by his opponents as evidence of his lack of commitment for the role , and he was criticised as too close to the Macmillan/Douglas-Home style of politics . Deputy Leader and Home Secretary . Maudling served as Deputy Leader under Heath , and was also a prominent member of the Shadow Cabinet . However , he was neither personally nor politically close to Heath , and as a consequence his influence declined ; his support for an incomes policy now went against party policy . He also tended to make gaffes , as for example when he said Harold Wilson had been following the same policy as the Conservatives on Rhodesia and I cant think of anything he has done wrongly . After Enoch Powell had been sacked from the Shadow Cabinet in 1968 for his controversial Rivers of Blood speech , Maudling was moved from the position of Shadow Commonwealth Secretary to become Shadow Defence Secretary until 1969 when he was replaced by Geoffrey Rippon . When the Conservatives returned to power in 1970 , Maudling was appointed Home Secretary ; the most pressing problem at the Home Office was tackling the Troubles in Northern Ireland . After boarding the aircraft at the end of his first visit to the province , he remarked For Gods sake bring me a large Scotch . What a bloody awful country . Maudlings attitude of reassuring calmness in interviews , normally helpful to him , was damaging when he referred to reducing IRA violence to an acceptable level , a remark widely regarded as a gaffe . He also tended to trust the Unionist-controlled Government of Northern Ireland and gloss over differences between their approach and that of the United Kingdom government . This backfired when the Prime Minister of Northern Ireland , James Chichester-Clark , resigned when denied the full number of troops he requested in March 1971 . That August , Maudling authorised the Northern Ireland government to introduce internment without trial for terror suspects , which caused widespread upheaval and anger among the nationalist population due to its exclusive use on that community , and was followed by an already planned massive escalation in the level of violence . Regarding criminal justice , Maudling made no attempt , despite his personal support , to reintroduce capital punishment after its abolition in 1969 . He introduced Community Service , a new alternative to prison , and in 1971 modestly tightened the immigration rules . He was criticised for ordering the deportation of Rudi Dutschke , later one of the founders of the German Green Party . Dutschke , who was in Britain to recuperate from an assassination attempt , was considered a student anarchist . Maudling was often the target of satirical cartoons in major newspapers , and was lampooned in the magazine Private Eye and the television comedy show Monty Pythons Flying Circus . Bloody Sunday . Maudlings statement in the House of Commons after Bloody Sunday agreed with the British armys statement that the Parachute Regiment had fired only in self-defence , although this turned out to be untrue . Bernadette Devlin , a Northern Ireland nationalist MP , had been present in Derry at the protest , yet she was denied recognition to speak on the massacre by the Speaker of the House Selwyn Lloyd . Devlin walked across the floor of the Commons and slapped Maudling . She later said to journalists that Maudlings statement had been untrue and perfunctory , and that it had expressed no regrets for the 13 people shot and killed by British soldiers . Eventually , Edward Heath decided to bring in direct rule of Northern Ireland under a separate Secretary of State . In 1974 , Shane Paul ODoherty , a PIRA member , sent Maudling a letter bomb , which slightly injured him . Scandal . In 1972 , Maudlings business activities were causing considerable disquiet and speculation in the press . In 1966 , he had obtained a directorship in the company of John Poulson , an architect Maudling helped obtain lucrative contracts . Poulson routinely did business through bribery and in 1972 was made bankrupt . The bankruptcy hearings disclosed his bribe payments , and Maudlings connection became public knowledge . Maudling came to the decision that his responsibility for the Metropolitan Police , which was beginning fraud investigations into Poulson , made his position as Home Secretary untenable . He resigned on 18 July , to general sympathy from the press . Shortly after receiving Maudlings resignation , Edward Heaths government performed a U-turn on economic policy and subsequently adopted an approach strikingly similar to Maudlings . Heath advised Maudling not to drop out of the public eye and he continued to make many media appearances . In the year after the Conservative Partys electoral defeat in 1974 , Heath was replaced as leader by Margaret Thatcher . She appointed Maudling to the post of Shadow Foreign Secretary . However , Maudling clashed with Thatcher over economics , and after less than two years in the role he was dismissed on 19 November 1976 . Departing , Maudling summed up his career as hired by Winston Churchill , fired by Margaret Thatcher . Last years . In 1969 , Maudling had been president of the Real Estate Fund of America , whose chief executive , Jerome Hoffman , had been imprisoned for fraud ; Maudling had also been an adviser to the Peachey Property Corporation , whose chairman , Sir Eric Miller , had embezzled company money and later took his own life . He was revealed to have lobbied for more aid to Malta after obtaining a commission for Poulson there , which had led to heavy losses for the Maltese government . These further revelations led to a Parliamentary inquiry into the conduct of Maudling and two other MPs linked to Poulson . This inquiry published its report on 14 July 1977 ; the report concluded that Maudling had indulged in conduct inconsistent with the standards which the House is entitled to expect from its members . When the report was considered by the House of Commons , the Conservative Party organised its MPs to attend the debate to Save Reggie . An amendment was put down to take note of the report , instead of endorsing it , and carried by 230 votes ( 211 Conservatives , 17 Labour , 2 Liberals and 2 Ulster Unionists ) to 207 . No punishment was imposed . An attempt by backbench Labour MPs to expel Maudling from the House was defeated by 331 votes to 11 , and a move to suspend him for six months was lost by 324 to 97 . As Lewis Bastons 2004 biography recounts , Maudling and his wife became heavy drinkers once his political career was effectively ended by the scandal . The drinking turned to alcoholism and Maudlings health rapidly deteriorated in the late 1970s . He collapsed in early 1979 . Death . Maudling died at the Royal Free Hospital in London , from kidney failure and cirrhosis of the liver , on 14 February 1979 ; he was 61 . His body was buried in the churchyard of Little Berkhamsted in Hertfordshire . A stone seat from his garden was placed beside the grave . Family life . Maudling married actress Beryl Laverick ( 1919–1988 ) in 1939 . They had three sons and a daughter , Caroline Maudling , who became a journalist in the 1960s as the travelling teenager of the Daily Mail and , among other things , appeared alongside John Lennon on BBC TVs Juke Box Jury in 1963 . Maudlings mother had disowned him as a result of his marriage , and Maudling did not attend her funeral in 1956 . When Caroline aroused comment by having a child out of wedlock in the late 1960s , Maudling was staunch in her defence , publicly expressing paternal pride . Beryl Maudlings body was buried next to her husbands at Little Berkhamsted . In popular culture . Maudling was portrayed by Irish actor Michael Culkin in the BBC-produced 2018 limited television series A Very English Scandal .
|
[
"Home Secretary"
] |
[
{
"text": " Reginald Maudling ( 7 March 1917 – 14 February 1979 ) was a British politician who held several Cabinet posts , including Chancellor of the Exchequer . From 1955 until the late 1960s , he was spoken of as a prospective Conservative leader , and he was twice seriously considered for the post ; he was Edward Heaths chief rival in 1965 . He also held directorships in several British financial firms .",
"title": "Reginald Maudling"
},
{
"text": "As Home Secretary , he was responsible for the UK Governments Northern Ireland policy during the period that included Bloody Sunday in 1972 . Soon afterwards , he left office due to an unrelated scandal in one of the companies of which he was director .",
"title": "Reginald Maudling"
},
{
"text": " Reginald Maudling was born in Woodside Park , North Finchley , and was named after his father , Reginald George Maudling , an actuary at R . Watson & Sons and Public Valuer , who contracted to do actuarial and financial calculations as the Commercial Calculating Company Ltd . The family moved to Bexhill to escape German air raids ; Maudling won scholarships to the Merchant Taylors School and Merton College , Oxford .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "He stayed out of undergraduate politics at Oxford , and studied the works of Hegel ; he was to formulate his conclusions later as to the inseparability of economic and political freedom : the purpose of State control and the guiding principle of its application is the achievement of true freedom . He obtained a first class Greats degree .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Shortly after graduating , Maudling set up a meeting with Harold Nicolson to discuss whether it would be better , as a moderate conservative , to join the Conservative Party or National Labour ; Nicolson advised him to wait . Maudling was called to the Bar at the Middle Temple in 1940 . However , he did not practise as a barrister , having volunteered for service in the Royal Air Force ( RAF ) in the Second World War .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Owing to poor eyesight he took desk jobs in the RAF intelligence branch , where he rose—as a Wingless Wonder , as officers who were not qualified to wear pilots wings were nicknamed—to the rank of Flight Lieutenant ; he was then appointed Private Secretary to the Secretary of State for Air , Sir Archibald Sinclair .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Maudling wrote an essay on Conservative policy in November 1943 , recommending that the Conservatives neither imitate the Labour Party nor reflexively oppose all controls ; in the general election of July 1945 , he was selected as parliamentary candidate for Heston and Isleworth , a newly created constituency in Middlesex , although there were four applicants and he had no ties to that constituency . In the subsequent Labour landslide Maudling was defeated like many others , although Heston and Isleworth had been expected to be a safe Conservative seat . After its defeat in the 1945 general election",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": ", the Conservative Party engaged in an extensive rethink of its policy . Maudling argued that the Party had depended excessively on outdated economic slogans and the popularity of Winston Churchill .",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "In November 1945 , Maudling became the first staff member of the Conservative Parliamentary Secretariat , later the Conservative Research Department , where he was head of the Economic Section . He persuaded the party to accept much of the Labour governments nationalisation programme and social services while cutting government spending . In March 1946 , Maudling was chosen as the prospective candidate for Barnet , close to his birthplace in Finchley , and began giving speeches there . Labour had unexpectedly won the seat in 1945 , but it was considered to be marginal . In 1950 , Maudling",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "was elected as Member of Parliament with an absolute majority .",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "Following the 1951 election , Churchill made Maudling a junior Minister at the Ministry of Civil Aviation . However , his experience of preparing economic policy led to his speaking on behalf of the Treasury on the 1952 budget and thus to an appointment , later that year , as Economic Secretary to the Treasury . With his mentor Rab Butler as Chancellor of the Exchequer , Maudling worked to reduce taxes and controls in order to move from post-war austerity to affluence . When Anthony Eden took over as Prime Minister in 1955 , Maudling was promoted to head",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "a department as Minister of Supply . He supported the invasion of Suez .",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "The Ministry was responsible for aircraft production and supplying the armed forces , and Maudling came to agree with critics who argued that it was an unnecessary intermediary ; he therefore recommended its abolition . Although supportive of Harold Macmillans appointment as Prime Minister over the rival claims of Butler in 1957 , Maudling found himself in difficulties over his position in the new government . He refused to continue at the Ministry of Supply and also rejected an offer of the Ministry of Health because Iain Macleod , with whom he had a rivalry , had held the post",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "five years earlier and Maudling did not want to be seen as five years behind him .",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "Macmillan appointed Maudling to the post of Paymaster General and spokesman in the House of Commons for the Ministry of Fuel and Power , which was technically a demotion . Nine months later , Maudling had proved his usefulness ; Macmillan brought him into the Cabinet on 17 September 1957 , where he acted more as a Minister without Portfolio : he had specific responsibility for persuading the six members of the embryonic European Economic Community , who had recently signed the Treaty of Rome , to abandon their proposal for a customs union in favour of a wider free-trade",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "area where each country would preserve their own external tariffs . However , Maudlings lack of international experience led him to underestimate the importance of the nascent Community and what was constructive in it . Faced with widespread rejection of the proposals , Maudling aroused hostility in Bonn and Paris by seeking to play off the Germans against the French .",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": " On 14 November 1958 , six months after the election of General de Gaulle as premier , Jacques Soustelle , the French Minister of Information , confirmed to the Press that France would reject the Maudling plan . Two days later , the British delegation to the Community formally called an end to accession negotiations . Maudling later revised his proposals , which were to form the basis of the European Free Trade Association .",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "Meanwhile , Maudling became an underwriting member of Lloyds of London in December 1957 , although his assets were somewhat below average for other names .",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "Maudling entered the front line of politics after the 1959 election when appointed President of the Board of Trade . He was responsible for introducing the governments proposals to help areas of high unemployment . This was achieved by paying grants to companies to create new plants in these deprived areas , and also by the government taking over unused land for development . Maudling also succeeded in negotiating a free trade agreement between the countries outside the Common Market ; this became the European Free Trade Association and was some compensation for his failure to negotiate a free trade",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "area with the Common Market . Maudling was opposed to any proposal to join the Common Market on the basis that it would end Britains right to make commercial agreements with New Zealand and Australia . He was later to remark that I can think of no more retrograde step economically or politically . This comment was to be quoted against him when , less than two years later , he was Chancellor of the Exchequer at the time of the reopening of negotiations for Common Market membership .",
"title": "Parliamentary candidate"
},
{
"text": "Reginald Maudling was for a short time , as Secretary of State for the Colonies in 1961 , responsible for the process of decolonisation . In this position he chaired constitutional conferences for Jamaica , Northern Rhodesia and Trinidad and Tobago which prepared them for independence ; his plan for Northern Rhodesia was controversial and he had to threaten resignation before it was approved . However , Maudling was keen to return to economic policy , and seized his opportunity when Macmillan made it clear in private that he supported a voluntary incomes policy . Maudling promptly made his case",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "in public , and three weeks later was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer in Macmillans Night of the Long Knives attempt to rejuvenate his Cabinet .",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": " Chancellor of the Exchequer . As Chancellor , Maudling soon cut purchase tax and bank interest rates . His 1963 budget aimed at expansion without inflation . Following a period of economic difficulty , with a growth target of 4% , Maudling was able to remove income tax from owner-occupiers residential premises . He also abolished the rate of duty on home-brewed beer which in effect legalised it . This was the period in which Maudling was at his most popular within the Conservative Party and in the country .",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "However , later commentators have been less kind to Maudling : Harold Wilson and his Chancellor James Callaghan ( who nevertheless sounded out Maudling for the governorship of the Bank of England in 1966 ) blamed the dash for growth that followed the 1963 budget for increasing sterlings chronic instability between 1964 and 1967 and by greatly increasing domestic demand the budget certainly exacerbated the existing balance of payments problem . Maudling largely recognised this himself by the time of the 1964 budget and , although he increased taxes , he did little to subdue demand in an election year",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "By 1963 , during the Profumo affair , there was talk , encouraged by Martin Redmayne ( Chief Whip ) and Lord Poole ( Party Chairman ) , of Maudling succeeding Macmillan as Prime Minister . Maudling visited Butler ( Deputy Prime Minister ) and obtained a mutual promise that they would , if necessary , agree to serve under one another – Maudling believed that he had gained an advantage in obtaining the agreement of Butler , his senior , to serve under him if necessary . However , William Rees-Mogg claimed in The Times on 28 July that",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "Butler led Maudling by 2:1 in the Cabinet , although Maudling had more support amongst backbench MPs .",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "However , Macmillans sudden illness and announcement of his resignation in October 1963 came at a time when Maudlings support had fallen . He was also poorly received at the Conservative Party conference , which had become a hustings for the leadership , despite coaching from Iain Macleod in how to deliver his speech . Back in London the following week , a process of consultation by Lord Chancellor Dilhorne and by Redmayne declared Foreign Secretary Lord Home , rather than Maudling or Butler , to be the compromise candidate . Enoch Powell , Macleod , Hailsham and Maudling (",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "known as the Quad in some accounts of the following days ) sought to persuade Butler to refuse to serve , so that Butler rather than Home would have to become Prime Minister . Macleod and Maudling demanded that Dilhorne lay the results of his consultations before the Cabinet , but he refused to do so . Maudling attended the meeting at Powells house late in the evening of 17 October , well-refreshed after attending a formal dinner , and seems to have gone along with it rather than being a ringleader , although he and Hailsham agreed to serve",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "under Butler . However , on the morning of Saturday 19 October Butler then Maudling agreed to serve under Home , enabling him to accept office as Prime Minister .",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "Maudling retained his post as Chancellor under the new Prime Minister , and , in the 1964 election , Maudling had a prominent role at the helm of the partys daily press conferences while Douglas-Home toured the country . On the BBCs election results programme , the journalist Anthony Howard said that he believed that if Maudling had been leader , the narrow Conservative defeat would have been a narrow Conservative victory . Upon being forced out of the post by the election defeat , Maudling left a note to his successor , James Callaghan , simply stating Good luck",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": ", old cock.. . Sorry to leave it in such a mess .",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "Out of office , Maudling accepted the offer of a seat on the board of Kleinwort Benson in November 1964 , one of the factors which led to his being shifted to spokesman on Foreign Affairs in early 1965 . Unlike other potential leadership contenders , Maudling publicly maintained his loyalty to Douglas-Home as criticisms of his leadership mounted . When Douglas-Home resigned , after putting in place a system in which the leadership was directly elected , Maudling fought against Edward Heath for the position of candidate to the party centre-right . Unfortunately for Maudling , Enoch Powell also",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "stood , but he was a candidate supporting monetarist and proto-Thatcherite economics , which at that time had little support . Powell won 15 votes . Maudling won 133 votes against Heaths 150 ; Powells 15 votes were seen as more likely to have gone to Maudling had Powell not stood , but they would have made no difference to Heaths narrow majority . This was a moment of philosophical instability for the Conservatives . Their historic scepticism of Keynesianism began to grow through the 1960s because there was little to distinguish between the policies of the Tories and Labour",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": ". The cross-party support for economic planning and union negotiation was becoming increasingly unable to stimulate high levels of economic growth .",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": " Maudlings business directorships with Kleinwort Benson and others were mentioned by his opponents as evidence of his lack of commitment for the role , and he was criticised as too close to the Macmillan/Douglas-Home style of politics . Deputy Leader and Home Secretary .",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "Maudling served as Deputy Leader under Heath , and was also a prominent member of the Shadow Cabinet . However , he was neither personally nor politically close to Heath , and as a consequence his influence declined ; his support for an incomes policy now went against party policy . He also tended to make gaffes , as for example when he said Harold Wilson had been following the same policy as the Conservatives on Rhodesia and I cant think of anything he has done wrongly . After Enoch Powell had been sacked from the Shadow Cabinet in 1968",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "for his controversial Rivers of Blood speech , Maudling was moved from the position of Shadow Commonwealth Secretary to become Shadow Defence Secretary until 1969 when he was replaced by Geoffrey Rippon . When the Conservatives returned to power in 1970 , Maudling was appointed Home Secretary ; the most pressing problem at the Home Office was tackling the Troubles in Northern Ireland . After boarding the aircraft at the end of his first visit to the province , he remarked For Gods sake bring me a large Scotch . What a bloody awful country .",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "Maudlings attitude of reassuring calmness in interviews , normally helpful to him , was damaging when he referred to reducing IRA violence to an acceptable level , a remark widely regarded as a gaffe . He also tended to trust the Unionist-controlled Government of Northern Ireland and gloss over differences between their approach and that of the United Kingdom government . This backfired when the Prime Minister of Northern Ireland , James Chichester-Clark , resigned when denied the full number of troops he requested in March 1971 . That August , Maudling authorised the Northern Ireland government to introduce internment",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "without trial for terror suspects , which caused widespread upheaval and anger among the nationalist population due to its exclusive use on that community , and was followed by an already planned massive escalation in the level of violence .",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": " Regarding criminal justice , Maudling made no attempt , despite his personal support , to reintroduce capital punishment after its abolition in 1969 . He introduced Community Service , a new alternative to prison , and in 1971 modestly tightened the immigration rules . He was criticised for ordering the deportation of Rudi Dutschke , later one of the founders of the German Green Party . Dutschke , who was in Britain to recuperate from an assassination attempt , was considered a student anarchist .",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "Maudling was often the target of satirical cartoons in major newspapers , and was lampooned in the magazine Private Eye and the television comedy show Monty Pythons Flying Circus .",
"title": "Colonial Secretary"
},
{
"text": "Maudlings statement in the House of Commons after Bloody Sunday agreed with the British armys statement that the Parachute Regiment had fired only in self-defence , although this turned out to be untrue . Bernadette Devlin , a Northern Ireland nationalist MP , had been present in Derry at the protest , yet she was denied recognition to speak on the massacre by the Speaker of the House Selwyn Lloyd . Devlin walked across the floor of the Commons and slapped Maudling . She later said to journalists that Maudlings statement had been untrue and perfunctory , and that it",
"title": "Bloody Sunday"
},
{
"text": "had expressed no regrets for the 13 people shot and killed by British soldiers . Eventually , Edward Heath decided to bring in direct rule of Northern Ireland under a separate Secretary of State . In 1974 , Shane Paul ODoherty , a PIRA member , sent Maudling a letter bomb , which slightly injured him .",
"title": "Bloody Sunday"
},
{
"text": "In 1972 , Maudlings business activities were causing considerable disquiet and speculation in the press . In 1966 , he had obtained a directorship in the company of John Poulson , an architect Maudling helped obtain lucrative contracts . Poulson routinely did business through bribery and in 1972 was made bankrupt . The bankruptcy hearings disclosed his bribe payments , and Maudlings connection became public knowledge . Maudling came to the decision that his responsibility for the Metropolitan Police , which was beginning fraud investigations into Poulson , made his position as Home Secretary untenable . He resigned on 18",
"title": "Scandal"
},
{
"text": "July , to general sympathy from the press .",
"title": "Scandal"
},
{
"text": "Shortly after receiving Maudlings resignation , Edward Heaths government performed a U-turn on economic policy and subsequently adopted an approach strikingly similar to Maudlings . Heath advised Maudling not to drop out of the public eye and he continued to make many media appearances . In the year after the Conservative Partys electoral defeat in 1974 , Heath was replaced as leader by Margaret Thatcher . She appointed Maudling to the post of Shadow Foreign Secretary . However , Maudling clashed with Thatcher over economics , and after less than two years in the role he was dismissed on 19",
"title": "Scandal"
},
{
"text": "November 1976 . Departing , Maudling summed up his career as hired by Winston Churchill , fired by Margaret Thatcher .",
"title": "Scandal"
},
{
"text": "In 1969 , Maudling had been president of the Real Estate Fund of America , whose chief executive , Jerome Hoffman , had been imprisoned for fraud ; Maudling had also been an adviser to the Peachey Property Corporation , whose chairman , Sir Eric Miller , had embezzled company money and later took his own life . He was revealed to have lobbied for more aid to Malta after obtaining a commission for Poulson there , which had led to heavy losses for the Maltese government . These further revelations led to a Parliamentary inquiry into the conduct of",
"title": "Last years"
},
{
"text": "Maudling and two other MPs linked to Poulson . This inquiry published its report on 14 July 1977 ; the report concluded that Maudling had indulged in conduct inconsistent with the standards which the House is entitled to expect from its members .",
"title": "Last years"
},
{
"text": "When the report was considered by the House of Commons , the Conservative Party organised its MPs to attend the debate to Save Reggie . An amendment was put down to take note of the report , instead of endorsing it , and carried by 230 votes ( 211 Conservatives , 17 Labour , 2 Liberals and 2 Ulster Unionists ) to 207 . No punishment was imposed . An attempt by backbench Labour MPs to expel Maudling from the House was defeated by 331 votes to 11 , and a move to suspend him for six months was lost",
"title": "Last years"
},
{
"text": "by 324 to 97 .",
"title": "Last years"
},
{
"text": " As Lewis Bastons 2004 biography recounts , Maudling and his wife became heavy drinkers once his political career was effectively ended by the scandal . The drinking turned to alcoholism and Maudlings health rapidly deteriorated in the late 1970s . He collapsed in early 1979 .",
"title": "Last years"
},
{
"text": " Maudling died at the Royal Free Hospital in London , from kidney failure and cirrhosis of the liver , on 14 February 1979 ; he was 61 . His body was buried in the churchyard of Little Berkhamsted in Hertfordshire . A stone seat from his garden was placed beside the grave .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " Maudling married actress Beryl Laverick ( 1919–1988 ) in 1939 . They had three sons and a daughter , Caroline Maudling , who became a journalist in the 1960s as the travelling teenager of the Daily Mail and , among other things , appeared alongside John Lennon on BBC TVs Juke Box Jury in 1963 .",
"title": "Family life"
},
{
"text": "Maudlings mother had disowned him as a result of his marriage , and Maudling did not attend her funeral in 1956 . When Caroline aroused comment by having a child out of wedlock in the late 1960s , Maudling was staunch in her defence , publicly expressing paternal pride . Beryl Maudlings body was buried next to her husbands at Little Berkhamsted .",
"title": "Family life"
},
{
"text": " Maudling was portrayed by Irish actor Michael Culkin in the BBC-produced 2018 limited television series A Very English Scandal .",
"title": "In popular culture"
}
] |
/wiki/Tele2_Russia#P127#0
|
Who was the owner of Tele2 Russia before Feb 2003?
|
Tele2 Russia Tele2 Russia is a Russian telecommunications company originally founded by Swedish Tele2 . It has been operating since 2003 . Since 2020 , Tele2 Russia is a wholly owned subsidiary of Rostelecom . At year-end 2019 , Tele2 Russia provides wireless services to more than 44.6 million subscribers . As of beginning of April 2019 , Tele2 is present in 67 subjects of Russia . Tele2 Russia functions as a group of companies , and the parent structure of the holding is named Limited Liability Company T2 RTK Holding with the headquarters in Moscow . Now the Russian company Tele2 Russia and the Swedish Tele2 AB are interconnected through the common brand and the corporate values of Tele2Way , which both companies propagate . Tele2Way values were established by the founder of the company Jan Stenbeck , and they reveal the essence of the company operation . History . The history of the company began in the 1990s when the American-Swedish Millicom International Cellular established mobile network operators which provided D-AMPS services in various regions of Russia . In 2001 Millicom sold its Russian assets to the Swedish holding Tele2 , which started implementing GSM services in its networks and moved them to their own brand . Tele2 started operations in Russia in 2003 . Within the first two years of operation in the Russian market ( 2003–2004 ) Tele2 started providing services in 12 regions . On March 27 , 2013 , it was announced that the Swedish group Tele2 decided to sell its Russian subsidiary Tele2 Russia to the VTB Group . On April 4 , the deal was completed . On October 17 , 2013 , the VTB Group closed the selling of 50% of Tele2 Russia shares to a consortium of private investors holding the Rossiya Bank , including Yury Kovalchuk ( the Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Rossiya Bank ) and Alexei Mordashov ( the Severstal co-owner ) , and also 5% of the shares were sold to Sogaz insurance group . On February 6 , 2014 , Rostelecom and Tele2 Russia signed a framed agreement on integration of mobile assets into the ownership capital of the joint venture ( JV ) T2 Rus Holding . This deal resulting in creation of a new federal high roller on the cellular market was completed within a year . According to the terms of the agreement , Rostelecom transferred its assets to the JV and became one of the stakeholders of the merged company . The joint venture was created on the basis of T2 Rus Holding ( later renamed into T2 RTK Holding ) , which owns all the operating companies of Tele2 Russia . On March 28 , 2014 , the first stage of the deal on integration of Rostelecom mobile assets and creation of a new federal cell operator was completed . Seven Rostelecom subsidiaries — Sky Link , , , BIT , Volgograd GSM , and AKOS-came under the operational and financial control of Tele2 Russia . Tele2 Russia also gained operational control over Rostelecoms mobile integrated assets ( Eline GSM , Tambov GSM , Uralsvyazinform , Dalsvyaz ) through RT-Mobile , an affiliate of Rostelecom , established on April 1 , 2014 . As a result , Rostelecom became the joint venturer with a share in the authorized capital of 45% in votes and 26% of economic share . On August 5 , 2014 , earlier than scheduled , Rostelecom completed the second and final stage of the deal with Tele2 Russia to create a new federal mobile operator , having transferred 100% of the shares of its affiliate RT-Mobile to the joint venture ( JV ) . As part of the reorganization , Rostelecoms integrated mobile assets were allocated to RT-Mobile and also the licenses were reissued for the company . The deal resulted in transfer of all Rostelecoms mobile assets to the JV . Consequently , Rostelecom became the joint venturer with a share in the authorized capital of 45% in votes and 45% of economic share , and Tele2 Russia represented by the newly established T2 RTK Holding gained a share in the authorized capital of 55% in votes and 55% of economic share , meaning that Tele2 Russia took control over the joint venture . Thus , it was the completion of creation of a national mobile operator with a wide range of licenses and frequencies throughout the country ( including 3G and LTE ) , which was present in 64 regions and had a significant share of 16% on the cellular market , provided by more than 38 million mobile subscribers . On June 16 , 2015 , the mobile operator completed their corporate restructuring by associating 33 operational companies of the holding to its main structure T2 Mobile . The restructuring neither required financial contributions nor left jobcut behind it . As a result , the number of legal bodies within the structure of Tele2 Russia was fairly reduced . The parent company is T2 RTK Holding , and its wholly owned subsidiary Т2-Mobile undertakes business operations under the “Tele2” brand . On February 12 , 2020 , Rostelecom entered into a legally binding agreement on purchasing of 55% of T2 RTK Holding shares with VTB Bank and a consortium of investors . The settlement and transfer of ownership as part of the 100%-share consolidation transaction was completed on March 16 , 2020 . Ownership . Since February 2020 , the company is 100% owned by Rostelecom . Up intil February 2020 , each of the shareholders of T2RTK Holding had the right of preemption of the operator’s share . This rule was rooted in the holding’s Charter and it meant that if any of the owners received a proposal to sell his stake in total or partially , another owner could buy the stock at the price of the proposal within 30 days since the moment the third party claiming for purchase made the share sale offer . In March 2019 , it got about that Rostelecom would become the sole owner of Tele2 Russia , increasing its equity stake up to 100% . The information about it came up in January , and in February the Federal Agency for State Property Management ( Rosimushchestvo ) gave resolution to increase the share of the state-owned company . On March 12 , 2019 , it was announced that agreements on consolidating 100% of Tele2 Russia by Rostelecom were reached . It is specified that Rostelecom plans to preserve the brand and management of the company . According to Rostelecoms President Mikhail Oseevsky : Tele2 Russia has a strong team which proved successful with their results . On February 12 , 2020 , Rostelecom received 100% of T2 RTK Holding . 17.5% of Tele2 shares was bought with own funds of the public operator ; 27.5% was funded by the additional issue of Rostelecom shares in benefit of VTB , a further 10% was an exchange for 10% of its own common stock owned by its subsidiary Mobitel . On March 16 , 2020 , the settlement and ownership transfer as part of the 100%-share consolidation transaction was completed . Management . T2 RTK Holding board of directors . T2 RTK Holding board of directors : - Yury Solovyev , Senior Vice-President of VTB Bank , Chairman of the Board ; - Dmitry Dorozhevets , Executive Director of VTB Capital ; - Boyan Ivanovich , Managing Director of VTB Capital ; - Mikhail Oseevsky , President of Rostelecom ; - Sergei Anokhin , Senior Vice-President in charge of Finance of Rostelecom ; - Vladimir Kirienko , Senior Vice-President for Business Development and Management of Rostelecom ; - Anna Shumeiko , Senior Vice-President , the Chief of Staff of the President of Rostelecom ; - Dmitri Lebedev , Managing Director of ABR Management ; - Alexander Pentya , Deputy Director General of ABR Management ; - Roman Vasilkov , Head of Corporate Control at Severgroup ; - Bruno Ducharme , Head of the investment company TIW Capital Partners — non-executive Director . Management of Т2-Mobile . Management of Т2-Mobile : - Sergey Emdin , Director General ; - Alexander Provotorov , First Deputy Director ; - Andrey Patoka , Deputy Director General for product , marketing and federal customers ; - Dmitry Lopatukhin , Operational Director ; - Nikolay Surikov , CFO ; - Alexey Telkov , CTO ; - Svetlana Skvortsova , Head of Strategic Budgeting ; - Elena Ivanova , HR Director ; - Igor Maystrenko , Sales and Mass Segment Development Director ; - Alexander Rogovoy , Corporate Development Director . Operations . Tele2 in Russia is a mobile network operator providing services under the standards GSM , 3G and LTE . Before it was sold to VTB , it had been the only foreign company successfully operating on the Russian cellular market . Until 2013 , Russia for Tele2 AB was the major market , which , as of 2010 , provided more than a half of subscribers in total and 34.7% ( the biggest percentage among all the countries ) of EBITDA . In March 2020 , the company reported on financial and operational results for 2019 . As compared to 2018 , Tele2 Russia revenue rose 14% to 163,3 billion roubles , at year-end 2019 , the net profit totaled 6,6 billion roubles , the EBITDA increased by 50% and amounted to 65,6 billion roubles . As of December 31 , 2019 , the Tele2 Russia subscriber base counted 44.6 million people which is 5,3% more than in 2018 . The average revenue per user ( ARPU ) also increased by 8,3% to 305 roubles . According to the Federal Service for Supervision of Communications , Information Technology and Mass Media ( Roskomnadzor ) , in 2018 , Tele2 demonstrated the best result of the LTE networks development rate within the sector , having doubled the number of LTE cell sites . Lifestyle enabler . Originally , Tele2 Russia just like the Swedish company positioned itself as a discounter , accentuating the lowest price within the market . In 2016 , the company made a decision to move beyond and developed a new strategy named Lifestyle enabler . The model Lifestyle enabler means that Tele2 Russia supports its clients’ interests in all areas of life . Within the frames of this strategy , the operator creates services beyond the telecom industry in partnership with other business sectors . So that , in 2017 , they launched a joint service with the Clouty online platform , which is an aggregator of online retailers . In June 2018 , a digital medicine project – an application allowing to get a telemedical advice - was launched in partnership with the company Doc+ . Among the other programs of the operator , there is an affiliate loyalty program with cashback to a mobile account , taxi services ( joint service with ) . In October 2017 , Tele2 Russia started a loyalty program named “Bolshe” ( En : More ) which was intended for subscribers’ personal preferences . The operator offered to the customers an opportunity to save by two ways : either with the use of cashback or with discounts for partners’ goods and services . When choosing the cashback , a subscriber can get up to 40% of a products cost to his mobile account . The money can be spent for mobile services or mobile commerce “Payments and transfers” . Any Tele 2 Russia subscriber , except for corporate plans users , can participate in the loyalty program . The programs partners include Yandex , Shokoladnitsa , AliExpress , Kino.Mail and others . Communication platform “Other Rules” . In the beginning of 2017 , the operator presented a new communication strategy for 2017—2021 . The new concept involves an emphasis on innovative products that reflect the preferences of subscribers and support their lifestyle , and on excellent customer . The launch of the strategy was accompanied by the change of the corporate identity and slogan of the company . The new slogan sounds like “Tele2 . Other rules” . New opportunities were announced at the strategy presentation : possibility to transfer the unused minutes and internet traffic to the next month . This new feature , unique for the Russian market , demonstrates the ideology of the new platform creating visibility and advantages for subscribers . In October 2017 , also first-ever on the Russian communications market , an additional feature was introduced – exchange of minutes to gigabytes . On September 25 , 2019 , Tele2 Russia launched one-of-a-kind on the Russian telecom-market platform ‘Tele2 Exchange’ . This service allows subscribers from all over the country to post offers for sale of unemployed minutes and Gigabytes from their plan package and backward to buy them from a number of lots posted at the Exchange . The money from the sales goes to the mobile account and the subscriber can spend it to pay for the telecom services . Within the first month after the launch the service was used by 2.5 million people . eSIM . On April 29 , 2019 Tele2 was the first in Russia to present an opportunity to switch over to eSIM in Moscow and Moscow region . - In April 2019 , MTS , Megafon and Beeline made a stand against adoption of eSIM in Russia . On May 14 , 2019 , at the decision of the Ministry of Digital Development , Communications and Mass Media ( Minkomsvyaz ) , the release of Tele2 Russia eSim was suspended . On 20 September 2019 , the Ministry lifted the ban . 5G . In August 2019 , Tele2 Russia in association with Ericsson launched the first in Russia pilot 5G zone in Tverskaya Street in Moscow providing full outdoor coverage from the Kremlin to the Garden Ring . The pilot 5G zone operates in the 28 GHz band in NSA ( Non-standalone ) mode , which allows deployment of 5G in LTE networks and simplifies the implementation of the latest standard at the initial stage . On August 23 , 2019 , the company performed testing of subscriber equipment in the pilot 5G network . The device based on Qualcomm® mobile platform Snapdragon™ demonstrated a peak throughput of about 2.1 Gbit/s and a minimum latency of 9 msec . In October 2019 , the company launched cloud games in the flagship store in Tverskaya street in Moscow to show the difference in the quality of gaming when connected to 4G and 5G networks . The game runs on a remote server , only the picture is transmitted to the users device . During the cloud game in 5G network the company achieved the speed of more than 1 Gbit/s with a latency of 5 msec . February 17 , 2020 Tele2 conducted the first live broadcast on 5G networks in the urban environment in Russia . The live-stream was broadcast by Sony Xperia 5G device outdoors , on Tverskaya Street and Theater Square , in conditions of heavy traffic . During the tests , Sony mobile terminal based on the Qualcomm Snapdragon 855 chip and Qualcomm Snapdragon X50 modem provided a stable connection . On August 15 , 2020 , Tele2 in association with a Swiss mobile operator Sunrise Tele2 launched 5G service for Russian subscribers arriving to Switzerland . The smartphones with fifth generation network support connect the 5G automatically when roaming . “MVNO Factory” . In 2016 Tele2 Russia started to create mobile virtual network operators ( MVNOs ) – the operators which do not have their own infrastructure and therefore use the network of another mobile operator . It is usually established by businesses with extensive client base for providing mobile services to customers on their own account . By November 2017 , there were more than 10 MNVOs ( most of them in Russia ) on the basis of Tele2 , of these , Rostelecom , Sberbank , Multiregional TransitTelecom , Tinkoff Bank . In November , the company launched their own MVNE-platform ( mobile virtual network enabler ) , a set of standard systems , including billing , CRM , analytics tools and other components necessary for the work of MVNOs . With this platform , Tele2 Russia announced intention to streamline launching of MNVOs and create dozens of them each year . The company named this strategy “MNVO Factory” . Within 2018 , the number of Tele2-based MVNO subscribers increased by 75% to 1.75 million people . According to the results of 2019 , there are more than 20 Tele2-based MNVOs ( the majority of them in Russia ) , including Rostelecom , Sbermobile , , Tinkoff Mobile , VTB Mobile . Their subscriber base reckons 3,75 million people , compared with last year , this figure increased by 115% . Corporate responsibility . In 2019 , Tele 2 launched the Pereplavka environmental project aimed at sensibilization of the necessity to process e-waste . Over the 3 weeks of the campaign , customers from 11 regions of Russia brought 1217 old mobile gadgets for processing . In October 2020 , Tele2 scaled the project up and set special boxes for e-waste in 579 brand stores in 60 regions of Russia . All the gadgets are sent to “Ecopolis” which the only complex of e-waste recycling factories in Russia . External links . - Tele2 Russia Website ( English )
|
[
"Tele2"
] |
[
{
"text": " Tele2 Russia is a Russian telecommunications company originally founded by Swedish Tele2 . It has been operating since 2003 . Since 2020 , Tele2 Russia is a wholly owned subsidiary of Rostelecom . At year-end 2019 , Tele2 Russia provides wireless services to more than 44.6 million subscribers . As of beginning of April 2019 , Tele2 is present in 67 subjects of Russia . Tele2 Russia functions as a group of companies , and the parent structure of the holding is named Limited Liability Company T2 RTK Holding with the headquarters in Moscow .",
"title": "Tele2 Russia"
},
{
"text": "Now the Russian company Tele2 Russia and the Swedish Tele2 AB are interconnected through the common brand and the corporate values of Tele2Way , which both companies propagate . Tele2Way values were established by the founder of the company Jan Stenbeck , and they reveal the essence of the company operation .",
"title": "Tele2 Russia"
},
{
"text": " The history of the company began in the 1990s when the American-Swedish Millicom International Cellular established mobile network operators which provided D-AMPS services in various regions of Russia . In 2001 Millicom sold its Russian assets to the Swedish holding Tele2 , which started implementing GSM services in its networks and moved them to their own brand . Tele2 started operations in Russia in 2003 . Within the first two years of operation in the Russian market ( 2003–2004 ) Tele2 started providing services in 12 regions .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "On March 27 , 2013 , it was announced that the Swedish group Tele2 decided to sell its Russian subsidiary Tele2 Russia to the VTB Group . On April 4 , the deal was completed .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " On October 17 , 2013 , the VTB Group closed the selling of 50% of Tele2 Russia shares to a consortium of private investors holding the Rossiya Bank , including Yury Kovalchuk ( the Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Rossiya Bank ) and Alexei Mordashov ( the Severstal co-owner ) , and also 5% of the shares were sold to Sogaz insurance group .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "On February 6 , 2014 , Rostelecom and Tele2 Russia signed a framed agreement on integration of mobile assets into the ownership capital of the joint venture ( JV ) T2 Rus Holding . This deal resulting in creation of a new federal high roller on the cellular market was completed within a year . According to the terms of the agreement , Rostelecom transferred its assets to the JV and became one of the stakeholders of the merged company . The joint venture was created on the basis of T2 Rus Holding ( later renamed into T2 RTK Holding",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": ") , which owns all the operating companies of Tele2 Russia .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "On March 28 , 2014 , the first stage of the deal on integration of Rostelecom mobile assets and creation of a new federal cell operator was completed . Seven Rostelecom subsidiaries — Sky Link , , , BIT , Volgograd GSM , and AKOS-came under the operational and financial control of Tele2 Russia . Tele2 Russia also gained operational control over Rostelecoms mobile integrated assets ( Eline GSM , Tambov GSM , Uralsvyazinform , Dalsvyaz ) through RT-Mobile , an affiliate of Rostelecom , established on April 1 , 2014 . As a result , Rostelecom became the joint",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "venturer with a share in the authorized capital of 45% in votes and 26% of economic share .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "On August 5 , 2014 , earlier than scheduled , Rostelecom completed the second and final stage of the deal with Tele2 Russia to create a new federal mobile operator , having transferred 100% of the shares of its affiliate RT-Mobile to the joint venture ( JV ) . As part of the reorganization , Rostelecoms integrated mobile assets were allocated to RT-Mobile and also the licenses were reissued for the company . The deal resulted in transfer of all Rostelecoms mobile assets to the JV . Consequently , Rostelecom became the joint venturer with a share in the authorized",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "capital of 45% in votes and 45% of economic share , and Tele2 Russia represented by the newly established T2 RTK Holding gained a share in the authorized capital of 55% in votes and 55% of economic share , meaning that Tele2 Russia took control over the joint venture . Thus , it was the completion of creation of a national mobile operator with a wide range of licenses and frequencies throughout the country ( including 3G and LTE ) , which was present in 64 regions and had a significant share of 16% on the cellular market , provided",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "by more than 38 million mobile subscribers .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " On June 16 , 2015 , the mobile operator completed their corporate restructuring by associating 33 operational companies of the holding to its main structure T2 Mobile . The restructuring neither required financial contributions nor left jobcut behind it . As a result , the number of legal bodies within the structure of Tele2 Russia was fairly reduced . The parent company is T2 RTK Holding , and its wholly owned subsidiary Т2-Mobile undertakes business operations under the “Tele2” brand .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "On February 12 , 2020 , Rostelecom entered into a legally binding agreement on purchasing of 55% of T2 RTK Holding shares with VTB Bank and a consortium of investors . The settlement and transfer of ownership as part of the 100%-share consolidation transaction was completed on March 16 , 2020 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Since February 2020 , the company is 100% owned by Rostelecom . Up intil February 2020 , each of the shareholders of T2RTK Holding had the right of preemption of the operator’s share . This rule was rooted in the holding’s Charter and it meant that if any of the owners received a proposal to sell his stake in total or partially , another owner could buy the stock at the price of the proposal within 30 days since the moment the third party claiming for purchase made the share sale offer .",
"title": "Ownership"
},
{
"text": "In March 2019 , it got about that Rostelecom would become the sole owner of Tele2 Russia , increasing its equity stake up to 100% . The information about it came up in January , and in February the Federal Agency for State Property Management ( Rosimushchestvo ) gave resolution to increase the share of the state-owned company .",
"title": "Ownership"
},
{
"text": " On March 12 , 2019 , it was announced that agreements on consolidating 100% of Tele2 Russia by Rostelecom were reached . It is specified that Rostelecom plans to preserve the brand and management of the company . According to Rostelecoms President Mikhail Oseevsky : Tele2 Russia has a strong team which proved successful with their results .",
"title": "Ownership"
},
{
"text": "On February 12 , 2020 , Rostelecom received 100% of T2 RTK Holding . 17.5% of Tele2 shares was bought with own funds of the public operator ; 27.5% was funded by the additional issue of Rostelecom shares in benefit of VTB , a further 10% was an exchange for 10% of its own common stock owned by its subsidiary Mobitel . On March 16 , 2020 , the settlement and ownership transfer as part of the 100%-share consolidation transaction was completed .",
"title": "Ownership"
},
{
"text": " T2 RTK Holding board of directors . T2 RTK Holding board of directors : - Yury Solovyev , Senior Vice-President of VTB Bank , Chairman of the Board ; - Dmitry Dorozhevets , Executive Director of VTB Capital ; - Boyan Ivanovich , Managing Director of VTB Capital ; - Mikhail Oseevsky , President of Rostelecom ; - Sergei Anokhin , Senior Vice-President in charge of Finance of Rostelecom ; - Vladimir Kirienko , Senior Vice-President for Business Development and Management of Rostelecom ;",
"title": "Management"
},
{
"text": "- Anna Shumeiko , Senior Vice-President , the Chief of Staff of the President of Rostelecom ;",
"title": "Management"
},
{
"text": " - Dmitri Lebedev , Managing Director of ABR Management ; - Alexander Pentya , Deputy Director General of ABR Management ; - Roman Vasilkov , Head of Corporate Control at Severgroup ; - Bruno Ducharme , Head of the investment company TIW Capital Partners — non-executive Director .",
"title": "Management"
},
{
"text": " - Sergey Emdin , Director General ; - Alexander Provotorov , First Deputy Director ; - Andrey Patoka , Deputy Director General for product , marketing and federal customers ; - Dmitry Lopatukhin , Operational Director ; - Nikolay Surikov , CFO ; - Alexey Telkov , CTO ; - Svetlana Skvortsova , Head of Strategic Budgeting ; - Elena Ivanova , HR Director ; - Igor Maystrenko , Sales and Mass Segment Development Director ; - Alexander Rogovoy , Corporate Development Director .",
"title": "Management of Т2-Mobile :"
},
{
"text": " Tele2 in Russia is a mobile network operator providing services under the standards GSM , 3G and LTE . Before it was sold to VTB , it had been the only foreign company successfully operating on the Russian cellular market . Until 2013 , Russia for Tele2 AB was the major market , which , as of 2010 , provided more than a half of subscribers in total and 34.7% ( the biggest percentage among all the countries ) of EBITDA .",
"title": "Operations"
},
{
"text": "In March 2020 , the company reported on financial and operational results for 2019 . As compared to 2018 , Tele2 Russia revenue rose 14% to 163,3 billion roubles , at year-end 2019 , the net profit totaled 6,6 billion roubles , the EBITDA increased by 50% and amounted to 65,6 billion roubles . As of December 31 , 2019 , the Tele2 Russia subscriber base counted 44.6 million people which is 5,3% more than in 2018 . The average revenue per user ( ARPU ) also increased by 8,3% to 305 roubles .",
"title": "Operations"
},
{
"text": " According to the Federal Service for Supervision of Communications , Information Technology and Mass Media ( Roskomnadzor ) , in 2018 , Tele2 demonstrated the best result of the LTE networks development rate within the sector , having doubled the number of LTE cell sites .",
"title": "Operations"
},
{
"text": " Originally , Tele2 Russia just like the Swedish company positioned itself as a discounter , accentuating the lowest price within the market . In 2016 , the company made a decision to move beyond and developed a new strategy named Lifestyle enabler .",
"title": "Lifestyle enabler"
},
{
"text": "The model Lifestyle enabler means that Tele2 Russia supports its clients’ interests in all areas of life . Within the frames of this strategy , the operator creates services beyond the telecom industry in partnership with other business sectors . So that , in 2017 , they launched a joint service with the Clouty online platform , which is an aggregator of online retailers . In June 2018 , a digital medicine project – an application allowing to get a telemedical advice - was launched in partnership with the company Doc+ . Among the other programs of the operator ,",
"title": "Lifestyle enabler"
},
{
"text": "there is an affiliate loyalty program with cashback to a mobile account , taxi services ( joint service with ) .",
"title": "Lifestyle enabler"
},
{
"text": " In October 2017 , Tele2 Russia started a loyalty program named “Bolshe” ( En : More ) which was intended for subscribers’ personal preferences . The operator offered to the customers an opportunity to save by two ways : either with the use of cashback or with discounts for partners’ goods and services .",
"title": "Lifestyle enabler"
},
{
"text": "When choosing the cashback , a subscriber can get up to 40% of a products cost to his mobile account . The money can be spent for mobile services or mobile commerce “Payments and transfers” . Any Tele 2 Russia subscriber , except for corporate plans users , can participate in the loyalty program . The programs partners include Yandex , Shokoladnitsa , AliExpress , Kino.Mail and others .",
"title": "Lifestyle enabler"
},
{
"text": " Communication platform “Other Rules” . In the beginning of 2017 , the operator presented a new communication strategy for 2017—2021 . The new concept involves an emphasis on innovative products that reflect the preferences of subscribers and support their lifestyle , and on excellent customer . The launch of the strategy was accompanied by the change of the corporate identity and slogan of the company . The new slogan sounds like “Tele2 . Other rules” .",
"title": "Lifestyle enabler"
},
{
"text": "New opportunities were announced at the strategy presentation : possibility to transfer the unused minutes and internet traffic to the next month . This new feature , unique for the Russian market , demonstrates the ideology of the new platform creating visibility and advantages for subscribers . In October 2017 , also first-ever on the Russian communications market , an additional feature was introduced – exchange of minutes to gigabytes .",
"title": "Lifestyle enabler"
},
{
"text": " On September 25 , 2019 , Tele2 Russia launched one-of-a-kind on the Russian telecom-market platform ‘Tele2 Exchange’ . This service allows subscribers from all over the country to post offers for sale of unemployed minutes and Gigabytes from their plan package and backward to buy them from a number of lots posted at the Exchange . The money from the sales goes to the mobile account and the subscriber can spend it to pay for the telecom services . Within the first month after the launch the service was used by 2.5 million people . eSIM .",
"title": "Lifestyle enabler"
},
{
"text": "On April 29 , 2019 Tele2 was the first in Russia to present an opportunity to switch over to eSIM in Moscow and Moscow region .",
"title": "Lifestyle enabler"
},
{
"text": " - In April 2019 , MTS , Megafon and Beeline made a stand against adoption of eSIM in Russia . On May 14 , 2019 , at the decision of the Ministry of Digital Development , Communications and Mass Media ( Minkomsvyaz ) , the release of Tele2 Russia eSim was suspended . On 20 September 2019 , the Ministry lifted the ban . 5G .",
"title": "Lifestyle enabler"
},
{
"text": "In August 2019 , Tele2 Russia in association with Ericsson launched the first in Russia pilot 5G zone in Tverskaya Street in Moscow providing full outdoor coverage from the Kremlin to the Garden Ring . The pilot 5G zone operates in the 28 GHz band in NSA ( Non-standalone ) mode , which allows deployment of 5G in LTE networks and simplifies the implementation of the latest standard at the initial stage .",
"title": "Lifestyle enabler"
},
{
"text": " On August 23 , 2019 , the company performed testing of subscriber equipment in the pilot 5G network . The device based on Qualcomm® mobile platform Snapdragon™ demonstrated a peak throughput of about 2.1 Gbit/s and a minimum latency of 9 msec .",
"title": "Lifestyle enabler"
},
{
"text": "In October 2019 , the company launched cloud games in the flagship store in Tverskaya street in Moscow to show the difference in the quality of gaming when connected to 4G and 5G networks . The game runs on a remote server , only the picture is transmitted to the users device . During the cloud game in 5G network the company achieved the speed of more than 1 Gbit/s with a latency of 5 msec .",
"title": "Lifestyle enabler"
},
{
"text": " February 17 , 2020 Tele2 conducted the first live broadcast on 5G networks in the urban environment in Russia . The live-stream was broadcast by Sony Xperia 5G device outdoors , on Tverskaya Street and Theater Square , in conditions of heavy traffic . During the tests , Sony mobile terminal based on the Qualcomm Snapdragon 855 chip and Qualcomm Snapdragon X50 modem provided a stable connection .",
"title": "Lifestyle enabler"
},
{
"text": "On August 15 , 2020 , Tele2 in association with a Swiss mobile operator Sunrise Tele2 launched 5G service for Russian subscribers arriving to Switzerland . The smartphones with fifth generation network support connect the 5G automatically when roaming .",
"title": "Lifestyle enabler"
},
{
"text": "In 2016 Tele2 Russia started to create mobile virtual network operators ( MVNOs ) – the operators which do not have their own infrastructure and therefore use the network of another mobile operator . It is usually established by businesses with extensive client base for providing mobile services to customers on their own account . By November 2017 , there were more than 10 MNVOs ( most of them in Russia ) on the basis of Tele2 , of these , Rostelecom , Sberbank , Multiregional TransitTelecom , Tinkoff Bank . In November , the company launched their own MVNE-platform",
"title": "Lifestyle enabler"
},
{
"text": "( mobile virtual network enabler ) , a set of standard systems , including billing , CRM , analytics tools and other components necessary for the work of MVNOs . With this platform , Tele2 Russia announced intention to streamline launching of MNVOs and create dozens of them each year . The company named this strategy “MNVO Factory” . Within 2018 , the number of Tele2-based MVNO subscribers increased by 75% to 1.75 million people .",
"title": "Lifestyle enabler"
},
{
"text": " According to the results of 2019 , there are more than 20 Tele2-based MNVOs ( the majority of them in Russia ) , including Rostelecom , Sbermobile , , Tinkoff Mobile , VTB Mobile . Their subscriber base reckons 3,75 million people , compared with last year , this figure increased by 115% .",
"title": "Lifestyle enabler"
},
{
"text": " In 2019 , Tele 2 launched the Pereplavka environmental project aimed at sensibilization of the necessity to process e-waste . Over the 3 weeks of the campaign , customers from 11 regions of Russia brought 1217 old mobile gadgets for processing . In October 2020 , Tele2 scaled the project up and set special boxes for e-waste in 579 brand stores in 60 regions of Russia . All the gadgets are sent to “Ecopolis” which the only complex of e-waste recycling factories in Russia .",
"title": "Corporate responsibility"
},
{
"text": " - Tele2 Russia Website ( English )",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Tele2_Russia#P127#1
|
Who was the owner of Tele2 Russia between Apr 2013 and Sep 2013?
|
Tele2 Russia Tele2 Russia is a Russian telecommunications company originally founded by Swedish Tele2 . It has been operating since 2003 . Since 2020 , Tele2 Russia is a wholly owned subsidiary of Rostelecom . At year-end 2019 , Tele2 Russia provides wireless services to more than 44.6 million subscribers . As of beginning of April 2019 , Tele2 is present in 67 subjects of Russia . Tele2 Russia functions as a group of companies , and the parent structure of the holding is named Limited Liability Company T2 RTK Holding with the headquarters in Moscow . Now the Russian company Tele2 Russia and the Swedish Tele2 AB are interconnected through the common brand and the corporate values of Tele2Way , which both companies propagate . Tele2Way values were established by the founder of the company Jan Stenbeck , and they reveal the essence of the company operation . History . The history of the company began in the 1990s when the American-Swedish Millicom International Cellular established mobile network operators which provided D-AMPS services in various regions of Russia . In 2001 Millicom sold its Russian assets to the Swedish holding Tele2 , which started implementing GSM services in its networks and moved them to their own brand . Tele2 started operations in Russia in 2003 . Within the first two years of operation in the Russian market ( 2003–2004 ) Tele2 started providing services in 12 regions . On March 27 , 2013 , it was announced that the Swedish group Tele2 decided to sell its Russian subsidiary Tele2 Russia to the VTB Group . On April 4 , the deal was completed . On October 17 , 2013 , the VTB Group closed the selling of 50% of Tele2 Russia shares to a consortium of private investors holding the Rossiya Bank , including Yury Kovalchuk ( the Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Rossiya Bank ) and Alexei Mordashov ( the Severstal co-owner ) , and also 5% of the shares were sold to Sogaz insurance group . On February 6 , 2014 , Rostelecom and Tele2 Russia signed a framed agreement on integration of mobile assets into the ownership capital of the joint venture ( JV ) T2 Rus Holding . This deal resulting in creation of a new federal high roller on the cellular market was completed within a year . According to the terms of the agreement , Rostelecom transferred its assets to the JV and became one of the stakeholders of the merged company . The joint venture was created on the basis of T2 Rus Holding ( later renamed into T2 RTK Holding ) , which owns all the operating companies of Tele2 Russia . On March 28 , 2014 , the first stage of the deal on integration of Rostelecom mobile assets and creation of a new federal cell operator was completed . Seven Rostelecom subsidiaries — Sky Link , , , BIT , Volgograd GSM , and AKOS-came under the operational and financial control of Tele2 Russia . Tele2 Russia also gained operational control over Rostelecoms mobile integrated assets ( Eline GSM , Tambov GSM , Uralsvyazinform , Dalsvyaz ) through RT-Mobile , an affiliate of Rostelecom , established on April 1 , 2014 . As a result , Rostelecom became the joint venturer with a share in the authorized capital of 45% in votes and 26% of economic share . On August 5 , 2014 , earlier than scheduled , Rostelecom completed the second and final stage of the deal with Tele2 Russia to create a new federal mobile operator , having transferred 100% of the shares of its affiliate RT-Mobile to the joint venture ( JV ) . As part of the reorganization , Rostelecoms integrated mobile assets were allocated to RT-Mobile and also the licenses were reissued for the company . The deal resulted in transfer of all Rostelecoms mobile assets to the JV . Consequently , Rostelecom became the joint venturer with a share in the authorized capital of 45% in votes and 45% of economic share , and Tele2 Russia represented by the newly established T2 RTK Holding gained a share in the authorized capital of 55% in votes and 55% of economic share , meaning that Tele2 Russia took control over the joint venture . Thus , it was the completion of creation of a national mobile operator with a wide range of licenses and frequencies throughout the country ( including 3G and LTE ) , which was present in 64 regions and had a significant share of 16% on the cellular market , provided by more than 38 million mobile subscribers . On June 16 , 2015 , the mobile operator completed their corporate restructuring by associating 33 operational companies of the holding to its main structure T2 Mobile . The restructuring neither required financial contributions nor left jobcut behind it . As a result , the number of legal bodies within the structure of Tele2 Russia was fairly reduced . The parent company is T2 RTK Holding , and its wholly owned subsidiary Т2-Mobile undertakes business operations under the “Tele2” brand . On February 12 , 2020 , Rostelecom entered into a legally binding agreement on purchasing of 55% of T2 RTK Holding shares with VTB Bank and a consortium of investors . The settlement and transfer of ownership as part of the 100%-share consolidation transaction was completed on March 16 , 2020 . Ownership . Since February 2020 , the company is 100% owned by Rostelecom . Up intil February 2020 , each of the shareholders of T2RTK Holding had the right of preemption of the operator’s share . This rule was rooted in the holding’s Charter and it meant that if any of the owners received a proposal to sell his stake in total or partially , another owner could buy the stock at the price of the proposal within 30 days since the moment the third party claiming for purchase made the share sale offer . In March 2019 , it got about that Rostelecom would become the sole owner of Tele2 Russia , increasing its equity stake up to 100% . The information about it came up in January , and in February the Federal Agency for State Property Management ( Rosimushchestvo ) gave resolution to increase the share of the state-owned company . On March 12 , 2019 , it was announced that agreements on consolidating 100% of Tele2 Russia by Rostelecom were reached . It is specified that Rostelecom plans to preserve the brand and management of the company . According to Rostelecoms President Mikhail Oseevsky : Tele2 Russia has a strong team which proved successful with their results . On February 12 , 2020 , Rostelecom received 100% of T2 RTK Holding . 17.5% of Tele2 shares was bought with own funds of the public operator ; 27.5% was funded by the additional issue of Rostelecom shares in benefit of VTB , a further 10% was an exchange for 10% of its own common stock owned by its subsidiary Mobitel . On March 16 , 2020 , the settlement and ownership transfer as part of the 100%-share consolidation transaction was completed . Management . T2 RTK Holding board of directors . T2 RTK Holding board of directors : - Yury Solovyev , Senior Vice-President of VTB Bank , Chairman of the Board ; - Dmitry Dorozhevets , Executive Director of VTB Capital ; - Boyan Ivanovich , Managing Director of VTB Capital ; - Mikhail Oseevsky , President of Rostelecom ; - Sergei Anokhin , Senior Vice-President in charge of Finance of Rostelecom ; - Vladimir Kirienko , Senior Vice-President for Business Development and Management of Rostelecom ; - Anna Shumeiko , Senior Vice-President , the Chief of Staff of the President of Rostelecom ; - Dmitri Lebedev , Managing Director of ABR Management ; - Alexander Pentya , Deputy Director General of ABR Management ; - Roman Vasilkov , Head of Corporate Control at Severgroup ; - Bruno Ducharme , Head of the investment company TIW Capital Partners — non-executive Director . Management of Т2-Mobile . Management of Т2-Mobile : - Sergey Emdin , Director General ; - Alexander Provotorov , First Deputy Director ; - Andrey Patoka , Deputy Director General for product , marketing and federal customers ; - Dmitry Lopatukhin , Operational Director ; - Nikolay Surikov , CFO ; - Alexey Telkov , CTO ; - Svetlana Skvortsova , Head of Strategic Budgeting ; - Elena Ivanova , HR Director ; - Igor Maystrenko , Sales and Mass Segment Development Director ; - Alexander Rogovoy , Corporate Development Director . Operations . Tele2 in Russia is a mobile network operator providing services under the standards GSM , 3G and LTE . Before it was sold to VTB , it had been the only foreign company successfully operating on the Russian cellular market . Until 2013 , Russia for Tele2 AB was the major market , which , as of 2010 , provided more than a half of subscribers in total and 34.7% ( the biggest percentage among all the countries ) of EBITDA . In March 2020 , the company reported on financial and operational results for 2019 . As compared to 2018 , Tele2 Russia revenue rose 14% to 163,3 billion roubles , at year-end 2019 , the net profit totaled 6,6 billion roubles , the EBITDA increased by 50% and amounted to 65,6 billion roubles . As of December 31 , 2019 , the Tele2 Russia subscriber base counted 44.6 million people which is 5,3% more than in 2018 . The average revenue per user ( ARPU ) also increased by 8,3% to 305 roubles . According to the Federal Service for Supervision of Communications , Information Technology and Mass Media ( Roskomnadzor ) , in 2018 , Tele2 demonstrated the best result of the LTE networks development rate within the sector , having doubled the number of LTE cell sites . Lifestyle enabler . Originally , Tele2 Russia just like the Swedish company positioned itself as a discounter , accentuating the lowest price within the market . In 2016 , the company made a decision to move beyond and developed a new strategy named Lifestyle enabler . The model Lifestyle enabler means that Tele2 Russia supports its clients’ interests in all areas of life . Within the frames of this strategy , the operator creates services beyond the telecom industry in partnership with other business sectors . So that , in 2017 , they launched a joint service with the Clouty online platform , which is an aggregator of online retailers . In June 2018 , a digital medicine project – an application allowing to get a telemedical advice - was launched in partnership with the company Doc+ . Among the other programs of the operator , there is an affiliate loyalty program with cashback to a mobile account , taxi services ( joint service with ) . In October 2017 , Tele2 Russia started a loyalty program named “Bolshe” ( En : More ) which was intended for subscribers’ personal preferences . The operator offered to the customers an opportunity to save by two ways : either with the use of cashback or with discounts for partners’ goods and services . When choosing the cashback , a subscriber can get up to 40% of a products cost to his mobile account . The money can be spent for mobile services or mobile commerce “Payments and transfers” . Any Tele 2 Russia subscriber , except for corporate plans users , can participate in the loyalty program . The programs partners include Yandex , Shokoladnitsa , AliExpress , Kino.Mail and others . Communication platform “Other Rules” . In the beginning of 2017 , the operator presented a new communication strategy for 2017—2021 . The new concept involves an emphasis on innovative products that reflect the preferences of subscribers and support their lifestyle , and on excellent customer . The launch of the strategy was accompanied by the change of the corporate identity and slogan of the company . The new slogan sounds like “Tele2 . Other rules” . New opportunities were announced at the strategy presentation : possibility to transfer the unused minutes and internet traffic to the next month . This new feature , unique for the Russian market , demonstrates the ideology of the new platform creating visibility and advantages for subscribers . In October 2017 , also first-ever on the Russian communications market , an additional feature was introduced – exchange of minutes to gigabytes . On September 25 , 2019 , Tele2 Russia launched one-of-a-kind on the Russian telecom-market platform ‘Tele2 Exchange’ . This service allows subscribers from all over the country to post offers for sale of unemployed minutes and Gigabytes from their plan package and backward to buy them from a number of lots posted at the Exchange . The money from the sales goes to the mobile account and the subscriber can spend it to pay for the telecom services . Within the first month after the launch the service was used by 2.5 million people . eSIM . On April 29 , 2019 Tele2 was the first in Russia to present an opportunity to switch over to eSIM in Moscow and Moscow region . - In April 2019 , MTS , Megafon and Beeline made a stand against adoption of eSIM in Russia . On May 14 , 2019 , at the decision of the Ministry of Digital Development , Communications and Mass Media ( Minkomsvyaz ) , the release of Tele2 Russia eSim was suspended . On 20 September 2019 , the Ministry lifted the ban . 5G . In August 2019 , Tele2 Russia in association with Ericsson launched the first in Russia pilot 5G zone in Tverskaya Street in Moscow providing full outdoor coverage from the Kremlin to the Garden Ring . The pilot 5G zone operates in the 28 GHz band in NSA ( Non-standalone ) mode , which allows deployment of 5G in LTE networks and simplifies the implementation of the latest standard at the initial stage . On August 23 , 2019 , the company performed testing of subscriber equipment in the pilot 5G network . The device based on Qualcomm® mobile platform Snapdragon™ demonstrated a peak throughput of about 2.1 Gbit/s and a minimum latency of 9 msec . In October 2019 , the company launched cloud games in the flagship store in Tverskaya street in Moscow to show the difference in the quality of gaming when connected to 4G and 5G networks . The game runs on a remote server , only the picture is transmitted to the users device . During the cloud game in 5G network the company achieved the speed of more than 1 Gbit/s with a latency of 5 msec . February 17 , 2020 Tele2 conducted the first live broadcast on 5G networks in the urban environment in Russia . The live-stream was broadcast by Sony Xperia 5G device outdoors , on Tverskaya Street and Theater Square , in conditions of heavy traffic . During the tests , Sony mobile terminal based on the Qualcomm Snapdragon 855 chip and Qualcomm Snapdragon X50 modem provided a stable connection . On August 15 , 2020 , Tele2 in association with a Swiss mobile operator Sunrise Tele2 launched 5G service for Russian subscribers arriving to Switzerland . The smartphones with fifth generation network support connect the 5G automatically when roaming . “MVNO Factory” . In 2016 Tele2 Russia started to create mobile virtual network operators ( MVNOs ) – the operators which do not have their own infrastructure and therefore use the network of another mobile operator . It is usually established by businesses with extensive client base for providing mobile services to customers on their own account . By November 2017 , there were more than 10 MNVOs ( most of them in Russia ) on the basis of Tele2 , of these , Rostelecom , Sberbank , Multiregional TransitTelecom , Tinkoff Bank . In November , the company launched their own MVNE-platform ( mobile virtual network enabler ) , a set of standard systems , including billing , CRM , analytics tools and other components necessary for the work of MVNOs . With this platform , Tele2 Russia announced intention to streamline launching of MNVOs and create dozens of them each year . The company named this strategy “MNVO Factory” . Within 2018 , the number of Tele2-based MVNO subscribers increased by 75% to 1.75 million people . According to the results of 2019 , there are more than 20 Tele2-based MNVOs ( the majority of them in Russia ) , including Rostelecom , Sbermobile , , Tinkoff Mobile , VTB Mobile . Their subscriber base reckons 3,75 million people , compared with last year , this figure increased by 115% . Corporate responsibility . In 2019 , Tele 2 launched the Pereplavka environmental project aimed at sensibilization of the necessity to process e-waste . Over the 3 weeks of the campaign , customers from 11 regions of Russia brought 1217 old mobile gadgets for processing . In October 2020 , Tele2 scaled the project up and set special boxes for e-waste in 579 brand stores in 60 regions of Russia . All the gadgets are sent to “Ecopolis” which the only complex of e-waste recycling factories in Russia . External links . - Tele2 Russia Website ( English )
|
[
"VTB Group"
] |
[
{
"text": " Tele2 Russia is a Russian telecommunications company originally founded by Swedish Tele2 . It has been operating since 2003 . Since 2020 , Tele2 Russia is a wholly owned subsidiary of Rostelecom . At year-end 2019 , Tele2 Russia provides wireless services to more than 44.6 million subscribers . As of beginning of April 2019 , Tele2 is present in 67 subjects of Russia . Tele2 Russia functions as a group of companies , and the parent structure of the holding is named Limited Liability Company T2 RTK Holding with the headquarters in Moscow .",
"title": "Tele2 Russia"
},
{
"text": "Now the Russian company Tele2 Russia and the Swedish Tele2 AB are interconnected through the common brand and the corporate values of Tele2Way , which both companies propagate . Tele2Way values were established by the founder of the company Jan Stenbeck , and they reveal the essence of the company operation .",
"title": "Tele2 Russia"
},
{
"text": " The history of the company began in the 1990s when the American-Swedish Millicom International Cellular established mobile network operators which provided D-AMPS services in various regions of Russia . In 2001 Millicom sold its Russian assets to the Swedish holding Tele2 , which started implementing GSM services in its networks and moved them to their own brand . Tele2 started operations in Russia in 2003 . Within the first two years of operation in the Russian market ( 2003–2004 ) Tele2 started providing services in 12 regions .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "On March 27 , 2013 , it was announced that the Swedish group Tele2 decided to sell its Russian subsidiary Tele2 Russia to the VTB Group . On April 4 , the deal was completed .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " On October 17 , 2013 , the VTB Group closed the selling of 50% of Tele2 Russia shares to a consortium of private investors holding the Rossiya Bank , including Yury Kovalchuk ( the Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Rossiya Bank ) and Alexei Mordashov ( the Severstal co-owner ) , and also 5% of the shares were sold to Sogaz insurance group .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "On February 6 , 2014 , Rostelecom and Tele2 Russia signed a framed agreement on integration of mobile assets into the ownership capital of the joint venture ( JV ) T2 Rus Holding . This deal resulting in creation of a new federal high roller on the cellular market was completed within a year . According to the terms of the agreement , Rostelecom transferred its assets to the JV and became one of the stakeholders of the merged company . The joint venture was created on the basis of T2 Rus Holding ( later renamed into T2 RTK Holding",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": ") , which owns all the operating companies of Tele2 Russia .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "On March 28 , 2014 , the first stage of the deal on integration of Rostelecom mobile assets and creation of a new federal cell operator was completed . Seven Rostelecom subsidiaries — Sky Link , , , BIT , Volgograd GSM , and AKOS-came under the operational and financial control of Tele2 Russia . Tele2 Russia also gained operational control over Rostelecoms mobile integrated assets ( Eline GSM , Tambov GSM , Uralsvyazinform , Dalsvyaz ) through RT-Mobile , an affiliate of Rostelecom , established on April 1 , 2014 . As a result , Rostelecom became the joint",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "venturer with a share in the authorized capital of 45% in votes and 26% of economic share .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "On August 5 , 2014 , earlier than scheduled , Rostelecom completed the second and final stage of the deal with Tele2 Russia to create a new federal mobile operator , having transferred 100% of the shares of its affiliate RT-Mobile to the joint venture ( JV ) . As part of the reorganization , Rostelecoms integrated mobile assets were allocated to RT-Mobile and also the licenses were reissued for the company . The deal resulted in transfer of all Rostelecoms mobile assets to the JV . Consequently , Rostelecom became the joint venturer with a share in the authorized",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "capital of 45% in votes and 45% of economic share , and Tele2 Russia represented by the newly established T2 RTK Holding gained a share in the authorized capital of 55% in votes and 55% of economic share , meaning that Tele2 Russia took control over the joint venture . Thus , it was the completion of creation of a national mobile operator with a wide range of licenses and frequencies throughout the country ( including 3G and LTE ) , which was present in 64 regions and had a significant share of 16% on the cellular market , provided",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "by more than 38 million mobile subscribers .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " On June 16 , 2015 , the mobile operator completed their corporate restructuring by associating 33 operational companies of the holding to its main structure T2 Mobile . The restructuring neither required financial contributions nor left jobcut behind it . As a result , the number of legal bodies within the structure of Tele2 Russia was fairly reduced . The parent company is T2 RTK Holding , and its wholly owned subsidiary Т2-Mobile undertakes business operations under the “Tele2” brand .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "On February 12 , 2020 , Rostelecom entered into a legally binding agreement on purchasing of 55% of T2 RTK Holding shares with VTB Bank and a consortium of investors . The settlement and transfer of ownership as part of the 100%-share consolidation transaction was completed on March 16 , 2020 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Since February 2020 , the company is 100% owned by Rostelecom . Up intil February 2020 , each of the shareholders of T2RTK Holding had the right of preemption of the operator’s share . This rule was rooted in the holding’s Charter and it meant that if any of the owners received a proposal to sell his stake in total or partially , another owner could buy the stock at the price of the proposal within 30 days since the moment the third party claiming for purchase made the share sale offer .",
"title": "Ownership"
},
{
"text": "In March 2019 , it got about that Rostelecom would become the sole owner of Tele2 Russia , increasing its equity stake up to 100% . The information about it came up in January , and in February the Federal Agency for State Property Management ( Rosimushchestvo ) gave resolution to increase the share of the state-owned company .",
"title": "Ownership"
},
{
"text": " On March 12 , 2019 , it was announced that agreements on consolidating 100% of Tele2 Russia by Rostelecom were reached . It is specified that Rostelecom plans to preserve the brand and management of the company . According to Rostelecoms President Mikhail Oseevsky : Tele2 Russia has a strong team which proved successful with their results .",
"title": "Ownership"
},
{
"text": "On February 12 , 2020 , Rostelecom received 100% of T2 RTK Holding . 17.5% of Tele2 shares was bought with own funds of the public operator ; 27.5% was funded by the additional issue of Rostelecom shares in benefit of VTB , a further 10% was an exchange for 10% of its own common stock owned by its subsidiary Mobitel . On March 16 , 2020 , the settlement and ownership transfer as part of the 100%-share consolidation transaction was completed .",
"title": "Ownership"
},
{
"text": " T2 RTK Holding board of directors . T2 RTK Holding board of directors : - Yury Solovyev , Senior Vice-President of VTB Bank , Chairman of the Board ; - Dmitry Dorozhevets , Executive Director of VTB Capital ; - Boyan Ivanovich , Managing Director of VTB Capital ; - Mikhail Oseevsky , President of Rostelecom ; - Sergei Anokhin , Senior Vice-President in charge of Finance of Rostelecom ; - Vladimir Kirienko , Senior Vice-President for Business Development and Management of Rostelecom ;",
"title": "Management"
},
{
"text": "- Anna Shumeiko , Senior Vice-President , the Chief of Staff of the President of Rostelecom ;",
"title": "Management"
},
{
"text": " - Dmitri Lebedev , Managing Director of ABR Management ; - Alexander Pentya , Deputy Director General of ABR Management ; - Roman Vasilkov , Head of Corporate Control at Severgroup ; - Bruno Ducharme , Head of the investment company TIW Capital Partners — non-executive Director .",
"title": "Management"
},
{
"text": " - Sergey Emdin , Director General ; - Alexander Provotorov , First Deputy Director ; - Andrey Patoka , Deputy Director General for product , marketing and federal customers ; - Dmitry Lopatukhin , Operational Director ; - Nikolay Surikov , CFO ; - Alexey Telkov , CTO ; - Svetlana Skvortsova , Head of Strategic Budgeting ; - Elena Ivanova , HR Director ; - Igor Maystrenko , Sales and Mass Segment Development Director ; - Alexander Rogovoy , Corporate Development Director .",
"title": "Management of Т2-Mobile :"
},
{
"text": " Tele2 in Russia is a mobile network operator providing services under the standards GSM , 3G and LTE . Before it was sold to VTB , it had been the only foreign company successfully operating on the Russian cellular market . Until 2013 , Russia for Tele2 AB was the major market , which , as of 2010 , provided more than a half of subscribers in total and 34.7% ( the biggest percentage among all the countries ) of EBITDA .",
"title": "Operations"
},
{
"text": "In March 2020 , the company reported on financial and operational results for 2019 . As compared to 2018 , Tele2 Russia revenue rose 14% to 163,3 billion roubles , at year-end 2019 , the net profit totaled 6,6 billion roubles , the EBITDA increased by 50% and amounted to 65,6 billion roubles . As of December 31 , 2019 , the Tele2 Russia subscriber base counted 44.6 million people which is 5,3% more than in 2018 . The average revenue per user ( ARPU ) also increased by 8,3% to 305 roubles .",
"title": "Operations"
},
{
"text": " According to the Federal Service for Supervision of Communications , Information Technology and Mass Media ( Roskomnadzor ) , in 2018 , Tele2 demonstrated the best result of the LTE networks development rate within the sector , having doubled the number of LTE cell sites .",
"title": "Operations"
},
{
"text": " Originally , Tele2 Russia just like the Swedish company positioned itself as a discounter , accentuating the lowest price within the market . In 2016 , the company made a decision to move beyond and developed a new strategy named Lifestyle enabler .",
"title": "Lifestyle enabler"
},
{
"text": "The model Lifestyle enabler means that Tele2 Russia supports its clients’ interests in all areas of life . Within the frames of this strategy , the operator creates services beyond the telecom industry in partnership with other business sectors . So that , in 2017 , they launched a joint service with the Clouty online platform , which is an aggregator of online retailers . In June 2018 , a digital medicine project – an application allowing to get a telemedical advice - was launched in partnership with the company Doc+ . Among the other programs of the operator ,",
"title": "Lifestyle enabler"
},
{
"text": "there is an affiliate loyalty program with cashback to a mobile account , taxi services ( joint service with ) .",
"title": "Lifestyle enabler"
},
{
"text": " In October 2017 , Tele2 Russia started a loyalty program named “Bolshe” ( En : More ) which was intended for subscribers’ personal preferences . The operator offered to the customers an opportunity to save by two ways : either with the use of cashback or with discounts for partners’ goods and services .",
"title": "Lifestyle enabler"
},
{
"text": "When choosing the cashback , a subscriber can get up to 40% of a products cost to his mobile account . The money can be spent for mobile services or mobile commerce “Payments and transfers” . Any Tele 2 Russia subscriber , except for corporate plans users , can participate in the loyalty program . The programs partners include Yandex , Shokoladnitsa , AliExpress , Kino.Mail and others .",
"title": "Lifestyle enabler"
},
{
"text": " Communication platform “Other Rules” . In the beginning of 2017 , the operator presented a new communication strategy for 2017—2021 . The new concept involves an emphasis on innovative products that reflect the preferences of subscribers and support their lifestyle , and on excellent customer . The launch of the strategy was accompanied by the change of the corporate identity and slogan of the company . The new slogan sounds like “Tele2 . Other rules” .",
"title": "Lifestyle enabler"
},
{
"text": "New opportunities were announced at the strategy presentation : possibility to transfer the unused minutes and internet traffic to the next month . This new feature , unique for the Russian market , demonstrates the ideology of the new platform creating visibility and advantages for subscribers . In October 2017 , also first-ever on the Russian communications market , an additional feature was introduced – exchange of minutes to gigabytes .",
"title": "Lifestyle enabler"
},
{
"text": " On September 25 , 2019 , Tele2 Russia launched one-of-a-kind on the Russian telecom-market platform ‘Tele2 Exchange’ . This service allows subscribers from all over the country to post offers for sale of unemployed minutes and Gigabytes from their plan package and backward to buy them from a number of lots posted at the Exchange . The money from the sales goes to the mobile account and the subscriber can spend it to pay for the telecom services . Within the first month after the launch the service was used by 2.5 million people . eSIM .",
"title": "Lifestyle enabler"
},
{
"text": "On April 29 , 2019 Tele2 was the first in Russia to present an opportunity to switch over to eSIM in Moscow and Moscow region .",
"title": "Lifestyle enabler"
},
{
"text": " - In April 2019 , MTS , Megafon and Beeline made a stand against adoption of eSIM in Russia . On May 14 , 2019 , at the decision of the Ministry of Digital Development , Communications and Mass Media ( Minkomsvyaz ) , the release of Tele2 Russia eSim was suspended . On 20 September 2019 , the Ministry lifted the ban . 5G .",
"title": "Lifestyle enabler"
},
{
"text": "In August 2019 , Tele2 Russia in association with Ericsson launched the first in Russia pilot 5G zone in Tverskaya Street in Moscow providing full outdoor coverage from the Kremlin to the Garden Ring . The pilot 5G zone operates in the 28 GHz band in NSA ( Non-standalone ) mode , which allows deployment of 5G in LTE networks and simplifies the implementation of the latest standard at the initial stage .",
"title": "Lifestyle enabler"
},
{
"text": " On August 23 , 2019 , the company performed testing of subscriber equipment in the pilot 5G network . The device based on Qualcomm® mobile platform Snapdragon™ demonstrated a peak throughput of about 2.1 Gbit/s and a minimum latency of 9 msec .",
"title": "Lifestyle enabler"
},
{
"text": "In October 2019 , the company launched cloud games in the flagship store in Tverskaya street in Moscow to show the difference in the quality of gaming when connected to 4G and 5G networks . The game runs on a remote server , only the picture is transmitted to the users device . During the cloud game in 5G network the company achieved the speed of more than 1 Gbit/s with a latency of 5 msec .",
"title": "Lifestyle enabler"
},
{
"text": " February 17 , 2020 Tele2 conducted the first live broadcast on 5G networks in the urban environment in Russia . The live-stream was broadcast by Sony Xperia 5G device outdoors , on Tverskaya Street and Theater Square , in conditions of heavy traffic . During the tests , Sony mobile terminal based on the Qualcomm Snapdragon 855 chip and Qualcomm Snapdragon X50 modem provided a stable connection .",
"title": "Lifestyle enabler"
},
{
"text": "On August 15 , 2020 , Tele2 in association with a Swiss mobile operator Sunrise Tele2 launched 5G service for Russian subscribers arriving to Switzerland . The smartphones with fifth generation network support connect the 5G automatically when roaming .",
"title": "Lifestyle enabler"
},
{
"text": "In 2016 Tele2 Russia started to create mobile virtual network operators ( MVNOs ) – the operators which do not have their own infrastructure and therefore use the network of another mobile operator . It is usually established by businesses with extensive client base for providing mobile services to customers on their own account . By November 2017 , there were more than 10 MNVOs ( most of them in Russia ) on the basis of Tele2 , of these , Rostelecom , Sberbank , Multiregional TransitTelecom , Tinkoff Bank . In November , the company launched their own MVNE-platform",
"title": "Lifestyle enabler"
},
{
"text": "( mobile virtual network enabler ) , a set of standard systems , including billing , CRM , analytics tools and other components necessary for the work of MVNOs . With this platform , Tele2 Russia announced intention to streamline launching of MNVOs and create dozens of them each year . The company named this strategy “MNVO Factory” . Within 2018 , the number of Tele2-based MVNO subscribers increased by 75% to 1.75 million people .",
"title": "Lifestyle enabler"
},
{
"text": " According to the results of 2019 , there are more than 20 Tele2-based MNVOs ( the majority of them in Russia ) , including Rostelecom , Sbermobile , , Tinkoff Mobile , VTB Mobile . Their subscriber base reckons 3,75 million people , compared with last year , this figure increased by 115% .",
"title": "Lifestyle enabler"
},
{
"text": " In 2019 , Tele 2 launched the Pereplavka environmental project aimed at sensibilization of the necessity to process e-waste . Over the 3 weeks of the campaign , customers from 11 regions of Russia brought 1217 old mobile gadgets for processing . In October 2020 , Tele2 scaled the project up and set special boxes for e-waste in 579 brand stores in 60 regions of Russia . All the gadgets are sent to “Ecopolis” which the only complex of e-waste recycling factories in Russia .",
"title": "Corporate responsibility"
},
{
"text": " - Tele2 Russia Website ( English )",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Tele2_Russia#P127#2
|
Who was the owner of Tele2 Russia after Jan 2014?
|
Tele2 Russia Tele2 Russia is a Russian telecommunications company originally founded by Swedish Tele2 . It has been operating since 2003 . Since 2020 , Tele2 Russia is a wholly owned subsidiary of Rostelecom . At year-end 2019 , Tele2 Russia provides wireless services to more than 44.6 million subscribers . As of beginning of April 2019 , Tele2 is present in 67 subjects of Russia . Tele2 Russia functions as a group of companies , and the parent structure of the holding is named Limited Liability Company T2 RTK Holding with the headquarters in Moscow . Now the Russian company Tele2 Russia and the Swedish Tele2 AB are interconnected through the common brand and the corporate values of Tele2Way , which both companies propagate . Tele2Way values were established by the founder of the company Jan Stenbeck , and they reveal the essence of the company operation . History . The history of the company began in the 1990s when the American-Swedish Millicom International Cellular established mobile network operators which provided D-AMPS services in various regions of Russia . In 2001 Millicom sold its Russian assets to the Swedish holding Tele2 , which started implementing GSM services in its networks and moved them to their own brand . Tele2 started operations in Russia in 2003 . Within the first two years of operation in the Russian market ( 2003–2004 ) Tele2 started providing services in 12 regions . On March 27 , 2013 , it was announced that the Swedish group Tele2 decided to sell its Russian subsidiary Tele2 Russia to the VTB Group . On April 4 , the deal was completed . On October 17 , 2013 , the VTB Group closed the selling of 50% of Tele2 Russia shares to a consortium of private investors holding the Rossiya Bank , including Yury Kovalchuk ( the Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Rossiya Bank ) and Alexei Mordashov ( the Severstal co-owner ) , and also 5% of the shares were sold to Sogaz insurance group . On February 6 , 2014 , Rostelecom and Tele2 Russia signed a framed agreement on integration of mobile assets into the ownership capital of the joint venture ( JV ) T2 Rus Holding . This deal resulting in creation of a new federal high roller on the cellular market was completed within a year . According to the terms of the agreement , Rostelecom transferred its assets to the JV and became one of the stakeholders of the merged company . The joint venture was created on the basis of T2 Rus Holding ( later renamed into T2 RTK Holding ) , which owns all the operating companies of Tele2 Russia . On March 28 , 2014 , the first stage of the deal on integration of Rostelecom mobile assets and creation of a new federal cell operator was completed . Seven Rostelecom subsidiaries — Sky Link , , , BIT , Volgograd GSM , and AKOS-came under the operational and financial control of Tele2 Russia . Tele2 Russia also gained operational control over Rostelecoms mobile integrated assets ( Eline GSM , Tambov GSM , Uralsvyazinform , Dalsvyaz ) through RT-Mobile , an affiliate of Rostelecom , established on April 1 , 2014 . As a result , Rostelecom became the joint venturer with a share in the authorized capital of 45% in votes and 26% of economic share . On August 5 , 2014 , earlier than scheduled , Rostelecom completed the second and final stage of the deal with Tele2 Russia to create a new federal mobile operator , having transferred 100% of the shares of its affiliate RT-Mobile to the joint venture ( JV ) . As part of the reorganization , Rostelecoms integrated mobile assets were allocated to RT-Mobile and also the licenses were reissued for the company . The deal resulted in transfer of all Rostelecoms mobile assets to the JV . Consequently , Rostelecom became the joint venturer with a share in the authorized capital of 45% in votes and 45% of economic share , and Tele2 Russia represented by the newly established T2 RTK Holding gained a share in the authorized capital of 55% in votes and 55% of economic share , meaning that Tele2 Russia took control over the joint venture . Thus , it was the completion of creation of a national mobile operator with a wide range of licenses and frequencies throughout the country ( including 3G and LTE ) , which was present in 64 regions and had a significant share of 16% on the cellular market , provided by more than 38 million mobile subscribers . On June 16 , 2015 , the mobile operator completed their corporate restructuring by associating 33 operational companies of the holding to its main structure T2 Mobile . The restructuring neither required financial contributions nor left jobcut behind it . As a result , the number of legal bodies within the structure of Tele2 Russia was fairly reduced . The parent company is T2 RTK Holding , and its wholly owned subsidiary Т2-Mobile undertakes business operations under the “Tele2” brand . On February 12 , 2020 , Rostelecom entered into a legally binding agreement on purchasing of 55% of T2 RTK Holding shares with VTB Bank and a consortium of investors . The settlement and transfer of ownership as part of the 100%-share consolidation transaction was completed on March 16 , 2020 . Ownership . Since February 2020 , the company is 100% owned by Rostelecom . Up intil February 2020 , each of the shareholders of T2RTK Holding had the right of preemption of the operator’s share . This rule was rooted in the holding’s Charter and it meant that if any of the owners received a proposal to sell his stake in total or partially , another owner could buy the stock at the price of the proposal within 30 days since the moment the third party claiming for purchase made the share sale offer . In March 2019 , it got about that Rostelecom would become the sole owner of Tele2 Russia , increasing its equity stake up to 100% . The information about it came up in January , and in February the Federal Agency for State Property Management ( Rosimushchestvo ) gave resolution to increase the share of the state-owned company . On March 12 , 2019 , it was announced that agreements on consolidating 100% of Tele2 Russia by Rostelecom were reached . It is specified that Rostelecom plans to preserve the brand and management of the company . According to Rostelecoms President Mikhail Oseevsky : Tele2 Russia has a strong team which proved successful with their results . On February 12 , 2020 , Rostelecom received 100% of T2 RTK Holding . 17.5% of Tele2 shares was bought with own funds of the public operator ; 27.5% was funded by the additional issue of Rostelecom shares in benefit of VTB , a further 10% was an exchange for 10% of its own common stock owned by its subsidiary Mobitel . On March 16 , 2020 , the settlement and ownership transfer as part of the 100%-share consolidation transaction was completed . Management . T2 RTK Holding board of directors . T2 RTK Holding board of directors : - Yury Solovyev , Senior Vice-President of VTB Bank , Chairman of the Board ; - Dmitry Dorozhevets , Executive Director of VTB Capital ; - Boyan Ivanovich , Managing Director of VTB Capital ; - Mikhail Oseevsky , President of Rostelecom ; - Sergei Anokhin , Senior Vice-President in charge of Finance of Rostelecom ; - Vladimir Kirienko , Senior Vice-President for Business Development and Management of Rostelecom ; - Anna Shumeiko , Senior Vice-President , the Chief of Staff of the President of Rostelecom ; - Dmitri Lebedev , Managing Director of ABR Management ; - Alexander Pentya , Deputy Director General of ABR Management ; - Roman Vasilkov , Head of Corporate Control at Severgroup ; - Bruno Ducharme , Head of the investment company TIW Capital Partners — non-executive Director . Management of Т2-Mobile . Management of Т2-Mobile : - Sergey Emdin , Director General ; - Alexander Provotorov , First Deputy Director ; - Andrey Patoka , Deputy Director General for product , marketing and federal customers ; - Dmitry Lopatukhin , Operational Director ; - Nikolay Surikov , CFO ; - Alexey Telkov , CTO ; - Svetlana Skvortsova , Head of Strategic Budgeting ; - Elena Ivanova , HR Director ; - Igor Maystrenko , Sales and Mass Segment Development Director ; - Alexander Rogovoy , Corporate Development Director . Operations . Tele2 in Russia is a mobile network operator providing services under the standards GSM , 3G and LTE . Before it was sold to VTB , it had been the only foreign company successfully operating on the Russian cellular market . Until 2013 , Russia for Tele2 AB was the major market , which , as of 2010 , provided more than a half of subscribers in total and 34.7% ( the biggest percentage among all the countries ) of EBITDA . In March 2020 , the company reported on financial and operational results for 2019 . As compared to 2018 , Tele2 Russia revenue rose 14% to 163,3 billion roubles , at year-end 2019 , the net profit totaled 6,6 billion roubles , the EBITDA increased by 50% and amounted to 65,6 billion roubles . As of December 31 , 2019 , the Tele2 Russia subscriber base counted 44.6 million people which is 5,3% more than in 2018 . The average revenue per user ( ARPU ) also increased by 8,3% to 305 roubles . According to the Federal Service for Supervision of Communications , Information Technology and Mass Media ( Roskomnadzor ) , in 2018 , Tele2 demonstrated the best result of the LTE networks development rate within the sector , having doubled the number of LTE cell sites . Lifestyle enabler . Originally , Tele2 Russia just like the Swedish company positioned itself as a discounter , accentuating the lowest price within the market . In 2016 , the company made a decision to move beyond and developed a new strategy named Lifestyle enabler . The model Lifestyle enabler means that Tele2 Russia supports its clients’ interests in all areas of life . Within the frames of this strategy , the operator creates services beyond the telecom industry in partnership with other business sectors . So that , in 2017 , they launched a joint service with the Clouty online platform , which is an aggregator of online retailers . In June 2018 , a digital medicine project – an application allowing to get a telemedical advice - was launched in partnership with the company Doc+ . Among the other programs of the operator , there is an affiliate loyalty program with cashback to a mobile account , taxi services ( joint service with ) . In October 2017 , Tele2 Russia started a loyalty program named “Bolshe” ( En : More ) which was intended for subscribers’ personal preferences . The operator offered to the customers an opportunity to save by two ways : either with the use of cashback or with discounts for partners’ goods and services . When choosing the cashback , a subscriber can get up to 40% of a products cost to his mobile account . The money can be spent for mobile services or mobile commerce “Payments and transfers” . Any Tele 2 Russia subscriber , except for corporate plans users , can participate in the loyalty program . The programs partners include Yandex , Shokoladnitsa , AliExpress , Kino.Mail and others . Communication platform “Other Rules” . In the beginning of 2017 , the operator presented a new communication strategy for 2017—2021 . The new concept involves an emphasis on innovative products that reflect the preferences of subscribers and support their lifestyle , and on excellent customer . The launch of the strategy was accompanied by the change of the corporate identity and slogan of the company . The new slogan sounds like “Tele2 . Other rules” . New opportunities were announced at the strategy presentation : possibility to transfer the unused minutes and internet traffic to the next month . This new feature , unique for the Russian market , demonstrates the ideology of the new platform creating visibility and advantages for subscribers . In October 2017 , also first-ever on the Russian communications market , an additional feature was introduced – exchange of minutes to gigabytes . On September 25 , 2019 , Tele2 Russia launched one-of-a-kind on the Russian telecom-market platform ‘Tele2 Exchange’ . This service allows subscribers from all over the country to post offers for sale of unemployed minutes and Gigabytes from their plan package and backward to buy them from a number of lots posted at the Exchange . The money from the sales goes to the mobile account and the subscriber can spend it to pay for the telecom services . Within the first month after the launch the service was used by 2.5 million people . eSIM . On April 29 , 2019 Tele2 was the first in Russia to present an opportunity to switch over to eSIM in Moscow and Moscow region . - In April 2019 , MTS , Megafon and Beeline made a stand against adoption of eSIM in Russia . On May 14 , 2019 , at the decision of the Ministry of Digital Development , Communications and Mass Media ( Minkomsvyaz ) , the release of Tele2 Russia eSim was suspended . On 20 September 2019 , the Ministry lifted the ban . 5G . In August 2019 , Tele2 Russia in association with Ericsson launched the first in Russia pilot 5G zone in Tverskaya Street in Moscow providing full outdoor coverage from the Kremlin to the Garden Ring . The pilot 5G zone operates in the 28 GHz band in NSA ( Non-standalone ) mode , which allows deployment of 5G in LTE networks and simplifies the implementation of the latest standard at the initial stage . On August 23 , 2019 , the company performed testing of subscriber equipment in the pilot 5G network . The device based on Qualcomm® mobile platform Snapdragon™ demonstrated a peak throughput of about 2.1 Gbit/s and a minimum latency of 9 msec . In October 2019 , the company launched cloud games in the flagship store in Tverskaya street in Moscow to show the difference in the quality of gaming when connected to 4G and 5G networks . The game runs on a remote server , only the picture is transmitted to the users device . During the cloud game in 5G network the company achieved the speed of more than 1 Gbit/s with a latency of 5 msec . February 17 , 2020 Tele2 conducted the first live broadcast on 5G networks in the urban environment in Russia . The live-stream was broadcast by Sony Xperia 5G device outdoors , on Tverskaya Street and Theater Square , in conditions of heavy traffic . During the tests , Sony mobile terminal based on the Qualcomm Snapdragon 855 chip and Qualcomm Snapdragon X50 modem provided a stable connection . On August 15 , 2020 , Tele2 in association with a Swiss mobile operator Sunrise Tele2 launched 5G service for Russian subscribers arriving to Switzerland . The smartphones with fifth generation network support connect the 5G automatically when roaming . “MVNO Factory” . In 2016 Tele2 Russia started to create mobile virtual network operators ( MVNOs ) – the operators which do not have their own infrastructure and therefore use the network of another mobile operator . It is usually established by businesses with extensive client base for providing mobile services to customers on their own account . By November 2017 , there were more than 10 MNVOs ( most of them in Russia ) on the basis of Tele2 , of these , Rostelecom , Sberbank , Multiregional TransitTelecom , Tinkoff Bank . In November , the company launched their own MVNE-platform ( mobile virtual network enabler ) , a set of standard systems , including billing , CRM , analytics tools and other components necessary for the work of MVNOs . With this platform , Tele2 Russia announced intention to streamline launching of MNVOs and create dozens of them each year . The company named this strategy “MNVO Factory” . Within 2018 , the number of Tele2-based MVNO subscribers increased by 75% to 1.75 million people . According to the results of 2019 , there are more than 20 Tele2-based MNVOs ( the majority of them in Russia ) , including Rostelecom , Sbermobile , , Tinkoff Mobile , VTB Mobile . Their subscriber base reckons 3,75 million people , compared with last year , this figure increased by 115% . Corporate responsibility . In 2019 , Tele 2 launched the Pereplavka environmental project aimed at sensibilization of the necessity to process e-waste . Over the 3 weeks of the campaign , customers from 11 regions of Russia brought 1217 old mobile gadgets for processing . In October 2020 , Tele2 scaled the project up and set special boxes for e-waste in 579 brand stores in 60 regions of Russia . All the gadgets are sent to “Ecopolis” which the only complex of e-waste recycling factories in Russia . External links . - Tele2 Russia Website ( English )
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[
"T2 Rus Holding"
] |
[
{
"text": " Tele2 Russia is a Russian telecommunications company originally founded by Swedish Tele2 . It has been operating since 2003 . Since 2020 , Tele2 Russia is a wholly owned subsidiary of Rostelecom . At year-end 2019 , Tele2 Russia provides wireless services to more than 44.6 million subscribers . As of beginning of April 2019 , Tele2 is present in 67 subjects of Russia . Tele2 Russia functions as a group of companies , and the parent structure of the holding is named Limited Liability Company T2 RTK Holding with the headquarters in Moscow .",
"title": "Tele2 Russia"
},
{
"text": "Now the Russian company Tele2 Russia and the Swedish Tele2 AB are interconnected through the common brand and the corporate values of Tele2Way , which both companies propagate . Tele2Way values were established by the founder of the company Jan Stenbeck , and they reveal the essence of the company operation .",
"title": "Tele2 Russia"
},
{
"text": " The history of the company began in the 1990s when the American-Swedish Millicom International Cellular established mobile network operators which provided D-AMPS services in various regions of Russia . In 2001 Millicom sold its Russian assets to the Swedish holding Tele2 , which started implementing GSM services in its networks and moved them to their own brand . Tele2 started operations in Russia in 2003 . Within the first two years of operation in the Russian market ( 2003–2004 ) Tele2 started providing services in 12 regions .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "On March 27 , 2013 , it was announced that the Swedish group Tele2 decided to sell its Russian subsidiary Tele2 Russia to the VTB Group . On April 4 , the deal was completed .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " On October 17 , 2013 , the VTB Group closed the selling of 50% of Tele2 Russia shares to a consortium of private investors holding the Rossiya Bank , including Yury Kovalchuk ( the Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Rossiya Bank ) and Alexei Mordashov ( the Severstal co-owner ) , and also 5% of the shares were sold to Sogaz insurance group .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "On February 6 , 2014 , Rostelecom and Tele2 Russia signed a framed agreement on integration of mobile assets into the ownership capital of the joint venture ( JV ) T2 Rus Holding . This deal resulting in creation of a new federal high roller on the cellular market was completed within a year . According to the terms of the agreement , Rostelecom transferred its assets to the JV and became one of the stakeholders of the merged company . The joint venture was created on the basis of T2 Rus Holding ( later renamed into T2 RTK Holding",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": ") , which owns all the operating companies of Tele2 Russia .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "On March 28 , 2014 , the first stage of the deal on integration of Rostelecom mobile assets and creation of a new federal cell operator was completed . Seven Rostelecom subsidiaries — Sky Link , , , BIT , Volgograd GSM , and AKOS-came under the operational and financial control of Tele2 Russia . Tele2 Russia also gained operational control over Rostelecoms mobile integrated assets ( Eline GSM , Tambov GSM , Uralsvyazinform , Dalsvyaz ) through RT-Mobile , an affiliate of Rostelecom , established on April 1 , 2014 . As a result , Rostelecom became the joint",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "venturer with a share in the authorized capital of 45% in votes and 26% of economic share .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "On August 5 , 2014 , earlier than scheduled , Rostelecom completed the second and final stage of the deal with Tele2 Russia to create a new federal mobile operator , having transferred 100% of the shares of its affiliate RT-Mobile to the joint venture ( JV ) . As part of the reorganization , Rostelecoms integrated mobile assets were allocated to RT-Mobile and also the licenses were reissued for the company . The deal resulted in transfer of all Rostelecoms mobile assets to the JV . Consequently , Rostelecom became the joint venturer with a share in the authorized",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "capital of 45% in votes and 45% of economic share , and Tele2 Russia represented by the newly established T2 RTK Holding gained a share in the authorized capital of 55% in votes and 55% of economic share , meaning that Tele2 Russia took control over the joint venture . Thus , it was the completion of creation of a national mobile operator with a wide range of licenses and frequencies throughout the country ( including 3G and LTE ) , which was present in 64 regions and had a significant share of 16% on the cellular market , provided",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "by more than 38 million mobile subscribers .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " On June 16 , 2015 , the mobile operator completed their corporate restructuring by associating 33 operational companies of the holding to its main structure T2 Mobile . The restructuring neither required financial contributions nor left jobcut behind it . As a result , the number of legal bodies within the structure of Tele2 Russia was fairly reduced . The parent company is T2 RTK Holding , and its wholly owned subsidiary Т2-Mobile undertakes business operations under the “Tele2” brand .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "On February 12 , 2020 , Rostelecom entered into a legally binding agreement on purchasing of 55% of T2 RTK Holding shares with VTB Bank and a consortium of investors . The settlement and transfer of ownership as part of the 100%-share consolidation transaction was completed on March 16 , 2020 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Since February 2020 , the company is 100% owned by Rostelecom . Up intil February 2020 , each of the shareholders of T2RTK Holding had the right of preemption of the operator’s share . This rule was rooted in the holding’s Charter and it meant that if any of the owners received a proposal to sell his stake in total or partially , another owner could buy the stock at the price of the proposal within 30 days since the moment the third party claiming for purchase made the share sale offer .",
"title": "Ownership"
},
{
"text": "In March 2019 , it got about that Rostelecom would become the sole owner of Tele2 Russia , increasing its equity stake up to 100% . The information about it came up in January , and in February the Federal Agency for State Property Management ( Rosimushchestvo ) gave resolution to increase the share of the state-owned company .",
"title": "Ownership"
},
{
"text": " On March 12 , 2019 , it was announced that agreements on consolidating 100% of Tele2 Russia by Rostelecom were reached . It is specified that Rostelecom plans to preserve the brand and management of the company . According to Rostelecoms President Mikhail Oseevsky : Tele2 Russia has a strong team which proved successful with their results .",
"title": "Ownership"
},
{
"text": "On February 12 , 2020 , Rostelecom received 100% of T2 RTK Holding . 17.5% of Tele2 shares was bought with own funds of the public operator ; 27.5% was funded by the additional issue of Rostelecom shares in benefit of VTB , a further 10% was an exchange for 10% of its own common stock owned by its subsidiary Mobitel . On March 16 , 2020 , the settlement and ownership transfer as part of the 100%-share consolidation transaction was completed .",
"title": "Ownership"
},
{
"text": " T2 RTK Holding board of directors . T2 RTK Holding board of directors : - Yury Solovyev , Senior Vice-President of VTB Bank , Chairman of the Board ; - Dmitry Dorozhevets , Executive Director of VTB Capital ; - Boyan Ivanovich , Managing Director of VTB Capital ; - Mikhail Oseevsky , President of Rostelecom ; - Sergei Anokhin , Senior Vice-President in charge of Finance of Rostelecom ; - Vladimir Kirienko , Senior Vice-President for Business Development and Management of Rostelecom ;",
"title": "Management"
},
{
"text": "- Anna Shumeiko , Senior Vice-President , the Chief of Staff of the President of Rostelecom ;",
"title": "Management"
},
{
"text": " - Dmitri Lebedev , Managing Director of ABR Management ; - Alexander Pentya , Deputy Director General of ABR Management ; - Roman Vasilkov , Head of Corporate Control at Severgroup ; - Bruno Ducharme , Head of the investment company TIW Capital Partners — non-executive Director .",
"title": "Management"
},
{
"text": " - Sergey Emdin , Director General ; - Alexander Provotorov , First Deputy Director ; - Andrey Patoka , Deputy Director General for product , marketing and federal customers ; - Dmitry Lopatukhin , Operational Director ; - Nikolay Surikov , CFO ; - Alexey Telkov , CTO ; - Svetlana Skvortsova , Head of Strategic Budgeting ; - Elena Ivanova , HR Director ; - Igor Maystrenko , Sales and Mass Segment Development Director ; - Alexander Rogovoy , Corporate Development Director .",
"title": "Management of Т2-Mobile :"
},
{
"text": " Tele2 in Russia is a mobile network operator providing services under the standards GSM , 3G and LTE . Before it was sold to VTB , it had been the only foreign company successfully operating on the Russian cellular market . Until 2013 , Russia for Tele2 AB was the major market , which , as of 2010 , provided more than a half of subscribers in total and 34.7% ( the biggest percentage among all the countries ) of EBITDA .",
"title": "Operations"
},
{
"text": "In March 2020 , the company reported on financial and operational results for 2019 . As compared to 2018 , Tele2 Russia revenue rose 14% to 163,3 billion roubles , at year-end 2019 , the net profit totaled 6,6 billion roubles , the EBITDA increased by 50% and amounted to 65,6 billion roubles . As of December 31 , 2019 , the Tele2 Russia subscriber base counted 44.6 million people which is 5,3% more than in 2018 . The average revenue per user ( ARPU ) also increased by 8,3% to 305 roubles .",
"title": "Operations"
},
{
"text": " According to the Federal Service for Supervision of Communications , Information Technology and Mass Media ( Roskomnadzor ) , in 2018 , Tele2 demonstrated the best result of the LTE networks development rate within the sector , having doubled the number of LTE cell sites .",
"title": "Operations"
},
{
"text": " Originally , Tele2 Russia just like the Swedish company positioned itself as a discounter , accentuating the lowest price within the market . In 2016 , the company made a decision to move beyond and developed a new strategy named Lifestyle enabler .",
"title": "Lifestyle enabler"
},
{
"text": "The model Lifestyle enabler means that Tele2 Russia supports its clients’ interests in all areas of life . Within the frames of this strategy , the operator creates services beyond the telecom industry in partnership with other business sectors . So that , in 2017 , they launched a joint service with the Clouty online platform , which is an aggregator of online retailers . In June 2018 , a digital medicine project – an application allowing to get a telemedical advice - was launched in partnership with the company Doc+ . Among the other programs of the operator ,",
"title": "Lifestyle enabler"
},
{
"text": "there is an affiliate loyalty program with cashback to a mobile account , taxi services ( joint service with ) .",
"title": "Lifestyle enabler"
},
{
"text": " In October 2017 , Tele2 Russia started a loyalty program named “Bolshe” ( En : More ) which was intended for subscribers’ personal preferences . The operator offered to the customers an opportunity to save by two ways : either with the use of cashback or with discounts for partners’ goods and services .",
"title": "Lifestyle enabler"
},
{
"text": "When choosing the cashback , a subscriber can get up to 40% of a products cost to his mobile account . The money can be spent for mobile services or mobile commerce “Payments and transfers” . Any Tele 2 Russia subscriber , except for corporate plans users , can participate in the loyalty program . The programs partners include Yandex , Shokoladnitsa , AliExpress , Kino.Mail and others .",
"title": "Lifestyle enabler"
},
{
"text": " Communication platform “Other Rules” . In the beginning of 2017 , the operator presented a new communication strategy for 2017—2021 . The new concept involves an emphasis on innovative products that reflect the preferences of subscribers and support their lifestyle , and on excellent customer . The launch of the strategy was accompanied by the change of the corporate identity and slogan of the company . The new slogan sounds like “Tele2 . Other rules” .",
"title": "Lifestyle enabler"
},
{
"text": "New opportunities were announced at the strategy presentation : possibility to transfer the unused minutes and internet traffic to the next month . This new feature , unique for the Russian market , demonstrates the ideology of the new platform creating visibility and advantages for subscribers . In October 2017 , also first-ever on the Russian communications market , an additional feature was introduced – exchange of minutes to gigabytes .",
"title": "Lifestyle enabler"
},
{
"text": " On September 25 , 2019 , Tele2 Russia launched one-of-a-kind on the Russian telecom-market platform ‘Tele2 Exchange’ . This service allows subscribers from all over the country to post offers for sale of unemployed minutes and Gigabytes from their plan package and backward to buy them from a number of lots posted at the Exchange . The money from the sales goes to the mobile account and the subscriber can spend it to pay for the telecom services . Within the first month after the launch the service was used by 2.5 million people . eSIM .",
"title": "Lifestyle enabler"
},
{
"text": "On April 29 , 2019 Tele2 was the first in Russia to present an opportunity to switch over to eSIM in Moscow and Moscow region .",
"title": "Lifestyle enabler"
},
{
"text": " - In April 2019 , MTS , Megafon and Beeline made a stand against adoption of eSIM in Russia . On May 14 , 2019 , at the decision of the Ministry of Digital Development , Communications and Mass Media ( Minkomsvyaz ) , the release of Tele2 Russia eSim was suspended . On 20 September 2019 , the Ministry lifted the ban . 5G .",
"title": "Lifestyle enabler"
},
{
"text": "In August 2019 , Tele2 Russia in association with Ericsson launched the first in Russia pilot 5G zone in Tverskaya Street in Moscow providing full outdoor coverage from the Kremlin to the Garden Ring . The pilot 5G zone operates in the 28 GHz band in NSA ( Non-standalone ) mode , which allows deployment of 5G in LTE networks and simplifies the implementation of the latest standard at the initial stage .",
"title": "Lifestyle enabler"
},
{
"text": " On August 23 , 2019 , the company performed testing of subscriber equipment in the pilot 5G network . The device based on Qualcomm® mobile platform Snapdragon™ demonstrated a peak throughput of about 2.1 Gbit/s and a minimum latency of 9 msec .",
"title": "Lifestyle enabler"
},
{
"text": "In October 2019 , the company launched cloud games in the flagship store in Tverskaya street in Moscow to show the difference in the quality of gaming when connected to 4G and 5G networks . The game runs on a remote server , only the picture is transmitted to the users device . During the cloud game in 5G network the company achieved the speed of more than 1 Gbit/s with a latency of 5 msec .",
"title": "Lifestyle enabler"
},
{
"text": " February 17 , 2020 Tele2 conducted the first live broadcast on 5G networks in the urban environment in Russia . The live-stream was broadcast by Sony Xperia 5G device outdoors , on Tverskaya Street and Theater Square , in conditions of heavy traffic . During the tests , Sony mobile terminal based on the Qualcomm Snapdragon 855 chip and Qualcomm Snapdragon X50 modem provided a stable connection .",
"title": "Lifestyle enabler"
},
{
"text": "On August 15 , 2020 , Tele2 in association with a Swiss mobile operator Sunrise Tele2 launched 5G service for Russian subscribers arriving to Switzerland . The smartphones with fifth generation network support connect the 5G automatically when roaming .",
"title": "Lifestyle enabler"
},
{
"text": "In 2016 Tele2 Russia started to create mobile virtual network operators ( MVNOs ) – the operators which do not have their own infrastructure and therefore use the network of another mobile operator . It is usually established by businesses with extensive client base for providing mobile services to customers on their own account . By November 2017 , there were more than 10 MNVOs ( most of them in Russia ) on the basis of Tele2 , of these , Rostelecom , Sberbank , Multiregional TransitTelecom , Tinkoff Bank . In November , the company launched their own MVNE-platform",
"title": "Lifestyle enabler"
},
{
"text": "( mobile virtual network enabler ) , a set of standard systems , including billing , CRM , analytics tools and other components necessary for the work of MVNOs . With this platform , Tele2 Russia announced intention to streamline launching of MNVOs and create dozens of them each year . The company named this strategy “MNVO Factory” . Within 2018 , the number of Tele2-based MVNO subscribers increased by 75% to 1.75 million people .",
"title": "Lifestyle enabler"
},
{
"text": " According to the results of 2019 , there are more than 20 Tele2-based MNVOs ( the majority of them in Russia ) , including Rostelecom , Sbermobile , , Tinkoff Mobile , VTB Mobile . Their subscriber base reckons 3,75 million people , compared with last year , this figure increased by 115% .",
"title": "Lifestyle enabler"
},
{
"text": " In 2019 , Tele 2 launched the Pereplavka environmental project aimed at sensibilization of the necessity to process e-waste . Over the 3 weeks of the campaign , customers from 11 regions of Russia brought 1217 old mobile gadgets for processing . In October 2020 , Tele2 scaled the project up and set special boxes for e-waste in 579 brand stores in 60 regions of Russia . All the gadgets are sent to “Ecopolis” which the only complex of e-waste recycling factories in Russia .",
"title": "Corporate responsibility"
},
{
"text": " - Tele2 Russia Website ( English )",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Daniel_Ricciardo#P641#0
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What sport did Daniel Ricciardo participate before Feb 2005?
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Daniel Ricciardo Daniel Joseph Ricciardo ( Ricardo ; born 1 July 1989 ) is an Italian-Australian racing driver who is currently competing in Formula One , under the Australian flag , for McLaren . He made his debut at the 2011 British Grand Prix with the HRT team as part of a deal with Red Bull Racing , for whom he was test driving under its sister team Scuderia Toro Rosso . Ricciardo’s driver number is 3 . Ricciardo joined Toro Rosso in 2012 full-time after the team changed its driver lineup and drove a Ferrari-powered car for them in 2012 and 2013 . In 2014 , Ricciardo was promoted to Red Bull as a replacement for the retired Mark Webber alongside multiple time world champion Sebastian Vettel . In his first season with Red Bull under Renault power , Ricciardo finished third in the championship with his first three Formula One wins , in Canada , Hungary , and Belgium . After two years without a victory , Ricciardo returned to the top of the podium at the 2016 Malaysian Grand Prix , eventually sealing third in the championship for the second time in three years at the 2016 Mexican Grand Prix . He has since added victories at the Azerbaijan Grand Prix in 2017 and the Chinese and Monaco Grands Prix in 2018 . After 2018 , Ricciardo signed with Renault and has raced for them in the 2019 and 2020 seasons . He joined McLaren for the 2021 and Formula One seasons , alongside Lando Norris . In March 2021 , he ventured into the wine industry through a private project , with a collection of wine with acclaimed winemaker St . Hugo . Personal life . Daniel Joseph Ricciardo was born on 1 July 1989 in Perth , Western Australia , to Italian parents of Ficarra born father Giuseppe Joe Ricciardo and Australian born mother Grace , with parents originally from Casignana . Ricciardo also has a sister ; Michelle . Growing up in Duncraig , one of Perths northern suburbs , Ricciardos earliest memories of motorsports were of his father racing at the nearby Barbagallo Raceway in Wanneroo . He attended high school at Newman College . Ricciardo pronounces his surname Ricardo instead of the Italian pronunciation Rit-chi-ardo , attributing this to the way it was usually pronounced growing up in Australia and by his family . He is often referred to as the honey badger in reference to his racing style , explaining how Its supposed to be the most fearless animal in the animal kingdom . When you look at it , he seems quite cute and cuddly , but as soon as someone crosses his territory in a way he doesnt like , he turns into a bit of a savage and hell go after anything – tigers , pythons – he turns very quickly , but hes a good guy . Growing up as a fan of NASCAR Cup Series driver Dale Earnhardt , Ricciardo adopted the number 3 as his racing number in honour of him . Ricciardo supports the AFLs West Coast Eagles and was the clubs number-one ticket holder in 2015 and 2016 . Career . Formula Ford and Formula BMW . Born in Perth , Western Australia , Ricciardo started karting at the age of nine , as a member of the Tiger Kart Club ( TKC ) and entered numerous karting events . In 2005 , he entered the Western Australian Formula Ford championship driving a 15-year-old Van Diemen , finishing eighth by seasons end . Towards the end of the season , Ricciardo took a leased 13-year-old Van Diemen across to Sandown Raceway in Melbourne to compete at the national Formula Ford series but his ageing car was uncompetitive as he finished 16th , 17th and retired during the weekends three races . The following year , however , he won a scholarship into the Formula BMW Asian championship with Eurasia Motorsport . During his début season , Ricciardo took two victories ( both at Bira ) and also achieved a pole position at Zhuhai . He finished third in the Drivers Championship with 231 points , 59 points behind the champion Earl Bamber . In August that year , he was given an outing with Motaworld Racing to race at the eighth meeting of the Formula BMW UK championship . Despite retiring from the first race , Ricciardo recovered to finish eighth in the second race and took three championship points in his only entry in the British championship . At the end of the year , he entered the Formula BMW World Final with Fortec Motorsport where he finished in fifth position , 14 seconds off winner Christian Vietoris . Formula Renault . 2007 saw Ricciardo switch categories to Formula Renault with RP Motorsport , entering the European and Italian championships of the category , although mainly focused on the latter series as he entered 14 races to the four entries he took in the European championship . He finished the year seventh in the Italian series with 196 points and scoring a single podium at Valencia but failed to score a point in his handful of starts in the European races . Ricciardo stayed in Formula Renault for a second year in 2008 , entering the European and Western European championships . By the end of the year , the young driver took his first European title in the Western European Cup and finished second in the Eurocup to Finn Valtteri Bottas . Formula Three . During the mid-part of the 2008 season , Ricciardo made his Formula Three début at the Nürburgring , entering SG Formulas Formula 3 Euro Series team . Despite only a short amount of experience in the car , Ricciardo qualified in eighth for the first race which later converted into sixth in the race after James Jakes and Christian Vietoris stalled on the grid . But he struggled in the reverse-grid race , finishing just fifteenth . Ricciardo moved to the British Formula 3 Championship for the 2009 season driving for Carlin Motorsport . He also made his debut in the 3.5-litre World Series by Renault championship , racing alongside Charles Pic at Tech 1 Racing for the rounds at the Autódromo Internacional do Algarve in Portugal . He retired from the first race , before finishing fifteenth in the second . When he returned to Formula Three , he extended his championship lead to 45 points before returning to the Portuguese circuit . A win and a third in the British-registered cars , gave him an unassailable 64-point lead over Renger van der Zande with just 42 available . This meant that Ricciardo became the first Australian driver since David Brabham in 1989 to win the British Formula 3 title . Just like Brabham , Ricciardo won the title in a car powered by a Volkswagen engine . Ricciardo finished the season on a high , taking both pole positions for the final round of the series , at Brands Hatch . He won the first race by fifteen seconds , and finished fourth ( third in British-registered cars as Marcus Ericsson was running in the Invitational Class ) in the season-ending race . His championship winning margin was 87 points as Walter Grubmüller overhauled his teammate van der Zande , who was absent from the weekend due to a conflicting Euroseries race in Barcelona . Ricciardo continued his partnership with Carlin , by heading to the Macau Grand Prix with the team . Ricciardo quickly gathered pace at the circuit , being second fastest ( and fastest rookie ) behind Marcus Ericsson in first qualifying , before winding up in fifth place in second qualifying , setting the grid for the qualifying race . Following a sixth place in the qualifying race , Ricciardo was forced to retire on the first lap of the main race after hitting a wall at San Francisco . He continued with a puncture up the hill before hitting the wall at the Solitude Esses , and caused a circuit-blocking incident , which also took out seven of his rivals . Formula Renault 3.5 Series . On 30 October 2009 , Ricciardo was signed by Tech 1 to compete in the 2010 season . He had competed with the team at the Autódromo Internacional do Algarve in Portugal in 2009 , and was the teammate to Brendon Hartley , another driver who drove for Tech 1 over the season . Following a minor incident during a mountain bike exercise , Ricciardo was forced to miss the second test of the 2010 season , but went on to take pole position for both races at the season-opening round of the 2010 season in Alcañiz , Spain . He finished third and second in the races respectively , to leave himself at the head of the championship standings . Two weeks later , at the Spa-Francorchamps circuit , Ricciardo was relegated to last on the grid after being deemed to have hindered the laps of other drivers . In the next two races he finished 13th and fifth respectively – coming 2nd in the latter until many of the front-runners were given penalties for infringing the parc ferme rules before the race . One week later , in Monte Carlo , Ricciardo secured his third pole position of the season , finishing three-tenths of a second ahead of championship rival Stefano Coletti . He secured his first win at the following race , one place ahead of Coletti . Ricciardo went on to secure two more wins at the Hungaroring and at Hockenheim in commanding fashion . Following Ricciardos sixth pole from 12 races , Tech 1 team boss , Simon Abadie , praised his drivers efforts greatly , saying I am happy , and happy for Daniel because six poles in 12 races is good going , and later stated his teams ambitions for success , by telling Autosport correspondent Peter Mills , I really hopes Daniel wins the championship . At the first race at the Silverstone circuit , Ricciardo was involved in a spectacular incident with pole-sitter Jon Lancaster , in which Ricciardo was sent into a barrel roll , eventually landing on his wheels . The crash saw the end of his race , with teammate Jean-Éric Vergne becoming the eventual winner , following disqualifications . Securing pole for the second race of the weekend , Ricciardo spent much of the race leading the pack by upwards of three seconds . However , braking issues in the second half of the event meant that , on the final lap , championship-rival Esteban Guerrieri was able to pass the Tech 1 racer . Going into the final round of the season , Ricciardo sat just three points behind championship leader Mikhail Aleshin and 13 ahead of third-place man Esteban Guerrieri . Managing his 8th pole of the season , Ricciardo managed a lights-to-flag victory , setting the fastest lap and placing himself equal first with one race remaining . After securing second place on the grid for the second race of the weekend , Ricciardo managed to hold position until the pit stops , where he was successfully jumped by two of his rivals , including teammate Vergne . With only two laps left in the race and struggling for pace , Ricciardo was overtaken by championship rival Aleshin . Finishing in that order , Ricciardo failed to secure the title in his debut year , losing out to Mikhail Aleshin by only two points . In 2011 Ricciardo raced for ISR Racing prior to his HRT call-up . Formula One . Ricciardo made his track debut at the wheel of a Formula One car , when he tested for Red Bull Racing at the young drivers test at Circuito de Jerez over three days , from 1–3 December 2009 . On the final day of testing he clocked the fastest time of the test by over a second . This placed him as the only driver to go into the 1:17 bracket . Red Bull Racings team manager Christian Horner suggested that Ricciardo may replace his 2010 World Series teammate Hartley as the teams test and reserve driver . As it turned out , Ricciardo and Hartley were to share test and reserve duties for both Red Bull , and sister team Scuderia Toro Rosso until the latter was removed from the Red Bull Junior team . On 11 November 2010 , Ricciardo was confirmed as the single driver to represent Red Bull Racing at the end-of-season young drivers test at the Yas Marina Circuit , on 16–17 November . At the announcement , he commented , I cant wait to get another crack at driving Red Bull Racings amazing Formula One car . Ricciardo continued to show his one-lap prowess and dominated the event , with his fastest lap being 1.3 seconds faster than World Champion Sebastian Vettels qualifying lap the Saturday before . Days after completing this session Ricciardo was confirmed as Toro Rossos test and reserve driver for the season , and would take part in the first free practice session of each race weekend . Franz Tost , Toro Rosso team principal stated that having a hungry youngster on the books will keep our current driver pairing nice and sharp , referring to then Toro Rosso drivers Jaime Alguersuari and Sébastien Buemi . Ricciardo would also make an appearance in pre-season testing for the 2011 Formula One season , driving for Scuderia Toro Rosso . At the 2011 Australian Grand Prix , Ricciardo was placed 16th on the timesheets after opening practice , just one-tenth slower than his experienced Toro Rosso teammate Sebastian Buemi . Ricciardo managed to later finish eighth in practice for the wet Turkish Grand Prix Friday practice one session , a place ahead of competitor Buemi . HRT ( 2011 ) . On 30 June 2011 , Ricciardo was contracted to Hispania Racing by Red Bull Racing , replacing Narain Karthikeyan for all the remaining races of the 2011 season except the , to allow Karthikeyan to race at his home Grand Prix . Ricciardo made his Grand Prix debut at the 2011 British Grand Prix at Silverstone . However , on 22 October 2011 , a few days before the inaugural Indian Grand Prix , the race where Karthikeyan was due to gain back his seat for his home race , HRT F1 announced that Vitantonio Liuzzi made way for Karthikeyan , allowing Ricciardo to race in India and extend his learning curve that Red Bull Racing paid the struggling Spanish team to do , as well as allowing Karthikeyan to race in front of his home fans . In Abu Dhabi , Ricciardo retired with mechanical problems after starting 20th on the grid and in the final race at the , Ricciardo finished 20th after starting 22nd on the grid . Toro Rosso ( 2012–2013 ) . 2012 . On 14 December 2011 , it was confirmed that Ricciardo would drive for the Scuderia Toro Rosso for the 2012 season , alongside Frenchman Jean-Éric Vergne . At the 2012 Australian Grand Prix on 18 March 2012 , Ricciardo managed to overtake his teammate Vergne late on the last lap to come home in ninth place , securing his first two World Championship points . In wet conditions in Malaysia he finished 12th , after having been first to switch to slick tyres . In Bahrain he qualified sixth , but dropped back during the race and finished 15th . In Monaco he suffered his only retirement of the season , after having started from 15th position . 2013 . On 31 October 2012 , Toro Rosso announced the re-signing of Ricciardo for the 2013 season . Ricciardo out-scored his teammate Jean-Éric Vergne by seven points and out-qualified him in over 3/4 of the season . His impressive qualifying efforts of 30–7 against Vergne over their two years together help promote him to Toro Rosso senior team , Red Bull , replacing fellow countryman Mark Webber . Ricciardo finished 13th in the championship with 20 points . Red Bull ( 2014–2018 ) . Ricciardo replaced Mark Webber at Infiniti Red Bull Racing at the start of the 2014 Formula One season , partnering Sebastian Vettel , a four-time world champion . 2014 . In the first race of the season , the , Ricciardo qualified in second place behind Lewis Hamilton and completed the race in second place , despite pressure from rookie Kevin Magnussen in the final laps . Ricciardo was later disqualified , as his car was ruled to have exceeded the mandated hourly fuel flow rate limit . Had he not been disqualified , it would have marked the first time an Australian had made the podium at the Australian Grand Prix since the race became part of the World Championship . Infiniti Red Bull Racing filed an appeal against the disqualification which was rejected by the International Court of Appeal , the FIA decision being upheld . Ricciardo failed to finish in the , but managed to record his first points of the 2014 season at the , where he finished fourth , after starting in 13th position . By winning at the , Ricciardo became the fourth Australian to win a Grand Prix in Formula One , joining Jack Brabham , Alan Jones and Mark Webber . His victory in Canada broke the chain of six Mercedes victories that marked the beginning of the 2014 season . Ricciardo impressed many by beating Vettel throughout the first half of the 2014 season , and after a clean and tight battle between Ricciardo and Fernando Alonso at the , Alonso described Ricciardo as unbelievable and very , very smart , very respectful . Ricciardo won the on 27 July , ahead of Alonso and Lewis Hamilton . He was in third place behind Alonso and Hamilton with less than four laps remaining and overtook Hamiltons Mercedes with a pass on the outside of the Hungarorings turn two . He then easily caught and passed Alonsos Ferrari as he had very little grip left on his tyres – television footage of his left front tyre after the race showed it to be badly blistered . In the final two laps , Ricciardo pulled away to win the race by 5.225 seconds . His teammate Vettel survived a spin coming onto the main straight late in the race to finish seventh . Ricciardo became the second Australian to win the Hungarian Grand Prix , after Mark Webbers victory – also for Red Bull – in 2010 . Ricciardo then went on to score his third victory of his career to go back to back in Belgium , become the first Australian to win there since Jack Brabham in , also making him the only non-Mercedes driver to have won a Grand Prix in 2014 . On 4 October 2014 , it was announced that Ricciardo would partner Daniil Kvyat for the season , following the announcement of Vettels departure from the team . In his first season for Red Bull Racing , Ricciardo confirmed third place in the drivers championship at the , despite it being his first retirement since the . In the final race of the season , the , despite starting from the pit lane due to a front wing infringement , Ricciardo finished in fourth place and secured the first fastest lap of his Formula One career . For his 2014 performances , Ricciardo won the Laureus World Sports Award for Breakthrough of the Year in April 2015 . 2015 . On 8 February 2015 , during the third episode of series 22 of the popular British motoring television programme Top Gear , Ricciardo became the fastest Formula One driver to perform a lap of the Top Gear test track during the Star in a Reasonably Priced Car feature , beating the previous record-holder Lewis Hamilton with a time of 1:42.2 . In 2015 , Red Bull slipped behind Ferrari and Williams in their efforts to take the title fight to Mercedes . The Red Bull cars were held back by the Renault power unit having been out-developed by Mercedes and Ferrari . The RB11 only showed pace in slow and twisty high downforce tracks or in rain , highlighting the cars strong chassis . Ricciardo achieved his first top five finish in Monaco with fifth and the fastest lap of the race . While tussling for second in Hungary with Nico Rosberg , his race winning charge ground to a halt when the two clashed while hunting down Sebastian Vettel . Ricciardo managed to finish third behind his teammate . It was his first podium since the 2014 United States Grand Prix . He recorded his second podium of the season in Singapore where he finished second and recorded his third fastest lap of the season . Ricciardo finished the season with 92 points in eighth place in the championship , three points behind teammate Daniil Kvyat . He out-qualified Kvyat 14–5 . 2016 . In a much more competitive Red Bull , Ricciardo began the season well , finishing 4th in both Australia and Bahrain and qualifying 2nd and then leading early on in the Chinese Grand Prix before suffering a tyre blowout and finishing in 4th again . Ricciardo qualified third at the Spanish Grand Prix , and after the two Mercedes cars of Lewis Hamilton and Nico Rosberg crashed out on the first lap , he led the early stages of the race . After a remarkable strategy call by Ferrari resulting in a very short third stint for Sebastian Vettel , Red Bull decided to answer this by pitting Ricciardo again and cover Vettel , also going for the presumed faster three-stop strategy . This dropped him behind Vettel , new teammate Max Verstappen and Kimi Räikkönen on track , and after a few failed attempts at passing Vettel , a tyre blowout late on in the race meant that he finished fourth again , behind eventual winner Verstappen , and the Ferraris of Räikkönen and Vettel . Ricciardo scored his first pole position at the Monaco Grand Prix , and led the early wet stages of the race . However , after a very long pitstop in which his team took nearly 40 seconds to ready a set of tyres he lost the race lead to Lewis Hamilton and finished the race in 2nd . Ricciardo was notably upset after the race result , saying : Two weekends in a row Ive been screwed now . It sucks . It hurts . Ricciardo returned to the podium in Hungary , finishing third , and in Germany , where he finished second . On the podium in Germany , Ricciardo performed a new celebration , where he drank champagne out of his shoe . He calls this celebration the shoey . He repeated the celebration at the Belgian Grand Prix ( where he came second again ) , this time persuading podium interviewer Mark Webber to also drink from the shoe . Ricciardo qualified and finished second at the Singapore Grand Prix , after pushing eventual winner Rosberg hard near the end , a late strategy change pushing him to under half a second behind at the finish line . Ricciardo qualified fourth at the Malaysian Grand Prix but moved up to second into turn one , after a collision between Sebastian Vettel and Nico Rosberg . He then took the lead late on in the race when leader Lewis Hamilton retired with an engine failure . After fighting with his Red Bull teammate Verstappen , Ricciardo took his first victory of the season . He repeated his shoey celebration on the podium , and was able to get team boss Christian Horner as well as podium sharers Verstappen and Rosberg to repeat the celebration . Ricciardo eventually sealed third in the Drivers Championship following a podium finish in Mexico . Other than Sergio Pérez , he is the only driver to have been classified in every race of the 2016 season . In fact , save for just two races in which Ricciardo equalled the previous years result , he improved on every other race result from 2015 . 2017 . Ricciardo qualified 10th in Australia after spinning into the tyre barrier in Q3 . He incurred a five-place grid penalty due to an unscheduled gearbox change as a result from the crash . A gearbox sensor issue prevented him from taking the start and when he did get going , two laps down , a sudden fuel pressure problem ended his race after 25 laps . He won his fifth Grand Prix at the first Azerbaijan Grand Prix , after qualifying 10th . He finished on the podium five times in a row between Spain and Austria , and then three times in a row between Singapore and Japan . Despite having maintained fourth in the drivers championship for much of the season , retirements in three of the last four races ( including the final race at Abu Dhabi ) saw Ricciardo drop down to 5th in the championship , five points behind Kimi Räikkönen . 2018 . Ricciardo started the season with a fourth-place in Australia , from eighth on the grid after a three-place penalty for speeding under red flag conditions . In Bahrain , he recorded a non-finish after an electrical failure on the second lap . His result in the 2018 Chinese Grand Prix was much better , taking a commanding victory by almost nine seconds , after starting sixth on the grid . At the 2018 Azerbaijan Grand Prix , Ricciardo was fighting for fourth with teammate Max Verstappen in the latter half of the race . His front wing made heavy contact with his teammates rear , and the incident caused both drivers to retire . At the 2018 Spanish Grand Prix , Ricciardo finished fifth and set the track record , despite spinning under the virtual safety car . Coming into the 2018 Monaco Grand Prix , Ricciardo and Verstappen were considered favourites to win the race due to their cars superior chassis and down-force . Ricciardo topped all three practice sessions before qualifying , breaking the lap record with each session . Ricciardo managed to secure the second pole of his career at Monaco , topping every qualifying session as well and setting a new lap record again . In the race , Ricciardo managed to hold off the Ferrari of Sebastian Vettel to take his first Monaco Grand Prix victory and his first Grand Prix win from pole position , despite having to manage a loss of power due to a MGU-K power output issue throughout the race . Later in the season , he tied for the most retirements in the 2018 season , with 8 retirements in total . He managed four fastest laps for the season , in Australia , China , Spain and Hungary and finished the season sixth in the World Drivers Championship with 170 points . Renault ( 2019–2020 ) . On 3 August 2018 , it was announced that Ricciardo had signed a two-year contract to drive for Renault . 2019 . Ricciardos teammate for the 2019 season was Nico Hülkenberg . Ricciardo had a poor start to the season with retirements in the first two races , from front wing damage in Australia and power failure in Bahrain . A 7th-place finish in China followed . In Azerbaijan , Ricciardo reversed into Daniil Kvyat when both cars stopped after an overtake attempt by Ricciardo , causing race-ending damage for both drivers and Ricciardos third retirement in four races . Six consecutive race finishes followed , including a strong 4th place in qualifying and 6th-place finish in Canada . Ricciardo then suffered an exhaust failure at the German Grand Prix . At the Italian Grand Prix , Ricciardo finished in 4th place , his best result of the year . Teammate Hülkenberg finished in 5th , contributing to Renaults best finish since the team returned to the sport in . Ricciardo was involved in a first-lap collision in Russia , leading to his eventual retirement . He was initially classified 6th in Japan , before both Renault cars were disqualified ten days later for using illegal driver aids . Three consecutive points finishes followed , with strong 6th-place finishes in the United States and Brazil . Ricciardo ended a relatively disappointing season for Renault in 9th place in the championship , with 54 points , ahead of teammate Hülkenberg . 2020 . Ricciardo had a new teammate for the 2020 season with Hülkenberg being replaced by Esteban Ocon . Ricciardo started the season with a retirement at the 2020 Austrian Grand Prix . In this next race , the 2020 Styrian Grand Prix , Ricciardo was running in 6th place with 2 laps to go before an overtake attempt by Lance Stroll forced Ricciardo wide , causing his to lose positions to Stroll and also Lando Norris . He ended the race in 8th after a close ending with Stroll and Sergio Pérez . Ricciardo qualified 11th at the 2020 Hungarian Grand Prix , and finished the race in 8th place . At the 2020 British Grand Prix , Ricciardo finished in 4th place , equaling his best result for Renault . He was running in 6th place before late punctures to Carlos Sainz Jr . and Valtteri Bottas promoted him up to 4th . He was close to overtaking Charles Leclerc for his first podium in 2 years , but missed it by 1.2 seconds . At the 70th Anniversary Grand Prix , Ricciardo qualified 5th , but a spin midway through the race led to a 14th place finish . Ricciardo qualified 13th and finished 11th at the next race in Spain . Ricciardo would go on a 11 race point-scoring streak until the end of the season , starting with the 2020 Belgian Grand Prix . He qualified and finished in 4th place , as well as taking the fastest lap on the last lap of the race . At the 2020 Italian Grand Prix , he qualified 7th and finished in 6th place . At the 2020 Tuscan Grand Prix , he qualified 8th and was running in 3rd place for the majority of the race , but Alex Albon of Red Bull overtook Ricciardo , leaving him to have to settle for 4th place . At the Russian Grand Prix , Ricciardo was fastest in the second qualifying segment , but only managed to qualify in 5th place . In the race , he finished in 5th place despite a 5 second penalty . At the 2020 Eifel Grand Prix , Ricciardo qualified 6th before going on to score the teams first podium since the 2011 Malaysian Grand Prix . This was Ricciardos first podium since joining Renault , and his first since the 2018 Monaco Grand Prix . In the next race , the 2020 Portuguese Grand Prix , he started 10th after having a crash towards the end of second segment of qualifying , damaging his rear wing . He finished 9th in the race . He reached the podium a second time for Renault at the 2020 Emilia Romagna Grand Prix . Starting 5th on the grid , he overtook Pierre Gasly on the first lap , before being overcut by Pérez after being stuck behind traffic . However , a tyre failure and retirement of former teammate Max Verstappen and a strategy error by Pérez’s team Racing Point allowed him to finish in 3rd place . In the 2020 Bahrain Grand Prix , he started 6th , and overtook Valtteri Bottas on the first lap . However , following a red flag he had a poor second start , which dropped him down to 10th place . He eventually finished in 7th place . At the 2020 Sakhir Grand Prix , he had a chance of a podium after Charles Leclerc , Max Verstappen , and Sergio Pérez all collided in the first lap of the race . But a mistimed second pit stop caused Ricciardo to be overtaken , ending the race in 5th place . In his final race for Renault at the 2020 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix , he only managed 12th on the grid , however a good first stint allowed him to exit the pits in 7th place . He also took the fastest lap of the race on the final lap . He finished in 5th place in the championship standings with 119 points , 6 points behind Sergio Pérez in fourth . McLaren ( 2021– ) . After two years at Renault F1 Team , Ricciardo joined McLaren for the 2021 Formula One World Championship as a replacement for Carlos Sainz Jr . who signed a multi-year deal with Ferrari . His team mate for 2021 is Lando Norris , who was retained by the team . Regarding his new contract , Ricciardo admitted that before signing for McLaren he had held talks with Ferrari about taking over Sebastian Vettels seat but Ferrari had instead signed Sainz . He subsequently placed 7th in the 2021 season opener in Bahrain , having qualified 6th . At the following race , the 2021 Emilia Romagna Grand Prix , he finished 6th , having once again qualified in the same position . At the third race of the season in Portugal , Ricciardo suffered a shock exit in qualifying , being knocked out of Q1 and starting the race from 16th . During the race he worked his way through the field and ended in a points-scoring position in ninth , helping McLaren maintain third place in the constructors championship . At the Spanish Grand Prix , Ricciardo qualified seventh , but managed to climb to fifth on the opening lap . He defended fifth from Red Bull driver Sergio Pérez until lap 45 , where Pérez was able to get past at turn 1 . He finished sixth , marking the first time in the season he finished ahead of Norris . Awards . - BRDC The Bruce McLaren Trophy : 2013 - Trofeo Lorenzo Bandini : 2014 - Confartigianato Motori Driver of the Year : 2014 - GQ Australia Sportsman of the Year : 2014 - BRDC The Bruce McLaren Trophy : 2014 - BRDC The Innes Ireland Trophy : 2014 - BRDC The Innes Ireland Trophy : 2015 - Laureus World Sports Award for Breakthrough Performance of the Year : 2015 - BRDC The Bruce McLaren Trophy : 2016 - Confartigianato Motori Driver of the Year : 2018 Racing record . Racing career summary . <nowiki>*</nowiki> Season still in progress . Complete Formula One results . <nowiki>*</nowiki> Season still in progress. External links . - Profile at Formula1.com
|
[
"Formula Ford",
"Formula BMW"
] |
[
{
"text": " Daniel Joseph Ricciardo ( Ricardo ; born 1 July 1989 ) is an Italian-Australian racing driver who is currently competing in Formula One , under the Australian flag , for McLaren . He made his debut at the 2011 British Grand Prix with the HRT team as part of a deal with Red Bull Racing , for whom he was test driving under its sister team Scuderia Toro Rosso . Ricciardo’s driver number is 3 .",
"title": "Daniel Ricciardo"
},
{
"text": "Ricciardo joined Toro Rosso in 2012 full-time after the team changed its driver lineup and drove a Ferrari-powered car for them in 2012 and 2013 . In 2014 , Ricciardo was promoted to Red Bull as a replacement for the retired Mark Webber alongside multiple time world champion Sebastian Vettel . In his first season with Red Bull under Renault power , Ricciardo finished third in the championship with his first three Formula One wins , in Canada , Hungary , and Belgium .",
"title": "Daniel Ricciardo"
},
{
"text": "After two years without a victory , Ricciardo returned to the top of the podium at the 2016 Malaysian Grand Prix , eventually sealing third in the championship for the second time in three years at the 2016 Mexican Grand Prix . He has since added victories at the Azerbaijan Grand Prix in 2017 and the Chinese and Monaco Grands Prix in 2018 . After 2018 , Ricciardo signed with Renault and has raced for them in the 2019 and 2020 seasons . He joined McLaren for the 2021 and Formula One seasons , alongside Lando Norris . In March",
"title": "Daniel Ricciardo"
},
{
"text": "2021 , he ventured into the wine industry through a private project , with a collection of wine with acclaimed winemaker St . Hugo .",
"title": "Daniel Ricciardo"
},
{
"text": " Daniel Joseph Ricciardo was born on 1 July 1989 in Perth , Western Australia , to Italian parents of Ficarra born father Giuseppe Joe Ricciardo and Australian born mother Grace , with parents originally from Casignana . Ricciardo also has a sister ; Michelle . Growing up in Duncraig , one of Perths northern suburbs , Ricciardos earliest memories of motorsports were of his father racing at the nearby Barbagallo Raceway in Wanneroo . He attended high school at Newman College .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Ricciardo pronounces his surname Ricardo instead of the Italian pronunciation Rit-chi-ardo , attributing this to the way it was usually pronounced growing up in Australia and by his family . He is often referred to as the honey badger in reference to his racing style , explaining how Its supposed to be the most fearless animal in the animal kingdom . When you look at it , he seems quite cute and cuddly , but as soon as someone crosses his territory in a way he doesnt like , he turns into a bit of a savage and hell go",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "after anything – tigers , pythons – he turns very quickly , but hes a good guy . Growing up as a fan of NASCAR Cup Series driver Dale Earnhardt , Ricciardo adopted the number 3 as his racing number in honour of him .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Ricciardo supports the AFLs West Coast Eagles and was the clubs number-one ticket holder in 2015 and 2016 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Born in Perth , Western Australia , Ricciardo started karting at the age of nine , as a member of the Tiger Kart Club ( TKC ) and entered numerous karting events . In 2005 , he entered the Western Australian Formula Ford championship driving a 15-year-old Van Diemen , finishing eighth by seasons end . Towards the end of the season , Ricciardo took a leased 13-year-old Van Diemen across to Sandown Raceway in Melbourne to compete at the national Formula Ford series but his ageing car was uncompetitive as he finished 16th , 17th and retired during the",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "weekends three races . The following year , however , he won a scholarship into the Formula BMW Asian championship with Eurasia Motorsport . During his début season , Ricciardo took two victories ( both at Bira ) and also achieved a pole position at Zhuhai . He finished third in the Drivers Championship with 231 points , 59 points behind the champion Earl Bamber .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In August that year , he was given an outing with Motaworld Racing to race at the eighth meeting of the Formula BMW UK championship . Despite retiring from the first race , Ricciardo recovered to finish eighth in the second race and took three championship points in his only entry in the British championship . At the end of the year , he entered the Formula BMW World Final with Fortec Motorsport where he finished in fifth position , 14 seconds off winner Christian Vietoris .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " 2007 saw Ricciardo switch categories to Formula Renault with RP Motorsport , entering the European and Italian championships of the category , although mainly focused on the latter series as he entered 14 races to the four entries he took in the European championship . He finished the year seventh in the Italian series with 196 points and scoring a single podium at Valencia but failed to score a point in his handful of starts in the European races .",
"title": "Formula Renault"
},
{
"text": "Ricciardo stayed in Formula Renault for a second year in 2008 , entering the European and Western European championships . By the end of the year , the young driver took his first European title in the Western European Cup and finished second in the Eurocup to Finn Valtteri Bottas .",
"title": "Formula Renault"
},
{
"text": " During the mid-part of the 2008 season , Ricciardo made his Formula Three début at the Nürburgring , entering SG Formulas Formula 3 Euro Series team . Despite only a short amount of experience in the car , Ricciardo qualified in eighth for the first race which later converted into sixth in the race after James Jakes and Christian Vietoris stalled on the grid . But he struggled in the reverse-grid race , finishing just fifteenth .",
"title": "Formula Three"
},
{
"text": "Ricciardo moved to the British Formula 3 Championship for the 2009 season driving for Carlin Motorsport . He also made his debut in the 3.5-litre World Series by Renault championship , racing alongside Charles Pic at Tech 1 Racing for the rounds at the Autódromo Internacional do Algarve in Portugal . He retired from the first race , before finishing fifteenth in the second . When he returned to Formula Three , he extended his championship lead to 45 points before returning to the Portuguese circuit . A win and a third in the British-registered cars , gave him an",
"title": "Formula Three"
},
{
"text": "unassailable 64-point lead over Renger van der Zande with just 42 available . This meant that Ricciardo became the first Australian driver since David Brabham in 1989 to win the British Formula 3 title . Just like Brabham , Ricciardo won the title in a car powered by a Volkswagen engine . Ricciardo finished the season on a high , taking both pole positions for the final round of the series , at Brands Hatch . He won the first race by fifteen seconds , and finished fourth ( third in British-registered cars as Marcus Ericsson was running in the",
"title": "Formula Three"
},
{
"text": "Invitational Class ) in the season-ending race . His championship winning margin was 87 points as Walter Grubmüller overhauled his teammate van der Zande , who was absent from the weekend due to a conflicting Euroseries race in Barcelona .",
"title": "Formula Three"
},
{
"text": "Ricciardo continued his partnership with Carlin , by heading to the Macau Grand Prix with the team . Ricciardo quickly gathered pace at the circuit , being second fastest ( and fastest rookie ) behind Marcus Ericsson in first qualifying , before winding up in fifth place in second qualifying , setting the grid for the qualifying race . Following a sixth place in the qualifying race , Ricciardo was forced to retire on the first lap of the main race after hitting a wall at San Francisco . He continued with a puncture up the hill before hitting the",
"title": "Formula Three"
},
{
"text": "wall at the Solitude Esses , and caused a circuit-blocking incident , which also took out seven of his rivals .",
"title": "Formula Three"
},
{
"text": " Formula Renault 3.5 Series . On 30 October 2009 , Ricciardo was signed by Tech 1 to compete in the 2010 season . He had competed with the team at the Autódromo Internacional do Algarve in Portugal in 2009 , and was the teammate to Brendon Hartley , another driver who drove for Tech 1 over the season .",
"title": "Formula Three"
},
{
"text": "Following a minor incident during a mountain bike exercise , Ricciardo was forced to miss the second test of the 2010 season , but went on to take pole position for both races at the season-opening round of the 2010 season in Alcañiz , Spain . He finished third and second in the races respectively , to leave himself at the head of the championship standings . Two weeks later , at the Spa-Francorchamps circuit , Ricciardo was relegated to last on the grid after being deemed to have hindered the laps of other drivers . In the next two",
"title": "Formula Three"
},
{
"text": "races he finished 13th and fifth respectively – coming 2nd in the latter until many of the front-runners were given penalties for infringing the parc ferme rules before the race . One week later , in Monte Carlo , Ricciardo secured his third pole position of the season , finishing three-tenths of a second ahead of championship rival Stefano Coletti . He secured his first win at the following race , one place ahead of Coletti . Ricciardo went on to secure two more wins at the Hungaroring and at Hockenheim in commanding fashion . Following Ricciardos sixth pole from",
"title": "Formula Three"
},
{
"text": "12 races , Tech 1 team boss , Simon Abadie , praised his drivers efforts greatly , saying I am happy , and happy for Daniel because six poles in 12 races is good going , and later stated his teams ambitions for success , by telling Autosport correspondent Peter Mills , I really hopes Daniel wins the championship .",
"title": "Formula Three"
},
{
"text": "At the first race at the Silverstone circuit , Ricciardo was involved in a spectacular incident with pole-sitter Jon Lancaster , in which Ricciardo was sent into a barrel roll , eventually landing on his wheels . The crash saw the end of his race , with teammate Jean-Éric Vergne becoming the eventual winner , following disqualifications . Securing pole for the second race of the weekend , Ricciardo spent much of the race leading the pack by upwards of three seconds . However , braking issues in the second half of the event meant that , on the final",
"title": "Formula Three"
},
{
"text": "lap , championship-rival Esteban Guerrieri was able to pass the Tech 1 racer .",
"title": "Formula Three"
},
{
"text": "Going into the final round of the season , Ricciardo sat just three points behind championship leader Mikhail Aleshin and 13 ahead of third-place man Esteban Guerrieri . Managing his 8th pole of the season , Ricciardo managed a lights-to-flag victory , setting the fastest lap and placing himself equal first with one race remaining . After securing second place on the grid for the second race of the weekend , Ricciardo managed to hold position until the pit stops , where he was successfully jumped by two of his rivals , including teammate Vergne . With only two laps",
"title": "Formula Three"
},
{
"text": "left in the race and struggling for pace , Ricciardo was overtaken by championship rival Aleshin . Finishing in that order , Ricciardo failed to secure the title in his debut year , losing out to Mikhail Aleshin by only two points .",
"title": "Formula Three"
},
{
"text": "Ricciardo made his track debut at the wheel of a Formula One car , when he tested for Red Bull Racing at the young drivers test at Circuito de Jerez over three days , from 1–3 December 2009 . On the final day of testing he clocked the fastest time of the test by over a second . This placed him as the only driver to go into the 1:17 bracket . Red Bull Racings team manager Christian Horner suggested that Ricciardo may replace his 2010 World Series teammate Hartley as the teams test and reserve driver . As it",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "turned out , Ricciardo and Hartley were to share test and reserve duties for both Red Bull , and sister team Scuderia Toro Rosso until the latter was removed from the Red Bull Junior team .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": " On 11 November 2010 , Ricciardo was confirmed as the single driver to represent Red Bull Racing at the end-of-season young drivers test at the Yas Marina Circuit , on 16–17 November . At the announcement , he commented , I cant wait to get another crack at driving Red Bull Racings amazing Formula One car . Ricciardo continued to show his one-lap prowess and dominated the event , with his fastest lap being 1.3 seconds faster than World Champion Sebastian Vettels qualifying lap the Saturday before .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "Days after completing this session Ricciardo was confirmed as Toro Rossos test and reserve driver for the season , and would take part in the first free practice session of each race weekend . Franz Tost , Toro Rosso team principal stated that having a hungry youngster on the books will keep our current driver pairing nice and sharp , referring to then Toro Rosso drivers Jaime Alguersuari and Sébastien Buemi . Ricciardo would also make an appearance in pre-season testing for the 2011 Formula One season , driving for Scuderia Toro Rosso .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": " At the 2011 Australian Grand Prix , Ricciardo was placed 16th on the timesheets after opening practice , just one-tenth slower than his experienced Toro Rosso teammate Sebastian Buemi . Ricciardo managed to later finish eighth in practice for the wet Turkish Grand Prix Friday practice one session , a place ahead of competitor Buemi . HRT ( 2011 ) .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "On 30 June 2011 , Ricciardo was contracted to Hispania Racing by Red Bull Racing , replacing Narain Karthikeyan for all the remaining races of the 2011 season except the , to allow Karthikeyan to race at his home Grand Prix . Ricciardo made his Grand Prix debut at the 2011 British Grand Prix at Silverstone .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "However , on 22 October 2011 , a few days before the inaugural Indian Grand Prix , the race where Karthikeyan was due to gain back his seat for his home race , HRT F1 announced that Vitantonio Liuzzi made way for Karthikeyan , allowing Ricciardo to race in India and extend his learning curve that Red Bull Racing paid the struggling Spanish team to do , as well as allowing Karthikeyan to race in front of his home fans . In Abu Dhabi , Ricciardo retired with mechanical problems after starting 20th on the grid and in the final",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "race at the , Ricciardo finished 20th after starting 22nd on the grid .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": " Toro Rosso ( 2012–2013 ) . 2012 . On 14 December 2011 , it was confirmed that Ricciardo would drive for the Scuderia Toro Rosso for the 2012 season , alongside Frenchman Jean-Éric Vergne . At the 2012 Australian Grand Prix on 18 March 2012 , Ricciardo managed to overtake his teammate Vergne late on the last lap to come home in ninth place , securing his first two World Championship points .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "In wet conditions in Malaysia he finished 12th , after having been first to switch to slick tyres . In Bahrain he qualified sixth , but dropped back during the race and finished 15th . In Monaco he suffered his only retirement of the season , after having started from 15th position .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": " 2013 . On 31 October 2012 , Toro Rosso announced the re-signing of Ricciardo for the 2013 season . Ricciardo out-scored his teammate Jean-Éric Vergne by seven points and out-qualified him in over 3/4 of the season . His impressive qualifying efforts of 30–7 against Vergne over their two years together help promote him to Toro Rosso senior team , Red Bull , replacing fellow countryman Mark Webber . Ricciardo finished 13th in the championship with 20 points . Red Bull ( 2014–2018 ) .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "Ricciardo replaced Mark Webber at Infiniti Red Bull Racing at the start of the 2014 Formula One season , partnering Sebastian Vettel , a four-time world champion .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "In the first race of the season , the , Ricciardo qualified in second place behind Lewis Hamilton and completed the race in second place , despite pressure from rookie Kevin Magnussen in the final laps . Ricciardo was later disqualified , as his car was ruled to have exceeded the mandated hourly fuel flow rate limit . Had he not been disqualified , it would have marked the first time an Australian had made the podium at the Australian Grand Prix since the race became part of the World Championship . Infiniti Red Bull Racing filed an appeal against",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "the disqualification which was rejected by the International Court of Appeal , the FIA decision being upheld .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "Ricciardo failed to finish in the , but managed to record his first points of the 2014 season at the , where he finished fourth , after starting in 13th position . By winning at the , Ricciardo became the fourth Australian to win a Grand Prix in Formula One , joining Jack Brabham , Alan Jones and Mark Webber . His victory in Canada broke the chain of six Mercedes victories that marked the beginning of the 2014 season . Ricciardo impressed many by beating Vettel throughout the first half of the 2014 season , and after a clean",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "and tight battle between Ricciardo and Fernando Alonso at the , Alonso described Ricciardo as unbelievable and very , very smart , very respectful .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "Ricciardo won the on 27 July , ahead of Alonso and Lewis Hamilton . He was in third place behind Alonso and Hamilton with less than four laps remaining and overtook Hamiltons Mercedes with a pass on the outside of the Hungarorings turn two . He then easily caught and passed Alonsos Ferrari as he had very little grip left on his tyres – television footage of his left front tyre after the race showed it to be badly blistered . In the final two laps , Ricciardo pulled away to win the race by 5.225 seconds . His teammate",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "Vettel survived a spin coming onto the main straight late in the race to finish seventh . Ricciardo became the second Australian to win the Hungarian Grand Prix , after Mark Webbers victory – also for Red Bull – in 2010 . Ricciardo then went on to score his third victory of his career to go back to back in Belgium , become the first Australian to win there since Jack Brabham in , also making him the only non-Mercedes driver to have won a Grand Prix in 2014 .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "On 4 October 2014 , it was announced that Ricciardo would partner Daniil Kvyat for the season , following the announcement of Vettels departure from the team . In his first season for Red Bull Racing , Ricciardo confirmed third place in the drivers championship at the , despite it being his first retirement since the . In the final race of the season , the , despite starting from the pit lane due to a front wing infringement , Ricciardo finished in fourth place and secured the first fastest lap of his Formula One career . For his 2014",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "performances , Ricciardo won the Laureus World Sports Award for Breakthrough of the Year in April 2015 .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": " 2015 . On 8 February 2015 , during the third episode of series 22 of the popular British motoring television programme Top Gear , Ricciardo became the fastest Formula One driver to perform a lap of the Top Gear test track during the Star in a Reasonably Priced Car feature , beating the previous record-holder Lewis Hamilton with a time of 1:42.2 .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "In 2015 , Red Bull slipped behind Ferrari and Williams in their efforts to take the title fight to Mercedes . The Red Bull cars were held back by the Renault power unit having been out-developed by Mercedes and Ferrari . The RB11 only showed pace in slow and twisty high downforce tracks or in rain , highlighting the cars strong chassis .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": " Ricciardo achieved his first top five finish in Monaco with fifth and the fastest lap of the race . While tussling for second in Hungary with Nico Rosberg , his race winning charge ground to a halt when the two clashed while hunting down Sebastian Vettel . Ricciardo managed to finish third behind his teammate . It was his first podium since the 2014 United States Grand Prix . He recorded his second podium of the season in Singapore where he finished second and recorded his third fastest lap of the season .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "Ricciardo finished the season with 92 points in eighth place in the championship , three points behind teammate Daniil Kvyat . He out-qualified Kvyat 14–5 .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": " 2016 . In a much more competitive Red Bull , Ricciardo began the season well , finishing 4th in both Australia and Bahrain and qualifying 2nd and then leading early on in the Chinese Grand Prix before suffering a tyre blowout and finishing in 4th again .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "Ricciardo qualified third at the Spanish Grand Prix , and after the two Mercedes cars of Lewis Hamilton and Nico Rosberg crashed out on the first lap , he led the early stages of the race . After a remarkable strategy call by Ferrari resulting in a very short third stint for Sebastian Vettel , Red Bull decided to answer this by pitting Ricciardo again and cover Vettel , also going for the presumed faster three-stop strategy . This dropped him behind Vettel , new teammate Max Verstappen and Kimi Räikkönen on track , and after a few failed attempts",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "at passing Vettel , a tyre blowout late on in the race meant that he finished fourth again , behind eventual winner Verstappen , and the Ferraris of Räikkönen and Vettel .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": " Ricciardo scored his first pole position at the Monaco Grand Prix , and led the early wet stages of the race . However , after a very long pitstop in which his team took nearly 40 seconds to ready a set of tyres he lost the race lead to Lewis Hamilton and finished the race in 2nd . Ricciardo was notably upset after the race result , saying : Two weekends in a row Ive been screwed now . It sucks . It hurts .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "Ricciardo returned to the podium in Hungary , finishing third , and in Germany , where he finished second . On the podium in Germany , Ricciardo performed a new celebration , where he drank champagne out of his shoe . He calls this celebration the shoey . He repeated the celebration at the Belgian Grand Prix ( where he came second again ) , this time persuading podium interviewer Mark Webber to also drink from the shoe .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": " Ricciardo qualified and finished second at the Singapore Grand Prix , after pushing eventual winner Rosberg hard near the end , a late strategy change pushing him to under half a second behind at the finish line .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "Ricciardo qualified fourth at the Malaysian Grand Prix but moved up to second into turn one , after a collision between Sebastian Vettel and Nico Rosberg . He then took the lead late on in the race when leader Lewis Hamilton retired with an engine failure . After fighting with his Red Bull teammate Verstappen , Ricciardo took his first victory of the season . He repeated his shoey celebration on the podium , and was able to get team boss Christian Horner as well as podium sharers Verstappen and Rosberg to repeat the celebration . Ricciardo eventually sealed third",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "in the Drivers Championship following a podium finish in Mexico . Other than Sergio Pérez , he is the only driver to have been classified in every race of the 2016 season . In fact , save for just two races in which Ricciardo equalled the previous years result , he improved on every other race result from 2015 .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": " 2017 . Ricciardo qualified 10th in Australia after spinning into the tyre barrier in Q3 . He incurred a five-place grid penalty due to an unscheduled gearbox change as a result from the crash . A gearbox sensor issue prevented him from taking the start and when he did get going , two laps down , a sudden fuel pressure problem ended his race after 25 laps .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "He won his fifth Grand Prix at the first Azerbaijan Grand Prix , after qualifying 10th . He finished on the podium five times in a row between Spain and Austria , and then three times in a row between Singapore and Japan . Despite having maintained fourth in the drivers championship for much of the season , retirements in three of the last four races ( including the final race at Abu Dhabi ) saw Ricciardo drop down to 5th in the championship , five points behind Kimi Räikkönen .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "Ricciardo started the season with a fourth-place in Australia , from eighth on the grid after a three-place penalty for speeding under red flag conditions . In Bahrain , he recorded a non-finish after an electrical failure on the second lap . His result in the 2018 Chinese Grand Prix was much better , taking a commanding victory by almost nine seconds , after starting sixth on the grid . At the 2018 Azerbaijan Grand Prix , Ricciardo was fighting for fourth with teammate Max Verstappen in the latter half of the race . His front wing made heavy contact",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "with his teammates rear , and the incident caused both drivers to retire . At the 2018 Spanish Grand Prix , Ricciardo finished fifth and set the track record , despite spinning under the virtual safety car . Coming into the 2018 Monaco Grand Prix , Ricciardo and Verstappen were considered favourites to win the race due to their cars superior chassis and down-force . Ricciardo topped all three practice sessions before qualifying , breaking the lap record with each session . Ricciardo managed to secure the second pole of his career at Monaco , topping every qualifying session as",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "well and setting a new lap record again . In the race , Ricciardo managed to hold off the Ferrari of Sebastian Vettel to take his first Monaco Grand Prix victory and his first Grand Prix win from pole position , despite having to manage a loss of power due to a MGU-K power output issue throughout the race .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": " Later in the season , he tied for the most retirements in the 2018 season , with 8 retirements in total . He managed four fastest laps for the season , in Australia , China , Spain and Hungary and finished the season sixth in the World Drivers Championship with 170 points . Renault ( 2019–2020 ) . On 3 August 2018 , it was announced that Ricciardo had signed a two-year contract to drive for Renault . 2019 .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "Ricciardos teammate for the 2019 season was Nico Hülkenberg . Ricciardo had a poor start to the season with retirements in the first two races , from front wing damage in Australia and power failure in Bahrain . A 7th-place finish in China followed . In Azerbaijan , Ricciardo reversed into Daniil Kvyat when both cars stopped after an overtake attempt by Ricciardo , causing race-ending damage for both drivers and Ricciardos third retirement in four races . Six consecutive race finishes followed , including a strong 4th place in qualifying and 6th-place finish in Canada . Ricciardo then suffered",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "an exhaust failure at the German Grand Prix .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": " At the Italian Grand Prix , Ricciardo finished in 4th place , his best result of the year . Teammate Hülkenberg finished in 5th , contributing to Renaults best finish since the team returned to the sport in . Ricciardo was involved in a first-lap collision in Russia , leading to his eventual retirement . He was initially classified 6th in Japan , before both Renault cars were disqualified ten days later for using illegal driver aids . Three consecutive points finishes followed , with strong 6th-place finishes in the United States and Brazil .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "Ricciardo ended a relatively disappointing season for Renault in 9th place in the championship , with 54 points , ahead of teammate Hülkenberg .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "Ricciardo had a new teammate for the 2020 season with Hülkenberg being replaced by Esteban Ocon . Ricciardo started the season with a retirement at the 2020 Austrian Grand Prix . In this next race , the 2020 Styrian Grand Prix , Ricciardo was running in 6th place with 2 laps to go before an overtake attempt by Lance Stroll forced Ricciardo wide , causing his to lose positions to Stroll and also Lando Norris . He ended the race in 8th after a close ending with Stroll and Sergio Pérez . Ricciardo qualified 11th at the 2020 Hungarian Grand",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "Prix , and finished the race in 8th place .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "At the 2020 British Grand Prix , Ricciardo finished in 4th place , equaling his best result for Renault . He was running in 6th place before late punctures to Carlos Sainz Jr . and Valtteri Bottas promoted him up to 4th . He was close to overtaking Charles Leclerc for his first podium in 2 years , but missed it by 1.2 seconds . At the 70th Anniversary Grand Prix , Ricciardo qualified 5th , but a spin midway through the race led to a 14th place finish . Ricciardo qualified 13th and finished 11th at the next race",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "in Spain .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "Ricciardo would go on a 11 race point-scoring streak until the end of the season , starting with the 2020 Belgian Grand Prix . He qualified and finished in 4th place , as well as taking the fastest lap on the last lap of the race . At the 2020 Italian Grand Prix , he qualified 7th and finished in 6th place . At the 2020 Tuscan Grand Prix , he qualified 8th and was running in 3rd place for the majority of the race , but Alex Albon of Red Bull overtook Ricciardo , leaving him to have to",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "settle for 4th place .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "At the Russian Grand Prix , Ricciardo was fastest in the second qualifying segment , but only managed to qualify in 5th place . In the race , he finished in 5th place despite a 5 second penalty . At the 2020 Eifel Grand Prix , Ricciardo qualified 6th before going on to score the teams first podium since the 2011 Malaysian Grand Prix . This was Ricciardos first podium since joining Renault , and his first since the 2018 Monaco Grand Prix . In the next race , the 2020 Portuguese Grand Prix , he started 10th after having",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "a crash towards the end of second segment of qualifying , damaging his rear wing . He finished 9th in the race . He reached the podium a second time for Renault at the 2020 Emilia Romagna Grand Prix . Starting 5th on the grid , he overtook Pierre Gasly on the first lap , before being overcut by Pérez after being stuck behind traffic . However , a tyre failure and retirement of former teammate Max Verstappen and a strategy error by Pérez’s team Racing Point allowed him to finish in 3rd place . In the 2020 Bahrain Grand",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "Prix , he started 6th , and overtook Valtteri Bottas on the first lap . However , following a red flag he had a poor second start , which dropped him down to 10th place . He eventually finished in 7th place . At the 2020 Sakhir Grand Prix , he had a chance of a podium after Charles Leclerc , Max Verstappen , and Sergio Pérez all collided in the first lap of the race . But a mistimed second pit stop caused Ricciardo to be overtaken , ending the race in 5th place . In his final race",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "for Renault at the 2020 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix , he only managed 12th on the grid , however a good first stint allowed him to exit the pits in 7th place . He also took the fastest lap of the race on the final lap . He finished in 5th place in the championship standings with 119 points , 6 points behind Sergio Pérez in fourth .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "After two years at Renault F1 Team , Ricciardo joined McLaren for the 2021 Formula One World Championship as a replacement for Carlos Sainz Jr . who signed a multi-year deal with Ferrari . His team mate for 2021 is Lando Norris , who was retained by the team . Regarding his new contract , Ricciardo admitted that before signing for McLaren he had held talks with Ferrari about taking over Sebastian Vettels seat but Ferrari had instead signed Sainz . He subsequently placed 7th in the 2021 season opener in Bahrain , having qualified 6th . At the following",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "race , the 2021 Emilia Romagna Grand Prix , he finished 6th , having once again qualified in the same position . At the third race of the season in Portugal , Ricciardo suffered a shock exit in qualifying , being knocked out of Q1 and starting the race from 16th . During the race he worked his way through the field and ended in a points-scoring position in ninth , helping McLaren maintain third place in the constructors championship . At the Spanish Grand Prix , Ricciardo qualified seventh , but managed to climb to fifth on the opening",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "lap . He defended fifth from Red Bull driver Sergio Pérez until lap 45 , where Pérez was able to get past at turn 1 . He finished sixth , marking the first time in the season he finished ahead of Norris .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": " - BRDC The Bruce McLaren Trophy : 2013 - Trofeo Lorenzo Bandini : 2014 - Confartigianato Motori Driver of the Year : 2014 - GQ Australia Sportsman of the Year : 2014 - BRDC The Bruce McLaren Trophy : 2014 - BRDC The Innes Ireland Trophy : 2014 - BRDC The Innes Ireland Trophy : 2015 - Laureus World Sports Award for Breakthrough Performance of the Year : 2015 - BRDC The Bruce McLaren Trophy : 2016 - Confartigianato Motori Driver of the Year : 2018",
"title": "Awards"
},
{
"text": " <nowiki>*</nowiki> Season still in progress . Complete Formula One results . <nowiki>*</nowiki> Season still in progress.",
"title": "Racing career summary"
},
{
"text": " - Profile at Formula1.com",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Daniel_Ricciardo#P641#1
|
What sport did Daniel Ricciardo participate in Apr 2007?
|
Daniel Ricciardo Daniel Joseph Ricciardo ( Ricardo ; born 1 July 1989 ) is an Italian-Australian racing driver who is currently competing in Formula One , under the Australian flag , for McLaren . He made his debut at the 2011 British Grand Prix with the HRT team as part of a deal with Red Bull Racing , for whom he was test driving under its sister team Scuderia Toro Rosso . Ricciardo’s driver number is 3 . Ricciardo joined Toro Rosso in 2012 full-time after the team changed its driver lineup and drove a Ferrari-powered car for them in 2012 and 2013 . In 2014 , Ricciardo was promoted to Red Bull as a replacement for the retired Mark Webber alongside multiple time world champion Sebastian Vettel . In his first season with Red Bull under Renault power , Ricciardo finished third in the championship with his first three Formula One wins , in Canada , Hungary , and Belgium . After two years without a victory , Ricciardo returned to the top of the podium at the 2016 Malaysian Grand Prix , eventually sealing third in the championship for the second time in three years at the 2016 Mexican Grand Prix . He has since added victories at the Azerbaijan Grand Prix in 2017 and the Chinese and Monaco Grands Prix in 2018 . After 2018 , Ricciardo signed with Renault and has raced for them in the 2019 and 2020 seasons . He joined McLaren for the 2021 and Formula One seasons , alongside Lando Norris . In March 2021 , he ventured into the wine industry through a private project , with a collection of wine with acclaimed winemaker St . Hugo . Personal life . Daniel Joseph Ricciardo was born on 1 July 1989 in Perth , Western Australia , to Italian parents of Ficarra born father Giuseppe Joe Ricciardo and Australian born mother Grace , with parents originally from Casignana . Ricciardo also has a sister ; Michelle . Growing up in Duncraig , one of Perths northern suburbs , Ricciardos earliest memories of motorsports were of his father racing at the nearby Barbagallo Raceway in Wanneroo . He attended high school at Newman College . Ricciardo pronounces his surname Ricardo instead of the Italian pronunciation Rit-chi-ardo , attributing this to the way it was usually pronounced growing up in Australia and by his family . He is often referred to as the honey badger in reference to his racing style , explaining how Its supposed to be the most fearless animal in the animal kingdom . When you look at it , he seems quite cute and cuddly , but as soon as someone crosses his territory in a way he doesnt like , he turns into a bit of a savage and hell go after anything – tigers , pythons – he turns very quickly , but hes a good guy . Growing up as a fan of NASCAR Cup Series driver Dale Earnhardt , Ricciardo adopted the number 3 as his racing number in honour of him . Ricciardo supports the AFLs West Coast Eagles and was the clubs number-one ticket holder in 2015 and 2016 . Career . Formula Ford and Formula BMW . Born in Perth , Western Australia , Ricciardo started karting at the age of nine , as a member of the Tiger Kart Club ( TKC ) and entered numerous karting events . In 2005 , he entered the Western Australian Formula Ford championship driving a 15-year-old Van Diemen , finishing eighth by seasons end . Towards the end of the season , Ricciardo took a leased 13-year-old Van Diemen across to Sandown Raceway in Melbourne to compete at the national Formula Ford series but his ageing car was uncompetitive as he finished 16th , 17th and retired during the weekends three races . The following year , however , he won a scholarship into the Formula BMW Asian championship with Eurasia Motorsport . During his début season , Ricciardo took two victories ( both at Bira ) and also achieved a pole position at Zhuhai . He finished third in the Drivers Championship with 231 points , 59 points behind the champion Earl Bamber . In August that year , he was given an outing with Motaworld Racing to race at the eighth meeting of the Formula BMW UK championship . Despite retiring from the first race , Ricciardo recovered to finish eighth in the second race and took three championship points in his only entry in the British championship . At the end of the year , he entered the Formula BMW World Final with Fortec Motorsport where he finished in fifth position , 14 seconds off winner Christian Vietoris . Formula Renault . 2007 saw Ricciardo switch categories to Formula Renault with RP Motorsport , entering the European and Italian championships of the category , although mainly focused on the latter series as he entered 14 races to the four entries he took in the European championship . He finished the year seventh in the Italian series with 196 points and scoring a single podium at Valencia but failed to score a point in his handful of starts in the European races . Ricciardo stayed in Formula Renault for a second year in 2008 , entering the European and Western European championships . By the end of the year , the young driver took his first European title in the Western European Cup and finished second in the Eurocup to Finn Valtteri Bottas . Formula Three . During the mid-part of the 2008 season , Ricciardo made his Formula Three début at the Nürburgring , entering SG Formulas Formula 3 Euro Series team . Despite only a short amount of experience in the car , Ricciardo qualified in eighth for the first race which later converted into sixth in the race after James Jakes and Christian Vietoris stalled on the grid . But he struggled in the reverse-grid race , finishing just fifteenth . Ricciardo moved to the British Formula 3 Championship for the 2009 season driving for Carlin Motorsport . He also made his debut in the 3.5-litre World Series by Renault championship , racing alongside Charles Pic at Tech 1 Racing for the rounds at the Autódromo Internacional do Algarve in Portugal . He retired from the first race , before finishing fifteenth in the second . When he returned to Formula Three , he extended his championship lead to 45 points before returning to the Portuguese circuit . A win and a third in the British-registered cars , gave him an unassailable 64-point lead over Renger van der Zande with just 42 available . This meant that Ricciardo became the first Australian driver since David Brabham in 1989 to win the British Formula 3 title . Just like Brabham , Ricciardo won the title in a car powered by a Volkswagen engine . Ricciardo finished the season on a high , taking both pole positions for the final round of the series , at Brands Hatch . He won the first race by fifteen seconds , and finished fourth ( third in British-registered cars as Marcus Ericsson was running in the Invitational Class ) in the season-ending race . His championship winning margin was 87 points as Walter Grubmüller overhauled his teammate van der Zande , who was absent from the weekend due to a conflicting Euroseries race in Barcelona . Ricciardo continued his partnership with Carlin , by heading to the Macau Grand Prix with the team . Ricciardo quickly gathered pace at the circuit , being second fastest ( and fastest rookie ) behind Marcus Ericsson in first qualifying , before winding up in fifth place in second qualifying , setting the grid for the qualifying race . Following a sixth place in the qualifying race , Ricciardo was forced to retire on the first lap of the main race after hitting a wall at San Francisco . He continued with a puncture up the hill before hitting the wall at the Solitude Esses , and caused a circuit-blocking incident , which also took out seven of his rivals . Formula Renault 3.5 Series . On 30 October 2009 , Ricciardo was signed by Tech 1 to compete in the 2010 season . He had competed with the team at the Autódromo Internacional do Algarve in Portugal in 2009 , and was the teammate to Brendon Hartley , another driver who drove for Tech 1 over the season . Following a minor incident during a mountain bike exercise , Ricciardo was forced to miss the second test of the 2010 season , but went on to take pole position for both races at the season-opening round of the 2010 season in Alcañiz , Spain . He finished third and second in the races respectively , to leave himself at the head of the championship standings . Two weeks later , at the Spa-Francorchamps circuit , Ricciardo was relegated to last on the grid after being deemed to have hindered the laps of other drivers . In the next two races he finished 13th and fifth respectively – coming 2nd in the latter until many of the front-runners were given penalties for infringing the parc ferme rules before the race . One week later , in Monte Carlo , Ricciardo secured his third pole position of the season , finishing three-tenths of a second ahead of championship rival Stefano Coletti . He secured his first win at the following race , one place ahead of Coletti . Ricciardo went on to secure two more wins at the Hungaroring and at Hockenheim in commanding fashion . Following Ricciardos sixth pole from 12 races , Tech 1 team boss , Simon Abadie , praised his drivers efforts greatly , saying I am happy , and happy for Daniel because six poles in 12 races is good going , and later stated his teams ambitions for success , by telling Autosport correspondent Peter Mills , I really hopes Daniel wins the championship . At the first race at the Silverstone circuit , Ricciardo was involved in a spectacular incident with pole-sitter Jon Lancaster , in which Ricciardo was sent into a barrel roll , eventually landing on his wheels . The crash saw the end of his race , with teammate Jean-Éric Vergne becoming the eventual winner , following disqualifications . Securing pole for the second race of the weekend , Ricciardo spent much of the race leading the pack by upwards of three seconds . However , braking issues in the second half of the event meant that , on the final lap , championship-rival Esteban Guerrieri was able to pass the Tech 1 racer . Going into the final round of the season , Ricciardo sat just three points behind championship leader Mikhail Aleshin and 13 ahead of third-place man Esteban Guerrieri . Managing his 8th pole of the season , Ricciardo managed a lights-to-flag victory , setting the fastest lap and placing himself equal first with one race remaining . After securing second place on the grid for the second race of the weekend , Ricciardo managed to hold position until the pit stops , where he was successfully jumped by two of his rivals , including teammate Vergne . With only two laps left in the race and struggling for pace , Ricciardo was overtaken by championship rival Aleshin . Finishing in that order , Ricciardo failed to secure the title in his debut year , losing out to Mikhail Aleshin by only two points . In 2011 Ricciardo raced for ISR Racing prior to his HRT call-up . Formula One . Ricciardo made his track debut at the wheel of a Formula One car , when he tested for Red Bull Racing at the young drivers test at Circuito de Jerez over three days , from 1–3 December 2009 . On the final day of testing he clocked the fastest time of the test by over a second . This placed him as the only driver to go into the 1:17 bracket . Red Bull Racings team manager Christian Horner suggested that Ricciardo may replace his 2010 World Series teammate Hartley as the teams test and reserve driver . As it turned out , Ricciardo and Hartley were to share test and reserve duties for both Red Bull , and sister team Scuderia Toro Rosso until the latter was removed from the Red Bull Junior team . On 11 November 2010 , Ricciardo was confirmed as the single driver to represent Red Bull Racing at the end-of-season young drivers test at the Yas Marina Circuit , on 16–17 November . At the announcement , he commented , I cant wait to get another crack at driving Red Bull Racings amazing Formula One car . Ricciardo continued to show his one-lap prowess and dominated the event , with his fastest lap being 1.3 seconds faster than World Champion Sebastian Vettels qualifying lap the Saturday before . Days after completing this session Ricciardo was confirmed as Toro Rossos test and reserve driver for the season , and would take part in the first free practice session of each race weekend . Franz Tost , Toro Rosso team principal stated that having a hungry youngster on the books will keep our current driver pairing nice and sharp , referring to then Toro Rosso drivers Jaime Alguersuari and Sébastien Buemi . Ricciardo would also make an appearance in pre-season testing for the 2011 Formula One season , driving for Scuderia Toro Rosso . At the 2011 Australian Grand Prix , Ricciardo was placed 16th on the timesheets after opening practice , just one-tenth slower than his experienced Toro Rosso teammate Sebastian Buemi . Ricciardo managed to later finish eighth in practice for the wet Turkish Grand Prix Friday practice one session , a place ahead of competitor Buemi . HRT ( 2011 ) . On 30 June 2011 , Ricciardo was contracted to Hispania Racing by Red Bull Racing , replacing Narain Karthikeyan for all the remaining races of the 2011 season except the , to allow Karthikeyan to race at his home Grand Prix . Ricciardo made his Grand Prix debut at the 2011 British Grand Prix at Silverstone . However , on 22 October 2011 , a few days before the inaugural Indian Grand Prix , the race where Karthikeyan was due to gain back his seat for his home race , HRT F1 announced that Vitantonio Liuzzi made way for Karthikeyan , allowing Ricciardo to race in India and extend his learning curve that Red Bull Racing paid the struggling Spanish team to do , as well as allowing Karthikeyan to race in front of his home fans . In Abu Dhabi , Ricciardo retired with mechanical problems after starting 20th on the grid and in the final race at the , Ricciardo finished 20th after starting 22nd on the grid . Toro Rosso ( 2012–2013 ) . 2012 . On 14 December 2011 , it was confirmed that Ricciardo would drive for the Scuderia Toro Rosso for the 2012 season , alongside Frenchman Jean-Éric Vergne . At the 2012 Australian Grand Prix on 18 March 2012 , Ricciardo managed to overtake his teammate Vergne late on the last lap to come home in ninth place , securing his first two World Championship points . In wet conditions in Malaysia he finished 12th , after having been first to switch to slick tyres . In Bahrain he qualified sixth , but dropped back during the race and finished 15th . In Monaco he suffered his only retirement of the season , after having started from 15th position . 2013 . On 31 October 2012 , Toro Rosso announced the re-signing of Ricciardo for the 2013 season . Ricciardo out-scored his teammate Jean-Éric Vergne by seven points and out-qualified him in over 3/4 of the season . His impressive qualifying efforts of 30–7 against Vergne over their two years together help promote him to Toro Rosso senior team , Red Bull , replacing fellow countryman Mark Webber . Ricciardo finished 13th in the championship with 20 points . Red Bull ( 2014–2018 ) . Ricciardo replaced Mark Webber at Infiniti Red Bull Racing at the start of the 2014 Formula One season , partnering Sebastian Vettel , a four-time world champion . 2014 . In the first race of the season , the , Ricciardo qualified in second place behind Lewis Hamilton and completed the race in second place , despite pressure from rookie Kevin Magnussen in the final laps . Ricciardo was later disqualified , as his car was ruled to have exceeded the mandated hourly fuel flow rate limit . Had he not been disqualified , it would have marked the first time an Australian had made the podium at the Australian Grand Prix since the race became part of the World Championship . Infiniti Red Bull Racing filed an appeal against the disqualification which was rejected by the International Court of Appeal , the FIA decision being upheld . Ricciardo failed to finish in the , but managed to record his first points of the 2014 season at the , where he finished fourth , after starting in 13th position . By winning at the , Ricciardo became the fourth Australian to win a Grand Prix in Formula One , joining Jack Brabham , Alan Jones and Mark Webber . His victory in Canada broke the chain of six Mercedes victories that marked the beginning of the 2014 season . Ricciardo impressed many by beating Vettel throughout the first half of the 2014 season , and after a clean and tight battle between Ricciardo and Fernando Alonso at the , Alonso described Ricciardo as unbelievable and very , very smart , very respectful . Ricciardo won the on 27 July , ahead of Alonso and Lewis Hamilton . He was in third place behind Alonso and Hamilton with less than four laps remaining and overtook Hamiltons Mercedes with a pass on the outside of the Hungarorings turn two . He then easily caught and passed Alonsos Ferrari as he had very little grip left on his tyres – television footage of his left front tyre after the race showed it to be badly blistered . In the final two laps , Ricciardo pulled away to win the race by 5.225 seconds . His teammate Vettel survived a spin coming onto the main straight late in the race to finish seventh . Ricciardo became the second Australian to win the Hungarian Grand Prix , after Mark Webbers victory – also for Red Bull – in 2010 . Ricciardo then went on to score his third victory of his career to go back to back in Belgium , become the first Australian to win there since Jack Brabham in , also making him the only non-Mercedes driver to have won a Grand Prix in 2014 . On 4 October 2014 , it was announced that Ricciardo would partner Daniil Kvyat for the season , following the announcement of Vettels departure from the team . In his first season for Red Bull Racing , Ricciardo confirmed third place in the drivers championship at the , despite it being his first retirement since the . In the final race of the season , the , despite starting from the pit lane due to a front wing infringement , Ricciardo finished in fourth place and secured the first fastest lap of his Formula One career . For his 2014 performances , Ricciardo won the Laureus World Sports Award for Breakthrough of the Year in April 2015 . 2015 . On 8 February 2015 , during the third episode of series 22 of the popular British motoring television programme Top Gear , Ricciardo became the fastest Formula One driver to perform a lap of the Top Gear test track during the Star in a Reasonably Priced Car feature , beating the previous record-holder Lewis Hamilton with a time of 1:42.2 . In 2015 , Red Bull slipped behind Ferrari and Williams in their efforts to take the title fight to Mercedes . The Red Bull cars were held back by the Renault power unit having been out-developed by Mercedes and Ferrari . The RB11 only showed pace in slow and twisty high downforce tracks or in rain , highlighting the cars strong chassis . Ricciardo achieved his first top five finish in Monaco with fifth and the fastest lap of the race . While tussling for second in Hungary with Nico Rosberg , his race winning charge ground to a halt when the two clashed while hunting down Sebastian Vettel . Ricciardo managed to finish third behind his teammate . It was his first podium since the 2014 United States Grand Prix . He recorded his second podium of the season in Singapore where he finished second and recorded his third fastest lap of the season . Ricciardo finished the season with 92 points in eighth place in the championship , three points behind teammate Daniil Kvyat . He out-qualified Kvyat 14–5 . 2016 . In a much more competitive Red Bull , Ricciardo began the season well , finishing 4th in both Australia and Bahrain and qualifying 2nd and then leading early on in the Chinese Grand Prix before suffering a tyre blowout and finishing in 4th again . Ricciardo qualified third at the Spanish Grand Prix , and after the two Mercedes cars of Lewis Hamilton and Nico Rosberg crashed out on the first lap , he led the early stages of the race . After a remarkable strategy call by Ferrari resulting in a very short third stint for Sebastian Vettel , Red Bull decided to answer this by pitting Ricciardo again and cover Vettel , also going for the presumed faster three-stop strategy . This dropped him behind Vettel , new teammate Max Verstappen and Kimi Räikkönen on track , and after a few failed attempts at passing Vettel , a tyre blowout late on in the race meant that he finished fourth again , behind eventual winner Verstappen , and the Ferraris of Räikkönen and Vettel . Ricciardo scored his first pole position at the Monaco Grand Prix , and led the early wet stages of the race . However , after a very long pitstop in which his team took nearly 40 seconds to ready a set of tyres he lost the race lead to Lewis Hamilton and finished the race in 2nd . Ricciardo was notably upset after the race result , saying : Two weekends in a row Ive been screwed now . It sucks . It hurts . Ricciardo returned to the podium in Hungary , finishing third , and in Germany , where he finished second . On the podium in Germany , Ricciardo performed a new celebration , where he drank champagne out of his shoe . He calls this celebration the shoey . He repeated the celebration at the Belgian Grand Prix ( where he came second again ) , this time persuading podium interviewer Mark Webber to also drink from the shoe . Ricciardo qualified and finished second at the Singapore Grand Prix , after pushing eventual winner Rosberg hard near the end , a late strategy change pushing him to under half a second behind at the finish line . Ricciardo qualified fourth at the Malaysian Grand Prix but moved up to second into turn one , after a collision between Sebastian Vettel and Nico Rosberg . He then took the lead late on in the race when leader Lewis Hamilton retired with an engine failure . After fighting with his Red Bull teammate Verstappen , Ricciardo took his first victory of the season . He repeated his shoey celebration on the podium , and was able to get team boss Christian Horner as well as podium sharers Verstappen and Rosberg to repeat the celebration . Ricciardo eventually sealed third in the Drivers Championship following a podium finish in Mexico . Other than Sergio Pérez , he is the only driver to have been classified in every race of the 2016 season . In fact , save for just two races in which Ricciardo equalled the previous years result , he improved on every other race result from 2015 . 2017 . Ricciardo qualified 10th in Australia after spinning into the tyre barrier in Q3 . He incurred a five-place grid penalty due to an unscheduled gearbox change as a result from the crash . A gearbox sensor issue prevented him from taking the start and when he did get going , two laps down , a sudden fuel pressure problem ended his race after 25 laps . He won his fifth Grand Prix at the first Azerbaijan Grand Prix , after qualifying 10th . He finished on the podium five times in a row between Spain and Austria , and then three times in a row between Singapore and Japan . Despite having maintained fourth in the drivers championship for much of the season , retirements in three of the last four races ( including the final race at Abu Dhabi ) saw Ricciardo drop down to 5th in the championship , five points behind Kimi Räikkönen . 2018 . Ricciardo started the season with a fourth-place in Australia , from eighth on the grid after a three-place penalty for speeding under red flag conditions . In Bahrain , he recorded a non-finish after an electrical failure on the second lap . His result in the 2018 Chinese Grand Prix was much better , taking a commanding victory by almost nine seconds , after starting sixth on the grid . At the 2018 Azerbaijan Grand Prix , Ricciardo was fighting for fourth with teammate Max Verstappen in the latter half of the race . His front wing made heavy contact with his teammates rear , and the incident caused both drivers to retire . At the 2018 Spanish Grand Prix , Ricciardo finished fifth and set the track record , despite spinning under the virtual safety car . Coming into the 2018 Monaco Grand Prix , Ricciardo and Verstappen were considered favourites to win the race due to their cars superior chassis and down-force . Ricciardo topped all three practice sessions before qualifying , breaking the lap record with each session . Ricciardo managed to secure the second pole of his career at Monaco , topping every qualifying session as well and setting a new lap record again . In the race , Ricciardo managed to hold off the Ferrari of Sebastian Vettel to take his first Monaco Grand Prix victory and his first Grand Prix win from pole position , despite having to manage a loss of power due to a MGU-K power output issue throughout the race . Later in the season , he tied for the most retirements in the 2018 season , with 8 retirements in total . He managed four fastest laps for the season , in Australia , China , Spain and Hungary and finished the season sixth in the World Drivers Championship with 170 points . Renault ( 2019–2020 ) . On 3 August 2018 , it was announced that Ricciardo had signed a two-year contract to drive for Renault . 2019 . Ricciardos teammate for the 2019 season was Nico Hülkenberg . Ricciardo had a poor start to the season with retirements in the first two races , from front wing damage in Australia and power failure in Bahrain . A 7th-place finish in China followed . In Azerbaijan , Ricciardo reversed into Daniil Kvyat when both cars stopped after an overtake attempt by Ricciardo , causing race-ending damage for both drivers and Ricciardos third retirement in four races . Six consecutive race finishes followed , including a strong 4th place in qualifying and 6th-place finish in Canada . Ricciardo then suffered an exhaust failure at the German Grand Prix . At the Italian Grand Prix , Ricciardo finished in 4th place , his best result of the year . Teammate Hülkenberg finished in 5th , contributing to Renaults best finish since the team returned to the sport in . Ricciardo was involved in a first-lap collision in Russia , leading to his eventual retirement . He was initially classified 6th in Japan , before both Renault cars were disqualified ten days later for using illegal driver aids . Three consecutive points finishes followed , with strong 6th-place finishes in the United States and Brazil . Ricciardo ended a relatively disappointing season for Renault in 9th place in the championship , with 54 points , ahead of teammate Hülkenberg . 2020 . Ricciardo had a new teammate for the 2020 season with Hülkenberg being replaced by Esteban Ocon . Ricciardo started the season with a retirement at the 2020 Austrian Grand Prix . In this next race , the 2020 Styrian Grand Prix , Ricciardo was running in 6th place with 2 laps to go before an overtake attempt by Lance Stroll forced Ricciardo wide , causing his to lose positions to Stroll and also Lando Norris . He ended the race in 8th after a close ending with Stroll and Sergio Pérez . Ricciardo qualified 11th at the 2020 Hungarian Grand Prix , and finished the race in 8th place . At the 2020 British Grand Prix , Ricciardo finished in 4th place , equaling his best result for Renault . He was running in 6th place before late punctures to Carlos Sainz Jr . and Valtteri Bottas promoted him up to 4th . He was close to overtaking Charles Leclerc for his first podium in 2 years , but missed it by 1.2 seconds . At the 70th Anniversary Grand Prix , Ricciardo qualified 5th , but a spin midway through the race led to a 14th place finish . Ricciardo qualified 13th and finished 11th at the next race in Spain . Ricciardo would go on a 11 race point-scoring streak until the end of the season , starting with the 2020 Belgian Grand Prix . He qualified and finished in 4th place , as well as taking the fastest lap on the last lap of the race . At the 2020 Italian Grand Prix , he qualified 7th and finished in 6th place . At the 2020 Tuscan Grand Prix , he qualified 8th and was running in 3rd place for the majority of the race , but Alex Albon of Red Bull overtook Ricciardo , leaving him to have to settle for 4th place . At the Russian Grand Prix , Ricciardo was fastest in the second qualifying segment , but only managed to qualify in 5th place . In the race , he finished in 5th place despite a 5 second penalty . At the 2020 Eifel Grand Prix , Ricciardo qualified 6th before going on to score the teams first podium since the 2011 Malaysian Grand Prix . This was Ricciardos first podium since joining Renault , and his first since the 2018 Monaco Grand Prix . In the next race , the 2020 Portuguese Grand Prix , he started 10th after having a crash towards the end of second segment of qualifying , damaging his rear wing . He finished 9th in the race . He reached the podium a second time for Renault at the 2020 Emilia Romagna Grand Prix . Starting 5th on the grid , he overtook Pierre Gasly on the first lap , before being overcut by Pérez after being stuck behind traffic . However , a tyre failure and retirement of former teammate Max Verstappen and a strategy error by Pérez’s team Racing Point allowed him to finish in 3rd place . In the 2020 Bahrain Grand Prix , he started 6th , and overtook Valtteri Bottas on the first lap . However , following a red flag he had a poor second start , which dropped him down to 10th place . He eventually finished in 7th place . At the 2020 Sakhir Grand Prix , he had a chance of a podium after Charles Leclerc , Max Verstappen , and Sergio Pérez all collided in the first lap of the race . But a mistimed second pit stop caused Ricciardo to be overtaken , ending the race in 5th place . In his final race for Renault at the 2020 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix , he only managed 12th on the grid , however a good first stint allowed him to exit the pits in 7th place . He also took the fastest lap of the race on the final lap . He finished in 5th place in the championship standings with 119 points , 6 points behind Sergio Pérez in fourth . McLaren ( 2021– ) . After two years at Renault F1 Team , Ricciardo joined McLaren for the 2021 Formula One World Championship as a replacement for Carlos Sainz Jr . who signed a multi-year deal with Ferrari . His team mate for 2021 is Lando Norris , who was retained by the team . Regarding his new contract , Ricciardo admitted that before signing for McLaren he had held talks with Ferrari about taking over Sebastian Vettels seat but Ferrari had instead signed Sainz . He subsequently placed 7th in the 2021 season opener in Bahrain , having qualified 6th . At the following race , the 2021 Emilia Romagna Grand Prix , he finished 6th , having once again qualified in the same position . At the third race of the season in Portugal , Ricciardo suffered a shock exit in qualifying , being knocked out of Q1 and starting the race from 16th . During the race he worked his way through the field and ended in a points-scoring position in ninth , helping McLaren maintain third place in the constructors championship . At the Spanish Grand Prix , Ricciardo qualified seventh , but managed to climb to fifth on the opening lap . He defended fifth from Red Bull driver Sergio Pérez until lap 45 , where Pérez was able to get past at turn 1 . He finished sixth , marking the first time in the season he finished ahead of Norris . Awards . - BRDC The Bruce McLaren Trophy : 2013 - Trofeo Lorenzo Bandini : 2014 - Confartigianato Motori Driver of the Year : 2014 - GQ Australia Sportsman of the Year : 2014 - BRDC The Bruce McLaren Trophy : 2014 - BRDC The Innes Ireland Trophy : 2014 - BRDC The Innes Ireland Trophy : 2015 - Laureus World Sports Award for Breakthrough Performance of the Year : 2015 - BRDC The Bruce McLaren Trophy : 2016 - Confartigianato Motori Driver of the Year : 2018 Racing record . Racing career summary . <nowiki>*</nowiki> Season still in progress . Complete Formula One results . <nowiki>*</nowiki> Season still in progress. External links . - Profile at Formula1.com
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[
"Formula Renault"
] |
[
{
"text": " Daniel Joseph Ricciardo ( Ricardo ; born 1 July 1989 ) is an Italian-Australian racing driver who is currently competing in Formula One , under the Australian flag , for McLaren . He made his debut at the 2011 British Grand Prix with the HRT team as part of a deal with Red Bull Racing , for whom he was test driving under its sister team Scuderia Toro Rosso . Ricciardo’s driver number is 3 .",
"title": "Daniel Ricciardo"
},
{
"text": "Ricciardo joined Toro Rosso in 2012 full-time after the team changed its driver lineup and drove a Ferrari-powered car for them in 2012 and 2013 . In 2014 , Ricciardo was promoted to Red Bull as a replacement for the retired Mark Webber alongside multiple time world champion Sebastian Vettel . In his first season with Red Bull under Renault power , Ricciardo finished third in the championship with his first three Formula One wins , in Canada , Hungary , and Belgium .",
"title": "Daniel Ricciardo"
},
{
"text": "After two years without a victory , Ricciardo returned to the top of the podium at the 2016 Malaysian Grand Prix , eventually sealing third in the championship for the second time in three years at the 2016 Mexican Grand Prix . He has since added victories at the Azerbaijan Grand Prix in 2017 and the Chinese and Monaco Grands Prix in 2018 . After 2018 , Ricciardo signed with Renault and has raced for them in the 2019 and 2020 seasons . He joined McLaren for the 2021 and Formula One seasons , alongside Lando Norris . In March",
"title": "Daniel Ricciardo"
},
{
"text": "2021 , he ventured into the wine industry through a private project , with a collection of wine with acclaimed winemaker St . Hugo .",
"title": "Daniel Ricciardo"
},
{
"text": " Daniel Joseph Ricciardo was born on 1 July 1989 in Perth , Western Australia , to Italian parents of Ficarra born father Giuseppe Joe Ricciardo and Australian born mother Grace , with parents originally from Casignana . Ricciardo also has a sister ; Michelle . Growing up in Duncraig , one of Perths northern suburbs , Ricciardos earliest memories of motorsports were of his father racing at the nearby Barbagallo Raceway in Wanneroo . He attended high school at Newman College .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Ricciardo pronounces his surname Ricardo instead of the Italian pronunciation Rit-chi-ardo , attributing this to the way it was usually pronounced growing up in Australia and by his family . He is often referred to as the honey badger in reference to his racing style , explaining how Its supposed to be the most fearless animal in the animal kingdom . When you look at it , he seems quite cute and cuddly , but as soon as someone crosses his territory in a way he doesnt like , he turns into a bit of a savage and hell go",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "after anything – tigers , pythons – he turns very quickly , but hes a good guy . Growing up as a fan of NASCAR Cup Series driver Dale Earnhardt , Ricciardo adopted the number 3 as his racing number in honour of him .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Ricciardo supports the AFLs West Coast Eagles and was the clubs number-one ticket holder in 2015 and 2016 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Born in Perth , Western Australia , Ricciardo started karting at the age of nine , as a member of the Tiger Kart Club ( TKC ) and entered numerous karting events . In 2005 , he entered the Western Australian Formula Ford championship driving a 15-year-old Van Diemen , finishing eighth by seasons end . Towards the end of the season , Ricciardo took a leased 13-year-old Van Diemen across to Sandown Raceway in Melbourne to compete at the national Formula Ford series but his ageing car was uncompetitive as he finished 16th , 17th and retired during the",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "weekends three races . The following year , however , he won a scholarship into the Formula BMW Asian championship with Eurasia Motorsport . During his début season , Ricciardo took two victories ( both at Bira ) and also achieved a pole position at Zhuhai . He finished third in the Drivers Championship with 231 points , 59 points behind the champion Earl Bamber .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In August that year , he was given an outing with Motaworld Racing to race at the eighth meeting of the Formula BMW UK championship . Despite retiring from the first race , Ricciardo recovered to finish eighth in the second race and took three championship points in his only entry in the British championship . At the end of the year , he entered the Formula BMW World Final with Fortec Motorsport where he finished in fifth position , 14 seconds off winner Christian Vietoris .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " 2007 saw Ricciardo switch categories to Formula Renault with RP Motorsport , entering the European and Italian championships of the category , although mainly focused on the latter series as he entered 14 races to the four entries he took in the European championship . He finished the year seventh in the Italian series with 196 points and scoring a single podium at Valencia but failed to score a point in his handful of starts in the European races .",
"title": "Formula Renault"
},
{
"text": "Ricciardo stayed in Formula Renault for a second year in 2008 , entering the European and Western European championships . By the end of the year , the young driver took his first European title in the Western European Cup and finished second in the Eurocup to Finn Valtteri Bottas .",
"title": "Formula Renault"
},
{
"text": " During the mid-part of the 2008 season , Ricciardo made his Formula Three début at the Nürburgring , entering SG Formulas Formula 3 Euro Series team . Despite only a short amount of experience in the car , Ricciardo qualified in eighth for the first race which later converted into sixth in the race after James Jakes and Christian Vietoris stalled on the grid . But he struggled in the reverse-grid race , finishing just fifteenth .",
"title": "Formula Three"
},
{
"text": "Ricciardo moved to the British Formula 3 Championship for the 2009 season driving for Carlin Motorsport . He also made his debut in the 3.5-litre World Series by Renault championship , racing alongside Charles Pic at Tech 1 Racing for the rounds at the Autódromo Internacional do Algarve in Portugal . He retired from the first race , before finishing fifteenth in the second . When he returned to Formula Three , he extended his championship lead to 45 points before returning to the Portuguese circuit . A win and a third in the British-registered cars , gave him an",
"title": "Formula Three"
},
{
"text": "unassailable 64-point lead over Renger van der Zande with just 42 available . This meant that Ricciardo became the first Australian driver since David Brabham in 1989 to win the British Formula 3 title . Just like Brabham , Ricciardo won the title in a car powered by a Volkswagen engine . Ricciardo finished the season on a high , taking both pole positions for the final round of the series , at Brands Hatch . He won the first race by fifteen seconds , and finished fourth ( third in British-registered cars as Marcus Ericsson was running in the",
"title": "Formula Three"
},
{
"text": "Invitational Class ) in the season-ending race . His championship winning margin was 87 points as Walter Grubmüller overhauled his teammate van der Zande , who was absent from the weekend due to a conflicting Euroseries race in Barcelona .",
"title": "Formula Three"
},
{
"text": "Ricciardo continued his partnership with Carlin , by heading to the Macau Grand Prix with the team . Ricciardo quickly gathered pace at the circuit , being second fastest ( and fastest rookie ) behind Marcus Ericsson in first qualifying , before winding up in fifth place in second qualifying , setting the grid for the qualifying race . Following a sixth place in the qualifying race , Ricciardo was forced to retire on the first lap of the main race after hitting a wall at San Francisco . He continued with a puncture up the hill before hitting the",
"title": "Formula Three"
},
{
"text": "wall at the Solitude Esses , and caused a circuit-blocking incident , which also took out seven of his rivals .",
"title": "Formula Three"
},
{
"text": " Formula Renault 3.5 Series . On 30 October 2009 , Ricciardo was signed by Tech 1 to compete in the 2010 season . He had competed with the team at the Autódromo Internacional do Algarve in Portugal in 2009 , and was the teammate to Brendon Hartley , another driver who drove for Tech 1 over the season .",
"title": "Formula Three"
},
{
"text": "Following a minor incident during a mountain bike exercise , Ricciardo was forced to miss the second test of the 2010 season , but went on to take pole position for both races at the season-opening round of the 2010 season in Alcañiz , Spain . He finished third and second in the races respectively , to leave himself at the head of the championship standings . Two weeks later , at the Spa-Francorchamps circuit , Ricciardo was relegated to last on the grid after being deemed to have hindered the laps of other drivers . In the next two",
"title": "Formula Three"
},
{
"text": "races he finished 13th and fifth respectively – coming 2nd in the latter until many of the front-runners were given penalties for infringing the parc ferme rules before the race . One week later , in Monte Carlo , Ricciardo secured his third pole position of the season , finishing three-tenths of a second ahead of championship rival Stefano Coletti . He secured his first win at the following race , one place ahead of Coletti . Ricciardo went on to secure two more wins at the Hungaroring and at Hockenheim in commanding fashion . Following Ricciardos sixth pole from",
"title": "Formula Three"
},
{
"text": "12 races , Tech 1 team boss , Simon Abadie , praised his drivers efforts greatly , saying I am happy , and happy for Daniel because six poles in 12 races is good going , and later stated his teams ambitions for success , by telling Autosport correspondent Peter Mills , I really hopes Daniel wins the championship .",
"title": "Formula Three"
},
{
"text": "At the first race at the Silverstone circuit , Ricciardo was involved in a spectacular incident with pole-sitter Jon Lancaster , in which Ricciardo was sent into a barrel roll , eventually landing on his wheels . The crash saw the end of his race , with teammate Jean-Éric Vergne becoming the eventual winner , following disqualifications . Securing pole for the second race of the weekend , Ricciardo spent much of the race leading the pack by upwards of three seconds . However , braking issues in the second half of the event meant that , on the final",
"title": "Formula Three"
},
{
"text": "lap , championship-rival Esteban Guerrieri was able to pass the Tech 1 racer .",
"title": "Formula Three"
},
{
"text": "Going into the final round of the season , Ricciardo sat just three points behind championship leader Mikhail Aleshin and 13 ahead of third-place man Esteban Guerrieri . Managing his 8th pole of the season , Ricciardo managed a lights-to-flag victory , setting the fastest lap and placing himself equal first with one race remaining . After securing second place on the grid for the second race of the weekend , Ricciardo managed to hold position until the pit stops , where he was successfully jumped by two of his rivals , including teammate Vergne . With only two laps",
"title": "Formula Three"
},
{
"text": "left in the race and struggling for pace , Ricciardo was overtaken by championship rival Aleshin . Finishing in that order , Ricciardo failed to secure the title in his debut year , losing out to Mikhail Aleshin by only two points .",
"title": "Formula Three"
},
{
"text": "Ricciardo made his track debut at the wheel of a Formula One car , when he tested for Red Bull Racing at the young drivers test at Circuito de Jerez over three days , from 1–3 December 2009 . On the final day of testing he clocked the fastest time of the test by over a second . This placed him as the only driver to go into the 1:17 bracket . Red Bull Racings team manager Christian Horner suggested that Ricciardo may replace his 2010 World Series teammate Hartley as the teams test and reserve driver . As it",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "turned out , Ricciardo and Hartley were to share test and reserve duties for both Red Bull , and sister team Scuderia Toro Rosso until the latter was removed from the Red Bull Junior team .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": " On 11 November 2010 , Ricciardo was confirmed as the single driver to represent Red Bull Racing at the end-of-season young drivers test at the Yas Marina Circuit , on 16–17 November . At the announcement , he commented , I cant wait to get another crack at driving Red Bull Racings amazing Formula One car . Ricciardo continued to show his one-lap prowess and dominated the event , with his fastest lap being 1.3 seconds faster than World Champion Sebastian Vettels qualifying lap the Saturday before .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "Days after completing this session Ricciardo was confirmed as Toro Rossos test and reserve driver for the season , and would take part in the first free practice session of each race weekend . Franz Tost , Toro Rosso team principal stated that having a hungry youngster on the books will keep our current driver pairing nice and sharp , referring to then Toro Rosso drivers Jaime Alguersuari and Sébastien Buemi . Ricciardo would also make an appearance in pre-season testing for the 2011 Formula One season , driving for Scuderia Toro Rosso .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": " At the 2011 Australian Grand Prix , Ricciardo was placed 16th on the timesheets after opening practice , just one-tenth slower than his experienced Toro Rosso teammate Sebastian Buemi . Ricciardo managed to later finish eighth in practice for the wet Turkish Grand Prix Friday practice one session , a place ahead of competitor Buemi . HRT ( 2011 ) .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "On 30 June 2011 , Ricciardo was contracted to Hispania Racing by Red Bull Racing , replacing Narain Karthikeyan for all the remaining races of the 2011 season except the , to allow Karthikeyan to race at his home Grand Prix . Ricciardo made his Grand Prix debut at the 2011 British Grand Prix at Silverstone .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "However , on 22 October 2011 , a few days before the inaugural Indian Grand Prix , the race where Karthikeyan was due to gain back his seat for his home race , HRT F1 announced that Vitantonio Liuzzi made way for Karthikeyan , allowing Ricciardo to race in India and extend his learning curve that Red Bull Racing paid the struggling Spanish team to do , as well as allowing Karthikeyan to race in front of his home fans . In Abu Dhabi , Ricciardo retired with mechanical problems after starting 20th on the grid and in the final",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "race at the , Ricciardo finished 20th after starting 22nd on the grid .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": " Toro Rosso ( 2012–2013 ) . 2012 . On 14 December 2011 , it was confirmed that Ricciardo would drive for the Scuderia Toro Rosso for the 2012 season , alongside Frenchman Jean-Éric Vergne . At the 2012 Australian Grand Prix on 18 March 2012 , Ricciardo managed to overtake his teammate Vergne late on the last lap to come home in ninth place , securing his first two World Championship points .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "In wet conditions in Malaysia he finished 12th , after having been first to switch to slick tyres . In Bahrain he qualified sixth , but dropped back during the race and finished 15th . In Monaco he suffered his only retirement of the season , after having started from 15th position .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": " 2013 . On 31 October 2012 , Toro Rosso announced the re-signing of Ricciardo for the 2013 season . Ricciardo out-scored his teammate Jean-Éric Vergne by seven points and out-qualified him in over 3/4 of the season . His impressive qualifying efforts of 30–7 against Vergne over their two years together help promote him to Toro Rosso senior team , Red Bull , replacing fellow countryman Mark Webber . Ricciardo finished 13th in the championship with 20 points . Red Bull ( 2014–2018 ) .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "Ricciardo replaced Mark Webber at Infiniti Red Bull Racing at the start of the 2014 Formula One season , partnering Sebastian Vettel , a four-time world champion .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "In the first race of the season , the , Ricciardo qualified in second place behind Lewis Hamilton and completed the race in second place , despite pressure from rookie Kevin Magnussen in the final laps . Ricciardo was later disqualified , as his car was ruled to have exceeded the mandated hourly fuel flow rate limit . Had he not been disqualified , it would have marked the first time an Australian had made the podium at the Australian Grand Prix since the race became part of the World Championship . Infiniti Red Bull Racing filed an appeal against",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "the disqualification which was rejected by the International Court of Appeal , the FIA decision being upheld .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "Ricciardo failed to finish in the , but managed to record his first points of the 2014 season at the , where he finished fourth , after starting in 13th position . By winning at the , Ricciardo became the fourth Australian to win a Grand Prix in Formula One , joining Jack Brabham , Alan Jones and Mark Webber . His victory in Canada broke the chain of six Mercedes victories that marked the beginning of the 2014 season . Ricciardo impressed many by beating Vettel throughout the first half of the 2014 season , and after a clean",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "and tight battle between Ricciardo and Fernando Alonso at the , Alonso described Ricciardo as unbelievable and very , very smart , very respectful .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "Ricciardo won the on 27 July , ahead of Alonso and Lewis Hamilton . He was in third place behind Alonso and Hamilton with less than four laps remaining and overtook Hamiltons Mercedes with a pass on the outside of the Hungarorings turn two . He then easily caught and passed Alonsos Ferrari as he had very little grip left on his tyres – television footage of his left front tyre after the race showed it to be badly blistered . In the final two laps , Ricciardo pulled away to win the race by 5.225 seconds . His teammate",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "Vettel survived a spin coming onto the main straight late in the race to finish seventh . Ricciardo became the second Australian to win the Hungarian Grand Prix , after Mark Webbers victory – also for Red Bull – in 2010 . Ricciardo then went on to score his third victory of his career to go back to back in Belgium , become the first Australian to win there since Jack Brabham in , also making him the only non-Mercedes driver to have won a Grand Prix in 2014 .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "On 4 October 2014 , it was announced that Ricciardo would partner Daniil Kvyat for the season , following the announcement of Vettels departure from the team . In his first season for Red Bull Racing , Ricciardo confirmed third place in the drivers championship at the , despite it being his first retirement since the . In the final race of the season , the , despite starting from the pit lane due to a front wing infringement , Ricciardo finished in fourth place and secured the first fastest lap of his Formula One career . For his 2014",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "performances , Ricciardo won the Laureus World Sports Award for Breakthrough of the Year in April 2015 .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": " 2015 . On 8 February 2015 , during the third episode of series 22 of the popular British motoring television programme Top Gear , Ricciardo became the fastest Formula One driver to perform a lap of the Top Gear test track during the Star in a Reasonably Priced Car feature , beating the previous record-holder Lewis Hamilton with a time of 1:42.2 .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "In 2015 , Red Bull slipped behind Ferrari and Williams in their efforts to take the title fight to Mercedes . The Red Bull cars were held back by the Renault power unit having been out-developed by Mercedes and Ferrari . The RB11 only showed pace in slow and twisty high downforce tracks or in rain , highlighting the cars strong chassis .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": " Ricciardo achieved his first top five finish in Monaco with fifth and the fastest lap of the race . While tussling for second in Hungary with Nico Rosberg , his race winning charge ground to a halt when the two clashed while hunting down Sebastian Vettel . Ricciardo managed to finish third behind his teammate . It was his first podium since the 2014 United States Grand Prix . He recorded his second podium of the season in Singapore where he finished second and recorded his third fastest lap of the season .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "Ricciardo finished the season with 92 points in eighth place in the championship , three points behind teammate Daniil Kvyat . He out-qualified Kvyat 14–5 .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": " 2016 . In a much more competitive Red Bull , Ricciardo began the season well , finishing 4th in both Australia and Bahrain and qualifying 2nd and then leading early on in the Chinese Grand Prix before suffering a tyre blowout and finishing in 4th again .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "Ricciardo qualified third at the Spanish Grand Prix , and after the two Mercedes cars of Lewis Hamilton and Nico Rosberg crashed out on the first lap , he led the early stages of the race . After a remarkable strategy call by Ferrari resulting in a very short third stint for Sebastian Vettel , Red Bull decided to answer this by pitting Ricciardo again and cover Vettel , also going for the presumed faster three-stop strategy . This dropped him behind Vettel , new teammate Max Verstappen and Kimi Räikkönen on track , and after a few failed attempts",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "at passing Vettel , a tyre blowout late on in the race meant that he finished fourth again , behind eventual winner Verstappen , and the Ferraris of Räikkönen and Vettel .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": " Ricciardo scored his first pole position at the Monaco Grand Prix , and led the early wet stages of the race . However , after a very long pitstop in which his team took nearly 40 seconds to ready a set of tyres he lost the race lead to Lewis Hamilton and finished the race in 2nd . Ricciardo was notably upset after the race result , saying : Two weekends in a row Ive been screwed now . It sucks . It hurts .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "Ricciardo returned to the podium in Hungary , finishing third , and in Germany , where he finished second . On the podium in Germany , Ricciardo performed a new celebration , where he drank champagne out of his shoe . He calls this celebration the shoey . He repeated the celebration at the Belgian Grand Prix ( where he came second again ) , this time persuading podium interviewer Mark Webber to also drink from the shoe .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": " Ricciardo qualified and finished second at the Singapore Grand Prix , after pushing eventual winner Rosberg hard near the end , a late strategy change pushing him to under half a second behind at the finish line .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "Ricciardo qualified fourth at the Malaysian Grand Prix but moved up to second into turn one , after a collision between Sebastian Vettel and Nico Rosberg . He then took the lead late on in the race when leader Lewis Hamilton retired with an engine failure . After fighting with his Red Bull teammate Verstappen , Ricciardo took his first victory of the season . He repeated his shoey celebration on the podium , and was able to get team boss Christian Horner as well as podium sharers Verstappen and Rosberg to repeat the celebration . Ricciardo eventually sealed third",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "in the Drivers Championship following a podium finish in Mexico . Other than Sergio Pérez , he is the only driver to have been classified in every race of the 2016 season . In fact , save for just two races in which Ricciardo equalled the previous years result , he improved on every other race result from 2015 .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": " 2017 . Ricciardo qualified 10th in Australia after spinning into the tyre barrier in Q3 . He incurred a five-place grid penalty due to an unscheduled gearbox change as a result from the crash . A gearbox sensor issue prevented him from taking the start and when he did get going , two laps down , a sudden fuel pressure problem ended his race after 25 laps .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "He won his fifth Grand Prix at the first Azerbaijan Grand Prix , after qualifying 10th . He finished on the podium five times in a row between Spain and Austria , and then three times in a row between Singapore and Japan . Despite having maintained fourth in the drivers championship for much of the season , retirements in three of the last four races ( including the final race at Abu Dhabi ) saw Ricciardo drop down to 5th in the championship , five points behind Kimi Räikkönen .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "Ricciardo started the season with a fourth-place in Australia , from eighth on the grid after a three-place penalty for speeding under red flag conditions . In Bahrain , he recorded a non-finish after an electrical failure on the second lap . His result in the 2018 Chinese Grand Prix was much better , taking a commanding victory by almost nine seconds , after starting sixth on the grid . At the 2018 Azerbaijan Grand Prix , Ricciardo was fighting for fourth with teammate Max Verstappen in the latter half of the race . His front wing made heavy contact",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "with his teammates rear , and the incident caused both drivers to retire . At the 2018 Spanish Grand Prix , Ricciardo finished fifth and set the track record , despite spinning under the virtual safety car . Coming into the 2018 Monaco Grand Prix , Ricciardo and Verstappen were considered favourites to win the race due to their cars superior chassis and down-force . Ricciardo topped all three practice sessions before qualifying , breaking the lap record with each session . Ricciardo managed to secure the second pole of his career at Monaco , topping every qualifying session as",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "well and setting a new lap record again . In the race , Ricciardo managed to hold off the Ferrari of Sebastian Vettel to take his first Monaco Grand Prix victory and his first Grand Prix win from pole position , despite having to manage a loss of power due to a MGU-K power output issue throughout the race .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": " Later in the season , he tied for the most retirements in the 2018 season , with 8 retirements in total . He managed four fastest laps for the season , in Australia , China , Spain and Hungary and finished the season sixth in the World Drivers Championship with 170 points . Renault ( 2019–2020 ) . On 3 August 2018 , it was announced that Ricciardo had signed a two-year contract to drive for Renault . 2019 .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "Ricciardos teammate for the 2019 season was Nico Hülkenberg . Ricciardo had a poor start to the season with retirements in the first two races , from front wing damage in Australia and power failure in Bahrain . A 7th-place finish in China followed . In Azerbaijan , Ricciardo reversed into Daniil Kvyat when both cars stopped after an overtake attempt by Ricciardo , causing race-ending damage for both drivers and Ricciardos third retirement in four races . Six consecutive race finishes followed , including a strong 4th place in qualifying and 6th-place finish in Canada . Ricciardo then suffered",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "an exhaust failure at the German Grand Prix .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": " At the Italian Grand Prix , Ricciardo finished in 4th place , his best result of the year . Teammate Hülkenberg finished in 5th , contributing to Renaults best finish since the team returned to the sport in . Ricciardo was involved in a first-lap collision in Russia , leading to his eventual retirement . He was initially classified 6th in Japan , before both Renault cars were disqualified ten days later for using illegal driver aids . Three consecutive points finishes followed , with strong 6th-place finishes in the United States and Brazil .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "Ricciardo ended a relatively disappointing season for Renault in 9th place in the championship , with 54 points , ahead of teammate Hülkenberg .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "Ricciardo had a new teammate for the 2020 season with Hülkenberg being replaced by Esteban Ocon . Ricciardo started the season with a retirement at the 2020 Austrian Grand Prix . In this next race , the 2020 Styrian Grand Prix , Ricciardo was running in 6th place with 2 laps to go before an overtake attempt by Lance Stroll forced Ricciardo wide , causing his to lose positions to Stroll and also Lando Norris . He ended the race in 8th after a close ending with Stroll and Sergio Pérez . Ricciardo qualified 11th at the 2020 Hungarian Grand",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "Prix , and finished the race in 8th place .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "At the 2020 British Grand Prix , Ricciardo finished in 4th place , equaling his best result for Renault . He was running in 6th place before late punctures to Carlos Sainz Jr . and Valtteri Bottas promoted him up to 4th . He was close to overtaking Charles Leclerc for his first podium in 2 years , but missed it by 1.2 seconds . At the 70th Anniversary Grand Prix , Ricciardo qualified 5th , but a spin midway through the race led to a 14th place finish . Ricciardo qualified 13th and finished 11th at the next race",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "in Spain .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "Ricciardo would go on a 11 race point-scoring streak until the end of the season , starting with the 2020 Belgian Grand Prix . He qualified and finished in 4th place , as well as taking the fastest lap on the last lap of the race . At the 2020 Italian Grand Prix , he qualified 7th and finished in 6th place . At the 2020 Tuscan Grand Prix , he qualified 8th and was running in 3rd place for the majority of the race , but Alex Albon of Red Bull overtook Ricciardo , leaving him to have to",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "settle for 4th place .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "At the Russian Grand Prix , Ricciardo was fastest in the second qualifying segment , but only managed to qualify in 5th place . In the race , he finished in 5th place despite a 5 second penalty . At the 2020 Eifel Grand Prix , Ricciardo qualified 6th before going on to score the teams first podium since the 2011 Malaysian Grand Prix . This was Ricciardos first podium since joining Renault , and his first since the 2018 Monaco Grand Prix . In the next race , the 2020 Portuguese Grand Prix , he started 10th after having",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "a crash towards the end of second segment of qualifying , damaging his rear wing . He finished 9th in the race . He reached the podium a second time for Renault at the 2020 Emilia Romagna Grand Prix . Starting 5th on the grid , he overtook Pierre Gasly on the first lap , before being overcut by Pérez after being stuck behind traffic . However , a tyre failure and retirement of former teammate Max Verstappen and a strategy error by Pérez’s team Racing Point allowed him to finish in 3rd place . In the 2020 Bahrain Grand",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "Prix , he started 6th , and overtook Valtteri Bottas on the first lap . However , following a red flag he had a poor second start , which dropped him down to 10th place . He eventually finished in 7th place . At the 2020 Sakhir Grand Prix , he had a chance of a podium after Charles Leclerc , Max Verstappen , and Sergio Pérez all collided in the first lap of the race . But a mistimed second pit stop caused Ricciardo to be overtaken , ending the race in 5th place . In his final race",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "for Renault at the 2020 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix , he only managed 12th on the grid , however a good first stint allowed him to exit the pits in 7th place . He also took the fastest lap of the race on the final lap . He finished in 5th place in the championship standings with 119 points , 6 points behind Sergio Pérez in fourth .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "After two years at Renault F1 Team , Ricciardo joined McLaren for the 2021 Formula One World Championship as a replacement for Carlos Sainz Jr . who signed a multi-year deal with Ferrari . His team mate for 2021 is Lando Norris , who was retained by the team . Regarding his new contract , Ricciardo admitted that before signing for McLaren he had held talks with Ferrari about taking over Sebastian Vettels seat but Ferrari had instead signed Sainz . He subsequently placed 7th in the 2021 season opener in Bahrain , having qualified 6th . At the following",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "race , the 2021 Emilia Romagna Grand Prix , he finished 6th , having once again qualified in the same position . At the third race of the season in Portugal , Ricciardo suffered a shock exit in qualifying , being knocked out of Q1 and starting the race from 16th . During the race he worked his way through the field and ended in a points-scoring position in ninth , helping McLaren maintain third place in the constructors championship . At the Spanish Grand Prix , Ricciardo qualified seventh , but managed to climb to fifth on the opening",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "lap . He defended fifth from Red Bull driver Sergio Pérez until lap 45 , where Pérez was able to get past at turn 1 . He finished sixth , marking the first time in the season he finished ahead of Norris .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": " - BRDC The Bruce McLaren Trophy : 2013 - Trofeo Lorenzo Bandini : 2014 - Confartigianato Motori Driver of the Year : 2014 - GQ Australia Sportsman of the Year : 2014 - BRDC The Bruce McLaren Trophy : 2014 - BRDC The Innes Ireland Trophy : 2014 - BRDC The Innes Ireland Trophy : 2015 - Laureus World Sports Award for Breakthrough Performance of the Year : 2015 - BRDC The Bruce McLaren Trophy : 2016 - Confartigianato Motori Driver of the Year : 2018",
"title": "Awards"
},
{
"text": " <nowiki>*</nowiki> Season still in progress . Complete Formula One results . <nowiki>*</nowiki> Season still in progress.",
"title": "Racing career summary"
},
{
"text": " - Profile at Formula1.com",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Daniel_Ricciardo#P641#2
|
What sport did Daniel Ricciardo participate between Jan 2009 and Nov 2010?
|
Daniel Ricciardo Daniel Joseph Ricciardo ( Ricardo ; born 1 July 1989 ) is an Italian-Australian racing driver who is currently competing in Formula One , under the Australian flag , for McLaren . He made his debut at the 2011 British Grand Prix with the HRT team as part of a deal with Red Bull Racing , for whom he was test driving under its sister team Scuderia Toro Rosso . Ricciardo’s driver number is 3 . Ricciardo joined Toro Rosso in 2012 full-time after the team changed its driver lineup and drove a Ferrari-powered car for them in 2012 and 2013 . In 2014 , Ricciardo was promoted to Red Bull as a replacement for the retired Mark Webber alongside multiple time world champion Sebastian Vettel . In his first season with Red Bull under Renault power , Ricciardo finished third in the championship with his first three Formula One wins , in Canada , Hungary , and Belgium . After two years without a victory , Ricciardo returned to the top of the podium at the 2016 Malaysian Grand Prix , eventually sealing third in the championship for the second time in three years at the 2016 Mexican Grand Prix . He has since added victories at the Azerbaijan Grand Prix in 2017 and the Chinese and Monaco Grands Prix in 2018 . After 2018 , Ricciardo signed with Renault and has raced for them in the 2019 and 2020 seasons . He joined McLaren for the 2021 and Formula One seasons , alongside Lando Norris . In March 2021 , he ventured into the wine industry through a private project , with a collection of wine with acclaimed winemaker St . Hugo . Personal life . Daniel Joseph Ricciardo was born on 1 July 1989 in Perth , Western Australia , to Italian parents of Ficarra born father Giuseppe Joe Ricciardo and Australian born mother Grace , with parents originally from Casignana . Ricciardo also has a sister ; Michelle . Growing up in Duncraig , one of Perths northern suburbs , Ricciardos earliest memories of motorsports were of his father racing at the nearby Barbagallo Raceway in Wanneroo . He attended high school at Newman College . Ricciardo pronounces his surname Ricardo instead of the Italian pronunciation Rit-chi-ardo , attributing this to the way it was usually pronounced growing up in Australia and by his family . He is often referred to as the honey badger in reference to his racing style , explaining how Its supposed to be the most fearless animal in the animal kingdom . When you look at it , he seems quite cute and cuddly , but as soon as someone crosses his territory in a way he doesnt like , he turns into a bit of a savage and hell go after anything – tigers , pythons – he turns very quickly , but hes a good guy . Growing up as a fan of NASCAR Cup Series driver Dale Earnhardt , Ricciardo adopted the number 3 as his racing number in honour of him . Ricciardo supports the AFLs West Coast Eagles and was the clubs number-one ticket holder in 2015 and 2016 . Career . Formula Ford and Formula BMW . Born in Perth , Western Australia , Ricciardo started karting at the age of nine , as a member of the Tiger Kart Club ( TKC ) and entered numerous karting events . In 2005 , he entered the Western Australian Formula Ford championship driving a 15-year-old Van Diemen , finishing eighth by seasons end . Towards the end of the season , Ricciardo took a leased 13-year-old Van Diemen across to Sandown Raceway in Melbourne to compete at the national Formula Ford series but his ageing car was uncompetitive as he finished 16th , 17th and retired during the weekends three races . The following year , however , he won a scholarship into the Formula BMW Asian championship with Eurasia Motorsport . During his début season , Ricciardo took two victories ( both at Bira ) and also achieved a pole position at Zhuhai . He finished third in the Drivers Championship with 231 points , 59 points behind the champion Earl Bamber . In August that year , he was given an outing with Motaworld Racing to race at the eighth meeting of the Formula BMW UK championship . Despite retiring from the first race , Ricciardo recovered to finish eighth in the second race and took three championship points in his only entry in the British championship . At the end of the year , he entered the Formula BMW World Final with Fortec Motorsport where he finished in fifth position , 14 seconds off winner Christian Vietoris . Formula Renault . 2007 saw Ricciardo switch categories to Formula Renault with RP Motorsport , entering the European and Italian championships of the category , although mainly focused on the latter series as he entered 14 races to the four entries he took in the European championship . He finished the year seventh in the Italian series with 196 points and scoring a single podium at Valencia but failed to score a point in his handful of starts in the European races . Ricciardo stayed in Formula Renault for a second year in 2008 , entering the European and Western European championships . By the end of the year , the young driver took his first European title in the Western European Cup and finished second in the Eurocup to Finn Valtteri Bottas . Formula Three . During the mid-part of the 2008 season , Ricciardo made his Formula Three début at the Nürburgring , entering SG Formulas Formula 3 Euro Series team . Despite only a short amount of experience in the car , Ricciardo qualified in eighth for the first race which later converted into sixth in the race after James Jakes and Christian Vietoris stalled on the grid . But he struggled in the reverse-grid race , finishing just fifteenth . Ricciardo moved to the British Formula 3 Championship for the 2009 season driving for Carlin Motorsport . He also made his debut in the 3.5-litre World Series by Renault championship , racing alongside Charles Pic at Tech 1 Racing for the rounds at the Autódromo Internacional do Algarve in Portugal . He retired from the first race , before finishing fifteenth in the second . When he returned to Formula Three , he extended his championship lead to 45 points before returning to the Portuguese circuit . A win and a third in the British-registered cars , gave him an unassailable 64-point lead over Renger van der Zande with just 42 available . This meant that Ricciardo became the first Australian driver since David Brabham in 1989 to win the British Formula 3 title . Just like Brabham , Ricciardo won the title in a car powered by a Volkswagen engine . Ricciardo finished the season on a high , taking both pole positions for the final round of the series , at Brands Hatch . He won the first race by fifteen seconds , and finished fourth ( third in British-registered cars as Marcus Ericsson was running in the Invitational Class ) in the season-ending race . His championship winning margin was 87 points as Walter Grubmüller overhauled his teammate van der Zande , who was absent from the weekend due to a conflicting Euroseries race in Barcelona . Ricciardo continued his partnership with Carlin , by heading to the Macau Grand Prix with the team . Ricciardo quickly gathered pace at the circuit , being second fastest ( and fastest rookie ) behind Marcus Ericsson in first qualifying , before winding up in fifth place in second qualifying , setting the grid for the qualifying race . Following a sixth place in the qualifying race , Ricciardo was forced to retire on the first lap of the main race after hitting a wall at San Francisco . He continued with a puncture up the hill before hitting the wall at the Solitude Esses , and caused a circuit-blocking incident , which also took out seven of his rivals . Formula Renault 3.5 Series . On 30 October 2009 , Ricciardo was signed by Tech 1 to compete in the 2010 season . He had competed with the team at the Autódromo Internacional do Algarve in Portugal in 2009 , and was the teammate to Brendon Hartley , another driver who drove for Tech 1 over the season . Following a minor incident during a mountain bike exercise , Ricciardo was forced to miss the second test of the 2010 season , but went on to take pole position for both races at the season-opening round of the 2010 season in Alcañiz , Spain . He finished third and second in the races respectively , to leave himself at the head of the championship standings . Two weeks later , at the Spa-Francorchamps circuit , Ricciardo was relegated to last on the grid after being deemed to have hindered the laps of other drivers . In the next two races he finished 13th and fifth respectively – coming 2nd in the latter until many of the front-runners were given penalties for infringing the parc ferme rules before the race . One week later , in Monte Carlo , Ricciardo secured his third pole position of the season , finishing three-tenths of a second ahead of championship rival Stefano Coletti . He secured his first win at the following race , one place ahead of Coletti . Ricciardo went on to secure two more wins at the Hungaroring and at Hockenheim in commanding fashion . Following Ricciardos sixth pole from 12 races , Tech 1 team boss , Simon Abadie , praised his drivers efforts greatly , saying I am happy , and happy for Daniel because six poles in 12 races is good going , and later stated his teams ambitions for success , by telling Autosport correspondent Peter Mills , I really hopes Daniel wins the championship . At the first race at the Silverstone circuit , Ricciardo was involved in a spectacular incident with pole-sitter Jon Lancaster , in which Ricciardo was sent into a barrel roll , eventually landing on his wheels . The crash saw the end of his race , with teammate Jean-Éric Vergne becoming the eventual winner , following disqualifications . Securing pole for the second race of the weekend , Ricciardo spent much of the race leading the pack by upwards of three seconds . However , braking issues in the second half of the event meant that , on the final lap , championship-rival Esteban Guerrieri was able to pass the Tech 1 racer . Going into the final round of the season , Ricciardo sat just three points behind championship leader Mikhail Aleshin and 13 ahead of third-place man Esteban Guerrieri . Managing his 8th pole of the season , Ricciardo managed a lights-to-flag victory , setting the fastest lap and placing himself equal first with one race remaining . After securing second place on the grid for the second race of the weekend , Ricciardo managed to hold position until the pit stops , where he was successfully jumped by two of his rivals , including teammate Vergne . With only two laps left in the race and struggling for pace , Ricciardo was overtaken by championship rival Aleshin . Finishing in that order , Ricciardo failed to secure the title in his debut year , losing out to Mikhail Aleshin by only two points . In 2011 Ricciardo raced for ISR Racing prior to his HRT call-up . Formula One . Ricciardo made his track debut at the wheel of a Formula One car , when he tested for Red Bull Racing at the young drivers test at Circuito de Jerez over three days , from 1–3 December 2009 . On the final day of testing he clocked the fastest time of the test by over a second . This placed him as the only driver to go into the 1:17 bracket . Red Bull Racings team manager Christian Horner suggested that Ricciardo may replace his 2010 World Series teammate Hartley as the teams test and reserve driver . As it turned out , Ricciardo and Hartley were to share test and reserve duties for both Red Bull , and sister team Scuderia Toro Rosso until the latter was removed from the Red Bull Junior team . On 11 November 2010 , Ricciardo was confirmed as the single driver to represent Red Bull Racing at the end-of-season young drivers test at the Yas Marina Circuit , on 16–17 November . At the announcement , he commented , I cant wait to get another crack at driving Red Bull Racings amazing Formula One car . Ricciardo continued to show his one-lap prowess and dominated the event , with his fastest lap being 1.3 seconds faster than World Champion Sebastian Vettels qualifying lap the Saturday before . Days after completing this session Ricciardo was confirmed as Toro Rossos test and reserve driver for the season , and would take part in the first free practice session of each race weekend . Franz Tost , Toro Rosso team principal stated that having a hungry youngster on the books will keep our current driver pairing nice and sharp , referring to then Toro Rosso drivers Jaime Alguersuari and Sébastien Buemi . Ricciardo would also make an appearance in pre-season testing for the 2011 Formula One season , driving for Scuderia Toro Rosso . At the 2011 Australian Grand Prix , Ricciardo was placed 16th on the timesheets after opening practice , just one-tenth slower than his experienced Toro Rosso teammate Sebastian Buemi . Ricciardo managed to later finish eighth in practice for the wet Turkish Grand Prix Friday practice one session , a place ahead of competitor Buemi . HRT ( 2011 ) . On 30 June 2011 , Ricciardo was contracted to Hispania Racing by Red Bull Racing , replacing Narain Karthikeyan for all the remaining races of the 2011 season except the , to allow Karthikeyan to race at his home Grand Prix . Ricciardo made his Grand Prix debut at the 2011 British Grand Prix at Silverstone . However , on 22 October 2011 , a few days before the inaugural Indian Grand Prix , the race where Karthikeyan was due to gain back his seat for his home race , HRT F1 announced that Vitantonio Liuzzi made way for Karthikeyan , allowing Ricciardo to race in India and extend his learning curve that Red Bull Racing paid the struggling Spanish team to do , as well as allowing Karthikeyan to race in front of his home fans . In Abu Dhabi , Ricciardo retired with mechanical problems after starting 20th on the grid and in the final race at the , Ricciardo finished 20th after starting 22nd on the grid . Toro Rosso ( 2012–2013 ) . 2012 . On 14 December 2011 , it was confirmed that Ricciardo would drive for the Scuderia Toro Rosso for the 2012 season , alongside Frenchman Jean-Éric Vergne . At the 2012 Australian Grand Prix on 18 March 2012 , Ricciardo managed to overtake his teammate Vergne late on the last lap to come home in ninth place , securing his first two World Championship points . In wet conditions in Malaysia he finished 12th , after having been first to switch to slick tyres . In Bahrain he qualified sixth , but dropped back during the race and finished 15th . In Monaco he suffered his only retirement of the season , after having started from 15th position . 2013 . On 31 October 2012 , Toro Rosso announced the re-signing of Ricciardo for the 2013 season . Ricciardo out-scored his teammate Jean-Éric Vergne by seven points and out-qualified him in over 3/4 of the season . His impressive qualifying efforts of 30–7 against Vergne over their two years together help promote him to Toro Rosso senior team , Red Bull , replacing fellow countryman Mark Webber . Ricciardo finished 13th in the championship with 20 points . Red Bull ( 2014–2018 ) . Ricciardo replaced Mark Webber at Infiniti Red Bull Racing at the start of the 2014 Formula One season , partnering Sebastian Vettel , a four-time world champion . 2014 . In the first race of the season , the , Ricciardo qualified in second place behind Lewis Hamilton and completed the race in second place , despite pressure from rookie Kevin Magnussen in the final laps . Ricciardo was later disqualified , as his car was ruled to have exceeded the mandated hourly fuel flow rate limit . Had he not been disqualified , it would have marked the first time an Australian had made the podium at the Australian Grand Prix since the race became part of the World Championship . Infiniti Red Bull Racing filed an appeal against the disqualification which was rejected by the International Court of Appeal , the FIA decision being upheld . Ricciardo failed to finish in the , but managed to record his first points of the 2014 season at the , where he finished fourth , after starting in 13th position . By winning at the , Ricciardo became the fourth Australian to win a Grand Prix in Formula One , joining Jack Brabham , Alan Jones and Mark Webber . His victory in Canada broke the chain of six Mercedes victories that marked the beginning of the 2014 season . Ricciardo impressed many by beating Vettel throughout the first half of the 2014 season , and after a clean and tight battle between Ricciardo and Fernando Alonso at the , Alonso described Ricciardo as unbelievable and very , very smart , very respectful . Ricciardo won the on 27 July , ahead of Alonso and Lewis Hamilton . He was in third place behind Alonso and Hamilton with less than four laps remaining and overtook Hamiltons Mercedes with a pass on the outside of the Hungarorings turn two . He then easily caught and passed Alonsos Ferrari as he had very little grip left on his tyres – television footage of his left front tyre after the race showed it to be badly blistered . In the final two laps , Ricciardo pulled away to win the race by 5.225 seconds . His teammate Vettel survived a spin coming onto the main straight late in the race to finish seventh . Ricciardo became the second Australian to win the Hungarian Grand Prix , after Mark Webbers victory – also for Red Bull – in 2010 . Ricciardo then went on to score his third victory of his career to go back to back in Belgium , become the first Australian to win there since Jack Brabham in , also making him the only non-Mercedes driver to have won a Grand Prix in 2014 . On 4 October 2014 , it was announced that Ricciardo would partner Daniil Kvyat for the season , following the announcement of Vettels departure from the team . In his first season for Red Bull Racing , Ricciardo confirmed third place in the drivers championship at the , despite it being his first retirement since the . In the final race of the season , the , despite starting from the pit lane due to a front wing infringement , Ricciardo finished in fourth place and secured the first fastest lap of his Formula One career . For his 2014 performances , Ricciardo won the Laureus World Sports Award for Breakthrough of the Year in April 2015 . 2015 . On 8 February 2015 , during the third episode of series 22 of the popular British motoring television programme Top Gear , Ricciardo became the fastest Formula One driver to perform a lap of the Top Gear test track during the Star in a Reasonably Priced Car feature , beating the previous record-holder Lewis Hamilton with a time of 1:42.2 . In 2015 , Red Bull slipped behind Ferrari and Williams in their efforts to take the title fight to Mercedes . The Red Bull cars were held back by the Renault power unit having been out-developed by Mercedes and Ferrari . The RB11 only showed pace in slow and twisty high downforce tracks or in rain , highlighting the cars strong chassis . Ricciardo achieved his first top five finish in Monaco with fifth and the fastest lap of the race . While tussling for second in Hungary with Nico Rosberg , his race winning charge ground to a halt when the two clashed while hunting down Sebastian Vettel . Ricciardo managed to finish third behind his teammate . It was his first podium since the 2014 United States Grand Prix . He recorded his second podium of the season in Singapore where he finished second and recorded his third fastest lap of the season . Ricciardo finished the season with 92 points in eighth place in the championship , three points behind teammate Daniil Kvyat . He out-qualified Kvyat 14–5 . 2016 . In a much more competitive Red Bull , Ricciardo began the season well , finishing 4th in both Australia and Bahrain and qualifying 2nd and then leading early on in the Chinese Grand Prix before suffering a tyre blowout and finishing in 4th again . Ricciardo qualified third at the Spanish Grand Prix , and after the two Mercedes cars of Lewis Hamilton and Nico Rosberg crashed out on the first lap , he led the early stages of the race . After a remarkable strategy call by Ferrari resulting in a very short third stint for Sebastian Vettel , Red Bull decided to answer this by pitting Ricciardo again and cover Vettel , also going for the presumed faster three-stop strategy . This dropped him behind Vettel , new teammate Max Verstappen and Kimi Räikkönen on track , and after a few failed attempts at passing Vettel , a tyre blowout late on in the race meant that he finished fourth again , behind eventual winner Verstappen , and the Ferraris of Räikkönen and Vettel . Ricciardo scored his first pole position at the Monaco Grand Prix , and led the early wet stages of the race . However , after a very long pitstop in which his team took nearly 40 seconds to ready a set of tyres he lost the race lead to Lewis Hamilton and finished the race in 2nd . Ricciardo was notably upset after the race result , saying : Two weekends in a row Ive been screwed now . It sucks . It hurts . Ricciardo returned to the podium in Hungary , finishing third , and in Germany , where he finished second . On the podium in Germany , Ricciardo performed a new celebration , where he drank champagne out of his shoe . He calls this celebration the shoey . He repeated the celebration at the Belgian Grand Prix ( where he came second again ) , this time persuading podium interviewer Mark Webber to also drink from the shoe . Ricciardo qualified and finished second at the Singapore Grand Prix , after pushing eventual winner Rosberg hard near the end , a late strategy change pushing him to under half a second behind at the finish line . Ricciardo qualified fourth at the Malaysian Grand Prix but moved up to second into turn one , after a collision between Sebastian Vettel and Nico Rosberg . He then took the lead late on in the race when leader Lewis Hamilton retired with an engine failure . After fighting with his Red Bull teammate Verstappen , Ricciardo took his first victory of the season . He repeated his shoey celebration on the podium , and was able to get team boss Christian Horner as well as podium sharers Verstappen and Rosberg to repeat the celebration . Ricciardo eventually sealed third in the Drivers Championship following a podium finish in Mexico . Other than Sergio Pérez , he is the only driver to have been classified in every race of the 2016 season . In fact , save for just two races in which Ricciardo equalled the previous years result , he improved on every other race result from 2015 . 2017 . Ricciardo qualified 10th in Australia after spinning into the tyre barrier in Q3 . He incurred a five-place grid penalty due to an unscheduled gearbox change as a result from the crash . A gearbox sensor issue prevented him from taking the start and when he did get going , two laps down , a sudden fuel pressure problem ended his race after 25 laps . He won his fifth Grand Prix at the first Azerbaijan Grand Prix , after qualifying 10th . He finished on the podium five times in a row between Spain and Austria , and then three times in a row between Singapore and Japan . Despite having maintained fourth in the drivers championship for much of the season , retirements in three of the last four races ( including the final race at Abu Dhabi ) saw Ricciardo drop down to 5th in the championship , five points behind Kimi Räikkönen . 2018 . Ricciardo started the season with a fourth-place in Australia , from eighth on the grid after a three-place penalty for speeding under red flag conditions . In Bahrain , he recorded a non-finish after an electrical failure on the second lap . His result in the 2018 Chinese Grand Prix was much better , taking a commanding victory by almost nine seconds , after starting sixth on the grid . At the 2018 Azerbaijan Grand Prix , Ricciardo was fighting for fourth with teammate Max Verstappen in the latter half of the race . His front wing made heavy contact with his teammates rear , and the incident caused both drivers to retire . At the 2018 Spanish Grand Prix , Ricciardo finished fifth and set the track record , despite spinning under the virtual safety car . Coming into the 2018 Monaco Grand Prix , Ricciardo and Verstappen were considered favourites to win the race due to their cars superior chassis and down-force . Ricciardo topped all three practice sessions before qualifying , breaking the lap record with each session . Ricciardo managed to secure the second pole of his career at Monaco , topping every qualifying session as well and setting a new lap record again . In the race , Ricciardo managed to hold off the Ferrari of Sebastian Vettel to take his first Monaco Grand Prix victory and his first Grand Prix win from pole position , despite having to manage a loss of power due to a MGU-K power output issue throughout the race . Later in the season , he tied for the most retirements in the 2018 season , with 8 retirements in total . He managed four fastest laps for the season , in Australia , China , Spain and Hungary and finished the season sixth in the World Drivers Championship with 170 points . Renault ( 2019–2020 ) . On 3 August 2018 , it was announced that Ricciardo had signed a two-year contract to drive for Renault . 2019 . Ricciardos teammate for the 2019 season was Nico Hülkenberg . Ricciardo had a poor start to the season with retirements in the first two races , from front wing damage in Australia and power failure in Bahrain . A 7th-place finish in China followed . In Azerbaijan , Ricciardo reversed into Daniil Kvyat when both cars stopped after an overtake attempt by Ricciardo , causing race-ending damage for both drivers and Ricciardos third retirement in four races . Six consecutive race finishes followed , including a strong 4th place in qualifying and 6th-place finish in Canada . Ricciardo then suffered an exhaust failure at the German Grand Prix . At the Italian Grand Prix , Ricciardo finished in 4th place , his best result of the year . Teammate Hülkenberg finished in 5th , contributing to Renaults best finish since the team returned to the sport in . Ricciardo was involved in a first-lap collision in Russia , leading to his eventual retirement . He was initially classified 6th in Japan , before both Renault cars were disqualified ten days later for using illegal driver aids . Three consecutive points finishes followed , with strong 6th-place finishes in the United States and Brazil . Ricciardo ended a relatively disappointing season for Renault in 9th place in the championship , with 54 points , ahead of teammate Hülkenberg . 2020 . Ricciardo had a new teammate for the 2020 season with Hülkenberg being replaced by Esteban Ocon . Ricciardo started the season with a retirement at the 2020 Austrian Grand Prix . In this next race , the 2020 Styrian Grand Prix , Ricciardo was running in 6th place with 2 laps to go before an overtake attempt by Lance Stroll forced Ricciardo wide , causing his to lose positions to Stroll and also Lando Norris . He ended the race in 8th after a close ending with Stroll and Sergio Pérez . Ricciardo qualified 11th at the 2020 Hungarian Grand Prix , and finished the race in 8th place . At the 2020 British Grand Prix , Ricciardo finished in 4th place , equaling his best result for Renault . He was running in 6th place before late punctures to Carlos Sainz Jr . and Valtteri Bottas promoted him up to 4th . He was close to overtaking Charles Leclerc for his first podium in 2 years , but missed it by 1.2 seconds . At the 70th Anniversary Grand Prix , Ricciardo qualified 5th , but a spin midway through the race led to a 14th place finish . Ricciardo qualified 13th and finished 11th at the next race in Spain . Ricciardo would go on a 11 race point-scoring streak until the end of the season , starting with the 2020 Belgian Grand Prix . He qualified and finished in 4th place , as well as taking the fastest lap on the last lap of the race . At the 2020 Italian Grand Prix , he qualified 7th and finished in 6th place . At the 2020 Tuscan Grand Prix , he qualified 8th and was running in 3rd place for the majority of the race , but Alex Albon of Red Bull overtook Ricciardo , leaving him to have to settle for 4th place . At the Russian Grand Prix , Ricciardo was fastest in the second qualifying segment , but only managed to qualify in 5th place . In the race , he finished in 5th place despite a 5 second penalty . At the 2020 Eifel Grand Prix , Ricciardo qualified 6th before going on to score the teams first podium since the 2011 Malaysian Grand Prix . This was Ricciardos first podium since joining Renault , and his first since the 2018 Monaco Grand Prix . In the next race , the 2020 Portuguese Grand Prix , he started 10th after having a crash towards the end of second segment of qualifying , damaging his rear wing . He finished 9th in the race . He reached the podium a second time for Renault at the 2020 Emilia Romagna Grand Prix . Starting 5th on the grid , he overtook Pierre Gasly on the first lap , before being overcut by Pérez after being stuck behind traffic . However , a tyre failure and retirement of former teammate Max Verstappen and a strategy error by Pérez’s team Racing Point allowed him to finish in 3rd place . In the 2020 Bahrain Grand Prix , he started 6th , and overtook Valtteri Bottas on the first lap . However , following a red flag he had a poor second start , which dropped him down to 10th place . He eventually finished in 7th place . At the 2020 Sakhir Grand Prix , he had a chance of a podium after Charles Leclerc , Max Verstappen , and Sergio Pérez all collided in the first lap of the race . But a mistimed second pit stop caused Ricciardo to be overtaken , ending the race in 5th place . In his final race for Renault at the 2020 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix , he only managed 12th on the grid , however a good first stint allowed him to exit the pits in 7th place . He also took the fastest lap of the race on the final lap . He finished in 5th place in the championship standings with 119 points , 6 points behind Sergio Pérez in fourth . McLaren ( 2021– ) . After two years at Renault F1 Team , Ricciardo joined McLaren for the 2021 Formula One World Championship as a replacement for Carlos Sainz Jr . who signed a multi-year deal with Ferrari . His team mate for 2021 is Lando Norris , who was retained by the team . Regarding his new contract , Ricciardo admitted that before signing for McLaren he had held talks with Ferrari about taking over Sebastian Vettels seat but Ferrari had instead signed Sainz . He subsequently placed 7th in the 2021 season opener in Bahrain , having qualified 6th . At the following race , the 2021 Emilia Romagna Grand Prix , he finished 6th , having once again qualified in the same position . At the third race of the season in Portugal , Ricciardo suffered a shock exit in qualifying , being knocked out of Q1 and starting the race from 16th . During the race he worked his way through the field and ended in a points-scoring position in ninth , helping McLaren maintain third place in the constructors championship . At the Spanish Grand Prix , Ricciardo qualified seventh , but managed to climb to fifth on the opening lap . He defended fifth from Red Bull driver Sergio Pérez until lap 45 , where Pérez was able to get past at turn 1 . He finished sixth , marking the first time in the season he finished ahead of Norris . Awards . - BRDC The Bruce McLaren Trophy : 2013 - Trofeo Lorenzo Bandini : 2014 - Confartigianato Motori Driver of the Year : 2014 - GQ Australia Sportsman of the Year : 2014 - BRDC The Bruce McLaren Trophy : 2014 - BRDC The Innes Ireland Trophy : 2014 - BRDC The Innes Ireland Trophy : 2015 - Laureus World Sports Award for Breakthrough Performance of the Year : 2015 - BRDC The Bruce McLaren Trophy : 2016 - Confartigianato Motori Driver of the Year : 2018 Racing record . Racing career summary . <nowiki>*</nowiki> Season still in progress . Complete Formula One results . <nowiki>*</nowiki> Season still in progress. External links . - Profile at Formula1.com
|
[
"Formula Renault 3.5 Series"
] |
[
{
"text": " Daniel Joseph Ricciardo ( Ricardo ; born 1 July 1989 ) is an Italian-Australian racing driver who is currently competing in Formula One , under the Australian flag , for McLaren . He made his debut at the 2011 British Grand Prix with the HRT team as part of a deal with Red Bull Racing , for whom he was test driving under its sister team Scuderia Toro Rosso . Ricciardo’s driver number is 3 .",
"title": "Daniel Ricciardo"
},
{
"text": "Ricciardo joined Toro Rosso in 2012 full-time after the team changed its driver lineup and drove a Ferrari-powered car for them in 2012 and 2013 . In 2014 , Ricciardo was promoted to Red Bull as a replacement for the retired Mark Webber alongside multiple time world champion Sebastian Vettel . In his first season with Red Bull under Renault power , Ricciardo finished third in the championship with his first three Formula One wins , in Canada , Hungary , and Belgium .",
"title": "Daniel Ricciardo"
},
{
"text": "After two years without a victory , Ricciardo returned to the top of the podium at the 2016 Malaysian Grand Prix , eventually sealing third in the championship for the second time in three years at the 2016 Mexican Grand Prix . He has since added victories at the Azerbaijan Grand Prix in 2017 and the Chinese and Monaco Grands Prix in 2018 . After 2018 , Ricciardo signed with Renault and has raced for them in the 2019 and 2020 seasons . He joined McLaren for the 2021 and Formula One seasons , alongside Lando Norris . In March",
"title": "Daniel Ricciardo"
},
{
"text": "2021 , he ventured into the wine industry through a private project , with a collection of wine with acclaimed winemaker St . Hugo .",
"title": "Daniel Ricciardo"
},
{
"text": " Daniel Joseph Ricciardo was born on 1 July 1989 in Perth , Western Australia , to Italian parents of Ficarra born father Giuseppe Joe Ricciardo and Australian born mother Grace , with parents originally from Casignana . Ricciardo also has a sister ; Michelle . Growing up in Duncraig , one of Perths northern suburbs , Ricciardos earliest memories of motorsports were of his father racing at the nearby Barbagallo Raceway in Wanneroo . He attended high school at Newman College .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Ricciardo pronounces his surname Ricardo instead of the Italian pronunciation Rit-chi-ardo , attributing this to the way it was usually pronounced growing up in Australia and by his family . He is often referred to as the honey badger in reference to his racing style , explaining how Its supposed to be the most fearless animal in the animal kingdom . When you look at it , he seems quite cute and cuddly , but as soon as someone crosses his territory in a way he doesnt like , he turns into a bit of a savage and hell go",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "after anything – tigers , pythons – he turns very quickly , but hes a good guy . Growing up as a fan of NASCAR Cup Series driver Dale Earnhardt , Ricciardo adopted the number 3 as his racing number in honour of him .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Ricciardo supports the AFLs West Coast Eagles and was the clubs number-one ticket holder in 2015 and 2016 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Born in Perth , Western Australia , Ricciardo started karting at the age of nine , as a member of the Tiger Kart Club ( TKC ) and entered numerous karting events . In 2005 , he entered the Western Australian Formula Ford championship driving a 15-year-old Van Diemen , finishing eighth by seasons end . Towards the end of the season , Ricciardo took a leased 13-year-old Van Diemen across to Sandown Raceway in Melbourne to compete at the national Formula Ford series but his ageing car was uncompetitive as he finished 16th , 17th and retired during the",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "weekends three races . The following year , however , he won a scholarship into the Formula BMW Asian championship with Eurasia Motorsport . During his début season , Ricciardo took two victories ( both at Bira ) and also achieved a pole position at Zhuhai . He finished third in the Drivers Championship with 231 points , 59 points behind the champion Earl Bamber .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In August that year , he was given an outing with Motaworld Racing to race at the eighth meeting of the Formula BMW UK championship . Despite retiring from the first race , Ricciardo recovered to finish eighth in the second race and took three championship points in his only entry in the British championship . At the end of the year , he entered the Formula BMW World Final with Fortec Motorsport where he finished in fifth position , 14 seconds off winner Christian Vietoris .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " 2007 saw Ricciardo switch categories to Formula Renault with RP Motorsport , entering the European and Italian championships of the category , although mainly focused on the latter series as he entered 14 races to the four entries he took in the European championship . He finished the year seventh in the Italian series with 196 points and scoring a single podium at Valencia but failed to score a point in his handful of starts in the European races .",
"title": "Formula Renault"
},
{
"text": "Ricciardo stayed in Formula Renault for a second year in 2008 , entering the European and Western European championships . By the end of the year , the young driver took his first European title in the Western European Cup and finished second in the Eurocup to Finn Valtteri Bottas .",
"title": "Formula Renault"
},
{
"text": " During the mid-part of the 2008 season , Ricciardo made his Formula Three début at the Nürburgring , entering SG Formulas Formula 3 Euro Series team . Despite only a short amount of experience in the car , Ricciardo qualified in eighth for the first race which later converted into sixth in the race after James Jakes and Christian Vietoris stalled on the grid . But he struggled in the reverse-grid race , finishing just fifteenth .",
"title": "Formula Three"
},
{
"text": "Ricciardo moved to the British Formula 3 Championship for the 2009 season driving for Carlin Motorsport . He also made his debut in the 3.5-litre World Series by Renault championship , racing alongside Charles Pic at Tech 1 Racing for the rounds at the Autódromo Internacional do Algarve in Portugal . He retired from the first race , before finishing fifteenth in the second . When he returned to Formula Three , he extended his championship lead to 45 points before returning to the Portuguese circuit . A win and a third in the British-registered cars , gave him an",
"title": "Formula Three"
},
{
"text": "unassailable 64-point lead over Renger van der Zande with just 42 available . This meant that Ricciardo became the first Australian driver since David Brabham in 1989 to win the British Formula 3 title . Just like Brabham , Ricciardo won the title in a car powered by a Volkswagen engine . Ricciardo finished the season on a high , taking both pole positions for the final round of the series , at Brands Hatch . He won the first race by fifteen seconds , and finished fourth ( third in British-registered cars as Marcus Ericsson was running in the",
"title": "Formula Three"
},
{
"text": "Invitational Class ) in the season-ending race . His championship winning margin was 87 points as Walter Grubmüller overhauled his teammate van der Zande , who was absent from the weekend due to a conflicting Euroseries race in Barcelona .",
"title": "Formula Three"
},
{
"text": "Ricciardo continued his partnership with Carlin , by heading to the Macau Grand Prix with the team . Ricciardo quickly gathered pace at the circuit , being second fastest ( and fastest rookie ) behind Marcus Ericsson in first qualifying , before winding up in fifth place in second qualifying , setting the grid for the qualifying race . Following a sixth place in the qualifying race , Ricciardo was forced to retire on the first lap of the main race after hitting a wall at San Francisco . He continued with a puncture up the hill before hitting the",
"title": "Formula Three"
},
{
"text": "wall at the Solitude Esses , and caused a circuit-blocking incident , which also took out seven of his rivals .",
"title": "Formula Three"
},
{
"text": " Formula Renault 3.5 Series . On 30 October 2009 , Ricciardo was signed by Tech 1 to compete in the 2010 season . He had competed with the team at the Autódromo Internacional do Algarve in Portugal in 2009 , and was the teammate to Brendon Hartley , another driver who drove for Tech 1 over the season .",
"title": "Formula Three"
},
{
"text": "Following a minor incident during a mountain bike exercise , Ricciardo was forced to miss the second test of the 2010 season , but went on to take pole position for both races at the season-opening round of the 2010 season in Alcañiz , Spain . He finished third and second in the races respectively , to leave himself at the head of the championship standings . Two weeks later , at the Spa-Francorchamps circuit , Ricciardo was relegated to last on the grid after being deemed to have hindered the laps of other drivers . In the next two",
"title": "Formula Three"
},
{
"text": "races he finished 13th and fifth respectively – coming 2nd in the latter until many of the front-runners were given penalties for infringing the parc ferme rules before the race . One week later , in Monte Carlo , Ricciardo secured his third pole position of the season , finishing three-tenths of a second ahead of championship rival Stefano Coletti . He secured his first win at the following race , one place ahead of Coletti . Ricciardo went on to secure two more wins at the Hungaroring and at Hockenheim in commanding fashion . Following Ricciardos sixth pole from",
"title": "Formula Three"
},
{
"text": "12 races , Tech 1 team boss , Simon Abadie , praised his drivers efforts greatly , saying I am happy , and happy for Daniel because six poles in 12 races is good going , and later stated his teams ambitions for success , by telling Autosport correspondent Peter Mills , I really hopes Daniel wins the championship .",
"title": "Formula Three"
},
{
"text": "At the first race at the Silverstone circuit , Ricciardo was involved in a spectacular incident with pole-sitter Jon Lancaster , in which Ricciardo was sent into a barrel roll , eventually landing on his wheels . The crash saw the end of his race , with teammate Jean-Éric Vergne becoming the eventual winner , following disqualifications . Securing pole for the second race of the weekend , Ricciardo spent much of the race leading the pack by upwards of three seconds . However , braking issues in the second half of the event meant that , on the final",
"title": "Formula Three"
},
{
"text": "lap , championship-rival Esteban Guerrieri was able to pass the Tech 1 racer .",
"title": "Formula Three"
},
{
"text": "Going into the final round of the season , Ricciardo sat just three points behind championship leader Mikhail Aleshin and 13 ahead of third-place man Esteban Guerrieri . Managing his 8th pole of the season , Ricciardo managed a lights-to-flag victory , setting the fastest lap and placing himself equal first with one race remaining . After securing second place on the grid for the second race of the weekend , Ricciardo managed to hold position until the pit stops , where he was successfully jumped by two of his rivals , including teammate Vergne . With only two laps",
"title": "Formula Three"
},
{
"text": "left in the race and struggling for pace , Ricciardo was overtaken by championship rival Aleshin . Finishing in that order , Ricciardo failed to secure the title in his debut year , losing out to Mikhail Aleshin by only two points .",
"title": "Formula Three"
},
{
"text": "Ricciardo made his track debut at the wheel of a Formula One car , when he tested for Red Bull Racing at the young drivers test at Circuito de Jerez over three days , from 1–3 December 2009 . On the final day of testing he clocked the fastest time of the test by over a second . This placed him as the only driver to go into the 1:17 bracket . Red Bull Racings team manager Christian Horner suggested that Ricciardo may replace his 2010 World Series teammate Hartley as the teams test and reserve driver . As it",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "turned out , Ricciardo and Hartley were to share test and reserve duties for both Red Bull , and sister team Scuderia Toro Rosso until the latter was removed from the Red Bull Junior team .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": " On 11 November 2010 , Ricciardo was confirmed as the single driver to represent Red Bull Racing at the end-of-season young drivers test at the Yas Marina Circuit , on 16–17 November . At the announcement , he commented , I cant wait to get another crack at driving Red Bull Racings amazing Formula One car . Ricciardo continued to show his one-lap prowess and dominated the event , with his fastest lap being 1.3 seconds faster than World Champion Sebastian Vettels qualifying lap the Saturday before .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "Days after completing this session Ricciardo was confirmed as Toro Rossos test and reserve driver for the season , and would take part in the first free practice session of each race weekend . Franz Tost , Toro Rosso team principal stated that having a hungry youngster on the books will keep our current driver pairing nice and sharp , referring to then Toro Rosso drivers Jaime Alguersuari and Sébastien Buemi . Ricciardo would also make an appearance in pre-season testing for the 2011 Formula One season , driving for Scuderia Toro Rosso .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": " At the 2011 Australian Grand Prix , Ricciardo was placed 16th on the timesheets after opening practice , just one-tenth slower than his experienced Toro Rosso teammate Sebastian Buemi . Ricciardo managed to later finish eighth in practice for the wet Turkish Grand Prix Friday practice one session , a place ahead of competitor Buemi . HRT ( 2011 ) .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "On 30 June 2011 , Ricciardo was contracted to Hispania Racing by Red Bull Racing , replacing Narain Karthikeyan for all the remaining races of the 2011 season except the , to allow Karthikeyan to race at his home Grand Prix . Ricciardo made his Grand Prix debut at the 2011 British Grand Prix at Silverstone .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "However , on 22 October 2011 , a few days before the inaugural Indian Grand Prix , the race where Karthikeyan was due to gain back his seat for his home race , HRT F1 announced that Vitantonio Liuzzi made way for Karthikeyan , allowing Ricciardo to race in India and extend his learning curve that Red Bull Racing paid the struggling Spanish team to do , as well as allowing Karthikeyan to race in front of his home fans . In Abu Dhabi , Ricciardo retired with mechanical problems after starting 20th on the grid and in the final",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "race at the , Ricciardo finished 20th after starting 22nd on the grid .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": " Toro Rosso ( 2012–2013 ) . 2012 . On 14 December 2011 , it was confirmed that Ricciardo would drive for the Scuderia Toro Rosso for the 2012 season , alongside Frenchman Jean-Éric Vergne . At the 2012 Australian Grand Prix on 18 March 2012 , Ricciardo managed to overtake his teammate Vergne late on the last lap to come home in ninth place , securing his first two World Championship points .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "In wet conditions in Malaysia he finished 12th , after having been first to switch to slick tyres . In Bahrain he qualified sixth , but dropped back during the race and finished 15th . In Monaco he suffered his only retirement of the season , after having started from 15th position .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": " 2013 . On 31 October 2012 , Toro Rosso announced the re-signing of Ricciardo for the 2013 season . Ricciardo out-scored his teammate Jean-Éric Vergne by seven points and out-qualified him in over 3/4 of the season . His impressive qualifying efforts of 30–7 against Vergne over their two years together help promote him to Toro Rosso senior team , Red Bull , replacing fellow countryman Mark Webber . Ricciardo finished 13th in the championship with 20 points . Red Bull ( 2014–2018 ) .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "Ricciardo replaced Mark Webber at Infiniti Red Bull Racing at the start of the 2014 Formula One season , partnering Sebastian Vettel , a four-time world champion .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "In the first race of the season , the , Ricciardo qualified in second place behind Lewis Hamilton and completed the race in second place , despite pressure from rookie Kevin Magnussen in the final laps . Ricciardo was later disqualified , as his car was ruled to have exceeded the mandated hourly fuel flow rate limit . Had he not been disqualified , it would have marked the first time an Australian had made the podium at the Australian Grand Prix since the race became part of the World Championship . Infiniti Red Bull Racing filed an appeal against",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "the disqualification which was rejected by the International Court of Appeal , the FIA decision being upheld .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "Ricciardo failed to finish in the , but managed to record his first points of the 2014 season at the , where he finished fourth , after starting in 13th position . By winning at the , Ricciardo became the fourth Australian to win a Grand Prix in Formula One , joining Jack Brabham , Alan Jones and Mark Webber . His victory in Canada broke the chain of six Mercedes victories that marked the beginning of the 2014 season . Ricciardo impressed many by beating Vettel throughout the first half of the 2014 season , and after a clean",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "and tight battle between Ricciardo and Fernando Alonso at the , Alonso described Ricciardo as unbelievable and very , very smart , very respectful .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "Ricciardo won the on 27 July , ahead of Alonso and Lewis Hamilton . He was in third place behind Alonso and Hamilton with less than four laps remaining and overtook Hamiltons Mercedes with a pass on the outside of the Hungarorings turn two . He then easily caught and passed Alonsos Ferrari as he had very little grip left on his tyres – television footage of his left front tyre after the race showed it to be badly blistered . In the final two laps , Ricciardo pulled away to win the race by 5.225 seconds . His teammate",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "Vettel survived a spin coming onto the main straight late in the race to finish seventh . Ricciardo became the second Australian to win the Hungarian Grand Prix , after Mark Webbers victory – also for Red Bull – in 2010 . Ricciardo then went on to score his third victory of his career to go back to back in Belgium , become the first Australian to win there since Jack Brabham in , also making him the only non-Mercedes driver to have won a Grand Prix in 2014 .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "On 4 October 2014 , it was announced that Ricciardo would partner Daniil Kvyat for the season , following the announcement of Vettels departure from the team . In his first season for Red Bull Racing , Ricciardo confirmed third place in the drivers championship at the , despite it being his first retirement since the . In the final race of the season , the , despite starting from the pit lane due to a front wing infringement , Ricciardo finished in fourth place and secured the first fastest lap of his Formula One career . For his 2014",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "performances , Ricciardo won the Laureus World Sports Award for Breakthrough of the Year in April 2015 .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": " 2015 . On 8 February 2015 , during the third episode of series 22 of the popular British motoring television programme Top Gear , Ricciardo became the fastest Formula One driver to perform a lap of the Top Gear test track during the Star in a Reasonably Priced Car feature , beating the previous record-holder Lewis Hamilton with a time of 1:42.2 .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "In 2015 , Red Bull slipped behind Ferrari and Williams in their efforts to take the title fight to Mercedes . The Red Bull cars were held back by the Renault power unit having been out-developed by Mercedes and Ferrari . The RB11 only showed pace in slow and twisty high downforce tracks or in rain , highlighting the cars strong chassis .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": " Ricciardo achieved his first top five finish in Monaco with fifth and the fastest lap of the race . While tussling for second in Hungary with Nico Rosberg , his race winning charge ground to a halt when the two clashed while hunting down Sebastian Vettel . Ricciardo managed to finish third behind his teammate . It was his first podium since the 2014 United States Grand Prix . He recorded his second podium of the season in Singapore where he finished second and recorded his third fastest lap of the season .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "Ricciardo finished the season with 92 points in eighth place in the championship , three points behind teammate Daniil Kvyat . He out-qualified Kvyat 14–5 .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": " 2016 . In a much more competitive Red Bull , Ricciardo began the season well , finishing 4th in both Australia and Bahrain and qualifying 2nd and then leading early on in the Chinese Grand Prix before suffering a tyre blowout and finishing in 4th again .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "Ricciardo qualified third at the Spanish Grand Prix , and after the two Mercedes cars of Lewis Hamilton and Nico Rosberg crashed out on the first lap , he led the early stages of the race . After a remarkable strategy call by Ferrari resulting in a very short third stint for Sebastian Vettel , Red Bull decided to answer this by pitting Ricciardo again and cover Vettel , also going for the presumed faster three-stop strategy . This dropped him behind Vettel , new teammate Max Verstappen and Kimi Räikkönen on track , and after a few failed attempts",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "at passing Vettel , a tyre blowout late on in the race meant that he finished fourth again , behind eventual winner Verstappen , and the Ferraris of Räikkönen and Vettel .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": " Ricciardo scored his first pole position at the Monaco Grand Prix , and led the early wet stages of the race . However , after a very long pitstop in which his team took nearly 40 seconds to ready a set of tyres he lost the race lead to Lewis Hamilton and finished the race in 2nd . Ricciardo was notably upset after the race result , saying : Two weekends in a row Ive been screwed now . It sucks . It hurts .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "Ricciardo returned to the podium in Hungary , finishing third , and in Germany , where he finished second . On the podium in Germany , Ricciardo performed a new celebration , where he drank champagne out of his shoe . He calls this celebration the shoey . He repeated the celebration at the Belgian Grand Prix ( where he came second again ) , this time persuading podium interviewer Mark Webber to also drink from the shoe .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": " Ricciardo qualified and finished second at the Singapore Grand Prix , after pushing eventual winner Rosberg hard near the end , a late strategy change pushing him to under half a second behind at the finish line .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "Ricciardo qualified fourth at the Malaysian Grand Prix but moved up to second into turn one , after a collision between Sebastian Vettel and Nico Rosberg . He then took the lead late on in the race when leader Lewis Hamilton retired with an engine failure . After fighting with his Red Bull teammate Verstappen , Ricciardo took his first victory of the season . He repeated his shoey celebration on the podium , and was able to get team boss Christian Horner as well as podium sharers Verstappen and Rosberg to repeat the celebration . Ricciardo eventually sealed third",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "in the Drivers Championship following a podium finish in Mexico . Other than Sergio Pérez , he is the only driver to have been classified in every race of the 2016 season . In fact , save for just two races in which Ricciardo equalled the previous years result , he improved on every other race result from 2015 .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": " 2017 . Ricciardo qualified 10th in Australia after spinning into the tyre barrier in Q3 . He incurred a five-place grid penalty due to an unscheduled gearbox change as a result from the crash . A gearbox sensor issue prevented him from taking the start and when he did get going , two laps down , a sudden fuel pressure problem ended his race after 25 laps .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "He won his fifth Grand Prix at the first Azerbaijan Grand Prix , after qualifying 10th . He finished on the podium five times in a row between Spain and Austria , and then three times in a row between Singapore and Japan . Despite having maintained fourth in the drivers championship for much of the season , retirements in three of the last four races ( including the final race at Abu Dhabi ) saw Ricciardo drop down to 5th in the championship , five points behind Kimi Räikkönen .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "Ricciardo started the season with a fourth-place in Australia , from eighth on the grid after a three-place penalty for speeding under red flag conditions . In Bahrain , he recorded a non-finish after an electrical failure on the second lap . His result in the 2018 Chinese Grand Prix was much better , taking a commanding victory by almost nine seconds , after starting sixth on the grid . At the 2018 Azerbaijan Grand Prix , Ricciardo was fighting for fourth with teammate Max Verstappen in the latter half of the race . His front wing made heavy contact",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "with his teammates rear , and the incident caused both drivers to retire . At the 2018 Spanish Grand Prix , Ricciardo finished fifth and set the track record , despite spinning under the virtual safety car . Coming into the 2018 Monaco Grand Prix , Ricciardo and Verstappen were considered favourites to win the race due to their cars superior chassis and down-force . Ricciardo topped all three practice sessions before qualifying , breaking the lap record with each session . Ricciardo managed to secure the second pole of his career at Monaco , topping every qualifying session as",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "well and setting a new lap record again . In the race , Ricciardo managed to hold off the Ferrari of Sebastian Vettel to take his first Monaco Grand Prix victory and his first Grand Prix win from pole position , despite having to manage a loss of power due to a MGU-K power output issue throughout the race .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": " Later in the season , he tied for the most retirements in the 2018 season , with 8 retirements in total . He managed four fastest laps for the season , in Australia , China , Spain and Hungary and finished the season sixth in the World Drivers Championship with 170 points . Renault ( 2019–2020 ) . On 3 August 2018 , it was announced that Ricciardo had signed a two-year contract to drive for Renault . 2019 .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "Ricciardos teammate for the 2019 season was Nico Hülkenberg . Ricciardo had a poor start to the season with retirements in the first two races , from front wing damage in Australia and power failure in Bahrain . A 7th-place finish in China followed . In Azerbaijan , Ricciardo reversed into Daniil Kvyat when both cars stopped after an overtake attempt by Ricciardo , causing race-ending damage for both drivers and Ricciardos third retirement in four races . Six consecutive race finishes followed , including a strong 4th place in qualifying and 6th-place finish in Canada . Ricciardo then suffered",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "an exhaust failure at the German Grand Prix .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": " At the Italian Grand Prix , Ricciardo finished in 4th place , his best result of the year . Teammate Hülkenberg finished in 5th , contributing to Renaults best finish since the team returned to the sport in . Ricciardo was involved in a first-lap collision in Russia , leading to his eventual retirement . He was initially classified 6th in Japan , before both Renault cars were disqualified ten days later for using illegal driver aids . Three consecutive points finishes followed , with strong 6th-place finishes in the United States and Brazil .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "Ricciardo ended a relatively disappointing season for Renault in 9th place in the championship , with 54 points , ahead of teammate Hülkenberg .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "Ricciardo had a new teammate for the 2020 season with Hülkenberg being replaced by Esteban Ocon . Ricciardo started the season with a retirement at the 2020 Austrian Grand Prix . In this next race , the 2020 Styrian Grand Prix , Ricciardo was running in 6th place with 2 laps to go before an overtake attempt by Lance Stroll forced Ricciardo wide , causing his to lose positions to Stroll and also Lando Norris . He ended the race in 8th after a close ending with Stroll and Sergio Pérez . Ricciardo qualified 11th at the 2020 Hungarian Grand",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "Prix , and finished the race in 8th place .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "At the 2020 British Grand Prix , Ricciardo finished in 4th place , equaling his best result for Renault . He was running in 6th place before late punctures to Carlos Sainz Jr . and Valtteri Bottas promoted him up to 4th . He was close to overtaking Charles Leclerc for his first podium in 2 years , but missed it by 1.2 seconds . At the 70th Anniversary Grand Prix , Ricciardo qualified 5th , but a spin midway through the race led to a 14th place finish . Ricciardo qualified 13th and finished 11th at the next race",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "in Spain .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "Ricciardo would go on a 11 race point-scoring streak until the end of the season , starting with the 2020 Belgian Grand Prix . He qualified and finished in 4th place , as well as taking the fastest lap on the last lap of the race . At the 2020 Italian Grand Prix , he qualified 7th and finished in 6th place . At the 2020 Tuscan Grand Prix , he qualified 8th and was running in 3rd place for the majority of the race , but Alex Albon of Red Bull overtook Ricciardo , leaving him to have to",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "settle for 4th place .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "At the Russian Grand Prix , Ricciardo was fastest in the second qualifying segment , but only managed to qualify in 5th place . In the race , he finished in 5th place despite a 5 second penalty . At the 2020 Eifel Grand Prix , Ricciardo qualified 6th before going on to score the teams first podium since the 2011 Malaysian Grand Prix . This was Ricciardos first podium since joining Renault , and his first since the 2018 Monaco Grand Prix . In the next race , the 2020 Portuguese Grand Prix , he started 10th after having",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "a crash towards the end of second segment of qualifying , damaging his rear wing . He finished 9th in the race . He reached the podium a second time for Renault at the 2020 Emilia Romagna Grand Prix . Starting 5th on the grid , he overtook Pierre Gasly on the first lap , before being overcut by Pérez after being stuck behind traffic . However , a tyre failure and retirement of former teammate Max Verstappen and a strategy error by Pérez’s team Racing Point allowed him to finish in 3rd place . In the 2020 Bahrain Grand",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "Prix , he started 6th , and overtook Valtteri Bottas on the first lap . However , following a red flag he had a poor second start , which dropped him down to 10th place . He eventually finished in 7th place . At the 2020 Sakhir Grand Prix , he had a chance of a podium after Charles Leclerc , Max Verstappen , and Sergio Pérez all collided in the first lap of the race . But a mistimed second pit stop caused Ricciardo to be overtaken , ending the race in 5th place . In his final race",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "for Renault at the 2020 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix , he only managed 12th on the grid , however a good first stint allowed him to exit the pits in 7th place . He also took the fastest lap of the race on the final lap . He finished in 5th place in the championship standings with 119 points , 6 points behind Sergio Pérez in fourth .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "After two years at Renault F1 Team , Ricciardo joined McLaren for the 2021 Formula One World Championship as a replacement for Carlos Sainz Jr . who signed a multi-year deal with Ferrari . His team mate for 2021 is Lando Norris , who was retained by the team . Regarding his new contract , Ricciardo admitted that before signing for McLaren he had held talks with Ferrari about taking over Sebastian Vettels seat but Ferrari had instead signed Sainz . He subsequently placed 7th in the 2021 season opener in Bahrain , having qualified 6th . At the following",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "race , the 2021 Emilia Romagna Grand Prix , he finished 6th , having once again qualified in the same position . At the third race of the season in Portugal , Ricciardo suffered a shock exit in qualifying , being knocked out of Q1 and starting the race from 16th . During the race he worked his way through the field and ended in a points-scoring position in ninth , helping McLaren maintain third place in the constructors championship . At the Spanish Grand Prix , Ricciardo qualified seventh , but managed to climb to fifth on the opening",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "lap . He defended fifth from Red Bull driver Sergio Pérez until lap 45 , where Pérez was able to get past at turn 1 . He finished sixth , marking the first time in the season he finished ahead of Norris .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": " - BRDC The Bruce McLaren Trophy : 2013 - Trofeo Lorenzo Bandini : 2014 - Confartigianato Motori Driver of the Year : 2014 - GQ Australia Sportsman of the Year : 2014 - BRDC The Bruce McLaren Trophy : 2014 - BRDC The Innes Ireland Trophy : 2014 - BRDC The Innes Ireland Trophy : 2015 - Laureus World Sports Award for Breakthrough Performance of the Year : 2015 - BRDC The Bruce McLaren Trophy : 2016 - Confartigianato Motori Driver of the Year : 2018",
"title": "Awards"
},
{
"text": " <nowiki>*</nowiki> Season still in progress . Complete Formula One results . <nowiki>*</nowiki> Season still in progress.",
"title": "Racing career summary"
},
{
"text": " - Profile at Formula1.com",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Daniel_Ricciardo#P641#3
|
What sport did Daniel Ricciardo participate between Jul 2011 and Aug 2011?
|
Daniel Ricciardo Daniel Joseph Ricciardo ( Ricardo ; born 1 July 1989 ) is an Italian-Australian racing driver who is currently competing in Formula One , under the Australian flag , for McLaren . He made his debut at the 2011 British Grand Prix with the HRT team as part of a deal with Red Bull Racing , for whom he was test driving under its sister team Scuderia Toro Rosso . Ricciardo’s driver number is 3 . Ricciardo joined Toro Rosso in 2012 full-time after the team changed its driver lineup and drove a Ferrari-powered car for them in 2012 and 2013 . In 2014 , Ricciardo was promoted to Red Bull as a replacement for the retired Mark Webber alongside multiple time world champion Sebastian Vettel . In his first season with Red Bull under Renault power , Ricciardo finished third in the championship with his first three Formula One wins , in Canada , Hungary , and Belgium . After two years without a victory , Ricciardo returned to the top of the podium at the 2016 Malaysian Grand Prix , eventually sealing third in the championship for the second time in three years at the 2016 Mexican Grand Prix . He has since added victories at the Azerbaijan Grand Prix in 2017 and the Chinese and Monaco Grands Prix in 2018 . After 2018 , Ricciardo signed with Renault and has raced for them in the 2019 and 2020 seasons . He joined McLaren for the 2021 and Formula One seasons , alongside Lando Norris . In March 2021 , he ventured into the wine industry through a private project , with a collection of wine with acclaimed winemaker St . Hugo . Personal life . Daniel Joseph Ricciardo was born on 1 July 1989 in Perth , Western Australia , to Italian parents of Ficarra born father Giuseppe Joe Ricciardo and Australian born mother Grace , with parents originally from Casignana . Ricciardo also has a sister ; Michelle . Growing up in Duncraig , one of Perths northern suburbs , Ricciardos earliest memories of motorsports were of his father racing at the nearby Barbagallo Raceway in Wanneroo . He attended high school at Newman College . Ricciardo pronounces his surname Ricardo instead of the Italian pronunciation Rit-chi-ardo , attributing this to the way it was usually pronounced growing up in Australia and by his family . He is often referred to as the honey badger in reference to his racing style , explaining how Its supposed to be the most fearless animal in the animal kingdom . When you look at it , he seems quite cute and cuddly , but as soon as someone crosses his territory in a way he doesnt like , he turns into a bit of a savage and hell go after anything – tigers , pythons – he turns very quickly , but hes a good guy . Growing up as a fan of NASCAR Cup Series driver Dale Earnhardt , Ricciardo adopted the number 3 as his racing number in honour of him . Ricciardo supports the AFLs West Coast Eagles and was the clubs number-one ticket holder in 2015 and 2016 . Career . Formula Ford and Formula BMW . Born in Perth , Western Australia , Ricciardo started karting at the age of nine , as a member of the Tiger Kart Club ( TKC ) and entered numerous karting events . In 2005 , he entered the Western Australian Formula Ford championship driving a 15-year-old Van Diemen , finishing eighth by seasons end . Towards the end of the season , Ricciardo took a leased 13-year-old Van Diemen across to Sandown Raceway in Melbourne to compete at the national Formula Ford series but his ageing car was uncompetitive as he finished 16th , 17th and retired during the weekends three races . The following year , however , he won a scholarship into the Formula BMW Asian championship with Eurasia Motorsport . During his début season , Ricciardo took two victories ( both at Bira ) and also achieved a pole position at Zhuhai . He finished third in the Drivers Championship with 231 points , 59 points behind the champion Earl Bamber . In August that year , he was given an outing with Motaworld Racing to race at the eighth meeting of the Formula BMW UK championship . Despite retiring from the first race , Ricciardo recovered to finish eighth in the second race and took three championship points in his only entry in the British championship . At the end of the year , he entered the Formula BMW World Final with Fortec Motorsport where he finished in fifth position , 14 seconds off winner Christian Vietoris . Formula Renault . 2007 saw Ricciardo switch categories to Formula Renault with RP Motorsport , entering the European and Italian championships of the category , although mainly focused on the latter series as he entered 14 races to the four entries he took in the European championship . He finished the year seventh in the Italian series with 196 points and scoring a single podium at Valencia but failed to score a point in his handful of starts in the European races . Ricciardo stayed in Formula Renault for a second year in 2008 , entering the European and Western European championships . By the end of the year , the young driver took his first European title in the Western European Cup and finished second in the Eurocup to Finn Valtteri Bottas . Formula Three . During the mid-part of the 2008 season , Ricciardo made his Formula Three début at the Nürburgring , entering SG Formulas Formula 3 Euro Series team . Despite only a short amount of experience in the car , Ricciardo qualified in eighth for the first race which later converted into sixth in the race after James Jakes and Christian Vietoris stalled on the grid . But he struggled in the reverse-grid race , finishing just fifteenth . Ricciardo moved to the British Formula 3 Championship for the 2009 season driving for Carlin Motorsport . He also made his debut in the 3.5-litre World Series by Renault championship , racing alongside Charles Pic at Tech 1 Racing for the rounds at the Autódromo Internacional do Algarve in Portugal . He retired from the first race , before finishing fifteenth in the second . When he returned to Formula Three , he extended his championship lead to 45 points before returning to the Portuguese circuit . A win and a third in the British-registered cars , gave him an unassailable 64-point lead over Renger van der Zande with just 42 available . This meant that Ricciardo became the first Australian driver since David Brabham in 1989 to win the British Formula 3 title . Just like Brabham , Ricciardo won the title in a car powered by a Volkswagen engine . Ricciardo finished the season on a high , taking both pole positions for the final round of the series , at Brands Hatch . He won the first race by fifteen seconds , and finished fourth ( third in British-registered cars as Marcus Ericsson was running in the Invitational Class ) in the season-ending race . His championship winning margin was 87 points as Walter Grubmüller overhauled his teammate van der Zande , who was absent from the weekend due to a conflicting Euroseries race in Barcelona . Ricciardo continued his partnership with Carlin , by heading to the Macau Grand Prix with the team . Ricciardo quickly gathered pace at the circuit , being second fastest ( and fastest rookie ) behind Marcus Ericsson in first qualifying , before winding up in fifth place in second qualifying , setting the grid for the qualifying race . Following a sixth place in the qualifying race , Ricciardo was forced to retire on the first lap of the main race after hitting a wall at San Francisco . He continued with a puncture up the hill before hitting the wall at the Solitude Esses , and caused a circuit-blocking incident , which also took out seven of his rivals . Formula Renault 3.5 Series . On 30 October 2009 , Ricciardo was signed by Tech 1 to compete in the 2010 season . He had competed with the team at the Autódromo Internacional do Algarve in Portugal in 2009 , and was the teammate to Brendon Hartley , another driver who drove for Tech 1 over the season . Following a minor incident during a mountain bike exercise , Ricciardo was forced to miss the second test of the 2010 season , but went on to take pole position for both races at the season-opening round of the 2010 season in Alcañiz , Spain . He finished third and second in the races respectively , to leave himself at the head of the championship standings . Two weeks later , at the Spa-Francorchamps circuit , Ricciardo was relegated to last on the grid after being deemed to have hindered the laps of other drivers . In the next two races he finished 13th and fifth respectively – coming 2nd in the latter until many of the front-runners were given penalties for infringing the parc ferme rules before the race . One week later , in Monte Carlo , Ricciardo secured his third pole position of the season , finishing three-tenths of a second ahead of championship rival Stefano Coletti . He secured his first win at the following race , one place ahead of Coletti . Ricciardo went on to secure two more wins at the Hungaroring and at Hockenheim in commanding fashion . Following Ricciardos sixth pole from 12 races , Tech 1 team boss , Simon Abadie , praised his drivers efforts greatly , saying I am happy , and happy for Daniel because six poles in 12 races is good going , and later stated his teams ambitions for success , by telling Autosport correspondent Peter Mills , I really hopes Daniel wins the championship . At the first race at the Silverstone circuit , Ricciardo was involved in a spectacular incident with pole-sitter Jon Lancaster , in which Ricciardo was sent into a barrel roll , eventually landing on his wheels . The crash saw the end of his race , with teammate Jean-Éric Vergne becoming the eventual winner , following disqualifications . Securing pole for the second race of the weekend , Ricciardo spent much of the race leading the pack by upwards of three seconds . However , braking issues in the second half of the event meant that , on the final lap , championship-rival Esteban Guerrieri was able to pass the Tech 1 racer . Going into the final round of the season , Ricciardo sat just three points behind championship leader Mikhail Aleshin and 13 ahead of third-place man Esteban Guerrieri . Managing his 8th pole of the season , Ricciardo managed a lights-to-flag victory , setting the fastest lap and placing himself equal first with one race remaining . After securing second place on the grid for the second race of the weekend , Ricciardo managed to hold position until the pit stops , where he was successfully jumped by two of his rivals , including teammate Vergne . With only two laps left in the race and struggling for pace , Ricciardo was overtaken by championship rival Aleshin . Finishing in that order , Ricciardo failed to secure the title in his debut year , losing out to Mikhail Aleshin by only two points . In 2011 Ricciardo raced for ISR Racing prior to his HRT call-up . Formula One . Ricciardo made his track debut at the wheel of a Formula One car , when he tested for Red Bull Racing at the young drivers test at Circuito de Jerez over three days , from 1–3 December 2009 . On the final day of testing he clocked the fastest time of the test by over a second . This placed him as the only driver to go into the 1:17 bracket . Red Bull Racings team manager Christian Horner suggested that Ricciardo may replace his 2010 World Series teammate Hartley as the teams test and reserve driver . As it turned out , Ricciardo and Hartley were to share test and reserve duties for both Red Bull , and sister team Scuderia Toro Rosso until the latter was removed from the Red Bull Junior team . On 11 November 2010 , Ricciardo was confirmed as the single driver to represent Red Bull Racing at the end-of-season young drivers test at the Yas Marina Circuit , on 16–17 November . At the announcement , he commented , I cant wait to get another crack at driving Red Bull Racings amazing Formula One car . Ricciardo continued to show his one-lap prowess and dominated the event , with his fastest lap being 1.3 seconds faster than World Champion Sebastian Vettels qualifying lap the Saturday before . Days after completing this session Ricciardo was confirmed as Toro Rossos test and reserve driver for the season , and would take part in the first free practice session of each race weekend . Franz Tost , Toro Rosso team principal stated that having a hungry youngster on the books will keep our current driver pairing nice and sharp , referring to then Toro Rosso drivers Jaime Alguersuari and Sébastien Buemi . Ricciardo would also make an appearance in pre-season testing for the 2011 Formula One season , driving for Scuderia Toro Rosso . At the 2011 Australian Grand Prix , Ricciardo was placed 16th on the timesheets after opening practice , just one-tenth slower than his experienced Toro Rosso teammate Sebastian Buemi . Ricciardo managed to later finish eighth in practice for the wet Turkish Grand Prix Friday practice one session , a place ahead of competitor Buemi . HRT ( 2011 ) . On 30 June 2011 , Ricciardo was contracted to Hispania Racing by Red Bull Racing , replacing Narain Karthikeyan for all the remaining races of the 2011 season except the , to allow Karthikeyan to race at his home Grand Prix . Ricciardo made his Grand Prix debut at the 2011 British Grand Prix at Silverstone . However , on 22 October 2011 , a few days before the inaugural Indian Grand Prix , the race where Karthikeyan was due to gain back his seat for his home race , HRT F1 announced that Vitantonio Liuzzi made way for Karthikeyan , allowing Ricciardo to race in India and extend his learning curve that Red Bull Racing paid the struggling Spanish team to do , as well as allowing Karthikeyan to race in front of his home fans . In Abu Dhabi , Ricciardo retired with mechanical problems after starting 20th on the grid and in the final race at the , Ricciardo finished 20th after starting 22nd on the grid . Toro Rosso ( 2012–2013 ) . 2012 . On 14 December 2011 , it was confirmed that Ricciardo would drive for the Scuderia Toro Rosso for the 2012 season , alongside Frenchman Jean-Éric Vergne . At the 2012 Australian Grand Prix on 18 March 2012 , Ricciardo managed to overtake his teammate Vergne late on the last lap to come home in ninth place , securing his first two World Championship points . In wet conditions in Malaysia he finished 12th , after having been first to switch to slick tyres . In Bahrain he qualified sixth , but dropped back during the race and finished 15th . In Monaco he suffered his only retirement of the season , after having started from 15th position . 2013 . On 31 October 2012 , Toro Rosso announced the re-signing of Ricciardo for the 2013 season . Ricciardo out-scored his teammate Jean-Éric Vergne by seven points and out-qualified him in over 3/4 of the season . His impressive qualifying efforts of 30–7 against Vergne over their two years together help promote him to Toro Rosso senior team , Red Bull , replacing fellow countryman Mark Webber . Ricciardo finished 13th in the championship with 20 points . Red Bull ( 2014–2018 ) . Ricciardo replaced Mark Webber at Infiniti Red Bull Racing at the start of the 2014 Formula One season , partnering Sebastian Vettel , a four-time world champion . 2014 . In the first race of the season , the , Ricciardo qualified in second place behind Lewis Hamilton and completed the race in second place , despite pressure from rookie Kevin Magnussen in the final laps . Ricciardo was later disqualified , as his car was ruled to have exceeded the mandated hourly fuel flow rate limit . Had he not been disqualified , it would have marked the first time an Australian had made the podium at the Australian Grand Prix since the race became part of the World Championship . Infiniti Red Bull Racing filed an appeal against the disqualification which was rejected by the International Court of Appeal , the FIA decision being upheld . Ricciardo failed to finish in the , but managed to record his first points of the 2014 season at the , where he finished fourth , after starting in 13th position . By winning at the , Ricciardo became the fourth Australian to win a Grand Prix in Formula One , joining Jack Brabham , Alan Jones and Mark Webber . His victory in Canada broke the chain of six Mercedes victories that marked the beginning of the 2014 season . Ricciardo impressed many by beating Vettel throughout the first half of the 2014 season , and after a clean and tight battle between Ricciardo and Fernando Alonso at the , Alonso described Ricciardo as unbelievable and very , very smart , very respectful . Ricciardo won the on 27 July , ahead of Alonso and Lewis Hamilton . He was in third place behind Alonso and Hamilton with less than four laps remaining and overtook Hamiltons Mercedes with a pass on the outside of the Hungarorings turn two . He then easily caught and passed Alonsos Ferrari as he had very little grip left on his tyres – television footage of his left front tyre after the race showed it to be badly blistered . In the final two laps , Ricciardo pulled away to win the race by 5.225 seconds . His teammate Vettel survived a spin coming onto the main straight late in the race to finish seventh . Ricciardo became the second Australian to win the Hungarian Grand Prix , after Mark Webbers victory – also for Red Bull – in 2010 . Ricciardo then went on to score his third victory of his career to go back to back in Belgium , become the first Australian to win there since Jack Brabham in , also making him the only non-Mercedes driver to have won a Grand Prix in 2014 . On 4 October 2014 , it was announced that Ricciardo would partner Daniil Kvyat for the season , following the announcement of Vettels departure from the team . In his first season for Red Bull Racing , Ricciardo confirmed third place in the drivers championship at the , despite it being his first retirement since the . In the final race of the season , the , despite starting from the pit lane due to a front wing infringement , Ricciardo finished in fourth place and secured the first fastest lap of his Formula One career . For his 2014 performances , Ricciardo won the Laureus World Sports Award for Breakthrough of the Year in April 2015 . 2015 . On 8 February 2015 , during the third episode of series 22 of the popular British motoring television programme Top Gear , Ricciardo became the fastest Formula One driver to perform a lap of the Top Gear test track during the Star in a Reasonably Priced Car feature , beating the previous record-holder Lewis Hamilton with a time of 1:42.2 . In 2015 , Red Bull slipped behind Ferrari and Williams in their efforts to take the title fight to Mercedes . The Red Bull cars were held back by the Renault power unit having been out-developed by Mercedes and Ferrari . The RB11 only showed pace in slow and twisty high downforce tracks or in rain , highlighting the cars strong chassis . Ricciardo achieved his first top five finish in Monaco with fifth and the fastest lap of the race . While tussling for second in Hungary with Nico Rosberg , his race winning charge ground to a halt when the two clashed while hunting down Sebastian Vettel . Ricciardo managed to finish third behind his teammate . It was his first podium since the 2014 United States Grand Prix . He recorded his second podium of the season in Singapore where he finished second and recorded his third fastest lap of the season . Ricciardo finished the season with 92 points in eighth place in the championship , three points behind teammate Daniil Kvyat . He out-qualified Kvyat 14–5 . 2016 . In a much more competitive Red Bull , Ricciardo began the season well , finishing 4th in both Australia and Bahrain and qualifying 2nd and then leading early on in the Chinese Grand Prix before suffering a tyre blowout and finishing in 4th again . Ricciardo qualified third at the Spanish Grand Prix , and after the two Mercedes cars of Lewis Hamilton and Nico Rosberg crashed out on the first lap , he led the early stages of the race . After a remarkable strategy call by Ferrari resulting in a very short third stint for Sebastian Vettel , Red Bull decided to answer this by pitting Ricciardo again and cover Vettel , also going for the presumed faster three-stop strategy . This dropped him behind Vettel , new teammate Max Verstappen and Kimi Räikkönen on track , and after a few failed attempts at passing Vettel , a tyre blowout late on in the race meant that he finished fourth again , behind eventual winner Verstappen , and the Ferraris of Räikkönen and Vettel . Ricciardo scored his first pole position at the Monaco Grand Prix , and led the early wet stages of the race . However , after a very long pitstop in which his team took nearly 40 seconds to ready a set of tyres he lost the race lead to Lewis Hamilton and finished the race in 2nd . Ricciardo was notably upset after the race result , saying : Two weekends in a row Ive been screwed now . It sucks . It hurts . Ricciardo returned to the podium in Hungary , finishing third , and in Germany , where he finished second . On the podium in Germany , Ricciardo performed a new celebration , where he drank champagne out of his shoe . He calls this celebration the shoey . He repeated the celebration at the Belgian Grand Prix ( where he came second again ) , this time persuading podium interviewer Mark Webber to also drink from the shoe . Ricciardo qualified and finished second at the Singapore Grand Prix , after pushing eventual winner Rosberg hard near the end , a late strategy change pushing him to under half a second behind at the finish line . Ricciardo qualified fourth at the Malaysian Grand Prix but moved up to second into turn one , after a collision between Sebastian Vettel and Nico Rosberg . He then took the lead late on in the race when leader Lewis Hamilton retired with an engine failure . After fighting with his Red Bull teammate Verstappen , Ricciardo took his first victory of the season . He repeated his shoey celebration on the podium , and was able to get team boss Christian Horner as well as podium sharers Verstappen and Rosberg to repeat the celebration . Ricciardo eventually sealed third in the Drivers Championship following a podium finish in Mexico . Other than Sergio Pérez , he is the only driver to have been classified in every race of the 2016 season . In fact , save for just two races in which Ricciardo equalled the previous years result , he improved on every other race result from 2015 . 2017 . Ricciardo qualified 10th in Australia after spinning into the tyre barrier in Q3 . He incurred a five-place grid penalty due to an unscheduled gearbox change as a result from the crash . A gearbox sensor issue prevented him from taking the start and when he did get going , two laps down , a sudden fuel pressure problem ended his race after 25 laps . He won his fifth Grand Prix at the first Azerbaijan Grand Prix , after qualifying 10th . He finished on the podium five times in a row between Spain and Austria , and then three times in a row between Singapore and Japan . Despite having maintained fourth in the drivers championship for much of the season , retirements in three of the last four races ( including the final race at Abu Dhabi ) saw Ricciardo drop down to 5th in the championship , five points behind Kimi Räikkönen . 2018 . Ricciardo started the season with a fourth-place in Australia , from eighth on the grid after a three-place penalty for speeding under red flag conditions . In Bahrain , he recorded a non-finish after an electrical failure on the second lap . His result in the 2018 Chinese Grand Prix was much better , taking a commanding victory by almost nine seconds , after starting sixth on the grid . At the 2018 Azerbaijan Grand Prix , Ricciardo was fighting for fourth with teammate Max Verstappen in the latter half of the race . His front wing made heavy contact with his teammates rear , and the incident caused both drivers to retire . At the 2018 Spanish Grand Prix , Ricciardo finished fifth and set the track record , despite spinning under the virtual safety car . Coming into the 2018 Monaco Grand Prix , Ricciardo and Verstappen were considered favourites to win the race due to their cars superior chassis and down-force . Ricciardo topped all three practice sessions before qualifying , breaking the lap record with each session . Ricciardo managed to secure the second pole of his career at Monaco , topping every qualifying session as well and setting a new lap record again . In the race , Ricciardo managed to hold off the Ferrari of Sebastian Vettel to take his first Monaco Grand Prix victory and his first Grand Prix win from pole position , despite having to manage a loss of power due to a MGU-K power output issue throughout the race . Later in the season , he tied for the most retirements in the 2018 season , with 8 retirements in total . He managed four fastest laps for the season , in Australia , China , Spain and Hungary and finished the season sixth in the World Drivers Championship with 170 points . Renault ( 2019–2020 ) . On 3 August 2018 , it was announced that Ricciardo had signed a two-year contract to drive for Renault . 2019 . Ricciardos teammate for the 2019 season was Nico Hülkenberg . Ricciardo had a poor start to the season with retirements in the first two races , from front wing damage in Australia and power failure in Bahrain . A 7th-place finish in China followed . In Azerbaijan , Ricciardo reversed into Daniil Kvyat when both cars stopped after an overtake attempt by Ricciardo , causing race-ending damage for both drivers and Ricciardos third retirement in four races . Six consecutive race finishes followed , including a strong 4th place in qualifying and 6th-place finish in Canada . Ricciardo then suffered an exhaust failure at the German Grand Prix . At the Italian Grand Prix , Ricciardo finished in 4th place , his best result of the year . Teammate Hülkenberg finished in 5th , contributing to Renaults best finish since the team returned to the sport in . Ricciardo was involved in a first-lap collision in Russia , leading to his eventual retirement . He was initially classified 6th in Japan , before both Renault cars were disqualified ten days later for using illegal driver aids . Three consecutive points finishes followed , with strong 6th-place finishes in the United States and Brazil . Ricciardo ended a relatively disappointing season for Renault in 9th place in the championship , with 54 points , ahead of teammate Hülkenberg . 2020 . Ricciardo had a new teammate for the 2020 season with Hülkenberg being replaced by Esteban Ocon . Ricciardo started the season with a retirement at the 2020 Austrian Grand Prix . In this next race , the 2020 Styrian Grand Prix , Ricciardo was running in 6th place with 2 laps to go before an overtake attempt by Lance Stroll forced Ricciardo wide , causing his to lose positions to Stroll and also Lando Norris . He ended the race in 8th after a close ending with Stroll and Sergio Pérez . Ricciardo qualified 11th at the 2020 Hungarian Grand Prix , and finished the race in 8th place . At the 2020 British Grand Prix , Ricciardo finished in 4th place , equaling his best result for Renault . He was running in 6th place before late punctures to Carlos Sainz Jr . and Valtteri Bottas promoted him up to 4th . He was close to overtaking Charles Leclerc for his first podium in 2 years , but missed it by 1.2 seconds . At the 70th Anniversary Grand Prix , Ricciardo qualified 5th , but a spin midway through the race led to a 14th place finish . Ricciardo qualified 13th and finished 11th at the next race in Spain . Ricciardo would go on a 11 race point-scoring streak until the end of the season , starting with the 2020 Belgian Grand Prix . He qualified and finished in 4th place , as well as taking the fastest lap on the last lap of the race . At the 2020 Italian Grand Prix , he qualified 7th and finished in 6th place . At the 2020 Tuscan Grand Prix , he qualified 8th and was running in 3rd place for the majority of the race , but Alex Albon of Red Bull overtook Ricciardo , leaving him to have to settle for 4th place . At the Russian Grand Prix , Ricciardo was fastest in the second qualifying segment , but only managed to qualify in 5th place . In the race , he finished in 5th place despite a 5 second penalty . At the 2020 Eifel Grand Prix , Ricciardo qualified 6th before going on to score the teams first podium since the 2011 Malaysian Grand Prix . This was Ricciardos first podium since joining Renault , and his first since the 2018 Monaco Grand Prix . In the next race , the 2020 Portuguese Grand Prix , he started 10th after having a crash towards the end of second segment of qualifying , damaging his rear wing . He finished 9th in the race . He reached the podium a second time for Renault at the 2020 Emilia Romagna Grand Prix . Starting 5th on the grid , he overtook Pierre Gasly on the first lap , before being overcut by Pérez after being stuck behind traffic . However , a tyre failure and retirement of former teammate Max Verstappen and a strategy error by Pérez’s team Racing Point allowed him to finish in 3rd place . In the 2020 Bahrain Grand Prix , he started 6th , and overtook Valtteri Bottas on the first lap . However , following a red flag he had a poor second start , which dropped him down to 10th place . He eventually finished in 7th place . At the 2020 Sakhir Grand Prix , he had a chance of a podium after Charles Leclerc , Max Verstappen , and Sergio Pérez all collided in the first lap of the race . But a mistimed second pit stop caused Ricciardo to be overtaken , ending the race in 5th place . In his final race for Renault at the 2020 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix , he only managed 12th on the grid , however a good first stint allowed him to exit the pits in 7th place . He also took the fastest lap of the race on the final lap . He finished in 5th place in the championship standings with 119 points , 6 points behind Sergio Pérez in fourth . McLaren ( 2021– ) . After two years at Renault F1 Team , Ricciardo joined McLaren for the 2021 Formula One World Championship as a replacement for Carlos Sainz Jr . who signed a multi-year deal with Ferrari . His team mate for 2021 is Lando Norris , who was retained by the team . Regarding his new contract , Ricciardo admitted that before signing for McLaren he had held talks with Ferrari about taking over Sebastian Vettels seat but Ferrari had instead signed Sainz . He subsequently placed 7th in the 2021 season opener in Bahrain , having qualified 6th . At the following race , the 2021 Emilia Romagna Grand Prix , he finished 6th , having once again qualified in the same position . At the third race of the season in Portugal , Ricciardo suffered a shock exit in qualifying , being knocked out of Q1 and starting the race from 16th . During the race he worked his way through the field and ended in a points-scoring position in ninth , helping McLaren maintain third place in the constructors championship . At the Spanish Grand Prix , Ricciardo qualified seventh , but managed to climb to fifth on the opening lap . He defended fifth from Red Bull driver Sergio Pérez until lap 45 , where Pérez was able to get past at turn 1 . He finished sixth , marking the first time in the season he finished ahead of Norris . Awards . - BRDC The Bruce McLaren Trophy : 2013 - Trofeo Lorenzo Bandini : 2014 - Confartigianato Motori Driver of the Year : 2014 - GQ Australia Sportsman of the Year : 2014 - BRDC The Bruce McLaren Trophy : 2014 - BRDC The Innes Ireland Trophy : 2014 - BRDC The Innes Ireland Trophy : 2015 - Laureus World Sports Award for Breakthrough Performance of the Year : 2015 - BRDC The Bruce McLaren Trophy : 2016 - Confartigianato Motori Driver of the Year : 2018 Racing record . Racing career summary . <nowiki>*</nowiki> Season still in progress . Complete Formula One results . <nowiki>*</nowiki> Season still in progress. External links . - Profile at Formula1.com
|
[
"HRT",
"Toro Rosso"
] |
[
{
"text": " Daniel Joseph Ricciardo ( Ricardo ; born 1 July 1989 ) is an Italian-Australian racing driver who is currently competing in Formula One , under the Australian flag , for McLaren . He made his debut at the 2011 British Grand Prix with the HRT team as part of a deal with Red Bull Racing , for whom he was test driving under its sister team Scuderia Toro Rosso . Ricciardo’s driver number is 3 .",
"title": "Daniel Ricciardo"
},
{
"text": "Ricciardo joined Toro Rosso in 2012 full-time after the team changed its driver lineup and drove a Ferrari-powered car for them in 2012 and 2013 . In 2014 , Ricciardo was promoted to Red Bull as a replacement for the retired Mark Webber alongside multiple time world champion Sebastian Vettel . In his first season with Red Bull under Renault power , Ricciardo finished third in the championship with his first three Formula One wins , in Canada , Hungary , and Belgium .",
"title": "Daniel Ricciardo"
},
{
"text": "After two years without a victory , Ricciardo returned to the top of the podium at the 2016 Malaysian Grand Prix , eventually sealing third in the championship for the second time in three years at the 2016 Mexican Grand Prix . He has since added victories at the Azerbaijan Grand Prix in 2017 and the Chinese and Monaco Grands Prix in 2018 . After 2018 , Ricciardo signed with Renault and has raced for them in the 2019 and 2020 seasons . He joined McLaren for the 2021 and Formula One seasons , alongside Lando Norris . In March",
"title": "Daniel Ricciardo"
},
{
"text": "2021 , he ventured into the wine industry through a private project , with a collection of wine with acclaimed winemaker St . Hugo .",
"title": "Daniel Ricciardo"
},
{
"text": " Daniel Joseph Ricciardo was born on 1 July 1989 in Perth , Western Australia , to Italian parents of Ficarra born father Giuseppe Joe Ricciardo and Australian born mother Grace , with parents originally from Casignana . Ricciardo also has a sister ; Michelle . Growing up in Duncraig , one of Perths northern suburbs , Ricciardos earliest memories of motorsports were of his father racing at the nearby Barbagallo Raceway in Wanneroo . He attended high school at Newman College .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Ricciardo pronounces his surname Ricardo instead of the Italian pronunciation Rit-chi-ardo , attributing this to the way it was usually pronounced growing up in Australia and by his family . He is often referred to as the honey badger in reference to his racing style , explaining how Its supposed to be the most fearless animal in the animal kingdom . When you look at it , he seems quite cute and cuddly , but as soon as someone crosses his territory in a way he doesnt like , he turns into a bit of a savage and hell go",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "after anything – tigers , pythons – he turns very quickly , but hes a good guy . Growing up as a fan of NASCAR Cup Series driver Dale Earnhardt , Ricciardo adopted the number 3 as his racing number in honour of him .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Ricciardo supports the AFLs West Coast Eagles and was the clubs number-one ticket holder in 2015 and 2016 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Born in Perth , Western Australia , Ricciardo started karting at the age of nine , as a member of the Tiger Kart Club ( TKC ) and entered numerous karting events . In 2005 , he entered the Western Australian Formula Ford championship driving a 15-year-old Van Diemen , finishing eighth by seasons end . Towards the end of the season , Ricciardo took a leased 13-year-old Van Diemen across to Sandown Raceway in Melbourne to compete at the national Formula Ford series but his ageing car was uncompetitive as he finished 16th , 17th and retired during the",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "weekends three races . The following year , however , he won a scholarship into the Formula BMW Asian championship with Eurasia Motorsport . During his début season , Ricciardo took two victories ( both at Bira ) and also achieved a pole position at Zhuhai . He finished third in the Drivers Championship with 231 points , 59 points behind the champion Earl Bamber .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In August that year , he was given an outing with Motaworld Racing to race at the eighth meeting of the Formula BMW UK championship . Despite retiring from the first race , Ricciardo recovered to finish eighth in the second race and took three championship points in his only entry in the British championship . At the end of the year , he entered the Formula BMW World Final with Fortec Motorsport where he finished in fifth position , 14 seconds off winner Christian Vietoris .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " 2007 saw Ricciardo switch categories to Formula Renault with RP Motorsport , entering the European and Italian championships of the category , although mainly focused on the latter series as he entered 14 races to the four entries he took in the European championship . He finished the year seventh in the Italian series with 196 points and scoring a single podium at Valencia but failed to score a point in his handful of starts in the European races .",
"title": "Formula Renault"
},
{
"text": "Ricciardo stayed in Formula Renault for a second year in 2008 , entering the European and Western European championships . By the end of the year , the young driver took his first European title in the Western European Cup and finished second in the Eurocup to Finn Valtteri Bottas .",
"title": "Formula Renault"
},
{
"text": " During the mid-part of the 2008 season , Ricciardo made his Formula Three début at the Nürburgring , entering SG Formulas Formula 3 Euro Series team . Despite only a short amount of experience in the car , Ricciardo qualified in eighth for the first race which later converted into sixth in the race after James Jakes and Christian Vietoris stalled on the grid . But he struggled in the reverse-grid race , finishing just fifteenth .",
"title": "Formula Three"
},
{
"text": "Ricciardo moved to the British Formula 3 Championship for the 2009 season driving for Carlin Motorsport . He also made his debut in the 3.5-litre World Series by Renault championship , racing alongside Charles Pic at Tech 1 Racing for the rounds at the Autódromo Internacional do Algarve in Portugal . He retired from the first race , before finishing fifteenth in the second . When he returned to Formula Three , he extended his championship lead to 45 points before returning to the Portuguese circuit . A win and a third in the British-registered cars , gave him an",
"title": "Formula Three"
},
{
"text": "unassailable 64-point lead over Renger van der Zande with just 42 available . This meant that Ricciardo became the first Australian driver since David Brabham in 1989 to win the British Formula 3 title . Just like Brabham , Ricciardo won the title in a car powered by a Volkswagen engine . Ricciardo finished the season on a high , taking both pole positions for the final round of the series , at Brands Hatch . He won the first race by fifteen seconds , and finished fourth ( third in British-registered cars as Marcus Ericsson was running in the",
"title": "Formula Three"
},
{
"text": "Invitational Class ) in the season-ending race . His championship winning margin was 87 points as Walter Grubmüller overhauled his teammate van der Zande , who was absent from the weekend due to a conflicting Euroseries race in Barcelona .",
"title": "Formula Three"
},
{
"text": "Ricciardo continued his partnership with Carlin , by heading to the Macau Grand Prix with the team . Ricciardo quickly gathered pace at the circuit , being second fastest ( and fastest rookie ) behind Marcus Ericsson in first qualifying , before winding up in fifth place in second qualifying , setting the grid for the qualifying race . Following a sixth place in the qualifying race , Ricciardo was forced to retire on the first lap of the main race after hitting a wall at San Francisco . He continued with a puncture up the hill before hitting the",
"title": "Formula Three"
},
{
"text": "wall at the Solitude Esses , and caused a circuit-blocking incident , which also took out seven of his rivals .",
"title": "Formula Three"
},
{
"text": " Formula Renault 3.5 Series . On 30 October 2009 , Ricciardo was signed by Tech 1 to compete in the 2010 season . He had competed with the team at the Autódromo Internacional do Algarve in Portugal in 2009 , and was the teammate to Brendon Hartley , another driver who drove for Tech 1 over the season .",
"title": "Formula Three"
},
{
"text": "Following a minor incident during a mountain bike exercise , Ricciardo was forced to miss the second test of the 2010 season , but went on to take pole position for both races at the season-opening round of the 2010 season in Alcañiz , Spain . He finished third and second in the races respectively , to leave himself at the head of the championship standings . Two weeks later , at the Spa-Francorchamps circuit , Ricciardo was relegated to last on the grid after being deemed to have hindered the laps of other drivers . In the next two",
"title": "Formula Three"
},
{
"text": "races he finished 13th and fifth respectively – coming 2nd in the latter until many of the front-runners were given penalties for infringing the parc ferme rules before the race . One week later , in Monte Carlo , Ricciardo secured his third pole position of the season , finishing three-tenths of a second ahead of championship rival Stefano Coletti . He secured his first win at the following race , one place ahead of Coletti . Ricciardo went on to secure two more wins at the Hungaroring and at Hockenheim in commanding fashion . Following Ricciardos sixth pole from",
"title": "Formula Three"
},
{
"text": "12 races , Tech 1 team boss , Simon Abadie , praised his drivers efforts greatly , saying I am happy , and happy for Daniel because six poles in 12 races is good going , and later stated his teams ambitions for success , by telling Autosport correspondent Peter Mills , I really hopes Daniel wins the championship .",
"title": "Formula Three"
},
{
"text": "At the first race at the Silverstone circuit , Ricciardo was involved in a spectacular incident with pole-sitter Jon Lancaster , in which Ricciardo was sent into a barrel roll , eventually landing on his wheels . The crash saw the end of his race , with teammate Jean-Éric Vergne becoming the eventual winner , following disqualifications . Securing pole for the second race of the weekend , Ricciardo spent much of the race leading the pack by upwards of three seconds . However , braking issues in the second half of the event meant that , on the final",
"title": "Formula Three"
},
{
"text": "lap , championship-rival Esteban Guerrieri was able to pass the Tech 1 racer .",
"title": "Formula Three"
},
{
"text": "Going into the final round of the season , Ricciardo sat just three points behind championship leader Mikhail Aleshin and 13 ahead of third-place man Esteban Guerrieri . Managing his 8th pole of the season , Ricciardo managed a lights-to-flag victory , setting the fastest lap and placing himself equal first with one race remaining . After securing second place on the grid for the second race of the weekend , Ricciardo managed to hold position until the pit stops , where he was successfully jumped by two of his rivals , including teammate Vergne . With only two laps",
"title": "Formula Three"
},
{
"text": "left in the race and struggling for pace , Ricciardo was overtaken by championship rival Aleshin . Finishing in that order , Ricciardo failed to secure the title in his debut year , losing out to Mikhail Aleshin by only two points .",
"title": "Formula Three"
},
{
"text": "Ricciardo made his track debut at the wheel of a Formula One car , when he tested for Red Bull Racing at the young drivers test at Circuito de Jerez over three days , from 1–3 December 2009 . On the final day of testing he clocked the fastest time of the test by over a second . This placed him as the only driver to go into the 1:17 bracket . Red Bull Racings team manager Christian Horner suggested that Ricciardo may replace his 2010 World Series teammate Hartley as the teams test and reserve driver . As it",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "turned out , Ricciardo and Hartley were to share test and reserve duties for both Red Bull , and sister team Scuderia Toro Rosso until the latter was removed from the Red Bull Junior team .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": " On 11 November 2010 , Ricciardo was confirmed as the single driver to represent Red Bull Racing at the end-of-season young drivers test at the Yas Marina Circuit , on 16–17 November . At the announcement , he commented , I cant wait to get another crack at driving Red Bull Racings amazing Formula One car . Ricciardo continued to show his one-lap prowess and dominated the event , with his fastest lap being 1.3 seconds faster than World Champion Sebastian Vettels qualifying lap the Saturday before .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "Days after completing this session Ricciardo was confirmed as Toro Rossos test and reserve driver for the season , and would take part in the first free practice session of each race weekend . Franz Tost , Toro Rosso team principal stated that having a hungry youngster on the books will keep our current driver pairing nice and sharp , referring to then Toro Rosso drivers Jaime Alguersuari and Sébastien Buemi . Ricciardo would also make an appearance in pre-season testing for the 2011 Formula One season , driving for Scuderia Toro Rosso .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": " At the 2011 Australian Grand Prix , Ricciardo was placed 16th on the timesheets after opening practice , just one-tenth slower than his experienced Toro Rosso teammate Sebastian Buemi . Ricciardo managed to later finish eighth in practice for the wet Turkish Grand Prix Friday practice one session , a place ahead of competitor Buemi . HRT ( 2011 ) .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "On 30 June 2011 , Ricciardo was contracted to Hispania Racing by Red Bull Racing , replacing Narain Karthikeyan for all the remaining races of the 2011 season except the , to allow Karthikeyan to race at his home Grand Prix . Ricciardo made his Grand Prix debut at the 2011 British Grand Prix at Silverstone .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "However , on 22 October 2011 , a few days before the inaugural Indian Grand Prix , the race where Karthikeyan was due to gain back his seat for his home race , HRT F1 announced that Vitantonio Liuzzi made way for Karthikeyan , allowing Ricciardo to race in India and extend his learning curve that Red Bull Racing paid the struggling Spanish team to do , as well as allowing Karthikeyan to race in front of his home fans . In Abu Dhabi , Ricciardo retired with mechanical problems after starting 20th on the grid and in the final",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "race at the , Ricciardo finished 20th after starting 22nd on the grid .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": " Toro Rosso ( 2012–2013 ) . 2012 . On 14 December 2011 , it was confirmed that Ricciardo would drive for the Scuderia Toro Rosso for the 2012 season , alongside Frenchman Jean-Éric Vergne . At the 2012 Australian Grand Prix on 18 March 2012 , Ricciardo managed to overtake his teammate Vergne late on the last lap to come home in ninth place , securing his first two World Championship points .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "In wet conditions in Malaysia he finished 12th , after having been first to switch to slick tyres . In Bahrain he qualified sixth , but dropped back during the race and finished 15th . In Monaco he suffered his only retirement of the season , after having started from 15th position .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": " 2013 . On 31 October 2012 , Toro Rosso announced the re-signing of Ricciardo for the 2013 season . Ricciardo out-scored his teammate Jean-Éric Vergne by seven points and out-qualified him in over 3/4 of the season . His impressive qualifying efforts of 30–7 against Vergne over their two years together help promote him to Toro Rosso senior team , Red Bull , replacing fellow countryman Mark Webber . Ricciardo finished 13th in the championship with 20 points . Red Bull ( 2014–2018 ) .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "Ricciardo replaced Mark Webber at Infiniti Red Bull Racing at the start of the 2014 Formula One season , partnering Sebastian Vettel , a four-time world champion .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "In the first race of the season , the , Ricciardo qualified in second place behind Lewis Hamilton and completed the race in second place , despite pressure from rookie Kevin Magnussen in the final laps . Ricciardo was later disqualified , as his car was ruled to have exceeded the mandated hourly fuel flow rate limit . Had he not been disqualified , it would have marked the first time an Australian had made the podium at the Australian Grand Prix since the race became part of the World Championship . Infiniti Red Bull Racing filed an appeal against",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "the disqualification which was rejected by the International Court of Appeal , the FIA decision being upheld .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "Ricciardo failed to finish in the , but managed to record his first points of the 2014 season at the , where he finished fourth , after starting in 13th position . By winning at the , Ricciardo became the fourth Australian to win a Grand Prix in Formula One , joining Jack Brabham , Alan Jones and Mark Webber . His victory in Canada broke the chain of six Mercedes victories that marked the beginning of the 2014 season . Ricciardo impressed many by beating Vettel throughout the first half of the 2014 season , and after a clean",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "and tight battle between Ricciardo and Fernando Alonso at the , Alonso described Ricciardo as unbelievable and very , very smart , very respectful .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "Ricciardo won the on 27 July , ahead of Alonso and Lewis Hamilton . He was in third place behind Alonso and Hamilton with less than four laps remaining and overtook Hamiltons Mercedes with a pass on the outside of the Hungarorings turn two . He then easily caught and passed Alonsos Ferrari as he had very little grip left on his tyres – television footage of his left front tyre after the race showed it to be badly blistered . In the final two laps , Ricciardo pulled away to win the race by 5.225 seconds . His teammate",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "Vettel survived a spin coming onto the main straight late in the race to finish seventh . Ricciardo became the second Australian to win the Hungarian Grand Prix , after Mark Webbers victory – also for Red Bull – in 2010 . Ricciardo then went on to score his third victory of his career to go back to back in Belgium , become the first Australian to win there since Jack Brabham in , also making him the only non-Mercedes driver to have won a Grand Prix in 2014 .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "On 4 October 2014 , it was announced that Ricciardo would partner Daniil Kvyat for the season , following the announcement of Vettels departure from the team . In his first season for Red Bull Racing , Ricciardo confirmed third place in the drivers championship at the , despite it being his first retirement since the . In the final race of the season , the , despite starting from the pit lane due to a front wing infringement , Ricciardo finished in fourth place and secured the first fastest lap of his Formula One career . For his 2014",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "performances , Ricciardo won the Laureus World Sports Award for Breakthrough of the Year in April 2015 .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": " 2015 . On 8 February 2015 , during the third episode of series 22 of the popular British motoring television programme Top Gear , Ricciardo became the fastest Formula One driver to perform a lap of the Top Gear test track during the Star in a Reasonably Priced Car feature , beating the previous record-holder Lewis Hamilton with a time of 1:42.2 .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "In 2015 , Red Bull slipped behind Ferrari and Williams in their efforts to take the title fight to Mercedes . The Red Bull cars were held back by the Renault power unit having been out-developed by Mercedes and Ferrari . The RB11 only showed pace in slow and twisty high downforce tracks or in rain , highlighting the cars strong chassis .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": " Ricciardo achieved his first top five finish in Monaco with fifth and the fastest lap of the race . While tussling for second in Hungary with Nico Rosberg , his race winning charge ground to a halt when the two clashed while hunting down Sebastian Vettel . Ricciardo managed to finish third behind his teammate . It was his first podium since the 2014 United States Grand Prix . He recorded his second podium of the season in Singapore where he finished second and recorded his third fastest lap of the season .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "Ricciardo finished the season with 92 points in eighth place in the championship , three points behind teammate Daniil Kvyat . He out-qualified Kvyat 14–5 .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": " 2016 . In a much more competitive Red Bull , Ricciardo began the season well , finishing 4th in both Australia and Bahrain and qualifying 2nd and then leading early on in the Chinese Grand Prix before suffering a tyre blowout and finishing in 4th again .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "Ricciardo qualified third at the Spanish Grand Prix , and after the two Mercedes cars of Lewis Hamilton and Nico Rosberg crashed out on the first lap , he led the early stages of the race . After a remarkable strategy call by Ferrari resulting in a very short third stint for Sebastian Vettel , Red Bull decided to answer this by pitting Ricciardo again and cover Vettel , also going for the presumed faster three-stop strategy . This dropped him behind Vettel , new teammate Max Verstappen and Kimi Räikkönen on track , and after a few failed attempts",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "at passing Vettel , a tyre blowout late on in the race meant that he finished fourth again , behind eventual winner Verstappen , and the Ferraris of Räikkönen and Vettel .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": " Ricciardo scored his first pole position at the Monaco Grand Prix , and led the early wet stages of the race . However , after a very long pitstop in which his team took nearly 40 seconds to ready a set of tyres he lost the race lead to Lewis Hamilton and finished the race in 2nd . Ricciardo was notably upset after the race result , saying : Two weekends in a row Ive been screwed now . It sucks . It hurts .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "Ricciardo returned to the podium in Hungary , finishing third , and in Germany , where he finished second . On the podium in Germany , Ricciardo performed a new celebration , where he drank champagne out of his shoe . He calls this celebration the shoey . He repeated the celebration at the Belgian Grand Prix ( where he came second again ) , this time persuading podium interviewer Mark Webber to also drink from the shoe .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": " Ricciardo qualified and finished second at the Singapore Grand Prix , after pushing eventual winner Rosberg hard near the end , a late strategy change pushing him to under half a second behind at the finish line .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "Ricciardo qualified fourth at the Malaysian Grand Prix but moved up to second into turn one , after a collision between Sebastian Vettel and Nico Rosberg . He then took the lead late on in the race when leader Lewis Hamilton retired with an engine failure . After fighting with his Red Bull teammate Verstappen , Ricciardo took his first victory of the season . He repeated his shoey celebration on the podium , and was able to get team boss Christian Horner as well as podium sharers Verstappen and Rosberg to repeat the celebration . Ricciardo eventually sealed third",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "in the Drivers Championship following a podium finish in Mexico . Other than Sergio Pérez , he is the only driver to have been classified in every race of the 2016 season . In fact , save for just two races in which Ricciardo equalled the previous years result , he improved on every other race result from 2015 .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": " 2017 . Ricciardo qualified 10th in Australia after spinning into the tyre barrier in Q3 . He incurred a five-place grid penalty due to an unscheduled gearbox change as a result from the crash . A gearbox sensor issue prevented him from taking the start and when he did get going , two laps down , a sudden fuel pressure problem ended his race after 25 laps .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "He won his fifth Grand Prix at the first Azerbaijan Grand Prix , after qualifying 10th . He finished on the podium five times in a row between Spain and Austria , and then three times in a row between Singapore and Japan . Despite having maintained fourth in the drivers championship for much of the season , retirements in three of the last four races ( including the final race at Abu Dhabi ) saw Ricciardo drop down to 5th in the championship , five points behind Kimi Räikkönen .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "Ricciardo started the season with a fourth-place in Australia , from eighth on the grid after a three-place penalty for speeding under red flag conditions . In Bahrain , he recorded a non-finish after an electrical failure on the second lap . His result in the 2018 Chinese Grand Prix was much better , taking a commanding victory by almost nine seconds , after starting sixth on the grid . At the 2018 Azerbaijan Grand Prix , Ricciardo was fighting for fourth with teammate Max Verstappen in the latter half of the race . His front wing made heavy contact",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "with his teammates rear , and the incident caused both drivers to retire . At the 2018 Spanish Grand Prix , Ricciardo finished fifth and set the track record , despite spinning under the virtual safety car . Coming into the 2018 Monaco Grand Prix , Ricciardo and Verstappen were considered favourites to win the race due to their cars superior chassis and down-force . Ricciardo topped all three practice sessions before qualifying , breaking the lap record with each session . Ricciardo managed to secure the second pole of his career at Monaco , topping every qualifying session as",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "well and setting a new lap record again . In the race , Ricciardo managed to hold off the Ferrari of Sebastian Vettel to take his first Monaco Grand Prix victory and his first Grand Prix win from pole position , despite having to manage a loss of power due to a MGU-K power output issue throughout the race .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": " Later in the season , he tied for the most retirements in the 2018 season , with 8 retirements in total . He managed four fastest laps for the season , in Australia , China , Spain and Hungary and finished the season sixth in the World Drivers Championship with 170 points . Renault ( 2019–2020 ) . On 3 August 2018 , it was announced that Ricciardo had signed a two-year contract to drive for Renault . 2019 .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "Ricciardos teammate for the 2019 season was Nico Hülkenberg . Ricciardo had a poor start to the season with retirements in the first two races , from front wing damage in Australia and power failure in Bahrain . A 7th-place finish in China followed . In Azerbaijan , Ricciardo reversed into Daniil Kvyat when both cars stopped after an overtake attempt by Ricciardo , causing race-ending damage for both drivers and Ricciardos third retirement in four races . Six consecutive race finishes followed , including a strong 4th place in qualifying and 6th-place finish in Canada . Ricciardo then suffered",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "an exhaust failure at the German Grand Prix .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": " At the Italian Grand Prix , Ricciardo finished in 4th place , his best result of the year . Teammate Hülkenberg finished in 5th , contributing to Renaults best finish since the team returned to the sport in . Ricciardo was involved in a first-lap collision in Russia , leading to his eventual retirement . He was initially classified 6th in Japan , before both Renault cars were disqualified ten days later for using illegal driver aids . Three consecutive points finishes followed , with strong 6th-place finishes in the United States and Brazil .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "Ricciardo ended a relatively disappointing season for Renault in 9th place in the championship , with 54 points , ahead of teammate Hülkenberg .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "Ricciardo had a new teammate for the 2020 season with Hülkenberg being replaced by Esteban Ocon . Ricciardo started the season with a retirement at the 2020 Austrian Grand Prix . In this next race , the 2020 Styrian Grand Prix , Ricciardo was running in 6th place with 2 laps to go before an overtake attempt by Lance Stroll forced Ricciardo wide , causing his to lose positions to Stroll and also Lando Norris . He ended the race in 8th after a close ending with Stroll and Sergio Pérez . Ricciardo qualified 11th at the 2020 Hungarian Grand",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "Prix , and finished the race in 8th place .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "At the 2020 British Grand Prix , Ricciardo finished in 4th place , equaling his best result for Renault . He was running in 6th place before late punctures to Carlos Sainz Jr . and Valtteri Bottas promoted him up to 4th . He was close to overtaking Charles Leclerc for his first podium in 2 years , but missed it by 1.2 seconds . At the 70th Anniversary Grand Prix , Ricciardo qualified 5th , but a spin midway through the race led to a 14th place finish . Ricciardo qualified 13th and finished 11th at the next race",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "in Spain .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "Ricciardo would go on a 11 race point-scoring streak until the end of the season , starting with the 2020 Belgian Grand Prix . He qualified and finished in 4th place , as well as taking the fastest lap on the last lap of the race . At the 2020 Italian Grand Prix , he qualified 7th and finished in 6th place . At the 2020 Tuscan Grand Prix , he qualified 8th and was running in 3rd place for the majority of the race , but Alex Albon of Red Bull overtook Ricciardo , leaving him to have to",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "settle for 4th place .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "At the Russian Grand Prix , Ricciardo was fastest in the second qualifying segment , but only managed to qualify in 5th place . In the race , he finished in 5th place despite a 5 second penalty . At the 2020 Eifel Grand Prix , Ricciardo qualified 6th before going on to score the teams first podium since the 2011 Malaysian Grand Prix . This was Ricciardos first podium since joining Renault , and his first since the 2018 Monaco Grand Prix . In the next race , the 2020 Portuguese Grand Prix , he started 10th after having",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "a crash towards the end of second segment of qualifying , damaging his rear wing . He finished 9th in the race . He reached the podium a second time for Renault at the 2020 Emilia Romagna Grand Prix . Starting 5th on the grid , he overtook Pierre Gasly on the first lap , before being overcut by Pérez after being stuck behind traffic . However , a tyre failure and retirement of former teammate Max Verstappen and a strategy error by Pérez’s team Racing Point allowed him to finish in 3rd place . In the 2020 Bahrain Grand",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "Prix , he started 6th , and overtook Valtteri Bottas on the first lap . However , following a red flag he had a poor second start , which dropped him down to 10th place . He eventually finished in 7th place . At the 2020 Sakhir Grand Prix , he had a chance of a podium after Charles Leclerc , Max Verstappen , and Sergio Pérez all collided in the first lap of the race . But a mistimed second pit stop caused Ricciardo to be overtaken , ending the race in 5th place . In his final race",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "for Renault at the 2020 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix , he only managed 12th on the grid , however a good first stint allowed him to exit the pits in 7th place . He also took the fastest lap of the race on the final lap . He finished in 5th place in the championship standings with 119 points , 6 points behind Sergio Pérez in fourth .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "After two years at Renault F1 Team , Ricciardo joined McLaren for the 2021 Formula One World Championship as a replacement for Carlos Sainz Jr . who signed a multi-year deal with Ferrari . His team mate for 2021 is Lando Norris , who was retained by the team . Regarding his new contract , Ricciardo admitted that before signing for McLaren he had held talks with Ferrari about taking over Sebastian Vettels seat but Ferrari had instead signed Sainz . He subsequently placed 7th in the 2021 season opener in Bahrain , having qualified 6th . At the following",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "race , the 2021 Emilia Romagna Grand Prix , he finished 6th , having once again qualified in the same position . At the third race of the season in Portugal , Ricciardo suffered a shock exit in qualifying , being knocked out of Q1 and starting the race from 16th . During the race he worked his way through the field and ended in a points-scoring position in ninth , helping McLaren maintain third place in the constructors championship . At the Spanish Grand Prix , Ricciardo qualified seventh , but managed to climb to fifth on the opening",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "lap . He defended fifth from Red Bull driver Sergio Pérez until lap 45 , where Pérez was able to get past at turn 1 . He finished sixth , marking the first time in the season he finished ahead of Norris .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": " - BRDC The Bruce McLaren Trophy : 2013 - Trofeo Lorenzo Bandini : 2014 - Confartigianato Motori Driver of the Year : 2014 - GQ Australia Sportsman of the Year : 2014 - BRDC The Bruce McLaren Trophy : 2014 - BRDC The Innes Ireland Trophy : 2014 - BRDC The Innes Ireland Trophy : 2015 - Laureus World Sports Award for Breakthrough Performance of the Year : 2015 - BRDC The Bruce McLaren Trophy : 2016 - Confartigianato Motori Driver of the Year : 2018",
"title": "Awards"
},
{
"text": " <nowiki>*</nowiki> Season still in progress . Complete Formula One results . <nowiki>*</nowiki> Season still in progress.",
"title": "Racing career summary"
},
{
"text": " - Profile at Formula1.com",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/SV_Mandalay#P137#0
|
What operated SV Mandalay in early 1950s?
|
SV Mandalay The sailing vessel Mandalay is a three-masted schooner measuring at the waterline , with an almost indestructible Danish wrought iron hull . It was built as the private yacht Hussar ( IV ) , and would later become the research vessel Vema , one of the worlds most productive oceanographic research vessels . The ship currently sails as the cruising yacht Mandalay in the Caribbean . E.F . Huttons luxury yacht , Hussar IV . Designed by Cox & Stevens and built in 1923 by Burmeister & Wain in Copenhagen for E . F . Hutton and his wife Marjorie Merriweather Post , the 585-ton luxury yacht Hussar ( IV ) , had an iron-hull and represented the epitome of maritime luxury and glamour in her class . Interiors were designed by William Baumgarten & Co of New York , and was the first American firm to do the interior decoration of a ship abroad . Upon her completion in Denmark , King Christian X of Denmark was invited to inspect the ship prior to its maiden crossing to New York . It was one of the fastest yachts , breaking the transatlantic record in 10 days , 21 hours . The yacht was affiliated with the New York Yacht Club , and spent the winters in the Florida Keys with frequent guests Billie Burke , along with Florenz Ziegfeld who Hutton liked to deep sea fish with . Norwegian yacht , Vema . In the late 1920s the Huttons decided they wanted a larger yacht , so they commissioned the construction of the Hussar ( V ) ( later Sea Cloud ) . The Hussar IV was put up for sale in September 1930 , and eventually sold to Norwegian shipping magnate , G . Unger Vetlesen and his wife Maude Monell and renamed Vema , a combination of Vetlesen and Maude . The Vetlesens spent many pleasurable days at sea . U.S . WWII Service . During World War II , Maude Monell donated Vema to the American war effort . The vessel was put into service as a merchant marine cadet training ship . The Vema was first put to use patrolling coastal waters for the US Coast Guard . She served as a barrack and a training ship for the United States Merchant Marine . Assigned to the US Maritime Service Training Station on Hoffman Island , her sailing area was listed as 14,000 sqf . After the war she was abandoned off Staten Island until Louis Kenedy , a captain from Nova Scotia , salvaged the vessel . LDEO leased the vessel in 1953 and soon bought her for $100,000 . Research Vessel Vema . Vema started circling the globe as the first of the Lamont Geological Observatory research vessels ( now the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory [ LDEO ] ) , a research unit of Columbia University. . Displaying a black hull , she was used to collect samples of seawater and sediment cores , measure currents and heat flows , perform underwater photography and seismic studies , and map out ocean floors . The work on the ship helped to confirm the continental drift theory . By the time of her retirement in 1981 , the Vema had collected data on a record track of . Notable scientists who worked aboard the Vema include Maurice Ewing , Bruce C . Heezen , Ralph ( Ralphy ) Roessler , J . Lamar Worzel , Jack Nafe , Frank Press , and Walter Pitman , all of whose work was greatly facilitated by Marine Technical Coordinator Robert Gerard , who was responsible for the fitting and refitting of LDEO marine research vessels from the Vema through her successors , the Conrad , Eltanin , and , including the design and installation of numerous pieces of customized scientific measurement equipment critical to their research . Seafloor features . - The Vema was instrumental in the exploration of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge . The Vema Fracture Zone , crossing the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at , was named for her . G.R . Hamilton aboard RV Vema discovered this feature in 1956 . - Vema Trench in the Indian Ocean is in fact a fracture zone named trench to avoid confusion with the Vema Fracture Zone in the Atlantic Ocean mentioned above . Vema Trench crosses the Central Indian Ridge at . RV Vema discovered it in 1958 . - During the seafloor explorations the Vema Seamount was discovered in 1959 ; the seamount rises from a depth of almost 5,000 meters to just 11 meters below sea level , and is located in the South Atlantic about 1,000 km west-north-west of Cape Town , at . - Vema Knoll at and Vema Gap at are located adjacent to each other , 500 km north of Puerto Rico . - The Vema Channel is a deep trough in the Rio Grande Rise of the South Atlantic at . Discovered during one of Vemas journeys , it has a depth of 4,646 m and a width of 18 km , serving as a conduit for the Antarctic Bottom Water and Weddell Sea bottom water . Other research vessels of the LDEO . - , 1962–1989 - , 1962–1974 - , 1988–2005 - , 2004- Cruising yacht Mandalay . The ship was refitted again as a cruising yacht for the Caribbean under the name SV Mandalay ( also Mandalay of Tortola ) with a sail area of > . The ship was operated by Windjammer Barefoot Cruises from 1982 until the operator went out of business in 2008 . Mandalay subsequently was purchased at auction , refurbished , and used as specialty cruise ship in the Galapagos islands off Ecuador by Angermeyer Cruises . The S/V Mandalay is currently scheduled through Sail Windjammer , Inc . She sails weekly out of Grenada for one and two-week cruises in the Grenadines . External links . - Voyages of the R/V Vema - RV Vemas science tracks of 1,225,000 nautical miles - S/V Mandalay - Sail Windjammer S/V Mandalay
|
[
"E . F . Hutton"
] |
[
{
"text": " The sailing vessel Mandalay is a three-masted schooner measuring at the waterline , with an almost indestructible Danish wrought iron hull . It was built as the private yacht Hussar ( IV ) , and would later become the research vessel Vema , one of the worlds most productive oceanographic research vessels . The ship currently sails as the cruising yacht Mandalay in the Caribbean . E.F . Huttons luxury yacht , Hussar IV .",
"title": "SV Mandalay"
},
{
"text": "Designed by Cox & Stevens and built in 1923 by Burmeister & Wain in Copenhagen for E . F . Hutton and his wife Marjorie Merriweather Post , the 585-ton luxury yacht Hussar ( IV ) , had an iron-hull and represented the epitome of maritime luxury and glamour in her class . Interiors were designed by William Baumgarten & Co of New York , and was the first American firm to do the interior decoration of a ship abroad . Upon her completion in Denmark , King Christian X of Denmark was invited to inspect the ship prior to",
"title": "SV Mandalay"
},
{
"text": "its maiden crossing to New York . It was one of the fastest yachts , breaking the transatlantic record in 10 days , 21 hours . The yacht was affiliated with the New York Yacht Club , and spent the winters in the Florida Keys with frequent guests Billie Burke , along with Florenz Ziegfeld who Hutton liked to deep sea fish with .",
"title": "SV Mandalay"
},
{
"text": " Norwegian yacht , Vema . In the late 1920s the Huttons decided they wanted a larger yacht , so they commissioned the construction of the Hussar ( V ) ( later Sea Cloud ) . The Hussar IV was put up for sale in September 1930 , and eventually sold to Norwegian shipping magnate , G . Unger Vetlesen and his wife Maude Monell and renamed Vema , a combination of Vetlesen and Maude . The Vetlesens spent many pleasurable days at sea . U.S . WWII Service .",
"title": "SV Mandalay"
},
{
"text": "During World War II , Maude Monell donated Vema to the American war effort . The vessel was put into service as a merchant marine cadet training ship . The Vema was first put to use patrolling coastal waters for the US Coast Guard . She served as a barrack and a training ship for the United States Merchant Marine . Assigned to the US Maritime Service Training Station on Hoffman Island , her sailing area was listed as 14,000 sqf . After the war she was abandoned off Staten Island until Louis Kenedy , a captain from Nova Scotia",
"title": "SV Mandalay"
},
{
"text": ", salvaged the vessel . LDEO leased the vessel in 1953 and soon bought her for $100,000 .",
"title": "SV Mandalay"
},
{
"text": "Vema started circling the globe as the first of the Lamont Geological Observatory research vessels ( now the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory [ LDEO ] ) , a research unit of Columbia University. . Displaying a black hull , she was used to collect samples of seawater and sediment cores , measure currents and heat flows , perform underwater photography and seismic studies , and map out ocean floors . The work on the ship helped to confirm the continental drift theory . By the time of her retirement in 1981 , the Vema had collected data on a record track",
"title": "Research Vessel Vema"
},
{
"text": "of . Notable scientists who worked aboard the Vema include Maurice Ewing , Bruce C . Heezen , Ralph ( Ralphy ) Roessler , J . Lamar Worzel , Jack Nafe , Frank Press , and Walter Pitman , all of whose work was greatly facilitated by Marine Technical Coordinator Robert Gerard , who was responsible for the fitting and refitting of LDEO marine research vessels from the Vema through her successors , the Conrad , Eltanin , and , including the design and installation of numerous pieces of customized scientific measurement equipment critical to their research .",
"title": "Research Vessel Vema"
},
{
"text": " - The Vema was instrumental in the exploration of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge . The Vema Fracture Zone , crossing the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at , was named for her . G.R . Hamilton aboard RV Vema discovered this feature in 1956 . - Vema Trench in the Indian Ocean is in fact a fracture zone named trench to avoid confusion with the Vema Fracture Zone in the Atlantic Ocean mentioned above . Vema Trench crosses the Central Indian Ridge at . RV Vema discovered it in 1958 .",
"title": "Seafloor features"
},
{
"text": "- During the seafloor explorations the Vema Seamount was discovered in 1959 ; the seamount rises from a depth of almost 5,000 meters to just 11 meters below sea level , and is located in the South Atlantic about 1,000 km west-north-west of Cape Town , at .",
"title": "Seafloor features"
},
{
"text": " - Vema Knoll at and Vema Gap at are located adjacent to each other , 500 km north of Puerto Rico . - The Vema Channel is a deep trough in the Rio Grande Rise of the South Atlantic at . Discovered during one of Vemas journeys , it has a depth of 4,646 m and a width of 18 km , serving as a conduit for the Antarctic Bottom Water and Weddell Sea bottom water . Other research vessels of the LDEO . - , 1962–1989 - , 1962–1974 - , 1988–2005 - , 2004-",
"title": "Seafloor features"
},
{
"text": " The ship was refitted again as a cruising yacht for the Caribbean under the name SV Mandalay ( also Mandalay of Tortola ) with a sail area of > . The ship was operated by Windjammer Barefoot Cruises from 1982 until the operator went out of business in 2008 .",
"title": "Cruising yacht Mandalay"
},
{
"text": "Mandalay subsequently was purchased at auction , refurbished , and used as specialty cruise ship in the Galapagos islands off Ecuador by Angermeyer Cruises . The S/V Mandalay is currently scheduled through Sail Windjammer , Inc . She sails weekly out of Grenada for one and two-week cruises in the Grenadines .",
"title": "Cruising yacht Mandalay"
},
{
"text": " - Voyages of the R/V Vema - RV Vemas science tracks of 1,225,000 nautical miles - S/V Mandalay - Sail Windjammer S/V Mandalay",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/SV_Mandalay#P137#1
|
What operated SV Mandalay in Oct 1980?
|
SV Mandalay The sailing vessel Mandalay is a three-masted schooner measuring at the waterline , with an almost indestructible Danish wrought iron hull . It was built as the private yacht Hussar ( IV ) , and would later become the research vessel Vema , one of the worlds most productive oceanographic research vessels . The ship currently sails as the cruising yacht Mandalay in the Caribbean . E.F . Huttons luxury yacht , Hussar IV . Designed by Cox & Stevens and built in 1923 by Burmeister & Wain in Copenhagen for E . F . Hutton and his wife Marjorie Merriweather Post , the 585-ton luxury yacht Hussar ( IV ) , had an iron-hull and represented the epitome of maritime luxury and glamour in her class . Interiors were designed by William Baumgarten & Co of New York , and was the first American firm to do the interior decoration of a ship abroad . Upon her completion in Denmark , King Christian X of Denmark was invited to inspect the ship prior to its maiden crossing to New York . It was one of the fastest yachts , breaking the transatlantic record in 10 days , 21 hours . The yacht was affiliated with the New York Yacht Club , and spent the winters in the Florida Keys with frequent guests Billie Burke , along with Florenz Ziegfeld who Hutton liked to deep sea fish with . Norwegian yacht , Vema . In the late 1920s the Huttons decided they wanted a larger yacht , so they commissioned the construction of the Hussar ( V ) ( later Sea Cloud ) . The Hussar IV was put up for sale in September 1930 , and eventually sold to Norwegian shipping magnate , G . Unger Vetlesen and his wife Maude Monell and renamed Vema , a combination of Vetlesen and Maude . The Vetlesens spent many pleasurable days at sea . U.S . WWII Service . During World War II , Maude Monell donated Vema to the American war effort . The vessel was put into service as a merchant marine cadet training ship . The Vema was first put to use patrolling coastal waters for the US Coast Guard . She served as a barrack and a training ship for the United States Merchant Marine . Assigned to the US Maritime Service Training Station on Hoffman Island , her sailing area was listed as 14,000 sqf . After the war she was abandoned off Staten Island until Louis Kenedy , a captain from Nova Scotia , salvaged the vessel . LDEO leased the vessel in 1953 and soon bought her for $100,000 . Research Vessel Vema . Vema started circling the globe as the first of the Lamont Geological Observatory research vessels ( now the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory [ LDEO ] ) , a research unit of Columbia University. . Displaying a black hull , she was used to collect samples of seawater and sediment cores , measure currents and heat flows , perform underwater photography and seismic studies , and map out ocean floors . The work on the ship helped to confirm the continental drift theory . By the time of her retirement in 1981 , the Vema had collected data on a record track of . Notable scientists who worked aboard the Vema include Maurice Ewing , Bruce C . Heezen , Ralph ( Ralphy ) Roessler , J . Lamar Worzel , Jack Nafe , Frank Press , and Walter Pitman , all of whose work was greatly facilitated by Marine Technical Coordinator Robert Gerard , who was responsible for the fitting and refitting of LDEO marine research vessels from the Vema through her successors , the Conrad , Eltanin , and , including the design and installation of numerous pieces of customized scientific measurement equipment critical to their research . Seafloor features . - The Vema was instrumental in the exploration of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge . The Vema Fracture Zone , crossing the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at , was named for her . G.R . Hamilton aboard RV Vema discovered this feature in 1956 . - Vema Trench in the Indian Ocean is in fact a fracture zone named trench to avoid confusion with the Vema Fracture Zone in the Atlantic Ocean mentioned above . Vema Trench crosses the Central Indian Ridge at . RV Vema discovered it in 1958 . - During the seafloor explorations the Vema Seamount was discovered in 1959 ; the seamount rises from a depth of almost 5,000 meters to just 11 meters below sea level , and is located in the South Atlantic about 1,000 km west-north-west of Cape Town , at . - Vema Knoll at and Vema Gap at are located adjacent to each other , 500 km north of Puerto Rico . - The Vema Channel is a deep trough in the Rio Grande Rise of the South Atlantic at . Discovered during one of Vemas journeys , it has a depth of 4,646 m and a width of 18 km , serving as a conduit for the Antarctic Bottom Water and Weddell Sea bottom water . Other research vessels of the LDEO . - , 1962–1989 - , 1962–1974 - , 1988–2005 - , 2004- Cruising yacht Mandalay . The ship was refitted again as a cruising yacht for the Caribbean under the name SV Mandalay ( also Mandalay of Tortola ) with a sail area of > . The ship was operated by Windjammer Barefoot Cruises from 1982 until the operator went out of business in 2008 . Mandalay subsequently was purchased at auction , refurbished , and used as specialty cruise ship in the Galapagos islands off Ecuador by Angermeyer Cruises . The S/V Mandalay is currently scheduled through Sail Windjammer , Inc . She sails weekly out of Grenada for one and two-week cruises in the Grenadines . External links . - Voyages of the R/V Vema - RV Vemas science tracks of 1,225,000 nautical miles - S/V Mandalay - Sail Windjammer S/V Mandalay
|
[
"Lamont Geological Observatory"
] |
[
{
"text": " The sailing vessel Mandalay is a three-masted schooner measuring at the waterline , with an almost indestructible Danish wrought iron hull . It was built as the private yacht Hussar ( IV ) , and would later become the research vessel Vema , one of the worlds most productive oceanographic research vessels . The ship currently sails as the cruising yacht Mandalay in the Caribbean . E.F . Huttons luxury yacht , Hussar IV .",
"title": "SV Mandalay"
},
{
"text": "Designed by Cox & Stevens and built in 1923 by Burmeister & Wain in Copenhagen for E . F . Hutton and his wife Marjorie Merriweather Post , the 585-ton luxury yacht Hussar ( IV ) , had an iron-hull and represented the epitome of maritime luxury and glamour in her class . Interiors were designed by William Baumgarten & Co of New York , and was the first American firm to do the interior decoration of a ship abroad . Upon her completion in Denmark , King Christian X of Denmark was invited to inspect the ship prior to",
"title": "SV Mandalay"
},
{
"text": "its maiden crossing to New York . It was one of the fastest yachts , breaking the transatlantic record in 10 days , 21 hours . The yacht was affiliated with the New York Yacht Club , and spent the winters in the Florida Keys with frequent guests Billie Burke , along with Florenz Ziegfeld who Hutton liked to deep sea fish with .",
"title": "SV Mandalay"
},
{
"text": " Norwegian yacht , Vema . In the late 1920s the Huttons decided they wanted a larger yacht , so they commissioned the construction of the Hussar ( V ) ( later Sea Cloud ) . The Hussar IV was put up for sale in September 1930 , and eventually sold to Norwegian shipping magnate , G . Unger Vetlesen and his wife Maude Monell and renamed Vema , a combination of Vetlesen and Maude . The Vetlesens spent many pleasurable days at sea . U.S . WWII Service .",
"title": "SV Mandalay"
},
{
"text": "During World War II , Maude Monell donated Vema to the American war effort . The vessel was put into service as a merchant marine cadet training ship . The Vema was first put to use patrolling coastal waters for the US Coast Guard . She served as a barrack and a training ship for the United States Merchant Marine . Assigned to the US Maritime Service Training Station on Hoffman Island , her sailing area was listed as 14,000 sqf . After the war she was abandoned off Staten Island until Louis Kenedy , a captain from Nova Scotia",
"title": "SV Mandalay"
},
{
"text": ", salvaged the vessel . LDEO leased the vessel in 1953 and soon bought her for $100,000 .",
"title": "SV Mandalay"
},
{
"text": "Vema started circling the globe as the first of the Lamont Geological Observatory research vessels ( now the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory [ LDEO ] ) , a research unit of Columbia University. . Displaying a black hull , she was used to collect samples of seawater and sediment cores , measure currents and heat flows , perform underwater photography and seismic studies , and map out ocean floors . The work on the ship helped to confirm the continental drift theory . By the time of her retirement in 1981 , the Vema had collected data on a record track",
"title": "Research Vessel Vema"
},
{
"text": "of . Notable scientists who worked aboard the Vema include Maurice Ewing , Bruce C . Heezen , Ralph ( Ralphy ) Roessler , J . Lamar Worzel , Jack Nafe , Frank Press , and Walter Pitman , all of whose work was greatly facilitated by Marine Technical Coordinator Robert Gerard , who was responsible for the fitting and refitting of LDEO marine research vessels from the Vema through her successors , the Conrad , Eltanin , and , including the design and installation of numerous pieces of customized scientific measurement equipment critical to their research .",
"title": "Research Vessel Vema"
},
{
"text": " - The Vema was instrumental in the exploration of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge . The Vema Fracture Zone , crossing the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at , was named for her . G.R . Hamilton aboard RV Vema discovered this feature in 1956 . - Vema Trench in the Indian Ocean is in fact a fracture zone named trench to avoid confusion with the Vema Fracture Zone in the Atlantic Ocean mentioned above . Vema Trench crosses the Central Indian Ridge at . RV Vema discovered it in 1958 .",
"title": "Seafloor features"
},
{
"text": "- During the seafloor explorations the Vema Seamount was discovered in 1959 ; the seamount rises from a depth of almost 5,000 meters to just 11 meters below sea level , and is located in the South Atlantic about 1,000 km west-north-west of Cape Town , at .",
"title": "Seafloor features"
},
{
"text": " - Vema Knoll at and Vema Gap at are located adjacent to each other , 500 km north of Puerto Rico . - The Vema Channel is a deep trough in the Rio Grande Rise of the South Atlantic at . Discovered during one of Vemas journeys , it has a depth of 4,646 m and a width of 18 km , serving as a conduit for the Antarctic Bottom Water and Weddell Sea bottom water . Other research vessels of the LDEO . - , 1962–1989 - , 1962–1974 - , 1988–2005 - , 2004-",
"title": "Seafloor features"
},
{
"text": " The ship was refitted again as a cruising yacht for the Caribbean under the name SV Mandalay ( also Mandalay of Tortola ) with a sail area of > . The ship was operated by Windjammer Barefoot Cruises from 1982 until the operator went out of business in 2008 .",
"title": "Cruising yacht Mandalay"
},
{
"text": "Mandalay subsequently was purchased at auction , refurbished , and used as specialty cruise ship in the Galapagos islands off Ecuador by Angermeyer Cruises . The S/V Mandalay is currently scheduled through Sail Windjammer , Inc . She sails weekly out of Grenada for one and two-week cruises in the Grenadines .",
"title": "Cruising yacht Mandalay"
},
{
"text": " - Voyages of the R/V Vema - RV Vemas science tracks of 1,225,000 nautical miles - S/V Mandalay - Sail Windjammer S/V Mandalay",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/SV_Mandalay#P137#2
|
What operated SV Mandalay in Apr 1981?
|
SV Mandalay The sailing vessel Mandalay is a three-masted schooner measuring at the waterline , with an almost indestructible Danish wrought iron hull . It was built as the private yacht Hussar ( IV ) , and would later become the research vessel Vema , one of the worlds most productive oceanographic research vessels . The ship currently sails as the cruising yacht Mandalay in the Caribbean . E.F . Huttons luxury yacht , Hussar IV . Designed by Cox & Stevens and built in 1923 by Burmeister & Wain in Copenhagen for E . F . Hutton and his wife Marjorie Merriweather Post , the 585-ton luxury yacht Hussar ( IV ) , had an iron-hull and represented the epitome of maritime luxury and glamour in her class . Interiors were designed by William Baumgarten & Co of New York , and was the first American firm to do the interior decoration of a ship abroad . Upon her completion in Denmark , King Christian X of Denmark was invited to inspect the ship prior to its maiden crossing to New York . It was one of the fastest yachts , breaking the transatlantic record in 10 days , 21 hours . The yacht was affiliated with the New York Yacht Club , and spent the winters in the Florida Keys with frequent guests Billie Burke , along with Florenz Ziegfeld who Hutton liked to deep sea fish with . Norwegian yacht , Vema . In the late 1920s the Huttons decided they wanted a larger yacht , so they commissioned the construction of the Hussar ( V ) ( later Sea Cloud ) . The Hussar IV was put up for sale in September 1930 , and eventually sold to Norwegian shipping magnate , G . Unger Vetlesen and his wife Maude Monell and renamed Vema , a combination of Vetlesen and Maude . The Vetlesens spent many pleasurable days at sea . U.S . WWII Service . During World War II , Maude Monell donated Vema to the American war effort . The vessel was put into service as a merchant marine cadet training ship . The Vema was first put to use patrolling coastal waters for the US Coast Guard . She served as a barrack and a training ship for the United States Merchant Marine . Assigned to the US Maritime Service Training Station on Hoffman Island , her sailing area was listed as 14,000 sqf . After the war she was abandoned off Staten Island until Louis Kenedy , a captain from Nova Scotia , salvaged the vessel . LDEO leased the vessel in 1953 and soon bought her for $100,000 . Research Vessel Vema . Vema started circling the globe as the first of the Lamont Geological Observatory research vessels ( now the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory [ LDEO ] ) , a research unit of Columbia University. . Displaying a black hull , she was used to collect samples of seawater and sediment cores , measure currents and heat flows , perform underwater photography and seismic studies , and map out ocean floors . The work on the ship helped to confirm the continental drift theory . By the time of her retirement in 1981 , the Vema had collected data on a record track of . Notable scientists who worked aboard the Vema include Maurice Ewing , Bruce C . Heezen , Ralph ( Ralphy ) Roessler , J . Lamar Worzel , Jack Nafe , Frank Press , and Walter Pitman , all of whose work was greatly facilitated by Marine Technical Coordinator Robert Gerard , who was responsible for the fitting and refitting of LDEO marine research vessels from the Vema through her successors , the Conrad , Eltanin , and , including the design and installation of numerous pieces of customized scientific measurement equipment critical to their research . Seafloor features . - The Vema was instrumental in the exploration of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge . The Vema Fracture Zone , crossing the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at , was named for her . G.R . Hamilton aboard RV Vema discovered this feature in 1956 . - Vema Trench in the Indian Ocean is in fact a fracture zone named trench to avoid confusion with the Vema Fracture Zone in the Atlantic Ocean mentioned above . Vema Trench crosses the Central Indian Ridge at . RV Vema discovered it in 1958 . - During the seafloor explorations the Vema Seamount was discovered in 1959 ; the seamount rises from a depth of almost 5,000 meters to just 11 meters below sea level , and is located in the South Atlantic about 1,000 km west-north-west of Cape Town , at . - Vema Knoll at and Vema Gap at are located adjacent to each other , 500 km north of Puerto Rico . - The Vema Channel is a deep trough in the Rio Grande Rise of the South Atlantic at . Discovered during one of Vemas journeys , it has a depth of 4,646 m and a width of 18 km , serving as a conduit for the Antarctic Bottom Water and Weddell Sea bottom water . Other research vessels of the LDEO . - , 1962–1989 - , 1962–1974 - , 1988–2005 - , 2004- Cruising yacht Mandalay . The ship was refitted again as a cruising yacht for the Caribbean under the name SV Mandalay ( also Mandalay of Tortola ) with a sail area of > . The ship was operated by Windjammer Barefoot Cruises from 1982 until the operator went out of business in 2008 . Mandalay subsequently was purchased at auction , refurbished , and used as specialty cruise ship in the Galapagos islands off Ecuador by Angermeyer Cruises . The S/V Mandalay is currently scheduled through Sail Windjammer , Inc . She sails weekly out of Grenada for one and two-week cruises in the Grenadines . External links . - Voyages of the R/V Vema - RV Vemas science tracks of 1,225,000 nautical miles - S/V Mandalay - Sail Windjammer S/V Mandalay
|
[
"Windjammer Barefoot Cruises"
] |
[
{
"text": " The sailing vessel Mandalay is a three-masted schooner measuring at the waterline , with an almost indestructible Danish wrought iron hull . It was built as the private yacht Hussar ( IV ) , and would later become the research vessel Vema , one of the worlds most productive oceanographic research vessels . The ship currently sails as the cruising yacht Mandalay in the Caribbean . E.F . Huttons luxury yacht , Hussar IV .",
"title": "SV Mandalay"
},
{
"text": "Designed by Cox & Stevens and built in 1923 by Burmeister & Wain in Copenhagen for E . F . Hutton and his wife Marjorie Merriweather Post , the 585-ton luxury yacht Hussar ( IV ) , had an iron-hull and represented the epitome of maritime luxury and glamour in her class . Interiors were designed by William Baumgarten & Co of New York , and was the first American firm to do the interior decoration of a ship abroad . Upon her completion in Denmark , King Christian X of Denmark was invited to inspect the ship prior to",
"title": "SV Mandalay"
},
{
"text": "its maiden crossing to New York . It was one of the fastest yachts , breaking the transatlantic record in 10 days , 21 hours . The yacht was affiliated with the New York Yacht Club , and spent the winters in the Florida Keys with frequent guests Billie Burke , along with Florenz Ziegfeld who Hutton liked to deep sea fish with .",
"title": "SV Mandalay"
},
{
"text": " Norwegian yacht , Vema . In the late 1920s the Huttons decided they wanted a larger yacht , so they commissioned the construction of the Hussar ( V ) ( later Sea Cloud ) . The Hussar IV was put up for sale in September 1930 , and eventually sold to Norwegian shipping magnate , G . Unger Vetlesen and his wife Maude Monell and renamed Vema , a combination of Vetlesen and Maude . The Vetlesens spent many pleasurable days at sea . U.S . WWII Service .",
"title": "SV Mandalay"
},
{
"text": "During World War II , Maude Monell donated Vema to the American war effort . The vessel was put into service as a merchant marine cadet training ship . The Vema was first put to use patrolling coastal waters for the US Coast Guard . She served as a barrack and a training ship for the United States Merchant Marine . Assigned to the US Maritime Service Training Station on Hoffman Island , her sailing area was listed as 14,000 sqf . After the war she was abandoned off Staten Island until Louis Kenedy , a captain from Nova Scotia",
"title": "SV Mandalay"
},
{
"text": ", salvaged the vessel . LDEO leased the vessel in 1953 and soon bought her for $100,000 .",
"title": "SV Mandalay"
},
{
"text": "Vema started circling the globe as the first of the Lamont Geological Observatory research vessels ( now the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory [ LDEO ] ) , a research unit of Columbia University. . Displaying a black hull , she was used to collect samples of seawater and sediment cores , measure currents and heat flows , perform underwater photography and seismic studies , and map out ocean floors . The work on the ship helped to confirm the continental drift theory . By the time of her retirement in 1981 , the Vema had collected data on a record track",
"title": "Research Vessel Vema"
},
{
"text": "of . Notable scientists who worked aboard the Vema include Maurice Ewing , Bruce C . Heezen , Ralph ( Ralphy ) Roessler , J . Lamar Worzel , Jack Nafe , Frank Press , and Walter Pitman , all of whose work was greatly facilitated by Marine Technical Coordinator Robert Gerard , who was responsible for the fitting and refitting of LDEO marine research vessels from the Vema through her successors , the Conrad , Eltanin , and , including the design and installation of numerous pieces of customized scientific measurement equipment critical to their research .",
"title": "Research Vessel Vema"
},
{
"text": " - The Vema was instrumental in the exploration of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge . The Vema Fracture Zone , crossing the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at , was named for her . G.R . Hamilton aboard RV Vema discovered this feature in 1956 . - Vema Trench in the Indian Ocean is in fact a fracture zone named trench to avoid confusion with the Vema Fracture Zone in the Atlantic Ocean mentioned above . Vema Trench crosses the Central Indian Ridge at . RV Vema discovered it in 1958 .",
"title": "Seafloor features"
},
{
"text": "- During the seafloor explorations the Vema Seamount was discovered in 1959 ; the seamount rises from a depth of almost 5,000 meters to just 11 meters below sea level , and is located in the South Atlantic about 1,000 km west-north-west of Cape Town , at .",
"title": "Seafloor features"
},
{
"text": " - Vema Knoll at and Vema Gap at are located adjacent to each other , 500 km north of Puerto Rico . - The Vema Channel is a deep trough in the Rio Grande Rise of the South Atlantic at . Discovered during one of Vemas journeys , it has a depth of 4,646 m and a width of 18 km , serving as a conduit for the Antarctic Bottom Water and Weddell Sea bottom water . Other research vessels of the LDEO . - , 1962–1989 - , 1962–1974 - , 1988–2005 - , 2004-",
"title": "Seafloor features"
},
{
"text": " The ship was refitted again as a cruising yacht for the Caribbean under the name SV Mandalay ( also Mandalay of Tortola ) with a sail area of > . The ship was operated by Windjammer Barefoot Cruises from 1982 until the operator went out of business in 2008 .",
"title": "Cruising yacht Mandalay"
},
{
"text": "Mandalay subsequently was purchased at auction , refurbished , and used as specialty cruise ship in the Galapagos islands off Ecuador by Angermeyer Cruises . The S/V Mandalay is currently scheduled through Sail Windjammer , Inc . She sails weekly out of Grenada for one and two-week cruises in the Grenadines .",
"title": "Cruising yacht Mandalay"
},
{
"text": " - Voyages of the R/V Vema - RV Vemas science tracks of 1,225,000 nautical miles - S/V Mandalay - Sail Windjammer S/V Mandalay",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Robert_Philp#P39#0
|
What was the position of Robert Philp before Nov 1887?
|
Robert Philp Sir Robert Philp , ( 28 December 1851 – 17 June 1922 ) was a Queensland businessman and politician who was Premier of Queensland from December 1899 to September 1903 and again from November 1907 to February 1908 . Early life . Philp was born in Glasgow , Scotland , the second son of John Philp , a lime-kiln operator , and Mary Ann Philp ( née Wylie ) . He emigrated to Brisbane with his parents and siblings in 1862 , where his father took a lease on the municipal baths , and later became involved in the cattle and sugar industries . Philp was educated at the National ( Normal ) School until 1863 when he started work at Bright Bros & Co shipping company , before moving to Townsville in 1874 to take up the position of junior partner in the trading company Burns , Philp and Company . Burns , Philp & Co acted as agents and provisioners for the sugar cane and pastoral industries that sustained Northern Queensland , and Philp served as manager of the Townsville office . Beginning in 1881 , Philp diverted some of the companys vessels to the labour trade , recruiting South Pacific Islanders ( known as Kanakas ) to work as indentured labourers on the canefields , despite the reservations of his business partner James Burns . A royal commission into recruiting practices in 1885 coincided with a downturn in the sugar industry , and as a result the companys vessels were returned to other commercial operations . While this affair had been profitable for Burns , Philp , it did not contribute significantly to later commercial success , although it would not be Philps last interest in the South Pacific labour trade . Despite the success of Burns , Philp & Co , Philp made some poor personal investments , such as his loss of £5000 on the Comet mine . Like many others he was affected by the economic depression of the 1890s , borrowing £20,000 to purchase property in Brisbane which three years later was valued at only £16,230 . He also owed considerable sums of money to the North Queensland Mortgage & Investment Co. , as well as holding a £5000 mortgage with respect to other properties . Although Burns tried to assist him , Philp was forced to sell his shares in Burns , Philp & Co in 1893 , and was still in financial difficulty as late as 1898 , although by this stage he had restricted his business ventures to more conservative investments . When the business-friendly McIlwraith government lost office in 1883 it was succeeded by the Liberal government of Samuel Griffith that sought to end the trade in Kanakas . As a prominent businessman who had served several times on the local council Philp was active in bankrolling and supporting candidates in opposition to Griffith . He supported the growing movement for the separation of North Queensland from the rest of the colony . Early parliamentary career . Philp entered the Legislative Assembly of Queensland in 1886 as Member for Musgrave . He supported the North Queensland separatists in their unsuccessful attempts to gain independence , but spent most of his early parliamentary career preoccupied with his business affairs . His seat of Musgrave was abolished and in 1888 he was successfully returned as one of the two members for the electorate of Townsville . His parliamentary activity was mainly in support of North Queensland and his business interests – extending railway links to North Queensland , and the abolition of import tariffs . When the import of Pacific islanders was temporarily halted in 1892 Philp was instrumental in securing its resumption . Premier and opposition leader . Philp was a prolific speculator and in 1893 he was forced by debt to resign from the board of directors of Burns , Philp . In May of the same year McIlwraith , now governing in coalition with Griffith in what was known as the Continuous Ministry , appointed Philp as Minister for Mines . He held several other ministerial posts , such as Public Instruction , Railways , Public Works and Treasurer until 1899 . when the Continuous Ministry was briefly unseated by the Labor government of Anderson Dawson . Philp was an able administrator . He codified mining regulations and encouraged the private development of railways throughout the colony . The railway construction process was alleged to be corrupt by the Labor members , and after narrowly winning a vote of confidence in November 1899 James Dickson resigned as Premier . Dawsons government lasted a week before losing Parliamentary support and Philp , despite his protestations in support of Dickson , was chosen as Premier by his colleagues . The Australian colonies federated in 1901 and the new Prime Minister Edmund Barton immediately ended the trade in Kanakas . By this stage Queensland was severely depleted in revenue , and Federation exacerbated this situation by depriving Queensland of excise and customs funds . Despite a severe drought and the dire state of the states finances , Philp was re-elected in 1902 . Discontent brewed among Ministerialists who were bitter at missing out on Cabinet positions , and in August 1903 Digby Denham crossed the floor with supporters to bring down the government and form a coalition led by Arthur Morgan . Philp , with his genial nature , was ill-suited to the position of Opposition Leader , and showed little enthusiasm in attacking the new government . Morgan briefly lost control of the Legislative Assembly in 1904 and Philp was called upon by Governor Sir Herbert Chermside to form a ministry , but could not secure sufficient support from among his colleagues . The end result was a dissolution of Parliament and a solid defeat of the Opposition . Philp resumed his position as Leader and his conciliatory treatment of the government continued when fellow Scot William Kidston became Premier . Philp cultivated good relations with Kidston and helped foster the increasing gap between Kidston and the Labor movement . Philps party was again unsuccessful in the elections of 1907 . Kidston was encountering difficulties in securing the passage of his legislation through the intransigent Legislative Council and after Lord Chelmsford as Governor refused Kidstons request to appoint sufficient new councillors so as to give Kidston a majority , he resigned in November . Lord Chelmsford commissioned Philp as Premier , but , unable to entice any of Kidstons supporters to his cause , he remained without a majority in the Legislative Assembly , which promptly blocked supply . Over Kidstons protests , Lord Chelmsford guaranteed supply through the issuing of writs and then dissolved the Assembly , but Philp failed to win the subsequent election . In 1908 Kidston , alienated from the Labor party , relied on Philps support to pass legislation approving construction of private railways . By October the two leaders had sufficient in common that they negotiated a merger of their two parties , ending Philps career as Opposition Leader . Later life . Philp remained in parliament , and also returned to tending his business interests . He enjoyed the status that his long parliamentary career gave him and participated in the foundation of the University of Queensland in 1912 . He was a member of the Universitys first Senate , and its representative at a conference of universities in Glasgow in 1912 . Philp lost his seat by a small margin in the Labor landslide of 1915 but remained active in politics , campaigning for the conscription referendums of the First World War and leading the resistance to the abolition of the Legislative Council . In 1920 he led a delegation to London which thwarted Premier Ted Theodores attempts to gain loans from London financiers to fund government expenditure . On 17 June 1922 he died in Brisbane and was buried at Toowong Cemetery . Family . Philp married Jessie Banister Campbell ( daughter of prominent Brisbane businessman James Campbell ) in 1878 ; she died in 1890 . In 1898 he married Wilhelmina Fraser Munro ; she died in 1940 References . - Philp , Robert — Brisbane City Council Grave Location Search Further reading . - Bolton , G C . Robert Philp : Capitalist as Politician . In Murphy D , Joyce R , Cribb M , and Wear , R ( Ed. ) , The Premiers of Queensland pp . 1–29 . Brisbane : University of Queensland Press . .
|
[
"Member for Musgrave"
] |
[
{
"text": " Sir Robert Philp , ( 28 December 1851 – 17 June 1922 ) was a Queensland businessman and politician who was Premier of Queensland from December 1899 to September 1903 and again from November 1907 to February 1908 .",
"title": "Robert Philp"
},
{
"text": "Philp was born in Glasgow , Scotland , the second son of John Philp , a lime-kiln operator , and Mary Ann Philp ( née Wylie ) . He emigrated to Brisbane with his parents and siblings in 1862 , where his father took a lease on the municipal baths , and later became involved in the cattle and sugar industries . Philp was educated at the National ( Normal ) School until 1863 when he started work at Bright Bros & Co shipping company , before moving to Townsville in 1874 to take up the position of junior partner",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "in the trading company Burns , Philp and Company .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Burns , Philp & Co acted as agents and provisioners for the sugar cane and pastoral industries that sustained Northern Queensland , and Philp served as manager of the Townsville office . Beginning in 1881 , Philp diverted some of the companys vessels to the labour trade , recruiting South Pacific Islanders ( known as Kanakas ) to work as indentured labourers on the canefields , despite the reservations of his business partner James Burns . A royal commission into recruiting practices in 1885 coincided with a downturn in the sugar industry , and as a result the companys vessels",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "were returned to other commercial operations . While this affair had been profitable for Burns , Philp , it did not contribute significantly to later commercial success , although it would not be Philps last interest in the South Pacific labour trade .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Despite the success of Burns , Philp & Co , Philp made some poor personal investments , such as his loss of £5000 on the Comet mine . Like many others he was affected by the economic depression of the 1890s , borrowing £20,000 to purchase property in Brisbane which three years later was valued at only £16,230 . He also owed considerable sums of money to the North Queensland Mortgage & Investment Co. , as well as holding a £5000 mortgage with respect to other properties . Although Burns tried to assist him , Philp was forced to sell",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "his shares in Burns , Philp & Co in 1893 , and was still in financial difficulty as late as 1898 , although by this stage he had restricted his business ventures to more conservative investments .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " When the business-friendly McIlwraith government lost office in 1883 it was succeeded by the Liberal government of Samuel Griffith that sought to end the trade in Kanakas . As a prominent businessman who had served several times on the local council Philp was active in bankrolling and supporting candidates in opposition to Griffith . He supported the growing movement for the separation of North Queensland from the rest of the colony .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Philp entered the Legislative Assembly of Queensland in 1886 as Member for Musgrave . He supported the North Queensland separatists in their unsuccessful attempts to gain independence , but spent most of his early parliamentary career preoccupied with his business affairs . His seat of Musgrave was abolished and in 1888 he was successfully returned as one of the two members for the electorate of Townsville . His parliamentary activity was mainly in support of North Queensland and his business interests – extending railway links to North Queensland , and the abolition of import tariffs . When the import of",
"title": "Early parliamentary career"
},
{
"text": "Pacific islanders was temporarily halted in 1892 Philp was instrumental in securing its resumption .",
"title": "Early parliamentary career"
},
{
"text": "Philp was a prolific speculator and in 1893 he was forced by debt to resign from the board of directors of Burns , Philp . In May of the same year McIlwraith , now governing in coalition with Griffith in what was known as the Continuous Ministry , appointed Philp as Minister for Mines . He held several other ministerial posts , such as Public Instruction , Railways , Public Works and Treasurer until 1899 . when the Continuous Ministry was briefly unseated by the Labor government of Anderson Dawson . Philp was an able administrator . He codified mining",
"title": "Early parliamentary career"
},
{
"text": "regulations and encouraged the private development of railways throughout the colony . The railway construction process was alleged to be corrupt by the Labor members , and after narrowly winning a vote of confidence in November 1899 James Dickson resigned as Premier . Dawsons government lasted a week before losing Parliamentary support and Philp , despite his protestations in support of Dickson , was chosen as Premier by his colleagues .",
"title": "Early parliamentary career"
},
{
"text": "The Australian colonies federated in 1901 and the new Prime Minister Edmund Barton immediately ended the trade in Kanakas . By this stage Queensland was severely depleted in revenue , and Federation exacerbated this situation by depriving Queensland of excise and customs funds . Despite a severe drought and the dire state of the states finances , Philp was re-elected in 1902 . Discontent brewed among Ministerialists who were bitter at missing out on Cabinet positions , and in August 1903 Digby Denham crossed the floor with supporters to bring down the government and form a coalition led by Arthur",
"title": "Early parliamentary career"
},
{
"text": "Morgan .",
"title": "Early parliamentary career"
},
{
"text": "Philp , with his genial nature , was ill-suited to the position of Opposition Leader , and showed little enthusiasm in attacking the new government . Morgan briefly lost control of the Legislative Assembly in 1904 and Philp was called upon by Governor Sir Herbert Chermside to form a ministry , but could not secure sufficient support from among his colleagues . The end result was a dissolution of Parliament and a solid defeat of the Opposition . Philp resumed his position as Leader and his conciliatory treatment of the government continued when fellow Scot William Kidston became Premier .",
"title": "Early parliamentary career"
},
{
"text": "Philp cultivated good relations with Kidston and helped foster the increasing gap between Kidston and the Labor movement .",
"title": "Early parliamentary career"
},
{
"text": "Philps party was again unsuccessful in the elections of 1907 . Kidston was encountering difficulties in securing the passage of his legislation through the intransigent Legislative Council and after Lord Chelmsford as Governor refused Kidstons request to appoint sufficient new councillors so as to give Kidston a majority , he resigned in November . Lord Chelmsford commissioned Philp as Premier , but , unable to entice any of Kidstons supporters to his cause , he remained without a majority in the Legislative Assembly , which promptly blocked supply . Over Kidstons protests , Lord Chelmsford guaranteed supply through the issuing",
"title": "Early parliamentary career"
},
{
"text": "of writs and then dissolved the Assembly , but Philp failed to win the subsequent election .",
"title": "Early parliamentary career"
},
{
"text": " In 1908 Kidston , alienated from the Labor party , relied on Philps support to pass legislation approving construction of private railways . By October the two leaders had sufficient in common that they negotiated a merger of their two parties , ending Philps career as Opposition Leader .",
"title": "Early parliamentary career"
},
{
"text": "Philp remained in parliament , and also returned to tending his business interests . He enjoyed the status that his long parliamentary career gave him and participated in the foundation of the University of Queensland in 1912 . He was a member of the Universitys first Senate , and its representative at a conference of universities in Glasgow in 1912 . Philp lost his seat by a small margin in the Labor landslide of 1915 but remained active in politics , campaigning for the conscription referendums of the First World War and leading the resistance to the abolition of the",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": "Legislative Council . In 1920 he led a delegation to London which thwarted Premier Ted Theodores attempts to gain loans from London financiers to fund government expenditure .",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": " On 17 June 1922 he died in Brisbane and was buried at Toowong Cemetery .",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": " Philp married Jessie Banister Campbell ( daughter of prominent Brisbane businessman James Campbell ) in 1878 ; she died in 1890 . In 1898 he married Wilhelmina Fraser Munro ; she died in 1940",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": " - Bolton , G C . Robert Philp : Capitalist as Politician . In Murphy D , Joyce R , Cribb M , and Wear , R ( Ed. ) , The Premiers of Queensland pp . 1–29 . Brisbane : University of Queensland Press . .",
"title": "Further reading"
}
] |
/wiki/Robert_Philp#P39#1
|
What was the position of Robert Philp in Dec 1890?
|
Robert Philp Sir Robert Philp , ( 28 December 1851 – 17 June 1922 ) was a Queensland businessman and politician who was Premier of Queensland from December 1899 to September 1903 and again from November 1907 to February 1908 . Early life . Philp was born in Glasgow , Scotland , the second son of John Philp , a lime-kiln operator , and Mary Ann Philp ( née Wylie ) . He emigrated to Brisbane with his parents and siblings in 1862 , where his father took a lease on the municipal baths , and later became involved in the cattle and sugar industries . Philp was educated at the National ( Normal ) School until 1863 when he started work at Bright Bros & Co shipping company , before moving to Townsville in 1874 to take up the position of junior partner in the trading company Burns , Philp and Company . Burns , Philp & Co acted as agents and provisioners for the sugar cane and pastoral industries that sustained Northern Queensland , and Philp served as manager of the Townsville office . Beginning in 1881 , Philp diverted some of the companys vessels to the labour trade , recruiting South Pacific Islanders ( known as Kanakas ) to work as indentured labourers on the canefields , despite the reservations of his business partner James Burns . A royal commission into recruiting practices in 1885 coincided with a downturn in the sugar industry , and as a result the companys vessels were returned to other commercial operations . While this affair had been profitable for Burns , Philp , it did not contribute significantly to later commercial success , although it would not be Philps last interest in the South Pacific labour trade . Despite the success of Burns , Philp & Co , Philp made some poor personal investments , such as his loss of £5000 on the Comet mine . Like many others he was affected by the economic depression of the 1890s , borrowing £20,000 to purchase property in Brisbane which three years later was valued at only £16,230 . He also owed considerable sums of money to the North Queensland Mortgage & Investment Co. , as well as holding a £5000 mortgage with respect to other properties . Although Burns tried to assist him , Philp was forced to sell his shares in Burns , Philp & Co in 1893 , and was still in financial difficulty as late as 1898 , although by this stage he had restricted his business ventures to more conservative investments . When the business-friendly McIlwraith government lost office in 1883 it was succeeded by the Liberal government of Samuel Griffith that sought to end the trade in Kanakas . As a prominent businessman who had served several times on the local council Philp was active in bankrolling and supporting candidates in opposition to Griffith . He supported the growing movement for the separation of North Queensland from the rest of the colony . Early parliamentary career . Philp entered the Legislative Assembly of Queensland in 1886 as Member for Musgrave . He supported the North Queensland separatists in their unsuccessful attempts to gain independence , but spent most of his early parliamentary career preoccupied with his business affairs . His seat of Musgrave was abolished and in 1888 he was successfully returned as one of the two members for the electorate of Townsville . His parliamentary activity was mainly in support of North Queensland and his business interests – extending railway links to North Queensland , and the abolition of import tariffs . When the import of Pacific islanders was temporarily halted in 1892 Philp was instrumental in securing its resumption . Premier and opposition leader . Philp was a prolific speculator and in 1893 he was forced by debt to resign from the board of directors of Burns , Philp . In May of the same year McIlwraith , now governing in coalition with Griffith in what was known as the Continuous Ministry , appointed Philp as Minister for Mines . He held several other ministerial posts , such as Public Instruction , Railways , Public Works and Treasurer until 1899 . when the Continuous Ministry was briefly unseated by the Labor government of Anderson Dawson . Philp was an able administrator . He codified mining regulations and encouraged the private development of railways throughout the colony . The railway construction process was alleged to be corrupt by the Labor members , and after narrowly winning a vote of confidence in November 1899 James Dickson resigned as Premier . Dawsons government lasted a week before losing Parliamentary support and Philp , despite his protestations in support of Dickson , was chosen as Premier by his colleagues . The Australian colonies federated in 1901 and the new Prime Minister Edmund Barton immediately ended the trade in Kanakas . By this stage Queensland was severely depleted in revenue , and Federation exacerbated this situation by depriving Queensland of excise and customs funds . Despite a severe drought and the dire state of the states finances , Philp was re-elected in 1902 . Discontent brewed among Ministerialists who were bitter at missing out on Cabinet positions , and in August 1903 Digby Denham crossed the floor with supporters to bring down the government and form a coalition led by Arthur Morgan . Philp , with his genial nature , was ill-suited to the position of Opposition Leader , and showed little enthusiasm in attacking the new government . Morgan briefly lost control of the Legislative Assembly in 1904 and Philp was called upon by Governor Sir Herbert Chermside to form a ministry , but could not secure sufficient support from among his colleagues . The end result was a dissolution of Parliament and a solid defeat of the Opposition . Philp resumed his position as Leader and his conciliatory treatment of the government continued when fellow Scot William Kidston became Premier . Philp cultivated good relations with Kidston and helped foster the increasing gap between Kidston and the Labor movement . Philps party was again unsuccessful in the elections of 1907 . Kidston was encountering difficulties in securing the passage of his legislation through the intransigent Legislative Council and after Lord Chelmsford as Governor refused Kidstons request to appoint sufficient new councillors so as to give Kidston a majority , he resigned in November . Lord Chelmsford commissioned Philp as Premier , but , unable to entice any of Kidstons supporters to his cause , he remained without a majority in the Legislative Assembly , which promptly blocked supply . Over Kidstons protests , Lord Chelmsford guaranteed supply through the issuing of writs and then dissolved the Assembly , but Philp failed to win the subsequent election . In 1908 Kidston , alienated from the Labor party , relied on Philps support to pass legislation approving construction of private railways . By October the two leaders had sufficient in common that they negotiated a merger of their two parties , ending Philps career as Opposition Leader . Later life . Philp remained in parliament , and also returned to tending his business interests . He enjoyed the status that his long parliamentary career gave him and participated in the foundation of the University of Queensland in 1912 . He was a member of the Universitys first Senate , and its representative at a conference of universities in Glasgow in 1912 . Philp lost his seat by a small margin in the Labor landslide of 1915 but remained active in politics , campaigning for the conscription referendums of the First World War and leading the resistance to the abolition of the Legislative Council . In 1920 he led a delegation to London which thwarted Premier Ted Theodores attempts to gain loans from London financiers to fund government expenditure . On 17 June 1922 he died in Brisbane and was buried at Toowong Cemetery . Family . Philp married Jessie Banister Campbell ( daughter of prominent Brisbane businessman James Campbell ) in 1878 ; she died in 1890 . In 1898 he married Wilhelmina Fraser Munro ; she died in 1940 References . - Philp , Robert — Brisbane City Council Grave Location Search Further reading . - Bolton , G C . Robert Philp : Capitalist as Politician . In Murphy D , Joyce R , Cribb M , and Wear , R ( Ed. ) , The Premiers of Queensland pp . 1–29 . Brisbane : University of Queensland Press . .
|
[
"one of the two members for the electorate of Townsville"
] |
[
{
"text": " Sir Robert Philp , ( 28 December 1851 – 17 June 1922 ) was a Queensland businessman and politician who was Premier of Queensland from December 1899 to September 1903 and again from November 1907 to February 1908 .",
"title": "Robert Philp"
},
{
"text": "Philp was born in Glasgow , Scotland , the second son of John Philp , a lime-kiln operator , and Mary Ann Philp ( née Wylie ) . He emigrated to Brisbane with his parents and siblings in 1862 , where his father took a lease on the municipal baths , and later became involved in the cattle and sugar industries . Philp was educated at the National ( Normal ) School until 1863 when he started work at Bright Bros & Co shipping company , before moving to Townsville in 1874 to take up the position of junior partner",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "in the trading company Burns , Philp and Company .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Burns , Philp & Co acted as agents and provisioners for the sugar cane and pastoral industries that sustained Northern Queensland , and Philp served as manager of the Townsville office . Beginning in 1881 , Philp diverted some of the companys vessels to the labour trade , recruiting South Pacific Islanders ( known as Kanakas ) to work as indentured labourers on the canefields , despite the reservations of his business partner James Burns . A royal commission into recruiting practices in 1885 coincided with a downturn in the sugar industry , and as a result the companys vessels",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "were returned to other commercial operations . While this affair had been profitable for Burns , Philp , it did not contribute significantly to later commercial success , although it would not be Philps last interest in the South Pacific labour trade .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Despite the success of Burns , Philp & Co , Philp made some poor personal investments , such as his loss of £5000 on the Comet mine . Like many others he was affected by the economic depression of the 1890s , borrowing £20,000 to purchase property in Brisbane which three years later was valued at only £16,230 . He also owed considerable sums of money to the North Queensland Mortgage & Investment Co. , as well as holding a £5000 mortgage with respect to other properties . Although Burns tried to assist him , Philp was forced to sell",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "his shares in Burns , Philp & Co in 1893 , and was still in financial difficulty as late as 1898 , although by this stage he had restricted his business ventures to more conservative investments .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " When the business-friendly McIlwraith government lost office in 1883 it was succeeded by the Liberal government of Samuel Griffith that sought to end the trade in Kanakas . As a prominent businessman who had served several times on the local council Philp was active in bankrolling and supporting candidates in opposition to Griffith . He supported the growing movement for the separation of North Queensland from the rest of the colony .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Philp entered the Legislative Assembly of Queensland in 1886 as Member for Musgrave . He supported the North Queensland separatists in their unsuccessful attempts to gain independence , but spent most of his early parliamentary career preoccupied with his business affairs . His seat of Musgrave was abolished and in 1888 he was successfully returned as one of the two members for the electorate of Townsville . His parliamentary activity was mainly in support of North Queensland and his business interests – extending railway links to North Queensland , and the abolition of import tariffs . When the import of",
"title": "Early parliamentary career"
},
{
"text": "Pacific islanders was temporarily halted in 1892 Philp was instrumental in securing its resumption .",
"title": "Early parliamentary career"
},
{
"text": "Philp was a prolific speculator and in 1893 he was forced by debt to resign from the board of directors of Burns , Philp . In May of the same year McIlwraith , now governing in coalition with Griffith in what was known as the Continuous Ministry , appointed Philp as Minister for Mines . He held several other ministerial posts , such as Public Instruction , Railways , Public Works and Treasurer until 1899 . when the Continuous Ministry was briefly unseated by the Labor government of Anderson Dawson . Philp was an able administrator . He codified mining",
"title": "Early parliamentary career"
},
{
"text": "regulations and encouraged the private development of railways throughout the colony . The railway construction process was alleged to be corrupt by the Labor members , and after narrowly winning a vote of confidence in November 1899 James Dickson resigned as Premier . Dawsons government lasted a week before losing Parliamentary support and Philp , despite his protestations in support of Dickson , was chosen as Premier by his colleagues .",
"title": "Early parliamentary career"
},
{
"text": "The Australian colonies federated in 1901 and the new Prime Minister Edmund Barton immediately ended the trade in Kanakas . By this stage Queensland was severely depleted in revenue , and Federation exacerbated this situation by depriving Queensland of excise and customs funds . Despite a severe drought and the dire state of the states finances , Philp was re-elected in 1902 . Discontent brewed among Ministerialists who were bitter at missing out on Cabinet positions , and in August 1903 Digby Denham crossed the floor with supporters to bring down the government and form a coalition led by Arthur",
"title": "Early parliamentary career"
},
{
"text": "Morgan .",
"title": "Early parliamentary career"
},
{
"text": "Philp , with his genial nature , was ill-suited to the position of Opposition Leader , and showed little enthusiasm in attacking the new government . Morgan briefly lost control of the Legislative Assembly in 1904 and Philp was called upon by Governor Sir Herbert Chermside to form a ministry , but could not secure sufficient support from among his colleagues . The end result was a dissolution of Parliament and a solid defeat of the Opposition . Philp resumed his position as Leader and his conciliatory treatment of the government continued when fellow Scot William Kidston became Premier .",
"title": "Early parliamentary career"
},
{
"text": "Philp cultivated good relations with Kidston and helped foster the increasing gap between Kidston and the Labor movement .",
"title": "Early parliamentary career"
},
{
"text": "Philps party was again unsuccessful in the elections of 1907 . Kidston was encountering difficulties in securing the passage of his legislation through the intransigent Legislative Council and after Lord Chelmsford as Governor refused Kidstons request to appoint sufficient new councillors so as to give Kidston a majority , he resigned in November . Lord Chelmsford commissioned Philp as Premier , but , unable to entice any of Kidstons supporters to his cause , he remained without a majority in the Legislative Assembly , which promptly blocked supply . Over Kidstons protests , Lord Chelmsford guaranteed supply through the issuing",
"title": "Early parliamentary career"
},
{
"text": "of writs and then dissolved the Assembly , but Philp failed to win the subsequent election .",
"title": "Early parliamentary career"
},
{
"text": " In 1908 Kidston , alienated from the Labor party , relied on Philps support to pass legislation approving construction of private railways . By October the two leaders had sufficient in common that they negotiated a merger of their two parties , ending Philps career as Opposition Leader .",
"title": "Early parliamentary career"
},
{
"text": "Philp remained in parliament , and also returned to tending his business interests . He enjoyed the status that his long parliamentary career gave him and participated in the foundation of the University of Queensland in 1912 . He was a member of the Universitys first Senate , and its representative at a conference of universities in Glasgow in 1912 . Philp lost his seat by a small margin in the Labor landslide of 1915 but remained active in politics , campaigning for the conscription referendums of the First World War and leading the resistance to the abolition of the",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": "Legislative Council . In 1920 he led a delegation to London which thwarted Premier Ted Theodores attempts to gain loans from London financiers to fund government expenditure .",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": " On 17 June 1922 he died in Brisbane and was buried at Toowong Cemetery .",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": " Philp married Jessie Banister Campbell ( daughter of prominent Brisbane businessman James Campbell ) in 1878 ; she died in 1890 . In 1898 he married Wilhelmina Fraser Munro ; she died in 1940",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": " - Bolton , G C . Robert Philp : Capitalist as Politician . In Murphy D , Joyce R , Cribb M , and Wear , R ( Ed. ) , The Premiers of Queensland pp . 1–29 . Brisbane : University of Queensland Press . .",
"title": "Further reading"
}
] |
/wiki/Robert_Philp#P39#2
|
What was the position of Robert Philp in May 1906?
|
Robert Philp Sir Robert Philp , ( 28 December 1851 – 17 June 1922 ) was a Queensland businessman and politician who was Premier of Queensland from December 1899 to September 1903 and again from November 1907 to February 1908 . Early life . Philp was born in Glasgow , Scotland , the second son of John Philp , a lime-kiln operator , and Mary Ann Philp ( née Wylie ) . He emigrated to Brisbane with his parents and siblings in 1862 , where his father took a lease on the municipal baths , and later became involved in the cattle and sugar industries . Philp was educated at the National ( Normal ) School until 1863 when he started work at Bright Bros & Co shipping company , before moving to Townsville in 1874 to take up the position of junior partner in the trading company Burns , Philp and Company . Burns , Philp & Co acted as agents and provisioners for the sugar cane and pastoral industries that sustained Northern Queensland , and Philp served as manager of the Townsville office . Beginning in 1881 , Philp diverted some of the companys vessels to the labour trade , recruiting South Pacific Islanders ( known as Kanakas ) to work as indentured labourers on the canefields , despite the reservations of his business partner James Burns . A royal commission into recruiting practices in 1885 coincided with a downturn in the sugar industry , and as a result the companys vessels were returned to other commercial operations . While this affair had been profitable for Burns , Philp , it did not contribute significantly to later commercial success , although it would not be Philps last interest in the South Pacific labour trade . Despite the success of Burns , Philp & Co , Philp made some poor personal investments , such as his loss of £5000 on the Comet mine . Like many others he was affected by the economic depression of the 1890s , borrowing £20,000 to purchase property in Brisbane which three years later was valued at only £16,230 . He also owed considerable sums of money to the North Queensland Mortgage & Investment Co. , as well as holding a £5000 mortgage with respect to other properties . Although Burns tried to assist him , Philp was forced to sell his shares in Burns , Philp & Co in 1893 , and was still in financial difficulty as late as 1898 , although by this stage he had restricted his business ventures to more conservative investments . When the business-friendly McIlwraith government lost office in 1883 it was succeeded by the Liberal government of Samuel Griffith that sought to end the trade in Kanakas . As a prominent businessman who had served several times on the local council Philp was active in bankrolling and supporting candidates in opposition to Griffith . He supported the growing movement for the separation of North Queensland from the rest of the colony . Early parliamentary career . Philp entered the Legislative Assembly of Queensland in 1886 as Member for Musgrave . He supported the North Queensland separatists in their unsuccessful attempts to gain independence , but spent most of his early parliamentary career preoccupied with his business affairs . His seat of Musgrave was abolished and in 1888 he was successfully returned as one of the two members for the electorate of Townsville . His parliamentary activity was mainly in support of North Queensland and his business interests – extending railway links to North Queensland , and the abolition of import tariffs . When the import of Pacific islanders was temporarily halted in 1892 Philp was instrumental in securing its resumption . Premier and opposition leader . Philp was a prolific speculator and in 1893 he was forced by debt to resign from the board of directors of Burns , Philp . In May of the same year McIlwraith , now governing in coalition with Griffith in what was known as the Continuous Ministry , appointed Philp as Minister for Mines . He held several other ministerial posts , such as Public Instruction , Railways , Public Works and Treasurer until 1899 . when the Continuous Ministry was briefly unseated by the Labor government of Anderson Dawson . Philp was an able administrator . He codified mining regulations and encouraged the private development of railways throughout the colony . The railway construction process was alleged to be corrupt by the Labor members , and after narrowly winning a vote of confidence in November 1899 James Dickson resigned as Premier . Dawsons government lasted a week before losing Parliamentary support and Philp , despite his protestations in support of Dickson , was chosen as Premier by his colleagues . The Australian colonies federated in 1901 and the new Prime Minister Edmund Barton immediately ended the trade in Kanakas . By this stage Queensland was severely depleted in revenue , and Federation exacerbated this situation by depriving Queensland of excise and customs funds . Despite a severe drought and the dire state of the states finances , Philp was re-elected in 1902 . Discontent brewed among Ministerialists who were bitter at missing out on Cabinet positions , and in August 1903 Digby Denham crossed the floor with supporters to bring down the government and form a coalition led by Arthur Morgan . Philp , with his genial nature , was ill-suited to the position of Opposition Leader , and showed little enthusiasm in attacking the new government . Morgan briefly lost control of the Legislative Assembly in 1904 and Philp was called upon by Governor Sir Herbert Chermside to form a ministry , but could not secure sufficient support from among his colleagues . The end result was a dissolution of Parliament and a solid defeat of the Opposition . Philp resumed his position as Leader and his conciliatory treatment of the government continued when fellow Scot William Kidston became Premier . Philp cultivated good relations with Kidston and helped foster the increasing gap between Kidston and the Labor movement . Philps party was again unsuccessful in the elections of 1907 . Kidston was encountering difficulties in securing the passage of his legislation through the intransigent Legislative Council and after Lord Chelmsford as Governor refused Kidstons request to appoint sufficient new councillors so as to give Kidston a majority , he resigned in November . Lord Chelmsford commissioned Philp as Premier , but , unable to entice any of Kidstons supporters to his cause , he remained without a majority in the Legislative Assembly , which promptly blocked supply . Over Kidstons protests , Lord Chelmsford guaranteed supply through the issuing of writs and then dissolved the Assembly , but Philp failed to win the subsequent election . In 1908 Kidston , alienated from the Labor party , relied on Philps support to pass legislation approving construction of private railways . By October the two leaders had sufficient in common that they negotiated a merger of their two parties , ending Philps career as Opposition Leader . Later life . Philp remained in parliament , and also returned to tending his business interests . He enjoyed the status that his long parliamentary career gave him and participated in the foundation of the University of Queensland in 1912 . He was a member of the Universitys first Senate , and its representative at a conference of universities in Glasgow in 1912 . Philp lost his seat by a small margin in the Labor landslide of 1915 but remained active in politics , campaigning for the conscription referendums of the First World War and leading the resistance to the abolition of the Legislative Council . In 1920 he led a delegation to London which thwarted Premier Ted Theodores attempts to gain loans from London financiers to fund government expenditure . On 17 June 1922 he died in Brisbane and was buried at Toowong Cemetery . Family . Philp married Jessie Banister Campbell ( daughter of prominent Brisbane businessman James Campbell ) in 1878 ; she died in 1890 . In 1898 he married Wilhelmina Fraser Munro ; she died in 1940 References . - Philp , Robert — Brisbane City Council Grave Location Search Further reading . - Bolton , G C . Robert Philp : Capitalist as Politician . In Murphy D , Joyce R , Cribb M , and Wear , R ( Ed. ) , The Premiers of Queensland pp . 1–29 . Brisbane : University of Queensland Press . .
|
[
"Premier of Queensland"
] |
[
{
"text": " Sir Robert Philp , ( 28 December 1851 – 17 June 1922 ) was a Queensland businessman and politician who was Premier of Queensland from December 1899 to September 1903 and again from November 1907 to February 1908 .",
"title": "Robert Philp"
},
{
"text": "Philp was born in Glasgow , Scotland , the second son of John Philp , a lime-kiln operator , and Mary Ann Philp ( née Wylie ) . He emigrated to Brisbane with his parents and siblings in 1862 , where his father took a lease on the municipal baths , and later became involved in the cattle and sugar industries . Philp was educated at the National ( Normal ) School until 1863 when he started work at Bright Bros & Co shipping company , before moving to Townsville in 1874 to take up the position of junior partner",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "in the trading company Burns , Philp and Company .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Burns , Philp & Co acted as agents and provisioners for the sugar cane and pastoral industries that sustained Northern Queensland , and Philp served as manager of the Townsville office . Beginning in 1881 , Philp diverted some of the companys vessels to the labour trade , recruiting South Pacific Islanders ( known as Kanakas ) to work as indentured labourers on the canefields , despite the reservations of his business partner James Burns . A royal commission into recruiting practices in 1885 coincided with a downturn in the sugar industry , and as a result the companys vessels",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "were returned to other commercial operations . While this affair had been profitable for Burns , Philp , it did not contribute significantly to later commercial success , although it would not be Philps last interest in the South Pacific labour trade .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Despite the success of Burns , Philp & Co , Philp made some poor personal investments , such as his loss of £5000 on the Comet mine . Like many others he was affected by the economic depression of the 1890s , borrowing £20,000 to purchase property in Brisbane which three years later was valued at only £16,230 . He also owed considerable sums of money to the North Queensland Mortgage & Investment Co. , as well as holding a £5000 mortgage with respect to other properties . Although Burns tried to assist him , Philp was forced to sell",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "his shares in Burns , Philp & Co in 1893 , and was still in financial difficulty as late as 1898 , although by this stage he had restricted his business ventures to more conservative investments .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " When the business-friendly McIlwraith government lost office in 1883 it was succeeded by the Liberal government of Samuel Griffith that sought to end the trade in Kanakas . As a prominent businessman who had served several times on the local council Philp was active in bankrolling and supporting candidates in opposition to Griffith . He supported the growing movement for the separation of North Queensland from the rest of the colony .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Philp entered the Legislative Assembly of Queensland in 1886 as Member for Musgrave . He supported the North Queensland separatists in their unsuccessful attempts to gain independence , but spent most of his early parliamentary career preoccupied with his business affairs . His seat of Musgrave was abolished and in 1888 he was successfully returned as one of the two members for the electorate of Townsville . His parliamentary activity was mainly in support of North Queensland and his business interests – extending railway links to North Queensland , and the abolition of import tariffs . When the import of",
"title": "Early parliamentary career"
},
{
"text": "Pacific islanders was temporarily halted in 1892 Philp was instrumental in securing its resumption .",
"title": "Early parliamentary career"
},
{
"text": "Philp was a prolific speculator and in 1893 he was forced by debt to resign from the board of directors of Burns , Philp . In May of the same year McIlwraith , now governing in coalition with Griffith in what was known as the Continuous Ministry , appointed Philp as Minister for Mines . He held several other ministerial posts , such as Public Instruction , Railways , Public Works and Treasurer until 1899 . when the Continuous Ministry was briefly unseated by the Labor government of Anderson Dawson . Philp was an able administrator . He codified mining",
"title": "Early parliamentary career"
},
{
"text": "regulations and encouraged the private development of railways throughout the colony . The railway construction process was alleged to be corrupt by the Labor members , and after narrowly winning a vote of confidence in November 1899 James Dickson resigned as Premier . Dawsons government lasted a week before losing Parliamentary support and Philp , despite his protestations in support of Dickson , was chosen as Premier by his colleagues .",
"title": "Early parliamentary career"
},
{
"text": "The Australian colonies federated in 1901 and the new Prime Minister Edmund Barton immediately ended the trade in Kanakas . By this stage Queensland was severely depleted in revenue , and Federation exacerbated this situation by depriving Queensland of excise and customs funds . Despite a severe drought and the dire state of the states finances , Philp was re-elected in 1902 . Discontent brewed among Ministerialists who were bitter at missing out on Cabinet positions , and in August 1903 Digby Denham crossed the floor with supporters to bring down the government and form a coalition led by Arthur",
"title": "Early parliamentary career"
},
{
"text": "Morgan .",
"title": "Early parliamentary career"
},
{
"text": "Philp , with his genial nature , was ill-suited to the position of Opposition Leader , and showed little enthusiasm in attacking the new government . Morgan briefly lost control of the Legislative Assembly in 1904 and Philp was called upon by Governor Sir Herbert Chermside to form a ministry , but could not secure sufficient support from among his colleagues . The end result was a dissolution of Parliament and a solid defeat of the Opposition . Philp resumed his position as Leader and his conciliatory treatment of the government continued when fellow Scot William Kidston became Premier .",
"title": "Early parliamentary career"
},
{
"text": "Philp cultivated good relations with Kidston and helped foster the increasing gap between Kidston and the Labor movement .",
"title": "Early parliamentary career"
},
{
"text": "Philps party was again unsuccessful in the elections of 1907 . Kidston was encountering difficulties in securing the passage of his legislation through the intransigent Legislative Council and after Lord Chelmsford as Governor refused Kidstons request to appoint sufficient new councillors so as to give Kidston a majority , he resigned in November . Lord Chelmsford commissioned Philp as Premier , but , unable to entice any of Kidstons supporters to his cause , he remained without a majority in the Legislative Assembly , which promptly blocked supply . Over Kidstons protests , Lord Chelmsford guaranteed supply through the issuing",
"title": "Early parliamentary career"
},
{
"text": "of writs and then dissolved the Assembly , but Philp failed to win the subsequent election .",
"title": "Early parliamentary career"
},
{
"text": " In 1908 Kidston , alienated from the Labor party , relied on Philps support to pass legislation approving construction of private railways . By October the two leaders had sufficient in common that they negotiated a merger of their two parties , ending Philps career as Opposition Leader .",
"title": "Early parliamentary career"
},
{
"text": "Philp remained in parliament , and also returned to tending his business interests . He enjoyed the status that his long parliamentary career gave him and participated in the foundation of the University of Queensland in 1912 . He was a member of the Universitys first Senate , and its representative at a conference of universities in Glasgow in 1912 . Philp lost his seat by a small margin in the Labor landslide of 1915 but remained active in politics , campaigning for the conscription referendums of the First World War and leading the resistance to the abolition of the",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": "Legislative Council . In 1920 he led a delegation to London which thwarted Premier Ted Theodores attempts to gain loans from London financiers to fund government expenditure .",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": " On 17 June 1922 he died in Brisbane and was buried at Toowong Cemetery .",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": " Philp married Jessie Banister Campbell ( daughter of prominent Brisbane businessman James Campbell ) in 1878 ; she died in 1890 . In 1898 he married Wilhelmina Fraser Munro ; she died in 1940",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": " - Bolton , G C . Robert Philp : Capitalist as Politician . In Murphy D , Joyce R , Cribb M , and Wear , R ( Ed. ) , The Premiers of Queensland pp . 1–29 . Brisbane : University of Queensland Press . .",
"title": "Further reading"
}
] |
/wiki/Robert_Philp#P39#3
|
What was the position of Robert Philp after Feb 1913?
|
Robert Philp Sir Robert Philp , ( 28 December 1851 – 17 June 1922 ) was a Queensland businessman and politician who was Premier of Queensland from December 1899 to September 1903 and again from November 1907 to February 1908 . Early life . Philp was born in Glasgow , Scotland , the second son of John Philp , a lime-kiln operator , and Mary Ann Philp ( née Wylie ) . He emigrated to Brisbane with his parents and siblings in 1862 , where his father took a lease on the municipal baths , and later became involved in the cattle and sugar industries . Philp was educated at the National ( Normal ) School until 1863 when he started work at Bright Bros & Co shipping company , before moving to Townsville in 1874 to take up the position of junior partner in the trading company Burns , Philp and Company . Burns , Philp & Co acted as agents and provisioners for the sugar cane and pastoral industries that sustained Northern Queensland , and Philp served as manager of the Townsville office . Beginning in 1881 , Philp diverted some of the companys vessels to the labour trade , recruiting South Pacific Islanders ( known as Kanakas ) to work as indentured labourers on the canefields , despite the reservations of his business partner James Burns . A royal commission into recruiting practices in 1885 coincided with a downturn in the sugar industry , and as a result the companys vessels were returned to other commercial operations . While this affair had been profitable for Burns , Philp , it did not contribute significantly to later commercial success , although it would not be Philps last interest in the South Pacific labour trade . Despite the success of Burns , Philp & Co , Philp made some poor personal investments , such as his loss of £5000 on the Comet mine . Like many others he was affected by the economic depression of the 1890s , borrowing £20,000 to purchase property in Brisbane which three years later was valued at only £16,230 . He also owed considerable sums of money to the North Queensland Mortgage & Investment Co. , as well as holding a £5000 mortgage with respect to other properties . Although Burns tried to assist him , Philp was forced to sell his shares in Burns , Philp & Co in 1893 , and was still in financial difficulty as late as 1898 , although by this stage he had restricted his business ventures to more conservative investments . When the business-friendly McIlwraith government lost office in 1883 it was succeeded by the Liberal government of Samuel Griffith that sought to end the trade in Kanakas . As a prominent businessman who had served several times on the local council Philp was active in bankrolling and supporting candidates in opposition to Griffith . He supported the growing movement for the separation of North Queensland from the rest of the colony . Early parliamentary career . Philp entered the Legislative Assembly of Queensland in 1886 as Member for Musgrave . He supported the North Queensland separatists in their unsuccessful attempts to gain independence , but spent most of his early parliamentary career preoccupied with his business affairs . His seat of Musgrave was abolished and in 1888 he was successfully returned as one of the two members for the electorate of Townsville . His parliamentary activity was mainly in support of North Queensland and his business interests – extending railway links to North Queensland , and the abolition of import tariffs . When the import of Pacific islanders was temporarily halted in 1892 Philp was instrumental in securing its resumption . Premier and opposition leader . Philp was a prolific speculator and in 1893 he was forced by debt to resign from the board of directors of Burns , Philp . In May of the same year McIlwraith , now governing in coalition with Griffith in what was known as the Continuous Ministry , appointed Philp as Minister for Mines . He held several other ministerial posts , such as Public Instruction , Railways , Public Works and Treasurer until 1899 . when the Continuous Ministry was briefly unseated by the Labor government of Anderson Dawson . Philp was an able administrator . He codified mining regulations and encouraged the private development of railways throughout the colony . The railway construction process was alleged to be corrupt by the Labor members , and after narrowly winning a vote of confidence in November 1899 James Dickson resigned as Premier . Dawsons government lasted a week before losing Parliamentary support and Philp , despite his protestations in support of Dickson , was chosen as Premier by his colleagues . The Australian colonies federated in 1901 and the new Prime Minister Edmund Barton immediately ended the trade in Kanakas . By this stage Queensland was severely depleted in revenue , and Federation exacerbated this situation by depriving Queensland of excise and customs funds . Despite a severe drought and the dire state of the states finances , Philp was re-elected in 1902 . Discontent brewed among Ministerialists who were bitter at missing out on Cabinet positions , and in August 1903 Digby Denham crossed the floor with supporters to bring down the government and form a coalition led by Arthur Morgan . Philp , with his genial nature , was ill-suited to the position of Opposition Leader , and showed little enthusiasm in attacking the new government . Morgan briefly lost control of the Legislative Assembly in 1904 and Philp was called upon by Governor Sir Herbert Chermside to form a ministry , but could not secure sufficient support from among his colleagues . The end result was a dissolution of Parliament and a solid defeat of the Opposition . Philp resumed his position as Leader and his conciliatory treatment of the government continued when fellow Scot William Kidston became Premier . Philp cultivated good relations with Kidston and helped foster the increasing gap between Kidston and the Labor movement . Philps party was again unsuccessful in the elections of 1907 . Kidston was encountering difficulties in securing the passage of his legislation through the intransigent Legislative Council and after Lord Chelmsford as Governor refused Kidstons request to appoint sufficient new councillors so as to give Kidston a majority , he resigned in November . Lord Chelmsford commissioned Philp as Premier , but , unable to entice any of Kidstons supporters to his cause , he remained without a majority in the Legislative Assembly , which promptly blocked supply . Over Kidstons protests , Lord Chelmsford guaranteed supply through the issuing of writs and then dissolved the Assembly , but Philp failed to win the subsequent election . In 1908 Kidston , alienated from the Labor party , relied on Philps support to pass legislation approving construction of private railways . By October the two leaders had sufficient in common that they negotiated a merger of their two parties , ending Philps career as Opposition Leader . Later life . Philp remained in parliament , and also returned to tending his business interests . He enjoyed the status that his long parliamentary career gave him and participated in the foundation of the University of Queensland in 1912 . He was a member of the Universitys first Senate , and its representative at a conference of universities in Glasgow in 1912 . Philp lost his seat by a small margin in the Labor landslide of 1915 but remained active in politics , campaigning for the conscription referendums of the First World War and leading the resistance to the abolition of the Legislative Council . In 1920 he led a delegation to London which thwarted Premier Ted Theodores attempts to gain loans from London financiers to fund government expenditure . On 17 June 1922 he died in Brisbane and was buried at Toowong Cemetery . Family . Philp married Jessie Banister Campbell ( daughter of prominent Brisbane businessman James Campbell ) in 1878 ; she died in 1890 . In 1898 he married Wilhelmina Fraser Munro ; she died in 1940 References . - Philp , Robert — Brisbane City Council Grave Location Search Further reading . - Bolton , G C . Robert Philp : Capitalist as Politician . In Murphy D , Joyce R , Cribb M , and Wear , R ( Ed. ) , The Premiers of Queensland pp . 1–29 . Brisbane : University of Queensland Press . .
|
[
"Opposition Leader"
] |
[
{
"text": " Sir Robert Philp , ( 28 December 1851 – 17 June 1922 ) was a Queensland businessman and politician who was Premier of Queensland from December 1899 to September 1903 and again from November 1907 to February 1908 .",
"title": "Robert Philp"
},
{
"text": "Philp was born in Glasgow , Scotland , the second son of John Philp , a lime-kiln operator , and Mary Ann Philp ( née Wylie ) . He emigrated to Brisbane with his parents and siblings in 1862 , where his father took a lease on the municipal baths , and later became involved in the cattle and sugar industries . Philp was educated at the National ( Normal ) School until 1863 when he started work at Bright Bros & Co shipping company , before moving to Townsville in 1874 to take up the position of junior partner",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "in the trading company Burns , Philp and Company .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Burns , Philp & Co acted as agents and provisioners for the sugar cane and pastoral industries that sustained Northern Queensland , and Philp served as manager of the Townsville office . Beginning in 1881 , Philp diverted some of the companys vessels to the labour trade , recruiting South Pacific Islanders ( known as Kanakas ) to work as indentured labourers on the canefields , despite the reservations of his business partner James Burns . A royal commission into recruiting practices in 1885 coincided with a downturn in the sugar industry , and as a result the companys vessels",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "were returned to other commercial operations . While this affair had been profitable for Burns , Philp , it did not contribute significantly to later commercial success , although it would not be Philps last interest in the South Pacific labour trade .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Despite the success of Burns , Philp & Co , Philp made some poor personal investments , such as his loss of £5000 on the Comet mine . Like many others he was affected by the economic depression of the 1890s , borrowing £20,000 to purchase property in Brisbane which three years later was valued at only £16,230 . He also owed considerable sums of money to the North Queensland Mortgage & Investment Co. , as well as holding a £5000 mortgage with respect to other properties . Although Burns tried to assist him , Philp was forced to sell",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "his shares in Burns , Philp & Co in 1893 , and was still in financial difficulty as late as 1898 , although by this stage he had restricted his business ventures to more conservative investments .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " When the business-friendly McIlwraith government lost office in 1883 it was succeeded by the Liberal government of Samuel Griffith that sought to end the trade in Kanakas . As a prominent businessman who had served several times on the local council Philp was active in bankrolling and supporting candidates in opposition to Griffith . He supported the growing movement for the separation of North Queensland from the rest of the colony .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Philp entered the Legislative Assembly of Queensland in 1886 as Member for Musgrave . He supported the North Queensland separatists in their unsuccessful attempts to gain independence , but spent most of his early parliamentary career preoccupied with his business affairs . His seat of Musgrave was abolished and in 1888 he was successfully returned as one of the two members for the electorate of Townsville . His parliamentary activity was mainly in support of North Queensland and his business interests – extending railway links to North Queensland , and the abolition of import tariffs . When the import of",
"title": "Early parliamentary career"
},
{
"text": "Pacific islanders was temporarily halted in 1892 Philp was instrumental in securing its resumption .",
"title": "Early parliamentary career"
},
{
"text": "Philp was a prolific speculator and in 1893 he was forced by debt to resign from the board of directors of Burns , Philp . In May of the same year McIlwraith , now governing in coalition with Griffith in what was known as the Continuous Ministry , appointed Philp as Minister for Mines . He held several other ministerial posts , such as Public Instruction , Railways , Public Works and Treasurer until 1899 . when the Continuous Ministry was briefly unseated by the Labor government of Anderson Dawson . Philp was an able administrator . He codified mining",
"title": "Early parliamentary career"
},
{
"text": "regulations and encouraged the private development of railways throughout the colony . The railway construction process was alleged to be corrupt by the Labor members , and after narrowly winning a vote of confidence in November 1899 James Dickson resigned as Premier . Dawsons government lasted a week before losing Parliamentary support and Philp , despite his protestations in support of Dickson , was chosen as Premier by his colleagues .",
"title": "Early parliamentary career"
},
{
"text": "The Australian colonies federated in 1901 and the new Prime Minister Edmund Barton immediately ended the trade in Kanakas . By this stage Queensland was severely depleted in revenue , and Federation exacerbated this situation by depriving Queensland of excise and customs funds . Despite a severe drought and the dire state of the states finances , Philp was re-elected in 1902 . Discontent brewed among Ministerialists who were bitter at missing out on Cabinet positions , and in August 1903 Digby Denham crossed the floor with supporters to bring down the government and form a coalition led by Arthur",
"title": "Early parliamentary career"
},
{
"text": "Morgan .",
"title": "Early parliamentary career"
},
{
"text": "Philp , with his genial nature , was ill-suited to the position of Opposition Leader , and showed little enthusiasm in attacking the new government . Morgan briefly lost control of the Legislative Assembly in 1904 and Philp was called upon by Governor Sir Herbert Chermside to form a ministry , but could not secure sufficient support from among his colleagues . The end result was a dissolution of Parliament and a solid defeat of the Opposition . Philp resumed his position as Leader and his conciliatory treatment of the government continued when fellow Scot William Kidston became Premier .",
"title": "Early parliamentary career"
},
{
"text": "Philp cultivated good relations with Kidston and helped foster the increasing gap between Kidston and the Labor movement .",
"title": "Early parliamentary career"
},
{
"text": "Philps party was again unsuccessful in the elections of 1907 . Kidston was encountering difficulties in securing the passage of his legislation through the intransigent Legislative Council and after Lord Chelmsford as Governor refused Kidstons request to appoint sufficient new councillors so as to give Kidston a majority , he resigned in November . Lord Chelmsford commissioned Philp as Premier , but , unable to entice any of Kidstons supporters to his cause , he remained without a majority in the Legislative Assembly , which promptly blocked supply . Over Kidstons protests , Lord Chelmsford guaranteed supply through the issuing",
"title": "Early parliamentary career"
},
{
"text": "of writs and then dissolved the Assembly , but Philp failed to win the subsequent election .",
"title": "Early parliamentary career"
},
{
"text": " In 1908 Kidston , alienated from the Labor party , relied on Philps support to pass legislation approving construction of private railways . By October the two leaders had sufficient in common that they negotiated a merger of their two parties , ending Philps career as Opposition Leader .",
"title": "Early parliamentary career"
},
{
"text": "Philp remained in parliament , and also returned to tending his business interests . He enjoyed the status that his long parliamentary career gave him and participated in the foundation of the University of Queensland in 1912 . He was a member of the Universitys first Senate , and its representative at a conference of universities in Glasgow in 1912 . Philp lost his seat by a small margin in the Labor landslide of 1915 but remained active in politics , campaigning for the conscription referendums of the First World War and leading the resistance to the abolition of the",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": "Legislative Council . In 1920 he led a delegation to London which thwarted Premier Ted Theodores attempts to gain loans from London financiers to fund government expenditure .",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": " On 17 June 1922 he died in Brisbane and was buried at Toowong Cemetery .",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": " Philp married Jessie Banister Campbell ( daughter of prominent Brisbane businessman James Campbell ) in 1878 ; she died in 1890 . In 1898 he married Wilhelmina Fraser Munro ; she died in 1940",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": " - Bolton , G C . Robert Philp : Capitalist as Politician . In Murphy D , Joyce R , Cribb M , and Wear , R ( Ed. ) , The Premiers of Queensland pp . 1–29 . Brisbane : University of Queensland Press . .",
"title": "Further reading"
}
] |
/wiki/Klaus_Kinkel#P39#0
|
Klaus Kinkel took which position before Apr 1984?
|
Klaus Kinkel Klaus Kinkel ( 17 December 1936 – 4 March 2019 ) was a German statesman , civil servant , diplomat and lawyer who served as Foreign Minister ( 1992–1998 ) and Vice Chancellor of Germany ( 1993–1998 ) in the government of Helmut Kohl . Kinkel was a career civil servant and a longtime aide to Hans-Dietrich Genscher , and served as his personal secretary in the Federal Ministry of the Interior from 1970 and in senior roles in the Foreign Office from 1974 . He was President of Federal Intelligence Service from 1979 to 1982 and a state secretary in the Federal Ministry of Justice from 1982 to 1991 . In 1991 he was appointed as the Federal Minister of Justice and joined the liberal Free Democratic Party ( FDP ) shortly after . In 1992 he became Foreign Minister , and in 1993 he also became the Vice Chancellor of Germany and the leader of the Free Democratic Party . He left the government in 1998 following its electoral defeat . Kinkel was a member of the Bundestag from 1994 to 2002 , and was later active as a lawyer and philanthropist . During his brief tenure as Minister of Justice he pressed for the extradition and criminal prosecution of deposed East German dictator Erich Honecker and sought to end the left-wing terrorism of the Red Army Faction . As Foreign Minister he is regarded as one of the most influential European politicians of the 1990s . He personified an assertive foreign policy , increased Germanys peacekeeping engagements overseas , was at the forefront among Western leaders of building a relationship with Boris Yeltsins newly democratic Russian Federation and pressed for Germany to be given a permanent seat on the UN Security Council . He also championed the Maastricht Treaty , the merging of the Western European Union with the EU to give the EU an independent military capability and the expansion of the EU . Kinkel played a central role in the efforts to resolve the Yugoslav Wars of the 1990s , and proposed the creation of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia . Education . Kinkel was born in Metzingen , Baden-Württemberg , into a Catholic family , and grew up mostly in Hechingen , where his father Ludwig Leonhard Kinkel practised as a medical doctor and internist . His father was President of the local tennis club , and Klaus Kinkel was an able tennis player in his youth . He took his Abitur at the Staatliches Gymnasium Hechingen in 1956 and first studied medicine , then law at the universities of Tübingen and Bonn . He joined A.V . Guestfalia Tübingen , a Catholic student fraternity that is a member of the Cartellverband . Kinkel took his first juristic state exam at Tübingen , the second in Stuttgart and earned a doctorate of law in 1964 in Cologne . Career as a civil servant . In 1965 , Kinkel began work at the Federal Ministry of the Interior , concentrating on the security of the civilian population ( ziviler Bevölkerungsschutz ) . He was sent to the Landratsamt in Balingen , Baden-Württemberg until 1966 . He returned to the national ministry in 1968 . He was personal secretary and speechwriter for the Federal Minister , Hans-Dietrich Genscher , from 1970 to 1974 , and eventually the head of the ministers office . After Genscher was appointed Foreign Minister in 1974 , Kinkel held senior positions in the Federal Foreign Office , as head of the Leitungsstab and the policy planning staff ( Planungsstab ) . President of the Federal Intelligence Service . From 1979 to 1982 he was president of the Federal Intelligence Service ( BND ) . He is credited with quietly and competently restoring confidence in the BND after a series of scandal in the preceding years . He also expanded the BNDs intelligence-gathering outside of Europe . State secretary . From 1982 to 1991 , Kinkel was a state secretary ( Staatssekretär ) in the Federal Ministry of Justice . Political career . Federal Minister of Justice . Kinkel was Federal Minister of Justice from 18 January 1991 to 18 May 1992 . Among other achievements , he took the lead in pressing for the return of Erich Honecker , the former East German leader , to face trial . He also engaged in public negotiations with the terrorist Red Army Faction , successfully urging them to renounce violence . Minister of Foreign Affairs and FDP chairman . In a surprise decision on 29 April 1992 , the members of the FDP parliamentary group rejected the nomination of Germanys designated new Foreign Minister , Irmgard Schwaetzer , and voted instead to name Kinkel to head the Federal Foreign Office . Kinkel played a key role in the creation of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia and helped to draft its statutes . He also unsuccessfully introduced a resolution at a meeting of European Community foreign ministers that would have committed each of the member countries to accept more refugees from the Balkans . Later that year , he announced Germanys wish for a permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council , arguing that Britain and France would never agree to an alternative plan under which they would merge their national seats into a single permanent seat representing the European Union . Kinkel was a signatory of the Dayton Agreement that ended the Bosnian War in 1995 . Under the leadership of Chancellor Helmut Kohl and Kinkel , the German Bundestag in 1993 agreed on a three-point amendment to the 1949 Constitution that for the first time let German troops take part in international peacekeeping operations sanctioned by the United Nations and other bodies , subject to advance approval by parliament . Shortly after , the German Parliament approved a controversial troop deployment under the umbrella of the United Nations Operation in Somalia II , clearing the final hurdle for what was then Germanys biggest deployment of ground forces abroad since World War II . Also under Kinkel’s leadership , Germany began destroying stockpiles of tanks and other heavy weapons in the early 1990s , becoming the first country to implement the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe . In 1995 , China dismissed a personal appeal from Kinkel to release Chinese dissident Wei Jingsheng and expelled journalist Henrik Bork , a reporter for the newspaper Frankfurter Rundschau . One year later , China abruptly canceled a planned visit to Beijing by Kinkel , citing a German parliamentary resolution that condemned Chinas human rights record in Tibet . A strong supporter of European integration , Kinkel successfully advocated for Germany to ratify the Maastricht Treaty on European political and economic union in December 1992 , making it the 10th of the 12 European Community nations to sign on . In 1994 , he had to abandon his candidate for President of the European Commission , Prime Minister Jean-Luc Dehaene of Belgium , following protest by British Prime Minister John Major . In 1997 , he argued that Turkey did not qualify because of its record on human rights , the Kurdish question , relations with Greece and of course very clear economic questions . On Kinkel’s initiative , Germany became the first government to declare a suspension of contacts with Bosnias envoys abroad after a recommendation made by the High Representative of the International Community in Bosnia-Herzegovina , Carlos Westendorp . From 21 January 1993 , Kinkel was also Vice-Chancellor of Germany . From 1993 to 1995 he also served as chairman of the FDP . After the Free Democrats won barely enough votes to get into the Bundestag in 1994 and later lost badly in 12 out of 14 state and European Parliament elections , Kinkel announced that he would not seek re-election as party chairman . He resigned as Foreign Minister and Vice-Chancellor after the governments defeat in the 1998 federal election . Member of Parliament . Kinkel was a member of the Bundestag , the Parliament of Germany , from 1994 to 2002 . Life after politics . After leaving government in 1998 , Kinkel worked as a lawyer and was engaged in a number of philanthropic and business activities , including the following : - Bundesliga Foundation , Member of the Board of Trustees - Sepp Herberger Foundation , Member of the Board of Trustees - International Club La Redoute Bonn , Member of the Advisory Board - United Nations Association of Germany ( DGVN ) , Member of the Presidium - Deutsche Initiative für den Nahen Osten ( DINO ) , Member of the Board of Trustees - Lehman Brothers , Member of European Advisory Council ( since 2002 ) - Deutsche Telekom Foundation , Founding Chairman of the Executive Board ( 2003-2014 ) - EnBW , Member of the Advisory Board ( 2004-2009 ) At the request of Chancellor Angela Merkel , Kinkel represented the German government at the 2011 funeral of Sultan bin Abdulaziz , the Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia . In November 2016 , Kinkel was elected as president of a newly created ethics commission of the German Football Association ( DFB ) ; the commission is part of the DFBs declared drive for more transparency and integrity following revelations of a financial scandal around the 2006 FIFA World Cup it hosted . Publication . - Bewegte Zeiten für Europa! , in : Robertson-von Trotha , Caroline Y . ( ed. ) : Europa in der Welt – die Welt in Europa ( = Kulturwissenschaft interdisziplinär/Interdisciplinary Studies on Culture and Society , Vol . 1 ) , Baden-Baden 2006 ,
|
[
"state secretary ( Staatssekretär ) in the Federal Ministry of Justice"
] |
[
{
"text": " Klaus Kinkel ( 17 December 1936 – 4 March 2019 ) was a German statesman , civil servant , diplomat and lawyer who served as Foreign Minister ( 1992–1998 ) and Vice Chancellor of Germany ( 1993–1998 ) in the government of Helmut Kohl .",
"title": "Klaus Kinkel"
},
{
"text": "Kinkel was a career civil servant and a longtime aide to Hans-Dietrich Genscher , and served as his personal secretary in the Federal Ministry of the Interior from 1970 and in senior roles in the Foreign Office from 1974 . He was President of Federal Intelligence Service from 1979 to 1982 and a state secretary in the Federal Ministry of Justice from 1982 to 1991 . In 1991 he was appointed as the Federal Minister of Justice and joined the liberal Free Democratic Party ( FDP ) shortly after . In 1992 he became Foreign Minister , and in 1993",
"title": "Klaus Kinkel"
},
{
"text": "he also became the Vice Chancellor of Germany and the leader of the Free Democratic Party . He left the government in 1998 following its electoral defeat . Kinkel was a member of the Bundestag from 1994 to 2002 , and was later active as a lawyer and philanthropist .",
"title": "Klaus Kinkel"
},
{
"text": "During his brief tenure as Minister of Justice he pressed for the extradition and criminal prosecution of deposed East German dictator Erich Honecker and sought to end the left-wing terrorism of the Red Army Faction . As Foreign Minister he is regarded as one of the most influential European politicians of the 1990s . He personified an assertive foreign policy , increased Germanys peacekeeping engagements overseas , was at the forefront among Western leaders of building a relationship with Boris Yeltsins newly democratic Russian Federation and pressed for Germany to be given a permanent seat on the UN Security Council",
"title": "Klaus Kinkel"
},
{
"text": ". He also championed the Maastricht Treaty , the merging of the Western European Union with the EU to give the EU an independent military capability and the expansion of the EU . Kinkel played a central role in the efforts to resolve the Yugoslav Wars of the 1990s , and proposed the creation of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia .",
"title": "Klaus Kinkel"
},
{
"text": "Kinkel was born in Metzingen , Baden-Württemberg , into a Catholic family , and grew up mostly in Hechingen , where his father Ludwig Leonhard Kinkel practised as a medical doctor and internist . His father was President of the local tennis club , and Klaus Kinkel was an able tennis player in his youth . He took his Abitur at the Staatliches Gymnasium Hechingen in 1956 and first studied medicine , then law at the universities of Tübingen and Bonn . He joined A.V . Guestfalia Tübingen , a Catholic student fraternity that is a member of the Cartellverband",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"text": ". Kinkel took his first juristic state exam at Tübingen , the second in Stuttgart and earned a doctorate of law in 1964 in Cologne .",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"text": "In 1965 , Kinkel began work at the Federal Ministry of the Interior , concentrating on the security of the civilian population ( ziviler Bevölkerungsschutz ) . He was sent to the Landratsamt in Balingen , Baden-Württemberg until 1966 . He returned to the national ministry in 1968 . He was personal secretary and speechwriter for the Federal Minister , Hans-Dietrich Genscher , from 1970 to 1974 , and eventually the head of the ministers office . After Genscher was appointed Foreign Minister in 1974 , Kinkel held senior positions in the Federal Foreign Office , as head of the",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"text": "Leitungsstab and the policy planning staff ( Planungsstab ) .",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"text": " President of the Federal Intelligence Service . From 1979 to 1982 he was president of the Federal Intelligence Service ( BND ) . He is credited with quietly and competently restoring confidence in the BND after a series of scandal in the preceding years . He also expanded the BNDs intelligence-gathering outside of Europe .",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"text": " From 1982 to 1991 , Kinkel was a state secretary ( Staatssekretär ) in the Federal Ministry of Justice .",
"title": "State secretary"
},
{
"text": " Federal Minister of Justice . Kinkel was Federal Minister of Justice from 18 January 1991 to 18 May 1992 . Among other achievements , he took the lead in pressing for the return of Erich Honecker , the former East German leader , to face trial . He also engaged in public negotiations with the terrorist Red Army Faction , successfully urging them to renounce violence . Minister of Foreign Affairs and FDP chairman .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "In a surprise decision on 29 April 1992 , the members of the FDP parliamentary group rejected the nomination of Germanys designated new Foreign Minister , Irmgard Schwaetzer , and voted instead to name Kinkel to head the Federal Foreign Office .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Kinkel played a key role in the creation of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia and helped to draft its statutes . He also unsuccessfully introduced a resolution at a meeting of European Community foreign ministers that would have committed each of the member countries to accept more refugees from the Balkans . Later that year , he announced Germanys wish for a permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council , arguing that Britain and France would never agree to an alternative plan under which they would merge their national seats into a single permanent seat representing",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "the European Union . Kinkel was a signatory of the Dayton Agreement that ended the Bosnian War in 1995 .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Under the leadership of Chancellor Helmut Kohl and Kinkel , the German Bundestag in 1993 agreed on a three-point amendment to the 1949 Constitution that for the first time let German troops take part in international peacekeeping operations sanctioned by the United Nations and other bodies , subject to advance approval by parliament . Shortly after , the German Parliament approved a controversial troop deployment under the umbrella of the United Nations Operation in Somalia II , clearing the final hurdle for what was then Germanys biggest deployment of ground forces abroad since World War II . Also under Kinkel’s",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "leadership , Germany began destroying stockpiles of tanks and other heavy weapons in the early 1990s , becoming the first country to implement the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " In 1995 , China dismissed a personal appeal from Kinkel to release Chinese dissident Wei Jingsheng and expelled journalist Henrik Bork , a reporter for the newspaper Frankfurter Rundschau . One year later , China abruptly canceled a planned visit to Beijing by Kinkel , citing a German parliamentary resolution that condemned Chinas human rights record in Tibet .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "A strong supporter of European integration , Kinkel successfully advocated for Germany to ratify the Maastricht Treaty on European political and economic union in December 1992 , making it the 10th of the 12 European Community nations to sign on . In 1994 , he had to abandon his candidate for President of the European Commission , Prime Minister Jean-Luc Dehaene of Belgium , following protest by British Prime Minister John Major . In 1997 , he argued that Turkey did not qualify because of its record on human rights , the Kurdish question , relations with Greece and of",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "course very clear economic questions . On Kinkel’s initiative , Germany became the first government to declare a suspension of contacts with Bosnias envoys abroad after a recommendation made by the High Representative of the International Community in Bosnia-Herzegovina , Carlos Westendorp .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " From 21 January 1993 , Kinkel was also Vice-Chancellor of Germany . From 1993 to 1995 he also served as chairman of the FDP . After the Free Democrats won barely enough votes to get into the Bundestag in 1994 and later lost badly in 12 out of 14 state and European Parliament elections , Kinkel announced that he would not seek re-election as party chairman . He resigned as Foreign Minister and Vice-Chancellor after the governments defeat in the 1998 federal election .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Kinkel was a member of the Bundestag , the Parliament of Germany , from 1994 to 2002 .",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": " After leaving government in 1998 , Kinkel worked as a lawyer and was engaged in a number of philanthropic and business activities , including the following : - Bundesliga Foundation , Member of the Board of Trustees - Sepp Herberger Foundation , Member of the Board of Trustees - International Club La Redoute Bonn , Member of the Advisory Board - United Nations Association of Germany ( DGVN ) , Member of the Presidium - Deutsche Initiative für den Nahen Osten ( DINO ) , Member of the Board of Trustees",
"title": "Life after politics"
},
{
"text": "- Lehman Brothers , Member of European Advisory Council ( since 2002 )",
"title": "Life after politics"
},
{
"text": " - Deutsche Telekom Foundation , Founding Chairman of the Executive Board ( 2003-2014 ) - EnBW , Member of the Advisory Board ( 2004-2009 ) At the request of Chancellor Angela Merkel , Kinkel represented the German government at the 2011 funeral of Sultan bin Abdulaziz , the Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia .",
"title": "Life after politics"
},
{
"text": "In November 2016 , Kinkel was elected as president of a newly created ethics commission of the German Football Association ( DFB ) ; the commission is part of the DFBs declared drive for more transparency and integrity following revelations of a financial scandal around the 2006 FIFA World Cup it hosted .",
"title": "Life after politics"
},
{
"text": " - Bewegte Zeiten für Europa! , in : Robertson-von Trotha , Caroline Y . ( ed. ) : Europa in der Welt – die Welt in Europa ( = Kulturwissenschaft interdisziplinär/Interdisciplinary Studies on Culture and Society , Vol . 1 ) , Baden-Baden 2006 ,",
"title": "Publication"
}
] |
/wiki/Klaus_Kinkel#P39#1
|
Klaus Kinkel took which position in Sep 1991?
|
Klaus Kinkel Klaus Kinkel ( 17 December 1936 – 4 March 2019 ) was a German statesman , civil servant , diplomat and lawyer who served as Foreign Minister ( 1992–1998 ) and Vice Chancellor of Germany ( 1993–1998 ) in the government of Helmut Kohl . Kinkel was a career civil servant and a longtime aide to Hans-Dietrich Genscher , and served as his personal secretary in the Federal Ministry of the Interior from 1970 and in senior roles in the Foreign Office from 1974 . He was President of Federal Intelligence Service from 1979 to 1982 and a state secretary in the Federal Ministry of Justice from 1982 to 1991 . In 1991 he was appointed as the Federal Minister of Justice and joined the liberal Free Democratic Party ( FDP ) shortly after . In 1992 he became Foreign Minister , and in 1993 he also became the Vice Chancellor of Germany and the leader of the Free Democratic Party . He left the government in 1998 following its electoral defeat . Kinkel was a member of the Bundestag from 1994 to 2002 , and was later active as a lawyer and philanthropist . During his brief tenure as Minister of Justice he pressed for the extradition and criminal prosecution of deposed East German dictator Erich Honecker and sought to end the left-wing terrorism of the Red Army Faction . As Foreign Minister he is regarded as one of the most influential European politicians of the 1990s . He personified an assertive foreign policy , increased Germanys peacekeeping engagements overseas , was at the forefront among Western leaders of building a relationship with Boris Yeltsins newly democratic Russian Federation and pressed for Germany to be given a permanent seat on the UN Security Council . He also championed the Maastricht Treaty , the merging of the Western European Union with the EU to give the EU an independent military capability and the expansion of the EU . Kinkel played a central role in the efforts to resolve the Yugoslav Wars of the 1990s , and proposed the creation of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia . Education . Kinkel was born in Metzingen , Baden-Württemberg , into a Catholic family , and grew up mostly in Hechingen , where his father Ludwig Leonhard Kinkel practised as a medical doctor and internist . His father was President of the local tennis club , and Klaus Kinkel was an able tennis player in his youth . He took his Abitur at the Staatliches Gymnasium Hechingen in 1956 and first studied medicine , then law at the universities of Tübingen and Bonn . He joined A.V . Guestfalia Tübingen , a Catholic student fraternity that is a member of the Cartellverband . Kinkel took his first juristic state exam at Tübingen , the second in Stuttgart and earned a doctorate of law in 1964 in Cologne . Career as a civil servant . In 1965 , Kinkel began work at the Federal Ministry of the Interior , concentrating on the security of the civilian population ( ziviler Bevölkerungsschutz ) . He was sent to the Landratsamt in Balingen , Baden-Württemberg until 1966 . He returned to the national ministry in 1968 . He was personal secretary and speechwriter for the Federal Minister , Hans-Dietrich Genscher , from 1970 to 1974 , and eventually the head of the ministers office . After Genscher was appointed Foreign Minister in 1974 , Kinkel held senior positions in the Federal Foreign Office , as head of the Leitungsstab and the policy planning staff ( Planungsstab ) . President of the Federal Intelligence Service . From 1979 to 1982 he was president of the Federal Intelligence Service ( BND ) . He is credited with quietly and competently restoring confidence in the BND after a series of scandal in the preceding years . He also expanded the BNDs intelligence-gathering outside of Europe . State secretary . From 1982 to 1991 , Kinkel was a state secretary ( Staatssekretär ) in the Federal Ministry of Justice . Political career . Federal Minister of Justice . Kinkel was Federal Minister of Justice from 18 January 1991 to 18 May 1992 . Among other achievements , he took the lead in pressing for the return of Erich Honecker , the former East German leader , to face trial . He also engaged in public negotiations with the terrorist Red Army Faction , successfully urging them to renounce violence . Minister of Foreign Affairs and FDP chairman . In a surprise decision on 29 April 1992 , the members of the FDP parliamentary group rejected the nomination of Germanys designated new Foreign Minister , Irmgard Schwaetzer , and voted instead to name Kinkel to head the Federal Foreign Office . Kinkel played a key role in the creation of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia and helped to draft its statutes . He also unsuccessfully introduced a resolution at a meeting of European Community foreign ministers that would have committed each of the member countries to accept more refugees from the Balkans . Later that year , he announced Germanys wish for a permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council , arguing that Britain and France would never agree to an alternative plan under which they would merge their national seats into a single permanent seat representing the European Union . Kinkel was a signatory of the Dayton Agreement that ended the Bosnian War in 1995 . Under the leadership of Chancellor Helmut Kohl and Kinkel , the German Bundestag in 1993 agreed on a three-point amendment to the 1949 Constitution that for the first time let German troops take part in international peacekeeping operations sanctioned by the United Nations and other bodies , subject to advance approval by parliament . Shortly after , the German Parliament approved a controversial troop deployment under the umbrella of the United Nations Operation in Somalia II , clearing the final hurdle for what was then Germanys biggest deployment of ground forces abroad since World War II . Also under Kinkel’s leadership , Germany began destroying stockpiles of tanks and other heavy weapons in the early 1990s , becoming the first country to implement the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe . In 1995 , China dismissed a personal appeal from Kinkel to release Chinese dissident Wei Jingsheng and expelled journalist Henrik Bork , a reporter for the newspaper Frankfurter Rundschau . One year later , China abruptly canceled a planned visit to Beijing by Kinkel , citing a German parliamentary resolution that condemned Chinas human rights record in Tibet . A strong supporter of European integration , Kinkel successfully advocated for Germany to ratify the Maastricht Treaty on European political and economic union in December 1992 , making it the 10th of the 12 European Community nations to sign on . In 1994 , he had to abandon his candidate for President of the European Commission , Prime Minister Jean-Luc Dehaene of Belgium , following protest by British Prime Minister John Major . In 1997 , he argued that Turkey did not qualify because of its record on human rights , the Kurdish question , relations with Greece and of course very clear economic questions . On Kinkel’s initiative , Germany became the first government to declare a suspension of contacts with Bosnias envoys abroad after a recommendation made by the High Representative of the International Community in Bosnia-Herzegovina , Carlos Westendorp . From 21 January 1993 , Kinkel was also Vice-Chancellor of Germany . From 1993 to 1995 he also served as chairman of the FDP . After the Free Democrats won barely enough votes to get into the Bundestag in 1994 and later lost badly in 12 out of 14 state and European Parliament elections , Kinkel announced that he would not seek re-election as party chairman . He resigned as Foreign Minister and Vice-Chancellor after the governments defeat in the 1998 federal election . Member of Parliament . Kinkel was a member of the Bundestag , the Parliament of Germany , from 1994 to 2002 . Life after politics . After leaving government in 1998 , Kinkel worked as a lawyer and was engaged in a number of philanthropic and business activities , including the following : - Bundesliga Foundation , Member of the Board of Trustees - Sepp Herberger Foundation , Member of the Board of Trustees - International Club La Redoute Bonn , Member of the Advisory Board - United Nations Association of Germany ( DGVN ) , Member of the Presidium - Deutsche Initiative für den Nahen Osten ( DINO ) , Member of the Board of Trustees - Lehman Brothers , Member of European Advisory Council ( since 2002 ) - Deutsche Telekom Foundation , Founding Chairman of the Executive Board ( 2003-2014 ) - EnBW , Member of the Advisory Board ( 2004-2009 ) At the request of Chancellor Angela Merkel , Kinkel represented the German government at the 2011 funeral of Sultan bin Abdulaziz , the Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia . In November 2016 , Kinkel was elected as president of a newly created ethics commission of the German Football Association ( DFB ) ; the commission is part of the DFBs declared drive for more transparency and integrity following revelations of a financial scandal around the 2006 FIFA World Cup it hosted . Publication . - Bewegte Zeiten für Europa! , in : Robertson-von Trotha , Caroline Y . ( ed. ) : Europa in der Welt – die Welt in Europa ( = Kulturwissenschaft interdisziplinär/Interdisciplinary Studies on Culture and Society , Vol . 1 ) , Baden-Baden 2006 ,
|
[
"Federal Minister of Justice"
] |
[
{
"text": " Klaus Kinkel ( 17 December 1936 – 4 March 2019 ) was a German statesman , civil servant , diplomat and lawyer who served as Foreign Minister ( 1992–1998 ) and Vice Chancellor of Germany ( 1993–1998 ) in the government of Helmut Kohl .",
"title": "Klaus Kinkel"
},
{
"text": "Kinkel was a career civil servant and a longtime aide to Hans-Dietrich Genscher , and served as his personal secretary in the Federal Ministry of the Interior from 1970 and in senior roles in the Foreign Office from 1974 . He was President of Federal Intelligence Service from 1979 to 1982 and a state secretary in the Federal Ministry of Justice from 1982 to 1991 . In 1991 he was appointed as the Federal Minister of Justice and joined the liberal Free Democratic Party ( FDP ) shortly after . In 1992 he became Foreign Minister , and in 1993",
"title": "Klaus Kinkel"
},
{
"text": "he also became the Vice Chancellor of Germany and the leader of the Free Democratic Party . He left the government in 1998 following its electoral defeat . Kinkel was a member of the Bundestag from 1994 to 2002 , and was later active as a lawyer and philanthropist .",
"title": "Klaus Kinkel"
},
{
"text": "During his brief tenure as Minister of Justice he pressed for the extradition and criminal prosecution of deposed East German dictator Erich Honecker and sought to end the left-wing terrorism of the Red Army Faction . As Foreign Minister he is regarded as one of the most influential European politicians of the 1990s . He personified an assertive foreign policy , increased Germanys peacekeeping engagements overseas , was at the forefront among Western leaders of building a relationship with Boris Yeltsins newly democratic Russian Federation and pressed for Germany to be given a permanent seat on the UN Security Council",
"title": "Klaus Kinkel"
},
{
"text": ". He also championed the Maastricht Treaty , the merging of the Western European Union with the EU to give the EU an independent military capability and the expansion of the EU . Kinkel played a central role in the efforts to resolve the Yugoslav Wars of the 1990s , and proposed the creation of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia .",
"title": "Klaus Kinkel"
},
{
"text": "Kinkel was born in Metzingen , Baden-Württemberg , into a Catholic family , and grew up mostly in Hechingen , where his father Ludwig Leonhard Kinkel practised as a medical doctor and internist . His father was President of the local tennis club , and Klaus Kinkel was an able tennis player in his youth . He took his Abitur at the Staatliches Gymnasium Hechingen in 1956 and first studied medicine , then law at the universities of Tübingen and Bonn . He joined A.V . Guestfalia Tübingen , a Catholic student fraternity that is a member of the Cartellverband",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"text": ". Kinkel took his first juristic state exam at Tübingen , the second in Stuttgart and earned a doctorate of law in 1964 in Cologne .",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"text": "In 1965 , Kinkel began work at the Federal Ministry of the Interior , concentrating on the security of the civilian population ( ziviler Bevölkerungsschutz ) . He was sent to the Landratsamt in Balingen , Baden-Württemberg until 1966 . He returned to the national ministry in 1968 . He was personal secretary and speechwriter for the Federal Minister , Hans-Dietrich Genscher , from 1970 to 1974 , and eventually the head of the ministers office . After Genscher was appointed Foreign Minister in 1974 , Kinkel held senior positions in the Federal Foreign Office , as head of the",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"text": "Leitungsstab and the policy planning staff ( Planungsstab ) .",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"text": " President of the Federal Intelligence Service . From 1979 to 1982 he was president of the Federal Intelligence Service ( BND ) . He is credited with quietly and competently restoring confidence in the BND after a series of scandal in the preceding years . He also expanded the BNDs intelligence-gathering outside of Europe .",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"text": " From 1982 to 1991 , Kinkel was a state secretary ( Staatssekretär ) in the Federal Ministry of Justice .",
"title": "State secretary"
},
{
"text": " Federal Minister of Justice . Kinkel was Federal Minister of Justice from 18 January 1991 to 18 May 1992 . Among other achievements , he took the lead in pressing for the return of Erich Honecker , the former East German leader , to face trial . He also engaged in public negotiations with the terrorist Red Army Faction , successfully urging them to renounce violence . Minister of Foreign Affairs and FDP chairman .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "In a surprise decision on 29 April 1992 , the members of the FDP parliamentary group rejected the nomination of Germanys designated new Foreign Minister , Irmgard Schwaetzer , and voted instead to name Kinkel to head the Federal Foreign Office .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Kinkel played a key role in the creation of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia and helped to draft its statutes . He also unsuccessfully introduced a resolution at a meeting of European Community foreign ministers that would have committed each of the member countries to accept more refugees from the Balkans . Later that year , he announced Germanys wish for a permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council , arguing that Britain and France would never agree to an alternative plan under which they would merge their national seats into a single permanent seat representing",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "the European Union . Kinkel was a signatory of the Dayton Agreement that ended the Bosnian War in 1995 .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Under the leadership of Chancellor Helmut Kohl and Kinkel , the German Bundestag in 1993 agreed on a three-point amendment to the 1949 Constitution that for the first time let German troops take part in international peacekeeping operations sanctioned by the United Nations and other bodies , subject to advance approval by parliament . Shortly after , the German Parliament approved a controversial troop deployment under the umbrella of the United Nations Operation in Somalia II , clearing the final hurdle for what was then Germanys biggest deployment of ground forces abroad since World War II . Also under Kinkel’s",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "leadership , Germany began destroying stockpiles of tanks and other heavy weapons in the early 1990s , becoming the first country to implement the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " In 1995 , China dismissed a personal appeal from Kinkel to release Chinese dissident Wei Jingsheng and expelled journalist Henrik Bork , a reporter for the newspaper Frankfurter Rundschau . One year later , China abruptly canceled a planned visit to Beijing by Kinkel , citing a German parliamentary resolution that condemned Chinas human rights record in Tibet .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "A strong supporter of European integration , Kinkel successfully advocated for Germany to ratify the Maastricht Treaty on European political and economic union in December 1992 , making it the 10th of the 12 European Community nations to sign on . In 1994 , he had to abandon his candidate for President of the European Commission , Prime Minister Jean-Luc Dehaene of Belgium , following protest by British Prime Minister John Major . In 1997 , he argued that Turkey did not qualify because of its record on human rights , the Kurdish question , relations with Greece and of",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "course very clear economic questions . On Kinkel’s initiative , Germany became the first government to declare a suspension of contacts with Bosnias envoys abroad after a recommendation made by the High Representative of the International Community in Bosnia-Herzegovina , Carlos Westendorp .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " From 21 January 1993 , Kinkel was also Vice-Chancellor of Germany . From 1993 to 1995 he also served as chairman of the FDP . After the Free Democrats won barely enough votes to get into the Bundestag in 1994 and later lost badly in 12 out of 14 state and European Parliament elections , Kinkel announced that he would not seek re-election as party chairman . He resigned as Foreign Minister and Vice-Chancellor after the governments defeat in the 1998 federal election .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Kinkel was a member of the Bundestag , the Parliament of Germany , from 1994 to 2002 .",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": " After leaving government in 1998 , Kinkel worked as a lawyer and was engaged in a number of philanthropic and business activities , including the following : - Bundesliga Foundation , Member of the Board of Trustees - Sepp Herberger Foundation , Member of the Board of Trustees - International Club La Redoute Bonn , Member of the Advisory Board - United Nations Association of Germany ( DGVN ) , Member of the Presidium - Deutsche Initiative für den Nahen Osten ( DINO ) , Member of the Board of Trustees",
"title": "Life after politics"
},
{
"text": "- Lehman Brothers , Member of European Advisory Council ( since 2002 )",
"title": "Life after politics"
},
{
"text": " - Deutsche Telekom Foundation , Founding Chairman of the Executive Board ( 2003-2014 ) - EnBW , Member of the Advisory Board ( 2004-2009 ) At the request of Chancellor Angela Merkel , Kinkel represented the German government at the 2011 funeral of Sultan bin Abdulaziz , the Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia .",
"title": "Life after politics"
},
{
"text": "In November 2016 , Kinkel was elected as president of a newly created ethics commission of the German Football Association ( DFB ) ; the commission is part of the DFBs declared drive for more transparency and integrity following revelations of a financial scandal around the 2006 FIFA World Cup it hosted .",
"title": "Life after politics"
},
{
"text": " - Bewegte Zeiten für Europa! , in : Robertson-von Trotha , Caroline Y . ( ed. ) : Europa in der Welt – die Welt in Europa ( = Kulturwissenschaft interdisziplinär/Interdisciplinary Studies on Culture and Society , Vol . 1 ) , Baden-Baden 2006 ,",
"title": "Publication"
}
] |
/wiki/Klaus_Kinkel#P39#2
|
Klaus Kinkel took which position between Aug 1992 and Sep 1992?
|
Klaus Kinkel Klaus Kinkel ( 17 December 1936 – 4 March 2019 ) was a German statesman , civil servant , diplomat and lawyer who served as Foreign Minister ( 1992–1998 ) and Vice Chancellor of Germany ( 1993–1998 ) in the government of Helmut Kohl . Kinkel was a career civil servant and a longtime aide to Hans-Dietrich Genscher , and served as his personal secretary in the Federal Ministry of the Interior from 1970 and in senior roles in the Foreign Office from 1974 . He was President of Federal Intelligence Service from 1979 to 1982 and a state secretary in the Federal Ministry of Justice from 1982 to 1991 . In 1991 he was appointed as the Federal Minister of Justice and joined the liberal Free Democratic Party ( FDP ) shortly after . In 1992 he became Foreign Minister , and in 1993 he also became the Vice Chancellor of Germany and the leader of the Free Democratic Party . He left the government in 1998 following its electoral defeat . Kinkel was a member of the Bundestag from 1994 to 2002 , and was later active as a lawyer and philanthropist . During his brief tenure as Minister of Justice he pressed for the extradition and criminal prosecution of deposed East German dictator Erich Honecker and sought to end the left-wing terrorism of the Red Army Faction . As Foreign Minister he is regarded as one of the most influential European politicians of the 1990s . He personified an assertive foreign policy , increased Germanys peacekeeping engagements overseas , was at the forefront among Western leaders of building a relationship with Boris Yeltsins newly democratic Russian Federation and pressed for Germany to be given a permanent seat on the UN Security Council . He also championed the Maastricht Treaty , the merging of the Western European Union with the EU to give the EU an independent military capability and the expansion of the EU . Kinkel played a central role in the efforts to resolve the Yugoslav Wars of the 1990s , and proposed the creation of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia . Education . Kinkel was born in Metzingen , Baden-Württemberg , into a Catholic family , and grew up mostly in Hechingen , where his father Ludwig Leonhard Kinkel practised as a medical doctor and internist . His father was President of the local tennis club , and Klaus Kinkel was an able tennis player in his youth . He took his Abitur at the Staatliches Gymnasium Hechingen in 1956 and first studied medicine , then law at the universities of Tübingen and Bonn . He joined A.V . Guestfalia Tübingen , a Catholic student fraternity that is a member of the Cartellverband . Kinkel took his first juristic state exam at Tübingen , the second in Stuttgart and earned a doctorate of law in 1964 in Cologne . Career as a civil servant . In 1965 , Kinkel began work at the Federal Ministry of the Interior , concentrating on the security of the civilian population ( ziviler Bevölkerungsschutz ) . He was sent to the Landratsamt in Balingen , Baden-Württemberg until 1966 . He returned to the national ministry in 1968 . He was personal secretary and speechwriter for the Federal Minister , Hans-Dietrich Genscher , from 1970 to 1974 , and eventually the head of the ministers office . After Genscher was appointed Foreign Minister in 1974 , Kinkel held senior positions in the Federal Foreign Office , as head of the Leitungsstab and the policy planning staff ( Planungsstab ) . President of the Federal Intelligence Service . From 1979 to 1982 he was president of the Federal Intelligence Service ( BND ) . He is credited with quietly and competently restoring confidence in the BND after a series of scandal in the preceding years . He also expanded the BNDs intelligence-gathering outside of Europe . State secretary . From 1982 to 1991 , Kinkel was a state secretary ( Staatssekretär ) in the Federal Ministry of Justice . Political career . Federal Minister of Justice . Kinkel was Federal Minister of Justice from 18 January 1991 to 18 May 1992 . Among other achievements , he took the lead in pressing for the return of Erich Honecker , the former East German leader , to face trial . He also engaged in public negotiations with the terrorist Red Army Faction , successfully urging them to renounce violence . Minister of Foreign Affairs and FDP chairman . In a surprise decision on 29 April 1992 , the members of the FDP parliamentary group rejected the nomination of Germanys designated new Foreign Minister , Irmgard Schwaetzer , and voted instead to name Kinkel to head the Federal Foreign Office . Kinkel played a key role in the creation of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia and helped to draft its statutes . He also unsuccessfully introduced a resolution at a meeting of European Community foreign ministers that would have committed each of the member countries to accept more refugees from the Balkans . Later that year , he announced Germanys wish for a permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council , arguing that Britain and France would never agree to an alternative plan under which they would merge their national seats into a single permanent seat representing the European Union . Kinkel was a signatory of the Dayton Agreement that ended the Bosnian War in 1995 . Under the leadership of Chancellor Helmut Kohl and Kinkel , the German Bundestag in 1993 agreed on a three-point amendment to the 1949 Constitution that for the first time let German troops take part in international peacekeeping operations sanctioned by the United Nations and other bodies , subject to advance approval by parliament . Shortly after , the German Parliament approved a controversial troop deployment under the umbrella of the United Nations Operation in Somalia II , clearing the final hurdle for what was then Germanys biggest deployment of ground forces abroad since World War II . Also under Kinkel’s leadership , Germany began destroying stockpiles of tanks and other heavy weapons in the early 1990s , becoming the first country to implement the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe . In 1995 , China dismissed a personal appeal from Kinkel to release Chinese dissident Wei Jingsheng and expelled journalist Henrik Bork , a reporter for the newspaper Frankfurter Rundschau . One year later , China abruptly canceled a planned visit to Beijing by Kinkel , citing a German parliamentary resolution that condemned Chinas human rights record in Tibet . A strong supporter of European integration , Kinkel successfully advocated for Germany to ratify the Maastricht Treaty on European political and economic union in December 1992 , making it the 10th of the 12 European Community nations to sign on . In 1994 , he had to abandon his candidate for President of the European Commission , Prime Minister Jean-Luc Dehaene of Belgium , following protest by British Prime Minister John Major . In 1997 , he argued that Turkey did not qualify because of its record on human rights , the Kurdish question , relations with Greece and of course very clear economic questions . On Kinkel’s initiative , Germany became the first government to declare a suspension of contacts with Bosnias envoys abroad after a recommendation made by the High Representative of the International Community in Bosnia-Herzegovina , Carlos Westendorp . From 21 January 1993 , Kinkel was also Vice-Chancellor of Germany . From 1993 to 1995 he also served as chairman of the FDP . After the Free Democrats won barely enough votes to get into the Bundestag in 1994 and later lost badly in 12 out of 14 state and European Parliament elections , Kinkel announced that he would not seek re-election as party chairman . He resigned as Foreign Minister and Vice-Chancellor after the governments defeat in the 1998 federal election . Member of Parliament . Kinkel was a member of the Bundestag , the Parliament of Germany , from 1994 to 2002 . Life after politics . After leaving government in 1998 , Kinkel worked as a lawyer and was engaged in a number of philanthropic and business activities , including the following : - Bundesliga Foundation , Member of the Board of Trustees - Sepp Herberger Foundation , Member of the Board of Trustees - International Club La Redoute Bonn , Member of the Advisory Board - United Nations Association of Germany ( DGVN ) , Member of the Presidium - Deutsche Initiative für den Nahen Osten ( DINO ) , Member of the Board of Trustees - Lehman Brothers , Member of European Advisory Council ( since 2002 ) - Deutsche Telekom Foundation , Founding Chairman of the Executive Board ( 2003-2014 ) - EnBW , Member of the Advisory Board ( 2004-2009 ) At the request of Chancellor Angela Merkel , Kinkel represented the German government at the 2011 funeral of Sultan bin Abdulaziz , the Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia . In November 2016 , Kinkel was elected as president of a newly created ethics commission of the German Football Association ( DFB ) ; the commission is part of the DFBs declared drive for more transparency and integrity following revelations of a financial scandal around the 2006 FIFA World Cup it hosted . Publication . - Bewegte Zeiten für Europa! , in : Robertson-von Trotha , Caroline Y . ( ed. ) : Europa in der Welt – die Welt in Europa ( = Kulturwissenschaft interdisziplinär/Interdisciplinary Studies on Culture and Society , Vol . 1 ) , Baden-Baden 2006 ,
|
[
"Foreign Minister"
] |
[
{
"text": " Klaus Kinkel ( 17 December 1936 – 4 March 2019 ) was a German statesman , civil servant , diplomat and lawyer who served as Foreign Minister ( 1992–1998 ) and Vice Chancellor of Germany ( 1993–1998 ) in the government of Helmut Kohl .",
"title": "Klaus Kinkel"
},
{
"text": "Kinkel was a career civil servant and a longtime aide to Hans-Dietrich Genscher , and served as his personal secretary in the Federal Ministry of the Interior from 1970 and in senior roles in the Foreign Office from 1974 . He was President of Federal Intelligence Service from 1979 to 1982 and a state secretary in the Federal Ministry of Justice from 1982 to 1991 . In 1991 he was appointed as the Federal Minister of Justice and joined the liberal Free Democratic Party ( FDP ) shortly after . In 1992 he became Foreign Minister , and in 1993",
"title": "Klaus Kinkel"
},
{
"text": "he also became the Vice Chancellor of Germany and the leader of the Free Democratic Party . He left the government in 1998 following its electoral defeat . Kinkel was a member of the Bundestag from 1994 to 2002 , and was later active as a lawyer and philanthropist .",
"title": "Klaus Kinkel"
},
{
"text": "During his brief tenure as Minister of Justice he pressed for the extradition and criminal prosecution of deposed East German dictator Erich Honecker and sought to end the left-wing terrorism of the Red Army Faction . As Foreign Minister he is regarded as one of the most influential European politicians of the 1990s . He personified an assertive foreign policy , increased Germanys peacekeeping engagements overseas , was at the forefront among Western leaders of building a relationship with Boris Yeltsins newly democratic Russian Federation and pressed for Germany to be given a permanent seat on the UN Security Council",
"title": "Klaus Kinkel"
},
{
"text": ". He also championed the Maastricht Treaty , the merging of the Western European Union with the EU to give the EU an independent military capability and the expansion of the EU . Kinkel played a central role in the efforts to resolve the Yugoslav Wars of the 1990s , and proposed the creation of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia .",
"title": "Klaus Kinkel"
},
{
"text": "Kinkel was born in Metzingen , Baden-Württemberg , into a Catholic family , and grew up mostly in Hechingen , where his father Ludwig Leonhard Kinkel practised as a medical doctor and internist . His father was President of the local tennis club , and Klaus Kinkel was an able tennis player in his youth . He took his Abitur at the Staatliches Gymnasium Hechingen in 1956 and first studied medicine , then law at the universities of Tübingen and Bonn . He joined A.V . Guestfalia Tübingen , a Catholic student fraternity that is a member of the Cartellverband",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"text": ". Kinkel took his first juristic state exam at Tübingen , the second in Stuttgart and earned a doctorate of law in 1964 in Cologne .",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"text": "In 1965 , Kinkel began work at the Federal Ministry of the Interior , concentrating on the security of the civilian population ( ziviler Bevölkerungsschutz ) . He was sent to the Landratsamt in Balingen , Baden-Württemberg until 1966 . He returned to the national ministry in 1968 . He was personal secretary and speechwriter for the Federal Minister , Hans-Dietrich Genscher , from 1970 to 1974 , and eventually the head of the ministers office . After Genscher was appointed Foreign Minister in 1974 , Kinkel held senior positions in the Federal Foreign Office , as head of the",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"text": "Leitungsstab and the policy planning staff ( Planungsstab ) .",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"text": " President of the Federal Intelligence Service . From 1979 to 1982 he was president of the Federal Intelligence Service ( BND ) . He is credited with quietly and competently restoring confidence in the BND after a series of scandal in the preceding years . He also expanded the BNDs intelligence-gathering outside of Europe .",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"text": " From 1982 to 1991 , Kinkel was a state secretary ( Staatssekretär ) in the Federal Ministry of Justice .",
"title": "State secretary"
},
{
"text": " Federal Minister of Justice . Kinkel was Federal Minister of Justice from 18 January 1991 to 18 May 1992 . Among other achievements , he took the lead in pressing for the return of Erich Honecker , the former East German leader , to face trial . He also engaged in public negotiations with the terrorist Red Army Faction , successfully urging them to renounce violence . Minister of Foreign Affairs and FDP chairman .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "In a surprise decision on 29 April 1992 , the members of the FDP parliamentary group rejected the nomination of Germanys designated new Foreign Minister , Irmgard Schwaetzer , and voted instead to name Kinkel to head the Federal Foreign Office .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Kinkel played a key role in the creation of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia and helped to draft its statutes . He also unsuccessfully introduced a resolution at a meeting of European Community foreign ministers that would have committed each of the member countries to accept more refugees from the Balkans . Later that year , he announced Germanys wish for a permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council , arguing that Britain and France would never agree to an alternative plan under which they would merge their national seats into a single permanent seat representing",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "the European Union . Kinkel was a signatory of the Dayton Agreement that ended the Bosnian War in 1995 .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Under the leadership of Chancellor Helmut Kohl and Kinkel , the German Bundestag in 1993 agreed on a three-point amendment to the 1949 Constitution that for the first time let German troops take part in international peacekeeping operations sanctioned by the United Nations and other bodies , subject to advance approval by parliament . Shortly after , the German Parliament approved a controversial troop deployment under the umbrella of the United Nations Operation in Somalia II , clearing the final hurdle for what was then Germanys biggest deployment of ground forces abroad since World War II . Also under Kinkel’s",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "leadership , Germany began destroying stockpiles of tanks and other heavy weapons in the early 1990s , becoming the first country to implement the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " In 1995 , China dismissed a personal appeal from Kinkel to release Chinese dissident Wei Jingsheng and expelled journalist Henrik Bork , a reporter for the newspaper Frankfurter Rundschau . One year later , China abruptly canceled a planned visit to Beijing by Kinkel , citing a German parliamentary resolution that condemned Chinas human rights record in Tibet .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "A strong supporter of European integration , Kinkel successfully advocated for Germany to ratify the Maastricht Treaty on European political and economic union in December 1992 , making it the 10th of the 12 European Community nations to sign on . In 1994 , he had to abandon his candidate for President of the European Commission , Prime Minister Jean-Luc Dehaene of Belgium , following protest by British Prime Minister John Major . In 1997 , he argued that Turkey did not qualify because of its record on human rights , the Kurdish question , relations with Greece and of",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "course very clear economic questions . On Kinkel’s initiative , Germany became the first government to declare a suspension of contacts with Bosnias envoys abroad after a recommendation made by the High Representative of the International Community in Bosnia-Herzegovina , Carlos Westendorp .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " From 21 January 1993 , Kinkel was also Vice-Chancellor of Germany . From 1993 to 1995 he also served as chairman of the FDP . After the Free Democrats won barely enough votes to get into the Bundestag in 1994 and later lost badly in 12 out of 14 state and European Parliament elections , Kinkel announced that he would not seek re-election as party chairman . He resigned as Foreign Minister and Vice-Chancellor after the governments defeat in the 1998 federal election .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Kinkel was a member of the Bundestag , the Parliament of Germany , from 1994 to 2002 .",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": " After leaving government in 1998 , Kinkel worked as a lawyer and was engaged in a number of philanthropic and business activities , including the following : - Bundesliga Foundation , Member of the Board of Trustees - Sepp Herberger Foundation , Member of the Board of Trustees - International Club La Redoute Bonn , Member of the Advisory Board - United Nations Association of Germany ( DGVN ) , Member of the Presidium - Deutsche Initiative für den Nahen Osten ( DINO ) , Member of the Board of Trustees",
"title": "Life after politics"
},
{
"text": "- Lehman Brothers , Member of European Advisory Council ( since 2002 )",
"title": "Life after politics"
},
{
"text": " - Deutsche Telekom Foundation , Founding Chairman of the Executive Board ( 2003-2014 ) - EnBW , Member of the Advisory Board ( 2004-2009 ) At the request of Chancellor Angela Merkel , Kinkel represented the German government at the 2011 funeral of Sultan bin Abdulaziz , the Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia .",
"title": "Life after politics"
},
{
"text": "In November 2016 , Kinkel was elected as president of a newly created ethics commission of the German Football Association ( DFB ) ; the commission is part of the DFBs declared drive for more transparency and integrity following revelations of a financial scandal around the 2006 FIFA World Cup it hosted .",
"title": "Life after politics"
},
{
"text": " - Bewegte Zeiten für Europa! , in : Robertson-von Trotha , Caroline Y . ( ed. ) : Europa in der Welt – die Welt in Europa ( = Kulturwissenschaft interdisziplinär/Interdisciplinary Studies on Culture and Society , Vol . 1 ) , Baden-Baden 2006 ,",
"title": "Publication"
}
] |
/wiki/Klaus_Kinkel#P39#3
|
Klaus Kinkel took which position between May 1993 and Jul 1996?
|
Klaus Kinkel Klaus Kinkel ( 17 December 1936 – 4 March 2019 ) was a German statesman , civil servant , diplomat and lawyer who served as Foreign Minister ( 1992–1998 ) and Vice Chancellor of Germany ( 1993–1998 ) in the government of Helmut Kohl . Kinkel was a career civil servant and a longtime aide to Hans-Dietrich Genscher , and served as his personal secretary in the Federal Ministry of the Interior from 1970 and in senior roles in the Foreign Office from 1974 . He was President of Federal Intelligence Service from 1979 to 1982 and a state secretary in the Federal Ministry of Justice from 1982 to 1991 . In 1991 he was appointed as the Federal Minister of Justice and joined the liberal Free Democratic Party ( FDP ) shortly after . In 1992 he became Foreign Minister , and in 1993 he also became the Vice Chancellor of Germany and the leader of the Free Democratic Party . He left the government in 1998 following its electoral defeat . Kinkel was a member of the Bundestag from 1994 to 2002 , and was later active as a lawyer and philanthropist . During his brief tenure as Minister of Justice he pressed for the extradition and criminal prosecution of deposed East German dictator Erich Honecker and sought to end the left-wing terrorism of the Red Army Faction . As Foreign Minister he is regarded as one of the most influential European politicians of the 1990s . He personified an assertive foreign policy , increased Germanys peacekeeping engagements overseas , was at the forefront among Western leaders of building a relationship with Boris Yeltsins newly democratic Russian Federation and pressed for Germany to be given a permanent seat on the UN Security Council . He also championed the Maastricht Treaty , the merging of the Western European Union with the EU to give the EU an independent military capability and the expansion of the EU . Kinkel played a central role in the efforts to resolve the Yugoslav Wars of the 1990s , and proposed the creation of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia . Education . Kinkel was born in Metzingen , Baden-Württemberg , into a Catholic family , and grew up mostly in Hechingen , where his father Ludwig Leonhard Kinkel practised as a medical doctor and internist . His father was President of the local tennis club , and Klaus Kinkel was an able tennis player in his youth . He took his Abitur at the Staatliches Gymnasium Hechingen in 1956 and first studied medicine , then law at the universities of Tübingen and Bonn . He joined A.V . Guestfalia Tübingen , a Catholic student fraternity that is a member of the Cartellverband . Kinkel took his first juristic state exam at Tübingen , the second in Stuttgart and earned a doctorate of law in 1964 in Cologne . Career as a civil servant . In 1965 , Kinkel began work at the Federal Ministry of the Interior , concentrating on the security of the civilian population ( ziviler Bevölkerungsschutz ) . He was sent to the Landratsamt in Balingen , Baden-Württemberg until 1966 . He returned to the national ministry in 1968 . He was personal secretary and speechwriter for the Federal Minister , Hans-Dietrich Genscher , from 1970 to 1974 , and eventually the head of the ministers office . After Genscher was appointed Foreign Minister in 1974 , Kinkel held senior positions in the Federal Foreign Office , as head of the Leitungsstab and the policy planning staff ( Planungsstab ) . President of the Federal Intelligence Service . From 1979 to 1982 he was president of the Federal Intelligence Service ( BND ) . He is credited with quietly and competently restoring confidence in the BND after a series of scandal in the preceding years . He also expanded the BNDs intelligence-gathering outside of Europe . State secretary . From 1982 to 1991 , Kinkel was a state secretary ( Staatssekretär ) in the Federal Ministry of Justice . Political career . Federal Minister of Justice . Kinkel was Federal Minister of Justice from 18 January 1991 to 18 May 1992 . Among other achievements , he took the lead in pressing for the return of Erich Honecker , the former East German leader , to face trial . He also engaged in public negotiations with the terrorist Red Army Faction , successfully urging them to renounce violence . Minister of Foreign Affairs and FDP chairman . In a surprise decision on 29 April 1992 , the members of the FDP parliamentary group rejected the nomination of Germanys designated new Foreign Minister , Irmgard Schwaetzer , and voted instead to name Kinkel to head the Federal Foreign Office . Kinkel played a key role in the creation of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia and helped to draft its statutes . He also unsuccessfully introduced a resolution at a meeting of European Community foreign ministers that would have committed each of the member countries to accept more refugees from the Balkans . Later that year , he announced Germanys wish for a permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council , arguing that Britain and France would never agree to an alternative plan under which they would merge their national seats into a single permanent seat representing the European Union . Kinkel was a signatory of the Dayton Agreement that ended the Bosnian War in 1995 . Under the leadership of Chancellor Helmut Kohl and Kinkel , the German Bundestag in 1993 agreed on a three-point amendment to the 1949 Constitution that for the first time let German troops take part in international peacekeeping operations sanctioned by the United Nations and other bodies , subject to advance approval by parliament . Shortly after , the German Parliament approved a controversial troop deployment under the umbrella of the United Nations Operation in Somalia II , clearing the final hurdle for what was then Germanys biggest deployment of ground forces abroad since World War II . Also under Kinkel’s leadership , Germany began destroying stockpiles of tanks and other heavy weapons in the early 1990s , becoming the first country to implement the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe . In 1995 , China dismissed a personal appeal from Kinkel to release Chinese dissident Wei Jingsheng and expelled journalist Henrik Bork , a reporter for the newspaper Frankfurter Rundschau . One year later , China abruptly canceled a planned visit to Beijing by Kinkel , citing a German parliamentary resolution that condemned Chinas human rights record in Tibet . A strong supporter of European integration , Kinkel successfully advocated for Germany to ratify the Maastricht Treaty on European political and economic union in December 1992 , making it the 10th of the 12 European Community nations to sign on . In 1994 , he had to abandon his candidate for President of the European Commission , Prime Minister Jean-Luc Dehaene of Belgium , following protest by British Prime Minister John Major . In 1997 , he argued that Turkey did not qualify because of its record on human rights , the Kurdish question , relations with Greece and of course very clear economic questions . On Kinkel’s initiative , Germany became the first government to declare a suspension of contacts with Bosnias envoys abroad after a recommendation made by the High Representative of the International Community in Bosnia-Herzegovina , Carlos Westendorp . From 21 January 1993 , Kinkel was also Vice-Chancellor of Germany . From 1993 to 1995 he also served as chairman of the FDP . After the Free Democrats won barely enough votes to get into the Bundestag in 1994 and later lost badly in 12 out of 14 state and European Parliament elections , Kinkel announced that he would not seek re-election as party chairman . He resigned as Foreign Minister and Vice-Chancellor after the governments defeat in the 1998 federal election . Member of Parliament . Kinkel was a member of the Bundestag , the Parliament of Germany , from 1994 to 2002 . Life after politics . After leaving government in 1998 , Kinkel worked as a lawyer and was engaged in a number of philanthropic and business activities , including the following : - Bundesliga Foundation , Member of the Board of Trustees - Sepp Herberger Foundation , Member of the Board of Trustees - International Club La Redoute Bonn , Member of the Advisory Board - United Nations Association of Germany ( DGVN ) , Member of the Presidium - Deutsche Initiative für den Nahen Osten ( DINO ) , Member of the Board of Trustees - Lehman Brothers , Member of European Advisory Council ( since 2002 ) - Deutsche Telekom Foundation , Founding Chairman of the Executive Board ( 2003-2014 ) - EnBW , Member of the Advisory Board ( 2004-2009 ) At the request of Chancellor Angela Merkel , Kinkel represented the German government at the 2011 funeral of Sultan bin Abdulaziz , the Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia . In November 2016 , Kinkel was elected as president of a newly created ethics commission of the German Football Association ( DFB ) ; the commission is part of the DFBs declared drive for more transparency and integrity following revelations of a financial scandal around the 2006 FIFA World Cup it hosted . Publication . - Bewegte Zeiten für Europa! , in : Robertson-von Trotha , Caroline Y . ( ed. ) : Europa in der Welt – die Welt in Europa ( = Kulturwissenschaft interdisziplinär/Interdisciplinary Studies on Culture and Society , Vol . 1 ) , Baden-Baden 2006 ,
|
[
"Vice-Chancellor of Germany"
] |
[
{
"text": " Klaus Kinkel ( 17 December 1936 – 4 March 2019 ) was a German statesman , civil servant , diplomat and lawyer who served as Foreign Minister ( 1992–1998 ) and Vice Chancellor of Germany ( 1993–1998 ) in the government of Helmut Kohl .",
"title": "Klaus Kinkel"
},
{
"text": "Kinkel was a career civil servant and a longtime aide to Hans-Dietrich Genscher , and served as his personal secretary in the Federal Ministry of the Interior from 1970 and in senior roles in the Foreign Office from 1974 . He was President of Federal Intelligence Service from 1979 to 1982 and a state secretary in the Federal Ministry of Justice from 1982 to 1991 . In 1991 he was appointed as the Federal Minister of Justice and joined the liberal Free Democratic Party ( FDP ) shortly after . In 1992 he became Foreign Minister , and in 1993",
"title": "Klaus Kinkel"
},
{
"text": "he also became the Vice Chancellor of Germany and the leader of the Free Democratic Party . He left the government in 1998 following its electoral defeat . Kinkel was a member of the Bundestag from 1994 to 2002 , and was later active as a lawyer and philanthropist .",
"title": "Klaus Kinkel"
},
{
"text": "During his brief tenure as Minister of Justice he pressed for the extradition and criminal prosecution of deposed East German dictator Erich Honecker and sought to end the left-wing terrorism of the Red Army Faction . As Foreign Minister he is regarded as one of the most influential European politicians of the 1990s . He personified an assertive foreign policy , increased Germanys peacekeeping engagements overseas , was at the forefront among Western leaders of building a relationship with Boris Yeltsins newly democratic Russian Federation and pressed for Germany to be given a permanent seat on the UN Security Council",
"title": "Klaus Kinkel"
},
{
"text": ". He also championed the Maastricht Treaty , the merging of the Western European Union with the EU to give the EU an independent military capability and the expansion of the EU . Kinkel played a central role in the efforts to resolve the Yugoslav Wars of the 1990s , and proposed the creation of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia .",
"title": "Klaus Kinkel"
},
{
"text": "Kinkel was born in Metzingen , Baden-Württemberg , into a Catholic family , and grew up mostly in Hechingen , where his father Ludwig Leonhard Kinkel practised as a medical doctor and internist . His father was President of the local tennis club , and Klaus Kinkel was an able tennis player in his youth . He took his Abitur at the Staatliches Gymnasium Hechingen in 1956 and first studied medicine , then law at the universities of Tübingen and Bonn . He joined A.V . Guestfalia Tübingen , a Catholic student fraternity that is a member of the Cartellverband",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"text": ". Kinkel took his first juristic state exam at Tübingen , the second in Stuttgart and earned a doctorate of law in 1964 in Cologne .",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"text": "In 1965 , Kinkel began work at the Federal Ministry of the Interior , concentrating on the security of the civilian population ( ziviler Bevölkerungsschutz ) . He was sent to the Landratsamt in Balingen , Baden-Württemberg until 1966 . He returned to the national ministry in 1968 . He was personal secretary and speechwriter for the Federal Minister , Hans-Dietrich Genscher , from 1970 to 1974 , and eventually the head of the ministers office . After Genscher was appointed Foreign Minister in 1974 , Kinkel held senior positions in the Federal Foreign Office , as head of the",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"text": "Leitungsstab and the policy planning staff ( Planungsstab ) .",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"text": " President of the Federal Intelligence Service . From 1979 to 1982 he was president of the Federal Intelligence Service ( BND ) . He is credited with quietly and competently restoring confidence in the BND after a series of scandal in the preceding years . He also expanded the BNDs intelligence-gathering outside of Europe .",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"text": " From 1982 to 1991 , Kinkel was a state secretary ( Staatssekretär ) in the Federal Ministry of Justice .",
"title": "State secretary"
},
{
"text": " Federal Minister of Justice . Kinkel was Federal Minister of Justice from 18 January 1991 to 18 May 1992 . Among other achievements , he took the lead in pressing for the return of Erich Honecker , the former East German leader , to face trial . He also engaged in public negotiations with the terrorist Red Army Faction , successfully urging them to renounce violence . Minister of Foreign Affairs and FDP chairman .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "In a surprise decision on 29 April 1992 , the members of the FDP parliamentary group rejected the nomination of Germanys designated new Foreign Minister , Irmgard Schwaetzer , and voted instead to name Kinkel to head the Federal Foreign Office .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Kinkel played a key role in the creation of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia and helped to draft its statutes . He also unsuccessfully introduced a resolution at a meeting of European Community foreign ministers that would have committed each of the member countries to accept more refugees from the Balkans . Later that year , he announced Germanys wish for a permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council , arguing that Britain and France would never agree to an alternative plan under which they would merge their national seats into a single permanent seat representing",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "the European Union . Kinkel was a signatory of the Dayton Agreement that ended the Bosnian War in 1995 .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Under the leadership of Chancellor Helmut Kohl and Kinkel , the German Bundestag in 1993 agreed on a three-point amendment to the 1949 Constitution that for the first time let German troops take part in international peacekeeping operations sanctioned by the United Nations and other bodies , subject to advance approval by parliament . Shortly after , the German Parliament approved a controversial troop deployment under the umbrella of the United Nations Operation in Somalia II , clearing the final hurdle for what was then Germanys biggest deployment of ground forces abroad since World War II . Also under Kinkel’s",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "leadership , Germany began destroying stockpiles of tanks and other heavy weapons in the early 1990s , becoming the first country to implement the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " In 1995 , China dismissed a personal appeal from Kinkel to release Chinese dissident Wei Jingsheng and expelled journalist Henrik Bork , a reporter for the newspaper Frankfurter Rundschau . One year later , China abruptly canceled a planned visit to Beijing by Kinkel , citing a German parliamentary resolution that condemned Chinas human rights record in Tibet .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "A strong supporter of European integration , Kinkel successfully advocated for Germany to ratify the Maastricht Treaty on European political and economic union in December 1992 , making it the 10th of the 12 European Community nations to sign on . In 1994 , he had to abandon his candidate for President of the European Commission , Prime Minister Jean-Luc Dehaene of Belgium , following protest by British Prime Minister John Major . In 1997 , he argued that Turkey did not qualify because of its record on human rights , the Kurdish question , relations with Greece and of",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "course very clear economic questions . On Kinkel’s initiative , Germany became the first government to declare a suspension of contacts with Bosnias envoys abroad after a recommendation made by the High Representative of the International Community in Bosnia-Herzegovina , Carlos Westendorp .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " From 21 January 1993 , Kinkel was also Vice-Chancellor of Germany . From 1993 to 1995 he also served as chairman of the FDP . After the Free Democrats won barely enough votes to get into the Bundestag in 1994 and later lost badly in 12 out of 14 state and European Parliament elections , Kinkel announced that he would not seek re-election as party chairman . He resigned as Foreign Minister and Vice-Chancellor after the governments defeat in the 1998 federal election .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Kinkel was a member of the Bundestag , the Parliament of Germany , from 1994 to 2002 .",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": " After leaving government in 1998 , Kinkel worked as a lawyer and was engaged in a number of philanthropic and business activities , including the following : - Bundesliga Foundation , Member of the Board of Trustees - Sepp Herberger Foundation , Member of the Board of Trustees - International Club La Redoute Bonn , Member of the Advisory Board - United Nations Association of Germany ( DGVN ) , Member of the Presidium - Deutsche Initiative für den Nahen Osten ( DINO ) , Member of the Board of Trustees",
"title": "Life after politics"
},
{
"text": "- Lehman Brothers , Member of European Advisory Council ( since 2002 )",
"title": "Life after politics"
},
{
"text": " - Deutsche Telekom Foundation , Founding Chairman of the Executive Board ( 2003-2014 ) - EnBW , Member of the Advisory Board ( 2004-2009 ) At the request of Chancellor Angela Merkel , Kinkel represented the German government at the 2011 funeral of Sultan bin Abdulaziz , the Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia .",
"title": "Life after politics"
},
{
"text": "In November 2016 , Kinkel was elected as president of a newly created ethics commission of the German Football Association ( DFB ) ; the commission is part of the DFBs declared drive for more transparency and integrity following revelations of a financial scandal around the 2006 FIFA World Cup it hosted .",
"title": "Life after politics"
},
{
"text": " - Bewegte Zeiten für Europa! , in : Robertson-von Trotha , Caroline Y . ( ed. ) : Europa in der Welt – die Welt in Europa ( = Kulturwissenschaft interdisziplinär/Interdisciplinary Studies on Culture and Society , Vol . 1 ) , Baden-Baden 2006 ,",
"title": "Publication"
}
] |
/wiki/Sonny_Bono#P26#0
|
Who was Sonny Bono 's spouse in Jul 1974?
|
Sonny Bono Salvatore Phillip Sonny Bono ( ; February 16 , 1935 – January 5 , 1998 ) was an American singer-songwriter , producer , actor , and politician who came to fame in partnership with his second wife Cher as the popular singing duo Sonny & Cher . He was mayor of Palm Springs , California , from 1988 to 1992 , and the Republican congressman for Californias 44th district , elected during the Republican Revolution and serving from 1995 until his death in 1998 . The United States Copyright Term Extension Act of 1998 , which extended the term of copyright by 20 years , was named in honor of Bono when it was passed by Congress nine months after his death . Mary Bono ( Sonnys last wife ) had been one of the original sponsors of the legislation , commonly known as the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act . Early life . Bono was born in Detroit to Santo Bono ( born in Montelepre , Palermo , Italy ) and Zena Jean Bono ( née DiMercurio ) . His mother called him Sono as a term of endearment , which evolved over time into Sonny . Sonny was the youngest of three siblings ; he had two sisters , Fran and Betty . The family moved to Inglewood , California , when he was seven , and his parents divorced soon afterwards . Bono decided early in life to become part of the music business , and began writing songs as a teenager . Koko Joe , a song he wrote at age 16 , was recorded by Don and Dewey in 1958 , and later covered by several other artists including The Righteous Brothers . Bono attended Inglewood High School , but did not graduate , opting to drop out so he could begin to pursue a career as a songwriter and performer . He worked at a variety of jobs while trying to break into the music business , including waiter , truck driver , construction laborer , and butchers helper . Career . Entertainment career . Bono began his music career as a songwriter at Specialty Records , where his song Things You Do to Me was recorded by Sam Cooke , and went on to work for record producer Phil Spector in the early 1960s as a promotion man , percussionist and gofer . One of his earliest songwriting efforts , Needles and Pins was co-written with Jack Nitzsche , another member of Spectors production team . Later in the same decade , he achieved commercial success with his wife Cher in the singing duo Sonny and Cher . Bono wrote , arranged and produced a number of hit records including the singles I Got You Babe and The Beat Goes On , although Cher received more attention as a performer . He played a major part in Chers solo recording career , writing and producing singles including Bang Bang and You Better Sit Down Kids . Bono co-wrote She Said Yeah , covered by The Rolling Stones on their 1965 LP Decembers Children . His lone hit single as a solo artist , Laugh at Me , was released in 1965 and peaked at No . 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 . In live concerts , Bono introduced the song by saying Id like to sing a medley of my hit . His only other single as a solo artist , The Revolution Kind , reached No . 70 on the Billboard Hot 100 later that year . His solo album , Inner Views , was released in 1967 . Sonny continued to work with Cher through the early and mid-1970s , starring in a popular television variety show , The Sonny and Cher Comedy Hour , which ran on CBS from 1971 to 1974 . From 1976 to 1977 , the duo , since divorced , returned to perform together on The Sonny and Cher Show . Their last appearance together was on Late Night with David Letterman on November 13 , 1987 , on which they sang I Got You Babe . In 2011 , Sonny Bono was inducted into the Michigan Rock and Roll Legends Hall of Fame . Film and television . Bonos acting career included bit parts as a guest performer in such television series as Fantasy Island , Charlies Angels , The Love Boat , The Six Million Dollar Man and CHiPs . In the 1975 TV movie Murder on Flight 502 , he played the role of rock star Jack Marshall . He appeared in the 1980 miniseries Top of the Hill . He played the role of mad bomber Joe Selucci in ( 1982 ) and appeared in the horror film Troll ( 1986 ) . He also portrayed racist entrepreneur Franklin von Tussle in the John Waters film Hairspray ( 1988 ) . In Men in Black ( 1997 ) , Bono is one of several oddball celebrities seen on a wall of video screens that monitor extraterrestrials living among us . He also appeared as the Mayor of Palm Springs ( which he actually was at the time ) in several episodes of P.S . I Luv U during the 1991–92 TV season , and on ( in season 1 , episode 9 , which aired November 21 , 1993 ) , in which he played Mayor Frank Berkowitz . He also made a minor appearance as himself in the comedy film First Kid ( 1996 ) . Bono guest-starred as himself on The Golden Girls episode Mrs . George Devereaux ( originally broadcast November 17 , 1990 ) , in which he vied with Lyle Waggoner for Dorothys ( Bea Arthur ) affection in a dream sequence . In Blanches ( Rue McClanahan ) dream , her husband is still alive , and Bono uses his power as Mayor of Palm Springs to have Waggoner falsely arrested so he can have Dorothy to himself . Sophia ( Estelle Getty ) had been hoping for Sonny and Dorothy to get together and actively supported Sonny . The picture of Bono was seen briefly in the Silly Songs segment , Love My Lips , in the VeggieTales video Dave and the Giant Pickle ( released in 1996 ) until it was removed in the 1998 re-issue after his death . Political career . Bono entered politics after experiencing great frustration with local government bureaucracy in trying to open a restaurant in Palm Springs , California . Bono made a successful bid to become the new mayor of Palm Springs . He served four years , from 1988 to 1992 . He was instrumental in spearheading the creation of the Palm Springs International Film Festival , which is held each year in Bonos memory . Bono ran for the Republican nomination for United States Senate in 1992 , but the nomination went to the more conservative Bruce Herschensohn , and the election to the Democrat Barbara Boxer . Bono and Herschensohn became close friends after the campaign . Bono was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1994 to represent Californias 44th congressional district . He was one of twelve co-sponsors of a House bill extending copyright . Although that bill was never voted on in the Senate , a similar Senate bill was passed after his death and named the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act in his memory . It is also known ( derisively ) as the Mickey Mouse Protection Act . He championed the restoration of the Salton Sea , bringing the giant lakes plight to national attention . In 1998 , then Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich made a public appearance and speech at the shore of the lake on Bonos behalf . In their book Tell Newt to Shut Up , David Maraniss and Michael Weisskopf credit Bono with being the first person to recognize Gingrichs public relations problems in 1995 . Drawing on his long experience as a celebrity and entertainment producer , Bono ( according to Maraniss and Weisskopf ) recognized that Gingrichs status had changed from politician to celebrity and that he was not making allowances for that change : Bono remains the only member of Congress to have scored a number-one pop single on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart . Personal life . Marriages . Bono was married four times . He married his first wife , Donna Rankin , on November 3 , 1954 . Their daughter Christine ( Christy ) was born on June 24 , 1958 . They divorced in 1962 . In 1964 , Bono married singer and actress Cher . They had one child , Chaz Bono , born March 4 , 1969 , and divorced in 1975 . Bono married actress-model Susie Coelho on New Years Eve 1981 ; they divorced in 1984 . He wed Mary Whitaker in 1986 and they had two children , son Chesare Elan in 1988 and daughter Chianna Maria in 1991 . Godparent . Bono was named a godparent of Anthony Kiedis , who became a musical artist with his band , Red Hot Chili Peppers . Sonny was a close friend of Kiediss father , Blackie Dammett , and often took the boy on weekend trips . Salton Sea . Bono was a champion of the Salton Sea in southeastern California , where a park was named in his honor . The 2005 documentary film Plagues & Pleasures on the Salton Sea ( narrated by John Waters ) features Bono and documented the lives of the inhabitants of Bombay Beach , Niland and Salton City , as well as the ecological issues associated with the Sea . Religion . He became interested in Scientology and took Scientology courses partly because of the influence of Mimi Rogers , but stated that he was a Roman Catholic on all official documents , campaign materials and websites . His wife Mary also took Scientology courses . However , after his death , Mary Bono stated that Sonny did try to break away [ from the Church of Scientology ] at one point , and they made it very difficult for him . The Church of Scientology said there was no estrangement from Bono . Death . Bono died on January 5 , 1998 , of injuries incurred when he hit a tree while skiing at Heavenly Mountain Resort in South Lake Tahoe , California . After Bonos death , Mary Bono said that Sonny had been addicted to prescription drugs ( mainly Vicodin and Valium ) and that she believed her husbands drug use caused the accident . No drugs or alcohol were found in his body . At Marys request , Cher gave a eulogy at Sonnys funeral . He was buried at Desert Memorial Park in Cathedral City , California . The epitaph on Bonos headstone reads AND THE BEAT GOES ON . Mary Bono was elected to fill the remainder of her husbands congressional term . She was elected in her own right seven subsequent times before being defeated in the election of 2012 . Honors and tributes . Sonny Bono has been honored and memorialized with : - A Golden Palm Star on the Palm Springs Walk of Stars : dedicated to him in 1996 . - Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act : Extended copyright protections effective October 27 , 1998 . - Sonny Bono Salton Sea National Wildlife Refuge : a nature reserve on the Salton Sea was renamed in Bonos honor in 1998 . - Sonny Bono Memorial Park , a small park in Washington , D.C. , was named in his honor in 1998 . - Sonny Bono Memorial Interchange : an interchange on California State Route 60 at Nason Street in Moreno Valley , California , was named for Bono in September 2000 . - Sony Bono Memorial Freeway : a 40-mile stretch of Interstate Highway 10 near Palm Springs was dedicated January 10 , 2002 . - Sonny Bono Concourse : a concourse at Palm Springs International Airport dedicated October 22 , 2002 . - Sonny Bono Memorial Fountain and Statue : Located in downtown Palm Springs , California , the statue was dedicated in November 2002 .
|
[
"Cher"
] |
[
{
"text": " Salvatore Phillip Sonny Bono ( ; February 16 , 1935 – January 5 , 1998 ) was an American singer-songwriter , producer , actor , and politician who came to fame in partnership with his second wife Cher as the popular singing duo Sonny & Cher . He was mayor of Palm Springs , California , from 1988 to 1992 , and the Republican congressman for Californias 44th district , elected during the Republican Revolution and serving from 1995 until his death in 1998 .",
"title": "Sonny Bono"
},
{
"text": "The United States Copyright Term Extension Act of 1998 , which extended the term of copyright by 20 years , was named in honor of Bono when it was passed by Congress nine months after his death . Mary Bono ( Sonnys last wife ) had been one of the original sponsors of the legislation , commonly known as the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act .",
"title": "Sonny Bono"
},
{
"text": "Bono was born in Detroit to Santo Bono ( born in Montelepre , Palermo , Italy ) and Zena Jean Bono ( née DiMercurio ) . His mother called him Sono as a term of endearment , which evolved over time into Sonny . Sonny was the youngest of three siblings ; he had two sisters , Fran and Betty . The family moved to Inglewood , California , when he was seven , and his parents divorced soon afterwards . Bono decided early in life to become part of the music business , and began writing songs as a",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "teenager . Koko Joe , a song he wrote at age 16 , was recorded by Don and Dewey in 1958 , and later covered by several other artists including The Righteous Brothers . Bono attended Inglewood High School , but did not graduate , opting to drop out so he could begin to pursue a career as a songwriter and performer . He worked at a variety of jobs while trying to break into the music business , including waiter , truck driver , construction laborer , and butchers helper .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Bono began his music career as a songwriter at Specialty Records , where his song Things You Do to Me was recorded by Sam Cooke , and went on to work for record producer Phil Spector in the early 1960s as a promotion man , percussionist and gofer . One of his earliest songwriting efforts , Needles and Pins was co-written with Jack Nitzsche , another member of Spectors production team . Later in the same decade , he achieved commercial success with his wife Cher in the singing duo Sonny and Cher . Bono wrote , arranged and produced",
"title": "Entertainment career"
},
{
"text": "a number of hit records including the singles I Got You Babe and The Beat Goes On , although Cher received more attention as a performer . He played a major part in Chers solo recording career , writing and producing singles including Bang Bang and You Better Sit Down Kids .",
"title": "Entertainment career"
},
{
"text": "Bono co-wrote She Said Yeah , covered by The Rolling Stones on their 1965 LP Decembers Children . His lone hit single as a solo artist , Laugh at Me , was released in 1965 and peaked at No . 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 . In live concerts , Bono introduced the song by saying Id like to sing a medley of my hit . His only other single as a solo artist , The Revolution Kind , reached No . 70 on the Billboard Hot 100 later that year . His solo album , Inner Views ,",
"title": "Entertainment career"
},
{
"text": "was released in 1967 .",
"title": "Entertainment career"
},
{
"text": " Sonny continued to work with Cher through the early and mid-1970s , starring in a popular television variety show , The Sonny and Cher Comedy Hour , which ran on CBS from 1971 to 1974 . From 1976 to 1977 , the duo , since divorced , returned to perform together on The Sonny and Cher Show . Their last appearance together was on Late Night with David Letterman on November 13 , 1987 , on which they sang I Got You Babe .",
"title": "Entertainment career"
},
{
"text": "In 2011 , Sonny Bono was inducted into the Michigan Rock and Roll Legends Hall of Fame .",
"title": "Entertainment career"
},
{
"text": "Bonos acting career included bit parts as a guest performer in such television series as Fantasy Island , Charlies Angels , The Love Boat , The Six Million Dollar Man and CHiPs . In the 1975 TV movie Murder on Flight 502 , he played the role of rock star Jack Marshall . He appeared in the 1980 miniseries Top of the Hill . He played the role of mad bomber Joe Selucci in ( 1982 ) and appeared in the horror film Troll ( 1986 ) . He also portrayed racist entrepreneur Franklin von Tussle in the John Waters",
"title": "Film and television"
},
{
"text": "film Hairspray ( 1988 ) . In Men in Black ( 1997 ) , Bono is one of several oddball celebrities seen on a wall of video screens that monitor extraterrestrials living among us . He also appeared as the Mayor of Palm Springs ( which he actually was at the time ) in several episodes of P.S . I Luv U during the 1991–92 TV season , and on ( in season 1 , episode 9 , which aired November 21 , 1993 ) , in which he played Mayor Frank Berkowitz . He also made a minor appearance",
"title": "Film and television"
},
{
"text": "as himself in the comedy film First Kid ( 1996 ) .",
"title": "Film and television"
},
{
"text": " Bono guest-starred as himself on The Golden Girls episode Mrs . George Devereaux ( originally broadcast November 17 , 1990 ) , in which he vied with Lyle Waggoner for Dorothys ( Bea Arthur ) affection in a dream sequence . In Blanches ( Rue McClanahan ) dream , her husband is still alive , and Bono uses his power as Mayor of Palm Springs to have Waggoner falsely arrested so he can have Dorothy to himself . Sophia ( Estelle Getty ) had been hoping for Sonny and Dorothy to get together and actively supported Sonny .",
"title": "Film and television"
},
{
"text": "The picture of Bono was seen briefly in the Silly Songs segment , Love My Lips , in the VeggieTales video Dave and the Giant Pickle ( released in 1996 ) until it was removed in the 1998 re-issue after his death .",
"title": "Film and television"
},
{
"text": " Bono entered politics after experiencing great frustration with local government bureaucracy in trying to open a restaurant in Palm Springs , California . Bono made a successful bid to become the new mayor of Palm Springs . He served four years , from 1988 to 1992 . He was instrumental in spearheading the creation of the Palm Springs International Film Festival , which is held each year in Bonos memory .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Bono ran for the Republican nomination for United States Senate in 1992 , but the nomination went to the more conservative Bruce Herschensohn , and the election to the Democrat Barbara Boxer . Bono and Herschensohn became close friends after the campaign . Bono was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1994 to represent Californias 44th congressional district . He was one of twelve co-sponsors of a House bill extending copyright . Although that bill was never voted on in the Senate , a similar Senate bill was passed after his death and named the Sonny Bono",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Copyright Term Extension Act in his memory . It is also known ( derisively ) as the Mickey Mouse Protection Act .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " He championed the restoration of the Salton Sea , bringing the giant lakes plight to national attention . In 1998 , then Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich made a public appearance and speech at the shore of the lake on Bonos behalf .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "In their book Tell Newt to Shut Up , David Maraniss and Michael Weisskopf credit Bono with being the first person to recognize Gingrichs public relations problems in 1995 . Drawing on his long experience as a celebrity and entertainment producer , Bono ( according to Maraniss and Weisskopf ) recognized that Gingrichs status had changed from politician to celebrity and that he was not making allowances for that change :",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Bono remains the only member of Congress to have scored a number-one pop single on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Bono was married four times . He married his first wife , Donna Rankin , on November 3 , 1954 . Their daughter Christine ( Christy ) was born on June 24 , 1958 . They divorced in 1962 . In 1964 , Bono married singer and actress Cher . They had one child , Chaz Bono , born March 4 , 1969 , and divorced in 1975 . Bono married actress-model Susie Coelho on New Years Eve 1981 ; they divorced in 1984 .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "He wed Mary Whitaker in 1986 and they had two children , son Chesare Elan in 1988 and daughter Chianna Maria in 1991 .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": " Bono was named a godparent of Anthony Kiedis , who became a musical artist with his band , Red Hot Chili Peppers . Sonny was a close friend of Kiediss father , Blackie Dammett , and often took the boy on weekend trips .",
"title": "Godparent"
},
{
"text": " Bono was a champion of the Salton Sea in southeastern California , where a park was named in his honor . The 2005 documentary film Plagues & Pleasures on the Salton Sea ( narrated by John Waters ) features Bono and documented the lives of the inhabitants of Bombay Beach , Niland and Salton City , as well as the ecological issues associated with the Sea .",
"title": "Salton Sea"
},
{
"text": " He became interested in Scientology and took Scientology courses partly because of the influence of Mimi Rogers , but stated that he was a Roman Catholic on all official documents , campaign materials and websites . His wife Mary also took Scientology courses . However , after his death , Mary Bono stated that Sonny did try to break away [ from the Church of Scientology ] at one point , and they made it very difficult for him . The Church of Scientology said there was no estrangement from Bono .",
"title": "Religion"
},
{
"text": " Bono died on January 5 , 1998 , of injuries incurred when he hit a tree while skiing at Heavenly Mountain Resort in South Lake Tahoe , California . After Bonos death , Mary Bono said that Sonny had been addicted to prescription drugs ( mainly Vicodin and Valium ) and that she believed her husbands drug use caused the accident . No drugs or alcohol were found in his body .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "At Marys request , Cher gave a eulogy at Sonnys funeral . He was buried at Desert Memorial Park in Cathedral City , California . The epitaph on Bonos headstone reads AND THE BEAT GOES ON .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " Mary Bono was elected to fill the remainder of her husbands congressional term . She was elected in her own right seven subsequent times before being defeated in the election of 2012 .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " Sonny Bono has been honored and memorialized with : - A Golden Palm Star on the Palm Springs Walk of Stars : dedicated to him in 1996 . - Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act : Extended copyright protections effective October 27 , 1998 . - Sonny Bono Salton Sea National Wildlife Refuge : a nature reserve on the Salton Sea was renamed in Bonos honor in 1998 . - Sonny Bono Memorial Park , a small park in Washington , D.C. , was named in his honor in 1998 .",
"title": "Honors and tributes"
},
{
"text": "- Sonny Bono Memorial Interchange : an interchange on California State Route 60 at Nason Street in Moreno Valley , California , was named for Bono in September 2000 .",
"title": "Honors and tributes"
},
{
"text": " - Sony Bono Memorial Freeway : a 40-mile stretch of Interstate Highway 10 near Palm Springs was dedicated January 10 , 2002 . - Sonny Bono Concourse : a concourse at Palm Springs International Airport dedicated October 22 , 2002 . - Sonny Bono Memorial Fountain and Statue : Located in downtown Palm Springs , California , the statue was dedicated in November 2002 .",
"title": "Honors and tributes"
}
] |
/wiki/Sonny_Bono#P26#1
|
Who was Sonny Bono 's spouse in Jun 1983?
|
Sonny Bono Salvatore Phillip Sonny Bono ( ; February 16 , 1935 – January 5 , 1998 ) was an American singer-songwriter , producer , actor , and politician who came to fame in partnership with his second wife Cher as the popular singing duo Sonny & Cher . He was mayor of Palm Springs , California , from 1988 to 1992 , and the Republican congressman for Californias 44th district , elected during the Republican Revolution and serving from 1995 until his death in 1998 . The United States Copyright Term Extension Act of 1998 , which extended the term of copyright by 20 years , was named in honor of Bono when it was passed by Congress nine months after his death . Mary Bono ( Sonnys last wife ) had been one of the original sponsors of the legislation , commonly known as the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act . Early life . Bono was born in Detroit to Santo Bono ( born in Montelepre , Palermo , Italy ) and Zena Jean Bono ( née DiMercurio ) . His mother called him Sono as a term of endearment , which evolved over time into Sonny . Sonny was the youngest of three siblings ; he had two sisters , Fran and Betty . The family moved to Inglewood , California , when he was seven , and his parents divorced soon afterwards . Bono decided early in life to become part of the music business , and began writing songs as a teenager . Koko Joe , a song he wrote at age 16 , was recorded by Don and Dewey in 1958 , and later covered by several other artists including The Righteous Brothers . Bono attended Inglewood High School , but did not graduate , opting to drop out so he could begin to pursue a career as a songwriter and performer . He worked at a variety of jobs while trying to break into the music business , including waiter , truck driver , construction laborer , and butchers helper . Career . Entertainment career . Bono began his music career as a songwriter at Specialty Records , where his song Things You Do to Me was recorded by Sam Cooke , and went on to work for record producer Phil Spector in the early 1960s as a promotion man , percussionist and gofer . One of his earliest songwriting efforts , Needles and Pins was co-written with Jack Nitzsche , another member of Spectors production team . Later in the same decade , he achieved commercial success with his wife Cher in the singing duo Sonny and Cher . Bono wrote , arranged and produced a number of hit records including the singles I Got You Babe and The Beat Goes On , although Cher received more attention as a performer . He played a major part in Chers solo recording career , writing and producing singles including Bang Bang and You Better Sit Down Kids . Bono co-wrote She Said Yeah , covered by The Rolling Stones on their 1965 LP Decembers Children . His lone hit single as a solo artist , Laugh at Me , was released in 1965 and peaked at No . 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 . In live concerts , Bono introduced the song by saying Id like to sing a medley of my hit . His only other single as a solo artist , The Revolution Kind , reached No . 70 on the Billboard Hot 100 later that year . His solo album , Inner Views , was released in 1967 . Sonny continued to work with Cher through the early and mid-1970s , starring in a popular television variety show , The Sonny and Cher Comedy Hour , which ran on CBS from 1971 to 1974 . From 1976 to 1977 , the duo , since divorced , returned to perform together on The Sonny and Cher Show . Their last appearance together was on Late Night with David Letterman on November 13 , 1987 , on which they sang I Got You Babe . In 2011 , Sonny Bono was inducted into the Michigan Rock and Roll Legends Hall of Fame . Film and television . Bonos acting career included bit parts as a guest performer in such television series as Fantasy Island , Charlies Angels , The Love Boat , The Six Million Dollar Man and CHiPs . In the 1975 TV movie Murder on Flight 502 , he played the role of rock star Jack Marshall . He appeared in the 1980 miniseries Top of the Hill . He played the role of mad bomber Joe Selucci in ( 1982 ) and appeared in the horror film Troll ( 1986 ) . He also portrayed racist entrepreneur Franklin von Tussle in the John Waters film Hairspray ( 1988 ) . In Men in Black ( 1997 ) , Bono is one of several oddball celebrities seen on a wall of video screens that monitor extraterrestrials living among us . He also appeared as the Mayor of Palm Springs ( which he actually was at the time ) in several episodes of P.S . I Luv U during the 1991–92 TV season , and on ( in season 1 , episode 9 , which aired November 21 , 1993 ) , in which he played Mayor Frank Berkowitz . He also made a minor appearance as himself in the comedy film First Kid ( 1996 ) . Bono guest-starred as himself on The Golden Girls episode Mrs . George Devereaux ( originally broadcast November 17 , 1990 ) , in which he vied with Lyle Waggoner for Dorothys ( Bea Arthur ) affection in a dream sequence . In Blanches ( Rue McClanahan ) dream , her husband is still alive , and Bono uses his power as Mayor of Palm Springs to have Waggoner falsely arrested so he can have Dorothy to himself . Sophia ( Estelle Getty ) had been hoping for Sonny and Dorothy to get together and actively supported Sonny . The picture of Bono was seen briefly in the Silly Songs segment , Love My Lips , in the VeggieTales video Dave and the Giant Pickle ( released in 1996 ) until it was removed in the 1998 re-issue after his death . Political career . Bono entered politics after experiencing great frustration with local government bureaucracy in trying to open a restaurant in Palm Springs , California . Bono made a successful bid to become the new mayor of Palm Springs . He served four years , from 1988 to 1992 . He was instrumental in spearheading the creation of the Palm Springs International Film Festival , which is held each year in Bonos memory . Bono ran for the Republican nomination for United States Senate in 1992 , but the nomination went to the more conservative Bruce Herschensohn , and the election to the Democrat Barbara Boxer . Bono and Herschensohn became close friends after the campaign . Bono was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1994 to represent Californias 44th congressional district . He was one of twelve co-sponsors of a House bill extending copyright . Although that bill was never voted on in the Senate , a similar Senate bill was passed after his death and named the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act in his memory . It is also known ( derisively ) as the Mickey Mouse Protection Act . He championed the restoration of the Salton Sea , bringing the giant lakes plight to national attention . In 1998 , then Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich made a public appearance and speech at the shore of the lake on Bonos behalf . In their book Tell Newt to Shut Up , David Maraniss and Michael Weisskopf credit Bono with being the first person to recognize Gingrichs public relations problems in 1995 . Drawing on his long experience as a celebrity and entertainment producer , Bono ( according to Maraniss and Weisskopf ) recognized that Gingrichs status had changed from politician to celebrity and that he was not making allowances for that change : Bono remains the only member of Congress to have scored a number-one pop single on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart . Personal life . Marriages . Bono was married four times . He married his first wife , Donna Rankin , on November 3 , 1954 . Their daughter Christine ( Christy ) was born on June 24 , 1958 . They divorced in 1962 . In 1964 , Bono married singer and actress Cher . They had one child , Chaz Bono , born March 4 , 1969 , and divorced in 1975 . Bono married actress-model Susie Coelho on New Years Eve 1981 ; they divorced in 1984 . He wed Mary Whitaker in 1986 and they had two children , son Chesare Elan in 1988 and daughter Chianna Maria in 1991 . Godparent . Bono was named a godparent of Anthony Kiedis , who became a musical artist with his band , Red Hot Chili Peppers . Sonny was a close friend of Kiediss father , Blackie Dammett , and often took the boy on weekend trips . Salton Sea . Bono was a champion of the Salton Sea in southeastern California , where a park was named in his honor . The 2005 documentary film Plagues & Pleasures on the Salton Sea ( narrated by John Waters ) features Bono and documented the lives of the inhabitants of Bombay Beach , Niland and Salton City , as well as the ecological issues associated with the Sea . Religion . He became interested in Scientology and took Scientology courses partly because of the influence of Mimi Rogers , but stated that he was a Roman Catholic on all official documents , campaign materials and websites . His wife Mary also took Scientology courses . However , after his death , Mary Bono stated that Sonny did try to break away [ from the Church of Scientology ] at one point , and they made it very difficult for him . The Church of Scientology said there was no estrangement from Bono . Death . Bono died on January 5 , 1998 , of injuries incurred when he hit a tree while skiing at Heavenly Mountain Resort in South Lake Tahoe , California . After Bonos death , Mary Bono said that Sonny had been addicted to prescription drugs ( mainly Vicodin and Valium ) and that she believed her husbands drug use caused the accident . No drugs or alcohol were found in his body . At Marys request , Cher gave a eulogy at Sonnys funeral . He was buried at Desert Memorial Park in Cathedral City , California . The epitaph on Bonos headstone reads AND THE BEAT GOES ON . Mary Bono was elected to fill the remainder of her husbands congressional term . She was elected in her own right seven subsequent times before being defeated in the election of 2012 . Honors and tributes . Sonny Bono has been honored and memorialized with : - A Golden Palm Star on the Palm Springs Walk of Stars : dedicated to him in 1996 . - Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act : Extended copyright protections effective October 27 , 1998 . - Sonny Bono Salton Sea National Wildlife Refuge : a nature reserve on the Salton Sea was renamed in Bonos honor in 1998 . - Sonny Bono Memorial Park , a small park in Washington , D.C. , was named in his honor in 1998 . - Sonny Bono Memorial Interchange : an interchange on California State Route 60 at Nason Street in Moreno Valley , California , was named for Bono in September 2000 . - Sony Bono Memorial Freeway : a 40-mile stretch of Interstate Highway 10 near Palm Springs was dedicated January 10 , 2002 . - Sonny Bono Concourse : a concourse at Palm Springs International Airport dedicated October 22 , 2002 . - Sonny Bono Memorial Fountain and Statue : Located in downtown Palm Springs , California , the statue was dedicated in November 2002 .
|
[
"Susie Coelho"
] |
[
{
"text": " Salvatore Phillip Sonny Bono ( ; February 16 , 1935 – January 5 , 1998 ) was an American singer-songwriter , producer , actor , and politician who came to fame in partnership with his second wife Cher as the popular singing duo Sonny & Cher . He was mayor of Palm Springs , California , from 1988 to 1992 , and the Republican congressman for Californias 44th district , elected during the Republican Revolution and serving from 1995 until his death in 1998 .",
"title": "Sonny Bono"
},
{
"text": "The United States Copyright Term Extension Act of 1998 , which extended the term of copyright by 20 years , was named in honor of Bono when it was passed by Congress nine months after his death . Mary Bono ( Sonnys last wife ) had been one of the original sponsors of the legislation , commonly known as the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act .",
"title": "Sonny Bono"
},
{
"text": "Bono was born in Detroit to Santo Bono ( born in Montelepre , Palermo , Italy ) and Zena Jean Bono ( née DiMercurio ) . His mother called him Sono as a term of endearment , which evolved over time into Sonny . Sonny was the youngest of three siblings ; he had two sisters , Fran and Betty . The family moved to Inglewood , California , when he was seven , and his parents divorced soon afterwards . Bono decided early in life to become part of the music business , and began writing songs as a",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "teenager . Koko Joe , a song he wrote at age 16 , was recorded by Don and Dewey in 1958 , and later covered by several other artists including The Righteous Brothers . Bono attended Inglewood High School , but did not graduate , opting to drop out so he could begin to pursue a career as a songwriter and performer . He worked at a variety of jobs while trying to break into the music business , including waiter , truck driver , construction laborer , and butchers helper .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Bono began his music career as a songwriter at Specialty Records , where his song Things You Do to Me was recorded by Sam Cooke , and went on to work for record producer Phil Spector in the early 1960s as a promotion man , percussionist and gofer . One of his earliest songwriting efforts , Needles and Pins was co-written with Jack Nitzsche , another member of Spectors production team . Later in the same decade , he achieved commercial success with his wife Cher in the singing duo Sonny and Cher . Bono wrote , arranged and produced",
"title": "Entertainment career"
},
{
"text": "a number of hit records including the singles I Got You Babe and The Beat Goes On , although Cher received more attention as a performer . He played a major part in Chers solo recording career , writing and producing singles including Bang Bang and You Better Sit Down Kids .",
"title": "Entertainment career"
},
{
"text": "Bono co-wrote She Said Yeah , covered by The Rolling Stones on their 1965 LP Decembers Children . His lone hit single as a solo artist , Laugh at Me , was released in 1965 and peaked at No . 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 . In live concerts , Bono introduced the song by saying Id like to sing a medley of my hit . His only other single as a solo artist , The Revolution Kind , reached No . 70 on the Billboard Hot 100 later that year . His solo album , Inner Views ,",
"title": "Entertainment career"
},
{
"text": "was released in 1967 .",
"title": "Entertainment career"
},
{
"text": " Sonny continued to work with Cher through the early and mid-1970s , starring in a popular television variety show , The Sonny and Cher Comedy Hour , which ran on CBS from 1971 to 1974 . From 1976 to 1977 , the duo , since divorced , returned to perform together on The Sonny and Cher Show . Their last appearance together was on Late Night with David Letterman on November 13 , 1987 , on which they sang I Got You Babe .",
"title": "Entertainment career"
},
{
"text": "In 2011 , Sonny Bono was inducted into the Michigan Rock and Roll Legends Hall of Fame .",
"title": "Entertainment career"
},
{
"text": "Bonos acting career included bit parts as a guest performer in such television series as Fantasy Island , Charlies Angels , The Love Boat , The Six Million Dollar Man and CHiPs . In the 1975 TV movie Murder on Flight 502 , he played the role of rock star Jack Marshall . He appeared in the 1980 miniseries Top of the Hill . He played the role of mad bomber Joe Selucci in ( 1982 ) and appeared in the horror film Troll ( 1986 ) . He also portrayed racist entrepreneur Franklin von Tussle in the John Waters",
"title": "Film and television"
},
{
"text": "film Hairspray ( 1988 ) . In Men in Black ( 1997 ) , Bono is one of several oddball celebrities seen on a wall of video screens that monitor extraterrestrials living among us . He also appeared as the Mayor of Palm Springs ( which he actually was at the time ) in several episodes of P.S . I Luv U during the 1991–92 TV season , and on ( in season 1 , episode 9 , which aired November 21 , 1993 ) , in which he played Mayor Frank Berkowitz . He also made a minor appearance",
"title": "Film and television"
},
{
"text": "as himself in the comedy film First Kid ( 1996 ) .",
"title": "Film and television"
},
{
"text": " Bono guest-starred as himself on The Golden Girls episode Mrs . George Devereaux ( originally broadcast November 17 , 1990 ) , in which he vied with Lyle Waggoner for Dorothys ( Bea Arthur ) affection in a dream sequence . In Blanches ( Rue McClanahan ) dream , her husband is still alive , and Bono uses his power as Mayor of Palm Springs to have Waggoner falsely arrested so he can have Dorothy to himself . Sophia ( Estelle Getty ) had been hoping for Sonny and Dorothy to get together and actively supported Sonny .",
"title": "Film and television"
},
{
"text": "The picture of Bono was seen briefly in the Silly Songs segment , Love My Lips , in the VeggieTales video Dave and the Giant Pickle ( released in 1996 ) until it was removed in the 1998 re-issue after his death .",
"title": "Film and television"
},
{
"text": " Bono entered politics after experiencing great frustration with local government bureaucracy in trying to open a restaurant in Palm Springs , California . Bono made a successful bid to become the new mayor of Palm Springs . He served four years , from 1988 to 1992 . He was instrumental in spearheading the creation of the Palm Springs International Film Festival , which is held each year in Bonos memory .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Bono ran for the Republican nomination for United States Senate in 1992 , but the nomination went to the more conservative Bruce Herschensohn , and the election to the Democrat Barbara Boxer . Bono and Herschensohn became close friends after the campaign . Bono was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1994 to represent Californias 44th congressional district . He was one of twelve co-sponsors of a House bill extending copyright . Although that bill was never voted on in the Senate , a similar Senate bill was passed after his death and named the Sonny Bono",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Copyright Term Extension Act in his memory . It is also known ( derisively ) as the Mickey Mouse Protection Act .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " He championed the restoration of the Salton Sea , bringing the giant lakes plight to national attention . In 1998 , then Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich made a public appearance and speech at the shore of the lake on Bonos behalf .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "In their book Tell Newt to Shut Up , David Maraniss and Michael Weisskopf credit Bono with being the first person to recognize Gingrichs public relations problems in 1995 . Drawing on his long experience as a celebrity and entertainment producer , Bono ( according to Maraniss and Weisskopf ) recognized that Gingrichs status had changed from politician to celebrity and that he was not making allowances for that change :",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Bono remains the only member of Congress to have scored a number-one pop single on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Bono was married four times . He married his first wife , Donna Rankin , on November 3 , 1954 . Their daughter Christine ( Christy ) was born on June 24 , 1958 . They divorced in 1962 . In 1964 , Bono married singer and actress Cher . They had one child , Chaz Bono , born March 4 , 1969 , and divorced in 1975 . Bono married actress-model Susie Coelho on New Years Eve 1981 ; they divorced in 1984 .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "He wed Mary Whitaker in 1986 and they had two children , son Chesare Elan in 1988 and daughter Chianna Maria in 1991 .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": " Bono was named a godparent of Anthony Kiedis , who became a musical artist with his band , Red Hot Chili Peppers . Sonny was a close friend of Kiediss father , Blackie Dammett , and often took the boy on weekend trips .",
"title": "Godparent"
},
{
"text": " Bono was a champion of the Salton Sea in southeastern California , where a park was named in his honor . The 2005 documentary film Plagues & Pleasures on the Salton Sea ( narrated by John Waters ) features Bono and documented the lives of the inhabitants of Bombay Beach , Niland and Salton City , as well as the ecological issues associated with the Sea .",
"title": "Salton Sea"
},
{
"text": " He became interested in Scientology and took Scientology courses partly because of the influence of Mimi Rogers , but stated that he was a Roman Catholic on all official documents , campaign materials and websites . His wife Mary also took Scientology courses . However , after his death , Mary Bono stated that Sonny did try to break away [ from the Church of Scientology ] at one point , and they made it very difficult for him . The Church of Scientology said there was no estrangement from Bono .",
"title": "Religion"
},
{
"text": " Bono died on January 5 , 1998 , of injuries incurred when he hit a tree while skiing at Heavenly Mountain Resort in South Lake Tahoe , California . After Bonos death , Mary Bono said that Sonny had been addicted to prescription drugs ( mainly Vicodin and Valium ) and that she believed her husbands drug use caused the accident . No drugs or alcohol were found in his body .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "At Marys request , Cher gave a eulogy at Sonnys funeral . He was buried at Desert Memorial Park in Cathedral City , California . The epitaph on Bonos headstone reads AND THE BEAT GOES ON .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " Mary Bono was elected to fill the remainder of her husbands congressional term . She was elected in her own right seven subsequent times before being defeated in the election of 2012 .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " Sonny Bono has been honored and memorialized with : - A Golden Palm Star on the Palm Springs Walk of Stars : dedicated to him in 1996 . - Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act : Extended copyright protections effective October 27 , 1998 . - Sonny Bono Salton Sea National Wildlife Refuge : a nature reserve on the Salton Sea was renamed in Bonos honor in 1998 . - Sonny Bono Memorial Park , a small park in Washington , D.C. , was named in his honor in 1998 .",
"title": "Honors and tributes"
},
{
"text": "- Sonny Bono Memorial Interchange : an interchange on California State Route 60 at Nason Street in Moreno Valley , California , was named for Bono in September 2000 .",
"title": "Honors and tributes"
},
{
"text": " - Sony Bono Memorial Freeway : a 40-mile stretch of Interstate Highway 10 near Palm Springs was dedicated January 10 , 2002 . - Sonny Bono Concourse : a concourse at Palm Springs International Airport dedicated October 22 , 2002 . - Sonny Bono Memorial Fountain and Statue : Located in downtown Palm Springs , California , the statue was dedicated in November 2002 .",
"title": "Honors and tributes"
}
] |
/wiki/Sonny_Bono#P26#2
|
Who was Sonny Bono 's spouse after Oct 1994?
|
Sonny Bono Salvatore Phillip Sonny Bono ( ; February 16 , 1935 – January 5 , 1998 ) was an American singer-songwriter , producer , actor , and politician who came to fame in partnership with his second wife Cher as the popular singing duo Sonny & Cher . He was mayor of Palm Springs , California , from 1988 to 1992 , and the Republican congressman for Californias 44th district , elected during the Republican Revolution and serving from 1995 until his death in 1998 . The United States Copyright Term Extension Act of 1998 , which extended the term of copyright by 20 years , was named in honor of Bono when it was passed by Congress nine months after his death . Mary Bono ( Sonnys last wife ) had been one of the original sponsors of the legislation , commonly known as the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act . Early life . Bono was born in Detroit to Santo Bono ( born in Montelepre , Palermo , Italy ) and Zena Jean Bono ( née DiMercurio ) . His mother called him Sono as a term of endearment , which evolved over time into Sonny . Sonny was the youngest of three siblings ; he had two sisters , Fran and Betty . The family moved to Inglewood , California , when he was seven , and his parents divorced soon afterwards . Bono decided early in life to become part of the music business , and began writing songs as a teenager . Koko Joe , a song he wrote at age 16 , was recorded by Don and Dewey in 1958 , and later covered by several other artists including The Righteous Brothers . Bono attended Inglewood High School , but did not graduate , opting to drop out so he could begin to pursue a career as a songwriter and performer . He worked at a variety of jobs while trying to break into the music business , including waiter , truck driver , construction laborer , and butchers helper . Career . Entertainment career . Bono began his music career as a songwriter at Specialty Records , where his song Things You Do to Me was recorded by Sam Cooke , and went on to work for record producer Phil Spector in the early 1960s as a promotion man , percussionist and gofer . One of his earliest songwriting efforts , Needles and Pins was co-written with Jack Nitzsche , another member of Spectors production team . Later in the same decade , he achieved commercial success with his wife Cher in the singing duo Sonny and Cher . Bono wrote , arranged and produced a number of hit records including the singles I Got You Babe and The Beat Goes On , although Cher received more attention as a performer . He played a major part in Chers solo recording career , writing and producing singles including Bang Bang and You Better Sit Down Kids . Bono co-wrote She Said Yeah , covered by The Rolling Stones on their 1965 LP Decembers Children . His lone hit single as a solo artist , Laugh at Me , was released in 1965 and peaked at No . 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 . In live concerts , Bono introduced the song by saying Id like to sing a medley of my hit . His only other single as a solo artist , The Revolution Kind , reached No . 70 on the Billboard Hot 100 later that year . His solo album , Inner Views , was released in 1967 . Sonny continued to work with Cher through the early and mid-1970s , starring in a popular television variety show , The Sonny and Cher Comedy Hour , which ran on CBS from 1971 to 1974 . From 1976 to 1977 , the duo , since divorced , returned to perform together on The Sonny and Cher Show . Their last appearance together was on Late Night with David Letterman on November 13 , 1987 , on which they sang I Got You Babe . In 2011 , Sonny Bono was inducted into the Michigan Rock and Roll Legends Hall of Fame . Film and television . Bonos acting career included bit parts as a guest performer in such television series as Fantasy Island , Charlies Angels , The Love Boat , The Six Million Dollar Man and CHiPs . In the 1975 TV movie Murder on Flight 502 , he played the role of rock star Jack Marshall . He appeared in the 1980 miniseries Top of the Hill . He played the role of mad bomber Joe Selucci in ( 1982 ) and appeared in the horror film Troll ( 1986 ) . He also portrayed racist entrepreneur Franklin von Tussle in the John Waters film Hairspray ( 1988 ) . In Men in Black ( 1997 ) , Bono is one of several oddball celebrities seen on a wall of video screens that monitor extraterrestrials living among us . He also appeared as the Mayor of Palm Springs ( which he actually was at the time ) in several episodes of P.S . I Luv U during the 1991–92 TV season , and on ( in season 1 , episode 9 , which aired November 21 , 1993 ) , in which he played Mayor Frank Berkowitz . He also made a minor appearance as himself in the comedy film First Kid ( 1996 ) . Bono guest-starred as himself on The Golden Girls episode Mrs . George Devereaux ( originally broadcast November 17 , 1990 ) , in which he vied with Lyle Waggoner for Dorothys ( Bea Arthur ) affection in a dream sequence . In Blanches ( Rue McClanahan ) dream , her husband is still alive , and Bono uses his power as Mayor of Palm Springs to have Waggoner falsely arrested so he can have Dorothy to himself . Sophia ( Estelle Getty ) had been hoping for Sonny and Dorothy to get together and actively supported Sonny . The picture of Bono was seen briefly in the Silly Songs segment , Love My Lips , in the VeggieTales video Dave and the Giant Pickle ( released in 1996 ) until it was removed in the 1998 re-issue after his death . Political career . Bono entered politics after experiencing great frustration with local government bureaucracy in trying to open a restaurant in Palm Springs , California . Bono made a successful bid to become the new mayor of Palm Springs . He served four years , from 1988 to 1992 . He was instrumental in spearheading the creation of the Palm Springs International Film Festival , which is held each year in Bonos memory . Bono ran for the Republican nomination for United States Senate in 1992 , but the nomination went to the more conservative Bruce Herschensohn , and the election to the Democrat Barbara Boxer . Bono and Herschensohn became close friends after the campaign . Bono was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1994 to represent Californias 44th congressional district . He was one of twelve co-sponsors of a House bill extending copyright . Although that bill was never voted on in the Senate , a similar Senate bill was passed after his death and named the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act in his memory . It is also known ( derisively ) as the Mickey Mouse Protection Act . He championed the restoration of the Salton Sea , bringing the giant lakes plight to national attention . In 1998 , then Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich made a public appearance and speech at the shore of the lake on Bonos behalf . In their book Tell Newt to Shut Up , David Maraniss and Michael Weisskopf credit Bono with being the first person to recognize Gingrichs public relations problems in 1995 . Drawing on his long experience as a celebrity and entertainment producer , Bono ( according to Maraniss and Weisskopf ) recognized that Gingrichs status had changed from politician to celebrity and that he was not making allowances for that change : Bono remains the only member of Congress to have scored a number-one pop single on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart . Personal life . Marriages . Bono was married four times . He married his first wife , Donna Rankin , on November 3 , 1954 . Their daughter Christine ( Christy ) was born on June 24 , 1958 . They divorced in 1962 . In 1964 , Bono married singer and actress Cher . They had one child , Chaz Bono , born March 4 , 1969 , and divorced in 1975 . Bono married actress-model Susie Coelho on New Years Eve 1981 ; they divorced in 1984 . He wed Mary Whitaker in 1986 and they had two children , son Chesare Elan in 1988 and daughter Chianna Maria in 1991 . Godparent . Bono was named a godparent of Anthony Kiedis , who became a musical artist with his band , Red Hot Chili Peppers . Sonny was a close friend of Kiediss father , Blackie Dammett , and often took the boy on weekend trips . Salton Sea . Bono was a champion of the Salton Sea in southeastern California , where a park was named in his honor . The 2005 documentary film Plagues & Pleasures on the Salton Sea ( narrated by John Waters ) features Bono and documented the lives of the inhabitants of Bombay Beach , Niland and Salton City , as well as the ecological issues associated with the Sea . Religion . He became interested in Scientology and took Scientology courses partly because of the influence of Mimi Rogers , but stated that he was a Roman Catholic on all official documents , campaign materials and websites . His wife Mary also took Scientology courses . However , after his death , Mary Bono stated that Sonny did try to break away [ from the Church of Scientology ] at one point , and they made it very difficult for him . The Church of Scientology said there was no estrangement from Bono . Death . Bono died on January 5 , 1998 , of injuries incurred when he hit a tree while skiing at Heavenly Mountain Resort in South Lake Tahoe , California . After Bonos death , Mary Bono said that Sonny had been addicted to prescription drugs ( mainly Vicodin and Valium ) and that she believed her husbands drug use caused the accident . No drugs or alcohol were found in his body . At Marys request , Cher gave a eulogy at Sonnys funeral . He was buried at Desert Memorial Park in Cathedral City , California . The epitaph on Bonos headstone reads AND THE BEAT GOES ON . Mary Bono was elected to fill the remainder of her husbands congressional term . She was elected in her own right seven subsequent times before being defeated in the election of 2012 . Honors and tributes . Sonny Bono has been honored and memorialized with : - A Golden Palm Star on the Palm Springs Walk of Stars : dedicated to him in 1996 . - Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act : Extended copyright protections effective October 27 , 1998 . - Sonny Bono Salton Sea National Wildlife Refuge : a nature reserve on the Salton Sea was renamed in Bonos honor in 1998 . - Sonny Bono Memorial Park , a small park in Washington , D.C. , was named in his honor in 1998 . - Sonny Bono Memorial Interchange : an interchange on California State Route 60 at Nason Street in Moreno Valley , California , was named for Bono in September 2000 . - Sony Bono Memorial Freeway : a 40-mile stretch of Interstate Highway 10 near Palm Springs was dedicated January 10 , 2002 . - Sonny Bono Concourse : a concourse at Palm Springs International Airport dedicated October 22 , 2002 . - Sonny Bono Memorial Fountain and Statue : Located in downtown Palm Springs , California , the statue was dedicated in November 2002 .
|
[
"Mary Whitaker"
] |
[
{
"text": " Salvatore Phillip Sonny Bono ( ; February 16 , 1935 – January 5 , 1998 ) was an American singer-songwriter , producer , actor , and politician who came to fame in partnership with his second wife Cher as the popular singing duo Sonny & Cher . He was mayor of Palm Springs , California , from 1988 to 1992 , and the Republican congressman for Californias 44th district , elected during the Republican Revolution and serving from 1995 until his death in 1998 .",
"title": "Sonny Bono"
},
{
"text": "The United States Copyright Term Extension Act of 1998 , which extended the term of copyright by 20 years , was named in honor of Bono when it was passed by Congress nine months after his death . Mary Bono ( Sonnys last wife ) had been one of the original sponsors of the legislation , commonly known as the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act .",
"title": "Sonny Bono"
},
{
"text": "Bono was born in Detroit to Santo Bono ( born in Montelepre , Palermo , Italy ) and Zena Jean Bono ( née DiMercurio ) . His mother called him Sono as a term of endearment , which evolved over time into Sonny . Sonny was the youngest of three siblings ; he had two sisters , Fran and Betty . The family moved to Inglewood , California , when he was seven , and his parents divorced soon afterwards . Bono decided early in life to become part of the music business , and began writing songs as a",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "teenager . Koko Joe , a song he wrote at age 16 , was recorded by Don and Dewey in 1958 , and later covered by several other artists including The Righteous Brothers . Bono attended Inglewood High School , but did not graduate , opting to drop out so he could begin to pursue a career as a songwriter and performer . He worked at a variety of jobs while trying to break into the music business , including waiter , truck driver , construction laborer , and butchers helper .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Bono began his music career as a songwriter at Specialty Records , where his song Things You Do to Me was recorded by Sam Cooke , and went on to work for record producer Phil Spector in the early 1960s as a promotion man , percussionist and gofer . One of his earliest songwriting efforts , Needles and Pins was co-written with Jack Nitzsche , another member of Spectors production team . Later in the same decade , he achieved commercial success with his wife Cher in the singing duo Sonny and Cher . Bono wrote , arranged and produced",
"title": "Entertainment career"
},
{
"text": "a number of hit records including the singles I Got You Babe and The Beat Goes On , although Cher received more attention as a performer . He played a major part in Chers solo recording career , writing and producing singles including Bang Bang and You Better Sit Down Kids .",
"title": "Entertainment career"
},
{
"text": "Bono co-wrote She Said Yeah , covered by The Rolling Stones on their 1965 LP Decembers Children . His lone hit single as a solo artist , Laugh at Me , was released in 1965 and peaked at No . 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 . In live concerts , Bono introduced the song by saying Id like to sing a medley of my hit . His only other single as a solo artist , The Revolution Kind , reached No . 70 on the Billboard Hot 100 later that year . His solo album , Inner Views ,",
"title": "Entertainment career"
},
{
"text": "was released in 1967 .",
"title": "Entertainment career"
},
{
"text": " Sonny continued to work with Cher through the early and mid-1970s , starring in a popular television variety show , The Sonny and Cher Comedy Hour , which ran on CBS from 1971 to 1974 . From 1976 to 1977 , the duo , since divorced , returned to perform together on The Sonny and Cher Show . Their last appearance together was on Late Night with David Letterman on November 13 , 1987 , on which they sang I Got You Babe .",
"title": "Entertainment career"
},
{
"text": "In 2011 , Sonny Bono was inducted into the Michigan Rock and Roll Legends Hall of Fame .",
"title": "Entertainment career"
},
{
"text": "Bonos acting career included bit parts as a guest performer in such television series as Fantasy Island , Charlies Angels , The Love Boat , The Six Million Dollar Man and CHiPs . In the 1975 TV movie Murder on Flight 502 , he played the role of rock star Jack Marshall . He appeared in the 1980 miniseries Top of the Hill . He played the role of mad bomber Joe Selucci in ( 1982 ) and appeared in the horror film Troll ( 1986 ) . He also portrayed racist entrepreneur Franklin von Tussle in the John Waters",
"title": "Film and television"
},
{
"text": "film Hairspray ( 1988 ) . In Men in Black ( 1997 ) , Bono is one of several oddball celebrities seen on a wall of video screens that monitor extraterrestrials living among us . He also appeared as the Mayor of Palm Springs ( which he actually was at the time ) in several episodes of P.S . I Luv U during the 1991–92 TV season , and on ( in season 1 , episode 9 , which aired November 21 , 1993 ) , in which he played Mayor Frank Berkowitz . He also made a minor appearance",
"title": "Film and television"
},
{
"text": "as himself in the comedy film First Kid ( 1996 ) .",
"title": "Film and television"
},
{
"text": " Bono guest-starred as himself on The Golden Girls episode Mrs . George Devereaux ( originally broadcast November 17 , 1990 ) , in which he vied with Lyle Waggoner for Dorothys ( Bea Arthur ) affection in a dream sequence . In Blanches ( Rue McClanahan ) dream , her husband is still alive , and Bono uses his power as Mayor of Palm Springs to have Waggoner falsely arrested so he can have Dorothy to himself . Sophia ( Estelle Getty ) had been hoping for Sonny and Dorothy to get together and actively supported Sonny .",
"title": "Film and television"
},
{
"text": "The picture of Bono was seen briefly in the Silly Songs segment , Love My Lips , in the VeggieTales video Dave and the Giant Pickle ( released in 1996 ) until it was removed in the 1998 re-issue after his death .",
"title": "Film and television"
},
{
"text": " Bono entered politics after experiencing great frustration with local government bureaucracy in trying to open a restaurant in Palm Springs , California . Bono made a successful bid to become the new mayor of Palm Springs . He served four years , from 1988 to 1992 . He was instrumental in spearheading the creation of the Palm Springs International Film Festival , which is held each year in Bonos memory .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Bono ran for the Republican nomination for United States Senate in 1992 , but the nomination went to the more conservative Bruce Herschensohn , and the election to the Democrat Barbara Boxer . Bono and Herschensohn became close friends after the campaign . Bono was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1994 to represent Californias 44th congressional district . He was one of twelve co-sponsors of a House bill extending copyright . Although that bill was never voted on in the Senate , a similar Senate bill was passed after his death and named the Sonny Bono",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Copyright Term Extension Act in his memory . It is also known ( derisively ) as the Mickey Mouse Protection Act .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " He championed the restoration of the Salton Sea , bringing the giant lakes plight to national attention . In 1998 , then Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich made a public appearance and speech at the shore of the lake on Bonos behalf .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "In their book Tell Newt to Shut Up , David Maraniss and Michael Weisskopf credit Bono with being the first person to recognize Gingrichs public relations problems in 1995 . Drawing on his long experience as a celebrity and entertainment producer , Bono ( according to Maraniss and Weisskopf ) recognized that Gingrichs status had changed from politician to celebrity and that he was not making allowances for that change :",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Bono remains the only member of Congress to have scored a number-one pop single on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Bono was married four times . He married his first wife , Donna Rankin , on November 3 , 1954 . Their daughter Christine ( Christy ) was born on June 24 , 1958 . They divorced in 1962 . In 1964 , Bono married singer and actress Cher . They had one child , Chaz Bono , born March 4 , 1969 , and divorced in 1975 . Bono married actress-model Susie Coelho on New Years Eve 1981 ; they divorced in 1984 .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "He wed Mary Whitaker in 1986 and they had two children , son Chesare Elan in 1988 and daughter Chianna Maria in 1991 .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": " Bono was named a godparent of Anthony Kiedis , who became a musical artist with his band , Red Hot Chili Peppers . Sonny was a close friend of Kiediss father , Blackie Dammett , and often took the boy on weekend trips .",
"title": "Godparent"
},
{
"text": " Bono was a champion of the Salton Sea in southeastern California , where a park was named in his honor . The 2005 documentary film Plagues & Pleasures on the Salton Sea ( narrated by John Waters ) features Bono and documented the lives of the inhabitants of Bombay Beach , Niland and Salton City , as well as the ecological issues associated with the Sea .",
"title": "Salton Sea"
},
{
"text": " He became interested in Scientology and took Scientology courses partly because of the influence of Mimi Rogers , but stated that he was a Roman Catholic on all official documents , campaign materials and websites . His wife Mary also took Scientology courses . However , after his death , Mary Bono stated that Sonny did try to break away [ from the Church of Scientology ] at one point , and they made it very difficult for him . The Church of Scientology said there was no estrangement from Bono .",
"title": "Religion"
},
{
"text": " Bono died on January 5 , 1998 , of injuries incurred when he hit a tree while skiing at Heavenly Mountain Resort in South Lake Tahoe , California . After Bonos death , Mary Bono said that Sonny had been addicted to prescription drugs ( mainly Vicodin and Valium ) and that she believed her husbands drug use caused the accident . No drugs or alcohol were found in his body .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "At Marys request , Cher gave a eulogy at Sonnys funeral . He was buried at Desert Memorial Park in Cathedral City , California . The epitaph on Bonos headstone reads AND THE BEAT GOES ON .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " Mary Bono was elected to fill the remainder of her husbands congressional term . She was elected in her own right seven subsequent times before being defeated in the election of 2012 .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " Sonny Bono has been honored and memorialized with : - A Golden Palm Star on the Palm Springs Walk of Stars : dedicated to him in 1996 . - Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act : Extended copyright protections effective October 27 , 1998 . - Sonny Bono Salton Sea National Wildlife Refuge : a nature reserve on the Salton Sea was renamed in Bonos honor in 1998 . - Sonny Bono Memorial Park , a small park in Washington , D.C. , was named in his honor in 1998 .",
"title": "Honors and tributes"
},
{
"text": "- Sonny Bono Memorial Interchange : an interchange on California State Route 60 at Nason Street in Moreno Valley , California , was named for Bono in September 2000 .",
"title": "Honors and tributes"
},
{
"text": " - Sony Bono Memorial Freeway : a 40-mile stretch of Interstate Highway 10 near Palm Springs was dedicated January 10 , 2002 . - Sonny Bono Concourse : a concourse at Palm Springs International Airport dedicated October 22 , 2002 . - Sonny Bono Memorial Fountain and Statue : Located in downtown Palm Springs , California , the statue was dedicated in November 2002 .",
"title": "Honors and tributes"
}
] |
/wiki/Open_Source_Initiative#P488#0
|
Who was the head of Open Source Initiative in Jan 2014?
|
Open Source Initiative The Open Source Initiative ( OSI ) is a California public benefit corporation , with 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) tax-exempt status , founded in 1998 . It promotes the usage of open source software . The organization was founded in late February 1998 by Bruce Perens and Eric S . Raymond , part of a group inspired by the Netscape Communications Corporation publishing the source code for its flagship Netscape Communicator product . Later , in August 1998 , the organization added a board of directors . Raymond was president from its founding until February 2005 , followed briefly by Russ Nelson and then Michael Tiemann . In May 2012 , the new board elected Simon Phipps as president and in May 2015 Allison Randal was elected as president when Phipps stepped down in preparation for the 2016 end of his Board term . Phipps became President again in September 2017 . Molly de Blanc was elected President in May , 2019 , followed by Josh Simmons in May , 2020 . History . As a campaign of sorts , open source was launched in 1998 by Jon maddog Hall , Larry Augustin , Eric S . Raymond , Bruce Perens , and others . The group adopted the Open Source Definition for open-source software , based on the Debian Free Software Guidelines . They also established the Open Source Initiative ( OSI ) as a steward organization for the movement . However , they were unsuccessful in their attempt to secure a trademark for open source to control the use of the term . In 2008 , in an apparent effort to reform governance of the organization , the OSI Board invited 50 individuals to join a Charter Members group ; by 26 July 2008 , 42 of the original invitees had accepted the invitations . The full membership of the Charter Members has never been publicly revealed , and the Charter Members group communicated by way of a closed-subscription mailing list , osi-discuss , with non-public archives . In 2012 , under the leadership of OSI director and then-president Simon Phipps , the OSI began transitioning towards a membership-based governance structure . The OSI initiated an Affiliate Membership program for government-recognized non-profit charitable and not-for-profit industry associations and academic institutions anywhere in the world . Subsequently , the OSI announced an Individual Membership program and listed a number of Corporate Sponsors . As of 2020 , Microsoft is listed as a corporate sponsor . On November 8 , 2013 , OSI appointed Patrick Masson as its General Manager . As of August , 2020 , Deb Nicholson is the Interim General Manager . 2020 Leadership : Perens and ESR . In January 2020 , Bruce Perens left OSI over controversy regarding a license . A few months later , Perens declared on social media : We created a tower of babel of licenses . We did not design-in license compliance and we have a tremendous noncompliance problem that isnt getting better . We did not design a good framework for where proprietary software can go , and where it never should . Our license loopholes are exploited . After Bruce Perens exit , Eric Raymond , co-founder of the OSI was banned from the OSI in March 2020 . Specifically , Raymond was banned from the mailing lists used to organize and communicate with the OSI . For an organization to ban their founder from communicating with the group ( such as via a mailing list ) is a noteworthy move . Relationship with the free software movement . Both the modern free software movement and the Open Source Initiative were born from a common history of Unix , Internet free software , and the hacker culture , but their basic goals and philosophy differ . The Open Source Initiative chose the term open source , in founding member Michael Tiemanns words , to dump the moralizing and confrontational attitude that had been associated with free software and instead promote open source ideas on pragmatic , business-case grounds . As early as 1999 , OSI co-founder Perens objected to the schism that was developing between supporters of the Free Software Foundation ( FSF ) and the OSI because of their disparate approaches . ( Perens had hoped the OSI would merely serve as an introduction to FSF principles for non-hackers. ) Richard Stallman of FSF has sharply criticized the OSI for its pragmatic focus and for ignoring what he considers the central ethical imperative and emphasis on freedom underlying free software as he defines it . Nevertheless , Stallman has described his free software movement and the Open Source Initiative as separate camps within the same broad free-software community and acknowledged that despite philosophical differences , proponents of open source and free software often work together on practical projects . On March 23 , 2021 , in response to Richard Stallman’s reappointment to the Board of the Free Software Foundation , the OSI released a statement calling upon the FSF to hold Stallman responsible for past behavior , remove him from the organization’s leadership and work to address the harm he caused to all those he has excluded : those he considers less worthy , and those he has hurt with his words and actions . The OSI also stated that they would not participate in any events that include Stallman and cannot collaborate with the Free Software Foundation until Stallman is removed from the organization’s leadership . Board members . As of April 2020 , the Open Source Initiative Board of Directors is : - Deborah Bryant - Megan Byrd-Sanicki - Pamela Chestek - Hong Phuc Dang - Elana Hashman - Tracy Hinds - Chris Lamb - Faidon Liambotis - Patrick Masson - Josh Simmons - Italo Vignoli Past board members include : - Matt Asay - Brian Behlendorf - L . Peter Deutsch - Ken Coar - Danese Cooper - Molly de Blanc - Chris DiBona - Karl Fogel - Richard Fontana - Rishab Aiyer Ghosh - Mike Godwin - Harshad Gune - Christine Hall - Leslie Hawthorn - Joi Ito - Jim Jagielski - Fabio Kon - Raj Mathur - Martin Michlmayr - Mike Milinkovich - Ian Murdock - Russ Nelson - Nnenna Nwakanma - Andrew C . Oliver - Bruce Perens - Simon Phipps - Allison Randal - Eric S . Raymond - Guido van Rossum - Chip Salzenberg - Tim Sailer - Alolita Sharma - Carol Smith - Bruno Souza - Paul Tagliamonte - Michael Tiemann - Luis Villa - Tony Wasserman - Sanjiva Weerawarana - Stefano Zacchiroli
|
[
"Simon Phipps"
] |
[
{
"text": " The Open Source Initiative ( OSI ) is a California public benefit corporation , with 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) tax-exempt status , founded in 1998 . It promotes the usage of open source software . The organization was founded in late February 1998 by Bruce Perens and Eric S . Raymond , part of a group inspired by the Netscape Communications Corporation publishing the source code for its flagship Netscape Communicator product . Later , in August 1998 , the organization added a board of directors .",
"title": "Open Source Initiative"
},
{
"text": "Raymond was president from its founding until February 2005 , followed briefly by Russ Nelson and then Michael Tiemann . In May 2012 , the new board elected Simon Phipps as president and in May 2015 Allison Randal was elected as president when Phipps stepped down in preparation for the 2016 end of his Board term . Phipps became President again in September 2017 . Molly de Blanc was elected President in May , 2019 , followed by Josh Simmons in May , 2020 .",
"title": "Open Source Initiative"
},
{
"text": " As a campaign of sorts , open source was launched in 1998 by Jon maddog Hall , Larry Augustin , Eric S . Raymond , Bruce Perens , and others .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The group adopted the Open Source Definition for open-source software , based on the Debian Free Software Guidelines . They also established the Open Source Initiative ( OSI ) as a steward organization for the movement . However , they were unsuccessful in their attempt to secure a trademark for open source to control the use of the term . In 2008 , in an apparent effort to reform governance of the organization , the OSI Board invited 50 individuals to join a Charter Members group ; by 26 July 2008 , 42 of the original invitees had accepted the",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "invitations . The full membership of the Charter Members has never been publicly revealed , and the Charter Members group communicated by way of a closed-subscription mailing list , osi-discuss , with non-public archives .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In 2012 , under the leadership of OSI director and then-president Simon Phipps , the OSI began transitioning towards a membership-based governance structure . The OSI initiated an Affiliate Membership program for government-recognized non-profit charitable and not-for-profit industry associations and academic institutions anywhere in the world . Subsequently , the OSI announced an Individual Membership program and listed a number of Corporate Sponsors . As of 2020 , Microsoft is listed as a corporate sponsor .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "On November 8 , 2013 , OSI appointed Patrick Masson as its General Manager . As of August , 2020 , Deb Nicholson is the Interim General Manager .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " 2020 Leadership : Perens and ESR . In January 2020 , Bruce Perens left OSI over controversy regarding a license . A few months later , Perens declared on social media : We created a tower of babel of licenses . We did not design-in license compliance and we have a tremendous noncompliance problem that isnt getting better . We did not design a good framework for where proprietary software can go , and where it never should . Our license loopholes are exploited .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "After Bruce Perens exit , Eric Raymond , co-founder of the OSI was banned from the OSI in March 2020 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Specifically , Raymond was banned from the mailing lists used to organize and communicate with the OSI . For an organization to ban their founder from communicating with the group ( such as via a mailing list ) is a noteworthy move . Relationship with the free software movement .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Both the modern free software movement and the Open Source Initiative were born from a common history of Unix , Internet free software , and the hacker culture , but their basic goals and philosophy differ . The Open Source Initiative chose the term open source , in founding member Michael Tiemanns words , to dump the moralizing and confrontational attitude that had been associated with free software and instead promote open source ideas on pragmatic , business-case grounds .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "As early as 1999 , OSI co-founder Perens objected to the schism that was developing between supporters of the Free Software Foundation ( FSF ) and the OSI because of their disparate approaches . ( Perens had hoped the OSI would merely serve as an introduction to FSF principles for non-hackers. ) Richard Stallman of FSF has sharply criticized the OSI for its pragmatic focus and for ignoring what he considers the central ethical imperative and emphasis on freedom underlying free software as he defines it . Nevertheless , Stallman has described his free software movement and the Open Source",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Initiative as separate camps within the same broad free-software community and acknowledged that despite philosophical differences , proponents of open source and free software often work together on practical projects .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "On March 23 , 2021 , in response to Richard Stallman’s reappointment to the Board of the Free Software Foundation , the OSI released a statement calling upon the FSF to hold Stallman responsible for past behavior , remove him from the organization’s leadership and work to address the harm he caused to all those he has excluded : those he considers less worthy , and those he has hurt with his words and actions . The OSI also stated that they would not participate in any events that include Stallman and cannot collaborate with the Free Software Foundation until",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Stallman is removed from the organization’s leadership .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " As of April 2020 , the Open Source Initiative Board of Directors is : - Deborah Bryant - Megan Byrd-Sanicki - Pamela Chestek - Hong Phuc Dang - Elana Hashman - Tracy Hinds - Chris Lamb - Faidon Liambotis - Patrick Masson - Josh Simmons - Italo Vignoli Past board members include : - Matt Asay - Brian Behlendorf - L . Peter Deutsch - Ken Coar - Danese Cooper - Molly de Blanc - Chris DiBona - Karl Fogel - Richard Fontana - Rishab Aiyer Ghosh - Mike Godwin - Harshad Gune - Christine Hall - Leslie Hawthorn",
"title": "Board members"
},
{
"text": "- Joi Ito",
"title": "Board members"
},
{
"text": " - Jim Jagielski - Fabio Kon - Raj Mathur - Martin Michlmayr - Mike Milinkovich - Ian Murdock - Russ Nelson - Nnenna Nwakanma - Andrew C . Oliver - Bruce Perens - Simon Phipps - Allison Randal - Eric S . Raymond - Guido van Rossum - Chip Salzenberg - Tim Sailer - Alolita Sharma - Carol Smith - Bruno Souza - Paul Tagliamonte - Michael Tiemann - Luis Villa - Tony Wasserman - Sanjiva Weerawarana - Stefano Zacchiroli",
"title": "Board members"
}
] |
/wiki/Open_Source_Initiative#P488#1
|
Who was the head of Open Source Initiative between Oct 2015 and Dec 2016?
|
Open Source Initiative The Open Source Initiative ( OSI ) is a California public benefit corporation , with 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) tax-exempt status , founded in 1998 . It promotes the usage of open source software . The organization was founded in late February 1998 by Bruce Perens and Eric S . Raymond , part of a group inspired by the Netscape Communications Corporation publishing the source code for its flagship Netscape Communicator product . Later , in August 1998 , the organization added a board of directors . Raymond was president from its founding until February 2005 , followed briefly by Russ Nelson and then Michael Tiemann . In May 2012 , the new board elected Simon Phipps as president and in May 2015 Allison Randal was elected as president when Phipps stepped down in preparation for the 2016 end of his Board term . Phipps became President again in September 2017 . Molly de Blanc was elected President in May , 2019 , followed by Josh Simmons in May , 2020 . History . As a campaign of sorts , open source was launched in 1998 by Jon maddog Hall , Larry Augustin , Eric S . Raymond , Bruce Perens , and others . The group adopted the Open Source Definition for open-source software , based on the Debian Free Software Guidelines . They also established the Open Source Initiative ( OSI ) as a steward organization for the movement . However , they were unsuccessful in their attempt to secure a trademark for open source to control the use of the term . In 2008 , in an apparent effort to reform governance of the organization , the OSI Board invited 50 individuals to join a Charter Members group ; by 26 July 2008 , 42 of the original invitees had accepted the invitations . The full membership of the Charter Members has never been publicly revealed , and the Charter Members group communicated by way of a closed-subscription mailing list , osi-discuss , with non-public archives . In 2012 , under the leadership of OSI director and then-president Simon Phipps , the OSI began transitioning towards a membership-based governance structure . The OSI initiated an Affiliate Membership program for government-recognized non-profit charitable and not-for-profit industry associations and academic institutions anywhere in the world . Subsequently , the OSI announced an Individual Membership program and listed a number of Corporate Sponsors . As of 2020 , Microsoft is listed as a corporate sponsor . On November 8 , 2013 , OSI appointed Patrick Masson as its General Manager . As of August , 2020 , Deb Nicholson is the Interim General Manager . 2020 Leadership : Perens and ESR . In January 2020 , Bruce Perens left OSI over controversy regarding a license . A few months later , Perens declared on social media : We created a tower of babel of licenses . We did not design-in license compliance and we have a tremendous noncompliance problem that isnt getting better . We did not design a good framework for where proprietary software can go , and where it never should . Our license loopholes are exploited . After Bruce Perens exit , Eric Raymond , co-founder of the OSI was banned from the OSI in March 2020 . Specifically , Raymond was banned from the mailing lists used to organize and communicate with the OSI . For an organization to ban their founder from communicating with the group ( such as via a mailing list ) is a noteworthy move . Relationship with the free software movement . Both the modern free software movement and the Open Source Initiative were born from a common history of Unix , Internet free software , and the hacker culture , but their basic goals and philosophy differ . The Open Source Initiative chose the term open source , in founding member Michael Tiemanns words , to dump the moralizing and confrontational attitude that had been associated with free software and instead promote open source ideas on pragmatic , business-case grounds . As early as 1999 , OSI co-founder Perens objected to the schism that was developing between supporters of the Free Software Foundation ( FSF ) and the OSI because of their disparate approaches . ( Perens had hoped the OSI would merely serve as an introduction to FSF principles for non-hackers. ) Richard Stallman of FSF has sharply criticized the OSI for its pragmatic focus and for ignoring what he considers the central ethical imperative and emphasis on freedom underlying free software as he defines it . Nevertheless , Stallman has described his free software movement and the Open Source Initiative as separate camps within the same broad free-software community and acknowledged that despite philosophical differences , proponents of open source and free software often work together on practical projects . On March 23 , 2021 , in response to Richard Stallman’s reappointment to the Board of the Free Software Foundation , the OSI released a statement calling upon the FSF to hold Stallman responsible for past behavior , remove him from the organization’s leadership and work to address the harm he caused to all those he has excluded : those he considers less worthy , and those he has hurt with his words and actions . The OSI also stated that they would not participate in any events that include Stallman and cannot collaborate with the Free Software Foundation until Stallman is removed from the organization’s leadership . Board members . As of April 2020 , the Open Source Initiative Board of Directors is : - Deborah Bryant - Megan Byrd-Sanicki - Pamela Chestek - Hong Phuc Dang - Elana Hashman - Tracy Hinds - Chris Lamb - Faidon Liambotis - Patrick Masson - Josh Simmons - Italo Vignoli Past board members include : - Matt Asay - Brian Behlendorf - L . Peter Deutsch - Ken Coar - Danese Cooper - Molly de Blanc - Chris DiBona - Karl Fogel - Richard Fontana - Rishab Aiyer Ghosh - Mike Godwin - Harshad Gune - Christine Hall - Leslie Hawthorn - Joi Ito - Jim Jagielski - Fabio Kon - Raj Mathur - Martin Michlmayr - Mike Milinkovich - Ian Murdock - Russ Nelson - Nnenna Nwakanma - Andrew C . Oliver - Bruce Perens - Simon Phipps - Allison Randal - Eric S . Raymond - Guido van Rossum - Chip Salzenberg - Tim Sailer - Alolita Sharma - Carol Smith - Bruno Souza - Paul Tagliamonte - Michael Tiemann - Luis Villa - Tony Wasserman - Sanjiva Weerawarana - Stefano Zacchiroli
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " The Open Source Initiative ( OSI ) is a California public benefit corporation , with 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) tax-exempt status , founded in 1998 . It promotes the usage of open source software . The organization was founded in late February 1998 by Bruce Perens and Eric S . Raymond , part of a group inspired by the Netscape Communications Corporation publishing the source code for its flagship Netscape Communicator product . Later , in August 1998 , the organization added a board of directors .",
"title": "Open Source Initiative"
},
{
"text": "Raymond was president from its founding until February 2005 , followed briefly by Russ Nelson and then Michael Tiemann . In May 2012 , the new board elected Simon Phipps as president and in May 2015 Allison Randal was elected as president when Phipps stepped down in preparation for the 2016 end of his Board term . Phipps became President again in September 2017 . Molly de Blanc was elected President in May , 2019 , followed by Josh Simmons in May , 2020 .",
"title": "Open Source Initiative"
},
{
"text": " As a campaign of sorts , open source was launched in 1998 by Jon maddog Hall , Larry Augustin , Eric S . Raymond , Bruce Perens , and others .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The group adopted the Open Source Definition for open-source software , based on the Debian Free Software Guidelines . They also established the Open Source Initiative ( OSI ) as a steward organization for the movement . However , they were unsuccessful in their attempt to secure a trademark for open source to control the use of the term . In 2008 , in an apparent effort to reform governance of the organization , the OSI Board invited 50 individuals to join a Charter Members group ; by 26 July 2008 , 42 of the original invitees had accepted the",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "invitations . The full membership of the Charter Members has never been publicly revealed , and the Charter Members group communicated by way of a closed-subscription mailing list , osi-discuss , with non-public archives .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In 2012 , under the leadership of OSI director and then-president Simon Phipps , the OSI began transitioning towards a membership-based governance structure . The OSI initiated an Affiliate Membership program for government-recognized non-profit charitable and not-for-profit industry associations and academic institutions anywhere in the world . Subsequently , the OSI announced an Individual Membership program and listed a number of Corporate Sponsors . As of 2020 , Microsoft is listed as a corporate sponsor .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "On November 8 , 2013 , OSI appointed Patrick Masson as its General Manager . As of August , 2020 , Deb Nicholson is the Interim General Manager .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " 2020 Leadership : Perens and ESR . In January 2020 , Bruce Perens left OSI over controversy regarding a license . A few months later , Perens declared on social media : We created a tower of babel of licenses . We did not design-in license compliance and we have a tremendous noncompliance problem that isnt getting better . We did not design a good framework for where proprietary software can go , and where it never should . Our license loopholes are exploited .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "After Bruce Perens exit , Eric Raymond , co-founder of the OSI was banned from the OSI in March 2020 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Specifically , Raymond was banned from the mailing lists used to organize and communicate with the OSI . For an organization to ban their founder from communicating with the group ( such as via a mailing list ) is a noteworthy move . Relationship with the free software movement .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Both the modern free software movement and the Open Source Initiative were born from a common history of Unix , Internet free software , and the hacker culture , but their basic goals and philosophy differ . The Open Source Initiative chose the term open source , in founding member Michael Tiemanns words , to dump the moralizing and confrontational attitude that had been associated with free software and instead promote open source ideas on pragmatic , business-case grounds .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "As early as 1999 , OSI co-founder Perens objected to the schism that was developing between supporters of the Free Software Foundation ( FSF ) and the OSI because of their disparate approaches . ( Perens had hoped the OSI would merely serve as an introduction to FSF principles for non-hackers. ) Richard Stallman of FSF has sharply criticized the OSI for its pragmatic focus and for ignoring what he considers the central ethical imperative and emphasis on freedom underlying free software as he defines it . Nevertheless , Stallman has described his free software movement and the Open Source",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Initiative as separate camps within the same broad free-software community and acknowledged that despite philosophical differences , proponents of open source and free software often work together on practical projects .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "On March 23 , 2021 , in response to Richard Stallman’s reappointment to the Board of the Free Software Foundation , the OSI released a statement calling upon the FSF to hold Stallman responsible for past behavior , remove him from the organization’s leadership and work to address the harm he caused to all those he has excluded : those he considers less worthy , and those he has hurt with his words and actions . The OSI also stated that they would not participate in any events that include Stallman and cannot collaborate with the Free Software Foundation until",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Stallman is removed from the organization’s leadership .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " As of April 2020 , the Open Source Initiative Board of Directors is : - Deborah Bryant - Megan Byrd-Sanicki - Pamela Chestek - Hong Phuc Dang - Elana Hashman - Tracy Hinds - Chris Lamb - Faidon Liambotis - Patrick Masson - Josh Simmons - Italo Vignoli Past board members include : - Matt Asay - Brian Behlendorf - L . Peter Deutsch - Ken Coar - Danese Cooper - Molly de Blanc - Chris DiBona - Karl Fogel - Richard Fontana - Rishab Aiyer Ghosh - Mike Godwin - Harshad Gune - Christine Hall - Leslie Hawthorn",
"title": "Board members"
},
{
"text": "- Joi Ito",
"title": "Board members"
},
{
"text": " - Jim Jagielski - Fabio Kon - Raj Mathur - Martin Michlmayr - Mike Milinkovich - Ian Murdock - Russ Nelson - Nnenna Nwakanma - Andrew C . Oliver - Bruce Perens - Simon Phipps - Allison Randal - Eric S . Raymond - Guido van Rossum - Chip Salzenberg - Tim Sailer - Alolita Sharma - Carol Smith - Bruno Souza - Paul Tagliamonte - Michael Tiemann - Luis Villa - Tony Wasserman - Sanjiva Weerawarana - Stefano Zacchiroli",
"title": "Board members"
}
] |
/wiki/Open_Source_Initiative#P488#2
|
Who was the head of Open Source Initiative in Jul 2018?
|
Open Source Initiative The Open Source Initiative ( OSI ) is a California public benefit corporation , with 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) tax-exempt status , founded in 1998 . It promotes the usage of open source software . The organization was founded in late February 1998 by Bruce Perens and Eric S . Raymond , part of a group inspired by the Netscape Communications Corporation publishing the source code for its flagship Netscape Communicator product . Later , in August 1998 , the organization added a board of directors . Raymond was president from its founding until February 2005 , followed briefly by Russ Nelson and then Michael Tiemann . In May 2012 , the new board elected Simon Phipps as president and in May 2015 Allison Randal was elected as president when Phipps stepped down in preparation for the 2016 end of his Board term . Phipps became President again in September 2017 . Molly de Blanc was elected President in May , 2019 , followed by Josh Simmons in May , 2020 . History . As a campaign of sorts , open source was launched in 1998 by Jon maddog Hall , Larry Augustin , Eric S . Raymond , Bruce Perens , and others . The group adopted the Open Source Definition for open-source software , based on the Debian Free Software Guidelines . They also established the Open Source Initiative ( OSI ) as a steward organization for the movement . However , they were unsuccessful in their attempt to secure a trademark for open source to control the use of the term . In 2008 , in an apparent effort to reform governance of the organization , the OSI Board invited 50 individuals to join a Charter Members group ; by 26 July 2008 , 42 of the original invitees had accepted the invitations . The full membership of the Charter Members has never been publicly revealed , and the Charter Members group communicated by way of a closed-subscription mailing list , osi-discuss , with non-public archives . In 2012 , under the leadership of OSI director and then-president Simon Phipps , the OSI began transitioning towards a membership-based governance structure . The OSI initiated an Affiliate Membership program for government-recognized non-profit charitable and not-for-profit industry associations and academic institutions anywhere in the world . Subsequently , the OSI announced an Individual Membership program and listed a number of Corporate Sponsors . As of 2020 , Microsoft is listed as a corporate sponsor . On November 8 , 2013 , OSI appointed Patrick Masson as its General Manager . As of August , 2020 , Deb Nicholson is the Interim General Manager . 2020 Leadership : Perens and ESR . In January 2020 , Bruce Perens left OSI over controversy regarding a license . A few months later , Perens declared on social media : We created a tower of babel of licenses . We did not design-in license compliance and we have a tremendous noncompliance problem that isnt getting better . We did not design a good framework for where proprietary software can go , and where it never should . Our license loopholes are exploited . After Bruce Perens exit , Eric Raymond , co-founder of the OSI was banned from the OSI in March 2020 . Specifically , Raymond was banned from the mailing lists used to organize and communicate with the OSI . For an organization to ban their founder from communicating with the group ( such as via a mailing list ) is a noteworthy move . Relationship with the free software movement . Both the modern free software movement and the Open Source Initiative were born from a common history of Unix , Internet free software , and the hacker culture , but their basic goals and philosophy differ . The Open Source Initiative chose the term open source , in founding member Michael Tiemanns words , to dump the moralizing and confrontational attitude that had been associated with free software and instead promote open source ideas on pragmatic , business-case grounds . As early as 1999 , OSI co-founder Perens objected to the schism that was developing between supporters of the Free Software Foundation ( FSF ) and the OSI because of their disparate approaches . ( Perens had hoped the OSI would merely serve as an introduction to FSF principles for non-hackers. ) Richard Stallman of FSF has sharply criticized the OSI for its pragmatic focus and for ignoring what he considers the central ethical imperative and emphasis on freedom underlying free software as he defines it . Nevertheless , Stallman has described his free software movement and the Open Source Initiative as separate camps within the same broad free-software community and acknowledged that despite philosophical differences , proponents of open source and free software often work together on practical projects . On March 23 , 2021 , in response to Richard Stallman’s reappointment to the Board of the Free Software Foundation , the OSI released a statement calling upon the FSF to hold Stallman responsible for past behavior , remove him from the organization’s leadership and work to address the harm he caused to all those he has excluded : those he considers less worthy , and those he has hurt with his words and actions . The OSI also stated that they would not participate in any events that include Stallman and cannot collaborate with the Free Software Foundation until Stallman is removed from the organization’s leadership . Board members . As of April 2020 , the Open Source Initiative Board of Directors is : - Deborah Bryant - Megan Byrd-Sanicki - Pamela Chestek - Hong Phuc Dang - Elana Hashman - Tracy Hinds - Chris Lamb - Faidon Liambotis - Patrick Masson - Josh Simmons - Italo Vignoli Past board members include : - Matt Asay - Brian Behlendorf - L . Peter Deutsch - Ken Coar - Danese Cooper - Molly de Blanc - Chris DiBona - Karl Fogel - Richard Fontana - Rishab Aiyer Ghosh - Mike Godwin - Harshad Gune - Christine Hall - Leslie Hawthorn - Joi Ito - Jim Jagielski - Fabio Kon - Raj Mathur - Martin Michlmayr - Mike Milinkovich - Ian Murdock - Russ Nelson - Nnenna Nwakanma - Andrew C . Oliver - Bruce Perens - Simon Phipps - Allison Randal - Eric S . Raymond - Guido van Rossum - Chip Salzenberg - Tim Sailer - Alolita Sharma - Carol Smith - Bruno Souza - Paul Tagliamonte - Michael Tiemann - Luis Villa - Tony Wasserman - Sanjiva Weerawarana - Stefano Zacchiroli
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " The Open Source Initiative ( OSI ) is a California public benefit corporation , with 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) tax-exempt status , founded in 1998 . It promotes the usage of open source software . The organization was founded in late February 1998 by Bruce Perens and Eric S . Raymond , part of a group inspired by the Netscape Communications Corporation publishing the source code for its flagship Netscape Communicator product . Later , in August 1998 , the organization added a board of directors .",
"title": "Open Source Initiative"
},
{
"text": "Raymond was president from its founding until February 2005 , followed briefly by Russ Nelson and then Michael Tiemann . In May 2012 , the new board elected Simon Phipps as president and in May 2015 Allison Randal was elected as president when Phipps stepped down in preparation for the 2016 end of his Board term . Phipps became President again in September 2017 . Molly de Blanc was elected President in May , 2019 , followed by Josh Simmons in May , 2020 .",
"title": "Open Source Initiative"
},
{
"text": " As a campaign of sorts , open source was launched in 1998 by Jon maddog Hall , Larry Augustin , Eric S . Raymond , Bruce Perens , and others .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The group adopted the Open Source Definition for open-source software , based on the Debian Free Software Guidelines . They also established the Open Source Initiative ( OSI ) as a steward organization for the movement . However , they were unsuccessful in their attempt to secure a trademark for open source to control the use of the term . In 2008 , in an apparent effort to reform governance of the organization , the OSI Board invited 50 individuals to join a Charter Members group ; by 26 July 2008 , 42 of the original invitees had accepted the",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "invitations . The full membership of the Charter Members has never been publicly revealed , and the Charter Members group communicated by way of a closed-subscription mailing list , osi-discuss , with non-public archives .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In 2012 , under the leadership of OSI director and then-president Simon Phipps , the OSI began transitioning towards a membership-based governance structure . The OSI initiated an Affiliate Membership program for government-recognized non-profit charitable and not-for-profit industry associations and academic institutions anywhere in the world . Subsequently , the OSI announced an Individual Membership program and listed a number of Corporate Sponsors . As of 2020 , Microsoft is listed as a corporate sponsor .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "On November 8 , 2013 , OSI appointed Patrick Masson as its General Manager . As of August , 2020 , Deb Nicholson is the Interim General Manager .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " 2020 Leadership : Perens and ESR . In January 2020 , Bruce Perens left OSI over controversy regarding a license . A few months later , Perens declared on social media : We created a tower of babel of licenses . We did not design-in license compliance and we have a tremendous noncompliance problem that isnt getting better . We did not design a good framework for where proprietary software can go , and where it never should . Our license loopholes are exploited .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "After Bruce Perens exit , Eric Raymond , co-founder of the OSI was banned from the OSI in March 2020 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Specifically , Raymond was banned from the mailing lists used to organize and communicate with the OSI . For an organization to ban their founder from communicating with the group ( such as via a mailing list ) is a noteworthy move . Relationship with the free software movement .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Both the modern free software movement and the Open Source Initiative were born from a common history of Unix , Internet free software , and the hacker culture , but their basic goals and philosophy differ . The Open Source Initiative chose the term open source , in founding member Michael Tiemanns words , to dump the moralizing and confrontational attitude that had been associated with free software and instead promote open source ideas on pragmatic , business-case grounds .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "As early as 1999 , OSI co-founder Perens objected to the schism that was developing between supporters of the Free Software Foundation ( FSF ) and the OSI because of their disparate approaches . ( Perens had hoped the OSI would merely serve as an introduction to FSF principles for non-hackers. ) Richard Stallman of FSF has sharply criticized the OSI for its pragmatic focus and for ignoring what he considers the central ethical imperative and emphasis on freedom underlying free software as he defines it . Nevertheless , Stallman has described his free software movement and the Open Source",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Initiative as separate camps within the same broad free-software community and acknowledged that despite philosophical differences , proponents of open source and free software often work together on practical projects .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "On March 23 , 2021 , in response to Richard Stallman’s reappointment to the Board of the Free Software Foundation , the OSI released a statement calling upon the FSF to hold Stallman responsible for past behavior , remove him from the organization’s leadership and work to address the harm he caused to all those he has excluded : those he considers less worthy , and those he has hurt with his words and actions . The OSI also stated that they would not participate in any events that include Stallman and cannot collaborate with the Free Software Foundation until",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Stallman is removed from the organization’s leadership .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " As of April 2020 , the Open Source Initiative Board of Directors is : - Deborah Bryant - Megan Byrd-Sanicki - Pamela Chestek - Hong Phuc Dang - Elana Hashman - Tracy Hinds - Chris Lamb - Faidon Liambotis - Patrick Masson - Josh Simmons - Italo Vignoli Past board members include : - Matt Asay - Brian Behlendorf - L . Peter Deutsch - Ken Coar - Danese Cooper - Molly de Blanc - Chris DiBona - Karl Fogel - Richard Fontana - Rishab Aiyer Ghosh - Mike Godwin - Harshad Gune - Christine Hall - Leslie Hawthorn",
"title": "Board members"
},
{
"text": "- Joi Ito",
"title": "Board members"
},
{
"text": " - Jim Jagielski - Fabio Kon - Raj Mathur - Martin Michlmayr - Mike Milinkovich - Ian Murdock - Russ Nelson - Nnenna Nwakanma - Andrew C . Oliver - Bruce Perens - Simon Phipps - Allison Randal - Eric S . Raymond - Guido van Rossum - Chip Salzenberg - Tim Sailer - Alolita Sharma - Carol Smith - Bruno Souza - Paul Tagliamonte - Michael Tiemann - Luis Villa - Tony Wasserman - Sanjiva Weerawarana - Stefano Zacchiroli",
"title": "Board members"
}
] |
/wiki/Lady_Margaret_Beaufort#P26#0
|
Who was Lady Margaret Beaufort 's spouse before Aug 1445?
|
Lady Margaret Beaufort Lady Margaret Beaufort ( usually pronounced : or ; 31 May 1441/3 – 29 June 1509 ) was a major figure in the Wars of the Roses of the late fifteenth century , and mother of King Henry VII of England , the first Tudor monarch . A descendant of King Edward III , Lady Margaret passed a disputed claim to the English throne to her son , Henry Tudor . Capitalising on the political upheaval of the period , she actively manoeuvred to secure the crown for her son . Beaufort’s efforts ultimately culminated in Henry’s decisive victory over King Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field . She was thus instrumental in orchestrating the rise to power of the Tudor dynasty , which would produce two of Britains most famous monarchs : Henry VIII ( her grandson ) and Elizabeth I . With her son crowned Henry VII of England , Lady Margaret wielded a considerable degree of political influence and personal autonomy – both unusual for a woman of her time . She was also a major patron and cultural benefactor during her son’s reign , initiating an era of extensive Tudor patronage . She is credited with the establishment of two prominent Cambridge colleges , founding Christs College in 1505 and beginning the development of St Johns College , which was completed posthumously by her executors in 1511 . Lady Margaret Hall , Oxford , the first Oxford college to admit women , is named after her and has a statue of her in the college chapel . Origins . She was the daughter and sole heiress of John Beaufort , Duke of Somerset ( 1404–1444 ) , a legitimised grandson of John of Gaunt , 1st Duke of Lancaster ( third surviving son of King Edward III ) by his mistress Katherine Swynford . Lady Margaret was born at Bletsoe Castle , Bedfordshire , either on 31 May 1441 or , more likely , on 31 May 1443 . The day and month are not disputed , as she required Westminster Abbey to celebrate her birthday on 31 May . The year of her birth is more uncertain . William Dugdale , the 17th-century antiquary , suggested that she had been born in 1441 , based on evidence of inquisitions post mortem taken after the death of her father . Dugdale has been followed by a number of Lady Margarets biographers ; however , it is more likely that she was born in 1443 , as in May 1443 her father had negotiated with the king concerning the wardship of his unborn child should he die on campaign . Early years . At the moment of her birth , Margarets father was preparing to go to France and lead an important military expedition for King Henry VI . Somerset negotiated with the king to ensure that if he were to die the rights to Margarets wardship and marriage would be granted only to his wife . As Somerset was a tenant-in-chief of the crown , the wardship of his heir fell to the crown under the feudal system . Somerset fell out with the king after coming back from France and was banished from the royal court pending a charge of treason against him . He died shortly afterwards . According to Thomas Basin , Somerset died of illness , but the Crowland Chronicle reported that his death was a suicide . As his only surviving child , Margaret was heiress to his considerable fortune and inheritor of his contested claim to the throne . Both effectively rendered Margaret , as her biographers Jones and Underwood write , a pawn in the unstable political atmosphere of the Lancastrian court . Upon her first birthday , the king broke the arrangement with Margarets father and granted the wardship of her extensive lands to William de la Pole , 1st Duke of Suffolk , although Margaret herself remained in the custody of her mother . Margarets mother was pregnant at the time of Somersets death , but the child did not survive and Margaret remained the sole heir . Although she was her fathers only legitimate child , Margaret had two maternal half-brothers and three maternal half-sisters from her mothers first marriage whom she supported after her sons accession to the throne . Margaret was married to Suffolks son , John de la Pole . The wedding may have been held between 28 January and 7 February 1444 , when she was perhaps a year old but certainly no more than three . However , there is more evidence to suggest they were married in January 1450 , after Suffolk had been arrested and was looking to secure his sons future by betrothing him to a conveniently wealthy ward whose children could be potential claimants to the throne . Papal dispensation was granted on 18 August 1450 , necessary because the spouses were closely related ( Lady Margaret and de la Pole being the great-grandchildren of two sisters , Katherine Swynford and Philippa Chaucer , respectively ) , and this concurs with the later date of marriage . Margaret never recognised this marriage , and considered her next husband her first ( as is written in her 1472 will ) . Three years later , her marriage to de la Pole was dissolved , and King Henry VI granted Margarets wardship to his own half-brothers , Jasper and Edmund Tudor . In her will , made in 1472 , Margaret refers to Edmund Tudor as her first husband . Under canon law , Margaret was not bound by her first marriage contract as she was entered into the marriage before reaching the age of twelve . Even before the annulment of her first marriage , Henry VI chose Margaret as a bride for his half-brother , Edmund Tudor , 1st Earl of Richmond , likely to strengthen Edmund’s claim to the throne should Henry be forced to designate Edmund his heir ( the king was then without child or legitimate siblings ) . Edmund was the eldest son of the kings mother , Catherine of Valois , by Owen Tudor . At just nine years old Margaret was required to assent formally to the marriage . Later she claimed she was divinely guided to do so . At age twelve Margaret married Edmund Tudor , twelve years her senior , on 1 November 1455 . The Wars of the Roses had just broken out ; Edmund , a Lancastrian , was taken prisoner by Yorkist forces less than a year later . He died of the plague in captivity at Carmarthen on 3 November 1456 , leaving a 13-year-old widow who was seven months pregnant with their child . The Countess always respected the name and memory of Edmund as the father of her only child . In 1472 , sixteen years after his death , Margaret specified in her will that she wanted to be buried alongside Edmund , even though she had enjoyed a long , stable and close relationship with her third husband , who had died in 1471 . Motherhood . While in the care of her brother-in-law Jasper Tudor , on 28 January 1457 , the Countess gave birth to a son , Henry Tudor , at Pembroke Castle . She was thirteen years old at the time and not yet physically mature , so that the birth was extremely difficult . In a sermon delivered after her death , Margaret’s confessor , John Fisher , deemed it a miracle that a baby could be born of so little a personage . Her sons birth may have done permanent physical injury to Margaret ; despite two later marriages , she never had another child . Years later , she would enumerate a set of proper procedures concerning the delivery of potential heirs , perhaps informed by the difficulty of her own experience . Shortly after her re-entry into society after the birth , Jasper helped arrange another marriage for her , in order to ensure the security of her son . She married Sir Henry Stafford ( c . 1425–1471 ) , second son of Humphrey Stafford , 1st Duke of Buckingham , on 3 January 1458 , at the age of fourteen . A dispensation for the marriage , necessary because Margaret and Stafford were second cousins , was granted on 6 April 1457 . They enjoyed a fairly long and harmonious marital relationship and were given Woking Palace , to which Margaret sometimes retreated and which she restored . Margaret and her husband were given 400 marks worth of land by Buckingham , but her own estates were still their main source of income . For a time the Staffords were able to visit Margarets son , who had been entrusted to Jasper Tudors care at Pembroke Castle in Wales . Involvement in the Wars of the Roses . Reign of Edward IV . Years of York forces fighting Lancastrian for power culminated in the Battle of Towton in 1461 , where the Yorkists were victorious . Edward IV was King of England . The fighting had taken the life of Margaret’s father-in-law and forced Jasper Tudor to flee to Scotland and France to muster support for the Lancastrian cause . Edward IV gave the lands belonging to Margaret’s son to his own brother , the Duke of Clarence . Henry became the ward of Sir William Herbert . Again , Beaufort was allowed some visits to her son . In 1469 the discontented Duke of Clarence and Earl of Warwick incited a rebellion against Edward IV , capturing him after a defeat of his forces . Beaufort utilized this opportunity to attempt to negotiate with Clarence , hoping to regain custody of her son and his holdings . Soon , however , Edward was back in power . Warwick’s continued insurrection resulted in the brief reinstallation of the Lancastrian Henry VI in 1470-71 , which was effectively ended with the Yorkist victory at the Battle of Barnet . Faced with York rule once again , Margaret allegedly begged Jasper Tudor , forced to flee abroad once more , to take thirteen-year-old Henry with him . It would be fourteen years before Beaufort saw her son again . In 1471 , Margarets husband , Lord Stafford , died of wounds suffered at the Battle of Barnet , fighting for the Yorkists . At 28 years old , Margaret became a widow again . In June 1472 , Margaret married Thomas Stanley , the Lord High Constable and King of Mann . have suggested that Margaret never considered herself a member of the Stanley family . Their marriage was primarily one of convenience ; marrying Stanley enabled Margaret to return to the court of Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville . Indeed , Gristwood speculates Beaufort organized the marriage with the sole aim of rehabilitating her image and securing herself a prime position from which to advocate for her son . Evidently her efforts were successful ; Margaret was chosen by Queen Elizabeth to be godmother to one of her daughters . Holinshed , a Tudor chronicler , claims King Edward IV later proposed a marriage between Beaufort’s son and his own daughter , Elizabeth of York , intending to force Henry Tudor out of his safe haven on the continent . Poet Bernard Andre seems to corroborate this , writing of Tudor’s miraculous escape from the clutches of Edward’s envoys , allegedly warned of the deception by none other than his mother . Reign of Richard III . Following Edwards death and the seizure of the throne by Richard , Margaret was soon back at court serving the new queen , Anne Neville . Margaret carried Annes train at the coronation . Seeking her son’s return to England , Margaret appears to have negotiated with Richard . Despite what these negotiations may suggest , Lady Margaret is known to have conspired with Elizabeth Woodville , mother of the two York princes whom Richard confined to the Tower of London , after rumours spread of the boys murder . It was at this point , according to Polydore Vergil , that Beaufort began to hope well of her son’s fortune . Beaufort is believed to have initiated discussions with Woodville , via mutual physician , Lewis Caerleon , who conveyed secret correspondences between the two women . Together they conspired to supplant King Richard and by joint force replace him with Margaret’s son , Henry Tudor . Their solidified alliance further secured the subsequent dynasty by the agreed betrothal of Henry to Elizabeth of York . They hoped this proposal would attract both Yorkist and Lancastrian support . As to the fate of the princes , it is widely held that Richard III ordered the death of his two nephews to secure his own reign . Gristwood , however , suggests that another was responsible ; Henry Tudor’s path to the throne was certainly expedited by their disappearance , perhaps motive enough for his mother—his highly able and totally committed representative— to give the order . Despite this suggestion , no contemporary sources corroborate the implication , whilst most contemporary accounts outline “her outstanding qualities , her courage , presence of mind , family loyalty , and a deeply felt awareness of the spiritual responsibilities of high office,” as clarified by Jones and Underwood . Before Jones and Underwood , there was no consensus within the scholarly community regarding Margaret’s role or character : historiographical opinions ranged from celebrating her to demonizing her . It was not until the 17th Century that religious retrospective speculations began to criticize Lady Margaret , but even then only as a politic and contriving woman , and never anything beyond shrewd or calculating . All things considered , the words of her own contemporaries , such as Tudor historian Polydore Vergil , continue to extol Lady Margarets noble virtues as the most pious woman , further removing her from accusations of wickedness . Erasmus , in writing about his friend the Bishop , Saint John Fisher , praised Margaret’s support of religious institutions and the Bishop , further attesting the simultaneously pragmatic and charitable nature testified in the funerary sermon dedicated by the Bishop himself , as laid out in a following section . In 1483 Margaret was certainly involved in—if not the mastermind behind—Buckinghams rebellion . Indeed , in his biography of Richard III , historian Paul Murray Kendall describes Beaufort as the Athena of the rebellion . Perhaps with duplicitous motives ( as he may have been desirous of the crown for himself ) , Buckingham conspired with Beaufort and Woodville to dethrone Richard . Margaret’s son was to sail from Brittany to join forces with him , but he arrived too late . In October , Beaufort’s scheme proved unsuccessful ; the Duke was executed and Tudor was forced back across the English Channel . Beaufort appears to have played a large role in financing the insurrection . In response to her betrayal , Richard passed an act of Parliament stripping Margaret of all her titles and estates , declaring her guilty of the following:Forasmoch as Margaret Countesse of Richmond , Mother to the Kyngs greate Rebell and Traytour , Herry Erle of Richemond , hath of late conspired , consedered , and comitted high Treason ayenst oure Soveraigne Lorde the King Richard the Third , in dyvers and sundry wyses , and in especiall in sendyng messages , writyngs and tokens to the said Henry… Also the said Countesse made chevisancez of greate somes of Money… and also the said Countesse conspired , consedered , and imagyned the destruction of oure said Soveraign Lorde...” Richard did , however , stop short of a full attainder by transferring Margaret’s property to her husband , Lord Stanley . He also effectively imprisoned Margaret in her husbands home with the hope of preventing any further correspondence with her son . However , her husband failed to stop Margarets continued communication with her son . When the time came for Henry to press his claim , he relied heavily on his mother to raise support for him in England . Margarets husband Stanley , despite having fought for Richard III during the Buckingham rebellion , did not respond when summoned to fight at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485 , remaining aloof from the battle , even though his eldest son , George Stanley ( styled Lord Strange ) , was held hostage by Richard . After the battle , it was Stanley who placed the crown on the head of his stepson ( Henry VII ) , who later made him Earl of Derby . Margaret was then styled Countess of Richmond and Derby . She was invested as a Lady of the Order of the Garter ( LG ) in 1488 . Margaret Beaufort in power . After her sons victory at the Battle of Bosworth Field , the Countess was referred to in court as My Lady the Kings Mother . Her son’s first Parliament reversed the attainder against her and declared her a feme sole . This status granted Beaufort considerable legal and social independence from men . She was allowed to own property separately from her husband ( as though she were unmarried ) and sue in court – two rights denied her contemporary married women . As arranged by their mothers , Henry married Elizabeth of York . The Countess was reluctant to accept a lower status than the dowager queen Elizabeth or even her daughter-in-law , the queen consort . She wore robes of the same quality as the queen consort and walked only half a pace behind her . Elizabeths biographer , Amy Licence , states that this would have been the correct courtly protocol , adding that only one person knew how Elizabeth really felt about Margaret and she did not commit it to paper . Margaret had written her signature as M . Richmond for years , since the 1460s . In 1499 , she changed her signature to Margaret R. , perhaps to signify her royal authority ( R standing either for regina – queen in Latin as customarily employed by female monarchs – or for Richmond ) . Furthermore , she included the Tudor crown and the caption et mater Henrici septimi regis Angliæ et Hiberniæ ( and mother of Henry VII , king of England and Ireland ) . Many historians believe the departure from court of dowager queen Elizabeth Woodville in 1487 was partly at the behest of Henrys influential mother , though this is uncertain . Beaufort exerted considerable political influence within the Tudor court . The power she exercised was evidently obvious ; a report from Spanish envoy Pedro de Ayala dating to 1498 claimed Henry was much influenced by his mother and his followers in affairs or personal interest and in others . In the earlier years of her sons reign , records indicate Margaret usually accompanied the royal couple when they traveled . While Margarets position in the royal court was , to some extent , an expression of gratitude by her son , she was likely far less the passive recipient of Henrys favor one might expect . As Gristwood suggests in the following , Beaufort instead actively contrived to further her standing : A place had to be created for the sort of kings mother Margaret was determined to be . Perhaps if Margaret had become a queen , a role that she clearly felt Fortune had denied her , she would not have felt the need to press for her rights quite so stridently . Lady Margarets immediate petitions were not for queenly powers of rule over others , but were two succinct demands for independence and liberty of self , which were products of expert legal advice , as opposed to a desperate desire to rule . The first Act reversed the legislation that had robbed Margaret of her properties under the reign of Richard III , deeming it entirely void , annulled and of no force or effect . The second Act of November 1485 stated that she would enjoy all her properties and titles , and could pursue any legal action as any single unmarried person might or may do at any time , despite still being married . Moreover , as with many decisions made to secure the new dynasty , these Acts of Parliament passed appear to be a collaborative effort , mutually beneficial to both mother and son , as by granting Margaret the status of a femme sole , Henry and his Parliament made it possible to empower the Kings Mother without giving further leverage to the Stanleys , since Margaret could use any wealth granted to her for her own purposes , thereby circumventing the prevailing idea of coverture . In his chronicle , Polydore Vergil assessed the partnership between the Tudor king and his mother , noting that Henry gave her a share of most of his public and private resources , contrary to any assertion that Margaret desired greater power . Or , as King Henry Tudor states in a letter to his mother : ...not only in this but in all other things that I may know should be to your honour and pleasure , and will of your self , I shall be as glad to please you as your heart can desire.” Lady Margarets wardship of brothers Edward Stafford , 3rd Duke of Buckingham and Henry Stafford , 1st Earl of Wiltshire is one of many examples of how her unique position allowed her in varying aspects to operate beyond the scope of any queen , a position which , instead hindering or irritating her at all , proved advantageous to the state of the Crown and delineated her as a helpful and happy agent of its course , as she refused monetary recompense for her stewardship in this arena and successfully secured the allegiance of the Duke of Buckingham to King Henry Tudor , a loyalty that would fade away from the Crown once she and her son were gone . Later in her marriage , the Countess preferred living alone . In 1499 , with her husbands permission , she took a vow of chastity in the presence of Richard FitzJames , Bishop of London . Taking a vow of chastity while being married was unusual but not unprecedented . The Countess moved away from her husband and lived alone at Collyweston , Northamptonshire ( near Stamford ) . She was regularly visited by her husband , who had rooms reserved for him . Margaret renewed her vows in 1504 . From her principal residence at Collyweston she was given a special commission to administer justice over the Midlands and the North . Beaufort was also actively involved in the domestic life of the royal family . She created a proper protocol regarding the birth and upbringing of royal heirs . Though their relationship is often portrayed as antagonistic , Beaufort and her daughter-in-law Elizabeth worked together when planning the marriages of the royal children . They wrote jointly of the necessary instruction for Catherine of Aragon , who was to marry Elizabeth’s son , Prince Arthur . Both women also conspired to prevent Princess Margaret from being married to the Scottish king at too young an age ; in this matter , Gristwood writes , Beaufort was undoubtedly resolved that her granddaughter should not share her fate . After Elizabeth’s death in 1503 , Margaret became the principal female presence at court . When the death of Prince Arthur necessitated a new heir apparent , Margaret played a part in ensuring Prince Henry was raised appropriately by selecting some members of his new household . The Countess was known for her education and her piety . Biographers Jones and Underwood claim the entirety of Beaufort’s life can be understood in the context of her deeply-felt love and loyalty to her son . Henry is said to have been likewise devoted . A surviving letter written by Henry to his mother reveals his sense of gratitude and appreciation : All which thyngs according to your desire and plesure I have with all my herte and goode wille giffen and graunted unto you… I shall be as glad to plese you as youre herte can desire hit , and I knowe welle that I am as much bounden so to doe as any creture lyvyng , for the grete and singular moderly love and affection that hit hath plesed you at all tymes to ber towards me . Henry VII died on 21 April 1509 , having designated his mother chief executrix of his will . For two days after the death of her son , Margaret scrambled to secure the smooth succession of her grandson , Henry VIII . She arranged her sons funeral and her grandsons coronation . At her sons funeral she was given precedence over all the other women of the royal family . Before her death Beaufort also left her mark on the early reign of Henry VIII ; when her eighteen-year-old grandson chose members of his privy council , it was Margarets suggestions he took . Death . The Countess died in the Deanery of Westminster Abbey on 29 June 1509 . This was the day after her grandson Henry VIIIs 18th birthday , 5 days after his coronation and just over two months after the death of her son . She is buried in the Henry VII Chapel of the Abbey . Her tomb is now situated between the later graves of William III and Mary II and the tomb of Mary , Queen of Scots . Her tomb was created by Pietro Torrigiano , who probably arrived in England in 1509 and received the commission in the following year . The gilded bronze sculpture on the tomb depicts Margaret with her head resting on pillows and her hands raised in prayer , wearing garments characteristic of widowhood ; the face was probably sculpted from a death mask . The black marble tomb is embellished with heraldic bronze insignia , including a yale , her heraldic badge , at her feet . Erasmus wrote the Latin inscription on her tomb . In English it reads : Margaret , Countess of Richmond , mother of Henry VII , grandmother of Henry VIII , who donated funds for three monks of this abbey , a grammar school in Wimborne , a preacher in the whole of England , two lecturers in Scripture , one at Oxford , the other at Cambridge , where she also founded two colleges , one dedicated to Christ , and the other to St John , the Evangelist . In 1539 iron railings , elaborately painted with coats of arms and other ornaments , were erected around the tomb . The ironwork was sold off by the Abbey in 1823 but recovered and restored a century later . Legacy . Lady Margaret Beaufort was a lifelong artistic patron and supporter of academia . While married to Lord Stanley Margaret endowed the building of chapels in Wales . Like Edward IV and his court , she was also involved with the advances in printing of William Caxton and his successor Wynkyn de Worde , not only as a patroness but for her own acquisition . The first book she commissioned from Caxton in 1483 was the 13th-century French romance Blanchardin et Eglantine , which mirrored fairly closely the match she was forging in secret between her son Henry and Elizabeth of York , with the aid of Elizabeth Woodville , then in sanctuary from Richard III in Westminster Abbey . Six years later , after Richards defeat by Henry at Bosworth , she commissioned an English translation of the romance from Caxton : it heralded the beginning of a period of Tudor patronage . Apart from encouraging book production and building her own library , Margaret also achieved considerable success as a translator , becoming the first English translator of the Imitation of Christ known by name , as well as translating the fifteenth-century Netherlandish treatise The Mirror of Gold for the Sinful Soul from a French intermediary . In 1497 she announced her intention to build a free school for the general public of Wimborne . Following her death in 1509 , Wimborne Grammar School came into existence , to become Queen Elizabeths School , Wimborne Minster . In 1502 she established the Lady Margarets Professorship of Divinity at the University of Cambridge . In 1505 she refounded and enlarged Gods House , Cambridge as Christs College , Cambridge with a royal charter from the king . She has been honoured ever since as the Foundress of the College . A copy of her signature can be found carved on one of the buildings ( 4 staircase , 1994 ) within the College . In 1511 , St . Johns College , Cambridge was founded by her estate , either at her direct behest or at the suggestion of her chaplain , John Fisher . Land that she owned around Great Bradley in Suffolk was bequeathed to St . Johns upon its foundation . Her portraits hang in the Great Halls and other college rooms of both Christs and St . Johns , accompanied by portraits of John Fisher . Unusually , both colleges have the same coats of arms , using her crest and motto . Furthermore , various societies , including the Lady Margaret Society as well as the Beaufort Club at Christs , and the Lady Margaret Boat Club at Johns , were named after her . In 1502 she endowed a lectureship in divinity at the University of Oxford , first held by John Roper ; it became the Lady Margaret Professorship of Divinity , held concurrently with a canonship at Christ Church , Oxford . Lady Margaret Hall , the first womens college at the University of Oxford ( founded in 1878 ) , was named in her honour . A practical woman , when faced with problems of flooding in parts of the Fens that threatened some of her properties , she was able to initiate an ambitious drainage scheme , involving foreign engineers , that saw the construction of a large sluice at Boston . She funded the restoration of Church of All Saints , Martock in Somerset , and the construction of the church tower . Margaret Beaufort Middle School ( formerly Margaret Beaufort County Secondary Modern School ) in Riseley , Bedfordshire , near her birthplace at Bletsoe Castle , is named after her . Portraits . There is no surviving portrait of Margaret Beaufort dating from her lifetime . All known portraits , however , are in essentially the same format , depicting her in her later years , wearing a long , peaked , white headdress and in a pose of religious contemplation . Most of these were made in the reign of Henry VIII and Elizabeth I as symbols of loyalty to the Tudor regime . They may be based on a lost original , or be derived from the sculpture on her tomb in Westminster Abbey , in which she wears the same headdress . One variant of the portrait by Meynnart Wewyck in 1510 by Rowland Lockey from the late 1590s shows her at prayer in her richly furnished private closet behind her chamber . The plain desk at which she kneels is draped with a richly patterned textile that is so densely encrusted with embroidery that its corners stand away stiffly . Her lavishly illuminated Book of Hours is open before her , with its protective cloth wrapper ( called a chemise binding ) , spread out around it . The walls are patterned with oak leaf designs , perhaps in lozenges , perhaps of stamped and part-gilded leather . Against the wall hangs the dosser of her canopy of estate , with the tester above her head ( the Tudor rose at its centre ) supported on cords from the ceiling . The coats-of-arms woven into the tapestry are of England ( parted as usual with France ) and the portcullis badge of the Beauforts , which the early Tudor kings later used in their arms . Small stained glass roundels in the leaded glass of her lancet windows also display elements of the arms of both England ( cropped away here ) and Beaufort . Depictions in the media . In historical fiction . - Betty King , The Lady Margaret ( 1965 ) , a story about the marriage of Margaret Beaufort and Edmund Tudor , parents of King Henry VII - Betty King , The Kings Mother ( 1969 ) , sequel to the above , the story of the widowed Margaret Beaufort , mother of the future King Henry VII - Iris Gower , Destinys Child ( 1999 ) . This novel was originally published in 1974 as Bride of the Thirteenth Summer , under the name Iris Davies . - Philippa Gregory : - The Constant Princess ( 2005 ) , a story about the young Catherine of Aragon and her early life in England - The White Queen ( 2009 ) , Book 1 in the Cousins War series , about Elizabeth Woodville - The Red Queen , ( 2010 ) , Book 2 in the Cousins War series , about Margaret Beaufort herself - The Lady of the Rivers ( 2011 ) , Book 3 in the Cousins War series , about Jacquetta of Luxembourg - The Kingmakers Daughter ( 2012 ) , Book 4 in the Cousins War series , about Anne Neville - The White Princess ( 2013 ) , Book 5 in the Cousins War series , about Elizabeth of York - Rebecca Gablé , ( translated : The Game of Kings ) ( 2007 ) – the third instalment ( 1455–1485 ) of the Waringham series by the German author ; Margaret ( Megan ) Beaufort is one of the characters - Livi Michael , Succession ( 2014 ) – about Margaret of Anjou and Margaret Beaufort On screen . - Lady Margaret was portrayed by Marigold Sharman , in eight of the thirteen episodes of the BBCs Shadow of the Tower ( 1972 ) with James Maxwell as her son Henry VII . - Channel 4 and RDF Media produced a drama about Perkin Warbeck for British television in 2005 , Princes in the Tower . It was directed by Justin Hardy and starred Sally Edwards as Lady Margaret , opposite Paul Hilton as Henry VII , Mark Umbers as Warbeck , and Nadia Cameron Blakey as Elizabeth of York . - In 2013 , Amanda Hale portrayed Lady Margaret Beaufort in the television drama series , The White Queen , an adaptation of Gregorys novels , which was shown on BBC One , Starz , and VRT . - In the 2017 series The White Princess ( a follow-up to The White Queen ) , Margaret is portrayed by Michelle Fairley . She is portrayed later in life by Harriet Walter in 2019s The Spanish Princess , a follow-up to both The White Queen and The White Princess . In music . - In 2020 , Renée Lamb portrayed Margaret Beaufort on the cast recording of A Mothers War , a musical based on the Wars of the Roses .
|
[
"John de la Pole"
] |
[
{
"text": " Lady Margaret Beaufort ( usually pronounced : or ; 31 May 1441/3 – 29 June 1509 ) was a major figure in the Wars of the Roses of the late fifteenth century , and mother of King Henry VII of England , the first Tudor monarch .",
"title": "Lady Margaret Beaufort"
},
{
"text": "A descendant of King Edward III , Lady Margaret passed a disputed claim to the English throne to her son , Henry Tudor . Capitalising on the political upheaval of the period , she actively manoeuvred to secure the crown for her son . Beaufort’s efforts ultimately culminated in Henry’s decisive victory over King Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field . She was thus instrumental in orchestrating the rise to power of the Tudor dynasty , which would produce two of Britains most famous monarchs : Henry VIII ( her grandson ) and Elizabeth I .",
"title": "Lady Margaret Beaufort"
},
{
"text": " With her son crowned Henry VII of England , Lady Margaret wielded a considerable degree of political influence and personal autonomy – both unusual for a woman of her time . She was also a major patron and cultural benefactor during her son’s reign , initiating an era of extensive Tudor patronage .",
"title": "Lady Margaret Beaufort"
},
{
"text": "She is credited with the establishment of two prominent Cambridge colleges , founding Christs College in 1505 and beginning the development of St Johns College , which was completed posthumously by her executors in 1511 . Lady Margaret Hall , Oxford , the first Oxford college to admit women , is named after her and has a statue of her in the college chapel .",
"title": "Lady Margaret Beaufort"
},
{
"text": " She was the daughter and sole heiress of John Beaufort , Duke of Somerset ( 1404–1444 ) , a legitimised grandson of John of Gaunt , 1st Duke of Lancaster ( third surviving son of King Edward III ) by his mistress Katherine Swynford . Lady Margaret was born at Bletsoe Castle , Bedfordshire , either on 31 May 1441 or , more likely , on 31 May 1443 . The day and month are not disputed , as she required Westminster Abbey to celebrate her birthday on 31 May .",
"title": "Origins"
},
{
"text": "The year of her birth is more uncertain . William Dugdale , the 17th-century antiquary , suggested that she had been born in 1441 , based on evidence of inquisitions post mortem taken after the death of her father . Dugdale has been followed by a number of Lady Margarets biographers ; however , it is more likely that she was born in 1443 , as in May 1443 her father had negotiated with the king concerning the wardship of his unborn child should he die on campaign .",
"title": "Origins"
},
{
"text": " At the moment of her birth , Margarets father was preparing to go to France and lead an important military expedition for King Henry VI . Somerset negotiated with the king to ensure that if he were to die the rights to Margarets wardship and marriage would be granted only to his wife .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "As Somerset was a tenant-in-chief of the crown , the wardship of his heir fell to the crown under the feudal system . Somerset fell out with the king after coming back from France and was banished from the royal court pending a charge of treason against him . He died shortly afterwards . According to Thomas Basin , Somerset died of illness , but the Crowland Chronicle reported that his death was a suicide . As his only surviving child , Margaret was heiress to his considerable fortune and inheritor of his contested claim to the throne . Both",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "effectively rendered Margaret , as her biographers Jones and Underwood write , a pawn in the unstable political atmosphere of the Lancastrian court .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "Upon her first birthday , the king broke the arrangement with Margarets father and granted the wardship of her extensive lands to William de la Pole , 1st Duke of Suffolk , although Margaret herself remained in the custody of her mother . Margarets mother was pregnant at the time of Somersets death , but the child did not survive and Margaret remained the sole heir . Although she was her fathers only legitimate child , Margaret had two maternal half-brothers and three maternal half-sisters from her mothers first marriage whom she supported after her sons accession to the throne",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "Margaret was married to Suffolks son , John de la Pole . The wedding may have been held between 28 January and 7 February 1444 , when she was perhaps a year old but certainly no more than three . However , there is more evidence to suggest they were married in January 1450 , after Suffolk had been arrested and was looking to secure his sons future by betrothing him to a conveniently wealthy ward whose children could be potential claimants to the throne . Papal dispensation was granted on 18 August 1450 , necessary because the spouses were",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "closely related ( Lady Margaret and de la Pole being the great-grandchildren of two sisters , Katherine Swynford and Philippa Chaucer , respectively ) , and this concurs with the later date of marriage .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " Margaret never recognised this marriage , and considered her next husband her first ( as is written in her 1472 will ) . Three years later , her marriage to de la Pole was dissolved , and King Henry VI granted Margarets wardship to his own half-brothers , Jasper and Edmund Tudor . In her will , made in 1472 , Margaret refers to Edmund Tudor as her first husband . Under canon law , Margaret was not bound by her first marriage contract as she was entered into the marriage before reaching the age of twelve .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "Even before the annulment of her first marriage , Henry VI chose Margaret as a bride for his half-brother , Edmund Tudor , 1st Earl of Richmond , likely to strengthen Edmund’s claim to the throne should Henry be forced to designate Edmund his heir ( the king was then without child or legitimate siblings ) . Edmund was the eldest son of the kings mother , Catherine of Valois , by Owen Tudor .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " At just nine years old Margaret was required to assent formally to the marriage . Later she claimed she was divinely guided to do so . At age twelve Margaret married Edmund Tudor , twelve years her senior , on 1 November 1455 . The Wars of the Roses had just broken out ; Edmund , a Lancastrian , was taken prisoner by Yorkist forces less than a year later . He died of the plague in captivity at Carmarthen on 3 November 1456 , leaving a 13-year-old widow who was seven months pregnant with their child .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "The Countess always respected the name and memory of Edmund as the father of her only child . In 1472 , sixteen years after his death , Margaret specified in her will that she wanted to be buried alongside Edmund , even though she had enjoyed a long , stable and close relationship with her third husband , who had died in 1471 .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "While in the care of her brother-in-law Jasper Tudor , on 28 January 1457 , the Countess gave birth to a son , Henry Tudor , at Pembroke Castle . She was thirteen years old at the time and not yet physically mature , so that the birth was extremely difficult . In a sermon delivered after her death , Margaret’s confessor , John Fisher , deemed it a miracle that a baby could be born of so little a personage . Her sons birth may have done permanent physical injury to Margaret ; despite two later marriages , she",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "never had another child . Years later , she would enumerate a set of proper procedures concerning the delivery of potential heirs , perhaps informed by the difficulty of her own experience .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "Shortly after her re-entry into society after the birth , Jasper helped arrange another marriage for her , in order to ensure the security of her son . She married Sir Henry Stafford ( c . 1425–1471 ) , second son of Humphrey Stafford , 1st Duke of Buckingham , on 3 January 1458 , at the age of fourteen . A dispensation for the marriage , necessary because Margaret and Stafford were second cousins , was granted on 6 April 1457 . They enjoyed a fairly long and harmonious marital relationship and were given Woking Palace , to which",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "Margaret sometimes retreated and which she restored . Margaret and her husband were given 400 marks worth of land by Buckingham , but her own estates were still their main source of income . For a time the Staffords were able to visit Margarets son , who had been entrusted to Jasper Tudors care at Pembroke Castle in Wales .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "Years of York forces fighting Lancastrian for power culminated in the Battle of Towton in 1461 , where the Yorkists were victorious . Edward IV was King of England . The fighting had taken the life of Margaret’s father-in-law and forced Jasper Tudor to flee to Scotland and France to muster support for the Lancastrian cause . Edward IV gave the lands belonging to Margaret’s son to his own brother , the Duke of Clarence . Henry became the ward of Sir William Herbert . Again , Beaufort was allowed some visits to her son .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": " In 1469 the discontented Duke of Clarence and Earl of Warwick incited a rebellion against Edward IV , capturing him after a defeat of his forces . Beaufort utilized this opportunity to attempt to negotiate with Clarence , hoping to regain custody of her son and his holdings . Soon , however , Edward was back in power .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "Warwick’s continued insurrection resulted in the brief reinstallation of the Lancastrian Henry VI in 1470-71 , which was effectively ended with the Yorkist victory at the Battle of Barnet . Faced with York rule once again , Margaret allegedly begged Jasper Tudor , forced to flee abroad once more , to take thirteen-year-old Henry with him . It would be fourteen years before Beaufort saw her son again .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": " In 1471 , Margarets husband , Lord Stafford , died of wounds suffered at the Battle of Barnet , fighting for the Yorkists . At 28 years old , Margaret became a widow again .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "In June 1472 , Margaret married Thomas Stanley , the Lord High Constable and King of Mann . have suggested that Margaret never considered herself a member of the Stanley family . Their marriage was primarily one of convenience ; marrying Stanley enabled Margaret to return to the court of Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville . Indeed , Gristwood speculates Beaufort organized the marriage with the sole aim of rehabilitating her image and securing herself a prime position from which to advocate for her son . Evidently her efforts were successful ; Margaret was chosen by Queen Elizabeth to be",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "godmother to one of her daughters .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": " Holinshed , a Tudor chronicler , claims King Edward IV later proposed a marriage between Beaufort’s son and his own daughter , Elizabeth of York , intending to force Henry Tudor out of his safe haven on the continent . Poet Bernard Andre seems to corroborate this , writing of Tudor’s miraculous escape from the clutches of Edward’s envoys , allegedly warned of the deception by none other than his mother . Reign of Richard III .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "Following Edwards death and the seizure of the throne by Richard , Margaret was soon back at court serving the new queen , Anne Neville . Margaret carried Annes train at the coronation . Seeking her son’s return to England , Margaret appears to have negotiated with Richard .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": " Despite what these negotiations may suggest , Lady Margaret is known to have conspired with Elizabeth Woodville , mother of the two York princes whom Richard confined to the Tower of London , after rumours spread of the boys murder . It was at this point , according to Polydore Vergil , that Beaufort began to hope well of her son’s fortune .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "Beaufort is believed to have initiated discussions with Woodville , via mutual physician , Lewis Caerleon , who conveyed secret correspondences between the two women . Together they conspired to supplant King Richard and by joint force replace him with Margaret’s son , Henry Tudor . Their solidified alliance further secured the subsequent dynasty by the agreed betrothal of Henry to Elizabeth of York . They hoped this proposal would attract both Yorkist and Lancastrian support .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": " As to the fate of the princes , it is widely held that Richard III ordered the death of his two nephews to secure his own reign . Gristwood , however , suggests that another was responsible ; Henry Tudor’s path to the throne was certainly expedited by their disappearance , perhaps motive enough for his mother—his highly able and totally committed representative— to give the order .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "Despite this suggestion , no contemporary sources corroborate the implication , whilst most contemporary accounts outline “her outstanding qualities , her courage , presence of mind , family loyalty , and a deeply felt awareness of the spiritual responsibilities of high office,” as clarified by Jones and Underwood . Before Jones and Underwood , there was no consensus within the scholarly community regarding Margaret’s role or character : historiographical opinions ranged from celebrating her to demonizing her .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": " It was not until the 17th Century that religious retrospective speculations began to criticize Lady Margaret , but even then only as a politic and contriving woman , and never anything beyond shrewd or calculating . All things considered , the words of her own contemporaries , such as Tudor historian Polydore Vergil , continue to extol Lady Margarets noble virtues as the most pious woman , further removing her from accusations of wickedness .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "Erasmus , in writing about his friend the Bishop , Saint John Fisher , praised Margaret’s support of religious institutions and the Bishop , further attesting the simultaneously pragmatic and charitable nature testified in the funerary sermon dedicated by the Bishop himself , as laid out in a following section .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": " In 1483 Margaret was certainly involved in—if not the mastermind behind—Buckinghams rebellion . Indeed , in his biography of Richard III , historian Paul Murray Kendall describes Beaufort as the Athena of the rebellion . Perhaps with duplicitous motives ( as he may have been desirous of the crown for himself ) , Buckingham conspired with Beaufort and Woodville to dethrone Richard . Margaret’s son was to sail from Brittany to join forces with him , but he arrived too late .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "In October , Beaufort’s scheme proved unsuccessful ; the Duke was executed and Tudor was forced back across the English Channel . Beaufort appears to have played a large role in financing the insurrection . In response to her betrayal , Richard passed an act of Parliament stripping Margaret of all her titles and estates , declaring her guilty of the following:Forasmoch as Margaret Countesse of Richmond , Mother to the Kyngs greate Rebell and Traytour , Herry Erle of Richemond , hath of late conspired , consedered , and comitted high Treason ayenst oure Soveraigne Lorde the King Richard",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "the Third , in dyvers and sundry wyses , and in especiall in sendyng messages , writyngs and tokens to the said Henry… Also the said Countesse made chevisancez of greate somes of Money… and also the said Countesse conspired , consedered , and imagyned the destruction of oure said Soveraign Lorde...”",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": " Richard did , however , stop short of a full attainder by transferring Margaret’s property to her husband , Lord Stanley . He also effectively imprisoned Margaret in her husbands home with the hope of preventing any further correspondence with her son . However , her husband failed to stop Margarets continued communication with her son . When the time came for Henry to press his claim , he relied heavily on his mother to raise support for him in England .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "Margarets husband Stanley , despite having fought for Richard III during the Buckingham rebellion , did not respond when summoned to fight at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485 , remaining aloof from the battle , even though his eldest son , George Stanley ( styled Lord Strange ) , was held hostage by Richard . After the battle , it was Stanley who placed the crown on the head of his stepson ( Henry VII ) , who later made him Earl of Derby . Margaret was then styled Countess of Richmond and Derby . She was invested",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "as a Lady of the Order of the Garter ( LG ) in 1488 .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": " Margaret Beaufort in power . After her sons victory at the Battle of Bosworth Field , the Countess was referred to in court as My Lady the Kings Mother . Her son’s first Parliament reversed the attainder against her and declared her a feme sole . This status granted Beaufort considerable legal and social independence from men . She was allowed to own property separately from her husband ( as though she were unmarried ) and sue in court – two rights denied her contemporary married women .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "As arranged by their mothers , Henry married Elizabeth of York . The Countess was reluctant to accept a lower status than the dowager queen Elizabeth or even her daughter-in-law , the queen consort . She wore robes of the same quality as the queen consort and walked only half a pace behind her . Elizabeths biographer , Amy Licence , states that this would have been the correct courtly protocol , adding that only one person knew how Elizabeth really felt about Margaret and she did not commit it to paper .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": " Margaret had written her signature as M . Richmond for years , since the 1460s . In 1499 , she changed her signature to Margaret R. , perhaps to signify her royal authority ( R standing either for regina – queen in Latin as customarily employed by female monarchs – or for Richmond ) . Furthermore , she included the Tudor crown and the caption et mater Henrici septimi regis Angliæ et Hiberniæ ( and mother of Henry VII , king of England and Ireland ) .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "Many historians believe the departure from court of dowager queen Elizabeth Woodville in 1487 was partly at the behest of Henrys influential mother , though this is uncertain .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": " Beaufort exerted considerable political influence within the Tudor court . The power she exercised was evidently obvious ; a report from Spanish envoy Pedro de Ayala dating to 1498 claimed Henry was much influenced by his mother and his followers in affairs or personal interest and in others . In the earlier years of her sons reign , records indicate Margaret usually accompanied the royal couple when they traveled .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "While Margarets position in the royal court was , to some extent , an expression of gratitude by her son , she was likely far less the passive recipient of Henrys favor one might expect . As Gristwood suggests in the following , Beaufort instead actively contrived to further her standing :",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": " A place had to be created for the sort of kings mother Margaret was determined to be . Perhaps if Margaret had become a queen , a role that she clearly felt Fortune had denied her , she would not have felt the need to press for her rights quite so stridently . Lady Margarets immediate petitions were not for queenly powers of rule over others , but were two succinct demands for independence and liberty of self , which were products of expert legal advice , as opposed to a desperate desire to rule .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "The first Act reversed the legislation that had robbed Margaret of her properties under the reign of Richard III , deeming it entirely void , annulled and of no force or effect . The second Act of November 1485 stated that she would enjoy all her properties and titles , and could pursue any legal action as any single unmarried person might or may do at any time , despite still being married .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": " Moreover , as with many decisions made to secure the new dynasty , these Acts of Parliament passed appear to be a collaborative effort , mutually beneficial to both mother and son , as by granting Margaret the status of a femme sole , Henry and his Parliament made it possible to empower the Kings Mother without giving further leverage to the Stanleys , since Margaret could use any wealth granted to her for her own purposes , thereby circumventing the prevailing idea of coverture .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "In his chronicle , Polydore Vergil assessed the partnership between the Tudor king and his mother , noting that Henry gave her a share of most of his public and private resources , contrary to any assertion that Margaret desired greater power . Or , as King Henry Tudor states in a letter to his mother :",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": " ...not only in this but in all other things that I may know should be to your honour and pleasure , and will of your self , I shall be as glad to please you as your heart can desire.”",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "Lady Margarets wardship of brothers Edward Stafford , 3rd Duke of Buckingham and Henry Stafford , 1st Earl of Wiltshire is one of many examples of how her unique position allowed her in varying aspects to operate beyond the scope of any queen , a position which , instead hindering or irritating her at all , proved advantageous to the state of the Crown and delineated her as a helpful and happy agent of its course , as she refused monetary recompense for her stewardship in this arena and successfully secured the allegiance of the Duke of Buckingham to King",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "Henry Tudor , a loyalty that would fade away from the Crown once she and her son were gone .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "Later in her marriage , the Countess preferred living alone . In 1499 , with her husbands permission , she took a vow of chastity in the presence of Richard FitzJames , Bishop of London . Taking a vow of chastity while being married was unusual but not unprecedented . The Countess moved away from her husband and lived alone at Collyweston , Northamptonshire ( near Stamford ) . She was regularly visited by her husband , who had rooms reserved for him . Margaret renewed her vows in 1504 . From her principal residence at Collyweston she was given",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "a special commission to administer justice over the Midlands and the North .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "Beaufort was also actively involved in the domestic life of the royal family . She created a proper protocol regarding the birth and upbringing of royal heirs . Though their relationship is often portrayed as antagonistic , Beaufort and her daughter-in-law Elizabeth worked together when planning the marriages of the royal children . They wrote jointly of the necessary instruction for Catherine of Aragon , who was to marry Elizabeth’s son , Prince Arthur . Both women also conspired to prevent Princess Margaret from being married to the Scottish king at too young an age ; in this matter ,",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "Gristwood writes , Beaufort was undoubtedly resolved that her granddaughter should not share her fate .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": " After Elizabeth’s death in 1503 , Margaret became the principal female presence at court . When the death of Prince Arthur necessitated a new heir apparent , Margaret played a part in ensuring Prince Henry was raised appropriately by selecting some members of his new household .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "The Countess was known for her education and her piety . Biographers Jones and Underwood claim the entirety of Beaufort’s life can be understood in the context of her deeply-felt love and loyalty to her son . Henry is said to have been likewise devoted . A surviving letter written by Henry to his mother reveals his sense of gratitude and appreciation :",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": " All which thyngs according to your desire and plesure I have with all my herte and goode wille giffen and graunted unto you… I shall be as glad to plese you as youre herte can desire hit , and I knowe welle that I am as much bounden so to doe as any creture lyvyng , for the grete and singular moderly love and affection that hit hath plesed you at all tymes to ber towards me .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "Henry VII died on 21 April 1509 , having designated his mother chief executrix of his will . For two days after the death of her son , Margaret scrambled to secure the smooth succession of her grandson , Henry VIII . She arranged her sons funeral and her grandsons coronation . At her sons funeral she was given precedence over all the other women of the royal family .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": " Before her death Beaufort also left her mark on the early reign of Henry VIII ; when her eighteen-year-old grandson chose members of his privy council , it was Margarets suggestions he took .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": " The Countess died in the Deanery of Westminster Abbey on 29 June 1509 . This was the day after her grandson Henry VIIIs 18th birthday , 5 days after his coronation and just over two months after the death of her son . She is buried in the Henry VII Chapel of the Abbey . Her tomb is now situated between the later graves of William III and Mary II and the tomb of Mary , Queen of Scots .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "Her tomb was created by Pietro Torrigiano , who probably arrived in England in 1509 and received the commission in the following year . The gilded bronze sculpture on the tomb depicts Margaret with her head resting on pillows and her hands raised in prayer , wearing garments characteristic of widowhood ; the face was probably sculpted from a death mask . The black marble tomb is embellished with heraldic bronze insignia , including a yale , her heraldic badge , at her feet .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " Erasmus wrote the Latin inscription on her tomb . In English it reads : Margaret , Countess of Richmond , mother of Henry VII , grandmother of Henry VIII , who donated funds for three monks of this abbey , a grammar school in Wimborne , a preacher in the whole of England , two lecturers in Scripture , one at Oxford , the other at Cambridge , where she also founded two colleges , one dedicated to Christ , and the other to St John , the Evangelist .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "In 1539 iron railings , elaborately painted with coats of arms and other ornaments , were erected around the tomb . The ironwork was sold off by the Abbey in 1823 but recovered and restored a century later .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "While married to Lord Stanley Margaret endowed the building of chapels in Wales . Like Edward IV and his court , she was also involved with the advances in printing of William Caxton and his successor Wynkyn de Worde , not only as a patroness but for her own acquisition . The first book she commissioned from Caxton in 1483 was the 13th-century French romance Blanchardin et Eglantine , which mirrored fairly closely the match she was forging in secret between her son Henry and Elizabeth of York , with the aid of Elizabeth Woodville , then in sanctuary from",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "Richard III in Westminster Abbey . Six years later , after Richards defeat by Henry at Bosworth , she commissioned an English translation of the romance from Caxton : it heralded the beginning of a period of Tudor patronage . Apart from encouraging book production and building her own library , Margaret also achieved considerable success as a translator , becoming the first English translator of the Imitation of Christ known by name , as well as translating the fifteenth-century Netherlandish treatise The Mirror of Gold for the Sinful Soul from a French intermediary .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " In 1497 she announced her intention to build a free school for the general public of Wimborne . Following her death in 1509 , Wimborne Grammar School came into existence , to become Queen Elizabeths School , Wimborne Minster .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "In 1502 she established the Lady Margarets Professorship of Divinity at the University of Cambridge . In 1505 she refounded and enlarged Gods House , Cambridge as Christs College , Cambridge with a royal charter from the king . She has been honoured ever since as the Foundress of the College . A copy of her signature can be found carved on one of the buildings ( 4 staircase , 1994 ) within the College . In 1511 , St . Johns College , Cambridge was founded by her estate , either at her direct behest or at the suggestion",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "of her chaplain , John Fisher . Land that she owned around Great Bradley in Suffolk was bequeathed to St . Johns upon its foundation . Her portraits hang in the Great Halls and other college rooms of both Christs and St . Johns , accompanied by portraits of John Fisher . Unusually , both colleges have the same coats of arms , using her crest and motto . Furthermore , various societies , including the Lady Margaret Society as well as the Beaufort Club at Christs , and the Lady Margaret Boat Club at Johns , were named after",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "her .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " In 1502 she endowed a lectureship in divinity at the University of Oxford , first held by John Roper ; it became the Lady Margaret Professorship of Divinity , held concurrently with a canonship at Christ Church , Oxford . Lady Margaret Hall , the first womens college at the University of Oxford ( founded in 1878 ) , was named in her honour .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "A practical woman , when faced with problems of flooding in parts of the Fens that threatened some of her properties , she was able to initiate an ambitious drainage scheme , involving foreign engineers , that saw the construction of a large sluice at Boston . She funded the restoration of Church of All Saints , Martock in Somerset , and the construction of the church tower .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " Margaret Beaufort Middle School ( formerly Margaret Beaufort County Secondary Modern School ) in Riseley , Bedfordshire , near her birthplace at Bletsoe Castle , is named after her .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "There is no surviving portrait of Margaret Beaufort dating from her lifetime . All known portraits , however , are in essentially the same format , depicting her in her later years , wearing a long , peaked , white headdress and in a pose of religious contemplation . Most of these were made in the reign of Henry VIII and Elizabeth I as symbols of loyalty to the Tudor regime . They may be based on a lost original , or be derived from the sculpture on her tomb in Westminster Abbey , in which she wears the same",
"title": "Portraits"
},
{
"text": "headdress .",
"title": "Portraits"
},
{
"text": "One variant of the portrait by Meynnart Wewyck in 1510 by Rowland Lockey from the late 1590s shows her at prayer in her richly furnished private closet behind her chamber . The plain desk at which she kneels is draped with a richly patterned textile that is so densely encrusted with embroidery that its corners stand away stiffly . Her lavishly illuminated Book of Hours is open before her , with its protective cloth wrapper ( called a chemise binding ) , spread out around it . The walls are patterned with oak leaf designs , perhaps in lozenges ,",
"title": "Portraits"
},
{
"text": "perhaps of stamped and part-gilded leather . Against the wall hangs the dosser of her canopy of estate , with the tester above her head ( the Tudor rose at its centre ) supported on cords from the ceiling . The coats-of-arms woven into the tapestry are of England ( parted as usual with France ) and the portcullis badge of the Beauforts , which the early Tudor kings later used in their arms . Small stained glass roundels in the leaded glass of her lancet windows also display elements of the arms of both England ( cropped away here",
"title": "Portraits"
},
{
"text": ") and Beaufort .",
"title": "Portraits"
},
{
"text": " - Betty King , The Lady Margaret ( 1965 ) , a story about the marriage of Margaret Beaufort and Edmund Tudor , parents of King Henry VII - Betty King , The Kings Mother ( 1969 ) , sequel to the above , the story of the widowed Margaret Beaufort , mother of the future King Henry VII - Iris Gower , Destinys Child ( 1999 ) . This novel was originally published in 1974 as Bride of the Thirteenth Summer , under the name Iris Davies . - Philippa Gregory :",
"title": "In historical fiction"
},
{
"text": "- The Constant Princess ( 2005 ) , a story about the young Catherine of Aragon and her early life in England",
"title": "In historical fiction"
},
{
"text": " - The White Queen ( 2009 ) , Book 1 in the Cousins War series , about Elizabeth Woodville - The Red Queen , ( 2010 ) , Book 2 in the Cousins War series , about Margaret Beaufort herself - The Lady of the Rivers ( 2011 ) , Book 3 in the Cousins War series , about Jacquetta of Luxembourg - The Kingmakers Daughter ( 2012 ) , Book 4 in the Cousins War series , about Anne Neville",
"title": "In historical fiction"
},
{
"text": "- The White Princess ( 2013 ) , Book 5 in the Cousins War series , about Elizabeth of York",
"title": "In historical fiction"
},
{
"text": " - Rebecca Gablé , ( translated : The Game of Kings ) ( 2007 ) – the third instalment ( 1455–1485 ) of the Waringham series by the German author ; Margaret ( Megan ) Beaufort is one of the characters - Livi Michael , Succession ( 2014 ) – about Margaret of Anjou and Margaret Beaufort",
"title": "In historical fiction"
},
{
"text": " - Lady Margaret was portrayed by Marigold Sharman , in eight of the thirteen episodes of the BBCs Shadow of the Tower ( 1972 ) with James Maxwell as her son Henry VII . - Channel 4 and RDF Media produced a drama about Perkin Warbeck for British television in 2005 , Princes in the Tower . It was directed by Justin Hardy and starred Sally Edwards as Lady Margaret , opposite Paul Hilton as Henry VII , Mark Umbers as Warbeck , and Nadia Cameron Blakey as Elizabeth of York .",
"title": "On screen"
},
{
"text": "- In 2013 , Amanda Hale portrayed Lady Margaret Beaufort in the television drama series , The White Queen , an adaptation of Gregorys novels , which was shown on BBC One , Starz , and VRT .",
"title": "On screen"
},
{
"text": " - In the 2017 series The White Princess ( a follow-up to The White Queen ) , Margaret is portrayed by Michelle Fairley . She is portrayed later in life by Harriet Walter in 2019s The Spanish Princess , a follow-up to both The White Queen and The White Princess .",
"title": "On screen"
},
{
"text": " - In 2020 , Renée Lamb portrayed Margaret Beaufort on the cast recording of A Mothers War , a musical based on the Wars of the Roses .",
"title": "In music"
}
] |
/wiki/Lady_Margaret_Beaufort#P26#1
|
Who was Lady Margaret Beaufort 's spouse in Jan 1455?
|
Lady Margaret Beaufort Lady Margaret Beaufort ( usually pronounced : or ; 31 May 1441/3 – 29 June 1509 ) was a major figure in the Wars of the Roses of the late fifteenth century , and mother of King Henry VII of England , the first Tudor monarch . A descendant of King Edward III , Lady Margaret passed a disputed claim to the English throne to her son , Henry Tudor . Capitalising on the political upheaval of the period , she actively manoeuvred to secure the crown for her son . Beaufort’s efforts ultimately culminated in Henry’s decisive victory over King Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field . She was thus instrumental in orchestrating the rise to power of the Tudor dynasty , which would produce two of Britains most famous monarchs : Henry VIII ( her grandson ) and Elizabeth I . With her son crowned Henry VII of England , Lady Margaret wielded a considerable degree of political influence and personal autonomy – both unusual for a woman of her time . She was also a major patron and cultural benefactor during her son’s reign , initiating an era of extensive Tudor patronage . She is credited with the establishment of two prominent Cambridge colleges , founding Christs College in 1505 and beginning the development of St Johns College , which was completed posthumously by her executors in 1511 . Lady Margaret Hall , Oxford , the first Oxford college to admit women , is named after her and has a statue of her in the college chapel . Origins . She was the daughter and sole heiress of John Beaufort , Duke of Somerset ( 1404–1444 ) , a legitimised grandson of John of Gaunt , 1st Duke of Lancaster ( third surviving son of King Edward III ) by his mistress Katherine Swynford . Lady Margaret was born at Bletsoe Castle , Bedfordshire , either on 31 May 1441 or , more likely , on 31 May 1443 . The day and month are not disputed , as she required Westminster Abbey to celebrate her birthday on 31 May . The year of her birth is more uncertain . William Dugdale , the 17th-century antiquary , suggested that she had been born in 1441 , based on evidence of inquisitions post mortem taken after the death of her father . Dugdale has been followed by a number of Lady Margarets biographers ; however , it is more likely that she was born in 1443 , as in May 1443 her father had negotiated with the king concerning the wardship of his unborn child should he die on campaign . Early years . At the moment of her birth , Margarets father was preparing to go to France and lead an important military expedition for King Henry VI . Somerset negotiated with the king to ensure that if he were to die the rights to Margarets wardship and marriage would be granted only to his wife . As Somerset was a tenant-in-chief of the crown , the wardship of his heir fell to the crown under the feudal system . Somerset fell out with the king after coming back from France and was banished from the royal court pending a charge of treason against him . He died shortly afterwards . According to Thomas Basin , Somerset died of illness , but the Crowland Chronicle reported that his death was a suicide . As his only surviving child , Margaret was heiress to his considerable fortune and inheritor of his contested claim to the throne . Both effectively rendered Margaret , as her biographers Jones and Underwood write , a pawn in the unstable political atmosphere of the Lancastrian court . Upon her first birthday , the king broke the arrangement with Margarets father and granted the wardship of her extensive lands to William de la Pole , 1st Duke of Suffolk , although Margaret herself remained in the custody of her mother . Margarets mother was pregnant at the time of Somersets death , but the child did not survive and Margaret remained the sole heir . Although she was her fathers only legitimate child , Margaret had two maternal half-brothers and three maternal half-sisters from her mothers first marriage whom she supported after her sons accession to the throne . Margaret was married to Suffolks son , John de la Pole . The wedding may have been held between 28 January and 7 February 1444 , when she was perhaps a year old but certainly no more than three . However , there is more evidence to suggest they were married in January 1450 , after Suffolk had been arrested and was looking to secure his sons future by betrothing him to a conveniently wealthy ward whose children could be potential claimants to the throne . Papal dispensation was granted on 18 August 1450 , necessary because the spouses were closely related ( Lady Margaret and de la Pole being the great-grandchildren of two sisters , Katherine Swynford and Philippa Chaucer , respectively ) , and this concurs with the later date of marriage . Margaret never recognised this marriage , and considered her next husband her first ( as is written in her 1472 will ) . Three years later , her marriage to de la Pole was dissolved , and King Henry VI granted Margarets wardship to his own half-brothers , Jasper and Edmund Tudor . In her will , made in 1472 , Margaret refers to Edmund Tudor as her first husband . Under canon law , Margaret was not bound by her first marriage contract as she was entered into the marriage before reaching the age of twelve . Even before the annulment of her first marriage , Henry VI chose Margaret as a bride for his half-brother , Edmund Tudor , 1st Earl of Richmond , likely to strengthen Edmund’s claim to the throne should Henry be forced to designate Edmund his heir ( the king was then without child or legitimate siblings ) . Edmund was the eldest son of the kings mother , Catherine of Valois , by Owen Tudor . At just nine years old Margaret was required to assent formally to the marriage . Later she claimed she was divinely guided to do so . At age twelve Margaret married Edmund Tudor , twelve years her senior , on 1 November 1455 . The Wars of the Roses had just broken out ; Edmund , a Lancastrian , was taken prisoner by Yorkist forces less than a year later . He died of the plague in captivity at Carmarthen on 3 November 1456 , leaving a 13-year-old widow who was seven months pregnant with their child . The Countess always respected the name and memory of Edmund as the father of her only child . In 1472 , sixteen years after his death , Margaret specified in her will that she wanted to be buried alongside Edmund , even though she had enjoyed a long , stable and close relationship with her third husband , who had died in 1471 . Motherhood . While in the care of her brother-in-law Jasper Tudor , on 28 January 1457 , the Countess gave birth to a son , Henry Tudor , at Pembroke Castle . She was thirteen years old at the time and not yet physically mature , so that the birth was extremely difficult . In a sermon delivered after her death , Margaret’s confessor , John Fisher , deemed it a miracle that a baby could be born of so little a personage . Her sons birth may have done permanent physical injury to Margaret ; despite two later marriages , she never had another child . Years later , she would enumerate a set of proper procedures concerning the delivery of potential heirs , perhaps informed by the difficulty of her own experience . Shortly after her re-entry into society after the birth , Jasper helped arrange another marriage for her , in order to ensure the security of her son . She married Sir Henry Stafford ( c . 1425–1471 ) , second son of Humphrey Stafford , 1st Duke of Buckingham , on 3 January 1458 , at the age of fourteen . A dispensation for the marriage , necessary because Margaret and Stafford were second cousins , was granted on 6 April 1457 . They enjoyed a fairly long and harmonious marital relationship and were given Woking Palace , to which Margaret sometimes retreated and which she restored . Margaret and her husband were given 400 marks worth of land by Buckingham , but her own estates were still their main source of income . For a time the Staffords were able to visit Margarets son , who had been entrusted to Jasper Tudors care at Pembroke Castle in Wales . Involvement in the Wars of the Roses . Reign of Edward IV . Years of York forces fighting Lancastrian for power culminated in the Battle of Towton in 1461 , where the Yorkists were victorious . Edward IV was King of England . The fighting had taken the life of Margaret’s father-in-law and forced Jasper Tudor to flee to Scotland and France to muster support for the Lancastrian cause . Edward IV gave the lands belonging to Margaret’s son to his own brother , the Duke of Clarence . Henry became the ward of Sir William Herbert . Again , Beaufort was allowed some visits to her son . In 1469 the discontented Duke of Clarence and Earl of Warwick incited a rebellion against Edward IV , capturing him after a defeat of his forces . Beaufort utilized this opportunity to attempt to negotiate with Clarence , hoping to regain custody of her son and his holdings . Soon , however , Edward was back in power . Warwick’s continued insurrection resulted in the brief reinstallation of the Lancastrian Henry VI in 1470-71 , which was effectively ended with the Yorkist victory at the Battle of Barnet . Faced with York rule once again , Margaret allegedly begged Jasper Tudor , forced to flee abroad once more , to take thirteen-year-old Henry with him . It would be fourteen years before Beaufort saw her son again . In 1471 , Margarets husband , Lord Stafford , died of wounds suffered at the Battle of Barnet , fighting for the Yorkists . At 28 years old , Margaret became a widow again . In June 1472 , Margaret married Thomas Stanley , the Lord High Constable and King of Mann . have suggested that Margaret never considered herself a member of the Stanley family . Their marriage was primarily one of convenience ; marrying Stanley enabled Margaret to return to the court of Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville . Indeed , Gristwood speculates Beaufort organized the marriage with the sole aim of rehabilitating her image and securing herself a prime position from which to advocate for her son . Evidently her efforts were successful ; Margaret was chosen by Queen Elizabeth to be godmother to one of her daughters . Holinshed , a Tudor chronicler , claims King Edward IV later proposed a marriage between Beaufort’s son and his own daughter , Elizabeth of York , intending to force Henry Tudor out of his safe haven on the continent . Poet Bernard Andre seems to corroborate this , writing of Tudor’s miraculous escape from the clutches of Edward’s envoys , allegedly warned of the deception by none other than his mother . Reign of Richard III . Following Edwards death and the seizure of the throne by Richard , Margaret was soon back at court serving the new queen , Anne Neville . Margaret carried Annes train at the coronation . Seeking her son’s return to England , Margaret appears to have negotiated with Richard . Despite what these negotiations may suggest , Lady Margaret is known to have conspired with Elizabeth Woodville , mother of the two York princes whom Richard confined to the Tower of London , after rumours spread of the boys murder . It was at this point , according to Polydore Vergil , that Beaufort began to hope well of her son’s fortune . Beaufort is believed to have initiated discussions with Woodville , via mutual physician , Lewis Caerleon , who conveyed secret correspondences between the two women . Together they conspired to supplant King Richard and by joint force replace him with Margaret’s son , Henry Tudor . Their solidified alliance further secured the subsequent dynasty by the agreed betrothal of Henry to Elizabeth of York . They hoped this proposal would attract both Yorkist and Lancastrian support . As to the fate of the princes , it is widely held that Richard III ordered the death of his two nephews to secure his own reign . Gristwood , however , suggests that another was responsible ; Henry Tudor’s path to the throne was certainly expedited by their disappearance , perhaps motive enough for his mother—his highly able and totally committed representative— to give the order . Despite this suggestion , no contemporary sources corroborate the implication , whilst most contemporary accounts outline “her outstanding qualities , her courage , presence of mind , family loyalty , and a deeply felt awareness of the spiritual responsibilities of high office,” as clarified by Jones and Underwood . Before Jones and Underwood , there was no consensus within the scholarly community regarding Margaret’s role or character : historiographical opinions ranged from celebrating her to demonizing her . It was not until the 17th Century that religious retrospective speculations began to criticize Lady Margaret , but even then only as a politic and contriving woman , and never anything beyond shrewd or calculating . All things considered , the words of her own contemporaries , such as Tudor historian Polydore Vergil , continue to extol Lady Margarets noble virtues as the most pious woman , further removing her from accusations of wickedness . Erasmus , in writing about his friend the Bishop , Saint John Fisher , praised Margaret’s support of religious institutions and the Bishop , further attesting the simultaneously pragmatic and charitable nature testified in the funerary sermon dedicated by the Bishop himself , as laid out in a following section . In 1483 Margaret was certainly involved in—if not the mastermind behind—Buckinghams rebellion . Indeed , in his biography of Richard III , historian Paul Murray Kendall describes Beaufort as the Athena of the rebellion . Perhaps with duplicitous motives ( as he may have been desirous of the crown for himself ) , Buckingham conspired with Beaufort and Woodville to dethrone Richard . Margaret’s son was to sail from Brittany to join forces with him , but he arrived too late . In October , Beaufort’s scheme proved unsuccessful ; the Duke was executed and Tudor was forced back across the English Channel . Beaufort appears to have played a large role in financing the insurrection . In response to her betrayal , Richard passed an act of Parliament stripping Margaret of all her titles and estates , declaring her guilty of the following:Forasmoch as Margaret Countesse of Richmond , Mother to the Kyngs greate Rebell and Traytour , Herry Erle of Richemond , hath of late conspired , consedered , and comitted high Treason ayenst oure Soveraigne Lorde the King Richard the Third , in dyvers and sundry wyses , and in especiall in sendyng messages , writyngs and tokens to the said Henry… Also the said Countesse made chevisancez of greate somes of Money… and also the said Countesse conspired , consedered , and imagyned the destruction of oure said Soveraign Lorde...” Richard did , however , stop short of a full attainder by transferring Margaret’s property to her husband , Lord Stanley . He also effectively imprisoned Margaret in her husbands home with the hope of preventing any further correspondence with her son . However , her husband failed to stop Margarets continued communication with her son . When the time came for Henry to press his claim , he relied heavily on his mother to raise support for him in England . Margarets husband Stanley , despite having fought for Richard III during the Buckingham rebellion , did not respond when summoned to fight at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485 , remaining aloof from the battle , even though his eldest son , George Stanley ( styled Lord Strange ) , was held hostage by Richard . After the battle , it was Stanley who placed the crown on the head of his stepson ( Henry VII ) , who later made him Earl of Derby . Margaret was then styled Countess of Richmond and Derby . She was invested as a Lady of the Order of the Garter ( LG ) in 1488 . Margaret Beaufort in power . After her sons victory at the Battle of Bosworth Field , the Countess was referred to in court as My Lady the Kings Mother . Her son’s first Parliament reversed the attainder against her and declared her a feme sole . This status granted Beaufort considerable legal and social independence from men . She was allowed to own property separately from her husband ( as though she were unmarried ) and sue in court – two rights denied her contemporary married women . As arranged by their mothers , Henry married Elizabeth of York . The Countess was reluctant to accept a lower status than the dowager queen Elizabeth or even her daughter-in-law , the queen consort . She wore robes of the same quality as the queen consort and walked only half a pace behind her . Elizabeths biographer , Amy Licence , states that this would have been the correct courtly protocol , adding that only one person knew how Elizabeth really felt about Margaret and she did not commit it to paper . Margaret had written her signature as M . Richmond for years , since the 1460s . In 1499 , she changed her signature to Margaret R. , perhaps to signify her royal authority ( R standing either for regina – queen in Latin as customarily employed by female monarchs – or for Richmond ) . Furthermore , she included the Tudor crown and the caption et mater Henrici septimi regis Angliæ et Hiberniæ ( and mother of Henry VII , king of England and Ireland ) . Many historians believe the departure from court of dowager queen Elizabeth Woodville in 1487 was partly at the behest of Henrys influential mother , though this is uncertain . Beaufort exerted considerable political influence within the Tudor court . The power she exercised was evidently obvious ; a report from Spanish envoy Pedro de Ayala dating to 1498 claimed Henry was much influenced by his mother and his followers in affairs or personal interest and in others . In the earlier years of her sons reign , records indicate Margaret usually accompanied the royal couple when they traveled . While Margarets position in the royal court was , to some extent , an expression of gratitude by her son , she was likely far less the passive recipient of Henrys favor one might expect . As Gristwood suggests in the following , Beaufort instead actively contrived to further her standing : A place had to be created for the sort of kings mother Margaret was determined to be . Perhaps if Margaret had become a queen , a role that she clearly felt Fortune had denied her , she would not have felt the need to press for her rights quite so stridently . Lady Margarets immediate petitions were not for queenly powers of rule over others , but were two succinct demands for independence and liberty of self , which were products of expert legal advice , as opposed to a desperate desire to rule . The first Act reversed the legislation that had robbed Margaret of her properties under the reign of Richard III , deeming it entirely void , annulled and of no force or effect . The second Act of November 1485 stated that she would enjoy all her properties and titles , and could pursue any legal action as any single unmarried person might or may do at any time , despite still being married . Moreover , as with many decisions made to secure the new dynasty , these Acts of Parliament passed appear to be a collaborative effort , mutually beneficial to both mother and son , as by granting Margaret the status of a femme sole , Henry and his Parliament made it possible to empower the Kings Mother without giving further leverage to the Stanleys , since Margaret could use any wealth granted to her for her own purposes , thereby circumventing the prevailing idea of coverture . In his chronicle , Polydore Vergil assessed the partnership between the Tudor king and his mother , noting that Henry gave her a share of most of his public and private resources , contrary to any assertion that Margaret desired greater power . Or , as King Henry Tudor states in a letter to his mother : ...not only in this but in all other things that I may know should be to your honour and pleasure , and will of your self , I shall be as glad to please you as your heart can desire.” Lady Margarets wardship of brothers Edward Stafford , 3rd Duke of Buckingham and Henry Stafford , 1st Earl of Wiltshire is one of many examples of how her unique position allowed her in varying aspects to operate beyond the scope of any queen , a position which , instead hindering or irritating her at all , proved advantageous to the state of the Crown and delineated her as a helpful and happy agent of its course , as she refused monetary recompense for her stewardship in this arena and successfully secured the allegiance of the Duke of Buckingham to King Henry Tudor , a loyalty that would fade away from the Crown once she and her son were gone . Later in her marriage , the Countess preferred living alone . In 1499 , with her husbands permission , she took a vow of chastity in the presence of Richard FitzJames , Bishop of London . Taking a vow of chastity while being married was unusual but not unprecedented . The Countess moved away from her husband and lived alone at Collyweston , Northamptonshire ( near Stamford ) . She was regularly visited by her husband , who had rooms reserved for him . Margaret renewed her vows in 1504 . From her principal residence at Collyweston she was given a special commission to administer justice over the Midlands and the North . Beaufort was also actively involved in the domestic life of the royal family . She created a proper protocol regarding the birth and upbringing of royal heirs . Though their relationship is often portrayed as antagonistic , Beaufort and her daughter-in-law Elizabeth worked together when planning the marriages of the royal children . They wrote jointly of the necessary instruction for Catherine of Aragon , who was to marry Elizabeth’s son , Prince Arthur . Both women also conspired to prevent Princess Margaret from being married to the Scottish king at too young an age ; in this matter , Gristwood writes , Beaufort was undoubtedly resolved that her granddaughter should not share her fate . After Elizabeth’s death in 1503 , Margaret became the principal female presence at court . When the death of Prince Arthur necessitated a new heir apparent , Margaret played a part in ensuring Prince Henry was raised appropriately by selecting some members of his new household . The Countess was known for her education and her piety . Biographers Jones and Underwood claim the entirety of Beaufort’s life can be understood in the context of her deeply-felt love and loyalty to her son . Henry is said to have been likewise devoted . A surviving letter written by Henry to his mother reveals his sense of gratitude and appreciation : All which thyngs according to your desire and plesure I have with all my herte and goode wille giffen and graunted unto you… I shall be as glad to plese you as youre herte can desire hit , and I knowe welle that I am as much bounden so to doe as any creture lyvyng , for the grete and singular moderly love and affection that hit hath plesed you at all tymes to ber towards me . Henry VII died on 21 April 1509 , having designated his mother chief executrix of his will . For two days after the death of her son , Margaret scrambled to secure the smooth succession of her grandson , Henry VIII . She arranged her sons funeral and her grandsons coronation . At her sons funeral she was given precedence over all the other women of the royal family . Before her death Beaufort also left her mark on the early reign of Henry VIII ; when her eighteen-year-old grandson chose members of his privy council , it was Margarets suggestions he took . Death . The Countess died in the Deanery of Westminster Abbey on 29 June 1509 . This was the day after her grandson Henry VIIIs 18th birthday , 5 days after his coronation and just over two months after the death of her son . She is buried in the Henry VII Chapel of the Abbey . Her tomb is now situated between the later graves of William III and Mary II and the tomb of Mary , Queen of Scots . Her tomb was created by Pietro Torrigiano , who probably arrived in England in 1509 and received the commission in the following year . The gilded bronze sculpture on the tomb depicts Margaret with her head resting on pillows and her hands raised in prayer , wearing garments characteristic of widowhood ; the face was probably sculpted from a death mask . The black marble tomb is embellished with heraldic bronze insignia , including a yale , her heraldic badge , at her feet . Erasmus wrote the Latin inscription on her tomb . In English it reads : Margaret , Countess of Richmond , mother of Henry VII , grandmother of Henry VIII , who donated funds for three monks of this abbey , a grammar school in Wimborne , a preacher in the whole of England , two lecturers in Scripture , one at Oxford , the other at Cambridge , where she also founded two colleges , one dedicated to Christ , and the other to St John , the Evangelist . In 1539 iron railings , elaborately painted with coats of arms and other ornaments , were erected around the tomb . The ironwork was sold off by the Abbey in 1823 but recovered and restored a century later . Legacy . Lady Margaret Beaufort was a lifelong artistic patron and supporter of academia . While married to Lord Stanley Margaret endowed the building of chapels in Wales . Like Edward IV and his court , she was also involved with the advances in printing of William Caxton and his successor Wynkyn de Worde , not only as a patroness but for her own acquisition . The first book she commissioned from Caxton in 1483 was the 13th-century French romance Blanchardin et Eglantine , which mirrored fairly closely the match she was forging in secret between her son Henry and Elizabeth of York , with the aid of Elizabeth Woodville , then in sanctuary from Richard III in Westminster Abbey . Six years later , after Richards defeat by Henry at Bosworth , she commissioned an English translation of the romance from Caxton : it heralded the beginning of a period of Tudor patronage . Apart from encouraging book production and building her own library , Margaret also achieved considerable success as a translator , becoming the first English translator of the Imitation of Christ known by name , as well as translating the fifteenth-century Netherlandish treatise The Mirror of Gold for the Sinful Soul from a French intermediary . In 1497 she announced her intention to build a free school for the general public of Wimborne . Following her death in 1509 , Wimborne Grammar School came into existence , to become Queen Elizabeths School , Wimborne Minster . In 1502 she established the Lady Margarets Professorship of Divinity at the University of Cambridge . In 1505 she refounded and enlarged Gods House , Cambridge as Christs College , Cambridge with a royal charter from the king . She has been honoured ever since as the Foundress of the College . A copy of her signature can be found carved on one of the buildings ( 4 staircase , 1994 ) within the College . In 1511 , St . Johns College , Cambridge was founded by her estate , either at her direct behest or at the suggestion of her chaplain , John Fisher . Land that she owned around Great Bradley in Suffolk was bequeathed to St . Johns upon its foundation . Her portraits hang in the Great Halls and other college rooms of both Christs and St . Johns , accompanied by portraits of John Fisher . Unusually , both colleges have the same coats of arms , using her crest and motto . Furthermore , various societies , including the Lady Margaret Society as well as the Beaufort Club at Christs , and the Lady Margaret Boat Club at Johns , were named after her . In 1502 she endowed a lectureship in divinity at the University of Oxford , first held by John Roper ; it became the Lady Margaret Professorship of Divinity , held concurrently with a canonship at Christ Church , Oxford . Lady Margaret Hall , the first womens college at the University of Oxford ( founded in 1878 ) , was named in her honour . A practical woman , when faced with problems of flooding in parts of the Fens that threatened some of her properties , she was able to initiate an ambitious drainage scheme , involving foreign engineers , that saw the construction of a large sluice at Boston . She funded the restoration of Church of All Saints , Martock in Somerset , and the construction of the church tower . Margaret Beaufort Middle School ( formerly Margaret Beaufort County Secondary Modern School ) in Riseley , Bedfordshire , near her birthplace at Bletsoe Castle , is named after her . Portraits . There is no surviving portrait of Margaret Beaufort dating from her lifetime . All known portraits , however , are in essentially the same format , depicting her in her later years , wearing a long , peaked , white headdress and in a pose of religious contemplation . Most of these were made in the reign of Henry VIII and Elizabeth I as symbols of loyalty to the Tudor regime . They may be based on a lost original , or be derived from the sculpture on her tomb in Westminster Abbey , in which she wears the same headdress . One variant of the portrait by Meynnart Wewyck in 1510 by Rowland Lockey from the late 1590s shows her at prayer in her richly furnished private closet behind her chamber . The plain desk at which she kneels is draped with a richly patterned textile that is so densely encrusted with embroidery that its corners stand away stiffly . Her lavishly illuminated Book of Hours is open before her , with its protective cloth wrapper ( called a chemise binding ) , spread out around it . The walls are patterned with oak leaf designs , perhaps in lozenges , perhaps of stamped and part-gilded leather . Against the wall hangs the dosser of her canopy of estate , with the tester above her head ( the Tudor rose at its centre ) supported on cords from the ceiling . The coats-of-arms woven into the tapestry are of England ( parted as usual with France ) and the portcullis badge of the Beauforts , which the early Tudor kings later used in their arms . Small stained glass roundels in the leaded glass of her lancet windows also display elements of the arms of both England ( cropped away here ) and Beaufort . Depictions in the media . In historical fiction . - Betty King , The Lady Margaret ( 1965 ) , a story about the marriage of Margaret Beaufort and Edmund Tudor , parents of King Henry VII - Betty King , The Kings Mother ( 1969 ) , sequel to the above , the story of the widowed Margaret Beaufort , mother of the future King Henry VII - Iris Gower , Destinys Child ( 1999 ) . This novel was originally published in 1974 as Bride of the Thirteenth Summer , under the name Iris Davies . - Philippa Gregory : - The Constant Princess ( 2005 ) , a story about the young Catherine of Aragon and her early life in England - The White Queen ( 2009 ) , Book 1 in the Cousins War series , about Elizabeth Woodville - The Red Queen , ( 2010 ) , Book 2 in the Cousins War series , about Margaret Beaufort herself - The Lady of the Rivers ( 2011 ) , Book 3 in the Cousins War series , about Jacquetta of Luxembourg - The Kingmakers Daughter ( 2012 ) , Book 4 in the Cousins War series , about Anne Neville - The White Princess ( 2013 ) , Book 5 in the Cousins War series , about Elizabeth of York - Rebecca Gablé , ( translated : The Game of Kings ) ( 2007 ) – the third instalment ( 1455–1485 ) of the Waringham series by the German author ; Margaret ( Megan ) Beaufort is one of the characters - Livi Michael , Succession ( 2014 ) – about Margaret of Anjou and Margaret Beaufort On screen . - Lady Margaret was portrayed by Marigold Sharman , in eight of the thirteen episodes of the BBCs Shadow of the Tower ( 1972 ) with James Maxwell as her son Henry VII . - Channel 4 and RDF Media produced a drama about Perkin Warbeck for British television in 2005 , Princes in the Tower . It was directed by Justin Hardy and starred Sally Edwards as Lady Margaret , opposite Paul Hilton as Henry VII , Mark Umbers as Warbeck , and Nadia Cameron Blakey as Elizabeth of York . - In 2013 , Amanda Hale portrayed Lady Margaret Beaufort in the television drama series , The White Queen , an adaptation of Gregorys novels , which was shown on BBC One , Starz , and VRT . - In the 2017 series The White Princess ( a follow-up to The White Queen ) , Margaret is portrayed by Michelle Fairley . She is portrayed later in life by Harriet Walter in 2019s The Spanish Princess , a follow-up to both The White Queen and The White Princess . In music . - In 2020 , Renée Lamb portrayed Margaret Beaufort on the cast recording of A Mothers War , a musical based on the Wars of the Roses .
|
[
"Edmund Tudor , 1st Earl of Richmond",
"John de la Pole"
] |
[
{
"text": " Lady Margaret Beaufort ( usually pronounced : or ; 31 May 1441/3 – 29 June 1509 ) was a major figure in the Wars of the Roses of the late fifteenth century , and mother of King Henry VII of England , the first Tudor monarch .",
"title": "Lady Margaret Beaufort"
},
{
"text": "A descendant of King Edward III , Lady Margaret passed a disputed claim to the English throne to her son , Henry Tudor . Capitalising on the political upheaval of the period , she actively manoeuvred to secure the crown for her son . Beaufort’s efforts ultimately culminated in Henry’s decisive victory over King Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field . She was thus instrumental in orchestrating the rise to power of the Tudor dynasty , which would produce two of Britains most famous monarchs : Henry VIII ( her grandson ) and Elizabeth I .",
"title": "Lady Margaret Beaufort"
},
{
"text": " With her son crowned Henry VII of England , Lady Margaret wielded a considerable degree of political influence and personal autonomy – both unusual for a woman of her time . She was also a major patron and cultural benefactor during her son’s reign , initiating an era of extensive Tudor patronage .",
"title": "Lady Margaret Beaufort"
},
{
"text": "She is credited with the establishment of two prominent Cambridge colleges , founding Christs College in 1505 and beginning the development of St Johns College , which was completed posthumously by her executors in 1511 . Lady Margaret Hall , Oxford , the first Oxford college to admit women , is named after her and has a statue of her in the college chapel .",
"title": "Lady Margaret Beaufort"
},
{
"text": " She was the daughter and sole heiress of John Beaufort , Duke of Somerset ( 1404–1444 ) , a legitimised grandson of John of Gaunt , 1st Duke of Lancaster ( third surviving son of King Edward III ) by his mistress Katherine Swynford . Lady Margaret was born at Bletsoe Castle , Bedfordshire , either on 31 May 1441 or , more likely , on 31 May 1443 . The day and month are not disputed , as she required Westminster Abbey to celebrate her birthday on 31 May .",
"title": "Origins"
},
{
"text": "The year of her birth is more uncertain . William Dugdale , the 17th-century antiquary , suggested that she had been born in 1441 , based on evidence of inquisitions post mortem taken after the death of her father . Dugdale has been followed by a number of Lady Margarets biographers ; however , it is more likely that she was born in 1443 , as in May 1443 her father had negotiated with the king concerning the wardship of his unborn child should he die on campaign .",
"title": "Origins"
},
{
"text": " At the moment of her birth , Margarets father was preparing to go to France and lead an important military expedition for King Henry VI . Somerset negotiated with the king to ensure that if he were to die the rights to Margarets wardship and marriage would be granted only to his wife .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "As Somerset was a tenant-in-chief of the crown , the wardship of his heir fell to the crown under the feudal system . Somerset fell out with the king after coming back from France and was banished from the royal court pending a charge of treason against him . He died shortly afterwards . According to Thomas Basin , Somerset died of illness , but the Crowland Chronicle reported that his death was a suicide . As his only surviving child , Margaret was heiress to his considerable fortune and inheritor of his contested claim to the throne . Both",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "effectively rendered Margaret , as her biographers Jones and Underwood write , a pawn in the unstable political atmosphere of the Lancastrian court .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "Upon her first birthday , the king broke the arrangement with Margarets father and granted the wardship of her extensive lands to William de la Pole , 1st Duke of Suffolk , although Margaret herself remained in the custody of her mother . Margarets mother was pregnant at the time of Somersets death , but the child did not survive and Margaret remained the sole heir . Although she was her fathers only legitimate child , Margaret had two maternal half-brothers and three maternal half-sisters from her mothers first marriage whom she supported after her sons accession to the throne",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "Margaret was married to Suffolks son , John de la Pole . The wedding may have been held between 28 January and 7 February 1444 , when she was perhaps a year old but certainly no more than three . However , there is more evidence to suggest they were married in January 1450 , after Suffolk had been arrested and was looking to secure his sons future by betrothing him to a conveniently wealthy ward whose children could be potential claimants to the throne . Papal dispensation was granted on 18 August 1450 , necessary because the spouses were",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "closely related ( Lady Margaret and de la Pole being the great-grandchildren of two sisters , Katherine Swynford and Philippa Chaucer , respectively ) , and this concurs with the later date of marriage .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " Margaret never recognised this marriage , and considered her next husband her first ( as is written in her 1472 will ) . Three years later , her marriage to de la Pole was dissolved , and King Henry VI granted Margarets wardship to his own half-brothers , Jasper and Edmund Tudor . In her will , made in 1472 , Margaret refers to Edmund Tudor as her first husband . Under canon law , Margaret was not bound by her first marriage contract as she was entered into the marriage before reaching the age of twelve .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "Even before the annulment of her first marriage , Henry VI chose Margaret as a bride for his half-brother , Edmund Tudor , 1st Earl of Richmond , likely to strengthen Edmund’s claim to the throne should Henry be forced to designate Edmund his heir ( the king was then without child or legitimate siblings ) . Edmund was the eldest son of the kings mother , Catherine of Valois , by Owen Tudor .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " At just nine years old Margaret was required to assent formally to the marriage . Later she claimed she was divinely guided to do so . At age twelve Margaret married Edmund Tudor , twelve years her senior , on 1 November 1455 . The Wars of the Roses had just broken out ; Edmund , a Lancastrian , was taken prisoner by Yorkist forces less than a year later . He died of the plague in captivity at Carmarthen on 3 November 1456 , leaving a 13-year-old widow who was seven months pregnant with their child .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "The Countess always respected the name and memory of Edmund as the father of her only child . In 1472 , sixteen years after his death , Margaret specified in her will that she wanted to be buried alongside Edmund , even though she had enjoyed a long , stable and close relationship with her third husband , who had died in 1471 .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "While in the care of her brother-in-law Jasper Tudor , on 28 January 1457 , the Countess gave birth to a son , Henry Tudor , at Pembroke Castle . She was thirteen years old at the time and not yet physically mature , so that the birth was extremely difficult . In a sermon delivered after her death , Margaret’s confessor , John Fisher , deemed it a miracle that a baby could be born of so little a personage . Her sons birth may have done permanent physical injury to Margaret ; despite two later marriages , she",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "never had another child . Years later , she would enumerate a set of proper procedures concerning the delivery of potential heirs , perhaps informed by the difficulty of her own experience .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "Shortly after her re-entry into society after the birth , Jasper helped arrange another marriage for her , in order to ensure the security of her son . She married Sir Henry Stafford ( c . 1425–1471 ) , second son of Humphrey Stafford , 1st Duke of Buckingham , on 3 January 1458 , at the age of fourteen . A dispensation for the marriage , necessary because Margaret and Stafford were second cousins , was granted on 6 April 1457 . They enjoyed a fairly long and harmonious marital relationship and were given Woking Palace , to which",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "Margaret sometimes retreated and which she restored . Margaret and her husband were given 400 marks worth of land by Buckingham , but her own estates were still their main source of income . For a time the Staffords were able to visit Margarets son , who had been entrusted to Jasper Tudors care at Pembroke Castle in Wales .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "Years of York forces fighting Lancastrian for power culminated in the Battle of Towton in 1461 , where the Yorkists were victorious . Edward IV was King of England . The fighting had taken the life of Margaret’s father-in-law and forced Jasper Tudor to flee to Scotland and France to muster support for the Lancastrian cause . Edward IV gave the lands belonging to Margaret’s son to his own brother , the Duke of Clarence . Henry became the ward of Sir William Herbert . Again , Beaufort was allowed some visits to her son .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": " In 1469 the discontented Duke of Clarence and Earl of Warwick incited a rebellion against Edward IV , capturing him after a defeat of his forces . Beaufort utilized this opportunity to attempt to negotiate with Clarence , hoping to regain custody of her son and his holdings . Soon , however , Edward was back in power .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "Warwick’s continued insurrection resulted in the brief reinstallation of the Lancastrian Henry VI in 1470-71 , which was effectively ended with the Yorkist victory at the Battle of Barnet . Faced with York rule once again , Margaret allegedly begged Jasper Tudor , forced to flee abroad once more , to take thirteen-year-old Henry with him . It would be fourteen years before Beaufort saw her son again .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": " In 1471 , Margarets husband , Lord Stafford , died of wounds suffered at the Battle of Barnet , fighting for the Yorkists . At 28 years old , Margaret became a widow again .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "In June 1472 , Margaret married Thomas Stanley , the Lord High Constable and King of Mann . have suggested that Margaret never considered herself a member of the Stanley family . Their marriage was primarily one of convenience ; marrying Stanley enabled Margaret to return to the court of Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville . Indeed , Gristwood speculates Beaufort organized the marriage with the sole aim of rehabilitating her image and securing herself a prime position from which to advocate for her son . Evidently her efforts were successful ; Margaret was chosen by Queen Elizabeth to be",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "godmother to one of her daughters .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": " Holinshed , a Tudor chronicler , claims King Edward IV later proposed a marriage between Beaufort’s son and his own daughter , Elizabeth of York , intending to force Henry Tudor out of his safe haven on the continent . Poet Bernard Andre seems to corroborate this , writing of Tudor’s miraculous escape from the clutches of Edward’s envoys , allegedly warned of the deception by none other than his mother . Reign of Richard III .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "Following Edwards death and the seizure of the throne by Richard , Margaret was soon back at court serving the new queen , Anne Neville . Margaret carried Annes train at the coronation . Seeking her son’s return to England , Margaret appears to have negotiated with Richard .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": " Despite what these negotiations may suggest , Lady Margaret is known to have conspired with Elizabeth Woodville , mother of the two York princes whom Richard confined to the Tower of London , after rumours spread of the boys murder . It was at this point , according to Polydore Vergil , that Beaufort began to hope well of her son’s fortune .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "Beaufort is believed to have initiated discussions with Woodville , via mutual physician , Lewis Caerleon , who conveyed secret correspondences between the two women . Together they conspired to supplant King Richard and by joint force replace him with Margaret’s son , Henry Tudor . Their solidified alliance further secured the subsequent dynasty by the agreed betrothal of Henry to Elizabeth of York . They hoped this proposal would attract both Yorkist and Lancastrian support .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": " As to the fate of the princes , it is widely held that Richard III ordered the death of his two nephews to secure his own reign . Gristwood , however , suggests that another was responsible ; Henry Tudor’s path to the throne was certainly expedited by their disappearance , perhaps motive enough for his mother—his highly able and totally committed representative— to give the order .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "Despite this suggestion , no contemporary sources corroborate the implication , whilst most contemporary accounts outline “her outstanding qualities , her courage , presence of mind , family loyalty , and a deeply felt awareness of the spiritual responsibilities of high office,” as clarified by Jones and Underwood . Before Jones and Underwood , there was no consensus within the scholarly community regarding Margaret’s role or character : historiographical opinions ranged from celebrating her to demonizing her .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": " It was not until the 17th Century that religious retrospective speculations began to criticize Lady Margaret , but even then only as a politic and contriving woman , and never anything beyond shrewd or calculating . All things considered , the words of her own contemporaries , such as Tudor historian Polydore Vergil , continue to extol Lady Margarets noble virtues as the most pious woman , further removing her from accusations of wickedness .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "Erasmus , in writing about his friend the Bishop , Saint John Fisher , praised Margaret’s support of religious institutions and the Bishop , further attesting the simultaneously pragmatic and charitable nature testified in the funerary sermon dedicated by the Bishop himself , as laid out in a following section .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": " In 1483 Margaret was certainly involved in—if not the mastermind behind—Buckinghams rebellion . Indeed , in his biography of Richard III , historian Paul Murray Kendall describes Beaufort as the Athena of the rebellion . Perhaps with duplicitous motives ( as he may have been desirous of the crown for himself ) , Buckingham conspired with Beaufort and Woodville to dethrone Richard . Margaret’s son was to sail from Brittany to join forces with him , but he arrived too late .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "In October , Beaufort’s scheme proved unsuccessful ; the Duke was executed and Tudor was forced back across the English Channel . Beaufort appears to have played a large role in financing the insurrection . In response to her betrayal , Richard passed an act of Parliament stripping Margaret of all her titles and estates , declaring her guilty of the following:Forasmoch as Margaret Countesse of Richmond , Mother to the Kyngs greate Rebell and Traytour , Herry Erle of Richemond , hath of late conspired , consedered , and comitted high Treason ayenst oure Soveraigne Lorde the King Richard",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "the Third , in dyvers and sundry wyses , and in especiall in sendyng messages , writyngs and tokens to the said Henry… Also the said Countesse made chevisancez of greate somes of Money… and also the said Countesse conspired , consedered , and imagyned the destruction of oure said Soveraign Lorde...”",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": " Richard did , however , stop short of a full attainder by transferring Margaret’s property to her husband , Lord Stanley . He also effectively imprisoned Margaret in her husbands home with the hope of preventing any further correspondence with her son . However , her husband failed to stop Margarets continued communication with her son . When the time came for Henry to press his claim , he relied heavily on his mother to raise support for him in England .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "Margarets husband Stanley , despite having fought for Richard III during the Buckingham rebellion , did not respond when summoned to fight at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485 , remaining aloof from the battle , even though his eldest son , George Stanley ( styled Lord Strange ) , was held hostage by Richard . After the battle , it was Stanley who placed the crown on the head of his stepson ( Henry VII ) , who later made him Earl of Derby . Margaret was then styled Countess of Richmond and Derby . She was invested",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "as a Lady of the Order of the Garter ( LG ) in 1488 .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": " Margaret Beaufort in power . After her sons victory at the Battle of Bosworth Field , the Countess was referred to in court as My Lady the Kings Mother . Her son’s first Parliament reversed the attainder against her and declared her a feme sole . This status granted Beaufort considerable legal and social independence from men . She was allowed to own property separately from her husband ( as though she were unmarried ) and sue in court – two rights denied her contemporary married women .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "As arranged by their mothers , Henry married Elizabeth of York . The Countess was reluctant to accept a lower status than the dowager queen Elizabeth or even her daughter-in-law , the queen consort . She wore robes of the same quality as the queen consort and walked only half a pace behind her . Elizabeths biographer , Amy Licence , states that this would have been the correct courtly protocol , adding that only one person knew how Elizabeth really felt about Margaret and she did not commit it to paper .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": " Margaret had written her signature as M . Richmond for years , since the 1460s . In 1499 , she changed her signature to Margaret R. , perhaps to signify her royal authority ( R standing either for regina – queen in Latin as customarily employed by female monarchs – or for Richmond ) . Furthermore , she included the Tudor crown and the caption et mater Henrici septimi regis Angliæ et Hiberniæ ( and mother of Henry VII , king of England and Ireland ) .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "Many historians believe the departure from court of dowager queen Elizabeth Woodville in 1487 was partly at the behest of Henrys influential mother , though this is uncertain .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": " Beaufort exerted considerable political influence within the Tudor court . The power she exercised was evidently obvious ; a report from Spanish envoy Pedro de Ayala dating to 1498 claimed Henry was much influenced by his mother and his followers in affairs or personal interest and in others . In the earlier years of her sons reign , records indicate Margaret usually accompanied the royal couple when they traveled .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "While Margarets position in the royal court was , to some extent , an expression of gratitude by her son , she was likely far less the passive recipient of Henrys favor one might expect . As Gristwood suggests in the following , Beaufort instead actively contrived to further her standing :",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": " A place had to be created for the sort of kings mother Margaret was determined to be . Perhaps if Margaret had become a queen , a role that she clearly felt Fortune had denied her , she would not have felt the need to press for her rights quite so stridently . Lady Margarets immediate petitions were not for queenly powers of rule over others , but were two succinct demands for independence and liberty of self , which were products of expert legal advice , as opposed to a desperate desire to rule .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "The first Act reversed the legislation that had robbed Margaret of her properties under the reign of Richard III , deeming it entirely void , annulled and of no force or effect . The second Act of November 1485 stated that she would enjoy all her properties and titles , and could pursue any legal action as any single unmarried person might or may do at any time , despite still being married .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": " Moreover , as with many decisions made to secure the new dynasty , these Acts of Parliament passed appear to be a collaborative effort , mutually beneficial to both mother and son , as by granting Margaret the status of a femme sole , Henry and his Parliament made it possible to empower the Kings Mother without giving further leverage to the Stanleys , since Margaret could use any wealth granted to her for her own purposes , thereby circumventing the prevailing idea of coverture .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "In his chronicle , Polydore Vergil assessed the partnership between the Tudor king and his mother , noting that Henry gave her a share of most of his public and private resources , contrary to any assertion that Margaret desired greater power . Or , as King Henry Tudor states in a letter to his mother :",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": " ...not only in this but in all other things that I may know should be to your honour and pleasure , and will of your self , I shall be as glad to please you as your heart can desire.”",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "Lady Margarets wardship of brothers Edward Stafford , 3rd Duke of Buckingham and Henry Stafford , 1st Earl of Wiltshire is one of many examples of how her unique position allowed her in varying aspects to operate beyond the scope of any queen , a position which , instead hindering or irritating her at all , proved advantageous to the state of the Crown and delineated her as a helpful and happy agent of its course , as she refused monetary recompense for her stewardship in this arena and successfully secured the allegiance of the Duke of Buckingham to King",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "Henry Tudor , a loyalty that would fade away from the Crown once she and her son were gone .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "Later in her marriage , the Countess preferred living alone . In 1499 , with her husbands permission , she took a vow of chastity in the presence of Richard FitzJames , Bishop of London . Taking a vow of chastity while being married was unusual but not unprecedented . The Countess moved away from her husband and lived alone at Collyweston , Northamptonshire ( near Stamford ) . She was regularly visited by her husband , who had rooms reserved for him . Margaret renewed her vows in 1504 . From her principal residence at Collyweston she was given",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "a special commission to administer justice over the Midlands and the North .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "Beaufort was also actively involved in the domestic life of the royal family . She created a proper protocol regarding the birth and upbringing of royal heirs . Though their relationship is often portrayed as antagonistic , Beaufort and her daughter-in-law Elizabeth worked together when planning the marriages of the royal children . They wrote jointly of the necessary instruction for Catherine of Aragon , who was to marry Elizabeth’s son , Prince Arthur . Both women also conspired to prevent Princess Margaret from being married to the Scottish king at too young an age ; in this matter ,",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "Gristwood writes , Beaufort was undoubtedly resolved that her granddaughter should not share her fate .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": " After Elizabeth’s death in 1503 , Margaret became the principal female presence at court . When the death of Prince Arthur necessitated a new heir apparent , Margaret played a part in ensuring Prince Henry was raised appropriately by selecting some members of his new household .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "The Countess was known for her education and her piety . Biographers Jones and Underwood claim the entirety of Beaufort’s life can be understood in the context of her deeply-felt love and loyalty to her son . Henry is said to have been likewise devoted . A surviving letter written by Henry to his mother reveals his sense of gratitude and appreciation :",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": " All which thyngs according to your desire and plesure I have with all my herte and goode wille giffen and graunted unto you… I shall be as glad to plese you as youre herte can desire hit , and I knowe welle that I am as much bounden so to doe as any creture lyvyng , for the grete and singular moderly love and affection that hit hath plesed you at all tymes to ber towards me .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "Henry VII died on 21 April 1509 , having designated his mother chief executrix of his will . For two days after the death of her son , Margaret scrambled to secure the smooth succession of her grandson , Henry VIII . She arranged her sons funeral and her grandsons coronation . At her sons funeral she was given precedence over all the other women of the royal family .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": " Before her death Beaufort also left her mark on the early reign of Henry VIII ; when her eighteen-year-old grandson chose members of his privy council , it was Margarets suggestions he took .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": " The Countess died in the Deanery of Westminster Abbey on 29 June 1509 . This was the day after her grandson Henry VIIIs 18th birthday , 5 days after his coronation and just over two months after the death of her son . She is buried in the Henry VII Chapel of the Abbey . Her tomb is now situated between the later graves of William III and Mary II and the tomb of Mary , Queen of Scots .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "Her tomb was created by Pietro Torrigiano , who probably arrived in England in 1509 and received the commission in the following year . The gilded bronze sculpture on the tomb depicts Margaret with her head resting on pillows and her hands raised in prayer , wearing garments characteristic of widowhood ; the face was probably sculpted from a death mask . The black marble tomb is embellished with heraldic bronze insignia , including a yale , her heraldic badge , at her feet .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " Erasmus wrote the Latin inscription on her tomb . In English it reads : Margaret , Countess of Richmond , mother of Henry VII , grandmother of Henry VIII , who donated funds for three monks of this abbey , a grammar school in Wimborne , a preacher in the whole of England , two lecturers in Scripture , one at Oxford , the other at Cambridge , where she also founded two colleges , one dedicated to Christ , and the other to St John , the Evangelist .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "In 1539 iron railings , elaborately painted with coats of arms and other ornaments , were erected around the tomb . The ironwork was sold off by the Abbey in 1823 but recovered and restored a century later .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "While married to Lord Stanley Margaret endowed the building of chapels in Wales . Like Edward IV and his court , she was also involved with the advances in printing of William Caxton and his successor Wynkyn de Worde , not only as a patroness but for her own acquisition . The first book she commissioned from Caxton in 1483 was the 13th-century French romance Blanchardin et Eglantine , which mirrored fairly closely the match she was forging in secret between her son Henry and Elizabeth of York , with the aid of Elizabeth Woodville , then in sanctuary from",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "Richard III in Westminster Abbey . Six years later , after Richards defeat by Henry at Bosworth , she commissioned an English translation of the romance from Caxton : it heralded the beginning of a period of Tudor patronage . Apart from encouraging book production and building her own library , Margaret also achieved considerable success as a translator , becoming the first English translator of the Imitation of Christ known by name , as well as translating the fifteenth-century Netherlandish treatise The Mirror of Gold for the Sinful Soul from a French intermediary .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " In 1497 she announced her intention to build a free school for the general public of Wimborne . Following her death in 1509 , Wimborne Grammar School came into existence , to become Queen Elizabeths School , Wimborne Minster .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "In 1502 she established the Lady Margarets Professorship of Divinity at the University of Cambridge . In 1505 she refounded and enlarged Gods House , Cambridge as Christs College , Cambridge with a royal charter from the king . She has been honoured ever since as the Foundress of the College . A copy of her signature can be found carved on one of the buildings ( 4 staircase , 1994 ) within the College . In 1511 , St . Johns College , Cambridge was founded by her estate , either at her direct behest or at the suggestion",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "of her chaplain , John Fisher . Land that she owned around Great Bradley in Suffolk was bequeathed to St . Johns upon its foundation . Her portraits hang in the Great Halls and other college rooms of both Christs and St . Johns , accompanied by portraits of John Fisher . Unusually , both colleges have the same coats of arms , using her crest and motto . Furthermore , various societies , including the Lady Margaret Society as well as the Beaufort Club at Christs , and the Lady Margaret Boat Club at Johns , were named after",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "her .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " In 1502 she endowed a lectureship in divinity at the University of Oxford , first held by John Roper ; it became the Lady Margaret Professorship of Divinity , held concurrently with a canonship at Christ Church , Oxford . Lady Margaret Hall , the first womens college at the University of Oxford ( founded in 1878 ) , was named in her honour .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "A practical woman , when faced with problems of flooding in parts of the Fens that threatened some of her properties , she was able to initiate an ambitious drainage scheme , involving foreign engineers , that saw the construction of a large sluice at Boston . She funded the restoration of Church of All Saints , Martock in Somerset , and the construction of the church tower .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " Margaret Beaufort Middle School ( formerly Margaret Beaufort County Secondary Modern School ) in Riseley , Bedfordshire , near her birthplace at Bletsoe Castle , is named after her .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "There is no surviving portrait of Margaret Beaufort dating from her lifetime . All known portraits , however , are in essentially the same format , depicting her in her later years , wearing a long , peaked , white headdress and in a pose of religious contemplation . Most of these were made in the reign of Henry VIII and Elizabeth I as symbols of loyalty to the Tudor regime . They may be based on a lost original , or be derived from the sculpture on her tomb in Westminster Abbey , in which she wears the same",
"title": "Portraits"
},
{
"text": "headdress .",
"title": "Portraits"
},
{
"text": "One variant of the portrait by Meynnart Wewyck in 1510 by Rowland Lockey from the late 1590s shows her at prayer in her richly furnished private closet behind her chamber . The plain desk at which she kneels is draped with a richly patterned textile that is so densely encrusted with embroidery that its corners stand away stiffly . Her lavishly illuminated Book of Hours is open before her , with its protective cloth wrapper ( called a chemise binding ) , spread out around it . The walls are patterned with oak leaf designs , perhaps in lozenges ,",
"title": "Portraits"
},
{
"text": "perhaps of stamped and part-gilded leather . Against the wall hangs the dosser of her canopy of estate , with the tester above her head ( the Tudor rose at its centre ) supported on cords from the ceiling . The coats-of-arms woven into the tapestry are of England ( parted as usual with France ) and the portcullis badge of the Beauforts , which the early Tudor kings later used in their arms . Small stained glass roundels in the leaded glass of her lancet windows also display elements of the arms of both England ( cropped away here",
"title": "Portraits"
},
{
"text": ") and Beaufort .",
"title": "Portraits"
},
{
"text": " - Betty King , The Lady Margaret ( 1965 ) , a story about the marriage of Margaret Beaufort and Edmund Tudor , parents of King Henry VII - Betty King , The Kings Mother ( 1969 ) , sequel to the above , the story of the widowed Margaret Beaufort , mother of the future King Henry VII - Iris Gower , Destinys Child ( 1999 ) . This novel was originally published in 1974 as Bride of the Thirteenth Summer , under the name Iris Davies . - Philippa Gregory :",
"title": "In historical fiction"
},
{
"text": "- The Constant Princess ( 2005 ) , a story about the young Catherine of Aragon and her early life in England",
"title": "In historical fiction"
},
{
"text": " - The White Queen ( 2009 ) , Book 1 in the Cousins War series , about Elizabeth Woodville - The Red Queen , ( 2010 ) , Book 2 in the Cousins War series , about Margaret Beaufort herself - The Lady of the Rivers ( 2011 ) , Book 3 in the Cousins War series , about Jacquetta of Luxembourg - The Kingmakers Daughter ( 2012 ) , Book 4 in the Cousins War series , about Anne Neville",
"title": "In historical fiction"
},
{
"text": "- The White Princess ( 2013 ) , Book 5 in the Cousins War series , about Elizabeth of York",
"title": "In historical fiction"
},
{
"text": " - Rebecca Gablé , ( translated : The Game of Kings ) ( 2007 ) – the third instalment ( 1455–1485 ) of the Waringham series by the German author ; Margaret ( Megan ) Beaufort is one of the characters - Livi Michael , Succession ( 2014 ) – about Margaret of Anjou and Margaret Beaufort",
"title": "In historical fiction"
},
{
"text": " - Lady Margaret was portrayed by Marigold Sharman , in eight of the thirteen episodes of the BBCs Shadow of the Tower ( 1972 ) with James Maxwell as her son Henry VII . - Channel 4 and RDF Media produced a drama about Perkin Warbeck for British television in 2005 , Princes in the Tower . It was directed by Justin Hardy and starred Sally Edwards as Lady Margaret , opposite Paul Hilton as Henry VII , Mark Umbers as Warbeck , and Nadia Cameron Blakey as Elizabeth of York .",
"title": "On screen"
},
{
"text": "- In 2013 , Amanda Hale portrayed Lady Margaret Beaufort in the television drama series , The White Queen , an adaptation of Gregorys novels , which was shown on BBC One , Starz , and VRT .",
"title": "On screen"
},
{
"text": " - In the 2017 series The White Princess ( a follow-up to The White Queen ) , Margaret is portrayed by Michelle Fairley . She is portrayed later in life by Harriet Walter in 2019s The Spanish Princess , a follow-up to both The White Queen and The White Princess .",
"title": "On screen"
},
{
"text": " - In 2020 , Renée Lamb portrayed Margaret Beaufort on the cast recording of A Mothers War , a musical based on the Wars of the Roses .",
"title": "In music"
}
] |
/wiki/Lady_Margaret_Beaufort#P26#2
|
Who was Lady Margaret Beaufort 's spouse between Jun 1458 and Dec 1467?
|
Lady Margaret Beaufort Lady Margaret Beaufort ( usually pronounced : or ; 31 May 1441/3 – 29 June 1509 ) was a major figure in the Wars of the Roses of the late fifteenth century , and mother of King Henry VII of England , the first Tudor monarch . A descendant of King Edward III , Lady Margaret passed a disputed claim to the English throne to her son , Henry Tudor . Capitalising on the political upheaval of the period , she actively manoeuvred to secure the crown for her son . Beaufort’s efforts ultimately culminated in Henry’s decisive victory over King Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field . She was thus instrumental in orchestrating the rise to power of the Tudor dynasty , which would produce two of Britains most famous monarchs : Henry VIII ( her grandson ) and Elizabeth I . With her son crowned Henry VII of England , Lady Margaret wielded a considerable degree of political influence and personal autonomy – both unusual for a woman of her time . She was also a major patron and cultural benefactor during her son’s reign , initiating an era of extensive Tudor patronage . She is credited with the establishment of two prominent Cambridge colleges , founding Christs College in 1505 and beginning the development of St Johns College , which was completed posthumously by her executors in 1511 . Lady Margaret Hall , Oxford , the first Oxford college to admit women , is named after her and has a statue of her in the college chapel . Origins . She was the daughter and sole heiress of John Beaufort , Duke of Somerset ( 1404–1444 ) , a legitimised grandson of John of Gaunt , 1st Duke of Lancaster ( third surviving son of King Edward III ) by his mistress Katherine Swynford . Lady Margaret was born at Bletsoe Castle , Bedfordshire , either on 31 May 1441 or , more likely , on 31 May 1443 . The day and month are not disputed , as she required Westminster Abbey to celebrate her birthday on 31 May . The year of her birth is more uncertain . William Dugdale , the 17th-century antiquary , suggested that she had been born in 1441 , based on evidence of inquisitions post mortem taken after the death of her father . Dugdale has been followed by a number of Lady Margarets biographers ; however , it is more likely that she was born in 1443 , as in May 1443 her father had negotiated with the king concerning the wardship of his unborn child should he die on campaign . Early years . At the moment of her birth , Margarets father was preparing to go to France and lead an important military expedition for King Henry VI . Somerset negotiated with the king to ensure that if he were to die the rights to Margarets wardship and marriage would be granted only to his wife . As Somerset was a tenant-in-chief of the crown , the wardship of his heir fell to the crown under the feudal system . Somerset fell out with the king after coming back from France and was banished from the royal court pending a charge of treason against him . He died shortly afterwards . According to Thomas Basin , Somerset died of illness , but the Crowland Chronicle reported that his death was a suicide . As his only surviving child , Margaret was heiress to his considerable fortune and inheritor of his contested claim to the throne . Both effectively rendered Margaret , as her biographers Jones and Underwood write , a pawn in the unstable political atmosphere of the Lancastrian court . Upon her first birthday , the king broke the arrangement with Margarets father and granted the wardship of her extensive lands to William de la Pole , 1st Duke of Suffolk , although Margaret herself remained in the custody of her mother . Margarets mother was pregnant at the time of Somersets death , but the child did not survive and Margaret remained the sole heir . Although she was her fathers only legitimate child , Margaret had two maternal half-brothers and three maternal half-sisters from her mothers first marriage whom she supported after her sons accession to the throne . Margaret was married to Suffolks son , John de la Pole . The wedding may have been held between 28 January and 7 February 1444 , when she was perhaps a year old but certainly no more than three . However , there is more evidence to suggest they were married in January 1450 , after Suffolk had been arrested and was looking to secure his sons future by betrothing him to a conveniently wealthy ward whose children could be potential claimants to the throne . Papal dispensation was granted on 18 August 1450 , necessary because the spouses were closely related ( Lady Margaret and de la Pole being the great-grandchildren of two sisters , Katherine Swynford and Philippa Chaucer , respectively ) , and this concurs with the later date of marriage . Margaret never recognised this marriage , and considered her next husband her first ( as is written in her 1472 will ) . Three years later , her marriage to de la Pole was dissolved , and King Henry VI granted Margarets wardship to his own half-brothers , Jasper and Edmund Tudor . In her will , made in 1472 , Margaret refers to Edmund Tudor as her first husband . Under canon law , Margaret was not bound by her first marriage contract as she was entered into the marriage before reaching the age of twelve . Even before the annulment of her first marriage , Henry VI chose Margaret as a bride for his half-brother , Edmund Tudor , 1st Earl of Richmond , likely to strengthen Edmund’s claim to the throne should Henry be forced to designate Edmund his heir ( the king was then without child or legitimate siblings ) . Edmund was the eldest son of the kings mother , Catherine of Valois , by Owen Tudor . At just nine years old Margaret was required to assent formally to the marriage . Later she claimed she was divinely guided to do so . At age twelve Margaret married Edmund Tudor , twelve years her senior , on 1 November 1455 . The Wars of the Roses had just broken out ; Edmund , a Lancastrian , was taken prisoner by Yorkist forces less than a year later . He died of the plague in captivity at Carmarthen on 3 November 1456 , leaving a 13-year-old widow who was seven months pregnant with their child . The Countess always respected the name and memory of Edmund as the father of her only child . In 1472 , sixteen years after his death , Margaret specified in her will that she wanted to be buried alongside Edmund , even though she had enjoyed a long , stable and close relationship with her third husband , who had died in 1471 . Motherhood . While in the care of her brother-in-law Jasper Tudor , on 28 January 1457 , the Countess gave birth to a son , Henry Tudor , at Pembroke Castle . She was thirteen years old at the time and not yet physically mature , so that the birth was extremely difficult . In a sermon delivered after her death , Margaret’s confessor , John Fisher , deemed it a miracle that a baby could be born of so little a personage . Her sons birth may have done permanent physical injury to Margaret ; despite two later marriages , she never had another child . Years later , she would enumerate a set of proper procedures concerning the delivery of potential heirs , perhaps informed by the difficulty of her own experience . Shortly after her re-entry into society after the birth , Jasper helped arrange another marriage for her , in order to ensure the security of her son . She married Sir Henry Stafford ( c . 1425–1471 ) , second son of Humphrey Stafford , 1st Duke of Buckingham , on 3 January 1458 , at the age of fourteen . A dispensation for the marriage , necessary because Margaret and Stafford were second cousins , was granted on 6 April 1457 . They enjoyed a fairly long and harmonious marital relationship and were given Woking Palace , to which Margaret sometimes retreated and which she restored . Margaret and her husband were given 400 marks worth of land by Buckingham , but her own estates were still their main source of income . For a time the Staffords were able to visit Margarets son , who had been entrusted to Jasper Tudors care at Pembroke Castle in Wales . Involvement in the Wars of the Roses . Reign of Edward IV . Years of York forces fighting Lancastrian for power culminated in the Battle of Towton in 1461 , where the Yorkists were victorious . Edward IV was King of England . The fighting had taken the life of Margaret’s father-in-law and forced Jasper Tudor to flee to Scotland and France to muster support for the Lancastrian cause . Edward IV gave the lands belonging to Margaret’s son to his own brother , the Duke of Clarence . Henry became the ward of Sir William Herbert . Again , Beaufort was allowed some visits to her son . In 1469 the discontented Duke of Clarence and Earl of Warwick incited a rebellion against Edward IV , capturing him after a defeat of his forces . Beaufort utilized this opportunity to attempt to negotiate with Clarence , hoping to regain custody of her son and his holdings . Soon , however , Edward was back in power . Warwick’s continued insurrection resulted in the brief reinstallation of the Lancastrian Henry VI in 1470-71 , which was effectively ended with the Yorkist victory at the Battle of Barnet . Faced with York rule once again , Margaret allegedly begged Jasper Tudor , forced to flee abroad once more , to take thirteen-year-old Henry with him . It would be fourteen years before Beaufort saw her son again . In 1471 , Margarets husband , Lord Stafford , died of wounds suffered at the Battle of Barnet , fighting for the Yorkists . At 28 years old , Margaret became a widow again . In June 1472 , Margaret married Thomas Stanley , the Lord High Constable and King of Mann . have suggested that Margaret never considered herself a member of the Stanley family . Their marriage was primarily one of convenience ; marrying Stanley enabled Margaret to return to the court of Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville . Indeed , Gristwood speculates Beaufort organized the marriage with the sole aim of rehabilitating her image and securing herself a prime position from which to advocate for her son . Evidently her efforts were successful ; Margaret was chosen by Queen Elizabeth to be godmother to one of her daughters . Holinshed , a Tudor chronicler , claims King Edward IV later proposed a marriage between Beaufort’s son and his own daughter , Elizabeth of York , intending to force Henry Tudor out of his safe haven on the continent . Poet Bernard Andre seems to corroborate this , writing of Tudor’s miraculous escape from the clutches of Edward’s envoys , allegedly warned of the deception by none other than his mother . Reign of Richard III . Following Edwards death and the seizure of the throne by Richard , Margaret was soon back at court serving the new queen , Anne Neville . Margaret carried Annes train at the coronation . Seeking her son’s return to England , Margaret appears to have negotiated with Richard . Despite what these negotiations may suggest , Lady Margaret is known to have conspired with Elizabeth Woodville , mother of the two York princes whom Richard confined to the Tower of London , after rumours spread of the boys murder . It was at this point , according to Polydore Vergil , that Beaufort began to hope well of her son’s fortune . Beaufort is believed to have initiated discussions with Woodville , via mutual physician , Lewis Caerleon , who conveyed secret correspondences between the two women . Together they conspired to supplant King Richard and by joint force replace him with Margaret’s son , Henry Tudor . Their solidified alliance further secured the subsequent dynasty by the agreed betrothal of Henry to Elizabeth of York . They hoped this proposal would attract both Yorkist and Lancastrian support . As to the fate of the princes , it is widely held that Richard III ordered the death of his two nephews to secure his own reign . Gristwood , however , suggests that another was responsible ; Henry Tudor’s path to the throne was certainly expedited by their disappearance , perhaps motive enough for his mother—his highly able and totally committed representative— to give the order . Despite this suggestion , no contemporary sources corroborate the implication , whilst most contemporary accounts outline “her outstanding qualities , her courage , presence of mind , family loyalty , and a deeply felt awareness of the spiritual responsibilities of high office,” as clarified by Jones and Underwood . Before Jones and Underwood , there was no consensus within the scholarly community regarding Margaret’s role or character : historiographical opinions ranged from celebrating her to demonizing her . It was not until the 17th Century that religious retrospective speculations began to criticize Lady Margaret , but even then only as a politic and contriving woman , and never anything beyond shrewd or calculating . All things considered , the words of her own contemporaries , such as Tudor historian Polydore Vergil , continue to extol Lady Margarets noble virtues as the most pious woman , further removing her from accusations of wickedness . Erasmus , in writing about his friend the Bishop , Saint John Fisher , praised Margaret’s support of religious institutions and the Bishop , further attesting the simultaneously pragmatic and charitable nature testified in the funerary sermon dedicated by the Bishop himself , as laid out in a following section . In 1483 Margaret was certainly involved in—if not the mastermind behind—Buckinghams rebellion . Indeed , in his biography of Richard III , historian Paul Murray Kendall describes Beaufort as the Athena of the rebellion . Perhaps with duplicitous motives ( as he may have been desirous of the crown for himself ) , Buckingham conspired with Beaufort and Woodville to dethrone Richard . Margaret’s son was to sail from Brittany to join forces with him , but he arrived too late . In October , Beaufort’s scheme proved unsuccessful ; the Duke was executed and Tudor was forced back across the English Channel . Beaufort appears to have played a large role in financing the insurrection . In response to her betrayal , Richard passed an act of Parliament stripping Margaret of all her titles and estates , declaring her guilty of the following:Forasmoch as Margaret Countesse of Richmond , Mother to the Kyngs greate Rebell and Traytour , Herry Erle of Richemond , hath of late conspired , consedered , and comitted high Treason ayenst oure Soveraigne Lorde the King Richard the Third , in dyvers and sundry wyses , and in especiall in sendyng messages , writyngs and tokens to the said Henry… Also the said Countesse made chevisancez of greate somes of Money… and also the said Countesse conspired , consedered , and imagyned the destruction of oure said Soveraign Lorde...” Richard did , however , stop short of a full attainder by transferring Margaret’s property to her husband , Lord Stanley . He also effectively imprisoned Margaret in her husbands home with the hope of preventing any further correspondence with her son . However , her husband failed to stop Margarets continued communication with her son . When the time came for Henry to press his claim , he relied heavily on his mother to raise support for him in England . Margarets husband Stanley , despite having fought for Richard III during the Buckingham rebellion , did not respond when summoned to fight at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485 , remaining aloof from the battle , even though his eldest son , George Stanley ( styled Lord Strange ) , was held hostage by Richard . After the battle , it was Stanley who placed the crown on the head of his stepson ( Henry VII ) , who later made him Earl of Derby . Margaret was then styled Countess of Richmond and Derby . She was invested as a Lady of the Order of the Garter ( LG ) in 1488 . Margaret Beaufort in power . After her sons victory at the Battle of Bosworth Field , the Countess was referred to in court as My Lady the Kings Mother . Her son’s first Parliament reversed the attainder against her and declared her a feme sole . This status granted Beaufort considerable legal and social independence from men . She was allowed to own property separately from her husband ( as though she were unmarried ) and sue in court – two rights denied her contemporary married women . As arranged by their mothers , Henry married Elizabeth of York . The Countess was reluctant to accept a lower status than the dowager queen Elizabeth or even her daughter-in-law , the queen consort . She wore robes of the same quality as the queen consort and walked only half a pace behind her . Elizabeths biographer , Amy Licence , states that this would have been the correct courtly protocol , adding that only one person knew how Elizabeth really felt about Margaret and she did not commit it to paper . Margaret had written her signature as M . Richmond for years , since the 1460s . In 1499 , she changed her signature to Margaret R. , perhaps to signify her royal authority ( R standing either for regina – queen in Latin as customarily employed by female monarchs – or for Richmond ) . Furthermore , she included the Tudor crown and the caption et mater Henrici septimi regis Angliæ et Hiberniæ ( and mother of Henry VII , king of England and Ireland ) . Many historians believe the departure from court of dowager queen Elizabeth Woodville in 1487 was partly at the behest of Henrys influential mother , though this is uncertain . Beaufort exerted considerable political influence within the Tudor court . The power she exercised was evidently obvious ; a report from Spanish envoy Pedro de Ayala dating to 1498 claimed Henry was much influenced by his mother and his followers in affairs or personal interest and in others . In the earlier years of her sons reign , records indicate Margaret usually accompanied the royal couple when they traveled . While Margarets position in the royal court was , to some extent , an expression of gratitude by her son , she was likely far less the passive recipient of Henrys favor one might expect . As Gristwood suggests in the following , Beaufort instead actively contrived to further her standing : A place had to be created for the sort of kings mother Margaret was determined to be . Perhaps if Margaret had become a queen , a role that she clearly felt Fortune had denied her , she would not have felt the need to press for her rights quite so stridently . Lady Margarets immediate petitions were not for queenly powers of rule over others , but were two succinct demands for independence and liberty of self , which were products of expert legal advice , as opposed to a desperate desire to rule . The first Act reversed the legislation that had robbed Margaret of her properties under the reign of Richard III , deeming it entirely void , annulled and of no force or effect . The second Act of November 1485 stated that she would enjoy all her properties and titles , and could pursue any legal action as any single unmarried person might or may do at any time , despite still being married . Moreover , as with many decisions made to secure the new dynasty , these Acts of Parliament passed appear to be a collaborative effort , mutually beneficial to both mother and son , as by granting Margaret the status of a femme sole , Henry and his Parliament made it possible to empower the Kings Mother without giving further leverage to the Stanleys , since Margaret could use any wealth granted to her for her own purposes , thereby circumventing the prevailing idea of coverture . In his chronicle , Polydore Vergil assessed the partnership between the Tudor king and his mother , noting that Henry gave her a share of most of his public and private resources , contrary to any assertion that Margaret desired greater power . Or , as King Henry Tudor states in a letter to his mother : ...not only in this but in all other things that I may know should be to your honour and pleasure , and will of your self , I shall be as glad to please you as your heart can desire.” Lady Margarets wardship of brothers Edward Stafford , 3rd Duke of Buckingham and Henry Stafford , 1st Earl of Wiltshire is one of many examples of how her unique position allowed her in varying aspects to operate beyond the scope of any queen , a position which , instead hindering or irritating her at all , proved advantageous to the state of the Crown and delineated her as a helpful and happy agent of its course , as she refused monetary recompense for her stewardship in this arena and successfully secured the allegiance of the Duke of Buckingham to King Henry Tudor , a loyalty that would fade away from the Crown once she and her son were gone . Later in her marriage , the Countess preferred living alone . In 1499 , with her husbands permission , she took a vow of chastity in the presence of Richard FitzJames , Bishop of London . Taking a vow of chastity while being married was unusual but not unprecedented . The Countess moved away from her husband and lived alone at Collyweston , Northamptonshire ( near Stamford ) . She was regularly visited by her husband , who had rooms reserved for him . Margaret renewed her vows in 1504 . From her principal residence at Collyweston she was given a special commission to administer justice over the Midlands and the North . Beaufort was also actively involved in the domestic life of the royal family . She created a proper protocol regarding the birth and upbringing of royal heirs . Though their relationship is often portrayed as antagonistic , Beaufort and her daughter-in-law Elizabeth worked together when planning the marriages of the royal children . They wrote jointly of the necessary instruction for Catherine of Aragon , who was to marry Elizabeth’s son , Prince Arthur . Both women also conspired to prevent Princess Margaret from being married to the Scottish king at too young an age ; in this matter , Gristwood writes , Beaufort was undoubtedly resolved that her granddaughter should not share her fate . After Elizabeth’s death in 1503 , Margaret became the principal female presence at court . When the death of Prince Arthur necessitated a new heir apparent , Margaret played a part in ensuring Prince Henry was raised appropriately by selecting some members of his new household . The Countess was known for her education and her piety . Biographers Jones and Underwood claim the entirety of Beaufort’s life can be understood in the context of her deeply-felt love and loyalty to her son . Henry is said to have been likewise devoted . A surviving letter written by Henry to his mother reveals his sense of gratitude and appreciation : All which thyngs according to your desire and plesure I have with all my herte and goode wille giffen and graunted unto you… I shall be as glad to plese you as youre herte can desire hit , and I knowe welle that I am as much bounden so to doe as any creture lyvyng , for the grete and singular moderly love and affection that hit hath plesed you at all tymes to ber towards me . Henry VII died on 21 April 1509 , having designated his mother chief executrix of his will . For two days after the death of her son , Margaret scrambled to secure the smooth succession of her grandson , Henry VIII . She arranged her sons funeral and her grandsons coronation . At her sons funeral she was given precedence over all the other women of the royal family . Before her death Beaufort also left her mark on the early reign of Henry VIII ; when her eighteen-year-old grandson chose members of his privy council , it was Margarets suggestions he took . Death . The Countess died in the Deanery of Westminster Abbey on 29 June 1509 . This was the day after her grandson Henry VIIIs 18th birthday , 5 days after his coronation and just over two months after the death of her son . She is buried in the Henry VII Chapel of the Abbey . Her tomb is now situated between the later graves of William III and Mary II and the tomb of Mary , Queen of Scots . Her tomb was created by Pietro Torrigiano , who probably arrived in England in 1509 and received the commission in the following year . The gilded bronze sculpture on the tomb depicts Margaret with her head resting on pillows and her hands raised in prayer , wearing garments characteristic of widowhood ; the face was probably sculpted from a death mask . The black marble tomb is embellished with heraldic bronze insignia , including a yale , her heraldic badge , at her feet . Erasmus wrote the Latin inscription on her tomb . In English it reads : Margaret , Countess of Richmond , mother of Henry VII , grandmother of Henry VIII , who donated funds for three monks of this abbey , a grammar school in Wimborne , a preacher in the whole of England , two lecturers in Scripture , one at Oxford , the other at Cambridge , where she also founded two colleges , one dedicated to Christ , and the other to St John , the Evangelist . In 1539 iron railings , elaborately painted with coats of arms and other ornaments , were erected around the tomb . The ironwork was sold off by the Abbey in 1823 but recovered and restored a century later . Legacy . Lady Margaret Beaufort was a lifelong artistic patron and supporter of academia . While married to Lord Stanley Margaret endowed the building of chapels in Wales . Like Edward IV and his court , she was also involved with the advances in printing of William Caxton and his successor Wynkyn de Worde , not only as a patroness but for her own acquisition . The first book she commissioned from Caxton in 1483 was the 13th-century French romance Blanchardin et Eglantine , which mirrored fairly closely the match she was forging in secret between her son Henry and Elizabeth of York , with the aid of Elizabeth Woodville , then in sanctuary from Richard III in Westminster Abbey . Six years later , after Richards defeat by Henry at Bosworth , she commissioned an English translation of the romance from Caxton : it heralded the beginning of a period of Tudor patronage . Apart from encouraging book production and building her own library , Margaret also achieved considerable success as a translator , becoming the first English translator of the Imitation of Christ known by name , as well as translating the fifteenth-century Netherlandish treatise The Mirror of Gold for the Sinful Soul from a French intermediary . In 1497 she announced her intention to build a free school for the general public of Wimborne . Following her death in 1509 , Wimborne Grammar School came into existence , to become Queen Elizabeths School , Wimborne Minster . In 1502 she established the Lady Margarets Professorship of Divinity at the University of Cambridge . In 1505 she refounded and enlarged Gods House , Cambridge as Christs College , Cambridge with a royal charter from the king . She has been honoured ever since as the Foundress of the College . A copy of her signature can be found carved on one of the buildings ( 4 staircase , 1994 ) within the College . In 1511 , St . Johns College , Cambridge was founded by her estate , either at her direct behest or at the suggestion of her chaplain , John Fisher . Land that she owned around Great Bradley in Suffolk was bequeathed to St . Johns upon its foundation . Her portraits hang in the Great Halls and other college rooms of both Christs and St . Johns , accompanied by portraits of John Fisher . Unusually , both colleges have the same coats of arms , using her crest and motto . Furthermore , various societies , including the Lady Margaret Society as well as the Beaufort Club at Christs , and the Lady Margaret Boat Club at Johns , were named after her . In 1502 she endowed a lectureship in divinity at the University of Oxford , first held by John Roper ; it became the Lady Margaret Professorship of Divinity , held concurrently with a canonship at Christ Church , Oxford . Lady Margaret Hall , the first womens college at the University of Oxford ( founded in 1878 ) , was named in her honour . A practical woman , when faced with problems of flooding in parts of the Fens that threatened some of her properties , she was able to initiate an ambitious drainage scheme , involving foreign engineers , that saw the construction of a large sluice at Boston . She funded the restoration of Church of All Saints , Martock in Somerset , and the construction of the church tower . Margaret Beaufort Middle School ( formerly Margaret Beaufort County Secondary Modern School ) in Riseley , Bedfordshire , near her birthplace at Bletsoe Castle , is named after her . Portraits . There is no surviving portrait of Margaret Beaufort dating from her lifetime . All known portraits , however , are in essentially the same format , depicting her in her later years , wearing a long , peaked , white headdress and in a pose of religious contemplation . Most of these were made in the reign of Henry VIII and Elizabeth I as symbols of loyalty to the Tudor regime . They may be based on a lost original , or be derived from the sculpture on her tomb in Westminster Abbey , in which she wears the same headdress . One variant of the portrait by Meynnart Wewyck in 1510 by Rowland Lockey from the late 1590s shows her at prayer in her richly furnished private closet behind her chamber . The plain desk at which she kneels is draped with a richly patterned textile that is so densely encrusted with embroidery that its corners stand away stiffly . Her lavishly illuminated Book of Hours is open before her , with its protective cloth wrapper ( called a chemise binding ) , spread out around it . The walls are patterned with oak leaf designs , perhaps in lozenges , perhaps of stamped and part-gilded leather . Against the wall hangs the dosser of her canopy of estate , with the tester above her head ( the Tudor rose at its centre ) supported on cords from the ceiling . The coats-of-arms woven into the tapestry are of England ( parted as usual with France ) and the portcullis badge of the Beauforts , which the early Tudor kings later used in their arms . Small stained glass roundels in the leaded glass of her lancet windows also display elements of the arms of both England ( cropped away here ) and Beaufort . Depictions in the media . In historical fiction . - Betty King , The Lady Margaret ( 1965 ) , a story about the marriage of Margaret Beaufort and Edmund Tudor , parents of King Henry VII - Betty King , The Kings Mother ( 1969 ) , sequel to the above , the story of the widowed Margaret Beaufort , mother of the future King Henry VII - Iris Gower , Destinys Child ( 1999 ) . This novel was originally published in 1974 as Bride of the Thirteenth Summer , under the name Iris Davies . - Philippa Gregory : - The Constant Princess ( 2005 ) , a story about the young Catherine of Aragon and her early life in England - The White Queen ( 2009 ) , Book 1 in the Cousins War series , about Elizabeth Woodville - The Red Queen , ( 2010 ) , Book 2 in the Cousins War series , about Margaret Beaufort herself - The Lady of the Rivers ( 2011 ) , Book 3 in the Cousins War series , about Jacquetta of Luxembourg - The Kingmakers Daughter ( 2012 ) , Book 4 in the Cousins War series , about Anne Neville - The White Princess ( 2013 ) , Book 5 in the Cousins War series , about Elizabeth of York - Rebecca Gablé , ( translated : The Game of Kings ) ( 2007 ) – the third instalment ( 1455–1485 ) of the Waringham series by the German author ; Margaret ( Megan ) Beaufort is one of the characters - Livi Michael , Succession ( 2014 ) – about Margaret of Anjou and Margaret Beaufort On screen . - Lady Margaret was portrayed by Marigold Sharman , in eight of the thirteen episodes of the BBCs Shadow of the Tower ( 1972 ) with James Maxwell as her son Henry VII . - Channel 4 and RDF Media produced a drama about Perkin Warbeck for British television in 2005 , Princes in the Tower . It was directed by Justin Hardy and starred Sally Edwards as Lady Margaret , opposite Paul Hilton as Henry VII , Mark Umbers as Warbeck , and Nadia Cameron Blakey as Elizabeth of York . - In 2013 , Amanda Hale portrayed Lady Margaret Beaufort in the television drama series , The White Queen , an adaptation of Gregorys novels , which was shown on BBC One , Starz , and VRT . - In the 2017 series The White Princess ( a follow-up to The White Queen ) , Margaret is portrayed by Michelle Fairley . She is portrayed later in life by Harriet Walter in 2019s The Spanish Princess , a follow-up to both The White Queen and The White Princess . In music . - In 2020 , Renée Lamb portrayed Margaret Beaufort on the cast recording of A Mothers War , a musical based on the Wars of the Roses .
|
[
"John de la Pole"
] |
[
{
"text": " Lady Margaret Beaufort ( usually pronounced : or ; 31 May 1441/3 – 29 June 1509 ) was a major figure in the Wars of the Roses of the late fifteenth century , and mother of King Henry VII of England , the first Tudor monarch .",
"title": "Lady Margaret Beaufort"
},
{
"text": "A descendant of King Edward III , Lady Margaret passed a disputed claim to the English throne to her son , Henry Tudor . Capitalising on the political upheaval of the period , she actively manoeuvred to secure the crown for her son . Beaufort’s efforts ultimately culminated in Henry’s decisive victory over King Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field . She was thus instrumental in orchestrating the rise to power of the Tudor dynasty , which would produce two of Britains most famous monarchs : Henry VIII ( her grandson ) and Elizabeth I .",
"title": "Lady Margaret Beaufort"
},
{
"text": " With her son crowned Henry VII of England , Lady Margaret wielded a considerable degree of political influence and personal autonomy – both unusual for a woman of her time . She was also a major patron and cultural benefactor during her son’s reign , initiating an era of extensive Tudor patronage .",
"title": "Lady Margaret Beaufort"
},
{
"text": "She is credited with the establishment of two prominent Cambridge colleges , founding Christs College in 1505 and beginning the development of St Johns College , which was completed posthumously by her executors in 1511 . Lady Margaret Hall , Oxford , the first Oxford college to admit women , is named after her and has a statue of her in the college chapel .",
"title": "Lady Margaret Beaufort"
},
{
"text": " She was the daughter and sole heiress of John Beaufort , Duke of Somerset ( 1404–1444 ) , a legitimised grandson of John of Gaunt , 1st Duke of Lancaster ( third surviving son of King Edward III ) by his mistress Katherine Swynford . Lady Margaret was born at Bletsoe Castle , Bedfordshire , either on 31 May 1441 or , more likely , on 31 May 1443 . The day and month are not disputed , as she required Westminster Abbey to celebrate her birthday on 31 May .",
"title": "Origins"
},
{
"text": "The year of her birth is more uncertain . William Dugdale , the 17th-century antiquary , suggested that she had been born in 1441 , based on evidence of inquisitions post mortem taken after the death of her father . Dugdale has been followed by a number of Lady Margarets biographers ; however , it is more likely that she was born in 1443 , as in May 1443 her father had negotiated with the king concerning the wardship of his unborn child should he die on campaign .",
"title": "Origins"
},
{
"text": " At the moment of her birth , Margarets father was preparing to go to France and lead an important military expedition for King Henry VI . Somerset negotiated with the king to ensure that if he were to die the rights to Margarets wardship and marriage would be granted only to his wife .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "As Somerset was a tenant-in-chief of the crown , the wardship of his heir fell to the crown under the feudal system . Somerset fell out with the king after coming back from France and was banished from the royal court pending a charge of treason against him . He died shortly afterwards . According to Thomas Basin , Somerset died of illness , but the Crowland Chronicle reported that his death was a suicide . As his only surviving child , Margaret was heiress to his considerable fortune and inheritor of his contested claim to the throne . Both",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "effectively rendered Margaret , as her biographers Jones and Underwood write , a pawn in the unstable political atmosphere of the Lancastrian court .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "Upon her first birthday , the king broke the arrangement with Margarets father and granted the wardship of her extensive lands to William de la Pole , 1st Duke of Suffolk , although Margaret herself remained in the custody of her mother . Margarets mother was pregnant at the time of Somersets death , but the child did not survive and Margaret remained the sole heir . Although she was her fathers only legitimate child , Margaret had two maternal half-brothers and three maternal half-sisters from her mothers first marriage whom she supported after her sons accession to the throne",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "Margaret was married to Suffolks son , John de la Pole . The wedding may have been held between 28 January and 7 February 1444 , when she was perhaps a year old but certainly no more than three . However , there is more evidence to suggest they were married in January 1450 , after Suffolk had been arrested and was looking to secure his sons future by betrothing him to a conveniently wealthy ward whose children could be potential claimants to the throne . Papal dispensation was granted on 18 August 1450 , necessary because the spouses were",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "closely related ( Lady Margaret and de la Pole being the great-grandchildren of two sisters , Katherine Swynford and Philippa Chaucer , respectively ) , and this concurs with the later date of marriage .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " Margaret never recognised this marriage , and considered her next husband her first ( as is written in her 1472 will ) . Three years later , her marriage to de la Pole was dissolved , and King Henry VI granted Margarets wardship to his own half-brothers , Jasper and Edmund Tudor . In her will , made in 1472 , Margaret refers to Edmund Tudor as her first husband . Under canon law , Margaret was not bound by her first marriage contract as she was entered into the marriage before reaching the age of twelve .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "Even before the annulment of her first marriage , Henry VI chose Margaret as a bride for his half-brother , Edmund Tudor , 1st Earl of Richmond , likely to strengthen Edmund’s claim to the throne should Henry be forced to designate Edmund his heir ( the king was then without child or legitimate siblings ) . Edmund was the eldest son of the kings mother , Catherine of Valois , by Owen Tudor .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " At just nine years old Margaret was required to assent formally to the marriage . Later she claimed she was divinely guided to do so . At age twelve Margaret married Edmund Tudor , twelve years her senior , on 1 November 1455 . The Wars of the Roses had just broken out ; Edmund , a Lancastrian , was taken prisoner by Yorkist forces less than a year later . He died of the plague in captivity at Carmarthen on 3 November 1456 , leaving a 13-year-old widow who was seven months pregnant with their child .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "The Countess always respected the name and memory of Edmund as the father of her only child . In 1472 , sixteen years after his death , Margaret specified in her will that she wanted to be buried alongside Edmund , even though she had enjoyed a long , stable and close relationship with her third husband , who had died in 1471 .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "While in the care of her brother-in-law Jasper Tudor , on 28 January 1457 , the Countess gave birth to a son , Henry Tudor , at Pembroke Castle . She was thirteen years old at the time and not yet physically mature , so that the birth was extremely difficult . In a sermon delivered after her death , Margaret’s confessor , John Fisher , deemed it a miracle that a baby could be born of so little a personage . Her sons birth may have done permanent physical injury to Margaret ; despite two later marriages , she",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "never had another child . Years later , she would enumerate a set of proper procedures concerning the delivery of potential heirs , perhaps informed by the difficulty of her own experience .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "Shortly after her re-entry into society after the birth , Jasper helped arrange another marriage for her , in order to ensure the security of her son . She married Sir Henry Stafford ( c . 1425–1471 ) , second son of Humphrey Stafford , 1st Duke of Buckingham , on 3 January 1458 , at the age of fourteen . A dispensation for the marriage , necessary because Margaret and Stafford were second cousins , was granted on 6 April 1457 . They enjoyed a fairly long and harmonious marital relationship and were given Woking Palace , to which",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "Margaret sometimes retreated and which she restored . Margaret and her husband were given 400 marks worth of land by Buckingham , but her own estates were still their main source of income . For a time the Staffords were able to visit Margarets son , who had been entrusted to Jasper Tudors care at Pembroke Castle in Wales .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "Years of York forces fighting Lancastrian for power culminated in the Battle of Towton in 1461 , where the Yorkists were victorious . Edward IV was King of England . The fighting had taken the life of Margaret’s father-in-law and forced Jasper Tudor to flee to Scotland and France to muster support for the Lancastrian cause . Edward IV gave the lands belonging to Margaret’s son to his own brother , the Duke of Clarence . Henry became the ward of Sir William Herbert . Again , Beaufort was allowed some visits to her son .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": " In 1469 the discontented Duke of Clarence and Earl of Warwick incited a rebellion against Edward IV , capturing him after a defeat of his forces . Beaufort utilized this opportunity to attempt to negotiate with Clarence , hoping to regain custody of her son and his holdings . Soon , however , Edward was back in power .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "Warwick’s continued insurrection resulted in the brief reinstallation of the Lancastrian Henry VI in 1470-71 , which was effectively ended with the Yorkist victory at the Battle of Barnet . Faced with York rule once again , Margaret allegedly begged Jasper Tudor , forced to flee abroad once more , to take thirteen-year-old Henry with him . It would be fourteen years before Beaufort saw her son again .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": " In 1471 , Margarets husband , Lord Stafford , died of wounds suffered at the Battle of Barnet , fighting for the Yorkists . At 28 years old , Margaret became a widow again .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "In June 1472 , Margaret married Thomas Stanley , the Lord High Constable and King of Mann . have suggested that Margaret never considered herself a member of the Stanley family . Their marriage was primarily one of convenience ; marrying Stanley enabled Margaret to return to the court of Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville . Indeed , Gristwood speculates Beaufort organized the marriage with the sole aim of rehabilitating her image and securing herself a prime position from which to advocate for her son . Evidently her efforts were successful ; Margaret was chosen by Queen Elizabeth to be",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "godmother to one of her daughters .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": " Holinshed , a Tudor chronicler , claims King Edward IV later proposed a marriage between Beaufort’s son and his own daughter , Elizabeth of York , intending to force Henry Tudor out of his safe haven on the continent . Poet Bernard Andre seems to corroborate this , writing of Tudor’s miraculous escape from the clutches of Edward’s envoys , allegedly warned of the deception by none other than his mother . Reign of Richard III .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "Following Edwards death and the seizure of the throne by Richard , Margaret was soon back at court serving the new queen , Anne Neville . Margaret carried Annes train at the coronation . Seeking her son’s return to England , Margaret appears to have negotiated with Richard .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": " Despite what these negotiations may suggest , Lady Margaret is known to have conspired with Elizabeth Woodville , mother of the two York princes whom Richard confined to the Tower of London , after rumours spread of the boys murder . It was at this point , according to Polydore Vergil , that Beaufort began to hope well of her son’s fortune .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "Beaufort is believed to have initiated discussions with Woodville , via mutual physician , Lewis Caerleon , who conveyed secret correspondences between the two women . Together they conspired to supplant King Richard and by joint force replace him with Margaret’s son , Henry Tudor . Their solidified alliance further secured the subsequent dynasty by the agreed betrothal of Henry to Elizabeth of York . They hoped this proposal would attract both Yorkist and Lancastrian support .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": " As to the fate of the princes , it is widely held that Richard III ordered the death of his two nephews to secure his own reign . Gristwood , however , suggests that another was responsible ; Henry Tudor’s path to the throne was certainly expedited by their disappearance , perhaps motive enough for his mother—his highly able and totally committed representative— to give the order .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "Despite this suggestion , no contemporary sources corroborate the implication , whilst most contemporary accounts outline “her outstanding qualities , her courage , presence of mind , family loyalty , and a deeply felt awareness of the spiritual responsibilities of high office,” as clarified by Jones and Underwood . Before Jones and Underwood , there was no consensus within the scholarly community regarding Margaret’s role or character : historiographical opinions ranged from celebrating her to demonizing her .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": " It was not until the 17th Century that religious retrospective speculations began to criticize Lady Margaret , but even then only as a politic and contriving woman , and never anything beyond shrewd or calculating . All things considered , the words of her own contemporaries , such as Tudor historian Polydore Vergil , continue to extol Lady Margarets noble virtues as the most pious woman , further removing her from accusations of wickedness .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "Erasmus , in writing about his friend the Bishop , Saint John Fisher , praised Margaret’s support of religious institutions and the Bishop , further attesting the simultaneously pragmatic and charitable nature testified in the funerary sermon dedicated by the Bishop himself , as laid out in a following section .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": " In 1483 Margaret was certainly involved in—if not the mastermind behind—Buckinghams rebellion . Indeed , in his biography of Richard III , historian Paul Murray Kendall describes Beaufort as the Athena of the rebellion . Perhaps with duplicitous motives ( as he may have been desirous of the crown for himself ) , Buckingham conspired with Beaufort and Woodville to dethrone Richard . Margaret’s son was to sail from Brittany to join forces with him , but he arrived too late .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "In October , Beaufort’s scheme proved unsuccessful ; the Duke was executed and Tudor was forced back across the English Channel . Beaufort appears to have played a large role in financing the insurrection . In response to her betrayal , Richard passed an act of Parliament stripping Margaret of all her titles and estates , declaring her guilty of the following:Forasmoch as Margaret Countesse of Richmond , Mother to the Kyngs greate Rebell and Traytour , Herry Erle of Richemond , hath of late conspired , consedered , and comitted high Treason ayenst oure Soveraigne Lorde the King Richard",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "the Third , in dyvers and sundry wyses , and in especiall in sendyng messages , writyngs and tokens to the said Henry… Also the said Countesse made chevisancez of greate somes of Money… and also the said Countesse conspired , consedered , and imagyned the destruction of oure said Soveraign Lorde...”",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": " Richard did , however , stop short of a full attainder by transferring Margaret’s property to her husband , Lord Stanley . He also effectively imprisoned Margaret in her husbands home with the hope of preventing any further correspondence with her son . However , her husband failed to stop Margarets continued communication with her son . When the time came for Henry to press his claim , he relied heavily on his mother to raise support for him in England .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "Margarets husband Stanley , despite having fought for Richard III during the Buckingham rebellion , did not respond when summoned to fight at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485 , remaining aloof from the battle , even though his eldest son , George Stanley ( styled Lord Strange ) , was held hostage by Richard . After the battle , it was Stanley who placed the crown on the head of his stepson ( Henry VII ) , who later made him Earl of Derby . Margaret was then styled Countess of Richmond and Derby . She was invested",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "as a Lady of the Order of the Garter ( LG ) in 1488 .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": " Margaret Beaufort in power . After her sons victory at the Battle of Bosworth Field , the Countess was referred to in court as My Lady the Kings Mother . Her son’s first Parliament reversed the attainder against her and declared her a feme sole . This status granted Beaufort considerable legal and social independence from men . She was allowed to own property separately from her husband ( as though she were unmarried ) and sue in court – two rights denied her contemporary married women .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "As arranged by their mothers , Henry married Elizabeth of York . The Countess was reluctant to accept a lower status than the dowager queen Elizabeth or even her daughter-in-law , the queen consort . She wore robes of the same quality as the queen consort and walked only half a pace behind her . Elizabeths biographer , Amy Licence , states that this would have been the correct courtly protocol , adding that only one person knew how Elizabeth really felt about Margaret and she did not commit it to paper .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": " Margaret had written her signature as M . Richmond for years , since the 1460s . In 1499 , she changed her signature to Margaret R. , perhaps to signify her royal authority ( R standing either for regina – queen in Latin as customarily employed by female monarchs – or for Richmond ) . Furthermore , she included the Tudor crown and the caption et mater Henrici septimi regis Angliæ et Hiberniæ ( and mother of Henry VII , king of England and Ireland ) .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "Many historians believe the departure from court of dowager queen Elizabeth Woodville in 1487 was partly at the behest of Henrys influential mother , though this is uncertain .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": " Beaufort exerted considerable political influence within the Tudor court . The power she exercised was evidently obvious ; a report from Spanish envoy Pedro de Ayala dating to 1498 claimed Henry was much influenced by his mother and his followers in affairs or personal interest and in others . In the earlier years of her sons reign , records indicate Margaret usually accompanied the royal couple when they traveled .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "While Margarets position in the royal court was , to some extent , an expression of gratitude by her son , she was likely far less the passive recipient of Henrys favor one might expect . As Gristwood suggests in the following , Beaufort instead actively contrived to further her standing :",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": " A place had to be created for the sort of kings mother Margaret was determined to be . Perhaps if Margaret had become a queen , a role that she clearly felt Fortune had denied her , she would not have felt the need to press for her rights quite so stridently . Lady Margarets immediate petitions were not for queenly powers of rule over others , but were two succinct demands for independence and liberty of self , which were products of expert legal advice , as opposed to a desperate desire to rule .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "The first Act reversed the legislation that had robbed Margaret of her properties under the reign of Richard III , deeming it entirely void , annulled and of no force or effect . The second Act of November 1485 stated that she would enjoy all her properties and titles , and could pursue any legal action as any single unmarried person might or may do at any time , despite still being married .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": " Moreover , as with many decisions made to secure the new dynasty , these Acts of Parliament passed appear to be a collaborative effort , mutually beneficial to both mother and son , as by granting Margaret the status of a femme sole , Henry and his Parliament made it possible to empower the Kings Mother without giving further leverage to the Stanleys , since Margaret could use any wealth granted to her for her own purposes , thereby circumventing the prevailing idea of coverture .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "In his chronicle , Polydore Vergil assessed the partnership between the Tudor king and his mother , noting that Henry gave her a share of most of his public and private resources , contrary to any assertion that Margaret desired greater power . Or , as King Henry Tudor states in a letter to his mother :",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": " ...not only in this but in all other things that I may know should be to your honour and pleasure , and will of your self , I shall be as glad to please you as your heart can desire.”",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "Lady Margarets wardship of brothers Edward Stafford , 3rd Duke of Buckingham and Henry Stafford , 1st Earl of Wiltshire is one of many examples of how her unique position allowed her in varying aspects to operate beyond the scope of any queen , a position which , instead hindering or irritating her at all , proved advantageous to the state of the Crown and delineated her as a helpful and happy agent of its course , as she refused monetary recompense for her stewardship in this arena and successfully secured the allegiance of the Duke of Buckingham to King",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "Henry Tudor , a loyalty that would fade away from the Crown once she and her son were gone .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "Later in her marriage , the Countess preferred living alone . In 1499 , with her husbands permission , she took a vow of chastity in the presence of Richard FitzJames , Bishop of London . Taking a vow of chastity while being married was unusual but not unprecedented . The Countess moved away from her husband and lived alone at Collyweston , Northamptonshire ( near Stamford ) . She was regularly visited by her husband , who had rooms reserved for him . Margaret renewed her vows in 1504 . From her principal residence at Collyweston she was given",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "a special commission to administer justice over the Midlands and the North .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "Beaufort was also actively involved in the domestic life of the royal family . She created a proper protocol regarding the birth and upbringing of royal heirs . Though their relationship is often portrayed as antagonistic , Beaufort and her daughter-in-law Elizabeth worked together when planning the marriages of the royal children . They wrote jointly of the necessary instruction for Catherine of Aragon , who was to marry Elizabeth’s son , Prince Arthur . Both women also conspired to prevent Princess Margaret from being married to the Scottish king at too young an age ; in this matter ,",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "Gristwood writes , Beaufort was undoubtedly resolved that her granddaughter should not share her fate .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": " After Elizabeth’s death in 1503 , Margaret became the principal female presence at court . When the death of Prince Arthur necessitated a new heir apparent , Margaret played a part in ensuring Prince Henry was raised appropriately by selecting some members of his new household .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "The Countess was known for her education and her piety . Biographers Jones and Underwood claim the entirety of Beaufort’s life can be understood in the context of her deeply-felt love and loyalty to her son . Henry is said to have been likewise devoted . A surviving letter written by Henry to his mother reveals his sense of gratitude and appreciation :",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": " All which thyngs according to your desire and plesure I have with all my herte and goode wille giffen and graunted unto you… I shall be as glad to plese you as youre herte can desire hit , and I knowe welle that I am as much bounden so to doe as any creture lyvyng , for the grete and singular moderly love and affection that hit hath plesed you at all tymes to ber towards me .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "Henry VII died on 21 April 1509 , having designated his mother chief executrix of his will . For two days after the death of her son , Margaret scrambled to secure the smooth succession of her grandson , Henry VIII . She arranged her sons funeral and her grandsons coronation . At her sons funeral she was given precedence over all the other women of the royal family .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": " Before her death Beaufort also left her mark on the early reign of Henry VIII ; when her eighteen-year-old grandson chose members of his privy council , it was Margarets suggestions he took .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": " The Countess died in the Deanery of Westminster Abbey on 29 June 1509 . This was the day after her grandson Henry VIIIs 18th birthday , 5 days after his coronation and just over two months after the death of her son . She is buried in the Henry VII Chapel of the Abbey . Her tomb is now situated between the later graves of William III and Mary II and the tomb of Mary , Queen of Scots .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "Her tomb was created by Pietro Torrigiano , who probably arrived in England in 1509 and received the commission in the following year . The gilded bronze sculpture on the tomb depicts Margaret with her head resting on pillows and her hands raised in prayer , wearing garments characteristic of widowhood ; the face was probably sculpted from a death mask . The black marble tomb is embellished with heraldic bronze insignia , including a yale , her heraldic badge , at her feet .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " Erasmus wrote the Latin inscription on her tomb . In English it reads : Margaret , Countess of Richmond , mother of Henry VII , grandmother of Henry VIII , who donated funds for three monks of this abbey , a grammar school in Wimborne , a preacher in the whole of England , two lecturers in Scripture , one at Oxford , the other at Cambridge , where she also founded two colleges , one dedicated to Christ , and the other to St John , the Evangelist .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "In 1539 iron railings , elaborately painted with coats of arms and other ornaments , were erected around the tomb . The ironwork was sold off by the Abbey in 1823 but recovered and restored a century later .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "While married to Lord Stanley Margaret endowed the building of chapels in Wales . Like Edward IV and his court , she was also involved with the advances in printing of William Caxton and his successor Wynkyn de Worde , not only as a patroness but for her own acquisition . The first book she commissioned from Caxton in 1483 was the 13th-century French romance Blanchardin et Eglantine , which mirrored fairly closely the match she was forging in secret between her son Henry and Elizabeth of York , with the aid of Elizabeth Woodville , then in sanctuary from",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "Richard III in Westminster Abbey . Six years later , after Richards defeat by Henry at Bosworth , she commissioned an English translation of the romance from Caxton : it heralded the beginning of a period of Tudor patronage . Apart from encouraging book production and building her own library , Margaret also achieved considerable success as a translator , becoming the first English translator of the Imitation of Christ known by name , as well as translating the fifteenth-century Netherlandish treatise The Mirror of Gold for the Sinful Soul from a French intermediary .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " In 1497 she announced her intention to build a free school for the general public of Wimborne . Following her death in 1509 , Wimborne Grammar School came into existence , to become Queen Elizabeths School , Wimborne Minster .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "In 1502 she established the Lady Margarets Professorship of Divinity at the University of Cambridge . In 1505 she refounded and enlarged Gods House , Cambridge as Christs College , Cambridge with a royal charter from the king . She has been honoured ever since as the Foundress of the College . A copy of her signature can be found carved on one of the buildings ( 4 staircase , 1994 ) within the College . In 1511 , St . Johns College , Cambridge was founded by her estate , either at her direct behest or at the suggestion",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "of her chaplain , John Fisher . Land that she owned around Great Bradley in Suffolk was bequeathed to St . Johns upon its foundation . Her portraits hang in the Great Halls and other college rooms of both Christs and St . Johns , accompanied by portraits of John Fisher . Unusually , both colleges have the same coats of arms , using her crest and motto . Furthermore , various societies , including the Lady Margaret Society as well as the Beaufort Club at Christs , and the Lady Margaret Boat Club at Johns , were named after",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "her .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " In 1502 she endowed a lectureship in divinity at the University of Oxford , first held by John Roper ; it became the Lady Margaret Professorship of Divinity , held concurrently with a canonship at Christ Church , Oxford . Lady Margaret Hall , the first womens college at the University of Oxford ( founded in 1878 ) , was named in her honour .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "A practical woman , when faced with problems of flooding in parts of the Fens that threatened some of her properties , she was able to initiate an ambitious drainage scheme , involving foreign engineers , that saw the construction of a large sluice at Boston . She funded the restoration of Church of All Saints , Martock in Somerset , and the construction of the church tower .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " Margaret Beaufort Middle School ( formerly Margaret Beaufort County Secondary Modern School ) in Riseley , Bedfordshire , near her birthplace at Bletsoe Castle , is named after her .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "There is no surviving portrait of Margaret Beaufort dating from her lifetime . All known portraits , however , are in essentially the same format , depicting her in her later years , wearing a long , peaked , white headdress and in a pose of religious contemplation . Most of these were made in the reign of Henry VIII and Elizabeth I as symbols of loyalty to the Tudor regime . They may be based on a lost original , or be derived from the sculpture on her tomb in Westminster Abbey , in which she wears the same",
"title": "Portraits"
},
{
"text": "headdress .",
"title": "Portraits"
},
{
"text": "One variant of the portrait by Meynnart Wewyck in 1510 by Rowland Lockey from the late 1590s shows her at prayer in her richly furnished private closet behind her chamber . The plain desk at which she kneels is draped with a richly patterned textile that is so densely encrusted with embroidery that its corners stand away stiffly . Her lavishly illuminated Book of Hours is open before her , with its protective cloth wrapper ( called a chemise binding ) , spread out around it . The walls are patterned with oak leaf designs , perhaps in lozenges ,",
"title": "Portraits"
},
{
"text": "perhaps of stamped and part-gilded leather . Against the wall hangs the dosser of her canopy of estate , with the tester above her head ( the Tudor rose at its centre ) supported on cords from the ceiling . The coats-of-arms woven into the tapestry are of England ( parted as usual with France ) and the portcullis badge of the Beauforts , which the early Tudor kings later used in their arms . Small stained glass roundels in the leaded glass of her lancet windows also display elements of the arms of both England ( cropped away here",
"title": "Portraits"
},
{
"text": ") and Beaufort .",
"title": "Portraits"
},
{
"text": " - Betty King , The Lady Margaret ( 1965 ) , a story about the marriage of Margaret Beaufort and Edmund Tudor , parents of King Henry VII - Betty King , The Kings Mother ( 1969 ) , sequel to the above , the story of the widowed Margaret Beaufort , mother of the future King Henry VII - Iris Gower , Destinys Child ( 1999 ) . This novel was originally published in 1974 as Bride of the Thirteenth Summer , under the name Iris Davies . - Philippa Gregory :",
"title": "In historical fiction"
},
{
"text": "- The Constant Princess ( 2005 ) , a story about the young Catherine of Aragon and her early life in England",
"title": "In historical fiction"
},
{
"text": " - The White Queen ( 2009 ) , Book 1 in the Cousins War series , about Elizabeth Woodville - The Red Queen , ( 2010 ) , Book 2 in the Cousins War series , about Margaret Beaufort herself - The Lady of the Rivers ( 2011 ) , Book 3 in the Cousins War series , about Jacquetta of Luxembourg - The Kingmakers Daughter ( 2012 ) , Book 4 in the Cousins War series , about Anne Neville",
"title": "In historical fiction"
},
{
"text": "- The White Princess ( 2013 ) , Book 5 in the Cousins War series , about Elizabeth of York",
"title": "In historical fiction"
},
{
"text": " - Rebecca Gablé , ( translated : The Game of Kings ) ( 2007 ) – the third instalment ( 1455–1485 ) of the Waringham series by the German author ; Margaret ( Megan ) Beaufort is one of the characters - Livi Michael , Succession ( 2014 ) – about Margaret of Anjou and Margaret Beaufort",
"title": "In historical fiction"
},
{
"text": " - Lady Margaret was portrayed by Marigold Sharman , in eight of the thirteen episodes of the BBCs Shadow of the Tower ( 1972 ) with James Maxwell as her son Henry VII . - Channel 4 and RDF Media produced a drama about Perkin Warbeck for British television in 2005 , Princes in the Tower . It was directed by Justin Hardy and starred Sally Edwards as Lady Margaret , opposite Paul Hilton as Henry VII , Mark Umbers as Warbeck , and Nadia Cameron Blakey as Elizabeth of York .",
"title": "On screen"
},
{
"text": "- In 2013 , Amanda Hale portrayed Lady Margaret Beaufort in the television drama series , The White Queen , an adaptation of Gregorys novels , which was shown on BBC One , Starz , and VRT .",
"title": "On screen"
},
{
"text": " - In the 2017 series The White Princess ( a follow-up to The White Queen ) , Margaret is portrayed by Michelle Fairley . She is portrayed later in life by Harriet Walter in 2019s The Spanish Princess , a follow-up to both The White Queen and The White Princess .",
"title": "On screen"
},
{
"text": " - In 2020 , Renée Lamb portrayed Margaret Beaufort on the cast recording of A Mothers War , a musical based on the Wars of the Roses .",
"title": "In music"
}
] |
/wiki/Lady_Margaret_Beaufort#P26#3
|
Who was Lady Margaret Beaufort 's spouse between Dec 1472 and 1473?
|
Lady Margaret Beaufort Lady Margaret Beaufort ( usually pronounced : or ; 31 May 1441/3 – 29 June 1509 ) was a major figure in the Wars of the Roses of the late fifteenth century , and mother of King Henry VII of England , the first Tudor monarch . A descendant of King Edward III , Lady Margaret passed a disputed claim to the English throne to her son , Henry Tudor . Capitalising on the political upheaval of the period , she actively manoeuvred to secure the crown for her son . Beaufort’s efforts ultimately culminated in Henry’s decisive victory over King Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field . She was thus instrumental in orchestrating the rise to power of the Tudor dynasty , which would produce two of Britains most famous monarchs : Henry VIII ( her grandson ) and Elizabeth I . With her son crowned Henry VII of England , Lady Margaret wielded a considerable degree of political influence and personal autonomy – both unusual for a woman of her time . She was also a major patron and cultural benefactor during her son’s reign , initiating an era of extensive Tudor patronage . She is credited with the establishment of two prominent Cambridge colleges , founding Christs College in 1505 and beginning the development of St Johns College , which was completed posthumously by her executors in 1511 . Lady Margaret Hall , Oxford , the first Oxford college to admit women , is named after her and has a statue of her in the college chapel . Origins . She was the daughter and sole heiress of John Beaufort , Duke of Somerset ( 1404–1444 ) , a legitimised grandson of John of Gaunt , 1st Duke of Lancaster ( third surviving son of King Edward III ) by his mistress Katherine Swynford . Lady Margaret was born at Bletsoe Castle , Bedfordshire , either on 31 May 1441 or , more likely , on 31 May 1443 . The day and month are not disputed , as she required Westminster Abbey to celebrate her birthday on 31 May . The year of her birth is more uncertain . William Dugdale , the 17th-century antiquary , suggested that she had been born in 1441 , based on evidence of inquisitions post mortem taken after the death of her father . Dugdale has been followed by a number of Lady Margarets biographers ; however , it is more likely that she was born in 1443 , as in May 1443 her father had negotiated with the king concerning the wardship of his unborn child should he die on campaign . Early years . At the moment of her birth , Margarets father was preparing to go to France and lead an important military expedition for King Henry VI . Somerset negotiated with the king to ensure that if he were to die the rights to Margarets wardship and marriage would be granted only to his wife . As Somerset was a tenant-in-chief of the crown , the wardship of his heir fell to the crown under the feudal system . Somerset fell out with the king after coming back from France and was banished from the royal court pending a charge of treason against him . He died shortly afterwards . According to Thomas Basin , Somerset died of illness , but the Crowland Chronicle reported that his death was a suicide . As his only surviving child , Margaret was heiress to his considerable fortune and inheritor of his contested claim to the throne . Both effectively rendered Margaret , as her biographers Jones and Underwood write , a pawn in the unstable political atmosphere of the Lancastrian court . Upon her first birthday , the king broke the arrangement with Margarets father and granted the wardship of her extensive lands to William de la Pole , 1st Duke of Suffolk , although Margaret herself remained in the custody of her mother . Margarets mother was pregnant at the time of Somersets death , but the child did not survive and Margaret remained the sole heir . Although she was her fathers only legitimate child , Margaret had two maternal half-brothers and three maternal half-sisters from her mothers first marriage whom she supported after her sons accession to the throne . Margaret was married to Suffolks son , John de la Pole . The wedding may have been held between 28 January and 7 February 1444 , when she was perhaps a year old but certainly no more than three . However , there is more evidence to suggest they were married in January 1450 , after Suffolk had been arrested and was looking to secure his sons future by betrothing him to a conveniently wealthy ward whose children could be potential claimants to the throne . Papal dispensation was granted on 18 August 1450 , necessary because the spouses were closely related ( Lady Margaret and de la Pole being the great-grandchildren of two sisters , Katherine Swynford and Philippa Chaucer , respectively ) , and this concurs with the later date of marriage . Margaret never recognised this marriage , and considered her next husband her first ( as is written in her 1472 will ) . Three years later , her marriage to de la Pole was dissolved , and King Henry VI granted Margarets wardship to his own half-brothers , Jasper and Edmund Tudor . In her will , made in 1472 , Margaret refers to Edmund Tudor as her first husband . Under canon law , Margaret was not bound by her first marriage contract as she was entered into the marriage before reaching the age of twelve . Even before the annulment of her first marriage , Henry VI chose Margaret as a bride for his half-brother , Edmund Tudor , 1st Earl of Richmond , likely to strengthen Edmund’s claim to the throne should Henry be forced to designate Edmund his heir ( the king was then without child or legitimate siblings ) . Edmund was the eldest son of the kings mother , Catherine of Valois , by Owen Tudor . At just nine years old Margaret was required to assent formally to the marriage . Later she claimed she was divinely guided to do so . At age twelve Margaret married Edmund Tudor , twelve years her senior , on 1 November 1455 . The Wars of the Roses had just broken out ; Edmund , a Lancastrian , was taken prisoner by Yorkist forces less than a year later . He died of the plague in captivity at Carmarthen on 3 November 1456 , leaving a 13-year-old widow who was seven months pregnant with their child . The Countess always respected the name and memory of Edmund as the father of her only child . In 1472 , sixteen years after his death , Margaret specified in her will that she wanted to be buried alongside Edmund , even though she had enjoyed a long , stable and close relationship with her third husband , who had died in 1471 . Motherhood . While in the care of her brother-in-law Jasper Tudor , on 28 January 1457 , the Countess gave birth to a son , Henry Tudor , at Pembroke Castle . She was thirteen years old at the time and not yet physically mature , so that the birth was extremely difficult . In a sermon delivered after her death , Margaret’s confessor , John Fisher , deemed it a miracle that a baby could be born of so little a personage . Her sons birth may have done permanent physical injury to Margaret ; despite two later marriages , she never had another child . Years later , she would enumerate a set of proper procedures concerning the delivery of potential heirs , perhaps informed by the difficulty of her own experience . Shortly after her re-entry into society after the birth , Jasper helped arrange another marriage for her , in order to ensure the security of her son . She married Sir Henry Stafford ( c . 1425–1471 ) , second son of Humphrey Stafford , 1st Duke of Buckingham , on 3 January 1458 , at the age of fourteen . A dispensation for the marriage , necessary because Margaret and Stafford were second cousins , was granted on 6 April 1457 . They enjoyed a fairly long and harmonious marital relationship and were given Woking Palace , to which Margaret sometimes retreated and which she restored . Margaret and her husband were given 400 marks worth of land by Buckingham , but her own estates were still their main source of income . For a time the Staffords were able to visit Margarets son , who had been entrusted to Jasper Tudors care at Pembroke Castle in Wales . Involvement in the Wars of the Roses . Reign of Edward IV . Years of York forces fighting Lancastrian for power culminated in the Battle of Towton in 1461 , where the Yorkists were victorious . Edward IV was King of England . The fighting had taken the life of Margaret’s father-in-law and forced Jasper Tudor to flee to Scotland and France to muster support for the Lancastrian cause . Edward IV gave the lands belonging to Margaret’s son to his own brother , the Duke of Clarence . Henry became the ward of Sir William Herbert . Again , Beaufort was allowed some visits to her son . In 1469 the discontented Duke of Clarence and Earl of Warwick incited a rebellion against Edward IV , capturing him after a defeat of his forces . Beaufort utilized this opportunity to attempt to negotiate with Clarence , hoping to regain custody of her son and his holdings . Soon , however , Edward was back in power . Warwick’s continued insurrection resulted in the brief reinstallation of the Lancastrian Henry VI in 1470-71 , which was effectively ended with the Yorkist victory at the Battle of Barnet . Faced with York rule once again , Margaret allegedly begged Jasper Tudor , forced to flee abroad once more , to take thirteen-year-old Henry with him . It would be fourteen years before Beaufort saw her son again . In 1471 , Margarets husband , Lord Stafford , died of wounds suffered at the Battle of Barnet , fighting for the Yorkists . At 28 years old , Margaret became a widow again . In June 1472 , Margaret married Thomas Stanley , the Lord High Constable and King of Mann . have suggested that Margaret never considered herself a member of the Stanley family . Their marriage was primarily one of convenience ; marrying Stanley enabled Margaret to return to the court of Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville . Indeed , Gristwood speculates Beaufort organized the marriage with the sole aim of rehabilitating her image and securing herself a prime position from which to advocate for her son . Evidently her efforts were successful ; Margaret was chosen by Queen Elizabeth to be godmother to one of her daughters . Holinshed , a Tudor chronicler , claims King Edward IV later proposed a marriage between Beaufort’s son and his own daughter , Elizabeth of York , intending to force Henry Tudor out of his safe haven on the continent . Poet Bernard Andre seems to corroborate this , writing of Tudor’s miraculous escape from the clutches of Edward’s envoys , allegedly warned of the deception by none other than his mother . Reign of Richard III . Following Edwards death and the seizure of the throne by Richard , Margaret was soon back at court serving the new queen , Anne Neville . Margaret carried Annes train at the coronation . Seeking her son’s return to England , Margaret appears to have negotiated with Richard . Despite what these negotiations may suggest , Lady Margaret is known to have conspired with Elizabeth Woodville , mother of the two York princes whom Richard confined to the Tower of London , after rumours spread of the boys murder . It was at this point , according to Polydore Vergil , that Beaufort began to hope well of her son’s fortune . Beaufort is believed to have initiated discussions with Woodville , via mutual physician , Lewis Caerleon , who conveyed secret correspondences between the two women . Together they conspired to supplant King Richard and by joint force replace him with Margaret’s son , Henry Tudor . Their solidified alliance further secured the subsequent dynasty by the agreed betrothal of Henry to Elizabeth of York . They hoped this proposal would attract both Yorkist and Lancastrian support . As to the fate of the princes , it is widely held that Richard III ordered the death of his two nephews to secure his own reign . Gristwood , however , suggests that another was responsible ; Henry Tudor’s path to the throne was certainly expedited by their disappearance , perhaps motive enough for his mother—his highly able and totally committed representative— to give the order . Despite this suggestion , no contemporary sources corroborate the implication , whilst most contemporary accounts outline “her outstanding qualities , her courage , presence of mind , family loyalty , and a deeply felt awareness of the spiritual responsibilities of high office,” as clarified by Jones and Underwood . Before Jones and Underwood , there was no consensus within the scholarly community regarding Margaret’s role or character : historiographical opinions ranged from celebrating her to demonizing her . It was not until the 17th Century that religious retrospective speculations began to criticize Lady Margaret , but even then only as a politic and contriving woman , and never anything beyond shrewd or calculating . All things considered , the words of her own contemporaries , such as Tudor historian Polydore Vergil , continue to extol Lady Margarets noble virtues as the most pious woman , further removing her from accusations of wickedness . Erasmus , in writing about his friend the Bishop , Saint John Fisher , praised Margaret’s support of religious institutions and the Bishop , further attesting the simultaneously pragmatic and charitable nature testified in the funerary sermon dedicated by the Bishop himself , as laid out in a following section . In 1483 Margaret was certainly involved in—if not the mastermind behind—Buckinghams rebellion . Indeed , in his biography of Richard III , historian Paul Murray Kendall describes Beaufort as the Athena of the rebellion . Perhaps with duplicitous motives ( as he may have been desirous of the crown for himself ) , Buckingham conspired with Beaufort and Woodville to dethrone Richard . Margaret’s son was to sail from Brittany to join forces with him , but he arrived too late . In October , Beaufort’s scheme proved unsuccessful ; the Duke was executed and Tudor was forced back across the English Channel . Beaufort appears to have played a large role in financing the insurrection . In response to her betrayal , Richard passed an act of Parliament stripping Margaret of all her titles and estates , declaring her guilty of the following:Forasmoch as Margaret Countesse of Richmond , Mother to the Kyngs greate Rebell and Traytour , Herry Erle of Richemond , hath of late conspired , consedered , and comitted high Treason ayenst oure Soveraigne Lorde the King Richard the Third , in dyvers and sundry wyses , and in especiall in sendyng messages , writyngs and tokens to the said Henry… Also the said Countesse made chevisancez of greate somes of Money… and also the said Countesse conspired , consedered , and imagyned the destruction of oure said Soveraign Lorde...” Richard did , however , stop short of a full attainder by transferring Margaret’s property to her husband , Lord Stanley . He also effectively imprisoned Margaret in her husbands home with the hope of preventing any further correspondence with her son . However , her husband failed to stop Margarets continued communication with her son . When the time came for Henry to press his claim , he relied heavily on his mother to raise support for him in England . Margarets husband Stanley , despite having fought for Richard III during the Buckingham rebellion , did not respond when summoned to fight at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485 , remaining aloof from the battle , even though his eldest son , George Stanley ( styled Lord Strange ) , was held hostage by Richard . After the battle , it was Stanley who placed the crown on the head of his stepson ( Henry VII ) , who later made him Earl of Derby . Margaret was then styled Countess of Richmond and Derby . She was invested as a Lady of the Order of the Garter ( LG ) in 1488 . Margaret Beaufort in power . After her sons victory at the Battle of Bosworth Field , the Countess was referred to in court as My Lady the Kings Mother . Her son’s first Parliament reversed the attainder against her and declared her a feme sole . This status granted Beaufort considerable legal and social independence from men . She was allowed to own property separately from her husband ( as though she were unmarried ) and sue in court – two rights denied her contemporary married women . As arranged by their mothers , Henry married Elizabeth of York . The Countess was reluctant to accept a lower status than the dowager queen Elizabeth or even her daughter-in-law , the queen consort . She wore robes of the same quality as the queen consort and walked only half a pace behind her . Elizabeths biographer , Amy Licence , states that this would have been the correct courtly protocol , adding that only one person knew how Elizabeth really felt about Margaret and she did not commit it to paper . Margaret had written her signature as M . Richmond for years , since the 1460s . In 1499 , she changed her signature to Margaret R. , perhaps to signify her royal authority ( R standing either for regina – queen in Latin as customarily employed by female monarchs – or for Richmond ) . Furthermore , she included the Tudor crown and the caption et mater Henrici septimi regis Angliæ et Hiberniæ ( and mother of Henry VII , king of England and Ireland ) . Many historians believe the departure from court of dowager queen Elizabeth Woodville in 1487 was partly at the behest of Henrys influential mother , though this is uncertain . Beaufort exerted considerable political influence within the Tudor court . The power she exercised was evidently obvious ; a report from Spanish envoy Pedro de Ayala dating to 1498 claimed Henry was much influenced by his mother and his followers in affairs or personal interest and in others . In the earlier years of her sons reign , records indicate Margaret usually accompanied the royal couple when they traveled . While Margarets position in the royal court was , to some extent , an expression of gratitude by her son , she was likely far less the passive recipient of Henrys favor one might expect . As Gristwood suggests in the following , Beaufort instead actively contrived to further her standing : A place had to be created for the sort of kings mother Margaret was determined to be . Perhaps if Margaret had become a queen , a role that she clearly felt Fortune had denied her , she would not have felt the need to press for her rights quite so stridently . Lady Margarets immediate petitions were not for queenly powers of rule over others , but were two succinct demands for independence and liberty of self , which were products of expert legal advice , as opposed to a desperate desire to rule . The first Act reversed the legislation that had robbed Margaret of her properties under the reign of Richard III , deeming it entirely void , annulled and of no force or effect . The second Act of November 1485 stated that she would enjoy all her properties and titles , and could pursue any legal action as any single unmarried person might or may do at any time , despite still being married . Moreover , as with many decisions made to secure the new dynasty , these Acts of Parliament passed appear to be a collaborative effort , mutually beneficial to both mother and son , as by granting Margaret the status of a femme sole , Henry and his Parliament made it possible to empower the Kings Mother without giving further leverage to the Stanleys , since Margaret could use any wealth granted to her for her own purposes , thereby circumventing the prevailing idea of coverture . In his chronicle , Polydore Vergil assessed the partnership between the Tudor king and his mother , noting that Henry gave her a share of most of his public and private resources , contrary to any assertion that Margaret desired greater power . Or , as King Henry Tudor states in a letter to his mother : ...not only in this but in all other things that I may know should be to your honour and pleasure , and will of your self , I shall be as glad to please you as your heart can desire.” Lady Margarets wardship of brothers Edward Stafford , 3rd Duke of Buckingham and Henry Stafford , 1st Earl of Wiltshire is one of many examples of how her unique position allowed her in varying aspects to operate beyond the scope of any queen , a position which , instead hindering or irritating her at all , proved advantageous to the state of the Crown and delineated her as a helpful and happy agent of its course , as she refused monetary recompense for her stewardship in this arena and successfully secured the allegiance of the Duke of Buckingham to King Henry Tudor , a loyalty that would fade away from the Crown once she and her son were gone . Later in her marriage , the Countess preferred living alone . In 1499 , with her husbands permission , she took a vow of chastity in the presence of Richard FitzJames , Bishop of London . Taking a vow of chastity while being married was unusual but not unprecedented . The Countess moved away from her husband and lived alone at Collyweston , Northamptonshire ( near Stamford ) . She was regularly visited by her husband , who had rooms reserved for him . Margaret renewed her vows in 1504 . From her principal residence at Collyweston she was given a special commission to administer justice over the Midlands and the North . Beaufort was also actively involved in the domestic life of the royal family . She created a proper protocol regarding the birth and upbringing of royal heirs . Though their relationship is often portrayed as antagonistic , Beaufort and her daughter-in-law Elizabeth worked together when planning the marriages of the royal children . They wrote jointly of the necessary instruction for Catherine of Aragon , who was to marry Elizabeth’s son , Prince Arthur . Both women also conspired to prevent Princess Margaret from being married to the Scottish king at too young an age ; in this matter , Gristwood writes , Beaufort was undoubtedly resolved that her granddaughter should not share her fate . After Elizabeth’s death in 1503 , Margaret became the principal female presence at court . When the death of Prince Arthur necessitated a new heir apparent , Margaret played a part in ensuring Prince Henry was raised appropriately by selecting some members of his new household . The Countess was known for her education and her piety . Biographers Jones and Underwood claim the entirety of Beaufort’s life can be understood in the context of her deeply-felt love and loyalty to her son . Henry is said to have been likewise devoted . A surviving letter written by Henry to his mother reveals his sense of gratitude and appreciation : All which thyngs according to your desire and plesure I have with all my herte and goode wille giffen and graunted unto you… I shall be as glad to plese you as youre herte can desire hit , and I knowe welle that I am as much bounden so to doe as any creture lyvyng , for the grete and singular moderly love and affection that hit hath plesed you at all tymes to ber towards me . Henry VII died on 21 April 1509 , having designated his mother chief executrix of his will . For two days after the death of her son , Margaret scrambled to secure the smooth succession of her grandson , Henry VIII . She arranged her sons funeral and her grandsons coronation . At her sons funeral she was given precedence over all the other women of the royal family . Before her death Beaufort also left her mark on the early reign of Henry VIII ; when her eighteen-year-old grandson chose members of his privy council , it was Margarets suggestions he took . Death . The Countess died in the Deanery of Westminster Abbey on 29 June 1509 . This was the day after her grandson Henry VIIIs 18th birthday , 5 days after his coronation and just over two months after the death of her son . She is buried in the Henry VII Chapel of the Abbey . Her tomb is now situated between the later graves of William III and Mary II and the tomb of Mary , Queen of Scots . Her tomb was created by Pietro Torrigiano , who probably arrived in England in 1509 and received the commission in the following year . The gilded bronze sculpture on the tomb depicts Margaret with her head resting on pillows and her hands raised in prayer , wearing garments characteristic of widowhood ; the face was probably sculpted from a death mask . The black marble tomb is embellished with heraldic bronze insignia , including a yale , her heraldic badge , at her feet . Erasmus wrote the Latin inscription on her tomb . In English it reads : Margaret , Countess of Richmond , mother of Henry VII , grandmother of Henry VIII , who donated funds for three monks of this abbey , a grammar school in Wimborne , a preacher in the whole of England , two lecturers in Scripture , one at Oxford , the other at Cambridge , where she also founded two colleges , one dedicated to Christ , and the other to St John , the Evangelist . In 1539 iron railings , elaborately painted with coats of arms and other ornaments , were erected around the tomb . The ironwork was sold off by the Abbey in 1823 but recovered and restored a century later . Legacy . Lady Margaret Beaufort was a lifelong artistic patron and supporter of academia . While married to Lord Stanley Margaret endowed the building of chapels in Wales . Like Edward IV and his court , she was also involved with the advances in printing of William Caxton and his successor Wynkyn de Worde , not only as a patroness but for her own acquisition . The first book she commissioned from Caxton in 1483 was the 13th-century French romance Blanchardin et Eglantine , which mirrored fairly closely the match she was forging in secret between her son Henry and Elizabeth of York , with the aid of Elizabeth Woodville , then in sanctuary from Richard III in Westminster Abbey . Six years later , after Richards defeat by Henry at Bosworth , she commissioned an English translation of the romance from Caxton : it heralded the beginning of a period of Tudor patronage . Apart from encouraging book production and building her own library , Margaret also achieved considerable success as a translator , becoming the first English translator of the Imitation of Christ known by name , as well as translating the fifteenth-century Netherlandish treatise The Mirror of Gold for the Sinful Soul from a French intermediary . In 1497 she announced her intention to build a free school for the general public of Wimborne . Following her death in 1509 , Wimborne Grammar School came into existence , to become Queen Elizabeths School , Wimborne Minster . In 1502 she established the Lady Margarets Professorship of Divinity at the University of Cambridge . In 1505 she refounded and enlarged Gods House , Cambridge as Christs College , Cambridge with a royal charter from the king . She has been honoured ever since as the Foundress of the College . A copy of her signature can be found carved on one of the buildings ( 4 staircase , 1994 ) within the College . In 1511 , St . Johns College , Cambridge was founded by her estate , either at her direct behest or at the suggestion of her chaplain , John Fisher . Land that she owned around Great Bradley in Suffolk was bequeathed to St . Johns upon its foundation . Her portraits hang in the Great Halls and other college rooms of both Christs and St . Johns , accompanied by portraits of John Fisher . Unusually , both colleges have the same coats of arms , using her crest and motto . Furthermore , various societies , including the Lady Margaret Society as well as the Beaufort Club at Christs , and the Lady Margaret Boat Club at Johns , were named after her . In 1502 she endowed a lectureship in divinity at the University of Oxford , first held by John Roper ; it became the Lady Margaret Professorship of Divinity , held concurrently with a canonship at Christ Church , Oxford . Lady Margaret Hall , the first womens college at the University of Oxford ( founded in 1878 ) , was named in her honour . A practical woman , when faced with problems of flooding in parts of the Fens that threatened some of her properties , she was able to initiate an ambitious drainage scheme , involving foreign engineers , that saw the construction of a large sluice at Boston . She funded the restoration of Church of All Saints , Martock in Somerset , and the construction of the church tower . Margaret Beaufort Middle School ( formerly Margaret Beaufort County Secondary Modern School ) in Riseley , Bedfordshire , near her birthplace at Bletsoe Castle , is named after her . Portraits . There is no surviving portrait of Margaret Beaufort dating from her lifetime . All known portraits , however , are in essentially the same format , depicting her in her later years , wearing a long , peaked , white headdress and in a pose of religious contemplation . Most of these were made in the reign of Henry VIII and Elizabeth I as symbols of loyalty to the Tudor regime . They may be based on a lost original , or be derived from the sculpture on her tomb in Westminster Abbey , in which she wears the same headdress . One variant of the portrait by Meynnart Wewyck in 1510 by Rowland Lockey from the late 1590s shows her at prayer in her richly furnished private closet behind her chamber . The plain desk at which she kneels is draped with a richly patterned textile that is so densely encrusted with embroidery that its corners stand away stiffly . Her lavishly illuminated Book of Hours is open before her , with its protective cloth wrapper ( called a chemise binding ) , spread out around it . The walls are patterned with oak leaf designs , perhaps in lozenges , perhaps of stamped and part-gilded leather . Against the wall hangs the dosser of her canopy of estate , with the tester above her head ( the Tudor rose at its centre ) supported on cords from the ceiling . The coats-of-arms woven into the tapestry are of England ( parted as usual with France ) and the portcullis badge of the Beauforts , which the early Tudor kings later used in their arms . Small stained glass roundels in the leaded glass of her lancet windows also display elements of the arms of both England ( cropped away here ) and Beaufort . Depictions in the media . In historical fiction . - Betty King , The Lady Margaret ( 1965 ) , a story about the marriage of Margaret Beaufort and Edmund Tudor , parents of King Henry VII - Betty King , The Kings Mother ( 1969 ) , sequel to the above , the story of the widowed Margaret Beaufort , mother of the future King Henry VII - Iris Gower , Destinys Child ( 1999 ) . This novel was originally published in 1974 as Bride of the Thirteenth Summer , under the name Iris Davies . - Philippa Gregory : - The Constant Princess ( 2005 ) , a story about the young Catherine of Aragon and her early life in England - The White Queen ( 2009 ) , Book 1 in the Cousins War series , about Elizabeth Woodville - The Red Queen , ( 2010 ) , Book 2 in the Cousins War series , about Margaret Beaufort herself - The Lady of the Rivers ( 2011 ) , Book 3 in the Cousins War series , about Jacquetta of Luxembourg - The Kingmakers Daughter ( 2012 ) , Book 4 in the Cousins War series , about Anne Neville - The White Princess ( 2013 ) , Book 5 in the Cousins War series , about Elizabeth of York - Rebecca Gablé , ( translated : The Game of Kings ) ( 2007 ) – the third instalment ( 1455–1485 ) of the Waringham series by the German author ; Margaret ( Megan ) Beaufort is one of the characters - Livi Michael , Succession ( 2014 ) – about Margaret of Anjou and Margaret Beaufort On screen . - Lady Margaret was portrayed by Marigold Sharman , in eight of the thirteen episodes of the BBCs Shadow of the Tower ( 1972 ) with James Maxwell as her son Henry VII . - Channel 4 and RDF Media produced a drama about Perkin Warbeck for British television in 2005 , Princes in the Tower . It was directed by Justin Hardy and starred Sally Edwards as Lady Margaret , opposite Paul Hilton as Henry VII , Mark Umbers as Warbeck , and Nadia Cameron Blakey as Elizabeth of York . - In 2013 , Amanda Hale portrayed Lady Margaret Beaufort in the television drama series , The White Queen , an adaptation of Gregorys novels , which was shown on BBC One , Starz , and VRT . - In the 2017 series The White Princess ( a follow-up to The White Queen ) , Margaret is portrayed by Michelle Fairley . She is portrayed later in life by Harriet Walter in 2019s The Spanish Princess , a follow-up to both The White Queen and The White Princess . In music . - In 2020 , Renée Lamb portrayed Margaret Beaufort on the cast recording of A Mothers War , a musical based on the Wars of the Roses .
|
[
"Lord Stanley",
"John de la Pole"
] |
[
{
"text": " Lady Margaret Beaufort ( usually pronounced : or ; 31 May 1441/3 – 29 June 1509 ) was a major figure in the Wars of the Roses of the late fifteenth century , and mother of King Henry VII of England , the first Tudor monarch .",
"title": "Lady Margaret Beaufort"
},
{
"text": "A descendant of King Edward III , Lady Margaret passed a disputed claim to the English throne to her son , Henry Tudor . Capitalising on the political upheaval of the period , she actively manoeuvred to secure the crown for her son . Beaufort’s efforts ultimately culminated in Henry’s decisive victory over King Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field . She was thus instrumental in orchestrating the rise to power of the Tudor dynasty , which would produce two of Britains most famous monarchs : Henry VIII ( her grandson ) and Elizabeth I .",
"title": "Lady Margaret Beaufort"
},
{
"text": " With her son crowned Henry VII of England , Lady Margaret wielded a considerable degree of political influence and personal autonomy – both unusual for a woman of her time . She was also a major patron and cultural benefactor during her son’s reign , initiating an era of extensive Tudor patronage .",
"title": "Lady Margaret Beaufort"
},
{
"text": "She is credited with the establishment of two prominent Cambridge colleges , founding Christs College in 1505 and beginning the development of St Johns College , which was completed posthumously by her executors in 1511 . Lady Margaret Hall , Oxford , the first Oxford college to admit women , is named after her and has a statue of her in the college chapel .",
"title": "Lady Margaret Beaufort"
},
{
"text": " She was the daughter and sole heiress of John Beaufort , Duke of Somerset ( 1404–1444 ) , a legitimised grandson of John of Gaunt , 1st Duke of Lancaster ( third surviving son of King Edward III ) by his mistress Katherine Swynford . Lady Margaret was born at Bletsoe Castle , Bedfordshire , either on 31 May 1441 or , more likely , on 31 May 1443 . The day and month are not disputed , as she required Westminster Abbey to celebrate her birthday on 31 May .",
"title": "Origins"
},
{
"text": "The year of her birth is more uncertain . William Dugdale , the 17th-century antiquary , suggested that she had been born in 1441 , based on evidence of inquisitions post mortem taken after the death of her father . Dugdale has been followed by a number of Lady Margarets biographers ; however , it is more likely that she was born in 1443 , as in May 1443 her father had negotiated with the king concerning the wardship of his unborn child should he die on campaign .",
"title": "Origins"
},
{
"text": " At the moment of her birth , Margarets father was preparing to go to France and lead an important military expedition for King Henry VI . Somerset negotiated with the king to ensure that if he were to die the rights to Margarets wardship and marriage would be granted only to his wife .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "As Somerset was a tenant-in-chief of the crown , the wardship of his heir fell to the crown under the feudal system . Somerset fell out with the king after coming back from France and was banished from the royal court pending a charge of treason against him . He died shortly afterwards . According to Thomas Basin , Somerset died of illness , but the Crowland Chronicle reported that his death was a suicide . As his only surviving child , Margaret was heiress to his considerable fortune and inheritor of his contested claim to the throne . Both",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "effectively rendered Margaret , as her biographers Jones and Underwood write , a pawn in the unstable political atmosphere of the Lancastrian court .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "Upon her first birthday , the king broke the arrangement with Margarets father and granted the wardship of her extensive lands to William de la Pole , 1st Duke of Suffolk , although Margaret herself remained in the custody of her mother . Margarets mother was pregnant at the time of Somersets death , but the child did not survive and Margaret remained the sole heir . Although she was her fathers only legitimate child , Margaret had two maternal half-brothers and three maternal half-sisters from her mothers first marriage whom she supported after her sons accession to the throne",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "Margaret was married to Suffolks son , John de la Pole . The wedding may have been held between 28 January and 7 February 1444 , when she was perhaps a year old but certainly no more than three . However , there is more evidence to suggest they were married in January 1450 , after Suffolk had been arrested and was looking to secure his sons future by betrothing him to a conveniently wealthy ward whose children could be potential claimants to the throne . Papal dispensation was granted on 18 August 1450 , necessary because the spouses were",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "closely related ( Lady Margaret and de la Pole being the great-grandchildren of two sisters , Katherine Swynford and Philippa Chaucer , respectively ) , and this concurs with the later date of marriage .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " Margaret never recognised this marriage , and considered her next husband her first ( as is written in her 1472 will ) . Three years later , her marriage to de la Pole was dissolved , and King Henry VI granted Margarets wardship to his own half-brothers , Jasper and Edmund Tudor . In her will , made in 1472 , Margaret refers to Edmund Tudor as her first husband . Under canon law , Margaret was not bound by her first marriage contract as she was entered into the marriage before reaching the age of twelve .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "Even before the annulment of her first marriage , Henry VI chose Margaret as a bride for his half-brother , Edmund Tudor , 1st Earl of Richmond , likely to strengthen Edmund’s claim to the throne should Henry be forced to designate Edmund his heir ( the king was then without child or legitimate siblings ) . Edmund was the eldest son of the kings mother , Catherine of Valois , by Owen Tudor .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " At just nine years old Margaret was required to assent formally to the marriage . Later she claimed she was divinely guided to do so . At age twelve Margaret married Edmund Tudor , twelve years her senior , on 1 November 1455 . The Wars of the Roses had just broken out ; Edmund , a Lancastrian , was taken prisoner by Yorkist forces less than a year later . He died of the plague in captivity at Carmarthen on 3 November 1456 , leaving a 13-year-old widow who was seven months pregnant with their child .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "The Countess always respected the name and memory of Edmund as the father of her only child . In 1472 , sixteen years after his death , Margaret specified in her will that she wanted to be buried alongside Edmund , even though she had enjoyed a long , stable and close relationship with her third husband , who had died in 1471 .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "While in the care of her brother-in-law Jasper Tudor , on 28 January 1457 , the Countess gave birth to a son , Henry Tudor , at Pembroke Castle . She was thirteen years old at the time and not yet physically mature , so that the birth was extremely difficult . In a sermon delivered after her death , Margaret’s confessor , John Fisher , deemed it a miracle that a baby could be born of so little a personage . Her sons birth may have done permanent physical injury to Margaret ; despite two later marriages , she",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "never had another child . Years later , she would enumerate a set of proper procedures concerning the delivery of potential heirs , perhaps informed by the difficulty of her own experience .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "Shortly after her re-entry into society after the birth , Jasper helped arrange another marriage for her , in order to ensure the security of her son . She married Sir Henry Stafford ( c . 1425–1471 ) , second son of Humphrey Stafford , 1st Duke of Buckingham , on 3 January 1458 , at the age of fourteen . A dispensation for the marriage , necessary because Margaret and Stafford were second cousins , was granted on 6 April 1457 . They enjoyed a fairly long and harmonious marital relationship and were given Woking Palace , to which",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "Margaret sometimes retreated and which she restored . Margaret and her husband were given 400 marks worth of land by Buckingham , but her own estates were still their main source of income . For a time the Staffords were able to visit Margarets son , who had been entrusted to Jasper Tudors care at Pembroke Castle in Wales .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "Years of York forces fighting Lancastrian for power culminated in the Battle of Towton in 1461 , where the Yorkists were victorious . Edward IV was King of England . The fighting had taken the life of Margaret’s father-in-law and forced Jasper Tudor to flee to Scotland and France to muster support for the Lancastrian cause . Edward IV gave the lands belonging to Margaret’s son to his own brother , the Duke of Clarence . Henry became the ward of Sir William Herbert . Again , Beaufort was allowed some visits to her son .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": " In 1469 the discontented Duke of Clarence and Earl of Warwick incited a rebellion against Edward IV , capturing him after a defeat of his forces . Beaufort utilized this opportunity to attempt to negotiate with Clarence , hoping to regain custody of her son and his holdings . Soon , however , Edward was back in power .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "Warwick’s continued insurrection resulted in the brief reinstallation of the Lancastrian Henry VI in 1470-71 , which was effectively ended with the Yorkist victory at the Battle of Barnet . Faced with York rule once again , Margaret allegedly begged Jasper Tudor , forced to flee abroad once more , to take thirteen-year-old Henry with him . It would be fourteen years before Beaufort saw her son again .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": " In 1471 , Margarets husband , Lord Stafford , died of wounds suffered at the Battle of Barnet , fighting for the Yorkists . At 28 years old , Margaret became a widow again .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "In June 1472 , Margaret married Thomas Stanley , the Lord High Constable and King of Mann . have suggested that Margaret never considered herself a member of the Stanley family . Their marriage was primarily one of convenience ; marrying Stanley enabled Margaret to return to the court of Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville . Indeed , Gristwood speculates Beaufort organized the marriage with the sole aim of rehabilitating her image and securing herself a prime position from which to advocate for her son . Evidently her efforts were successful ; Margaret was chosen by Queen Elizabeth to be",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "godmother to one of her daughters .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": " Holinshed , a Tudor chronicler , claims King Edward IV later proposed a marriage between Beaufort’s son and his own daughter , Elizabeth of York , intending to force Henry Tudor out of his safe haven on the continent . Poet Bernard Andre seems to corroborate this , writing of Tudor’s miraculous escape from the clutches of Edward’s envoys , allegedly warned of the deception by none other than his mother . Reign of Richard III .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "Following Edwards death and the seizure of the throne by Richard , Margaret was soon back at court serving the new queen , Anne Neville . Margaret carried Annes train at the coronation . Seeking her son’s return to England , Margaret appears to have negotiated with Richard .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": " Despite what these negotiations may suggest , Lady Margaret is known to have conspired with Elizabeth Woodville , mother of the two York princes whom Richard confined to the Tower of London , after rumours spread of the boys murder . It was at this point , according to Polydore Vergil , that Beaufort began to hope well of her son’s fortune .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "Beaufort is believed to have initiated discussions with Woodville , via mutual physician , Lewis Caerleon , who conveyed secret correspondences between the two women . Together they conspired to supplant King Richard and by joint force replace him with Margaret’s son , Henry Tudor . Their solidified alliance further secured the subsequent dynasty by the agreed betrothal of Henry to Elizabeth of York . They hoped this proposal would attract both Yorkist and Lancastrian support .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": " As to the fate of the princes , it is widely held that Richard III ordered the death of his two nephews to secure his own reign . Gristwood , however , suggests that another was responsible ; Henry Tudor’s path to the throne was certainly expedited by their disappearance , perhaps motive enough for his mother—his highly able and totally committed representative— to give the order .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "Despite this suggestion , no contemporary sources corroborate the implication , whilst most contemporary accounts outline “her outstanding qualities , her courage , presence of mind , family loyalty , and a deeply felt awareness of the spiritual responsibilities of high office,” as clarified by Jones and Underwood . Before Jones and Underwood , there was no consensus within the scholarly community regarding Margaret’s role or character : historiographical opinions ranged from celebrating her to demonizing her .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": " It was not until the 17th Century that religious retrospective speculations began to criticize Lady Margaret , but even then only as a politic and contriving woman , and never anything beyond shrewd or calculating . All things considered , the words of her own contemporaries , such as Tudor historian Polydore Vergil , continue to extol Lady Margarets noble virtues as the most pious woman , further removing her from accusations of wickedness .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "Erasmus , in writing about his friend the Bishop , Saint John Fisher , praised Margaret’s support of religious institutions and the Bishop , further attesting the simultaneously pragmatic and charitable nature testified in the funerary sermon dedicated by the Bishop himself , as laid out in a following section .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": " In 1483 Margaret was certainly involved in—if not the mastermind behind—Buckinghams rebellion . Indeed , in his biography of Richard III , historian Paul Murray Kendall describes Beaufort as the Athena of the rebellion . Perhaps with duplicitous motives ( as he may have been desirous of the crown for himself ) , Buckingham conspired with Beaufort and Woodville to dethrone Richard . Margaret’s son was to sail from Brittany to join forces with him , but he arrived too late .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "In October , Beaufort’s scheme proved unsuccessful ; the Duke was executed and Tudor was forced back across the English Channel . Beaufort appears to have played a large role in financing the insurrection . In response to her betrayal , Richard passed an act of Parliament stripping Margaret of all her titles and estates , declaring her guilty of the following:Forasmoch as Margaret Countesse of Richmond , Mother to the Kyngs greate Rebell and Traytour , Herry Erle of Richemond , hath of late conspired , consedered , and comitted high Treason ayenst oure Soveraigne Lorde the King Richard",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "the Third , in dyvers and sundry wyses , and in especiall in sendyng messages , writyngs and tokens to the said Henry… Also the said Countesse made chevisancez of greate somes of Money… and also the said Countesse conspired , consedered , and imagyned the destruction of oure said Soveraign Lorde...”",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": " Richard did , however , stop short of a full attainder by transferring Margaret’s property to her husband , Lord Stanley . He also effectively imprisoned Margaret in her husbands home with the hope of preventing any further correspondence with her son . However , her husband failed to stop Margarets continued communication with her son . When the time came for Henry to press his claim , he relied heavily on his mother to raise support for him in England .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "Margarets husband Stanley , despite having fought for Richard III during the Buckingham rebellion , did not respond when summoned to fight at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485 , remaining aloof from the battle , even though his eldest son , George Stanley ( styled Lord Strange ) , was held hostage by Richard . After the battle , it was Stanley who placed the crown on the head of his stepson ( Henry VII ) , who later made him Earl of Derby . Margaret was then styled Countess of Richmond and Derby . She was invested",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "as a Lady of the Order of the Garter ( LG ) in 1488 .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": " Margaret Beaufort in power . After her sons victory at the Battle of Bosworth Field , the Countess was referred to in court as My Lady the Kings Mother . Her son’s first Parliament reversed the attainder against her and declared her a feme sole . This status granted Beaufort considerable legal and social independence from men . She was allowed to own property separately from her husband ( as though she were unmarried ) and sue in court – two rights denied her contemporary married women .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "As arranged by their mothers , Henry married Elizabeth of York . The Countess was reluctant to accept a lower status than the dowager queen Elizabeth or even her daughter-in-law , the queen consort . She wore robes of the same quality as the queen consort and walked only half a pace behind her . Elizabeths biographer , Amy Licence , states that this would have been the correct courtly protocol , adding that only one person knew how Elizabeth really felt about Margaret and she did not commit it to paper .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": " Margaret had written her signature as M . Richmond for years , since the 1460s . In 1499 , she changed her signature to Margaret R. , perhaps to signify her royal authority ( R standing either for regina – queen in Latin as customarily employed by female monarchs – or for Richmond ) . Furthermore , she included the Tudor crown and the caption et mater Henrici septimi regis Angliæ et Hiberniæ ( and mother of Henry VII , king of England and Ireland ) .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "Many historians believe the departure from court of dowager queen Elizabeth Woodville in 1487 was partly at the behest of Henrys influential mother , though this is uncertain .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": " Beaufort exerted considerable political influence within the Tudor court . The power she exercised was evidently obvious ; a report from Spanish envoy Pedro de Ayala dating to 1498 claimed Henry was much influenced by his mother and his followers in affairs or personal interest and in others . In the earlier years of her sons reign , records indicate Margaret usually accompanied the royal couple when they traveled .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "While Margarets position in the royal court was , to some extent , an expression of gratitude by her son , she was likely far less the passive recipient of Henrys favor one might expect . As Gristwood suggests in the following , Beaufort instead actively contrived to further her standing :",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": " A place had to be created for the sort of kings mother Margaret was determined to be . Perhaps if Margaret had become a queen , a role that she clearly felt Fortune had denied her , she would not have felt the need to press for her rights quite so stridently . Lady Margarets immediate petitions were not for queenly powers of rule over others , but were two succinct demands for independence and liberty of self , which were products of expert legal advice , as opposed to a desperate desire to rule .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "The first Act reversed the legislation that had robbed Margaret of her properties under the reign of Richard III , deeming it entirely void , annulled and of no force or effect . The second Act of November 1485 stated that she would enjoy all her properties and titles , and could pursue any legal action as any single unmarried person might or may do at any time , despite still being married .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": " Moreover , as with many decisions made to secure the new dynasty , these Acts of Parliament passed appear to be a collaborative effort , mutually beneficial to both mother and son , as by granting Margaret the status of a femme sole , Henry and his Parliament made it possible to empower the Kings Mother without giving further leverage to the Stanleys , since Margaret could use any wealth granted to her for her own purposes , thereby circumventing the prevailing idea of coverture .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "In his chronicle , Polydore Vergil assessed the partnership between the Tudor king and his mother , noting that Henry gave her a share of most of his public and private resources , contrary to any assertion that Margaret desired greater power . Or , as King Henry Tudor states in a letter to his mother :",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": " ...not only in this but in all other things that I may know should be to your honour and pleasure , and will of your self , I shall be as glad to please you as your heart can desire.”",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "Lady Margarets wardship of brothers Edward Stafford , 3rd Duke of Buckingham and Henry Stafford , 1st Earl of Wiltshire is one of many examples of how her unique position allowed her in varying aspects to operate beyond the scope of any queen , a position which , instead hindering or irritating her at all , proved advantageous to the state of the Crown and delineated her as a helpful and happy agent of its course , as she refused monetary recompense for her stewardship in this arena and successfully secured the allegiance of the Duke of Buckingham to King",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "Henry Tudor , a loyalty that would fade away from the Crown once she and her son were gone .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "Later in her marriage , the Countess preferred living alone . In 1499 , with her husbands permission , she took a vow of chastity in the presence of Richard FitzJames , Bishop of London . Taking a vow of chastity while being married was unusual but not unprecedented . The Countess moved away from her husband and lived alone at Collyweston , Northamptonshire ( near Stamford ) . She was regularly visited by her husband , who had rooms reserved for him . Margaret renewed her vows in 1504 . From her principal residence at Collyweston she was given",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "a special commission to administer justice over the Midlands and the North .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "Beaufort was also actively involved in the domestic life of the royal family . She created a proper protocol regarding the birth and upbringing of royal heirs . Though their relationship is often portrayed as antagonistic , Beaufort and her daughter-in-law Elizabeth worked together when planning the marriages of the royal children . They wrote jointly of the necessary instruction for Catherine of Aragon , who was to marry Elizabeth’s son , Prince Arthur . Both women also conspired to prevent Princess Margaret from being married to the Scottish king at too young an age ; in this matter ,",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "Gristwood writes , Beaufort was undoubtedly resolved that her granddaughter should not share her fate .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": " After Elizabeth’s death in 1503 , Margaret became the principal female presence at court . When the death of Prince Arthur necessitated a new heir apparent , Margaret played a part in ensuring Prince Henry was raised appropriately by selecting some members of his new household .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "The Countess was known for her education and her piety . Biographers Jones and Underwood claim the entirety of Beaufort’s life can be understood in the context of her deeply-felt love and loyalty to her son . Henry is said to have been likewise devoted . A surviving letter written by Henry to his mother reveals his sense of gratitude and appreciation :",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": " All which thyngs according to your desire and plesure I have with all my herte and goode wille giffen and graunted unto you… I shall be as glad to plese you as youre herte can desire hit , and I knowe welle that I am as much bounden so to doe as any creture lyvyng , for the grete and singular moderly love and affection that hit hath plesed you at all tymes to ber towards me .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": "Henry VII died on 21 April 1509 , having designated his mother chief executrix of his will . For two days after the death of her son , Margaret scrambled to secure the smooth succession of her grandson , Henry VIII . She arranged her sons funeral and her grandsons coronation . At her sons funeral she was given precedence over all the other women of the royal family .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": " Before her death Beaufort also left her mark on the early reign of Henry VIII ; when her eighteen-year-old grandson chose members of his privy council , it was Margarets suggestions he took .",
"title": "Motherhood"
},
{
"text": " The Countess died in the Deanery of Westminster Abbey on 29 June 1509 . This was the day after her grandson Henry VIIIs 18th birthday , 5 days after his coronation and just over two months after the death of her son . She is buried in the Henry VII Chapel of the Abbey . Her tomb is now situated between the later graves of William III and Mary II and the tomb of Mary , Queen of Scots .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "Her tomb was created by Pietro Torrigiano , who probably arrived in England in 1509 and received the commission in the following year . The gilded bronze sculpture on the tomb depicts Margaret with her head resting on pillows and her hands raised in prayer , wearing garments characteristic of widowhood ; the face was probably sculpted from a death mask . The black marble tomb is embellished with heraldic bronze insignia , including a yale , her heraldic badge , at her feet .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " Erasmus wrote the Latin inscription on her tomb . In English it reads : Margaret , Countess of Richmond , mother of Henry VII , grandmother of Henry VIII , who donated funds for three monks of this abbey , a grammar school in Wimborne , a preacher in the whole of England , two lecturers in Scripture , one at Oxford , the other at Cambridge , where she also founded two colleges , one dedicated to Christ , and the other to St John , the Evangelist .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "In 1539 iron railings , elaborately painted with coats of arms and other ornaments , were erected around the tomb . The ironwork was sold off by the Abbey in 1823 but recovered and restored a century later .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "While married to Lord Stanley Margaret endowed the building of chapels in Wales . Like Edward IV and his court , she was also involved with the advances in printing of William Caxton and his successor Wynkyn de Worde , not only as a patroness but for her own acquisition . The first book she commissioned from Caxton in 1483 was the 13th-century French romance Blanchardin et Eglantine , which mirrored fairly closely the match she was forging in secret between her son Henry and Elizabeth of York , with the aid of Elizabeth Woodville , then in sanctuary from",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "Richard III in Westminster Abbey . Six years later , after Richards defeat by Henry at Bosworth , she commissioned an English translation of the romance from Caxton : it heralded the beginning of a period of Tudor patronage . Apart from encouraging book production and building her own library , Margaret also achieved considerable success as a translator , becoming the first English translator of the Imitation of Christ known by name , as well as translating the fifteenth-century Netherlandish treatise The Mirror of Gold for the Sinful Soul from a French intermediary .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " In 1497 she announced her intention to build a free school for the general public of Wimborne . Following her death in 1509 , Wimborne Grammar School came into existence , to become Queen Elizabeths School , Wimborne Minster .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "In 1502 she established the Lady Margarets Professorship of Divinity at the University of Cambridge . In 1505 she refounded and enlarged Gods House , Cambridge as Christs College , Cambridge with a royal charter from the king . She has been honoured ever since as the Foundress of the College . A copy of her signature can be found carved on one of the buildings ( 4 staircase , 1994 ) within the College . In 1511 , St . Johns College , Cambridge was founded by her estate , either at her direct behest or at the suggestion",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "of her chaplain , John Fisher . Land that she owned around Great Bradley in Suffolk was bequeathed to St . Johns upon its foundation . Her portraits hang in the Great Halls and other college rooms of both Christs and St . Johns , accompanied by portraits of John Fisher . Unusually , both colleges have the same coats of arms , using her crest and motto . Furthermore , various societies , including the Lady Margaret Society as well as the Beaufort Club at Christs , and the Lady Margaret Boat Club at Johns , were named after",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "her .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " In 1502 she endowed a lectureship in divinity at the University of Oxford , first held by John Roper ; it became the Lady Margaret Professorship of Divinity , held concurrently with a canonship at Christ Church , Oxford . Lady Margaret Hall , the first womens college at the University of Oxford ( founded in 1878 ) , was named in her honour .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "A practical woman , when faced with problems of flooding in parts of the Fens that threatened some of her properties , she was able to initiate an ambitious drainage scheme , involving foreign engineers , that saw the construction of a large sluice at Boston . She funded the restoration of Church of All Saints , Martock in Somerset , and the construction of the church tower .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " Margaret Beaufort Middle School ( formerly Margaret Beaufort County Secondary Modern School ) in Riseley , Bedfordshire , near her birthplace at Bletsoe Castle , is named after her .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "There is no surviving portrait of Margaret Beaufort dating from her lifetime . All known portraits , however , are in essentially the same format , depicting her in her later years , wearing a long , peaked , white headdress and in a pose of religious contemplation . Most of these were made in the reign of Henry VIII and Elizabeth I as symbols of loyalty to the Tudor regime . They may be based on a lost original , or be derived from the sculpture on her tomb in Westminster Abbey , in which she wears the same",
"title": "Portraits"
},
{
"text": "headdress .",
"title": "Portraits"
},
{
"text": "One variant of the portrait by Meynnart Wewyck in 1510 by Rowland Lockey from the late 1590s shows her at prayer in her richly furnished private closet behind her chamber . The plain desk at which she kneels is draped with a richly patterned textile that is so densely encrusted with embroidery that its corners stand away stiffly . Her lavishly illuminated Book of Hours is open before her , with its protective cloth wrapper ( called a chemise binding ) , spread out around it . The walls are patterned with oak leaf designs , perhaps in lozenges ,",
"title": "Portraits"
},
{
"text": "perhaps of stamped and part-gilded leather . Against the wall hangs the dosser of her canopy of estate , with the tester above her head ( the Tudor rose at its centre ) supported on cords from the ceiling . The coats-of-arms woven into the tapestry are of England ( parted as usual with France ) and the portcullis badge of the Beauforts , which the early Tudor kings later used in their arms . Small stained glass roundels in the leaded glass of her lancet windows also display elements of the arms of both England ( cropped away here",
"title": "Portraits"
},
{
"text": ") and Beaufort .",
"title": "Portraits"
},
{
"text": " - Betty King , The Lady Margaret ( 1965 ) , a story about the marriage of Margaret Beaufort and Edmund Tudor , parents of King Henry VII - Betty King , The Kings Mother ( 1969 ) , sequel to the above , the story of the widowed Margaret Beaufort , mother of the future King Henry VII - Iris Gower , Destinys Child ( 1999 ) . This novel was originally published in 1974 as Bride of the Thirteenth Summer , under the name Iris Davies . - Philippa Gregory :",
"title": "In historical fiction"
},
{
"text": "- The Constant Princess ( 2005 ) , a story about the young Catherine of Aragon and her early life in England",
"title": "In historical fiction"
},
{
"text": " - The White Queen ( 2009 ) , Book 1 in the Cousins War series , about Elizabeth Woodville - The Red Queen , ( 2010 ) , Book 2 in the Cousins War series , about Margaret Beaufort herself - The Lady of the Rivers ( 2011 ) , Book 3 in the Cousins War series , about Jacquetta of Luxembourg - The Kingmakers Daughter ( 2012 ) , Book 4 in the Cousins War series , about Anne Neville",
"title": "In historical fiction"
},
{
"text": "- The White Princess ( 2013 ) , Book 5 in the Cousins War series , about Elizabeth of York",
"title": "In historical fiction"
},
{
"text": " - Rebecca Gablé , ( translated : The Game of Kings ) ( 2007 ) – the third instalment ( 1455–1485 ) of the Waringham series by the German author ; Margaret ( Megan ) Beaufort is one of the characters - Livi Michael , Succession ( 2014 ) – about Margaret of Anjou and Margaret Beaufort",
"title": "In historical fiction"
},
{
"text": " - Lady Margaret was portrayed by Marigold Sharman , in eight of the thirteen episodes of the BBCs Shadow of the Tower ( 1972 ) with James Maxwell as her son Henry VII . - Channel 4 and RDF Media produced a drama about Perkin Warbeck for British television in 2005 , Princes in the Tower . It was directed by Justin Hardy and starred Sally Edwards as Lady Margaret , opposite Paul Hilton as Henry VII , Mark Umbers as Warbeck , and Nadia Cameron Blakey as Elizabeth of York .",
"title": "On screen"
},
{
"text": "- In 2013 , Amanda Hale portrayed Lady Margaret Beaufort in the television drama series , The White Queen , an adaptation of Gregorys novels , which was shown on BBC One , Starz , and VRT .",
"title": "On screen"
},
{
"text": " - In the 2017 series The White Princess ( a follow-up to The White Queen ) , Margaret is portrayed by Michelle Fairley . She is portrayed later in life by Harriet Walter in 2019s The Spanish Princess , a follow-up to both The White Queen and The White Princess .",
"title": "On screen"
},
{
"text": " - In 2020 , Renée Lamb portrayed Margaret Beaufort on the cast recording of A Mothers War , a musical based on the Wars of the Roses .",
"title": "In music"
}
] |
/wiki/Alexander_Prokhorov#P108#0
|
Which employer did Alexander Prokhorov work for before Jul 1952?
|
Alexander Prokhorov Alexander Mikhailovich Prokhorov ( born Alexander Michael Prochoroff , ; 11 July 1916 – 8 January 2002 ) was an Australian-born Soviet-Russian physicist known for his pioneering research on lasers and masers in the Soviet Union for which he shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1964 with Charles Hard Townes and Nikolay Basov . Early life . Alexander Michael Prochoroff was born on 11 July 1916 at Russell Road Peeramon , Queensland , Australia ( now 322 Gadaloff Road , Butchers Creek , situated about 30 km from Atherton ) , to Mikhail Ivanovich Prokhorov and Maria Ivanovna ( née Mikhailova ) , Russian revolutionaries who had emigrated from Russia to escape repression by the tsarist government . As a child he attended Butchers Creek School . In 1923 , after the October Revolution , the family returned to Russia . In 1934 , Prokhorov entered the Saint Petersburg State University to study physics . He was a member of the Komsomol from 1930 to 1944 . Prokhorov graduated with honors in 1939 and moved to Moscow to work at the Lebedev Physical Institute , in the oscillations laboratory headed by academician N . D . Papaleksi . His research there was devoted to propagation of radio waves in the ionosphere . At the onset of World War II in the Soviet Union , in June 1941 , he joined the Red Army . During World War II , Prokhorov fought in the infantry , was wounded twice in battles , and was awarded three medals , including the Medal For Courage in 1946 . He was demobilized in 1944 and returned to the Lebedev Institute where , in 1946 , he defended his Ph.D . thesis on Theory of Stabilization of Frequency of a Tube Oscillator in the Theory of a Small Parameter . Research . In 1947 , Prokhorov started working on coherent radiation emitted by electrons orbiting in a cyclic particle accelerator called a synchrotron . He demonstrated that the emission is mostly concentrated in the microwave spectral range . His results became the basis of his habilitation on Coherent Radiation of Electrons in the Synchrotron Accelerator , defended in 1951 . By 1950 , Prokhorov was assistant chief of the oscillation laboratory . Around that time , he formed a group of young scientists to work on radiospectroscopy of molecular rotations and vibrations , and later on quantum electronics . The group focused on a special class of molecules which have three ( non-degenerate ) moments of inertia . The research was conducted both on experiment and theory . In 1954 , Prokhorov became head of the laboratory . Together with Nikolay Basov he developed theoretical grounds for creation of a molecular oscillator and constructed such an oscillator based on ammonia . They also proposed a method for the production of population inversion using inhomogeneous electric and magnetic fields . Their results were first presented at a national conference in 1952 , but not published until 1954–1955 ; In 1955 , Prokhorov started his research in the field of electron paramagnetic resonance ( EPR ) . He focused on relaxation times of ions of the iron group elements in a lattice of aluminium oxide , but also investigated other , non-optical , topics , such as magnetic phase transitions in DPPH . In 1957 , while studying ruby , a chromium-doped variation of aluminium oxide , he came upon the idea of using this material as an active medium of a laser . As a new type of laser resonator , he proposed , in 1958 , an open type cavity design , which is widely used today . In 1963 , together with A . S . Selivanenko , he suggested a laser using two-quantum transitions . For his pioneering work on lasers and masers , in 1964 , he received the Nobel Prize in Physics shared with Nikolay Basov and Charles Hard Townes . Posts and awards . In 1959 , Prokhorov became a professor at Moscow State University – the most prestigious university in the Soviet Union ; the same year , he was awarded the Lenin Prize . In 1960 , he became a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences and elected Academician in 1966 . In 1967 , he was awarded his first Order of Lenin ( he received five of them during life , in 1967 , 1969 , 1975 , 1981 and 1986 ) . In 1968 , he became vice-director of the Lebedev Institute and in 1971 took the position of Head of Laboratory of another prestigious Soviet institution , the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology . In the same year , he was elected a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences . In 1983 he was elected a Member of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina . Between 1982 and 1998 , Prokhorov served as acting director of the General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences , and after 1998 as honorary director . After his death in 2002 , the institute was renamed the A . M . Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences . Prokhorov was a Member and one of the Honorary Presidents of the International Academy of Science , Munich and supported 1993 the foundation and development of the Russian Section of International Academy of Science , Moscow . In 1969 , Prokhorov became a Hero of Socialist Labour , the highest degree of distinction in the Soviet Union for achievements in national economy and culture . He received the second such award in 1986 . Starting in 1969 , he was the chief editor of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia . He was awarded the Frederic Ives Medal , the highest distinction of the Optical Society of America ( OSA ) , in 2000 and became an Honorary OSA Member in 2001 . The same year , he was awarded the Demidov Prize . Politics . Prokhorov became a member of the Communist Party in 1950 . In 1983 , together with three other academicians – Andrey Tychonoff , Anatoly Dorodnitsyn and Georgy Skryabin – he signed the famous open letter denouncing Andrey Sakharovs article in the Foreign Affairs . Family . Both of Prokhorovs parents died during World War II . Prokhorov married geographer Galina Shelepina in 1941 , and they had a son , Kiril , born in 1945 . Following his father , Kiril Prokhorov became a physicist in the field of optics and is currently leading a laser-related laboratory at the A . M . Prokhorov General Physics Institute . Honours and awards . - Mandelstam Prize ( 1948 ) - Lenin Prize ( 1959 ) - Five Orders of Lenin ( including 11 May 1981 ) - Order of the Patriotic War , 1st class ( 1985 ) - Nobel Prize in Physics ( 1964 ) - Hero of Socialist Labour , twice ( 1969 , 1986 ) - Medal For Courage - USSR State Prize ( 1980 ) - Order of Merit for the Fatherland , 2nd class ( 1996 ) - State Prize of the Russian Federation ( 1998 ) - Medal Frederick Ayvesa ( 2000 ) - Demidov Prize ( 2001 ) - Lomonosov Gold Medal ( Moscow State University , 1987 ) - Award of the Council of Ministers - State Prize of the Russian Federation in science and technology ( 2003 , posthumously ) for the development of scientific and technological foundations of metrological support of measurements of length in the microwave and nanometer ranges and their application in microelectronics and nanotechnology - Foreign Member of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences ( 1982 ) - Jubilee Medal In Commemoration of the 100th Anniversary since the Birth of Vladimir Ilich Lenin - Medal For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945 - Jubilee Medal Twenty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945 - Jubilee Medal Thirty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945 - Jubilee Medal Forty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945 - Medal For Valiant Labour in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945 - Medal Veteran of Labour - Jubilee Medal 50 Years of the Armed Forces of the USSR - Medal In Commemoration of the 800th Anniversary of Moscow - Medal In Commemoration of the 850th Anniversary of Moscow Books . - A . M . Prokhorov ( Editor in Chief ) , J . M . Buzzi , P . Sprangle , K . Wille . Coherent Radiation Generation and Particle Acceleration , 1992 , . Research Trends in Physics series published by the American Institute of Physics Press ( presently Springer , New York ) - V . Stefan and A . M . Prokhorov ( Editors ) Diamond Science and Technology Vol 1 : Laser Diamond Interaction . Plasma Diamond Reactors ( Stefan University Press Series on Frontiers in Science and Technology ) 1999 . - V . Stefan and A . M . Prokhorov ( Editors ) . Diamond Science and Technology Vol 2 ( Stefan University Press Series on Frontiers in Science and Technology ) 1999 . External links . - including the Nobel Lecture , 11 December 1964 Quantum Electronics - Prokhorovs role in the invention of lasers and masers - Prokhorovs grave in Novodevichy cemetery
|
[
"Lebedev Institute"
] |
[
{
"text": " Alexander Mikhailovich Prokhorov ( born Alexander Michael Prochoroff , ; 11 July 1916 – 8 January 2002 ) was an Australian-born Soviet-Russian physicist known for his pioneering research on lasers and masers in the Soviet Union for which he shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1964 with Charles Hard Townes and Nikolay Basov .",
"title": "Alexander Prokhorov"
},
{
"text": "Alexander Michael Prochoroff was born on 11 July 1916 at Russell Road Peeramon , Queensland , Australia ( now 322 Gadaloff Road , Butchers Creek , situated about 30 km from Atherton ) , to Mikhail Ivanovich Prokhorov and Maria Ivanovna ( née Mikhailova ) , Russian revolutionaries who had emigrated from Russia to escape repression by the tsarist government . As a child he attended Butchers Creek School . In 1923 , after the October Revolution , the family returned to Russia . In 1934 , Prokhorov entered the Saint Petersburg State University to study physics . He was",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "a member of the Komsomol from 1930 to 1944 . Prokhorov graduated with honors in 1939 and moved to Moscow to work at the Lebedev Physical Institute , in the oscillations laboratory headed by academician N . D . Papaleksi . His research there was devoted to propagation of radio waves in the ionosphere . At the onset of World War II in the Soviet Union , in June 1941 , he joined the Red Army . During World War II , Prokhorov fought in the infantry , was wounded twice in battles , and was awarded three medals ,",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "including the Medal For Courage in 1946 . He was demobilized in 1944 and returned to the Lebedev Institute where , in 1946 , he defended his Ph.D . thesis on Theory of Stabilization of Frequency of a Tube Oscillator in the Theory of a Small Parameter .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "In 1947 , Prokhorov started working on coherent radiation emitted by electrons orbiting in a cyclic particle accelerator called a synchrotron . He demonstrated that the emission is mostly concentrated in the microwave spectral range . His results became the basis of his habilitation on Coherent Radiation of Electrons in the Synchrotron Accelerator , defended in 1951 . By 1950 , Prokhorov was assistant chief of the oscillation laboratory . Around that time , he formed a group of young scientists to work on radiospectroscopy of molecular rotations and vibrations , and later on quantum electronics . The group focused",
"title": "Research"
},
{
"text": "on a special class of molecules which have three ( non-degenerate ) moments of inertia . The research was conducted both on experiment and theory . In 1954 , Prokhorov became head of the laboratory . Together with Nikolay Basov he developed theoretical grounds for creation of a molecular oscillator and constructed such an oscillator based on ammonia . They also proposed a method for the production of population inversion using inhomogeneous electric and magnetic fields . Their results were first presented at a national conference in 1952 , but not published until 1954–1955 ;",
"title": "Research"
},
{
"text": "In 1955 , Prokhorov started his research in the field of electron paramagnetic resonance ( EPR ) . He focused on relaxation times of ions of the iron group elements in a lattice of aluminium oxide , but also investigated other , non-optical , topics , such as magnetic phase transitions in DPPH . In 1957 , while studying ruby , a chromium-doped variation of aluminium oxide , he came upon the idea of using this material as an active medium of a laser . As a new type of laser resonator , he proposed , in 1958 , an",
"title": "Research"
},
{
"text": "open type cavity design , which is widely used today . In 1963 , together with A . S . Selivanenko , he suggested a laser using two-quantum transitions . For his pioneering work on lasers and masers , in 1964 , he received the Nobel Prize in Physics shared with Nikolay Basov and Charles Hard Townes .",
"title": "Research"
},
{
"text": "In 1959 , Prokhorov became a professor at Moscow State University – the most prestigious university in the Soviet Union ; the same year , he was awarded the Lenin Prize . In 1960 , he became a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences and elected Academician in 1966 . In 1967 , he was awarded his first Order of Lenin ( he received five of them during life , in 1967 , 1969 , 1975 , 1981 and 1986 ) . In 1968 , he became vice-director of the Lebedev Institute and in 1971 took the position of",
"title": "Posts and awards"
},
{
"text": "Head of Laboratory of another prestigious Soviet institution , the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology . In the same year , he was elected a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences . In 1983 he was elected a Member of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina . Between 1982 and 1998 , Prokhorov served as acting director of the General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences , and after 1998 as honorary director . After his death in 2002 , the institute was renamed the A . M . Prokhorov General Physics Institute of",
"title": "Posts and awards"
},
{
"text": "the Russian Academy of Sciences . Prokhorov was a Member and one of the Honorary Presidents of the International Academy of Science , Munich and supported 1993 the foundation and development of the Russian Section of International Academy of Science , Moscow .",
"title": "Posts and awards"
},
{
"text": " In 1969 , Prokhorov became a Hero of Socialist Labour , the highest degree of distinction in the Soviet Union for achievements in national economy and culture . He received the second such award in 1986 . Starting in 1969 , he was the chief editor of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia . He was awarded the Frederic Ives Medal , the highest distinction of the Optical Society of America ( OSA ) , in 2000 and became an Honorary OSA Member in 2001 . The same year , he was awarded the Demidov Prize .",
"title": "Posts and awards"
},
{
"text": " Prokhorov became a member of the Communist Party in 1950 . In 1983 , together with three other academicians – Andrey Tychonoff , Anatoly Dorodnitsyn and Georgy Skryabin – he signed the famous open letter denouncing Andrey Sakharovs article in the Foreign Affairs .",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": " Both of Prokhorovs parents died during World War II . Prokhorov married geographer Galina Shelepina in 1941 , and they had a son , Kiril , born in 1945 . Following his father , Kiril Prokhorov became a physicist in the field of optics and is currently leading a laser-related laboratory at the A . M . Prokhorov General Physics Institute .",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": " - Mandelstam Prize ( 1948 ) - Lenin Prize ( 1959 ) - Five Orders of Lenin ( including 11 May 1981 ) - Order of the Patriotic War , 1st class ( 1985 ) - Nobel Prize in Physics ( 1964 ) - Hero of Socialist Labour , twice ( 1969 , 1986 ) - Medal For Courage - USSR State Prize ( 1980 ) - Order of Merit for the Fatherland , 2nd class ( 1996 ) - State Prize of the Russian Federation ( 1998 ) - Medal Frederick Ayvesa ( 2000 )",
"title": "Honours and awards"
},
{
"text": "- Demidov Prize ( 2001 )",
"title": "Honours and awards"
},
{
"text": " - Lomonosov Gold Medal ( Moscow State University , 1987 ) - Award of the Council of Ministers - State Prize of the Russian Federation in science and technology ( 2003 , posthumously ) for the development of scientific and technological foundations of metrological support of measurements of length in the microwave and nanometer ranges and their application in microelectronics and nanotechnology - Foreign Member of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences ( 1982 ) - Jubilee Medal In Commemoration of the 100th Anniversary since the Birth of Vladimir Ilich Lenin",
"title": "Honours and awards"
},
{
"text": "- Medal For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945",
"title": "Honours and awards"
},
{
"text": " - Jubilee Medal Twenty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945 - Jubilee Medal Thirty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945 - Jubilee Medal Forty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945 - Medal For Valiant Labour in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945 - Medal Veteran of Labour - Jubilee Medal 50 Years of the Armed Forces of the USSR - Medal In Commemoration of the 800th Anniversary of Moscow - Medal In Commemoration of the 850th Anniversary of Moscow",
"title": "Honours and awards"
},
{
"text": " - A . M . Prokhorov ( Editor in Chief ) , J . M . Buzzi , P . Sprangle , K . Wille . Coherent Radiation Generation and Particle Acceleration , 1992 , . Research Trends in Physics series published by the American Institute of Physics Press ( presently Springer , New York ) - V . Stefan and A . M . Prokhorov ( Editors ) Diamond Science and Technology Vol 1 : Laser Diamond Interaction . Plasma Diamond Reactors ( Stefan University Press Series on Frontiers in Science and Technology ) 1999 .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": "- V . Stefan and A . M . Prokhorov ( Editors ) . Diamond Science and Technology Vol 2 ( Stefan University Press Series on Frontiers in Science and Technology ) 1999 .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": " - including the Nobel Lecture , 11 December 1964 Quantum Electronics - Prokhorovs role in the invention of lasers and masers - Prokhorovs grave in Novodevichy cemetery",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Alexander_Prokhorov#P108#1
|
Which employer did Alexander Prokhorov work for between Oct 1955 and Aug 1959?
|
Alexander Prokhorov Alexander Mikhailovich Prokhorov ( born Alexander Michael Prochoroff , ; 11 July 1916 – 8 January 2002 ) was an Australian-born Soviet-Russian physicist known for his pioneering research on lasers and masers in the Soviet Union for which he shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1964 with Charles Hard Townes and Nikolay Basov . Early life . Alexander Michael Prochoroff was born on 11 July 1916 at Russell Road Peeramon , Queensland , Australia ( now 322 Gadaloff Road , Butchers Creek , situated about 30 km from Atherton ) , to Mikhail Ivanovich Prokhorov and Maria Ivanovna ( née Mikhailova ) , Russian revolutionaries who had emigrated from Russia to escape repression by the tsarist government . As a child he attended Butchers Creek School . In 1923 , after the October Revolution , the family returned to Russia . In 1934 , Prokhorov entered the Saint Petersburg State University to study physics . He was a member of the Komsomol from 1930 to 1944 . Prokhorov graduated with honors in 1939 and moved to Moscow to work at the Lebedev Physical Institute , in the oscillations laboratory headed by academician N . D . Papaleksi . His research there was devoted to propagation of radio waves in the ionosphere . At the onset of World War II in the Soviet Union , in June 1941 , he joined the Red Army . During World War II , Prokhorov fought in the infantry , was wounded twice in battles , and was awarded three medals , including the Medal For Courage in 1946 . He was demobilized in 1944 and returned to the Lebedev Institute where , in 1946 , he defended his Ph.D . thesis on Theory of Stabilization of Frequency of a Tube Oscillator in the Theory of a Small Parameter . Research . In 1947 , Prokhorov started working on coherent radiation emitted by electrons orbiting in a cyclic particle accelerator called a synchrotron . He demonstrated that the emission is mostly concentrated in the microwave spectral range . His results became the basis of his habilitation on Coherent Radiation of Electrons in the Synchrotron Accelerator , defended in 1951 . By 1950 , Prokhorov was assistant chief of the oscillation laboratory . Around that time , he formed a group of young scientists to work on radiospectroscopy of molecular rotations and vibrations , and later on quantum electronics . The group focused on a special class of molecules which have three ( non-degenerate ) moments of inertia . The research was conducted both on experiment and theory . In 1954 , Prokhorov became head of the laboratory . Together with Nikolay Basov he developed theoretical grounds for creation of a molecular oscillator and constructed such an oscillator based on ammonia . They also proposed a method for the production of population inversion using inhomogeneous electric and magnetic fields . Their results were first presented at a national conference in 1952 , but not published until 1954–1955 ; In 1955 , Prokhorov started his research in the field of electron paramagnetic resonance ( EPR ) . He focused on relaxation times of ions of the iron group elements in a lattice of aluminium oxide , but also investigated other , non-optical , topics , such as magnetic phase transitions in DPPH . In 1957 , while studying ruby , a chromium-doped variation of aluminium oxide , he came upon the idea of using this material as an active medium of a laser . As a new type of laser resonator , he proposed , in 1958 , an open type cavity design , which is widely used today . In 1963 , together with A . S . Selivanenko , he suggested a laser using two-quantum transitions . For his pioneering work on lasers and masers , in 1964 , he received the Nobel Prize in Physics shared with Nikolay Basov and Charles Hard Townes . Posts and awards . In 1959 , Prokhorov became a professor at Moscow State University – the most prestigious university in the Soviet Union ; the same year , he was awarded the Lenin Prize . In 1960 , he became a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences and elected Academician in 1966 . In 1967 , he was awarded his first Order of Lenin ( he received five of them during life , in 1967 , 1969 , 1975 , 1981 and 1986 ) . In 1968 , he became vice-director of the Lebedev Institute and in 1971 took the position of Head of Laboratory of another prestigious Soviet institution , the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology . In the same year , he was elected a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences . In 1983 he was elected a Member of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina . Between 1982 and 1998 , Prokhorov served as acting director of the General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences , and after 1998 as honorary director . After his death in 2002 , the institute was renamed the A . M . Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences . Prokhorov was a Member and one of the Honorary Presidents of the International Academy of Science , Munich and supported 1993 the foundation and development of the Russian Section of International Academy of Science , Moscow . In 1969 , Prokhorov became a Hero of Socialist Labour , the highest degree of distinction in the Soviet Union for achievements in national economy and culture . He received the second such award in 1986 . Starting in 1969 , he was the chief editor of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia . He was awarded the Frederic Ives Medal , the highest distinction of the Optical Society of America ( OSA ) , in 2000 and became an Honorary OSA Member in 2001 . The same year , he was awarded the Demidov Prize . Politics . Prokhorov became a member of the Communist Party in 1950 . In 1983 , together with three other academicians – Andrey Tychonoff , Anatoly Dorodnitsyn and Georgy Skryabin – he signed the famous open letter denouncing Andrey Sakharovs article in the Foreign Affairs . Family . Both of Prokhorovs parents died during World War II . Prokhorov married geographer Galina Shelepina in 1941 , and they had a son , Kiril , born in 1945 . Following his father , Kiril Prokhorov became a physicist in the field of optics and is currently leading a laser-related laboratory at the A . M . Prokhorov General Physics Institute . Honours and awards . - Mandelstam Prize ( 1948 ) - Lenin Prize ( 1959 ) - Five Orders of Lenin ( including 11 May 1981 ) - Order of the Patriotic War , 1st class ( 1985 ) - Nobel Prize in Physics ( 1964 ) - Hero of Socialist Labour , twice ( 1969 , 1986 ) - Medal For Courage - USSR State Prize ( 1980 ) - Order of Merit for the Fatherland , 2nd class ( 1996 ) - State Prize of the Russian Federation ( 1998 ) - Medal Frederick Ayvesa ( 2000 ) - Demidov Prize ( 2001 ) - Lomonosov Gold Medal ( Moscow State University , 1987 ) - Award of the Council of Ministers - State Prize of the Russian Federation in science and technology ( 2003 , posthumously ) for the development of scientific and technological foundations of metrological support of measurements of length in the microwave and nanometer ranges and their application in microelectronics and nanotechnology - Foreign Member of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences ( 1982 ) - Jubilee Medal In Commemoration of the 100th Anniversary since the Birth of Vladimir Ilich Lenin - Medal For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945 - Jubilee Medal Twenty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945 - Jubilee Medal Thirty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945 - Jubilee Medal Forty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945 - Medal For Valiant Labour in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945 - Medal Veteran of Labour - Jubilee Medal 50 Years of the Armed Forces of the USSR - Medal In Commemoration of the 800th Anniversary of Moscow - Medal In Commemoration of the 850th Anniversary of Moscow Books . - A . M . Prokhorov ( Editor in Chief ) , J . M . Buzzi , P . Sprangle , K . Wille . Coherent Radiation Generation and Particle Acceleration , 1992 , . Research Trends in Physics series published by the American Institute of Physics Press ( presently Springer , New York ) - V . Stefan and A . M . Prokhorov ( Editors ) Diamond Science and Technology Vol 1 : Laser Diamond Interaction . Plasma Diamond Reactors ( Stefan University Press Series on Frontiers in Science and Technology ) 1999 . - V . Stefan and A . M . Prokhorov ( Editors ) . Diamond Science and Technology Vol 2 ( Stefan University Press Series on Frontiers in Science and Technology ) 1999 . External links . - including the Nobel Lecture , 11 December 1964 Quantum Electronics - Prokhorovs role in the invention of lasers and masers - Prokhorovs grave in Novodevichy cemetery
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Alexander Mikhailovich Prokhorov ( born Alexander Michael Prochoroff , ; 11 July 1916 – 8 January 2002 ) was an Australian-born Soviet-Russian physicist known for his pioneering research on lasers and masers in the Soviet Union for which he shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1964 with Charles Hard Townes and Nikolay Basov .",
"title": "Alexander Prokhorov"
},
{
"text": "Alexander Michael Prochoroff was born on 11 July 1916 at Russell Road Peeramon , Queensland , Australia ( now 322 Gadaloff Road , Butchers Creek , situated about 30 km from Atherton ) , to Mikhail Ivanovich Prokhorov and Maria Ivanovna ( née Mikhailova ) , Russian revolutionaries who had emigrated from Russia to escape repression by the tsarist government . As a child he attended Butchers Creek School . In 1923 , after the October Revolution , the family returned to Russia . In 1934 , Prokhorov entered the Saint Petersburg State University to study physics . He was",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "a member of the Komsomol from 1930 to 1944 . Prokhorov graduated with honors in 1939 and moved to Moscow to work at the Lebedev Physical Institute , in the oscillations laboratory headed by academician N . D . Papaleksi . His research there was devoted to propagation of radio waves in the ionosphere . At the onset of World War II in the Soviet Union , in June 1941 , he joined the Red Army . During World War II , Prokhorov fought in the infantry , was wounded twice in battles , and was awarded three medals ,",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "including the Medal For Courage in 1946 . He was demobilized in 1944 and returned to the Lebedev Institute where , in 1946 , he defended his Ph.D . thesis on Theory of Stabilization of Frequency of a Tube Oscillator in the Theory of a Small Parameter .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "In 1947 , Prokhorov started working on coherent radiation emitted by electrons orbiting in a cyclic particle accelerator called a synchrotron . He demonstrated that the emission is mostly concentrated in the microwave spectral range . His results became the basis of his habilitation on Coherent Radiation of Electrons in the Synchrotron Accelerator , defended in 1951 . By 1950 , Prokhorov was assistant chief of the oscillation laboratory . Around that time , he formed a group of young scientists to work on radiospectroscopy of molecular rotations and vibrations , and later on quantum electronics . The group focused",
"title": "Research"
},
{
"text": "on a special class of molecules which have three ( non-degenerate ) moments of inertia . The research was conducted both on experiment and theory . In 1954 , Prokhorov became head of the laboratory . Together with Nikolay Basov he developed theoretical grounds for creation of a molecular oscillator and constructed such an oscillator based on ammonia . They also proposed a method for the production of population inversion using inhomogeneous electric and magnetic fields . Their results were first presented at a national conference in 1952 , but not published until 1954–1955 ;",
"title": "Research"
},
{
"text": "In 1955 , Prokhorov started his research in the field of electron paramagnetic resonance ( EPR ) . He focused on relaxation times of ions of the iron group elements in a lattice of aluminium oxide , but also investigated other , non-optical , topics , such as magnetic phase transitions in DPPH . In 1957 , while studying ruby , a chromium-doped variation of aluminium oxide , he came upon the idea of using this material as an active medium of a laser . As a new type of laser resonator , he proposed , in 1958 , an",
"title": "Research"
},
{
"text": "open type cavity design , which is widely used today . In 1963 , together with A . S . Selivanenko , he suggested a laser using two-quantum transitions . For his pioneering work on lasers and masers , in 1964 , he received the Nobel Prize in Physics shared with Nikolay Basov and Charles Hard Townes .",
"title": "Research"
},
{
"text": "In 1959 , Prokhorov became a professor at Moscow State University – the most prestigious university in the Soviet Union ; the same year , he was awarded the Lenin Prize . In 1960 , he became a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences and elected Academician in 1966 . In 1967 , he was awarded his first Order of Lenin ( he received five of them during life , in 1967 , 1969 , 1975 , 1981 and 1986 ) . In 1968 , he became vice-director of the Lebedev Institute and in 1971 took the position of",
"title": "Posts and awards"
},
{
"text": "Head of Laboratory of another prestigious Soviet institution , the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology . In the same year , he was elected a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences . In 1983 he was elected a Member of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina . Between 1982 and 1998 , Prokhorov served as acting director of the General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences , and after 1998 as honorary director . After his death in 2002 , the institute was renamed the A . M . Prokhorov General Physics Institute of",
"title": "Posts and awards"
},
{
"text": "the Russian Academy of Sciences . Prokhorov was a Member and one of the Honorary Presidents of the International Academy of Science , Munich and supported 1993 the foundation and development of the Russian Section of International Academy of Science , Moscow .",
"title": "Posts and awards"
},
{
"text": " In 1969 , Prokhorov became a Hero of Socialist Labour , the highest degree of distinction in the Soviet Union for achievements in national economy and culture . He received the second such award in 1986 . Starting in 1969 , he was the chief editor of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia . He was awarded the Frederic Ives Medal , the highest distinction of the Optical Society of America ( OSA ) , in 2000 and became an Honorary OSA Member in 2001 . The same year , he was awarded the Demidov Prize .",
"title": "Posts and awards"
},
{
"text": " Prokhorov became a member of the Communist Party in 1950 . In 1983 , together with three other academicians – Andrey Tychonoff , Anatoly Dorodnitsyn and Georgy Skryabin – he signed the famous open letter denouncing Andrey Sakharovs article in the Foreign Affairs .",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": " Both of Prokhorovs parents died during World War II . Prokhorov married geographer Galina Shelepina in 1941 , and they had a son , Kiril , born in 1945 . Following his father , Kiril Prokhorov became a physicist in the field of optics and is currently leading a laser-related laboratory at the A . M . Prokhorov General Physics Institute .",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": " - Mandelstam Prize ( 1948 ) - Lenin Prize ( 1959 ) - Five Orders of Lenin ( including 11 May 1981 ) - Order of the Patriotic War , 1st class ( 1985 ) - Nobel Prize in Physics ( 1964 ) - Hero of Socialist Labour , twice ( 1969 , 1986 ) - Medal For Courage - USSR State Prize ( 1980 ) - Order of Merit for the Fatherland , 2nd class ( 1996 ) - State Prize of the Russian Federation ( 1998 ) - Medal Frederick Ayvesa ( 2000 )",
"title": "Honours and awards"
},
{
"text": "- Demidov Prize ( 2001 )",
"title": "Honours and awards"
},
{
"text": " - Lomonosov Gold Medal ( Moscow State University , 1987 ) - Award of the Council of Ministers - State Prize of the Russian Federation in science and technology ( 2003 , posthumously ) for the development of scientific and technological foundations of metrological support of measurements of length in the microwave and nanometer ranges and their application in microelectronics and nanotechnology - Foreign Member of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences ( 1982 ) - Jubilee Medal In Commemoration of the 100th Anniversary since the Birth of Vladimir Ilich Lenin",
"title": "Honours and awards"
},
{
"text": "- Medal For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945",
"title": "Honours and awards"
},
{
"text": " - Jubilee Medal Twenty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945 - Jubilee Medal Thirty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945 - Jubilee Medal Forty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945 - Medal For Valiant Labour in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945 - Medal Veteran of Labour - Jubilee Medal 50 Years of the Armed Forces of the USSR - Medal In Commemoration of the 800th Anniversary of Moscow - Medal In Commemoration of the 850th Anniversary of Moscow",
"title": "Honours and awards"
},
{
"text": " - A . M . Prokhorov ( Editor in Chief ) , J . M . Buzzi , P . Sprangle , K . Wille . Coherent Radiation Generation and Particle Acceleration , 1992 , . Research Trends in Physics series published by the American Institute of Physics Press ( presently Springer , New York ) - V . Stefan and A . M . Prokhorov ( Editors ) Diamond Science and Technology Vol 1 : Laser Diamond Interaction . Plasma Diamond Reactors ( Stefan University Press Series on Frontiers in Science and Technology ) 1999 .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": "- V . Stefan and A . M . Prokhorov ( Editors ) . Diamond Science and Technology Vol 2 ( Stefan University Press Series on Frontiers in Science and Technology ) 1999 .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": " - including the Nobel Lecture , 11 December 1964 Quantum Electronics - Prokhorovs role in the invention of lasers and masers - Prokhorovs grave in Novodevichy cemetery",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Alexander_Prokhorov#P108#2
|
Which employer did Alexander Prokhorov work for after Oct 1982?
|
Alexander Prokhorov Alexander Mikhailovich Prokhorov ( born Alexander Michael Prochoroff , ; 11 July 1916 – 8 January 2002 ) was an Australian-born Soviet-Russian physicist known for his pioneering research on lasers and masers in the Soviet Union for which he shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1964 with Charles Hard Townes and Nikolay Basov . Early life . Alexander Michael Prochoroff was born on 11 July 1916 at Russell Road Peeramon , Queensland , Australia ( now 322 Gadaloff Road , Butchers Creek , situated about 30 km from Atherton ) , to Mikhail Ivanovich Prokhorov and Maria Ivanovna ( née Mikhailova ) , Russian revolutionaries who had emigrated from Russia to escape repression by the tsarist government . As a child he attended Butchers Creek School . In 1923 , after the October Revolution , the family returned to Russia . In 1934 , Prokhorov entered the Saint Petersburg State University to study physics . He was a member of the Komsomol from 1930 to 1944 . Prokhorov graduated with honors in 1939 and moved to Moscow to work at the Lebedev Physical Institute , in the oscillations laboratory headed by academician N . D . Papaleksi . His research there was devoted to propagation of radio waves in the ionosphere . At the onset of World War II in the Soviet Union , in June 1941 , he joined the Red Army . During World War II , Prokhorov fought in the infantry , was wounded twice in battles , and was awarded three medals , including the Medal For Courage in 1946 . He was demobilized in 1944 and returned to the Lebedev Institute where , in 1946 , he defended his Ph.D . thesis on Theory of Stabilization of Frequency of a Tube Oscillator in the Theory of a Small Parameter . Research . In 1947 , Prokhorov started working on coherent radiation emitted by electrons orbiting in a cyclic particle accelerator called a synchrotron . He demonstrated that the emission is mostly concentrated in the microwave spectral range . His results became the basis of his habilitation on Coherent Radiation of Electrons in the Synchrotron Accelerator , defended in 1951 . By 1950 , Prokhorov was assistant chief of the oscillation laboratory . Around that time , he formed a group of young scientists to work on radiospectroscopy of molecular rotations and vibrations , and later on quantum electronics . The group focused on a special class of molecules which have three ( non-degenerate ) moments of inertia . The research was conducted both on experiment and theory . In 1954 , Prokhorov became head of the laboratory . Together with Nikolay Basov he developed theoretical grounds for creation of a molecular oscillator and constructed such an oscillator based on ammonia . They also proposed a method for the production of population inversion using inhomogeneous electric and magnetic fields . Their results were first presented at a national conference in 1952 , but not published until 1954–1955 ; In 1955 , Prokhorov started his research in the field of electron paramagnetic resonance ( EPR ) . He focused on relaxation times of ions of the iron group elements in a lattice of aluminium oxide , but also investigated other , non-optical , topics , such as magnetic phase transitions in DPPH . In 1957 , while studying ruby , a chromium-doped variation of aluminium oxide , he came upon the idea of using this material as an active medium of a laser . As a new type of laser resonator , he proposed , in 1958 , an open type cavity design , which is widely used today . In 1963 , together with A . S . Selivanenko , he suggested a laser using two-quantum transitions . For his pioneering work on lasers and masers , in 1964 , he received the Nobel Prize in Physics shared with Nikolay Basov and Charles Hard Townes . Posts and awards . In 1959 , Prokhorov became a professor at Moscow State University – the most prestigious university in the Soviet Union ; the same year , he was awarded the Lenin Prize . In 1960 , he became a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences and elected Academician in 1966 . In 1967 , he was awarded his first Order of Lenin ( he received five of them during life , in 1967 , 1969 , 1975 , 1981 and 1986 ) . In 1968 , he became vice-director of the Lebedev Institute and in 1971 took the position of Head of Laboratory of another prestigious Soviet institution , the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology . In the same year , he was elected a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences . In 1983 he was elected a Member of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina . Between 1982 and 1998 , Prokhorov served as acting director of the General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences , and after 1998 as honorary director . After his death in 2002 , the institute was renamed the A . M . Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences . Prokhorov was a Member and one of the Honorary Presidents of the International Academy of Science , Munich and supported 1993 the foundation and development of the Russian Section of International Academy of Science , Moscow . In 1969 , Prokhorov became a Hero of Socialist Labour , the highest degree of distinction in the Soviet Union for achievements in national economy and culture . He received the second such award in 1986 . Starting in 1969 , he was the chief editor of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia . He was awarded the Frederic Ives Medal , the highest distinction of the Optical Society of America ( OSA ) , in 2000 and became an Honorary OSA Member in 2001 . The same year , he was awarded the Demidov Prize . Politics . Prokhorov became a member of the Communist Party in 1950 . In 1983 , together with three other academicians – Andrey Tychonoff , Anatoly Dorodnitsyn and Georgy Skryabin – he signed the famous open letter denouncing Andrey Sakharovs article in the Foreign Affairs . Family . Both of Prokhorovs parents died during World War II . Prokhorov married geographer Galina Shelepina in 1941 , and they had a son , Kiril , born in 1945 . Following his father , Kiril Prokhorov became a physicist in the field of optics and is currently leading a laser-related laboratory at the A . M . Prokhorov General Physics Institute . Honours and awards . - Mandelstam Prize ( 1948 ) - Lenin Prize ( 1959 ) - Five Orders of Lenin ( including 11 May 1981 ) - Order of the Patriotic War , 1st class ( 1985 ) - Nobel Prize in Physics ( 1964 ) - Hero of Socialist Labour , twice ( 1969 , 1986 ) - Medal For Courage - USSR State Prize ( 1980 ) - Order of Merit for the Fatherland , 2nd class ( 1996 ) - State Prize of the Russian Federation ( 1998 ) - Medal Frederick Ayvesa ( 2000 ) - Demidov Prize ( 2001 ) - Lomonosov Gold Medal ( Moscow State University , 1987 ) - Award of the Council of Ministers - State Prize of the Russian Federation in science and technology ( 2003 , posthumously ) for the development of scientific and technological foundations of metrological support of measurements of length in the microwave and nanometer ranges and their application in microelectronics and nanotechnology - Foreign Member of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences ( 1982 ) - Jubilee Medal In Commemoration of the 100th Anniversary since the Birth of Vladimir Ilich Lenin - Medal For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945 - Jubilee Medal Twenty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945 - Jubilee Medal Thirty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945 - Jubilee Medal Forty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945 - Medal For Valiant Labour in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945 - Medal Veteran of Labour - Jubilee Medal 50 Years of the Armed Forces of the USSR - Medal In Commemoration of the 800th Anniversary of Moscow - Medal In Commemoration of the 850th Anniversary of Moscow Books . - A . M . Prokhorov ( Editor in Chief ) , J . M . Buzzi , P . Sprangle , K . Wille . Coherent Radiation Generation and Particle Acceleration , 1992 , . Research Trends in Physics series published by the American Institute of Physics Press ( presently Springer , New York ) - V . Stefan and A . M . Prokhorov ( Editors ) Diamond Science and Technology Vol 1 : Laser Diamond Interaction . Plasma Diamond Reactors ( Stefan University Press Series on Frontiers in Science and Technology ) 1999 . - V . Stefan and A . M . Prokhorov ( Editors ) . Diamond Science and Technology Vol 2 ( Stefan University Press Series on Frontiers in Science and Technology ) 1999 . External links . - including the Nobel Lecture , 11 December 1964 Quantum Electronics - Prokhorovs role in the invention of lasers and masers - Prokhorovs grave in Novodevichy cemetery
|
[
"General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences"
] |
[
{
"text": " Alexander Mikhailovich Prokhorov ( born Alexander Michael Prochoroff , ; 11 July 1916 – 8 January 2002 ) was an Australian-born Soviet-Russian physicist known for his pioneering research on lasers and masers in the Soviet Union for which he shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1964 with Charles Hard Townes and Nikolay Basov .",
"title": "Alexander Prokhorov"
},
{
"text": "Alexander Michael Prochoroff was born on 11 July 1916 at Russell Road Peeramon , Queensland , Australia ( now 322 Gadaloff Road , Butchers Creek , situated about 30 km from Atherton ) , to Mikhail Ivanovich Prokhorov and Maria Ivanovna ( née Mikhailova ) , Russian revolutionaries who had emigrated from Russia to escape repression by the tsarist government . As a child he attended Butchers Creek School . In 1923 , after the October Revolution , the family returned to Russia . In 1934 , Prokhorov entered the Saint Petersburg State University to study physics . He was",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "a member of the Komsomol from 1930 to 1944 . Prokhorov graduated with honors in 1939 and moved to Moscow to work at the Lebedev Physical Institute , in the oscillations laboratory headed by academician N . D . Papaleksi . His research there was devoted to propagation of radio waves in the ionosphere . At the onset of World War II in the Soviet Union , in June 1941 , he joined the Red Army . During World War II , Prokhorov fought in the infantry , was wounded twice in battles , and was awarded three medals ,",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "including the Medal For Courage in 1946 . He was demobilized in 1944 and returned to the Lebedev Institute where , in 1946 , he defended his Ph.D . thesis on Theory of Stabilization of Frequency of a Tube Oscillator in the Theory of a Small Parameter .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "In 1947 , Prokhorov started working on coherent radiation emitted by electrons orbiting in a cyclic particle accelerator called a synchrotron . He demonstrated that the emission is mostly concentrated in the microwave spectral range . His results became the basis of his habilitation on Coherent Radiation of Electrons in the Synchrotron Accelerator , defended in 1951 . By 1950 , Prokhorov was assistant chief of the oscillation laboratory . Around that time , he formed a group of young scientists to work on radiospectroscopy of molecular rotations and vibrations , and later on quantum electronics . The group focused",
"title": "Research"
},
{
"text": "on a special class of molecules which have three ( non-degenerate ) moments of inertia . The research was conducted both on experiment and theory . In 1954 , Prokhorov became head of the laboratory . Together with Nikolay Basov he developed theoretical grounds for creation of a molecular oscillator and constructed such an oscillator based on ammonia . They also proposed a method for the production of population inversion using inhomogeneous electric and magnetic fields . Their results were first presented at a national conference in 1952 , but not published until 1954–1955 ;",
"title": "Research"
},
{
"text": "In 1955 , Prokhorov started his research in the field of electron paramagnetic resonance ( EPR ) . He focused on relaxation times of ions of the iron group elements in a lattice of aluminium oxide , but also investigated other , non-optical , topics , such as magnetic phase transitions in DPPH . In 1957 , while studying ruby , a chromium-doped variation of aluminium oxide , he came upon the idea of using this material as an active medium of a laser . As a new type of laser resonator , he proposed , in 1958 , an",
"title": "Research"
},
{
"text": "open type cavity design , which is widely used today . In 1963 , together with A . S . Selivanenko , he suggested a laser using two-quantum transitions . For his pioneering work on lasers and masers , in 1964 , he received the Nobel Prize in Physics shared with Nikolay Basov and Charles Hard Townes .",
"title": "Research"
},
{
"text": "In 1959 , Prokhorov became a professor at Moscow State University – the most prestigious university in the Soviet Union ; the same year , he was awarded the Lenin Prize . In 1960 , he became a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences and elected Academician in 1966 . In 1967 , he was awarded his first Order of Lenin ( he received five of them during life , in 1967 , 1969 , 1975 , 1981 and 1986 ) . In 1968 , he became vice-director of the Lebedev Institute and in 1971 took the position of",
"title": "Posts and awards"
},
{
"text": "Head of Laboratory of another prestigious Soviet institution , the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology . In the same year , he was elected a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences . In 1983 he was elected a Member of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina . Between 1982 and 1998 , Prokhorov served as acting director of the General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences , and after 1998 as honorary director . After his death in 2002 , the institute was renamed the A . M . Prokhorov General Physics Institute of",
"title": "Posts and awards"
},
{
"text": "the Russian Academy of Sciences . Prokhorov was a Member and one of the Honorary Presidents of the International Academy of Science , Munich and supported 1993 the foundation and development of the Russian Section of International Academy of Science , Moscow .",
"title": "Posts and awards"
},
{
"text": " In 1969 , Prokhorov became a Hero of Socialist Labour , the highest degree of distinction in the Soviet Union for achievements in national economy and culture . He received the second such award in 1986 . Starting in 1969 , he was the chief editor of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia . He was awarded the Frederic Ives Medal , the highest distinction of the Optical Society of America ( OSA ) , in 2000 and became an Honorary OSA Member in 2001 . The same year , he was awarded the Demidov Prize .",
"title": "Posts and awards"
},
{
"text": " Prokhorov became a member of the Communist Party in 1950 . In 1983 , together with three other academicians – Andrey Tychonoff , Anatoly Dorodnitsyn and Georgy Skryabin – he signed the famous open letter denouncing Andrey Sakharovs article in the Foreign Affairs .",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": " Both of Prokhorovs parents died during World War II . Prokhorov married geographer Galina Shelepina in 1941 , and they had a son , Kiril , born in 1945 . Following his father , Kiril Prokhorov became a physicist in the field of optics and is currently leading a laser-related laboratory at the A . M . Prokhorov General Physics Institute .",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": " - Mandelstam Prize ( 1948 ) - Lenin Prize ( 1959 ) - Five Orders of Lenin ( including 11 May 1981 ) - Order of the Patriotic War , 1st class ( 1985 ) - Nobel Prize in Physics ( 1964 ) - Hero of Socialist Labour , twice ( 1969 , 1986 ) - Medal For Courage - USSR State Prize ( 1980 ) - Order of Merit for the Fatherland , 2nd class ( 1996 ) - State Prize of the Russian Federation ( 1998 ) - Medal Frederick Ayvesa ( 2000 )",
"title": "Honours and awards"
},
{
"text": "- Demidov Prize ( 2001 )",
"title": "Honours and awards"
},
{
"text": " - Lomonosov Gold Medal ( Moscow State University , 1987 ) - Award of the Council of Ministers - State Prize of the Russian Federation in science and technology ( 2003 , posthumously ) for the development of scientific and technological foundations of metrological support of measurements of length in the microwave and nanometer ranges and their application in microelectronics and nanotechnology - Foreign Member of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences ( 1982 ) - Jubilee Medal In Commemoration of the 100th Anniversary since the Birth of Vladimir Ilich Lenin",
"title": "Honours and awards"
},
{
"text": "- Medal For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945",
"title": "Honours and awards"
},
{
"text": " - Jubilee Medal Twenty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945 - Jubilee Medal Thirty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945 - Jubilee Medal Forty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945 - Medal For Valiant Labour in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945 - Medal Veteran of Labour - Jubilee Medal 50 Years of the Armed Forces of the USSR - Medal In Commemoration of the 800th Anniversary of Moscow - Medal In Commemoration of the 850th Anniversary of Moscow",
"title": "Honours and awards"
},
{
"text": " - A . M . Prokhorov ( Editor in Chief ) , J . M . Buzzi , P . Sprangle , K . Wille . Coherent Radiation Generation and Particle Acceleration , 1992 , . Research Trends in Physics series published by the American Institute of Physics Press ( presently Springer , New York ) - V . Stefan and A . M . Prokhorov ( Editors ) Diamond Science and Technology Vol 1 : Laser Diamond Interaction . Plasma Diamond Reactors ( Stefan University Press Series on Frontiers in Science and Technology ) 1999 .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": "- V . Stefan and A . M . Prokhorov ( Editors ) . Diamond Science and Technology Vol 2 ( Stefan University Press Series on Frontiers in Science and Technology ) 1999 .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": " - including the Nobel Lecture , 11 December 1964 Quantum Electronics - Prokhorovs role in the invention of lasers and masers - Prokhorovs grave in Novodevichy cemetery",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/St_Mirren_F.C.#P286#0
|
Who was the head coach of the team St Mirren F.C. between Dec 1977 and Jan 1978?
|
St Mirren F.C . St Mirren Football Club is a Scottish professional football club based in Paisley , Renfrewshire , that competes in the Scottish Premiership after winning the 2017–18 Scottish Championship . Founded in 1877 , the team has two nicknames , the Buddies and the Saints . St Mirren have won the Scottish Cup three times , in 1926 , 1959 and 1987 , and the Scottish League Cup in 2013 . The club has played in European competition four times : in the UEFA Cup Winners Cup in 1987–88 and the UEFA Cup in 1980–81 , 1983–84 and 1985–86 . The clubs home ground since 2009 is St Mirren Park , a 7,937 capacity all seater ground on Greenhill Road , Paisley . The clubs former ground from 1894 until 2009 was also officially named St Mirren Park , but was more commonly known as Love Street . History . St Mirren were formed as a gentlemens club which included , among other sports , cricket and rugby in the second half of the 19th century . The increasing popularity of football ensured that by 1877 the members had decided to play association football and 1877 is the football clubs official foundation date . They are named after Saint Mirin , the founder of a church at the site of Paisley Abbey and Patron Saint of Paisley . There is also a street in Paisley named St Mirren Street . The club originally wore scarlet and blue strips , but after one season changed to the current black and white striped shirts , which have been worn every season bar one in the 1900s , when cream tops were used . St Mirren played their first match on 6 October 1877 , defeating Johnstone Britannia 1–0 at Shortroods . Two years later , the club moved to another ground named Thistle Park at Greenhills . St Mirrens first Scottish Cup match came on 4 September 1880 , a 3–0 victory over Johnstone Athletic . The following year , the Buddies reached their first cup final but were beaten 3–1 by Thornliebank in the Renfrewshire Cup . In 1883 however the scores were reversed with the Saints winning the Renfrewshire Cup , 3–1 against Thornliebank . It was in 1883 that they moved to their third home , that of West March ( early maps indicate the area as West March rather than the commonly used Westmarch ) , defeating Queens Park in the first game there . In 1885 , St Mirren played their first match against Morton , resulting in a defeat . The 1890 season was a historic season for St Mirren , as they became founder members of the Scottish Football League along with fellow Paisley club Abercorn . Of the 11 founder clubs , only 5 survive in the current league system . It was during the match against Morton at Cappielow in this year that St Mirren played one of the first night games under light from oil lamps . St Mirren moved to Love Street in 1894 and reached their first Scottish Cup final in the 1907–08 season but were defeated 5–1 by Celtic . The Buddies went on to lift the trophy in 1926 , 1959 and 1987 . In 1922 , St Mirren were invited to play in the Barcelona Cup invitational tournament to celebrate the inauguration of Les Corts , the then home of Barcelona . They won the tournament by beating Notts County in the final . In the 1979–80 season , St Mirren achieved their equal highest-ever finish in the top-flight finishing third behind Aberdeen and Celtic . That season Saints also became the first and last Scottish club to win the Anglo-Scottish Cup , defeating Bristol City in a two-legged final . The following season , St Mirren competed in European competition for the first time and won their initial game 2–1 vs . IF Elfsborg in Sweden , followed by a 0–0 draw in the second leg . The next round saw them play French team Saint-Étienne . Although St Mirrens home leg ended up a 0–0 draw , Saint-Étienne pulled off a 2–0 victory in the second leg to put St Mirren out of the cup . The club have been relegated from the Scottish Premier League twice ( 2000–01 ) and ( 2014–15 ) and the Premier Division of the Scottish Football League once ( 1991–92 ) having escaped relegation from the latter in 1991 after league re-construction . In 2001 , St Mirren finished bottom of the Premier League despite losing only one of their final seven matches . The Saints however managed promotion after clinching the First Division title in 2005–06 , a season which also saw St Mirren win the Scottish Challenge Cup , defeating Hamilton Academical 2–1 in the final at Airdrie Uniteds ground , the Shyberry Excelsior Stadium , with goals from Simon Lappin and John Sutton . In 2010 , they reached the final of the Scottish League Cup where they were defeated 0–1 by Rangers despite having a two-man advantage . However , three days later , they recorded a famous win over Celtic , a match that The Buddies won 4–0 with doubles from Andy Dorman and Steven Thomson . In March 2013 , St Mirren won the Scottish League Cup beating Heart of Midlothian 3–2 at Hampden to win their first cup since 1987 . In the 2010s the club drew praise for their youth development , bringing through several players from their academy ( despite it not being listed among the elite group assessed by the SFA in 2017 ) including Stevie Mallan , Jack Baird , Kyle Magennis , Jason Naismith , Kyle McAllister , Sean Kelly and full Scotland internationals Kenny McLean , Lewis Morgan and John McGinn . Stadium . St Mirren played at four different venues before moving to their ground at St Mirren Park , or Love Street , in 1894 . The record attendance for the ground was 47,438 versus Celtic in 1949 . Love Street saw extensive redevelopment in the late 90s to comply with both the recommendations of the Taylor Report and SPL regulations and the ground eventually became a 10,866 seater venue . The ground had four stands of which the most recent , the West or Reid Kerr Family Stand , was built in 2000 in order for Love Street to meet the criteria for entry to the Scottish Premier League . The oldest stand was the main stand which had a basic wooden construction . The north bank was popular with the hardcore St Mirren fans while the largest stand , the steeply raked West Stand , housed a sporting facility underneath . It was rarely used to its full capacity . On 24 May 2005 , Renfrewshire Council granted permission for the club to develop their old ground . This involved the sale of the ground to a supermarket chain , and the construction of a ground in Ferguslie Park , Paisley ( through a separate planning permission ) . The sale of their old ground allowed the club to finance the new stadium as well as clear their debts . In April 2007 it was announced that a deal had been struck with supermarket giant Tesco and on 15 January 2009 St Mirren moved to a new 8,000 seat stadium , also called St Mirren Park . The opening game finished as a 1–1 draw with Kilmarnock , with Killies Kevin Kyle scoring the first goal , and Dennis Wyness equalising . St Mirrens first notable win at the new stadium came on 7 March 2009 in a 1–0 victory over Celtic in the Homecoming Scottish Cup Quarter Final . The stadium had a total seating capacity of 8,023 which was reduced in 2017 to 7,937 following the installation of a new disabled access platform . The stadium was known as The Simple Digital Arena after the club agreed a four-year , six-figure deal with Simple Digital Solutions on 13 June 2018 . It is currently known as The SMiSA Stadium . Colours and sponsors . The traditional home colours of St Mirren are black and white stripes , however for the first season the colours were scarlet and blue . There is some dispute as to why the colours black and white were chosen . A popular theory is that the stripes represent the Black and White Cart rivers which run through Paisley . In recent years there has been evidence unearthed that the Monks in the local abbey wore black and white striped habits . The team strips have varied very little in the long history of the club , however the thickness of the stripes have often varied . Some years have seen horizontal stripes used . Having first played in black and white vertical stripes in 1884 , Saints were the first club in the world to do so , six years before Notts County . Away tops are traditionally red or all black , but in some cases strips have varied from orange to light blue , as seen on the 2010–11 strip . From 2007–2011 , the Danish firm , Hummel International , replaced Xara as kit-manufacturers . St Mirren has had several main sponsors , mainly in the transport industry , with several local bus companies and car dealerships like Arriva and Phoenix Honda sponsoring in the club . St Mirren were sponsored by Braehead Shopping Centre , a local shopping centre four miles away in Renfrew from 2005–2017 . They are currently sponsored by Skyview Capital . In August 2010 , the club confirmed Barrhead company Compass Private Hire would have their name displayed on the back of the first team players shirts as well as on their shorts . Compass Private Hire were co-owned by former St Mirren player , captain and manager , Tony Fitzpatrick . Mascots . In recent years , St Mirren have been represented by three mascots , the Pandas . They are Paisley Panda , Junior P and Mrs Panda . The regular mascots are Paisley Panda and Junior P . Honours . Major honours . - Scottish Cup : - Winners ( 3 ) : 1925–26 , 1958–59 , 1986–87 - Runners-up : 1907–08 , 1933–34 , 1961–62 - Scottish League Cup : - Winners ( 1 ) : 2012–13 - Runners-up : 1955–56 , 2009–10 Minor honours . - Scottish league , second tier ( 5 ) : 1967–68 , 1976–77 , 1999–00 , 2005–06 , 2017–18 - Scottish Challenge Cup : 2005 - Renfrewshire Cup ( 55 ) : 1882–83 , 1883–84 , 1887–88 , 1890–91 , 1893–94 , 1896–97 , 1897–98 , 1903–04 , 1909–10 , 1910–11 , 1923–24 , 1924–25 , 1925–26 , 1927–28 , 1928–29 , 1929–30 , 1931–32 , 1932–33 , 1933–34 , 1935–36 , 1937–38 , 1940–41 , 1943–44 , 1945–46 , 1946–47 , 1947–48 , 1949–50 , 1958–59 , 1959–60 , 1960–61 , 1962–63 , 1966–67 , 1973–74 , 1976–77 , 1978–79 , 1979–80 , 1982–83 , 1983–84 , 1984–85 , 1985–86 , 1987–88 , 1989–90 , 1997–98 , 1998–99 , 1999–00 , 2000–01 , 2001–02 , 2006–07 , 2007–08 , 2008–09 , 2009–10 , 2010–11 , 2011–12 , 2012–13 , 2014–15 - Victory Cup : 1919 - Anglo-Scottish Cup : 1979–80 - Summer Cup : 1943 - Epson Invitational Tournament : 1986–87 - Barcelona Cup Winners : 1922 Rivalries . The club has a fierce rivalry with neighbours Greenock Morton , a rivalry which sees a large amount of animosity between the two sets of fans . Club records . - Highest home attendance : 47,438 v . Celtic on 20 August 1949 - Highest average home attendance : 17,333 , 1949–50 ( 15 games ) - Biggest victory : 15–0 v . Glasgow University , Scottish Cup , 30 January 1960 - Most capped player : Iain Munro and Billy Thomson : 7 appearances for Scotland - Most capped international player : Mo Camara : 79 appearances for Guinea - Youngest Player : Dylan Reid : 16 years & 6 days – vs . Rangers ( Ibrox ) , 6 March 2021 - Most Competitive Appearances : Hugh Murray , 462 ( 1997–2012 ) - Most League appearances : Hugh Murray , 399 ( 1997–2012 ) - Most European appearances : Billy Abercromby , 9 ( 1980–1988 ) - Most League goals : David McCrae , 221 ( 1923–1934 ) - Most League goals in a season : Dunky Walker , 45 ( 1921–22 ) - Record transfer fee paid : £400,000 to Bayer Uerdingen for Thomas Stickroth ( March 1990 ) - Record transfer fee received : £850,000 from Rangers for Ian Ferguson ( February 1988 ) - Most League wins in a season : 27 , Division Two ( 1967–68 ) - Most League defeats in a season : 31 , Division One ( 1920–21 ) - Most League draws in a season : 15 , Premier League ( 1987–88 ) - Most consecutive league victories : 16 , Division Two ( 18 November 1967 – 30 March 1968 ) - Longest unbeaten league run : 34 , 18 November 1967 ( Division Two ) – 16 November 1968 ( Division One ) - Most Goals Scored in a season : 100 , Division Two ( 1967–68 ) - Most Goals Conceded in a season : 92 , Division One ( 1920–21 ) Managers . - John McCartney ( June 1904 – January 1910 ) - Barry Grieve ( Feb – June 1910 ) - Hugh Law ( July 1910 – July 1916 ) - Johnny Cochrane ( July 1916 – April 1928 ) - Donald Turner ( April 1928 – April 1929 ) - John Morrison ( June 1929 – Oct 36 ) - Sam Blythe ( Oct 1936 – Feb 41 ) - Donald Menzies ( Feb 1941 – Dec 42 ) - Willie Fotheringham ( Dec 1942 – May 45 ) - Bobby Rankin ( May 1945 – Aug 54 ) - Willie Reid ( Aug 1954 – Dec 61 ) - Bobby Flavell ( Dec 1961 – Dec 62 ) - Jackie Cox ( Dec 1962 – May 65 ) - Doug Millward ( June 1965 – Dec 66 ) - Alex Wright ( Dec 1966 – Oct 70 ) - Wilson Humphries ( Nov 1970 – Jan 72 ) - Tommy Bryceland ( Jan 1972 – May 73 ) - Willie Cunningham ( June 1973 – Oct 74 ) - Alex Ferguson ( Oct 1974 – May 78 ) - Jim Clunie ( June 1978 – Nov 80 ) - Rikki McFarlane ( November 1980 – Oct 1983 ) - Alex Miller ( October 1983 – December 1986 ) - Alex Smith ( December 1986 – April 1988 ) - Tony Fitzpatrick ( April 1988 – May 1991 ) - David Hay ( May 1991 – May 1992 ) - Jimmy Bone ( May 1992 – August 1996 ) - Iain Munro ( 9 September 1996 – 10 September 1996 ) ( 24 hours ) - Tony Fitzpatrick ( September 1996 – December 1998 ) - Tom Hendrie ( December 1998 – September 2002 ) - John Coughlin ( September 2002 – November 2003 ) - Gus MacPherson ( 25 November 2003 – 11 May 2010 ) - Danny Lennon ( 7 June 2010 – 12 May 2014 ) - Tommy Craig ( 13 May 2014 – 9 December 2014 ) - Gary Teale ( 9 December 2014 – 23 May 2015 ) - Ian Murray ( 24 May 2015 – 12 December 2015 ) - Alex Rae ( 18 December 2015 – 18 September 2016 ) - Allan McManus ( 18 September 2016 – 10 October 2016 ) ( Interim ) - Jack Ross ( 10 October 2016 –25 May 2018 ) - Alan Stubbs ( 8 June 2018 – 3 September 2018 ) - Oran Kearney ( 7 September 2018 – 26 June 2019 ) - Jim Goodwin ( 28 June 2019 – Present ) External links . - Official St Mirren F.C . website - Historical Database of St Mirren F.C . - The St.Mirren Programme Archive - St Mirren BBC My Clu
|
[
"Alex Ferguson"
] |
[
{
"text": " St Mirren Football Club is a Scottish professional football club based in Paisley , Renfrewshire , that competes in the Scottish Premiership after winning the 2017–18 Scottish Championship . Founded in 1877 , the team has two nicknames , the Buddies and the Saints . St Mirren have won the Scottish Cup three times , in 1926 , 1959 and 1987 , and the Scottish League Cup in 2013 . The club has played in European competition four times : in the UEFA Cup Winners Cup in 1987–88 and the UEFA Cup in 1980–81 , 1983–84 and 1985–86 .",
"title": "St Mirren F.C ."
},
{
"text": "The clubs home ground since 2009 is St Mirren Park , a 7,937 capacity all seater ground on Greenhill Road , Paisley . The clubs former ground from 1894 until 2009 was also officially named St Mirren Park , but was more commonly known as Love Street .",
"title": "St Mirren F.C ."
},
{
"text": " St Mirren were formed as a gentlemens club which included , among other sports , cricket and rugby in the second half of the 19th century . The increasing popularity of football ensured that by 1877 the members had decided to play association football and 1877 is the football clubs official foundation date . They are named after Saint Mirin , the founder of a church at the site of Paisley Abbey and Patron Saint of Paisley . There is also a street in Paisley named St Mirren Street .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The club originally wore scarlet and blue strips , but after one season changed to the current black and white striped shirts , which have been worn every season bar one in the 1900s , when cream tops were used .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "St Mirren played their first match on 6 October 1877 , defeating Johnstone Britannia 1–0 at Shortroods . Two years later , the club moved to another ground named Thistle Park at Greenhills . St Mirrens first Scottish Cup match came on 4 September 1880 , a 3–0 victory over Johnstone Athletic . The following year , the Buddies reached their first cup final but were beaten 3–1 by Thornliebank in the Renfrewshire Cup . In 1883 however the scores were reversed with the Saints winning the Renfrewshire Cup , 3–1 against Thornliebank . It was in 1883 that they",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "moved to their third home , that of West March ( early maps indicate the area as West March rather than the commonly used Westmarch ) , defeating Queens Park in the first game there . In 1885 , St Mirren played their first match against Morton , resulting in a defeat .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The 1890 season was a historic season for St Mirren , as they became founder members of the Scottish Football League along with fellow Paisley club Abercorn . Of the 11 founder clubs , only 5 survive in the current league system . It was during the match against Morton at Cappielow in this year that St Mirren played one of the first night games under light from oil lamps .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "St Mirren moved to Love Street in 1894 and reached their first Scottish Cup final in the 1907–08 season but were defeated 5–1 by Celtic . The Buddies went on to lift the trophy in 1926 , 1959 and 1987 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In 1922 , St Mirren were invited to play in the Barcelona Cup invitational tournament to celebrate the inauguration of Les Corts , the then home of Barcelona . They won the tournament by beating Notts County in the final .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In the 1979–80 season , St Mirren achieved their equal highest-ever finish in the top-flight finishing third behind Aberdeen and Celtic . That season Saints also became the first and last Scottish club to win the Anglo-Scottish Cup , defeating Bristol City in a two-legged final . The following season , St Mirren competed in European competition for the first time and won their initial game 2–1 vs . IF Elfsborg in Sweden , followed by a 0–0 draw in the second leg . The next round saw them play French team Saint-Étienne . Although St Mirrens home leg ended",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "up a 0–0 draw , Saint-Étienne pulled off a 2–0 victory in the second leg to put St Mirren out of the cup .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The club have been relegated from the Scottish Premier League twice ( 2000–01 ) and ( 2014–15 ) and the Premier Division of the Scottish Football League once ( 1991–92 ) having escaped relegation from the latter in 1991 after league re-construction . In 2001 , St Mirren finished bottom of the Premier League despite losing only one of their final seven matches . The Saints however managed promotion after clinching the First Division title in 2005–06 , a season which also saw St Mirren win the Scottish Challenge Cup , defeating Hamilton Academical 2–1 in the final at Airdrie",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Uniteds ground , the Shyberry Excelsior Stadium , with goals from Simon Lappin and John Sutton .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In 2010 , they reached the final of the Scottish League Cup where they were defeated 0–1 by Rangers despite having a two-man advantage . However , three days later , they recorded a famous win over Celtic , a match that The Buddies won 4–0 with doubles from Andy Dorman and Steven Thomson . In March 2013 , St Mirren won the Scottish League Cup beating Heart of Midlothian 3–2 at Hampden to win their first cup since 1987 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In the 2010s the club drew praise for their youth development , bringing through several players from their academy ( despite it not being listed among the elite group assessed by the SFA in 2017 ) including Stevie Mallan , Jack Baird , Kyle Magennis , Jason Naismith , Kyle McAllister , Sean Kelly and full Scotland internationals Kenny McLean , Lewis Morgan and John McGinn .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "St Mirren played at four different venues before moving to their ground at St Mirren Park , or Love Street , in 1894 . The record attendance for the ground was 47,438 versus Celtic in 1949 . Love Street saw extensive redevelopment in the late 90s to comply with both the recommendations of the Taylor Report and SPL regulations and the ground eventually became a 10,866 seater venue . The ground had four stands of which the most recent , the West or Reid Kerr Family Stand , was built in 2000 in order for Love Street to meet the",
"title": "Stadium"
},
{
"text": "criteria for entry to the Scottish Premier League . The oldest stand was the main stand which had a basic wooden construction . The north bank was popular with the hardcore St Mirren fans while the largest stand , the steeply raked West Stand , housed a sporting facility underneath . It was rarely used to its full capacity .",
"title": "Stadium"
},
{
"text": "On 24 May 2005 , Renfrewshire Council granted permission for the club to develop their old ground . This involved the sale of the ground to a supermarket chain , and the construction of a ground in Ferguslie Park , Paisley ( through a separate planning permission ) . The sale of their old ground allowed the club to finance the new stadium as well as clear their debts . In April 2007 it was announced that a deal had been struck with supermarket giant Tesco and on 15 January 2009 St Mirren moved to a new 8,000 seat stadium",
"title": "Stadium"
},
{
"text": ", also called St Mirren Park .",
"title": "Stadium"
},
{
"text": " The opening game finished as a 1–1 draw with Kilmarnock , with Killies Kevin Kyle scoring the first goal , and Dennis Wyness equalising . St Mirrens first notable win at the new stadium came on 7 March 2009 in a 1–0 victory over Celtic in the Homecoming Scottish Cup Quarter Final . The stadium had a total seating capacity of 8,023 which was reduced in 2017 to 7,937 following the installation of a new disabled access platform .",
"title": "Stadium"
},
{
"text": "The stadium was known as The Simple Digital Arena after the club agreed a four-year , six-figure deal with Simple Digital Solutions on 13 June 2018 .",
"title": "Stadium"
},
{
"text": "The traditional home colours of St Mirren are black and white stripes , however for the first season the colours were scarlet and blue . There is some dispute as to why the colours black and white were chosen . A popular theory is that the stripes represent the Black and White Cart rivers which run through Paisley . In recent years there has been evidence unearthed that the Monks in the local abbey wore black and white striped habits . The team strips have varied very little in the long history of the club , however the thickness of",
"title": "Colours and sponsors"
},
{
"text": "the stripes have often varied . Some years have seen horizontal stripes used .",
"title": "Colours and sponsors"
},
{
"text": " Having first played in black and white vertical stripes in 1884 , Saints were the first club in the world to do so , six years before Notts County . Away tops are traditionally red or all black , but in some cases strips have varied from orange to light blue , as seen on the 2010–11 strip . From 2007–2011 , the Danish firm , Hummel International , replaced Xara as kit-manufacturers .",
"title": "Colours and sponsors"
},
{
"text": "St Mirren has had several main sponsors , mainly in the transport industry , with several local bus companies and car dealerships like Arriva and Phoenix Honda sponsoring in the club . St Mirren were sponsored by Braehead Shopping Centre , a local shopping centre four miles away in Renfrew from 2005–2017 . They are currently sponsored by Skyview Capital .",
"title": "Colours and sponsors"
},
{
"text": " In August 2010 , the club confirmed Barrhead company Compass Private Hire would have their name displayed on the back of the first team players shirts as well as on their shorts . Compass Private Hire were co-owned by former St Mirren player , captain and manager , Tony Fitzpatrick .",
"title": "Colours and sponsors"
},
{
"text": " In recent years , St Mirren have been represented by three mascots , the Pandas . They are Paisley Panda , Junior P and Mrs Panda . The regular mascots are Paisley Panda and Junior P .",
"title": "Mascots"
},
{
"text": " - Scottish Cup : - Winners ( 3 ) : 1925–26 , 1958–59 , 1986–87 - Runners-up : 1907–08 , 1933–34 , 1961–62 - Scottish League Cup : - Winners ( 1 ) : 2012–13 - Runners-up : 1955–56 , 2009–10",
"title": "Major honours"
},
{
"text": " - Scottish league , second tier ( 5 ) : 1967–68 , 1976–77 , 1999–00 , 2005–06 , 2017–18 - Scottish Challenge Cup : 2005",
"title": "Minor honours"
},
{
"text": "- Renfrewshire Cup ( 55 ) : 1882–83 , 1883–84 , 1887–88 , 1890–91 , 1893–94 , 1896–97 , 1897–98 , 1903–04 , 1909–10 , 1910–11 , 1923–24 , 1924–25 , 1925–26 , 1927–28 , 1928–29 , 1929–30 , 1931–32 , 1932–33 , 1933–34 , 1935–36 , 1937–38 , 1940–41 , 1943–44 , 1945–46 , 1946–47 , 1947–48 , 1949–50 , 1958–59 , 1959–60 , 1960–61 , 1962–63 , 1966–67 , 1973–74 , 1976–77 , 1978–79 , 1979–80 , 1982–83 , 1983–84 , 1984–85 , 1985–86 , 1987–88 , 1989–90 , 1997–98 , 1998–99 , 1999–00 , 2000–01 , 2001–02",
"title": "Minor honours"
},
{
"text": ", 2006–07 , 2007–08 , 2008–09 , 2009–10 , 2010–11 , 2011–12 , 2012–13 , 2014–15",
"title": "Minor honours"
},
{
"text": " - Victory Cup : 1919 - Anglo-Scottish Cup : 1979–80 - Summer Cup : 1943 - Epson Invitational Tournament : 1986–87 - Barcelona Cup Winners : 1922",
"title": "Minor honours"
},
{
"text": " The club has a fierce rivalry with neighbours Greenock Morton , a rivalry which sees a large amount of animosity between the two sets of fans .",
"title": "Rivalries"
},
{
"text": " - Highest home attendance : 47,438 v . Celtic on 20 August 1949 - Highest average home attendance : 17,333 , 1949–50 ( 15 games ) - Biggest victory : 15–0 v . Glasgow University , Scottish Cup , 30 January 1960 - Most capped player : Iain Munro and Billy Thomson : 7 appearances for Scotland - Most capped international player : Mo Camara : 79 appearances for Guinea - Youngest Player : Dylan Reid : 16 years & 6 days – vs . Rangers ( Ibrox ) , 6 March 2021",
"title": "Club records"
},
{
"text": "- Most Competitive Appearances : Hugh Murray , 462 ( 1997–2012 )",
"title": "Club records"
},
{
"text": " - Most League appearances : Hugh Murray , 399 ( 1997–2012 ) - Most European appearances : Billy Abercromby , 9 ( 1980–1988 ) - Most League goals : David McCrae , 221 ( 1923–1934 ) - Most League goals in a season : Dunky Walker , 45 ( 1921–22 ) - Record transfer fee paid : £400,000 to Bayer Uerdingen for Thomas Stickroth ( March 1990 ) - Record transfer fee received : £850,000 from Rangers for Ian Ferguson ( February 1988 ) - Most League wins in a season : 27 , Division Two ( 1967–68 )",
"title": "Club records"
},
{
"text": "- Most League defeats in a season : 31 , Division One ( 1920–21 )",
"title": "Club records"
},
{
"text": " - Most League draws in a season : 15 , Premier League ( 1987–88 ) - Most consecutive league victories : 16 , Division Two ( 18 November 1967 – 30 March 1968 ) - Longest unbeaten league run : 34 , 18 November 1967 ( Division Two ) – 16 November 1968 ( Division One ) - Most Goals Scored in a season : 100 , Division Two ( 1967–68 ) - Most Goals Conceded in a season : 92 , Division One ( 1920–21 )",
"title": "Club records"
},
{
"text": " - John McCartney ( June 1904 – January 1910 ) - Barry Grieve ( Feb – June 1910 ) - Hugh Law ( July 1910 – July 1916 ) - Johnny Cochrane ( July 1916 – April 1928 ) - Donald Turner ( April 1928 – April 1929 ) - John Morrison ( June 1929 – Oct 36 ) - Sam Blythe ( Oct 1936 – Feb 41 ) - Donald Menzies ( Feb 1941 – Dec 42 ) - Willie Fotheringham ( Dec 1942 – May 45 ) - Bobby Rankin ( May 1945 – Aug 54 )",
"title": "Managers"
},
{
"text": "- Willie Reid ( Aug 1954 – Dec 61 )",
"title": "Managers"
},
{
"text": " - Bobby Flavell ( Dec 1961 – Dec 62 ) - Jackie Cox ( Dec 1962 – May 65 ) - Doug Millward ( June 1965 – Dec 66 ) - Alex Wright ( Dec 1966 – Oct 70 ) - Wilson Humphries ( Nov 1970 – Jan 72 ) - Tommy Bryceland ( Jan 1972 – May 73 ) - Willie Cunningham ( June 1973 – Oct 74 ) - Alex Ferguson ( Oct 1974 – May 78 ) - Jim Clunie ( June 1978 – Nov 80 )",
"title": "Managers"
},
{
"text": "- Rikki McFarlane ( November 1980 – Oct 1983 )",
"title": "Managers"
},
{
"text": " - Alex Miller ( October 1983 – December 1986 ) - Alex Smith ( December 1986 – April 1988 ) - Tony Fitzpatrick ( April 1988 – May 1991 ) - David Hay ( May 1991 – May 1992 ) - Jimmy Bone ( May 1992 – August 1996 ) - Iain Munro ( 9 September 1996 – 10 September 1996 ) ( 24 hours ) - Tony Fitzpatrick ( September 1996 – December 1998 ) - Tom Hendrie ( December 1998 – September 2002 ) - John Coughlin ( September 2002 – November 2003 )",
"title": "Managers"
},
{
"text": "- Gus MacPherson ( 25 November 2003 – 11 May 2010 )",
"title": "Managers"
},
{
"text": " - Danny Lennon ( 7 June 2010 – 12 May 2014 ) - Tommy Craig ( 13 May 2014 – 9 December 2014 ) - Gary Teale ( 9 December 2014 – 23 May 2015 ) - Ian Murray ( 24 May 2015 – 12 December 2015 ) - Alex Rae ( 18 December 2015 – 18 September 2016 ) - Allan McManus ( 18 September 2016 – 10 October 2016 ) ( Interim ) - Jack Ross ( 10 October 2016 –25 May 2018 ) - Alan Stubbs ( 8 June 2018 – 3 September 2018 )",
"title": "Managers"
},
{
"text": "- Oran Kearney ( 7 September 2018 – 26 June 2019 )",
"title": "Managers"
},
{
"text": " - Official St Mirren F.C . website - Historical Database of St Mirren F.C . - The St.Mirren Programme Archive - St Mirren BBC My Clu",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/St_Mirren_F.C.#P286#1
|
Who was the head coach of the team St Mirren F.C. between Jul 2013 and Apr 2014?
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St Mirren F.C . St Mirren Football Club is a Scottish professional football club based in Paisley , Renfrewshire , that competes in the Scottish Premiership after winning the 2017–18 Scottish Championship . Founded in 1877 , the team has two nicknames , the Buddies and the Saints . St Mirren have won the Scottish Cup three times , in 1926 , 1959 and 1987 , and the Scottish League Cup in 2013 . The club has played in European competition four times : in the UEFA Cup Winners Cup in 1987–88 and the UEFA Cup in 1980–81 , 1983–84 and 1985–86 . The clubs home ground since 2009 is St Mirren Park , a 7,937 capacity all seater ground on Greenhill Road , Paisley . The clubs former ground from 1894 until 2009 was also officially named St Mirren Park , but was more commonly known as Love Street . History . St Mirren were formed as a gentlemens club which included , among other sports , cricket and rugby in the second half of the 19th century . The increasing popularity of football ensured that by 1877 the members had decided to play association football and 1877 is the football clubs official foundation date . They are named after Saint Mirin , the founder of a church at the site of Paisley Abbey and Patron Saint of Paisley . There is also a street in Paisley named St Mirren Street . The club originally wore scarlet and blue strips , but after one season changed to the current black and white striped shirts , which have been worn every season bar one in the 1900s , when cream tops were used . St Mirren played their first match on 6 October 1877 , defeating Johnstone Britannia 1–0 at Shortroods . Two years later , the club moved to another ground named Thistle Park at Greenhills . St Mirrens first Scottish Cup match came on 4 September 1880 , a 3–0 victory over Johnstone Athletic . The following year , the Buddies reached their first cup final but were beaten 3–1 by Thornliebank in the Renfrewshire Cup . In 1883 however the scores were reversed with the Saints winning the Renfrewshire Cup , 3–1 against Thornliebank . It was in 1883 that they moved to their third home , that of West March ( early maps indicate the area as West March rather than the commonly used Westmarch ) , defeating Queens Park in the first game there . In 1885 , St Mirren played their first match against Morton , resulting in a defeat . The 1890 season was a historic season for St Mirren , as they became founder members of the Scottish Football League along with fellow Paisley club Abercorn . Of the 11 founder clubs , only 5 survive in the current league system . It was during the match against Morton at Cappielow in this year that St Mirren played one of the first night games under light from oil lamps . St Mirren moved to Love Street in 1894 and reached their first Scottish Cup final in the 1907–08 season but were defeated 5–1 by Celtic . The Buddies went on to lift the trophy in 1926 , 1959 and 1987 . In 1922 , St Mirren were invited to play in the Barcelona Cup invitational tournament to celebrate the inauguration of Les Corts , the then home of Barcelona . They won the tournament by beating Notts County in the final . In the 1979–80 season , St Mirren achieved their equal highest-ever finish in the top-flight finishing third behind Aberdeen and Celtic . That season Saints also became the first and last Scottish club to win the Anglo-Scottish Cup , defeating Bristol City in a two-legged final . The following season , St Mirren competed in European competition for the first time and won their initial game 2–1 vs . IF Elfsborg in Sweden , followed by a 0–0 draw in the second leg . The next round saw them play French team Saint-Étienne . Although St Mirrens home leg ended up a 0–0 draw , Saint-Étienne pulled off a 2–0 victory in the second leg to put St Mirren out of the cup . The club have been relegated from the Scottish Premier League twice ( 2000–01 ) and ( 2014–15 ) and the Premier Division of the Scottish Football League once ( 1991–92 ) having escaped relegation from the latter in 1991 after league re-construction . In 2001 , St Mirren finished bottom of the Premier League despite losing only one of their final seven matches . The Saints however managed promotion after clinching the First Division title in 2005–06 , a season which also saw St Mirren win the Scottish Challenge Cup , defeating Hamilton Academical 2–1 in the final at Airdrie Uniteds ground , the Shyberry Excelsior Stadium , with goals from Simon Lappin and John Sutton . In 2010 , they reached the final of the Scottish League Cup where they were defeated 0–1 by Rangers despite having a two-man advantage . However , three days later , they recorded a famous win over Celtic , a match that The Buddies won 4–0 with doubles from Andy Dorman and Steven Thomson . In March 2013 , St Mirren won the Scottish League Cup beating Heart of Midlothian 3–2 at Hampden to win their first cup since 1987 . In the 2010s the club drew praise for their youth development , bringing through several players from their academy ( despite it not being listed among the elite group assessed by the SFA in 2017 ) including Stevie Mallan , Jack Baird , Kyle Magennis , Jason Naismith , Kyle McAllister , Sean Kelly and full Scotland internationals Kenny McLean , Lewis Morgan and John McGinn . Stadium . St Mirren played at four different venues before moving to their ground at St Mirren Park , or Love Street , in 1894 . The record attendance for the ground was 47,438 versus Celtic in 1949 . Love Street saw extensive redevelopment in the late 90s to comply with both the recommendations of the Taylor Report and SPL regulations and the ground eventually became a 10,866 seater venue . The ground had four stands of which the most recent , the West or Reid Kerr Family Stand , was built in 2000 in order for Love Street to meet the criteria for entry to the Scottish Premier League . The oldest stand was the main stand which had a basic wooden construction . The north bank was popular with the hardcore St Mirren fans while the largest stand , the steeply raked West Stand , housed a sporting facility underneath . It was rarely used to its full capacity . On 24 May 2005 , Renfrewshire Council granted permission for the club to develop their old ground . This involved the sale of the ground to a supermarket chain , and the construction of a ground in Ferguslie Park , Paisley ( through a separate planning permission ) . The sale of their old ground allowed the club to finance the new stadium as well as clear their debts . In April 2007 it was announced that a deal had been struck with supermarket giant Tesco and on 15 January 2009 St Mirren moved to a new 8,000 seat stadium , also called St Mirren Park . The opening game finished as a 1–1 draw with Kilmarnock , with Killies Kevin Kyle scoring the first goal , and Dennis Wyness equalising . St Mirrens first notable win at the new stadium came on 7 March 2009 in a 1–0 victory over Celtic in the Homecoming Scottish Cup Quarter Final . The stadium had a total seating capacity of 8,023 which was reduced in 2017 to 7,937 following the installation of a new disabled access platform . The stadium was known as The Simple Digital Arena after the club agreed a four-year , six-figure deal with Simple Digital Solutions on 13 June 2018 . It is currently known as The SMiSA Stadium . Colours and sponsors . The traditional home colours of St Mirren are black and white stripes , however for the first season the colours were scarlet and blue . There is some dispute as to why the colours black and white were chosen . A popular theory is that the stripes represent the Black and White Cart rivers which run through Paisley . In recent years there has been evidence unearthed that the Monks in the local abbey wore black and white striped habits . The team strips have varied very little in the long history of the club , however the thickness of the stripes have often varied . Some years have seen horizontal stripes used . Having first played in black and white vertical stripes in 1884 , Saints were the first club in the world to do so , six years before Notts County . Away tops are traditionally red or all black , but in some cases strips have varied from orange to light blue , as seen on the 2010–11 strip . From 2007–2011 , the Danish firm , Hummel International , replaced Xara as kit-manufacturers . St Mirren has had several main sponsors , mainly in the transport industry , with several local bus companies and car dealerships like Arriva and Phoenix Honda sponsoring in the club . St Mirren were sponsored by Braehead Shopping Centre , a local shopping centre four miles away in Renfrew from 2005–2017 . They are currently sponsored by Skyview Capital . In August 2010 , the club confirmed Barrhead company Compass Private Hire would have their name displayed on the back of the first team players shirts as well as on their shorts . Compass Private Hire were co-owned by former St Mirren player , captain and manager , Tony Fitzpatrick . Mascots . In recent years , St Mirren have been represented by three mascots , the Pandas . They are Paisley Panda , Junior P and Mrs Panda . The regular mascots are Paisley Panda and Junior P . Honours . Major honours . - Scottish Cup : - Winners ( 3 ) : 1925–26 , 1958–59 , 1986–87 - Runners-up : 1907–08 , 1933–34 , 1961–62 - Scottish League Cup : - Winners ( 1 ) : 2012–13 - Runners-up : 1955–56 , 2009–10 Minor honours . - Scottish league , second tier ( 5 ) : 1967–68 , 1976–77 , 1999–00 , 2005–06 , 2017–18 - Scottish Challenge Cup : 2005 - Renfrewshire Cup ( 55 ) : 1882–83 , 1883–84 , 1887–88 , 1890–91 , 1893–94 , 1896–97 , 1897–98 , 1903–04 , 1909–10 , 1910–11 , 1923–24 , 1924–25 , 1925–26 , 1927–28 , 1928–29 , 1929–30 , 1931–32 , 1932–33 , 1933–34 , 1935–36 , 1937–38 , 1940–41 , 1943–44 , 1945–46 , 1946–47 , 1947–48 , 1949–50 , 1958–59 , 1959–60 , 1960–61 , 1962–63 , 1966–67 , 1973–74 , 1976–77 , 1978–79 , 1979–80 , 1982–83 , 1983–84 , 1984–85 , 1985–86 , 1987–88 , 1989–90 , 1997–98 , 1998–99 , 1999–00 , 2000–01 , 2001–02 , 2006–07 , 2007–08 , 2008–09 , 2009–10 , 2010–11 , 2011–12 , 2012–13 , 2014–15 - Victory Cup : 1919 - Anglo-Scottish Cup : 1979–80 - Summer Cup : 1943 - Epson Invitational Tournament : 1986–87 - Barcelona Cup Winners : 1922 Rivalries . The club has a fierce rivalry with neighbours Greenock Morton , a rivalry which sees a large amount of animosity between the two sets of fans . Club records . - Highest home attendance : 47,438 v . Celtic on 20 August 1949 - Highest average home attendance : 17,333 , 1949–50 ( 15 games ) - Biggest victory : 15–0 v . Glasgow University , Scottish Cup , 30 January 1960 - Most capped player : Iain Munro and Billy Thomson : 7 appearances for Scotland - Most capped international player : Mo Camara : 79 appearances for Guinea - Youngest Player : Dylan Reid : 16 years & 6 days – vs . Rangers ( Ibrox ) , 6 March 2021 - Most Competitive Appearances : Hugh Murray , 462 ( 1997–2012 ) - Most League appearances : Hugh Murray , 399 ( 1997–2012 ) - Most European appearances : Billy Abercromby , 9 ( 1980–1988 ) - Most League goals : David McCrae , 221 ( 1923–1934 ) - Most League goals in a season : Dunky Walker , 45 ( 1921–22 ) - Record transfer fee paid : £400,000 to Bayer Uerdingen for Thomas Stickroth ( March 1990 ) - Record transfer fee received : £850,000 from Rangers for Ian Ferguson ( February 1988 ) - Most League wins in a season : 27 , Division Two ( 1967–68 ) - Most League defeats in a season : 31 , Division One ( 1920–21 ) - Most League draws in a season : 15 , Premier League ( 1987–88 ) - Most consecutive league victories : 16 , Division Two ( 18 November 1967 – 30 March 1968 ) - Longest unbeaten league run : 34 , 18 November 1967 ( Division Two ) – 16 November 1968 ( Division One ) - Most Goals Scored in a season : 100 , Division Two ( 1967–68 ) - Most Goals Conceded in a season : 92 , Division One ( 1920–21 ) Managers . - John McCartney ( June 1904 – January 1910 ) - Barry Grieve ( Feb – June 1910 ) - Hugh Law ( July 1910 – July 1916 ) - Johnny Cochrane ( July 1916 – April 1928 ) - Donald Turner ( April 1928 – April 1929 ) - John Morrison ( June 1929 – Oct 36 ) - Sam Blythe ( Oct 1936 – Feb 41 ) - Donald Menzies ( Feb 1941 – Dec 42 ) - Willie Fotheringham ( Dec 1942 – May 45 ) - Bobby Rankin ( May 1945 – Aug 54 ) - Willie Reid ( Aug 1954 – Dec 61 ) - Bobby Flavell ( Dec 1961 – Dec 62 ) - Jackie Cox ( Dec 1962 – May 65 ) - Doug Millward ( June 1965 – Dec 66 ) - Alex Wright ( Dec 1966 – Oct 70 ) - Wilson Humphries ( Nov 1970 – Jan 72 ) - Tommy Bryceland ( Jan 1972 – May 73 ) - Willie Cunningham ( June 1973 – Oct 74 ) - Alex Ferguson ( Oct 1974 – May 78 ) - Jim Clunie ( June 1978 – Nov 80 ) - Rikki McFarlane ( November 1980 – Oct 1983 ) - Alex Miller ( October 1983 – December 1986 ) - Alex Smith ( December 1986 – April 1988 ) - Tony Fitzpatrick ( April 1988 – May 1991 ) - David Hay ( May 1991 – May 1992 ) - Jimmy Bone ( May 1992 – August 1996 ) - Iain Munro ( 9 September 1996 – 10 September 1996 ) ( 24 hours ) - Tony Fitzpatrick ( September 1996 – December 1998 ) - Tom Hendrie ( December 1998 – September 2002 ) - John Coughlin ( September 2002 – November 2003 ) - Gus MacPherson ( 25 November 2003 – 11 May 2010 ) - Danny Lennon ( 7 June 2010 – 12 May 2014 ) - Tommy Craig ( 13 May 2014 – 9 December 2014 ) - Gary Teale ( 9 December 2014 – 23 May 2015 ) - Ian Murray ( 24 May 2015 – 12 December 2015 ) - Alex Rae ( 18 December 2015 – 18 September 2016 ) - Allan McManus ( 18 September 2016 – 10 October 2016 ) ( Interim ) - Jack Ross ( 10 October 2016 –25 May 2018 ) - Alan Stubbs ( 8 June 2018 – 3 September 2018 ) - Oran Kearney ( 7 September 2018 – 26 June 2019 ) - Jim Goodwin ( 28 June 2019 – Present ) External links . - Official St Mirren F.C . website - Historical Database of St Mirren F.C . - The St.Mirren Programme Archive - St Mirren BBC My Clu
|
[
"Danny Lennon"
] |
[
{
"text": " St Mirren Football Club is a Scottish professional football club based in Paisley , Renfrewshire , that competes in the Scottish Premiership after winning the 2017–18 Scottish Championship . Founded in 1877 , the team has two nicknames , the Buddies and the Saints . St Mirren have won the Scottish Cup three times , in 1926 , 1959 and 1987 , and the Scottish League Cup in 2013 . The club has played in European competition four times : in the UEFA Cup Winners Cup in 1987–88 and the UEFA Cup in 1980–81 , 1983–84 and 1985–86 .",
"title": "St Mirren F.C ."
},
{
"text": "The clubs home ground since 2009 is St Mirren Park , a 7,937 capacity all seater ground on Greenhill Road , Paisley . The clubs former ground from 1894 until 2009 was also officially named St Mirren Park , but was more commonly known as Love Street .",
"title": "St Mirren F.C ."
},
{
"text": " St Mirren were formed as a gentlemens club which included , among other sports , cricket and rugby in the second half of the 19th century . The increasing popularity of football ensured that by 1877 the members had decided to play association football and 1877 is the football clubs official foundation date . They are named after Saint Mirin , the founder of a church at the site of Paisley Abbey and Patron Saint of Paisley . There is also a street in Paisley named St Mirren Street .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The club originally wore scarlet and blue strips , but after one season changed to the current black and white striped shirts , which have been worn every season bar one in the 1900s , when cream tops were used .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "St Mirren played their first match on 6 October 1877 , defeating Johnstone Britannia 1–0 at Shortroods . Two years later , the club moved to another ground named Thistle Park at Greenhills . St Mirrens first Scottish Cup match came on 4 September 1880 , a 3–0 victory over Johnstone Athletic . The following year , the Buddies reached their first cup final but were beaten 3–1 by Thornliebank in the Renfrewshire Cup . In 1883 however the scores were reversed with the Saints winning the Renfrewshire Cup , 3–1 against Thornliebank . It was in 1883 that they",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "moved to their third home , that of West March ( early maps indicate the area as West March rather than the commonly used Westmarch ) , defeating Queens Park in the first game there . In 1885 , St Mirren played their first match against Morton , resulting in a defeat .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The 1890 season was a historic season for St Mirren , as they became founder members of the Scottish Football League along with fellow Paisley club Abercorn . Of the 11 founder clubs , only 5 survive in the current league system . It was during the match against Morton at Cappielow in this year that St Mirren played one of the first night games under light from oil lamps .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "St Mirren moved to Love Street in 1894 and reached their first Scottish Cup final in the 1907–08 season but were defeated 5–1 by Celtic . The Buddies went on to lift the trophy in 1926 , 1959 and 1987 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In 1922 , St Mirren were invited to play in the Barcelona Cup invitational tournament to celebrate the inauguration of Les Corts , the then home of Barcelona . They won the tournament by beating Notts County in the final .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In the 1979–80 season , St Mirren achieved their equal highest-ever finish in the top-flight finishing third behind Aberdeen and Celtic . That season Saints also became the first and last Scottish club to win the Anglo-Scottish Cup , defeating Bristol City in a two-legged final . The following season , St Mirren competed in European competition for the first time and won their initial game 2–1 vs . IF Elfsborg in Sweden , followed by a 0–0 draw in the second leg . The next round saw them play French team Saint-Étienne . Although St Mirrens home leg ended",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "up a 0–0 draw , Saint-Étienne pulled off a 2–0 victory in the second leg to put St Mirren out of the cup .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The club have been relegated from the Scottish Premier League twice ( 2000–01 ) and ( 2014–15 ) and the Premier Division of the Scottish Football League once ( 1991–92 ) having escaped relegation from the latter in 1991 after league re-construction . In 2001 , St Mirren finished bottom of the Premier League despite losing only one of their final seven matches . The Saints however managed promotion after clinching the First Division title in 2005–06 , a season which also saw St Mirren win the Scottish Challenge Cup , defeating Hamilton Academical 2–1 in the final at Airdrie",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Uniteds ground , the Shyberry Excelsior Stadium , with goals from Simon Lappin and John Sutton .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In 2010 , they reached the final of the Scottish League Cup where they were defeated 0–1 by Rangers despite having a two-man advantage . However , three days later , they recorded a famous win over Celtic , a match that The Buddies won 4–0 with doubles from Andy Dorman and Steven Thomson . In March 2013 , St Mirren won the Scottish League Cup beating Heart of Midlothian 3–2 at Hampden to win their first cup since 1987 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In the 2010s the club drew praise for their youth development , bringing through several players from their academy ( despite it not being listed among the elite group assessed by the SFA in 2017 ) including Stevie Mallan , Jack Baird , Kyle Magennis , Jason Naismith , Kyle McAllister , Sean Kelly and full Scotland internationals Kenny McLean , Lewis Morgan and John McGinn .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "St Mirren played at four different venues before moving to their ground at St Mirren Park , or Love Street , in 1894 . The record attendance for the ground was 47,438 versus Celtic in 1949 . Love Street saw extensive redevelopment in the late 90s to comply with both the recommendations of the Taylor Report and SPL regulations and the ground eventually became a 10,866 seater venue . The ground had four stands of which the most recent , the West or Reid Kerr Family Stand , was built in 2000 in order for Love Street to meet the",
"title": "Stadium"
},
{
"text": "criteria for entry to the Scottish Premier League . The oldest stand was the main stand which had a basic wooden construction . The north bank was popular with the hardcore St Mirren fans while the largest stand , the steeply raked West Stand , housed a sporting facility underneath . It was rarely used to its full capacity .",
"title": "Stadium"
},
{
"text": "On 24 May 2005 , Renfrewshire Council granted permission for the club to develop their old ground . This involved the sale of the ground to a supermarket chain , and the construction of a ground in Ferguslie Park , Paisley ( through a separate planning permission ) . The sale of their old ground allowed the club to finance the new stadium as well as clear their debts . In April 2007 it was announced that a deal had been struck with supermarket giant Tesco and on 15 January 2009 St Mirren moved to a new 8,000 seat stadium",
"title": "Stadium"
},
{
"text": ", also called St Mirren Park .",
"title": "Stadium"
},
{
"text": " The opening game finished as a 1–1 draw with Kilmarnock , with Killies Kevin Kyle scoring the first goal , and Dennis Wyness equalising . St Mirrens first notable win at the new stadium came on 7 March 2009 in a 1–0 victory over Celtic in the Homecoming Scottish Cup Quarter Final . The stadium had a total seating capacity of 8,023 which was reduced in 2017 to 7,937 following the installation of a new disabled access platform .",
"title": "Stadium"
},
{
"text": "The stadium was known as The Simple Digital Arena after the club agreed a four-year , six-figure deal with Simple Digital Solutions on 13 June 2018 .",
"title": "Stadium"
},
{
"text": "The traditional home colours of St Mirren are black and white stripes , however for the first season the colours were scarlet and blue . There is some dispute as to why the colours black and white were chosen . A popular theory is that the stripes represent the Black and White Cart rivers which run through Paisley . In recent years there has been evidence unearthed that the Monks in the local abbey wore black and white striped habits . The team strips have varied very little in the long history of the club , however the thickness of",
"title": "Colours and sponsors"
},
{
"text": "the stripes have often varied . Some years have seen horizontal stripes used .",
"title": "Colours and sponsors"
},
{
"text": " Having first played in black and white vertical stripes in 1884 , Saints were the first club in the world to do so , six years before Notts County . Away tops are traditionally red or all black , but in some cases strips have varied from orange to light blue , as seen on the 2010–11 strip . From 2007–2011 , the Danish firm , Hummel International , replaced Xara as kit-manufacturers .",
"title": "Colours and sponsors"
},
{
"text": "St Mirren has had several main sponsors , mainly in the transport industry , with several local bus companies and car dealerships like Arriva and Phoenix Honda sponsoring in the club . St Mirren were sponsored by Braehead Shopping Centre , a local shopping centre four miles away in Renfrew from 2005–2017 . They are currently sponsored by Skyview Capital .",
"title": "Colours and sponsors"
},
{
"text": " In August 2010 , the club confirmed Barrhead company Compass Private Hire would have their name displayed on the back of the first team players shirts as well as on their shorts . Compass Private Hire were co-owned by former St Mirren player , captain and manager , Tony Fitzpatrick .",
"title": "Colours and sponsors"
},
{
"text": " In recent years , St Mirren have been represented by three mascots , the Pandas . They are Paisley Panda , Junior P and Mrs Panda . The regular mascots are Paisley Panda and Junior P .",
"title": "Mascots"
},
{
"text": " - Scottish Cup : - Winners ( 3 ) : 1925–26 , 1958–59 , 1986–87 - Runners-up : 1907–08 , 1933–34 , 1961–62 - Scottish League Cup : - Winners ( 1 ) : 2012–13 - Runners-up : 1955–56 , 2009–10",
"title": "Major honours"
},
{
"text": " - Scottish league , second tier ( 5 ) : 1967–68 , 1976–77 , 1999–00 , 2005–06 , 2017–18 - Scottish Challenge Cup : 2005",
"title": "Minor honours"
},
{
"text": "- Renfrewshire Cup ( 55 ) : 1882–83 , 1883–84 , 1887–88 , 1890–91 , 1893–94 , 1896–97 , 1897–98 , 1903–04 , 1909–10 , 1910–11 , 1923–24 , 1924–25 , 1925–26 , 1927–28 , 1928–29 , 1929–30 , 1931–32 , 1932–33 , 1933–34 , 1935–36 , 1937–38 , 1940–41 , 1943–44 , 1945–46 , 1946–47 , 1947–48 , 1949–50 , 1958–59 , 1959–60 , 1960–61 , 1962–63 , 1966–67 , 1973–74 , 1976–77 , 1978–79 , 1979–80 , 1982–83 , 1983–84 , 1984–85 , 1985–86 , 1987–88 , 1989–90 , 1997–98 , 1998–99 , 1999–00 , 2000–01 , 2001–02",
"title": "Minor honours"
},
{
"text": ", 2006–07 , 2007–08 , 2008–09 , 2009–10 , 2010–11 , 2011–12 , 2012–13 , 2014–15",
"title": "Minor honours"
},
{
"text": " - Victory Cup : 1919 - Anglo-Scottish Cup : 1979–80 - Summer Cup : 1943 - Epson Invitational Tournament : 1986–87 - Barcelona Cup Winners : 1922",
"title": "Minor honours"
},
{
"text": " The club has a fierce rivalry with neighbours Greenock Morton , a rivalry which sees a large amount of animosity between the two sets of fans .",
"title": "Rivalries"
},
{
"text": " - Highest home attendance : 47,438 v . Celtic on 20 August 1949 - Highest average home attendance : 17,333 , 1949–50 ( 15 games ) - Biggest victory : 15–0 v . Glasgow University , Scottish Cup , 30 January 1960 - Most capped player : Iain Munro and Billy Thomson : 7 appearances for Scotland - Most capped international player : Mo Camara : 79 appearances for Guinea - Youngest Player : Dylan Reid : 16 years & 6 days – vs . Rangers ( Ibrox ) , 6 March 2021",
"title": "Club records"
},
{
"text": "- Most Competitive Appearances : Hugh Murray , 462 ( 1997–2012 )",
"title": "Club records"
},
{
"text": " - Most League appearances : Hugh Murray , 399 ( 1997–2012 ) - Most European appearances : Billy Abercromby , 9 ( 1980–1988 ) - Most League goals : David McCrae , 221 ( 1923–1934 ) - Most League goals in a season : Dunky Walker , 45 ( 1921–22 ) - Record transfer fee paid : £400,000 to Bayer Uerdingen for Thomas Stickroth ( March 1990 ) - Record transfer fee received : £850,000 from Rangers for Ian Ferguson ( February 1988 ) - Most League wins in a season : 27 , Division Two ( 1967–68 )",
"title": "Club records"
},
{
"text": "- Most League defeats in a season : 31 , Division One ( 1920–21 )",
"title": "Club records"
},
{
"text": " - Most League draws in a season : 15 , Premier League ( 1987–88 ) - Most consecutive league victories : 16 , Division Two ( 18 November 1967 – 30 March 1968 ) - Longest unbeaten league run : 34 , 18 November 1967 ( Division Two ) – 16 November 1968 ( Division One ) - Most Goals Scored in a season : 100 , Division Two ( 1967–68 ) - Most Goals Conceded in a season : 92 , Division One ( 1920–21 )",
"title": "Club records"
},
{
"text": " - John McCartney ( June 1904 – January 1910 ) - Barry Grieve ( Feb – June 1910 ) - Hugh Law ( July 1910 – July 1916 ) - Johnny Cochrane ( July 1916 – April 1928 ) - Donald Turner ( April 1928 – April 1929 ) - John Morrison ( June 1929 – Oct 36 ) - Sam Blythe ( Oct 1936 – Feb 41 ) - Donald Menzies ( Feb 1941 – Dec 42 ) - Willie Fotheringham ( Dec 1942 – May 45 ) - Bobby Rankin ( May 1945 – Aug 54 )",
"title": "Managers"
},
{
"text": "- Willie Reid ( Aug 1954 – Dec 61 )",
"title": "Managers"
},
{
"text": " - Bobby Flavell ( Dec 1961 – Dec 62 ) - Jackie Cox ( Dec 1962 – May 65 ) - Doug Millward ( June 1965 – Dec 66 ) - Alex Wright ( Dec 1966 – Oct 70 ) - Wilson Humphries ( Nov 1970 – Jan 72 ) - Tommy Bryceland ( Jan 1972 – May 73 ) - Willie Cunningham ( June 1973 – Oct 74 ) - Alex Ferguson ( Oct 1974 – May 78 ) - Jim Clunie ( June 1978 – Nov 80 )",
"title": "Managers"
},
{
"text": "- Rikki McFarlane ( November 1980 – Oct 1983 )",
"title": "Managers"
},
{
"text": " - Alex Miller ( October 1983 – December 1986 ) - Alex Smith ( December 1986 – April 1988 ) - Tony Fitzpatrick ( April 1988 – May 1991 ) - David Hay ( May 1991 – May 1992 ) - Jimmy Bone ( May 1992 – August 1996 ) - Iain Munro ( 9 September 1996 – 10 September 1996 ) ( 24 hours ) - Tony Fitzpatrick ( September 1996 – December 1998 ) - Tom Hendrie ( December 1998 – September 2002 ) - John Coughlin ( September 2002 – November 2003 )",
"title": "Managers"
},
{
"text": "- Gus MacPherson ( 25 November 2003 – 11 May 2010 )",
"title": "Managers"
},
{
"text": " - Danny Lennon ( 7 June 2010 – 12 May 2014 ) - Tommy Craig ( 13 May 2014 – 9 December 2014 ) - Gary Teale ( 9 December 2014 – 23 May 2015 ) - Ian Murray ( 24 May 2015 – 12 December 2015 ) - Alex Rae ( 18 December 2015 – 18 September 2016 ) - Allan McManus ( 18 September 2016 – 10 October 2016 ) ( Interim ) - Jack Ross ( 10 October 2016 –25 May 2018 ) - Alan Stubbs ( 8 June 2018 – 3 September 2018 )",
"title": "Managers"
},
{
"text": "- Oran Kearney ( 7 September 2018 – 26 June 2019 )",
"title": "Managers"
},
{
"text": " - Official St Mirren F.C . website - Historical Database of St Mirren F.C . - The St.Mirren Programme Archive - St Mirren BBC My Clu",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
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