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/wiki/Kate_Spade_&_Company#P1448#0
|
What was the official name of Kate Spade & Company in late 1970s?
|
Kate Spade & ; Company Kate Spade & Company , initially known as Liz Claiborne Inc . ( founded in 1976 in Manhattan ) , and then as Fifth & Pacific Companies , Inc . ( from 2012 to 2014 ) , is a fashion company that designs and markets a range of womens and mens apparel , accessories and fragrance products under the Kate Spade New York and Jack Spade labels . The company is owned by Tapestry , Inc . History . Liz Claiborne Inc . was founded in 1976 by Liz Claiborne , Art Ortenberg , Leonard Boxer , and Jerome Chazen . In 1980 , Nina McLemore founded Liz Claiborne Accessories . Liz Claiborne Inc . went public in 1981 and made the Fortune 500 list in 1986 , ten years after it was founded , with retail sales of $1.2 billion . After retiring in 1989 , Claiborne died on June 26 , 2007 , at the age of 78 from complications from cancer . On May 15 , 2012 , Liz Claiborne Inc . officially became Fifth & Pacific Companies , Inc . and shifted focus to three brands – Juicy Couture , Kate Spade New York , and Lucky Brand Jeans . On October 7 , 2013 , Fifth & Pacific Companies announced that they would sell Juicy Couture to Authentic Brands Group for $195 million . In December 2013 , the company announced that it was selling Lucky Brand Jeans for $225 million to Leonard Green & Partners , leaving the Kate Spade businesses as the companys sole label . On February 25 , 2014 , Fifth & Pacific Companies was renamed as Kate Spade & Company . Craig A . Leavitt succeeded William McComb as CEO , whose retirement marked the official end of the companys transformation from Liz Claiborne to Kate Spade . Business growth and consolidation . Founder Leonard Boxer retired in 1985 , and in 1989 , Liz Claiborne and Art Ortenberg also retired from active management . Jerome Chazen became the companys Chairman in 1989 and held that role until 1996 , when Paul Charron , a former CPG Executive , became Chairman and CEO and held that position until his retirement in 2006 . During Charrons tenure , Liz Claiborne Inc . acquired Lucky Brand Jeans in 1999 . In 2001 , they acquired Mexx and in 2003 , they bought another small fashion company , Juicy Couture . The company acquired Kate Spade New York in 2006 . Under Paul Charrons leadership , the company sustained its greatest notoriety since the earliest days of Liz Claborne and her iconic womens pant suits . Engaging in a series of well-timed strategic acquisitions , the portfolio amassed nearly 40 brands and achieved over $5B in global annual revenue , including an unprecedented streak of quarterly positive growth . Upon Charrons retirement in October , 2006 , Liz Claiborne Inc . named William McComb , a Johnson & Johnson veteran , as the companys Chief Executive Officer . That appointment was the beginning of a downward trend for the company , exacerbated by the 2008-2009 recession . On October 8 , 2009 , JC Penney Co . ( based out of Plano , Texas ) announced that it would become the exclusive retailer for the Liz Claiborne brand . All Liz Claiborne merchandise would exit any additional department-store retailer , and the Liz Claiborne New York label ( designed by Isaac Mizrahi ) would move from department stores to QVC . The Liz&Co . and Concepts by Claiborne brands originally exclusively sold at JC Penney would be phased out , and the Liz Claiborne merchandise would begin appearing in JC Penney stores in August 2010 . In October 2011 , the company completed the sale of its Dana Buchman brand to Kohls . In November 2011 , the company announced that it completed the transaction to sell domestic and international trademark rights of its Liz Claiborne family of brands and domestic trademark rights of its Monet brand to JC Penney . In 2013 , Fifth & Pacific narrowed its focus to the Kate Spade brand by selling both Juicy Couture and Lucky Brand Jeans , returning to a mono-brand company . Leadership . Deborah Lloyd , formerly of Banana Republic and Burberry , joined Kate Spade New York in 2007 and leads the creative aspects of the brand as president and chief creative officer . In this role , she oversees all creative aspects , including product design , merchandising and creative services . She retired in 2018 . Nichola Glass took over her role and just debuted her first collection with the brand . Craig A . Leavitt joined the company shortly thereafter and was the Chief Executive Officer from February 2014 until August 2017 , after the acquisition of the company by Coach ( now named Tapestry ) . On March 23 , 2018 , Anna Bakst , former president of the accessories and footwear categories at Michael Kors , was appointed as CEO of the company and reports directly to Victor Luis , Tapestrys CEO . Bakst served as CEO for less than two years before announcing she would leave at the end of 2019 . Brands . The Kate Spade & Company portfolio of brands today includes Kate Spade New York and Jack Spade . The Adelington Design Group , a private-label jewelry design and development group , is also operated by the company . External links . - Kate Spade & Company – corporate website
|
[
"Liz Claiborne Inc ."
] |
[
{
"text": " Kate Spade & Company , initially known as Liz Claiborne Inc . ( founded in 1976 in Manhattan ) , and then as Fifth & Pacific Companies , Inc . ( from 2012 to 2014 ) , is a fashion company that designs and markets a range of womens and mens apparel , accessories and fragrance products under the Kate Spade New York and Jack Spade labels . The company is owned by Tapestry , Inc .",
"title": "Kate Spade & ; Company"
},
{
"text": " Liz Claiborne Inc . was founded in 1976 by Liz Claiborne , Art Ortenberg , Leonard Boxer , and Jerome Chazen . In 1980 , Nina McLemore founded Liz Claiborne Accessories . Liz Claiborne Inc . went public in 1981 and made the Fortune 500 list in 1986 , ten years after it was founded , with retail sales of $1.2 billion . After retiring in 1989 , Claiborne died on June 26 , 2007 , at the age of 78 from complications from cancer .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "On May 15 , 2012 , Liz Claiborne Inc . officially became Fifth & Pacific Companies , Inc . and shifted focus to three brands – Juicy Couture , Kate Spade New York , and Lucky Brand Jeans . On October 7 , 2013 , Fifth & Pacific Companies announced that they would sell Juicy Couture to Authentic Brands Group for $195 million . In December 2013 , the company announced that it was selling Lucky Brand Jeans for $225 million to Leonard Green & Partners , leaving the Kate Spade businesses as the companys sole label .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " On February 25 , 2014 , Fifth & Pacific Companies was renamed as Kate Spade & Company . Craig A . Leavitt succeeded William McComb as CEO , whose retirement marked the official end of the companys transformation from Liz Claiborne to Kate Spade . Business growth and consolidation .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Founder Leonard Boxer retired in 1985 , and in 1989 , Liz Claiborne and Art Ortenberg also retired from active management . Jerome Chazen became the companys Chairman in 1989 and held that role until 1996 , when Paul Charron , a former CPG Executive , became Chairman and CEO and held that position until his retirement in 2006 . During Charrons tenure , Liz Claiborne Inc . acquired Lucky Brand Jeans in 1999 . In 2001 , they acquired Mexx and in 2003 , they bought another small fashion company , Juicy Couture . The company acquired Kate Spade",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "New York in 2006 . Under Paul Charrons leadership , the company sustained its greatest notoriety since the earliest days of Liz Claborne and her iconic womens pant suits . Engaging in a series of well-timed strategic acquisitions , the portfolio amassed nearly 40 brands and achieved over $5B in global annual revenue , including an unprecedented streak of quarterly positive growth . Upon Charrons retirement in October , 2006 , Liz Claiborne Inc . named William McComb , a Johnson & Johnson veteran , as the companys Chief Executive Officer . That appointment was the beginning of a downward",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "trend for the company , exacerbated by the 2008-2009 recession .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " On October 8 , 2009 , JC Penney Co . ( based out of Plano , Texas ) announced that it would become the exclusive retailer for the Liz Claiborne brand . All Liz Claiborne merchandise would exit any additional department-store retailer , and the Liz Claiborne New York label ( designed by Isaac Mizrahi ) would move from department stores to QVC . The Liz&Co . and Concepts by Claiborne brands originally exclusively sold at JC Penney would be phased out , and the Liz Claiborne merchandise would begin appearing in JC Penney stores in August 2010 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In October 2011 , the company completed the sale of its Dana Buchman brand to Kohls . In November 2011 , the company announced that it completed the transaction to sell domestic and international trademark rights of its Liz Claiborne family of brands and domestic trademark rights of its Monet brand to JC Penney . In 2013 , Fifth & Pacific narrowed its focus to the Kate Spade brand by selling both Juicy Couture and Lucky Brand Jeans , returning to a mono-brand company .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Deborah Lloyd , formerly of Banana Republic and Burberry , joined Kate Spade New York in 2007 and leads the creative aspects of the brand as president and chief creative officer . In this role , she oversees all creative aspects , including product design , merchandising and creative services . She retired in 2018 . Nichola Glass took over her role and just debuted her first collection with the brand .",
"title": "Leadership"
},
{
"text": "Craig A . Leavitt joined the company shortly thereafter and was the Chief Executive Officer from February 2014 until August 2017 , after the acquisition of the company by Coach ( now named Tapestry ) . On March 23 , 2018 , Anna Bakst , former president of the accessories and footwear categories at Michael Kors , was appointed as CEO of the company and reports directly to Victor Luis , Tapestrys CEO . Bakst served as CEO for less than two years before announcing she would leave at the end of 2019 .",
"title": "Leadership"
},
{
"text": " The Kate Spade & Company portfolio of brands today includes Kate Spade New York and Jack Spade . The Adelington Design Group , a private-label jewelry design and development group , is also operated by the company .",
"title": "Brands"
},
{
"text": " - Kate Spade & Company – corporate website",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Kate_Spade_&_Company#P1448#1
|
What was the official name of Kate Spade & Company in Jan 2014?
|
Kate Spade & ; Company Kate Spade & Company , initially known as Liz Claiborne Inc . ( founded in 1976 in Manhattan ) , and then as Fifth & Pacific Companies , Inc . ( from 2012 to 2014 ) , is a fashion company that designs and markets a range of womens and mens apparel , accessories and fragrance products under the Kate Spade New York and Jack Spade labels . The company is owned by Tapestry , Inc . History . Liz Claiborne Inc . was founded in 1976 by Liz Claiborne , Art Ortenberg , Leonard Boxer , and Jerome Chazen . In 1980 , Nina McLemore founded Liz Claiborne Accessories . Liz Claiborne Inc . went public in 1981 and made the Fortune 500 list in 1986 , ten years after it was founded , with retail sales of $1.2 billion . After retiring in 1989 , Claiborne died on June 26 , 2007 , at the age of 78 from complications from cancer . On May 15 , 2012 , Liz Claiborne Inc . officially became Fifth & Pacific Companies , Inc . and shifted focus to three brands – Juicy Couture , Kate Spade New York , and Lucky Brand Jeans . On October 7 , 2013 , Fifth & Pacific Companies announced that they would sell Juicy Couture to Authentic Brands Group for $195 million . In December 2013 , the company announced that it was selling Lucky Brand Jeans for $225 million to Leonard Green & Partners , leaving the Kate Spade businesses as the companys sole label . On February 25 , 2014 , Fifth & Pacific Companies was renamed as Kate Spade & Company . Craig A . Leavitt succeeded William McComb as CEO , whose retirement marked the official end of the companys transformation from Liz Claiborne to Kate Spade . Business growth and consolidation . Founder Leonard Boxer retired in 1985 , and in 1989 , Liz Claiborne and Art Ortenberg also retired from active management . Jerome Chazen became the companys Chairman in 1989 and held that role until 1996 , when Paul Charron , a former CPG Executive , became Chairman and CEO and held that position until his retirement in 2006 . During Charrons tenure , Liz Claiborne Inc . acquired Lucky Brand Jeans in 1999 . In 2001 , they acquired Mexx and in 2003 , they bought another small fashion company , Juicy Couture . The company acquired Kate Spade New York in 2006 . Under Paul Charrons leadership , the company sustained its greatest notoriety since the earliest days of Liz Claborne and her iconic womens pant suits . Engaging in a series of well-timed strategic acquisitions , the portfolio amassed nearly 40 brands and achieved over $5B in global annual revenue , including an unprecedented streak of quarterly positive growth . Upon Charrons retirement in October , 2006 , Liz Claiborne Inc . named William McComb , a Johnson & Johnson veteran , as the companys Chief Executive Officer . That appointment was the beginning of a downward trend for the company , exacerbated by the 2008-2009 recession . On October 8 , 2009 , JC Penney Co . ( based out of Plano , Texas ) announced that it would become the exclusive retailer for the Liz Claiborne brand . All Liz Claiborne merchandise would exit any additional department-store retailer , and the Liz Claiborne New York label ( designed by Isaac Mizrahi ) would move from department stores to QVC . The Liz&Co . and Concepts by Claiborne brands originally exclusively sold at JC Penney would be phased out , and the Liz Claiborne merchandise would begin appearing in JC Penney stores in August 2010 . In October 2011 , the company completed the sale of its Dana Buchman brand to Kohls . In November 2011 , the company announced that it completed the transaction to sell domestic and international trademark rights of its Liz Claiborne family of brands and domestic trademark rights of its Monet brand to JC Penney . In 2013 , Fifth & Pacific narrowed its focus to the Kate Spade brand by selling both Juicy Couture and Lucky Brand Jeans , returning to a mono-brand company . Leadership . Deborah Lloyd , formerly of Banana Republic and Burberry , joined Kate Spade New York in 2007 and leads the creative aspects of the brand as president and chief creative officer . In this role , she oversees all creative aspects , including product design , merchandising and creative services . She retired in 2018 . Nichola Glass took over her role and just debuted her first collection with the brand . Craig A . Leavitt joined the company shortly thereafter and was the Chief Executive Officer from February 2014 until August 2017 , after the acquisition of the company by Coach ( now named Tapestry ) . On March 23 , 2018 , Anna Bakst , former president of the accessories and footwear categories at Michael Kors , was appointed as CEO of the company and reports directly to Victor Luis , Tapestrys CEO . Bakst served as CEO for less than two years before announcing she would leave at the end of 2019 . Brands . The Kate Spade & Company portfolio of brands today includes Kate Spade New York and Jack Spade . The Adelington Design Group , a private-label jewelry design and development group , is also operated by the company . External links . - Kate Spade & Company – corporate website
|
[
"Fifth & Pacific Companies , Inc ."
] |
[
{
"text": " Kate Spade & Company , initially known as Liz Claiborne Inc . ( founded in 1976 in Manhattan ) , and then as Fifth & Pacific Companies , Inc . ( from 2012 to 2014 ) , is a fashion company that designs and markets a range of womens and mens apparel , accessories and fragrance products under the Kate Spade New York and Jack Spade labels . The company is owned by Tapestry , Inc .",
"title": "Kate Spade & ; Company"
},
{
"text": " Liz Claiborne Inc . was founded in 1976 by Liz Claiborne , Art Ortenberg , Leonard Boxer , and Jerome Chazen . In 1980 , Nina McLemore founded Liz Claiborne Accessories . Liz Claiborne Inc . went public in 1981 and made the Fortune 500 list in 1986 , ten years after it was founded , with retail sales of $1.2 billion . After retiring in 1989 , Claiborne died on June 26 , 2007 , at the age of 78 from complications from cancer .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "On May 15 , 2012 , Liz Claiborne Inc . officially became Fifth & Pacific Companies , Inc . and shifted focus to three brands – Juicy Couture , Kate Spade New York , and Lucky Brand Jeans . On October 7 , 2013 , Fifth & Pacific Companies announced that they would sell Juicy Couture to Authentic Brands Group for $195 million . In December 2013 , the company announced that it was selling Lucky Brand Jeans for $225 million to Leonard Green & Partners , leaving the Kate Spade businesses as the companys sole label .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " On February 25 , 2014 , Fifth & Pacific Companies was renamed as Kate Spade & Company . Craig A . Leavitt succeeded William McComb as CEO , whose retirement marked the official end of the companys transformation from Liz Claiborne to Kate Spade . Business growth and consolidation .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Founder Leonard Boxer retired in 1985 , and in 1989 , Liz Claiborne and Art Ortenberg also retired from active management . Jerome Chazen became the companys Chairman in 1989 and held that role until 1996 , when Paul Charron , a former CPG Executive , became Chairman and CEO and held that position until his retirement in 2006 . During Charrons tenure , Liz Claiborne Inc . acquired Lucky Brand Jeans in 1999 . In 2001 , they acquired Mexx and in 2003 , they bought another small fashion company , Juicy Couture . The company acquired Kate Spade",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "New York in 2006 . Under Paul Charrons leadership , the company sustained its greatest notoriety since the earliest days of Liz Claborne and her iconic womens pant suits . Engaging in a series of well-timed strategic acquisitions , the portfolio amassed nearly 40 brands and achieved over $5B in global annual revenue , including an unprecedented streak of quarterly positive growth . Upon Charrons retirement in October , 2006 , Liz Claiborne Inc . named William McComb , a Johnson & Johnson veteran , as the companys Chief Executive Officer . That appointment was the beginning of a downward",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "trend for the company , exacerbated by the 2008-2009 recession .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " On October 8 , 2009 , JC Penney Co . ( based out of Plano , Texas ) announced that it would become the exclusive retailer for the Liz Claiborne brand . All Liz Claiborne merchandise would exit any additional department-store retailer , and the Liz Claiborne New York label ( designed by Isaac Mizrahi ) would move from department stores to QVC . The Liz&Co . and Concepts by Claiborne brands originally exclusively sold at JC Penney would be phased out , and the Liz Claiborne merchandise would begin appearing in JC Penney stores in August 2010 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In October 2011 , the company completed the sale of its Dana Buchman brand to Kohls . In November 2011 , the company announced that it completed the transaction to sell domestic and international trademark rights of its Liz Claiborne family of brands and domestic trademark rights of its Monet brand to JC Penney . In 2013 , Fifth & Pacific narrowed its focus to the Kate Spade brand by selling both Juicy Couture and Lucky Brand Jeans , returning to a mono-brand company .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Deborah Lloyd , formerly of Banana Republic and Burberry , joined Kate Spade New York in 2007 and leads the creative aspects of the brand as president and chief creative officer . In this role , she oversees all creative aspects , including product design , merchandising and creative services . She retired in 2018 . Nichola Glass took over her role and just debuted her first collection with the brand .",
"title": "Leadership"
},
{
"text": "Craig A . Leavitt joined the company shortly thereafter and was the Chief Executive Officer from February 2014 until August 2017 , after the acquisition of the company by Coach ( now named Tapestry ) . On March 23 , 2018 , Anna Bakst , former president of the accessories and footwear categories at Michael Kors , was appointed as CEO of the company and reports directly to Victor Luis , Tapestrys CEO . Bakst served as CEO for less than two years before announcing she would leave at the end of 2019 .",
"title": "Leadership"
},
{
"text": " The Kate Spade & Company portfolio of brands today includes Kate Spade New York and Jack Spade . The Adelington Design Group , a private-label jewelry design and development group , is also operated by the company .",
"title": "Brands"
},
{
"text": " - Kate Spade & Company – corporate website",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Kate_Spade_&_Company#P1448#2
|
What was the official name of Kate Spade & Company between Apr 2014 and Nov 2014?
|
Kate Spade & ; Company Kate Spade & Company , initially known as Liz Claiborne Inc . ( founded in 1976 in Manhattan ) , and then as Fifth & Pacific Companies , Inc . ( from 2012 to 2014 ) , is a fashion company that designs and markets a range of womens and mens apparel , accessories and fragrance products under the Kate Spade New York and Jack Spade labels . The company is owned by Tapestry , Inc . History . Liz Claiborne Inc . was founded in 1976 by Liz Claiborne , Art Ortenberg , Leonard Boxer , and Jerome Chazen . In 1980 , Nina McLemore founded Liz Claiborne Accessories . Liz Claiborne Inc . went public in 1981 and made the Fortune 500 list in 1986 , ten years after it was founded , with retail sales of $1.2 billion . After retiring in 1989 , Claiborne died on June 26 , 2007 , at the age of 78 from complications from cancer . On May 15 , 2012 , Liz Claiborne Inc . officially became Fifth & Pacific Companies , Inc . and shifted focus to three brands – Juicy Couture , Kate Spade New York , and Lucky Brand Jeans . On October 7 , 2013 , Fifth & Pacific Companies announced that they would sell Juicy Couture to Authentic Brands Group for $195 million . In December 2013 , the company announced that it was selling Lucky Brand Jeans for $225 million to Leonard Green & Partners , leaving the Kate Spade businesses as the companys sole label . On February 25 , 2014 , Fifth & Pacific Companies was renamed as Kate Spade & Company . Craig A . Leavitt succeeded William McComb as CEO , whose retirement marked the official end of the companys transformation from Liz Claiborne to Kate Spade . Business growth and consolidation . Founder Leonard Boxer retired in 1985 , and in 1989 , Liz Claiborne and Art Ortenberg also retired from active management . Jerome Chazen became the companys Chairman in 1989 and held that role until 1996 , when Paul Charron , a former CPG Executive , became Chairman and CEO and held that position until his retirement in 2006 . During Charrons tenure , Liz Claiborne Inc . acquired Lucky Brand Jeans in 1999 . In 2001 , they acquired Mexx and in 2003 , they bought another small fashion company , Juicy Couture . The company acquired Kate Spade New York in 2006 . Under Paul Charrons leadership , the company sustained its greatest notoriety since the earliest days of Liz Claborne and her iconic womens pant suits . Engaging in a series of well-timed strategic acquisitions , the portfolio amassed nearly 40 brands and achieved over $5B in global annual revenue , including an unprecedented streak of quarterly positive growth . Upon Charrons retirement in October , 2006 , Liz Claiborne Inc . named William McComb , a Johnson & Johnson veteran , as the companys Chief Executive Officer . That appointment was the beginning of a downward trend for the company , exacerbated by the 2008-2009 recession . On October 8 , 2009 , JC Penney Co . ( based out of Plano , Texas ) announced that it would become the exclusive retailer for the Liz Claiborne brand . All Liz Claiborne merchandise would exit any additional department-store retailer , and the Liz Claiborne New York label ( designed by Isaac Mizrahi ) would move from department stores to QVC . The Liz&Co . and Concepts by Claiborne brands originally exclusively sold at JC Penney would be phased out , and the Liz Claiborne merchandise would begin appearing in JC Penney stores in August 2010 . In October 2011 , the company completed the sale of its Dana Buchman brand to Kohls . In November 2011 , the company announced that it completed the transaction to sell domestic and international trademark rights of its Liz Claiborne family of brands and domestic trademark rights of its Monet brand to JC Penney . In 2013 , Fifth & Pacific narrowed its focus to the Kate Spade brand by selling both Juicy Couture and Lucky Brand Jeans , returning to a mono-brand company . Leadership . Deborah Lloyd , formerly of Banana Republic and Burberry , joined Kate Spade New York in 2007 and leads the creative aspects of the brand as president and chief creative officer . In this role , she oversees all creative aspects , including product design , merchandising and creative services . She retired in 2018 . Nichola Glass took over her role and just debuted her first collection with the brand . Craig A . Leavitt joined the company shortly thereafter and was the Chief Executive Officer from February 2014 until August 2017 , after the acquisition of the company by Coach ( now named Tapestry ) . On March 23 , 2018 , Anna Bakst , former president of the accessories and footwear categories at Michael Kors , was appointed as CEO of the company and reports directly to Victor Luis , Tapestrys CEO . Bakst served as CEO for less than two years before announcing she would leave at the end of 2019 . Brands . The Kate Spade & Company portfolio of brands today includes Kate Spade New York and Jack Spade . The Adelington Design Group , a private-label jewelry design and development group , is also operated by the company . External links . - Kate Spade & Company – corporate website
|
[
"Kate Spade & Company"
] |
[
{
"text": " Kate Spade & Company , initially known as Liz Claiborne Inc . ( founded in 1976 in Manhattan ) , and then as Fifth & Pacific Companies , Inc . ( from 2012 to 2014 ) , is a fashion company that designs and markets a range of womens and mens apparel , accessories and fragrance products under the Kate Spade New York and Jack Spade labels . The company is owned by Tapestry , Inc .",
"title": "Kate Spade & ; Company"
},
{
"text": " Liz Claiborne Inc . was founded in 1976 by Liz Claiborne , Art Ortenberg , Leonard Boxer , and Jerome Chazen . In 1980 , Nina McLemore founded Liz Claiborne Accessories . Liz Claiborne Inc . went public in 1981 and made the Fortune 500 list in 1986 , ten years after it was founded , with retail sales of $1.2 billion . After retiring in 1989 , Claiborne died on June 26 , 2007 , at the age of 78 from complications from cancer .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "On May 15 , 2012 , Liz Claiborne Inc . officially became Fifth & Pacific Companies , Inc . and shifted focus to three brands – Juicy Couture , Kate Spade New York , and Lucky Brand Jeans . On October 7 , 2013 , Fifth & Pacific Companies announced that they would sell Juicy Couture to Authentic Brands Group for $195 million . In December 2013 , the company announced that it was selling Lucky Brand Jeans for $225 million to Leonard Green & Partners , leaving the Kate Spade businesses as the companys sole label .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " On February 25 , 2014 , Fifth & Pacific Companies was renamed as Kate Spade & Company . Craig A . Leavitt succeeded William McComb as CEO , whose retirement marked the official end of the companys transformation from Liz Claiborne to Kate Spade . Business growth and consolidation .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Founder Leonard Boxer retired in 1985 , and in 1989 , Liz Claiborne and Art Ortenberg also retired from active management . Jerome Chazen became the companys Chairman in 1989 and held that role until 1996 , when Paul Charron , a former CPG Executive , became Chairman and CEO and held that position until his retirement in 2006 . During Charrons tenure , Liz Claiborne Inc . acquired Lucky Brand Jeans in 1999 . In 2001 , they acquired Mexx and in 2003 , they bought another small fashion company , Juicy Couture . The company acquired Kate Spade",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "New York in 2006 . Under Paul Charrons leadership , the company sustained its greatest notoriety since the earliest days of Liz Claborne and her iconic womens pant suits . Engaging in a series of well-timed strategic acquisitions , the portfolio amassed nearly 40 brands and achieved over $5B in global annual revenue , including an unprecedented streak of quarterly positive growth . Upon Charrons retirement in October , 2006 , Liz Claiborne Inc . named William McComb , a Johnson & Johnson veteran , as the companys Chief Executive Officer . That appointment was the beginning of a downward",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "trend for the company , exacerbated by the 2008-2009 recession .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " On October 8 , 2009 , JC Penney Co . ( based out of Plano , Texas ) announced that it would become the exclusive retailer for the Liz Claiborne brand . All Liz Claiborne merchandise would exit any additional department-store retailer , and the Liz Claiborne New York label ( designed by Isaac Mizrahi ) would move from department stores to QVC . The Liz&Co . and Concepts by Claiborne brands originally exclusively sold at JC Penney would be phased out , and the Liz Claiborne merchandise would begin appearing in JC Penney stores in August 2010 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In October 2011 , the company completed the sale of its Dana Buchman brand to Kohls . In November 2011 , the company announced that it completed the transaction to sell domestic and international trademark rights of its Liz Claiborne family of brands and domestic trademark rights of its Monet brand to JC Penney . In 2013 , Fifth & Pacific narrowed its focus to the Kate Spade brand by selling both Juicy Couture and Lucky Brand Jeans , returning to a mono-brand company .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Deborah Lloyd , formerly of Banana Republic and Burberry , joined Kate Spade New York in 2007 and leads the creative aspects of the brand as president and chief creative officer . In this role , she oversees all creative aspects , including product design , merchandising and creative services . She retired in 2018 . Nichola Glass took over her role and just debuted her first collection with the brand .",
"title": "Leadership"
},
{
"text": "Craig A . Leavitt joined the company shortly thereafter and was the Chief Executive Officer from February 2014 until August 2017 , after the acquisition of the company by Coach ( now named Tapestry ) . On March 23 , 2018 , Anna Bakst , former president of the accessories and footwear categories at Michael Kors , was appointed as CEO of the company and reports directly to Victor Luis , Tapestrys CEO . Bakst served as CEO for less than two years before announcing she would leave at the end of 2019 .",
"title": "Leadership"
},
{
"text": " The Kate Spade & Company portfolio of brands today includes Kate Spade New York and Jack Spade . The Adelington Design Group , a private-label jewelry design and development group , is also operated by the company .",
"title": "Brands"
},
{
"text": " - Kate Spade & Company – corporate website",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/72nd_Fighter_Squadron#P159#0
|
Where was the headquarter of 72nd Fighter Squadron located in Dec 1942?
|
72nd Fighter Squadron The 72nd Fighter Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit . Its last assignment was with the 56th Operations Group , based at MacDill Air Force Base , Florida . It was inactivated on 19 June 1992 . History . World War II . Established as a defensive interceptor squadron for Hawaii in late 1941 . Suffered tremendous casualties and aircraft losses at Wheeler Field during the Pearl Harbor Attack . Re-equipped and used as Seventh Air Force training unit ; also flew reconnaissance patrols over Hawaii until late 1943 . Deployed to Central Pacific as part of Seventh Air Force island hopping campaign against Japanese in late 1943 . Flew combat missions from Makin Island using P-39 Airacobra fighters until April 1944 , returning to Hawaii and being re-equipped and trained with long-range P-51 Mustangs . Re-deployed to Western Pacific , being stationed on Iwo Jima while battle for the island was still ongoing and engaged in long-range B-29 Superfortress escort missions over Japan ; continuing that mission until the end of hostilities in August 1945 . Reassigned to Mariana Islands , as a Far East Air Force fighter squadron , inactivated 1946 . Cold War . Reactivated as Tactical Air Command F-86 jet tactical fighter squadron , 1952 Deployed to France in 1954 as part of NATO ; re-equipped with the F-100 Super Sabre 1957 . Ordered out of France by host government as part of Frances rejection of NATOs nuclear weapons policy . Reassigned to Philippines in 1958 for air defense of Luzon . Inactivated 1959 as a result of budget reductions . Equipment reassigned to 510th Tactical Fighter Squadron . Pilot training . Reactivated 1 July 1982 at MacDill AFB , Florida as an F-16A/B Block 10 Fighting Falcon Replacement Training Unit Squadron , replacing the 13th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron when the 58th TFTS transitioned from F-4 Phantom IIs . Tail coded MC , black tail stripe outlined in white . Upgraded to the Block 25 and 30 F-16C/D in March 1990 and continued as a Replacement Training Unit . Inactivated in 1992 as part of the BRAC realignment of MacDill AFB . Lineage . - Constituted 72nd Pursuit Squadron ( Interceptor ) on 4 October 1941 - Redesignated 72nd Fighter-Bomber Squadron on 15 November 1952 - Re-designated 72nd Tactical Fighter Squadron on 19 May 1958 - Re-designated 72nd Tactical Fighter Training Squadron , and activated on 1 July 1982 Assignments . - 15th Pursuit ( later Fighter ) Group , 5 October 1941 - 318th Fighter Group , 15 October 1942 - 21st Fighter Group , 15 June 1944 – 10 October 1946 - 21st Fighter-Bomber Group , 1 January 1953 – 8 February 1958 - 6200th Air Base Wing , 1 July 1958 – 9 April 1959 . - 56th Tactical Training Wing , 1 July 1992 - 56th Operations Group , 1 November 1991 – 19 June 1992 Stations . - Wheeler Field , Hawaii Territory , 5 October 1941 - Hilo Field , Hawaii Territory , 25 July 1943 - Wheeler Field , Hawaii Territory , 21 October 1943 - Makin Airfield , Gilbert Islands , 18 December 1943 - Haleiwa Fighter Strip , Hawaii Territory , 23 April 1944 - Mokuleia Field , Hawaii Territory , 8 June 1944 - Central Field , Iwo Jima , 26 March 1945 - South Field , Iwo Jima , 15 July 1945 - Isley Airfield , Saipan , 5 December 1945 - Northwest Field , Guam , 17 April-10 October 1946 - George AFB , California , 1 January 1953 – 26 November 1954 - Châteauroux-Déols Air Base , France , 14 December 1954 - Chambley-Bussières Air Base , France , 9 July 1955 – 8 February 1958 - Clark AB , Luzon , Philippines , 1 July 1958 – 9 April 1959 . - MacDill AFB , Florida , 1 July 1982 – 19 June 1992 Aircraft . - P-40 Warhawk , 1941–1943 - P-39 Airacobra , 1943–1944 - P-38 Lightning , 1944–1945 - P-51 Mustang , 1944–1946 - P-47 Thunderbolt , 1946 - F-51 Mustang , 1953 - F-86 Sabre , 1953–1957 - F-100 Super Sabre , 1958–1959 - F-16 Fighting Falcon , 1982-1992 References . - Martin , Patrick . Tail Code : The Complete History of USAF Tactical Aircraft Tail Code Markings . Schiffer Publishing , 1994 . . - Rogers , Brian . United States Air Force Unit Designations Since 1978 . Hinkley , England : Midland Publications , 2005 . .
|
[
"Wheeler Field , Hawaii"
] |
[
{
"text": " The 72nd Fighter Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit . Its last assignment was with the 56th Operations Group , based at MacDill Air Force Base , Florida . It was inactivated on 19 June 1992 .",
"title": "72nd Fighter Squadron"
},
{
"text": " Established as a defensive interceptor squadron for Hawaii in late 1941 . Suffered tremendous casualties and aircraft losses at Wheeler Field during the Pearl Harbor Attack . Re-equipped and used as Seventh Air Force training unit ; also flew reconnaissance patrols over Hawaii until late 1943 .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "Deployed to Central Pacific as part of Seventh Air Force island hopping campaign against Japanese in late 1943 . Flew combat missions from Makin Island using P-39 Airacobra fighters until April 1944 , returning to Hawaii and being re-equipped and trained with long-range P-51 Mustangs . Re-deployed to Western Pacific , being stationed on Iwo Jima while battle for the island was still ongoing and engaged in long-range B-29 Superfortress escort missions over Japan ; continuing that mission until the end of hostilities in August 1945 . Reassigned to Mariana Islands , as a Far East Air Force fighter squadron",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": ", inactivated 1946 .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": " Reactivated as Tactical Air Command F-86 jet tactical fighter squadron , 1952 Deployed to France in 1954 as part of NATO ; re-equipped with the F-100 Super Sabre 1957 . Ordered out of France by host government as part of Frances rejection of NATOs nuclear weapons policy . Reassigned to Philippines in 1958 for air defense of Luzon . Inactivated 1959 as a result of budget reductions . Equipment reassigned to 510th Tactical Fighter Squadron .",
"title": "Cold War"
},
{
"text": " Reactivated 1 July 1982 at MacDill AFB , Florida as an F-16A/B Block 10 Fighting Falcon Replacement Training Unit Squadron , replacing the 13th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron when the 58th TFTS transitioned from F-4 Phantom IIs . Tail coded MC , black tail stripe outlined in white . Upgraded to the Block 25 and 30 F-16C/D in March 1990 and continued as a Replacement Training Unit . Inactivated in 1992 as part of the BRAC realignment of MacDill AFB .",
"title": "Pilot training"
},
{
"text": " - Constituted 72nd Pursuit Squadron ( Interceptor ) on 4 October 1941 - Redesignated 72nd Fighter-Bomber Squadron on 15 November 1952 - Re-designated 72nd Tactical Fighter Squadron on 19 May 1958 - Re-designated 72nd Tactical Fighter Training Squadron , and activated on 1 July 1982",
"title": "Lineage"
},
{
"text": " - 15th Pursuit ( later Fighter ) Group , 5 October 1941 - 318th Fighter Group , 15 October 1942 - 21st Fighter Group , 15 June 1944 – 10 October 1946 - 21st Fighter-Bomber Group , 1 January 1953 – 8 February 1958 - 6200th Air Base Wing , 1 July 1958 – 9 April 1959 . - 56th Tactical Training Wing , 1 July 1992 - 56th Operations Group , 1 November 1991 – 19 June 1992",
"title": "Assignments"
},
{
"text": " - Wheeler Field , Hawaii Territory , 5 October 1941 - Hilo Field , Hawaii Territory , 25 July 1943 - Wheeler Field , Hawaii Territory , 21 October 1943 - Makin Airfield , Gilbert Islands , 18 December 1943 - Haleiwa Fighter Strip , Hawaii Territory , 23 April 1944 - Mokuleia Field , Hawaii Territory , 8 June 1944 - Central Field , Iwo Jima , 26 March 1945 - South Field , Iwo Jima , 15 July 1945 - Isley Airfield , Saipan , 5 December 1945",
"title": "Stations"
},
{
"text": "- Northwest Field , Guam , 17 April-10 October 1946",
"title": "Stations"
},
{
"text": " - George AFB , California , 1 January 1953 – 26 November 1954 - Châteauroux-Déols Air Base , France , 14 December 1954 - Chambley-Bussières Air Base , France , 9 July 1955 – 8 February 1958 - Clark AB , Luzon , Philippines , 1 July 1958 – 9 April 1959 . - MacDill AFB , Florida , 1 July 1982 – 19 June 1992",
"title": "Stations"
},
{
"text": " - P-40 Warhawk , 1941–1943 - P-39 Airacobra , 1943–1944 - P-38 Lightning , 1944–1945 - P-51 Mustang , 1944–1946 - P-47 Thunderbolt , 1946 - F-51 Mustang , 1953 - F-86 Sabre , 1953–1957 - F-100 Super Sabre , 1958–1959 - F-16 Fighting Falcon , 1982-1992",
"title": "Aircraft"
},
{
"text": " - Martin , Patrick . Tail Code : The Complete History of USAF Tactical Aircraft Tail Code Markings . Schiffer Publishing , 1994 . . - Rogers , Brian . United States Air Force Unit Designations Since 1978 . Hinkley , England : Midland Publications , 2005 . .",
"title": "References"
}
] |
/wiki/72nd_Fighter_Squadron#P159#1
|
Where was the headquarter of 72nd Fighter Squadron located between Sep 1943 and Oct 1943?
|
72nd Fighter Squadron The 72nd Fighter Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit . Its last assignment was with the 56th Operations Group , based at MacDill Air Force Base , Florida . It was inactivated on 19 June 1992 . History . World War II . Established as a defensive interceptor squadron for Hawaii in late 1941 . Suffered tremendous casualties and aircraft losses at Wheeler Field during the Pearl Harbor Attack . Re-equipped and used as Seventh Air Force training unit ; also flew reconnaissance patrols over Hawaii until late 1943 . Deployed to Central Pacific as part of Seventh Air Force island hopping campaign against Japanese in late 1943 . Flew combat missions from Makin Island using P-39 Airacobra fighters until April 1944 , returning to Hawaii and being re-equipped and trained with long-range P-51 Mustangs . Re-deployed to Western Pacific , being stationed on Iwo Jima while battle for the island was still ongoing and engaged in long-range B-29 Superfortress escort missions over Japan ; continuing that mission until the end of hostilities in August 1945 . Reassigned to Mariana Islands , as a Far East Air Force fighter squadron , inactivated 1946 . Cold War . Reactivated as Tactical Air Command F-86 jet tactical fighter squadron , 1952 Deployed to France in 1954 as part of NATO ; re-equipped with the F-100 Super Sabre 1957 . Ordered out of France by host government as part of Frances rejection of NATOs nuclear weapons policy . Reassigned to Philippines in 1958 for air defense of Luzon . Inactivated 1959 as a result of budget reductions . Equipment reassigned to 510th Tactical Fighter Squadron . Pilot training . Reactivated 1 July 1982 at MacDill AFB , Florida as an F-16A/B Block 10 Fighting Falcon Replacement Training Unit Squadron , replacing the 13th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron when the 58th TFTS transitioned from F-4 Phantom IIs . Tail coded MC , black tail stripe outlined in white . Upgraded to the Block 25 and 30 F-16C/D in March 1990 and continued as a Replacement Training Unit . Inactivated in 1992 as part of the BRAC realignment of MacDill AFB . Lineage . - Constituted 72nd Pursuit Squadron ( Interceptor ) on 4 October 1941 - Redesignated 72nd Fighter-Bomber Squadron on 15 November 1952 - Re-designated 72nd Tactical Fighter Squadron on 19 May 1958 - Re-designated 72nd Tactical Fighter Training Squadron , and activated on 1 July 1982 Assignments . - 15th Pursuit ( later Fighter ) Group , 5 October 1941 - 318th Fighter Group , 15 October 1942 - 21st Fighter Group , 15 June 1944 – 10 October 1946 - 21st Fighter-Bomber Group , 1 January 1953 – 8 February 1958 - 6200th Air Base Wing , 1 July 1958 – 9 April 1959 . - 56th Tactical Training Wing , 1 July 1992 - 56th Operations Group , 1 November 1991 – 19 June 1992 Stations . - Wheeler Field , Hawaii Territory , 5 October 1941 - Hilo Field , Hawaii Territory , 25 July 1943 - Wheeler Field , Hawaii Territory , 21 October 1943 - Makin Airfield , Gilbert Islands , 18 December 1943 - Haleiwa Fighter Strip , Hawaii Territory , 23 April 1944 - Mokuleia Field , Hawaii Territory , 8 June 1944 - Central Field , Iwo Jima , 26 March 1945 - South Field , Iwo Jima , 15 July 1945 - Isley Airfield , Saipan , 5 December 1945 - Northwest Field , Guam , 17 April-10 October 1946 - George AFB , California , 1 January 1953 – 26 November 1954 - Châteauroux-Déols Air Base , France , 14 December 1954 - Chambley-Bussières Air Base , France , 9 July 1955 – 8 February 1958 - Clark AB , Luzon , Philippines , 1 July 1958 – 9 April 1959 . - MacDill AFB , Florida , 1 July 1982 – 19 June 1992 Aircraft . - P-40 Warhawk , 1941–1943 - P-39 Airacobra , 1943–1944 - P-38 Lightning , 1944–1945 - P-51 Mustang , 1944–1946 - P-47 Thunderbolt , 1946 - F-51 Mustang , 1953 - F-86 Sabre , 1953–1957 - F-100 Super Sabre , 1958–1959 - F-16 Fighting Falcon , 1982-1992 References . - Martin , Patrick . Tail Code : The Complete History of USAF Tactical Aircraft Tail Code Markings . Schiffer Publishing , 1994 . . - Rogers , Brian . United States Air Force Unit Designations Since 1978 . Hinkley , England : Midland Publications , 2005 . .
|
[
"Hilo Field , Hawaii"
] |
[
{
"text": " The 72nd Fighter Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit . Its last assignment was with the 56th Operations Group , based at MacDill Air Force Base , Florida . It was inactivated on 19 June 1992 .",
"title": "72nd Fighter Squadron"
},
{
"text": " Established as a defensive interceptor squadron for Hawaii in late 1941 . Suffered tremendous casualties and aircraft losses at Wheeler Field during the Pearl Harbor Attack . Re-equipped and used as Seventh Air Force training unit ; also flew reconnaissance patrols over Hawaii until late 1943 .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "Deployed to Central Pacific as part of Seventh Air Force island hopping campaign against Japanese in late 1943 . Flew combat missions from Makin Island using P-39 Airacobra fighters until April 1944 , returning to Hawaii and being re-equipped and trained with long-range P-51 Mustangs . Re-deployed to Western Pacific , being stationed on Iwo Jima while battle for the island was still ongoing and engaged in long-range B-29 Superfortress escort missions over Japan ; continuing that mission until the end of hostilities in August 1945 . Reassigned to Mariana Islands , as a Far East Air Force fighter squadron",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": ", inactivated 1946 .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": " Reactivated as Tactical Air Command F-86 jet tactical fighter squadron , 1952 Deployed to France in 1954 as part of NATO ; re-equipped with the F-100 Super Sabre 1957 . Ordered out of France by host government as part of Frances rejection of NATOs nuclear weapons policy . Reassigned to Philippines in 1958 for air defense of Luzon . Inactivated 1959 as a result of budget reductions . Equipment reassigned to 510th Tactical Fighter Squadron .",
"title": "Cold War"
},
{
"text": " Reactivated 1 July 1982 at MacDill AFB , Florida as an F-16A/B Block 10 Fighting Falcon Replacement Training Unit Squadron , replacing the 13th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron when the 58th TFTS transitioned from F-4 Phantom IIs . Tail coded MC , black tail stripe outlined in white . Upgraded to the Block 25 and 30 F-16C/D in March 1990 and continued as a Replacement Training Unit . Inactivated in 1992 as part of the BRAC realignment of MacDill AFB .",
"title": "Pilot training"
},
{
"text": " - Constituted 72nd Pursuit Squadron ( Interceptor ) on 4 October 1941 - Redesignated 72nd Fighter-Bomber Squadron on 15 November 1952 - Re-designated 72nd Tactical Fighter Squadron on 19 May 1958 - Re-designated 72nd Tactical Fighter Training Squadron , and activated on 1 July 1982",
"title": "Lineage"
},
{
"text": " - 15th Pursuit ( later Fighter ) Group , 5 October 1941 - 318th Fighter Group , 15 October 1942 - 21st Fighter Group , 15 June 1944 – 10 October 1946 - 21st Fighter-Bomber Group , 1 January 1953 – 8 February 1958 - 6200th Air Base Wing , 1 July 1958 – 9 April 1959 . - 56th Tactical Training Wing , 1 July 1992 - 56th Operations Group , 1 November 1991 – 19 June 1992",
"title": "Assignments"
},
{
"text": " - Wheeler Field , Hawaii Territory , 5 October 1941 - Hilo Field , Hawaii Territory , 25 July 1943 - Wheeler Field , Hawaii Territory , 21 October 1943 - Makin Airfield , Gilbert Islands , 18 December 1943 - Haleiwa Fighter Strip , Hawaii Territory , 23 April 1944 - Mokuleia Field , Hawaii Territory , 8 June 1944 - Central Field , Iwo Jima , 26 March 1945 - South Field , Iwo Jima , 15 July 1945 - Isley Airfield , Saipan , 5 December 1945",
"title": "Stations"
},
{
"text": "- Northwest Field , Guam , 17 April-10 October 1946",
"title": "Stations"
},
{
"text": " - George AFB , California , 1 January 1953 – 26 November 1954 - Châteauroux-Déols Air Base , France , 14 December 1954 - Chambley-Bussières Air Base , France , 9 July 1955 – 8 February 1958 - Clark AB , Luzon , Philippines , 1 July 1958 – 9 April 1959 . - MacDill AFB , Florida , 1 July 1982 – 19 June 1992",
"title": "Stations"
},
{
"text": " - P-40 Warhawk , 1941–1943 - P-39 Airacobra , 1943–1944 - P-38 Lightning , 1944–1945 - P-51 Mustang , 1944–1946 - P-47 Thunderbolt , 1946 - F-51 Mustang , 1953 - F-86 Sabre , 1953–1957 - F-100 Super Sabre , 1958–1959 - F-16 Fighting Falcon , 1982-1992",
"title": "Aircraft"
},
{
"text": " - Martin , Patrick . Tail Code : The Complete History of USAF Tactical Aircraft Tail Code Markings . Schiffer Publishing , 1994 . . - Rogers , Brian . United States Air Force Unit Designations Since 1978 . Hinkley , England : Midland Publications , 2005 . .",
"title": "References"
}
] |
/wiki/72nd_Fighter_Squadron#P159#2
|
Where was the headquarter of 72nd Fighter Squadron located in Oct 1943?
|
72nd Fighter Squadron The 72nd Fighter Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit . Its last assignment was with the 56th Operations Group , based at MacDill Air Force Base , Florida . It was inactivated on 19 June 1992 . History . World War II . Established as a defensive interceptor squadron for Hawaii in late 1941 . Suffered tremendous casualties and aircraft losses at Wheeler Field during the Pearl Harbor Attack . Re-equipped and used as Seventh Air Force training unit ; also flew reconnaissance patrols over Hawaii until late 1943 . Deployed to Central Pacific as part of Seventh Air Force island hopping campaign against Japanese in late 1943 . Flew combat missions from Makin Island using P-39 Airacobra fighters until April 1944 , returning to Hawaii and being re-equipped and trained with long-range P-51 Mustangs . Re-deployed to Western Pacific , being stationed on Iwo Jima while battle for the island was still ongoing and engaged in long-range B-29 Superfortress escort missions over Japan ; continuing that mission until the end of hostilities in August 1945 . Reassigned to Mariana Islands , as a Far East Air Force fighter squadron , inactivated 1946 . Cold War . Reactivated as Tactical Air Command F-86 jet tactical fighter squadron , 1952 Deployed to France in 1954 as part of NATO ; re-equipped with the F-100 Super Sabre 1957 . Ordered out of France by host government as part of Frances rejection of NATOs nuclear weapons policy . Reassigned to Philippines in 1958 for air defense of Luzon . Inactivated 1959 as a result of budget reductions . Equipment reassigned to 510th Tactical Fighter Squadron . Pilot training . Reactivated 1 July 1982 at MacDill AFB , Florida as an F-16A/B Block 10 Fighting Falcon Replacement Training Unit Squadron , replacing the 13th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron when the 58th TFTS transitioned from F-4 Phantom IIs . Tail coded MC , black tail stripe outlined in white . Upgraded to the Block 25 and 30 F-16C/D in March 1990 and continued as a Replacement Training Unit . Inactivated in 1992 as part of the BRAC realignment of MacDill AFB . Lineage . - Constituted 72nd Pursuit Squadron ( Interceptor ) on 4 October 1941 - Redesignated 72nd Fighter-Bomber Squadron on 15 November 1952 - Re-designated 72nd Tactical Fighter Squadron on 19 May 1958 - Re-designated 72nd Tactical Fighter Training Squadron , and activated on 1 July 1982 Assignments . - 15th Pursuit ( later Fighter ) Group , 5 October 1941 - 318th Fighter Group , 15 October 1942 - 21st Fighter Group , 15 June 1944 – 10 October 1946 - 21st Fighter-Bomber Group , 1 January 1953 – 8 February 1958 - 6200th Air Base Wing , 1 July 1958 – 9 April 1959 . - 56th Tactical Training Wing , 1 July 1992 - 56th Operations Group , 1 November 1991 – 19 June 1992 Stations . - Wheeler Field , Hawaii Territory , 5 October 1941 - Hilo Field , Hawaii Territory , 25 July 1943 - Wheeler Field , Hawaii Territory , 21 October 1943 - Makin Airfield , Gilbert Islands , 18 December 1943 - Haleiwa Fighter Strip , Hawaii Territory , 23 April 1944 - Mokuleia Field , Hawaii Territory , 8 June 1944 - Central Field , Iwo Jima , 26 March 1945 - South Field , Iwo Jima , 15 July 1945 - Isley Airfield , Saipan , 5 December 1945 - Northwest Field , Guam , 17 April-10 October 1946 - George AFB , California , 1 January 1953 – 26 November 1954 - Châteauroux-Déols Air Base , France , 14 December 1954 - Chambley-Bussières Air Base , France , 9 July 1955 – 8 February 1958 - Clark AB , Luzon , Philippines , 1 July 1958 – 9 April 1959 . - MacDill AFB , Florida , 1 July 1982 – 19 June 1992 Aircraft . - P-40 Warhawk , 1941–1943 - P-39 Airacobra , 1943–1944 - P-38 Lightning , 1944–1945 - P-51 Mustang , 1944–1946 - P-47 Thunderbolt , 1946 - F-51 Mustang , 1953 - F-86 Sabre , 1953–1957 - F-100 Super Sabre , 1958–1959 - F-16 Fighting Falcon , 1982-1992 References . - Martin , Patrick . Tail Code : The Complete History of USAF Tactical Aircraft Tail Code Markings . Schiffer Publishing , 1994 . . - Rogers , Brian . United States Air Force Unit Designations Since 1978 . Hinkley , England : Midland Publications , 2005 . .
|
[
"Wheeler Field , Hawaii Territory"
] |
[
{
"text": " The 72nd Fighter Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit . Its last assignment was with the 56th Operations Group , based at MacDill Air Force Base , Florida . It was inactivated on 19 June 1992 .",
"title": "72nd Fighter Squadron"
},
{
"text": " Established as a defensive interceptor squadron for Hawaii in late 1941 . Suffered tremendous casualties and aircraft losses at Wheeler Field during the Pearl Harbor Attack . Re-equipped and used as Seventh Air Force training unit ; also flew reconnaissance patrols over Hawaii until late 1943 .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "Deployed to Central Pacific as part of Seventh Air Force island hopping campaign against Japanese in late 1943 . Flew combat missions from Makin Island using P-39 Airacobra fighters until April 1944 , returning to Hawaii and being re-equipped and trained with long-range P-51 Mustangs . Re-deployed to Western Pacific , being stationed on Iwo Jima while battle for the island was still ongoing and engaged in long-range B-29 Superfortress escort missions over Japan ; continuing that mission until the end of hostilities in August 1945 . Reassigned to Mariana Islands , as a Far East Air Force fighter squadron",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": ", inactivated 1946 .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": " Reactivated as Tactical Air Command F-86 jet tactical fighter squadron , 1952 Deployed to France in 1954 as part of NATO ; re-equipped with the F-100 Super Sabre 1957 . Ordered out of France by host government as part of Frances rejection of NATOs nuclear weapons policy . Reassigned to Philippines in 1958 for air defense of Luzon . Inactivated 1959 as a result of budget reductions . Equipment reassigned to 510th Tactical Fighter Squadron .",
"title": "Cold War"
},
{
"text": " Reactivated 1 July 1982 at MacDill AFB , Florida as an F-16A/B Block 10 Fighting Falcon Replacement Training Unit Squadron , replacing the 13th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron when the 58th TFTS transitioned from F-4 Phantom IIs . Tail coded MC , black tail stripe outlined in white . Upgraded to the Block 25 and 30 F-16C/D in March 1990 and continued as a Replacement Training Unit . Inactivated in 1992 as part of the BRAC realignment of MacDill AFB .",
"title": "Pilot training"
},
{
"text": " - Constituted 72nd Pursuit Squadron ( Interceptor ) on 4 October 1941 - Redesignated 72nd Fighter-Bomber Squadron on 15 November 1952 - Re-designated 72nd Tactical Fighter Squadron on 19 May 1958 - Re-designated 72nd Tactical Fighter Training Squadron , and activated on 1 July 1982",
"title": "Lineage"
},
{
"text": " - 15th Pursuit ( later Fighter ) Group , 5 October 1941 - 318th Fighter Group , 15 October 1942 - 21st Fighter Group , 15 June 1944 – 10 October 1946 - 21st Fighter-Bomber Group , 1 January 1953 – 8 February 1958 - 6200th Air Base Wing , 1 July 1958 – 9 April 1959 . - 56th Tactical Training Wing , 1 July 1992 - 56th Operations Group , 1 November 1991 – 19 June 1992",
"title": "Assignments"
},
{
"text": " - Wheeler Field , Hawaii Territory , 5 October 1941 - Hilo Field , Hawaii Territory , 25 July 1943 - Wheeler Field , Hawaii Territory , 21 October 1943 - Makin Airfield , Gilbert Islands , 18 December 1943 - Haleiwa Fighter Strip , Hawaii Territory , 23 April 1944 - Mokuleia Field , Hawaii Territory , 8 June 1944 - Central Field , Iwo Jima , 26 March 1945 - South Field , Iwo Jima , 15 July 1945 - Isley Airfield , Saipan , 5 December 1945",
"title": "Stations"
},
{
"text": "- Northwest Field , Guam , 17 April-10 October 1946",
"title": "Stations"
},
{
"text": " - George AFB , California , 1 January 1953 – 26 November 1954 - Châteauroux-Déols Air Base , France , 14 December 1954 - Chambley-Bussières Air Base , France , 9 July 1955 – 8 February 1958 - Clark AB , Luzon , Philippines , 1 July 1958 – 9 April 1959 . - MacDill AFB , Florida , 1 July 1982 – 19 June 1992",
"title": "Stations"
},
{
"text": " - P-40 Warhawk , 1941–1943 - P-39 Airacobra , 1943–1944 - P-38 Lightning , 1944–1945 - P-51 Mustang , 1944–1946 - P-47 Thunderbolt , 1946 - F-51 Mustang , 1953 - F-86 Sabre , 1953–1957 - F-100 Super Sabre , 1958–1959 - F-16 Fighting Falcon , 1982-1992",
"title": "Aircraft"
},
{
"text": " - Martin , Patrick . Tail Code : The Complete History of USAF Tactical Aircraft Tail Code Markings . Schiffer Publishing , 1994 . . - Rogers , Brian . United States Air Force Unit Designations Since 1978 . Hinkley , England : Midland Publications , 2005 . .",
"title": "References"
}
] |
/wiki/72nd_Fighter_Squadron#P159#3
|
Where was the headquarter of 72nd Fighter Squadron located in Apr 1944?
|
72nd Fighter Squadron The 72nd Fighter Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit . Its last assignment was with the 56th Operations Group , based at MacDill Air Force Base , Florida . It was inactivated on 19 June 1992 . History . World War II . Established as a defensive interceptor squadron for Hawaii in late 1941 . Suffered tremendous casualties and aircraft losses at Wheeler Field during the Pearl Harbor Attack . Re-equipped and used as Seventh Air Force training unit ; also flew reconnaissance patrols over Hawaii until late 1943 . Deployed to Central Pacific as part of Seventh Air Force island hopping campaign against Japanese in late 1943 . Flew combat missions from Makin Island using P-39 Airacobra fighters until April 1944 , returning to Hawaii and being re-equipped and trained with long-range P-51 Mustangs . Re-deployed to Western Pacific , being stationed on Iwo Jima while battle for the island was still ongoing and engaged in long-range B-29 Superfortress escort missions over Japan ; continuing that mission until the end of hostilities in August 1945 . Reassigned to Mariana Islands , as a Far East Air Force fighter squadron , inactivated 1946 . Cold War . Reactivated as Tactical Air Command F-86 jet tactical fighter squadron , 1952 Deployed to France in 1954 as part of NATO ; re-equipped with the F-100 Super Sabre 1957 . Ordered out of France by host government as part of Frances rejection of NATOs nuclear weapons policy . Reassigned to Philippines in 1958 for air defense of Luzon . Inactivated 1959 as a result of budget reductions . Equipment reassigned to 510th Tactical Fighter Squadron . Pilot training . Reactivated 1 July 1982 at MacDill AFB , Florida as an F-16A/B Block 10 Fighting Falcon Replacement Training Unit Squadron , replacing the 13th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron when the 58th TFTS transitioned from F-4 Phantom IIs . Tail coded MC , black tail stripe outlined in white . Upgraded to the Block 25 and 30 F-16C/D in March 1990 and continued as a Replacement Training Unit . Inactivated in 1992 as part of the BRAC realignment of MacDill AFB . Lineage . - Constituted 72nd Pursuit Squadron ( Interceptor ) on 4 October 1941 - Redesignated 72nd Fighter-Bomber Squadron on 15 November 1952 - Re-designated 72nd Tactical Fighter Squadron on 19 May 1958 - Re-designated 72nd Tactical Fighter Training Squadron , and activated on 1 July 1982 Assignments . - 15th Pursuit ( later Fighter ) Group , 5 October 1941 - 318th Fighter Group , 15 October 1942 - 21st Fighter Group , 15 June 1944 – 10 October 1946 - 21st Fighter-Bomber Group , 1 January 1953 – 8 February 1958 - 6200th Air Base Wing , 1 July 1958 – 9 April 1959 . - 56th Tactical Training Wing , 1 July 1992 - 56th Operations Group , 1 November 1991 – 19 June 1992 Stations . - Wheeler Field , Hawaii Territory , 5 October 1941 - Hilo Field , Hawaii Territory , 25 July 1943 - Wheeler Field , Hawaii Territory , 21 October 1943 - Makin Airfield , Gilbert Islands , 18 December 1943 - Haleiwa Fighter Strip , Hawaii Territory , 23 April 1944 - Mokuleia Field , Hawaii Territory , 8 June 1944 - Central Field , Iwo Jima , 26 March 1945 - South Field , Iwo Jima , 15 July 1945 - Isley Airfield , Saipan , 5 December 1945 - Northwest Field , Guam , 17 April-10 October 1946 - George AFB , California , 1 January 1953 – 26 November 1954 - Châteauroux-Déols Air Base , France , 14 December 1954 - Chambley-Bussières Air Base , France , 9 July 1955 – 8 February 1958 - Clark AB , Luzon , Philippines , 1 July 1958 – 9 April 1959 . - MacDill AFB , Florida , 1 July 1982 – 19 June 1992 Aircraft . - P-40 Warhawk , 1941–1943 - P-39 Airacobra , 1943–1944 - P-38 Lightning , 1944–1945 - P-51 Mustang , 1944–1946 - P-47 Thunderbolt , 1946 - F-51 Mustang , 1953 - F-86 Sabre , 1953–1957 - F-100 Super Sabre , 1958–1959 - F-16 Fighting Falcon , 1982-1992 References . - Martin , Patrick . Tail Code : The Complete History of USAF Tactical Aircraft Tail Code Markings . Schiffer Publishing , 1994 . . - Rogers , Brian . United States Air Force Unit Designations Since 1978 . Hinkley , England : Midland Publications , 2005 . .
|
[
"Makin Airfield , Gilbert Islands"
] |
[
{
"text": " The 72nd Fighter Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit . Its last assignment was with the 56th Operations Group , based at MacDill Air Force Base , Florida . It was inactivated on 19 June 1992 .",
"title": "72nd Fighter Squadron"
},
{
"text": " Established as a defensive interceptor squadron for Hawaii in late 1941 . Suffered tremendous casualties and aircraft losses at Wheeler Field during the Pearl Harbor Attack . Re-equipped and used as Seventh Air Force training unit ; also flew reconnaissance patrols over Hawaii until late 1943 .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "Deployed to Central Pacific as part of Seventh Air Force island hopping campaign against Japanese in late 1943 . Flew combat missions from Makin Island using P-39 Airacobra fighters until April 1944 , returning to Hawaii and being re-equipped and trained with long-range P-51 Mustangs . Re-deployed to Western Pacific , being stationed on Iwo Jima while battle for the island was still ongoing and engaged in long-range B-29 Superfortress escort missions over Japan ; continuing that mission until the end of hostilities in August 1945 . Reassigned to Mariana Islands , as a Far East Air Force fighter squadron",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": ", inactivated 1946 .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": " Reactivated as Tactical Air Command F-86 jet tactical fighter squadron , 1952 Deployed to France in 1954 as part of NATO ; re-equipped with the F-100 Super Sabre 1957 . Ordered out of France by host government as part of Frances rejection of NATOs nuclear weapons policy . Reassigned to Philippines in 1958 for air defense of Luzon . Inactivated 1959 as a result of budget reductions . Equipment reassigned to 510th Tactical Fighter Squadron .",
"title": "Cold War"
},
{
"text": " Reactivated 1 July 1982 at MacDill AFB , Florida as an F-16A/B Block 10 Fighting Falcon Replacement Training Unit Squadron , replacing the 13th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron when the 58th TFTS transitioned from F-4 Phantom IIs . Tail coded MC , black tail stripe outlined in white . Upgraded to the Block 25 and 30 F-16C/D in March 1990 and continued as a Replacement Training Unit . Inactivated in 1992 as part of the BRAC realignment of MacDill AFB .",
"title": "Pilot training"
},
{
"text": " - Constituted 72nd Pursuit Squadron ( Interceptor ) on 4 October 1941 - Redesignated 72nd Fighter-Bomber Squadron on 15 November 1952 - Re-designated 72nd Tactical Fighter Squadron on 19 May 1958 - Re-designated 72nd Tactical Fighter Training Squadron , and activated on 1 July 1982",
"title": "Lineage"
},
{
"text": " - 15th Pursuit ( later Fighter ) Group , 5 October 1941 - 318th Fighter Group , 15 October 1942 - 21st Fighter Group , 15 June 1944 – 10 October 1946 - 21st Fighter-Bomber Group , 1 January 1953 – 8 February 1958 - 6200th Air Base Wing , 1 July 1958 – 9 April 1959 . - 56th Tactical Training Wing , 1 July 1992 - 56th Operations Group , 1 November 1991 – 19 June 1992",
"title": "Assignments"
},
{
"text": " - Wheeler Field , Hawaii Territory , 5 October 1941 - Hilo Field , Hawaii Territory , 25 July 1943 - Wheeler Field , Hawaii Territory , 21 October 1943 - Makin Airfield , Gilbert Islands , 18 December 1943 - Haleiwa Fighter Strip , Hawaii Territory , 23 April 1944 - Mokuleia Field , Hawaii Territory , 8 June 1944 - Central Field , Iwo Jima , 26 March 1945 - South Field , Iwo Jima , 15 July 1945 - Isley Airfield , Saipan , 5 December 1945",
"title": "Stations"
},
{
"text": "- Northwest Field , Guam , 17 April-10 October 1946",
"title": "Stations"
},
{
"text": " - George AFB , California , 1 January 1953 – 26 November 1954 - Châteauroux-Déols Air Base , France , 14 December 1954 - Chambley-Bussières Air Base , France , 9 July 1955 – 8 February 1958 - Clark AB , Luzon , Philippines , 1 July 1958 – 9 April 1959 . - MacDill AFB , Florida , 1 July 1982 – 19 June 1992",
"title": "Stations"
},
{
"text": " - P-40 Warhawk , 1941–1943 - P-39 Airacobra , 1943–1944 - P-38 Lightning , 1944–1945 - P-51 Mustang , 1944–1946 - P-47 Thunderbolt , 1946 - F-51 Mustang , 1953 - F-86 Sabre , 1953–1957 - F-100 Super Sabre , 1958–1959 - F-16 Fighting Falcon , 1982-1992",
"title": "Aircraft"
},
{
"text": " - Martin , Patrick . Tail Code : The Complete History of USAF Tactical Aircraft Tail Code Markings . Schiffer Publishing , 1994 . . - Rogers , Brian . United States Air Force Unit Designations Since 1978 . Hinkley , England : Midland Publications , 2005 . .",
"title": "References"
}
] |
/wiki/72nd_Fighter_Squadron#P159#4
|
Where was the headquarter of 72nd Fighter Squadron located in Apr 1944?
|
72nd Fighter Squadron The 72nd Fighter Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit . Its last assignment was with the 56th Operations Group , based at MacDill Air Force Base , Florida . It was inactivated on 19 June 1992 . History . World War II . Established as a defensive interceptor squadron for Hawaii in late 1941 . Suffered tremendous casualties and aircraft losses at Wheeler Field during the Pearl Harbor Attack . Re-equipped and used as Seventh Air Force training unit ; also flew reconnaissance patrols over Hawaii until late 1943 . Deployed to Central Pacific as part of Seventh Air Force island hopping campaign against Japanese in late 1943 . Flew combat missions from Makin Island using P-39 Airacobra fighters until April 1944 , returning to Hawaii and being re-equipped and trained with long-range P-51 Mustangs . Re-deployed to Western Pacific , being stationed on Iwo Jima while battle for the island was still ongoing and engaged in long-range B-29 Superfortress escort missions over Japan ; continuing that mission until the end of hostilities in August 1945 . Reassigned to Mariana Islands , as a Far East Air Force fighter squadron , inactivated 1946 . Cold War . Reactivated as Tactical Air Command F-86 jet tactical fighter squadron , 1952 Deployed to France in 1954 as part of NATO ; re-equipped with the F-100 Super Sabre 1957 . Ordered out of France by host government as part of Frances rejection of NATOs nuclear weapons policy . Reassigned to Philippines in 1958 for air defense of Luzon . Inactivated 1959 as a result of budget reductions . Equipment reassigned to 510th Tactical Fighter Squadron . Pilot training . Reactivated 1 July 1982 at MacDill AFB , Florida as an F-16A/B Block 10 Fighting Falcon Replacement Training Unit Squadron , replacing the 13th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron when the 58th TFTS transitioned from F-4 Phantom IIs . Tail coded MC , black tail stripe outlined in white . Upgraded to the Block 25 and 30 F-16C/D in March 1990 and continued as a Replacement Training Unit . Inactivated in 1992 as part of the BRAC realignment of MacDill AFB . Lineage . - Constituted 72nd Pursuit Squadron ( Interceptor ) on 4 October 1941 - Redesignated 72nd Fighter-Bomber Squadron on 15 November 1952 - Re-designated 72nd Tactical Fighter Squadron on 19 May 1958 - Re-designated 72nd Tactical Fighter Training Squadron , and activated on 1 July 1982 Assignments . - 15th Pursuit ( later Fighter ) Group , 5 October 1941 - 318th Fighter Group , 15 October 1942 - 21st Fighter Group , 15 June 1944 – 10 October 1946 - 21st Fighter-Bomber Group , 1 January 1953 – 8 February 1958 - 6200th Air Base Wing , 1 July 1958 – 9 April 1959 . - 56th Tactical Training Wing , 1 July 1992 - 56th Operations Group , 1 November 1991 – 19 June 1992 Stations . - Wheeler Field , Hawaii Territory , 5 October 1941 - Hilo Field , Hawaii Territory , 25 July 1943 - Wheeler Field , Hawaii Territory , 21 October 1943 - Makin Airfield , Gilbert Islands , 18 December 1943 - Haleiwa Fighter Strip , Hawaii Territory , 23 April 1944 - Mokuleia Field , Hawaii Territory , 8 June 1944 - Central Field , Iwo Jima , 26 March 1945 - South Field , Iwo Jima , 15 July 1945 - Isley Airfield , Saipan , 5 December 1945 - Northwest Field , Guam , 17 April-10 October 1946 - George AFB , California , 1 January 1953 – 26 November 1954 - Châteauroux-Déols Air Base , France , 14 December 1954 - Chambley-Bussières Air Base , France , 9 July 1955 – 8 February 1958 - Clark AB , Luzon , Philippines , 1 July 1958 – 9 April 1959 . - MacDill AFB , Florida , 1 July 1982 – 19 June 1992 Aircraft . - P-40 Warhawk , 1941–1943 - P-39 Airacobra , 1943–1944 - P-38 Lightning , 1944–1945 - P-51 Mustang , 1944–1946 - P-47 Thunderbolt , 1946 - F-51 Mustang , 1953 - F-86 Sabre , 1953–1957 - F-100 Super Sabre , 1958–1959 - F-16 Fighting Falcon , 1982-1992 References . - Martin , Patrick . Tail Code : The Complete History of USAF Tactical Aircraft Tail Code Markings . Schiffer Publishing , 1994 . . - Rogers , Brian . United States Air Force Unit Designations Since 1978 . Hinkley , England : Midland Publications , 2005 . .
|
[
"Haleiwa Fighter Strip , Hawaii"
] |
[
{
"text": " The 72nd Fighter Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit . Its last assignment was with the 56th Operations Group , based at MacDill Air Force Base , Florida . It was inactivated on 19 June 1992 .",
"title": "72nd Fighter Squadron"
},
{
"text": " Established as a defensive interceptor squadron for Hawaii in late 1941 . Suffered tremendous casualties and aircraft losses at Wheeler Field during the Pearl Harbor Attack . Re-equipped and used as Seventh Air Force training unit ; also flew reconnaissance patrols over Hawaii until late 1943 .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "Deployed to Central Pacific as part of Seventh Air Force island hopping campaign against Japanese in late 1943 . Flew combat missions from Makin Island using P-39 Airacobra fighters until April 1944 , returning to Hawaii and being re-equipped and trained with long-range P-51 Mustangs . Re-deployed to Western Pacific , being stationed on Iwo Jima while battle for the island was still ongoing and engaged in long-range B-29 Superfortress escort missions over Japan ; continuing that mission until the end of hostilities in August 1945 . Reassigned to Mariana Islands , as a Far East Air Force fighter squadron",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": ", inactivated 1946 .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": " Reactivated as Tactical Air Command F-86 jet tactical fighter squadron , 1952 Deployed to France in 1954 as part of NATO ; re-equipped with the F-100 Super Sabre 1957 . Ordered out of France by host government as part of Frances rejection of NATOs nuclear weapons policy . Reassigned to Philippines in 1958 for air defense of Luzon . Inactivated 1959 as a result of budget reductions . Equipment reassigned to 510th Tactical Fighter Squadron .",
"title": "Cold War"
},
{
"text": " Reactivated 1 July 1982 at MacDill AFB , Florida as an F-16A/B Block 10 Fighting Falcon Replacement Training Unit Squadron , replacing the 13th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron when the 58th TFTS transitioned from F-4 Phantom IIs . Tail coded MC , black tail stripe outlined in white . Upgraded to the Block 25 and 30 F-16C/D in March 1990 and continued as a Replacement Training Unit . Inactivated in 1992 as part of the BRAC realignment of MacDill AFB .",
"title": "Pilot training"
},
{
"text": " - Constituted 72nd Pursuit Squadron ( Interceptor ) on 4 October 1941 - Redesignated 72nd Fighter-Bomber Squadron on 15 November 1952 - Re-designated 72nd Tactical Fighter Squadron on 19 May 1958 - Re-designated 72nd Tactical Fighter Training Squadron , and activated on 1 July 1982",
"title": "Lineage"
},
{
"text": " - 15th Pursuit ( later Fighter ) Group , 5 October 1941 - 318th Fighter Group , 15 October 1942 - 21st Fighter Group , 15 June 1944 – 10 October 1946 - 21st Fighter-Bomber Group , 1 January 1953 – 8 February 1958 - 6200th Air Base Wing , 1 July 1958 – 9 April 1959 . - 56th Tactical Training Wing , 1 July 1992 - 56th Operations Group , 1 November 1991 – 19 June 1992",
"title": "Assignments"
},
{
"text": " - Wheeler Field , Hawaii Territory , 5 October 1941 - Hilo Field , Hawaii Territory , 25 July 1943 - Wheeler Field , Hawaii Territory , 21 October 1943 - Makin Airfield , Gilbert Islands , 18 December 1943 - Haleiwa Fighter Strip , Hawaii Territory , 23 April 1944 - Mokuleia Field , Hawaii Territory , 8 June 1944 - Central Field , Iwo Jima , 26 March 1945 - South Field , Iwo Jima , 15 July 1945 - Isley Airfield , Saipan , 5 December 1945",
"title": "Stations"
},
{
"text": "- Northwest Field , Guam , 17 April-10 October 1946",
"title": "Stations"
},
{
"text": " - George AFB , California , 1 January 1953 – 26 November 1954 - Châteauroux-Déols Air Base , France , 14 December 1954 - Chambley-Bussières Air Base , France , 9 July 1955 – 8 February 1958 - Clark AB , Luzon , Philippines , 1 July 1958 – 9 April 1959 . - MacDill AFB , Florida , 1 July 1982 – 19 June 1992",
"title": "Stations"
},
{
"text": " - P-40 Warhawk , 1941–1943 - P-39 Airacobra , 1943–1944 - P-38 Lightning , 1944–1945 - P-51 Mustang , 1944–1946 - P-47 Thunderbolt , 1946 - F-51 Mustang , 1953 - F-86 Sabre , 1953–1957 - F-100 Super Sabre , 1958–1959 - F-16 Fighting Falcon , 1982-1992",
"title": "Aircraft"
},
{
"text": " - Martin , Patrick . Tail Code : The Complete History of USAF Tactical Aircraft Tail Code Markings . Schiffer Publishing , 1994 . . - Rogers , Brian . United States Air Force Unit Designations Since 1978 . Hinkley , England : Midland Publications , 2005 . .",
"title": "References"
}
] |
/wiki/72nd_Fighter_Squadron#P159#5
|
Where was the headquarter of 72nd Fighter Squadron located between Oct 1944 and Mar 1945?
|
72nd Fighter Squadron The 72nd Fighter Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit . Its last assignment was with the 56th Operations Group , based at MacDill Air Force Base , Florida . It was inactivated on 19 June 1992 . History . World War II . Established as a defensive interceptor squadron for Hawaii in late 1941 . Suffered tremendous casualties and aircraft losses at Wheeler Field during the Pearl Harbor Attack . Re-equipped and used as Seventh Air Force training unit ; also flew reconnaissance patrols over Hawaii until late 1943 . Deployed to Central Pacific as part of Seventh Air Force island hopping campaign against Japanese in late 1943 . Flew combat missions from Makin Island using P-39 Airacobra fighters until April 1944 , returning to Hawaii and being re-equipped and trained with long-range P-51 Mustangs . Re-deployed to Western Pacific , being stationed on Iwo Jima while battle for the island was still ongoing and engaged in long-range B-29 Superfortress escort missions over Japan ; continuing that mission until the end of hostilities in August 1945 . Reassigned to Mariana Islands , as a Far East Air Force fighter squadron , inactivated 1946 . Cold War . Reactivated as Tactical Air Command F-86 jet tactical fighter squadron , 1952 Deployed to France in 1954 as part of NATO ; re-equipped with the F-100 Super Sabre 1957 . Ordered out of France by host government as part of Frances rejection of NATOs nuclear weapons policy . Reassigned to Philippines in 1958 for air defense of Luzon . Inactivated 1959 as a result of budget reductions . Equipment reassigned to 510th Tactical Fighter Squadron . Pilot training . Reactivated 1 July 1982 at MacDill AFB , Florida as an F-16A/B Block 10 Fighting Falcon Replacement Training Unit Squadron , replacing the 13th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron when the 58th TFTS transitioned from F-4 Phantom IIs . Tail coded MC , black tail stripe outlined in white . Upgraded to the Block 25 and 30 F-16C/D in March 1990 and continued as a Replacement Training Unit . Inactivated in 1992 as part of the BRAC realignment of MacDill AFB . Lineage . - Constituted 72nd Pursuit Squadron ( Interceptor ) on 4 October 1941 - Redesignated 72nd Fighter-Bomber Squadron on 15 November 1952 - Re-designated 72nd Tactical Fighter Squadron on 19 May 1958 - Re-designated 72nd Tactical Fighter Training Squadron , and activated on 1 July 1982 Assignments . - 15th Pursuit ( later Fighter ) Group , 5 October 1941 - 318th Fighter Group , 15 October 1942 - 21st Fighter Group , 15 June 1944 – 10 October 1946 - 21st Fighter-Bomber Group , 1 January 1953 – 8 February 1958 - 6200th Air Base Wing , 1 July 1958 – 9 April 1959 . - 56th Tactical Training Wing , 1 July 1992 - 56th Operations Group , 1 November 1991 – 19 June 1992 Stations . - Wheeler Field , Hawaii Territory , 5 October 1941 - Hilo Field , Hawaii Territory , 25 July 1943 - Wheeler Field , Hawaii Territory , 21 October 1943 - Makin Airfield , Gilbert Islands , 18 December 1943 - Haleiwa Fighter Strip , Hawaii Territory , 23 April 1944 - Mokuleia Field , Hawaii Territory , 8 June 1944 - Central Field , Iwo Jima , 26 March 1945 - South Field , Iwo Jima , 15 July 1945 - Isley Airfield , Saipan , 5 December 1945 - Northwest Field , Guam , 17 April-10 October 1946 - George AFB , California , 1 January 1953 – 26 November 1954 - Châteauroux-Déols Air Base , France , 14 December 1954 - Chambley-Bussières Air Base , France , 9 July 1955 – 8 February 1958 - Clark AB , Luzon , Philippines , 1 July 1958 – 9 April 1959 . - MacDill AFB , Florida , 1 July 1982 – 19 June 1992 Aircraft . - P-40 Warhawk , 1941–1943 - P-39 Airacobra , 1943–1944 - P-38 Lightning , 1944–1945 - P-51 Mustang , 1944–1946 - P-47 Thunderbolt , 1946 - F-51 Mustang , 1953 - F-86 Sabre , 1953–1957 - F-100 Super Sabre , 1958–1959 - F-16 Fighting Falcon , 1982-1992 References . - Martin , Patrick . Tail Code : The Complete History of USAF Tactical Aircraft Tail Code Markings . Schiffer Publishing , 1994 . . - Rogers , Brian . United States Air Force Unit Designations Since 1978 . Hinkley , England : Midland Publications , 2005 . .
|
[
"Mokuleia Field , Hawaii"
] |
[
{
"text": " The 72nd Fighter Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit . Its last assignment was with the 56th Operations Group , based at MacDill Air Force Base , Florida . It was inactivated on 19 June 1992 .",
"title": "72nd Fighter Squadron"
},
{
"text": " Established as a defensive interceptor squadron for Hawaii in late 1941 . Suffered tremendous casualties and aircraft losses at Wheeler Field during the Pearl Harbor Attack . Re-equipped and used as Seventh Air Force training unit ; also flew reconnaissance patrols over Hawaii until late 1943 .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "Deployed to Central Pacific as part of Seventh Air Force island hopping campaign against Japanese in late 1943 . Flew combat missions from Makin Island using P-39 Airacobra fighters until April 1944 , returning to Hawaii and being re-equipped and trained with long-range P-51 Mustangs . Re-deployed to Western Pacific , being stationed on Iwo Jima while battle for the island was still ongoing and engaged in long-range B-29 Superfortress escort missions over Japan ; continuing that mission until the end of hostilities in August 1945 . Reassigned to Mariana Islands , as a Far East Air Force fighter squadron",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": ", inactivated 1946 .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": " Reactivated as Tactical Air Command F-86 jet tactical fighter squadron , 1952 Deployed to France in 1954 as part of NATO ; re-equipped with the F-100 Super Sabre 1957 . Ordered out of France by host government as part of Frances rejection of NATOs nuclear weapons policy . Reassigned to Philippines in 1958 for air defense of Luzon . Inactivated 1959 as a result of budget reductions . Equipment reassigned to 510th Tactical Fighter Squadron .",
"title": "Cold War"
},
{
"text": " Reactivated 1 July 1982 at MacDill AFB , Florida as an F-16A/B Block 10 Fighting Falcon Replacement Training Unit Squadron , replacing the 13th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron when the 58th TFTS transitioned from F-4 Phantom IIs . Tail coded MC , black tail stripe outlined in white . Upgraded to the Block 25 and 30 F-16C/D in March 1990 and continued as a Replacement Training Unit . Inactivated in 1992 as part of the BRAC realignment of MacDill AFB .",
"title": "Pilot training"
},
{
"text": " - Constituted 72nd Pursuit Squadron ( Interceptor ) on 4 October 1941 - Redesignated 72nd Fighter-Bomber Squadron on 15 November 1952 - Re-designated 72nd Tactical Fighter Squadron on 19 May 1958 - Re-designated 72nd Tactical Fighter Training Squadron , and activated on 1 July 1982",
"title": "Lineage"
},
{
"text": " - 15th Pursuit ( later Fighter ) Group , 5 October 1941 - 318th Fighter Group , 15 October 1942 - 21st Fighter Group , 15 June 1944 – 10 October 1946 - 21st Fighter-Bomber Group , 1 January 1953 – 8 February 1958 - 6200th Air Base Wing , 1 July 1958 – 9 April 1959 . - 56th Tactical Training Wing , 1 July 1992 - 56th Operations Group , 1 November 1991 – 19 June 1992",
"title": "Assignments"
},
{
"text": " - Wheeler Field , Hawaii Territory , 5 October 1941 - Hilo Field , Hawaii Territory , 25 July 1943 - Wheeler Field , Hawaii Territory , 21 October 1943 - Makin Airfield , Gilbert Islands , 18 December 1943 - Haleiwa Fighter Strip , Hawaii Territory , 23 April 1944 - Mokuleia Field , Hawaii Territory , 8 June 1944 - Central Field , Iwo Jima , 26 March 1945 - South Field , Iwo Jima , 15 July 1945 - Isley Airfield , Saipan , 5 December 1945",
"title": "Stations"
},
{
"text": "- Northwest Field , Guam , 17 April-10 October 1946",
"title": "Stations"
},
{
"text": " - George AFB , California , 1 January 1953 – 26 November 1954 - Châteauroux-Déols Air Base , France , 14 December 1954 - Chambley-Bussières Air Base , France , 9 July 1955 – 8 February 1958 - Clark AB , Luzon , Philippines , 1 July 1958 – 9 April 1959 . - MacDill AFB , Florida , 1 July 1982 – 19 June 1992",
"title": "Stations"
},
{
"text": " - P-40 Warhawk , 1941–1943 - P-39 Airacobra , 1943–1944 - P-38 Lightning , 1944–1945 - P-51 Mustang , 1944–1946 - P-47 Thunderbolt , 1946 - F-51 Mustang , 1953 - F-86 Sabre , 1953–1957 - F-100 Super Sabre , 1958–1959 - F-16 Fighting Falcon , 1982-1992",
"title": "Aircraft"
},
{
"text": " - Martin , Patrick . Tail Code : The Complete History of USAF Tactical Aircraft Tail Code Markings . Schiffer Publishing , 1994 . . - Rogers , Brian . United States Air Force Unit Designations Since 1978 . Hinkley , England : Midland Publications , 2005 . .",
"title": "References"
}
] |
/wiki/72nd_Fighter_Squadron#P159#6
|
Where was the headquarter of 72nd Fighter Squadron located between Apr 1945 and Jun 1945?
|
72nd Fighter Squadron The 72nd Fighter Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit . Its last assignment was with the 56th Operations Group , based at MacDill Air Force Base , Florida . It was inactivated on 19 June 1992 . History . World War II . Established as a defensive interceptor squadron for Hawaii in late 1941 . Suffered tremendous casualties and aircraft losses at Wheeler Field during the Pearl Harbor Attack . Re-equipped and used as Seventh Air Force training unit ; also flew reconnaissance patrols over Hawaii until late 1943 . Deployed to Central Pacific as part of Seventh Air Force island hopping campaign against Japanese in late 1943 . Flew combat missions from Makin Island using P-39 Airacobra fighters until April 1944 , returning to Hawaii and being re-equipped and trained with long-range P-51 Mustangs . Re-deployed to Western Pacific , being stationed on Iwo Jima while battle for the island was still ongoing and engaged in long-range B-29 Superfortress escort missions over Japan ; continuing that mission until the end of hostilities in August 1945 . Reassigned to Mariana Islands , as a Far East Air Force fighter squadron , inactivated 1946 . Cold War . Reactivated as Tactical Air Command F-86 jet tactical fighter squadron , 1952 Deployed to France in 1954 as part of NATO ; re-equipped with the F-100 Super Sabre 1957 . Ordered out of France by host government as part of Frances rejection of NATOs nuclear weapons policy . Reassigned to Philippines in 1958 for air defense of Luzon . Inactivated 1959 as a result of budget reductions . Equipment reassigned to 510th Tactical Fighter Squadron . Pilot training . Reactivated 1 July 1982 at MacDill AFB , Florida as an F-16A/B Block 10 Fighting Falcon Replacement Training Unit Squadron , replacing the 13th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron when the 58th TFTS transitioned from F-4 Phantom IIs . Tail coded MC , black tail stripe outlined in white . Upgraded to the Block 25 and 30 F-16C/D in March 1990 and continued as a Replacement Training Unit . Inactivated in 1992 as part of the BRAC realignment of MacDill AFB . Lineage . - Constituted 72nd Pursuit Squadron ( Interceptor ) on 4 October 1941 - Redesignated 72nd Fighter-Bomber Squadron on 15 November 1952 - Re-designated 72nd Tactical Fighter Squadron on 19 May 1958 - Re-designated 72nd Tactical Fighter Training Squadron , and activated on 1 July 1982 Assignments . - 15th Pursuit ( later Fighter ) Group , 5 October 1941 - 318th Fighter Group , 15 October 1942 - 21st Fighter Group , 15 June 1944 – 10 October 1946 - 21st Fighter-Bomber Group , 1 January 1953 – 8 February 1958 - 6200th Air Base Wing , 1 July 1958 – 9 April 1959 . - 56th Tactical Training Wing , 1 July 1992 - 56th Operations Group , 1 November 1991 – 19 June 1992 Stations . - Wheeler Field , Hawaii Territory , 5 October 1941 - Hilo Field , Hawaii Territory , 25 July 1943 - Wheeler Field , Hawaii Territory , 21 October 1943 - Makin Airfield , Gilbert Islands , 18 December 1943 - Haleiwa Fighter Strip , Hawaii Territory , 23 April 1944 - Mokuleia Field , Hawaii Territory , 8 June 1944 - Central Field , Iwo Jima , 26 March 1945 - South Field , Iwo Jima , 15 July 1945 - Isley Airfield , Saipan , 5 December 1945 - Northwest Field , Guam , 17 April-10 October 1946 - George AFB , California , 1 January 1953 – 26 November 1954 - Châteauroux-Déols Air Base , France , 14 December 1954 - Chambley-Bussières Air Base , France , 9 July 1955 – 8 February 1958 - Clark AB , Luzon , Philippines , 1 July 1958 – 9 April 1959 . - MacDill AFB , Florida , 1 July 1982 – 19 June 1992 Aircraft . - P-40 Warhawk , 1941–1943 - P-39 Airacobra , 1943–1944 - P-38 Lightning , 1944–1945 - P-51 Mustang , 1944–1946 - P-47 Thunderbolt , 1946 - F-51 Mustang , 1953 - F-86 Sabre , 1953–1957 - F-100 Super Sabre , 1958–1959 - F-16 Fighting Falcon , 1982-1992 References . - Martin , Patrick . Tail Code : The Complete History of USAF Tactical Aircraft Tail Code Markings . Schiffer Publishing , 1994 . . - Rogers , Brian . United States Air Force Unit Designations Since 1978 . Hinkley , England : Midland Publications , 2005 . .
|
[
"Central Field , Iwo Jima"
] |
[
{
"text": " The 72nd Fighter Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit . Its last assignment was with the 56th Operations Group , based at MacDill Air Force Base , Florida . It was inactivated on 19 June 1992 .",
"title": "72nd Fighter Squadron"
},
{
"text": " Established as a defensive interceptor squadron for Hawaii in late 1941 . Suffered tremendous casualties and aircraft losses at Wheeler Field during the Pearl Harbor Attack . Re-equipped and used as Seventh Air Force training unit ; also flew reconnaissance patrols over Hawaii until late 1943 .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "Deployed to Central Pacific as part of Seventh Air Force island hopping campaign against Japanese in late 1943 . Flew combat missions from Makin Island using P-39 Airacobra fighters until April 1944 , returning to Hawaii and being re-equipped and trained with long-range P-51 Mustangs . Re-deployed to Western Pacific , being stationed on Iwo Jima while battle for the island was still ongoing and engaged in long-range B-29 Superfortress escort missions over Japan ; continuing that mission until the end of hostilities in August 1945 . Reassigned to Mariana Islands , as a Far East Air Force fighter squadron",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": ", inactivated 1946 .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": " Reactivated as Tactical Air Command F-86 jet tactical fighter squadron , 1952 Deployed to France in 1954 as part of NATO ; re-equipped with the F-100 Super Sabre 1957 . Ordered out of France by host government as part of Frances rejection of NATOs nuclear weapons policy . Reassigned to Philippines in 1958 for air defense of Luzon . Inactivated 1959 as a result of budget reductions . Equipment reassigned to 510th Tactical Fighter Squadron .",
"title": "Cold War"
},
{
"text": " Reactivated 1 July 1982 at MacDill AFB , Florida as an F-16A/B Block 10 Fighting Falcon Replacement Training Unit Squadron , replacing the 13th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron when the 58th TFTS transitioned from F-4 Phantom IIs . Tail coded MC , black tail stripe outlined in white . Upgraded to the Block 25 and 30 F-16C/D in March 1990 and continued as a Replacement Training Unit . Inactivated in 1992 as part of the BRAC realignment of MacDill AFB .",
"title": "Pilot training"
},
{
"text": " - Constituted 72nd Pursuit Squadron ( Interceptor ) on 4 October 1941 - Redesignated 72nd Fighter-Bomber Squadron on 15 November 1952 - Re-designated 72nd Tactical Fighter Squadron on 19 May 1958 - Re-designated 72nd Tactical Fighter Training Squadron , and activated on 1 July 1982",
"title": "Lineage"
},
{
"text": " - 15th Pursuit ( later Fighter ) Group , 5 October 1941 - 318th Fighter Group , 15 October 1942 - 21st Fighter Group , 15 June 1944 – 10 October 1946 - 21st Fighter-Bomber Group , 1 January 1953 – 8 February 1958 - 6200th Air Base Wing , 1 July 1958 – 9 April 1959 . - 56th Tactical Training Wing , 1 July 1992 - 56th Operations Group , 1 November 1991 – 19 June 1992",
"title": "Assignments"
},
{
"text": " - Wheeler Field , Hawaii Territory , 5 October 1941 - Hilo Field , Hawaii Territory , 25 July 1943 - Wheeler Field , Hawaii Territory , 21 October 1943 - Makin Airfield , Gilbert Islands , 18 December 1943 - Haleiwa Fighter Strip , Hawaii Territory , 23 April 1944 - Mokuleia Field , Hawaii Territory , 8 June 1944 - Central Field , Iwo Jima , 26 March 1945 - South Field , Iwo Jima , 15 July 1945 - Isley Airfield , Saipan , 5 December 1945",
"title": "Stations"
},
{
"text": "- Northwest Field , Guam , 17 April-10 October 1946",
"title": "Stations"
},
{
"text": " - George AFB , California , 1 January 1953 – 26 November 1954 - Châteauroux-Déols Air Base , France , 14 December 1954 - Chambley-Bussières Air Base , France , 9 July 1955 – 8 February 1958 - Clark AB , Luzon , Philippines , 1 July 1958 – 9 April 1959 . - MacDill AFB , Florida , 1 July 1982 – 19 June 1992",
"title": "Stations"
},
{
"text": " - P-40 Warhawk , 1941–1943 - P-39 Airacobra , 1943–1944 - P-38 Lightning , 1944–1945 - P-51 Mustang , 1944–1946 - P-47 Thunderbolt , 1946 - F-51 Mustang , 1953 - F-86 Sabre , 1953–1957 - F-100 Super Sabre , 1958–1959 - F-16 Fighting Falcon , 1982-1992",
"title": "Aircraft"
},
{
"text": " - Martin , Patrick . Tail Code : The Complete History of USAF Tactical Aircraft Tail Code Markings . Schiffer Publishing , 1994 . . - Rogers , Brian . United States Air Force Unit Designations Since 1978 . Hinkley , England : Midland Publications , 2005 . .",
"title": "References"
}
] |
/wiki/72nd_Fighter_Squadron#P159#7
|
Where was the headquarter of 72nd Fighter Squadron located in Dec 1945?
|
72nd Fighter Squadron The 72nd Fighter Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit . Its last assignment was with the 56th Operations Group , based at MacDill Air Force Base , Florida . It was inactivated on 19 June 1992 . History . World War II . Established as a defensive interceptor squadron for Hawaii in late 1941 . Suffered tremendous casualties and aircraft losses at Wheeler Field during the Pearl Harbor Attack . Re-equipped and used as Seventh Air Force training unit ; also flew reconnaissance patrols over Hawaii until late 1943 . Deployed to Central Pacific as part of Seventh Air Force island hopping campaign against Japanese in late 1943 . Flew combat missions from Makin Island using P-39 Airacobra fighters until April 1944 , returning to Hawaii and being re-equipped and trained with long-range P-51 Mustangs . Re-deployed to Western Pacific , being stationed on Iwo Jima while battle for the island was still ongoing and engaged in long-range B-29 Superfortress escort missions over Japan ; continuing that mission until the end of hostilities in August 1945 . Reassigned to Mariana Islands , as a Far East Air Force fighter squadron , inactivated 1946 . Cold War . Reactivated as Tactical Air Command F-86 jet tactical fighter squadron , 1952 Deployed to France in 1954 as part of NATO ; re-equipped with the F-100 Super Sabre 1957 . Ordered out of France by host government as part of Frances rejection of NATOs nuclear weapons policy . Reassigned to Philippines in 1958 for air defense of Luzon . Inactivated 1959 as a result of budget reductions . Equipment reassigned to 510th Tactical Fighter Squadron . Pilot training . Reactivated 1 July 1982 at MacDill AFB , Florida as an F-16A/B Block 10 Fighting Falcon Replacement Training Unit Squadron , replacing the 13th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron when the 58th TFTS transitioned from F-4 Phantom IIs . Tail coded MC , black tail stripe outlined in white . Upgraded to the Block 25 and 30 F-16C/D in March 1990 and continued as a Replacement Training Unit . Inactivated in 1992 as part of the BRAC realignment of MacDill AFB . Lineage . - Constituted 72nd Pursuit Squadron ( Interceptor ) on 4 October 1941 - Redesignated 72nd Fighter-Bomber Squadron on 15 November 1952 - Re-designated 72nd Tactical Fighter Squadron on 19 May 1958 - Re-designated 72nd Tactical Fighter Training Squadron , and activated on 1 July 1982 Assignments . - 15th Pursuit ( later Fighter ) Group , 5 October 1941 - 318th Fighter Group , 15 October 1942 - 21st Fighter Group , 15 June 1944 – 10 October 1946 - 21st Fighter-Bomber Group , 1 January 1953 – 8 February 1958 - 6200th Air Base Wing , 1 July 1958 – 9 April 1959 . - 56th Tactical Training Wing , 1 July 1992 - 56th Operations Group , 1 November 1991 – 19 June 1992 Stations . - Wheeler Field , Hawaii Territory , 5 October 1941 - Hilo Field , Hawaii Territory , 25 July 1943 - Wheeler Field , Hawaii Territory , 21 October 1943 - Makin Airfield , Gilbert Islands , 18 December 1943 - Haleiwa Fighter Strip , Hawaii Territory , 23 April 1944 - Mokuleia Field , Hawaii Territory , 8 June 1944 - Central Field , Iwo Jima , 26 March 1945 - South Field , Iwo Jima , 15 July 1945 - Isley Airfield , Saipan , 5 December 1945 - Northwest Field , Guam , 17 April-10 October 1946 - George AFB , California , 1 January 1953 – 26 November 1954 - Châteauroux-Déols Air Base , France , 14 December 1954 - Chambley-Bussières Air Base , France , 9 July 1955 – 8 February 1958 - Clark AB , Luzon , Philippines , 1 July 1958 – 9 April 1959 . - MacDill AFB , Florida , 1 July 1982 – 19 June 1992 Aircraft . - P-40 Warhawk , 1941–1943 - P-39 Airacobra , 1943–1944 - P-38 Lightning , 1944–1945 - P-51 Mustang , 1944–1946 - P-47 Thunderbolt , 1946 - F-51 Mustang , 1953 - F-86 Sabre , 1953–1957 - F-100 Super Sabre , 1958–1959 - F-16 Fighting Falcon , 1982-1992 References . - Martin , Patrick . Tail Code : The Complete History of USAF Tactical Aircraft Tail Code Markings . Schiffer Publishing , 1994 . . - Rogers , Brian . United States Air Force Unit Designations Since 1978 . Hinkley , England : Midland Publications , 2005 . .
|
[
"South Field , Iwo Jima"
] |
[
{
"text": " The 72nd Fighter Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit . Its last assignment was with the 56th Operations Group , based at MacDill Air Force Base , Florida . It was inactivated on 19 June 1992 .",
"title": "72nd Fighter Squadron"
},
{
"text": " Established as a defensive interceptor squadron for Hawaii in late 1941 . Suffered tremendous casualties and aircraft losses at Wheeler Field during the Pearl Harbor Attack . Re-equipped and used as Seventh Air Force training unit ; also flew reconnaissance patrols over Hawaii until late 1943 .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "Deployed to Central Pacific as part of Seventh Air Force island hopping campaign against Japanese in late 1943 . Flew combat missions from Makin Island using P-39 Airacobra fighters until April 1944 , returning to Hawaii and being re-equipped and trained with long-range P-51 Mustangs . Re-deployed to Western Pacific , being stationed on Iwo Jima while battle for the island was still ongoing and engaged in long-range B-29 Superfortress escort missions over Japan ; continuing that mission until the end of hostilities in August 1945 . Reassigned to Mariana Islands , as a Far East Air Force fighter squadron",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": ", inactivated 1946 .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": " Reactivated as Tactical Air Command F-86 jet tactical fighter squadron , 1952 Deployed to France in 1954 as part of NATO ; re-equipped with the F-100 Super Sabre 1957 . Ordered out of France by host government as part of Frances rejection of NATOs nuclear weapons policy . Reassigned to Philippines in 1958 for air defense of Luzon . Inactivated 1959 as a result of budget reductions . Equipment reassigned to 510th Tactical Fighter Squadron .",
"title": "Cold War"
},
{
"text": " Reactivated 1 July 1982 at MacDill AFB , Florida as an F-16A/B Block 10 Fighting Falcon Replacement Training Unit Squadron , replacing the 13th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron when the 58th TFTS transitioned from F-4 Phantom IIs . Tail coded MC , black tail stripe outlined in white . Upgraded to the Block 25 and 30 F-16C/D in March 1990 and continued as a Replacement Training Unit . Inactivated in 1992 as part of the BRAC realignment of MacDill AFB .",
"title": "Pilot training"
},
{
"text": " - Constituted 72nd Pursuit Squadron ( Interceptor ) on 4 October 1941 - Redesignated 72nd Fighter-Bomber Squadron on 15 November 1952 - Re-designated 72nd Tactical Fighter Squadron on 19 May 1958 - Re-designated 72nd Tactical Fighter Training Squadron , and activated on 1 July 1982",
"title": "Lineage"
},
{
"text": " - 15th Pursuit ( later Fighter ) Group , 5 October 1941 - 318th Fighter Group , 15 October 1942 - 21st Fighter Group , 15 June 1944 – 10 October 1946 - 21st Fighter-Bomber Group , 1 January 1953 – 8 February 1958 - 6200th Air Base Wing , 1 July 1958 – 9 April 1959 . - 56th Tactical Training Wing , 1 July 1992 - 56th Operations Group , 1 November 1991 – 19 June 1992",
"title": "Assignments"
},
{
"text": " - Wheeler Field , Hawaii Territory , 5 October 1941 - Hilo Field , Hawaii Territory , 25 July 1943 - Wheeler Field , Hawaii Territory , 21 October 1943 - Makin Airfield , Gilbert Islands , 18 December 1943 - Haleiwa Fighter Strip , Hawaii Territory , 23 April 1944 - Mokuleia Field , Hawaii Territory , 8 June 1944 - Central Field , Iwo Jima , 26 March 1945 - South Field , Iwo Jima , 15 July 1945 - Isley Airfield , Saipan , 5 December 1945",
"title": "Stations"
},
{
"text": "- Northwest Field , Guam , 17 April-10 October 1946",
"title": "Stations"
},
{
"text": " - George AFB , California , 1 January 1953 – 26 November 1954 - Châteauroux-Déols Air Base , France , 14 December 1954 - Chambley-Bussières Air Base , France , 9 July 1955 – 8 February 1958 - Clark AB , Luzon , Philippines , 1 July 1958 – 9 April 1959 . - MacDill AFB , Florida , 1 July 1982 – 19 June 1992",
"title": "Stations"
},
{
"text": " - P-40 Warhawk , 1941–1943 - P-39 Airacobra , 1943–1944 - P-38 Lightning , 1944–1945 - P-51 Mustang , 1944–1946 - P-47 Thunderbolt , 1946 - F-51 Mustang , 1953 - F-86 Sabre , 1953–1957 - F-100 Super Sabre , 1958–1959 - F-16 Fighting Falcon , 1982-1992",
"title": "Aircraft"
},
{
"text": " - Martin , Patrick . Tail Code : The Complete History of USAF Tactical Aircraft Tail Code Markings . Schiffer Publishing , 1994 . . - Rogers , Brian . United States Air Force Unit Designations Since 1978 . Hinkley , England : Midland Publications , 2005 . .",
"title": "References"
}
] |
/wiki/Martin_Keown#P54#0
|
Martin Keown played for which team before Jul 1984?
|
Martin Keown Martin Raymond Keown ( ; born 24 July 1966 ) is an English football pundit and former professional footballer who played as a defender from 1984 to 2005 , notably in the Premier League for Arsenal , where he made over 400 appearances for the club and won 10 honours . He also played for Brighton & Hove Albion , Aston Villa , Everton , Leicester City and Reading . Keown made his England debut in 1992 against France and went on to win 43 caps for the national side over the next 10 years , gradually forming a respected defensive partnership with Arsenal teammate Tony Adams at both club and international level . Keown represented England at four major international football finals including the 1998 and 2002 World Cups . He is now a part-time scout and coach for Arsenal , as well as a pundit for the BBC and BT Sport . He came out of retirement in 2012 and briefly played for Combined Counties League Premier Division side Wembley in their FA Cup fixtures . Club career . Arsenal . A centre back from Oxford , Keown played for local sides and his local Gaelic football team as a boy , before joining Arsenal on a schoolboy contract in 1980 , though he made his professional debut on loan at Brighton & Hove Albion in 1984 . His debut for Arsenal came on 23 November 1985 , when Don Howe was still their manager , and they drew 0–0 with West Bromwich Albion at The Hawthorns . He played 22 league games that season , mostly alongside Tommy Caton or David OLeary , but when George Graham was appointed manager on 14 May 1986 , he decided that Keown was not part of his plans to try and turn Arsenal into league title contenders and on 9 June 1986 he joined Aston Villa for £200,000 . Aston Villa . Keown signed for Villa after a season in which they had narrowly avoided relegation to the Second Division , a mere four years after being European Cup winners and five years since being league champions . Manager Graham Turner was under a lot of pressure , and after their dismal form continued into the 1986–87 season he was sacked on 14 September 1986 and succeeded by Billy McNeill . Keown appeared in 36 league games that season , but he was unable to save Villa from finishing bottom of the First Division and being relegated after 12 successive seasons in the top flight . Graham Taylor then arrived at Villa Park to succeed the sacked McNeill , and Keown was very much part of his rebuilding plans as he missed just two league games and scored three goals as Villa finished second in the Second Division and won promotion back to the top flight at the first attempt . Keown helped the team secure its top flight status the following season , but was sold to Everton on 7 August 1989 , just before the start of the 1989–90 season , for a fee of £750,000 . Everton . Keown had a fine start to his Everton career , and they topped the table for a while in late autumn and there was hope that they could win the league title , but their form ebbed away after Christmas and they managed only a sixth-place finish . Keown managed 20 league appearances that campaign and a slightly better 24 in 1990–91 , when Harvey was replaced by Howard Kendall as manager in November . He missed just three league games in 1991–92 , which brought another mid-table finish , and he played just 13 more league games for the Toffees before accepting a £2 million return to Arsenal in February 1993 . Return to Arsenal . Keown did not feature in Arsenals historic FA Cup and League Cup double of 1993 due to being cup-tied . However , he did manage 16 Premier League appearances , playing in a number of positions . He and Andy Linighan were high quality defenders competing alongside Steve Bould and captain Tony Adams in the centre of one of the best English league defences of the 1990s , and Keown also filled in at right-back , left-back , and central midfield , demonstrating a versatility that would be called upon for several seasons . Keown missed out on Arsenals Cup Winners Cup Final win over Parma the following year through injury although he did play a part in the overall campaign after appearing in earlier rounds . However , he did start the final the following season when Arsenal were narrowly beaten by Real Zaragoza after extra time . He rarely missed a game in his first four full seasons back at Highbury , and in 1996-97 , Arsène Wengers first season at the club , he made 28 appearances as a defensive midfielder . The season ended painfully when he broke his shoulder playing for England in the 1997 Tournoi de France , ruling him out for five months . As a result , in the 1997–98 double winning campaign , 31-year-old Keown played just 18 times in the Premier League , employed entirely as a centre back . The season saw him claim the first two major trophies of his career after well over a decade of waiting . In the following seasons , Keown became an integral part of Arsène Wengers team . In a 2000–01 UEFA Champions League tie against FC Shakhtar Donetsk , Keown memorably scored two goals in the last five minutes to help Arsenal come back from 2-1 down to win 3–2 . He won a second Double with the club in 2002 , and remained a first team regular until the end of the 2002–03 season , when the Gunners won their ninth FA Cup but blew the chance of a unique fourth double due to a late loss of form in the league . On 21 September 2003 , during Arsenal and Manchester Uniteds match at Old Trafford , Manchester United were awarded a late penalty with the score at 0–0 . After Ruud van Nistelrooys penalty hit the bar , Keown and Ray Parlour confronted van Nistelrooy , and Keown hit him on the back of the head . After the final whistle , Keown was then involved in a post-match melee ; he was subsequently fined £20,000 and suspended for three games for his part in what is now known as the Battle of Old Trafford . Arsenal would go on to end the 2003-04 season as unbeaten champions . Keown made 10 league appearances during the season , before being released on a free transfer in the summer of 2004 after 11 years in his second spell at the club . Later career . He signed for Leicester City , but left after less than six months and signed for Reading in January 2005 until the end of the season , after which he retired . As part of a publicity stunt Keown , and a number of other former professional players , including Ray Parlour , Danny Dichio , Jaime Moreno , Graeme Le Saux , Claudio Caniggia and Brian McBride , joined non-league Wembley in order to take part in their 2012–13 FA Cup run . Wembley were knocked out in a replay by Uxbridge after beating Langford in the previous round . International career . Keown played U16 and U18 for England . When it was learned that his mother was Irish and his father Northern Irish , Jack Charlton made an inquiry as to his availability to play for the Republic of Ireland but Keown choose to represent the country of his birth . He was also eligible to play for Northern Ireland as his father was from County Fermanagh . He made his England debut in 1992 against France . With an injury to Mark Wright he was called up into Englands squad for UEFA Euro 1992 , and played in all three of Englands matches . Keowns early ascension to the England team under Graham Taylor did not continue under Terry Venables , who ignored him completely . Keown earned a recall from Glenn Hoddle in 1997 , and went to the 1998 World Cup , but did not play . Keown became a regular under Kevin Keegan ( captaining the side against Finland ) and played in two of Englands Euro 2000 matches . By the time Sven-Göran Eriksson became manager , Keowns age was starting to count against him , though he went to the 2002 World Cup , again as a non-playing squad member . Keown retired from international football the day after Englands exit at the hands of Brazil . In all he played 43 times for England , scoring two goals . Management and career outside football . Keown joined the coaching staff of Newbury in August 2005 , but is now coaching back at former club Arsenal where he is taking his coaching badges . He has been identified by former Arsenal manager Terry Neill as a key figure behind the success of Arsenals inexperienced new-look defence ( which the team resorted to after ongoing injury problems in the 2005–06 season , notably setting a record for minutes played without conceding in the Champions League ) . In 2007–08 Keown was also a coach for the Oxford University Blues Football team on a part-time basis . Keown regularly appears as a pundit on the BBCs football coverage and Match of the Day , as well as covering the Champions League for Irish broadcaster TV3 . He was also working for ESPN UK during the 2011 Emirates Cup . Honours . Arsenal - Premier League : 1997–98 , 2001–02 , 2003–04 - FA Cup : 1997–98 , 2001–02 , 2002–03 - FA Community Shield : 1998 , 1999 , 2002 - European Cup Winners Cup : 1993–94 Personal life . Keowns son , Niall is also a footballer .
|
[
"Arsenal"
] |
[
{
"text": " Martin Raymond Keown ( ; born 24 July 1966 ) is an English football pundit and former professional footballer who played as a defender from 1984 to 2005 , notably in the Premier League for Arsenal , where he made over 400 appearances for the club and won 10 honours .",
"title": "Martin Keown"
},
{
"text": "He also played for Brighton & Hove Albion , Aston Villa , Everton , Leicester City and Reading . Keown made his England debut in 1992 against France and went on to win 43 caps for the national side over the next 10 years , gradually forming a respected defensive partnership with Arsenal teammate Tony Adams at both club and international level . Keown represented England at four major international football finals including the 1998 and 2002 World Cups .",
"title": "Martin Keown"
},
{
"text": " He is now a part-time scout and coach for Arsenal , as well as a pundit for the BBC and BT Sport . He came out of retirement in 2012 and briefly played for Combined Counties League Premier Division side Wembley in their FA Cup fixtures .",
"title": "Martin Keown"
},
{
"text": "A centre back from Oxford , Keown played for local sides and his local Gaelic football team as a boy , before joining Arsenal on a schoolboy contract in 1980 , though he made his professional debut on loan at Brighton & Hove Albion in 1984 . His debut for Arsenal came on 23 November 1985 , when Don Howe was still their manager , and they drew 0–0 with West Bromwich Albion at The Hawthorns . He played 22 league games that season , mostly alongside Tommy Caton or David OLeary , but when George Graham was appointed manager",
"title": "Arsenal"
},
{
"text": "on 14 May 1986 , he decided that Keown was not part of his plans to try and turn Arsenal into league title contenders and on 9 June 1986 he joined Aston Villa for £200,000 .",
"title": "Arsenal"
},
{
"text": "Keown signed for Villa after a season in which they had narrowly avoided relegation to the Second Division , a mere four years after being European Cup winners and five years since being league champions . Manager Graham Turner was under a lot of pressure , and after their dismal form continued into the 1986–87 season he was sacked on 14 September 1986 and succeeded by Billy McNeill . Keown appeared in 36 league games that season , but he was unable to save Villa from finishing bottom of the First Division and being relegated after 12 successive seasons in",
"title": "Aston Villa"
},
{
"text": "the top flight .",
"title": "Aston Villa"
},
{
"text": " Graham Taylor then arrived at Villa Park to succeed the sacked McNeill , and Keown was very much part of his rebuilding plans as he missed just two league games and scored three goals as Villa finished second in the Second Division and won promotion back to the top flight at the first attempt . Keown helped the team secure its top flight status the following season , but was sold to Everton on 7 August 1989 , just before the start of the 1989–90 season , for a fee of £750,000 .",
"title": "Aston Villa"
},
{
"text": "Keown had a fine start to his Everton career , and they topped the table for a while in late autumn and there was hope that they could win the league title , but their form ebbed away after Christmas and they managed only a sixth-place finish . Keown managed 20 league appearances that campaign and a slightly better 24 in 1990–91 , when Harvey was replaced by Howard Kendall as manager in November . He missed just three league games in 1991–92 , which brought another mid-table finish , and he played just 13 more league games for the",
"title": "Everton"
},
{
"text": "Toffees before accepting a £2 million return to Arsenal in February 1993 .",
"title": "Everton"
},
{
"text": " Keown did not feature in Arsenals historic FA Cup and League Cup double of 1993 due to being cup-tied . However , he did manage 16 Premier League appearances , playing in a number of positions . He and Andy Linighan were high quality defenders competing alongside Steve Bould and captain Tony Adams in the centre of one of the best English league defences of the 1990s , and Keown also filled in at right-back , left-back , and central midfield , demonstrating a versatility that would be called upon for several seasons .",
"title": "Return to Arsenal"
},
{
"text": "Keown missed out on Arsenals Cup Winners Cup Final win over Parma the following year through injury although he did play a part in the overall campaign after appearing in earlier rounds . However , he did start the final the following season when Arsenal were narrowly beaten by Real Zaragoza after extra time .",
"title": "Return to Arsenal"
},
{
"text": "He rarely missed a game in his first four full seasons back at Highbury , and in 1996-97 , Arsène Wengers first season at the club , he made 28 appearances as a defensive midfielder . The season ended painfully when he broke his shoulder playing for England in the 1997 Tournoi de France , ruling him out for five months . As a result , in the 1997–98 double winning campaign , 31-year-old Keown played just 18 times in the Premier League , employed entirely as a centre back . The season saw him claim the first two major",
"title": "Return to Arsenal"
},
{
"text": "trophies of his career after well over a decade of waiting .",
"title": "Return to Arsenal"
},
{
"text": "In the following seasons , Keown became an integral part of Arsène Wengers team . In a 2000–01 UEFA Champions League tie against FC Shakhtar Donetsk , Keown memorably scored two goals in the last five minutes to help Arsenal come back from 2-1 down to win 3–2 . He won a second Double with the club in 2002 , and remained a first team regular until the end of the 2002–03 season , when the Gunners won their ninth FA Cup but blew the chance of a unique fourth double due to a late loss of form in the",
"title": "Return to Arsenal"
},
{
"text": "league .",
"title": "Return to Arsenal"
},
{
"text": "On 21 September 2003 , during Arsenal and Manchester Uniteds match at Old Trafford , Manchester United were awarded a late penalty with the score at 0–0 . After Ruud van Nistelrooys penalty hit the bar , Keown and Ray Parlour confronted van Nistelrooy , and Keown hit him on the back of the head . After the final whistle , Keown was then involved in a post-match melee ; he was subsequently fined £20,000 and suspended for three games for his part in what is now known as the Battle of Old Trafford . Arsenal would go on to",
"title": "Return to Arsenal"
},
{
"text": "end the 2003-04 season as unbeaten champions . Keown made 10 league appearances during the season , before being released on a free transfer in the summer of 2004 after 11 years in his second spell at the club .",
"title": "Return to Arsenal"
},
{
"text": "He signed for Leicester City , but left after less than six months and signed for Reading in January 2005 until the end of the season , after which he retired . As part of a publicity stunt Keown , and a number of other former professional players , including Ray Parlour , Danny Dichio , Jaime Moreno , Graeme Le Saux , Claudio Caniggia and Brian McBride , joined non-league Wembley in order to take part in their 2012–13 FA Cup run . Wembley were knocked out in a replay by Uxbridge after beating Langford in the previous round",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "Keown played U16 and U18 for England . When it was learned that his mother was Irish and his father Northern Irish , Jack Charlton made an inquiry as to his availability to play for the Republic of Ireland but Keown choose to represent the country of his birth . He was also eligible to play for Northern Ireland as his father was from County Fermanagh . He made his England debut in 1992 against France . With an injury to Mark Wright he was called up into Englands squad for UEFA Euro 1992 , and played in all three",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "of Englands matches .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Keowns early ascension to the England team under Graham Taylor did not continue under Terry Venables , who ignored him completely . Keown earned a recall from Glenn Hoddle in 1997 , and went to the 1998 World Cup , but did not play . Keown became a regular under Kevin Keegan ( captaining the side against Finland ) and played in two of Englands Euro 2000 matches .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "By the time Sven-Göran Eriksson became manager , Keowns age was starting to count against him , though he went to the 2002 World Cup , again as a non-playing squad member . Keown retired from international football the day after Englands exit at the hands of Brazil . In all he played 43 times for England , scoring two goals .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Keown joined the coaching staff of Newbury in August 2005 , but is now coaching back at former club Arsenal where he is taking his coaching badges . He has been identified by former Arsenal manager Terry Neill as a key figure behind the success of Arsenals inexperienced new-look defence ( which the team resorted to after ongoing injury problems in the 2005–06 season , notably setting a record for minutes played without conceding in the Champions League ) . In 2007–08 Keown was also a coach for the Oxford University Blues Football team on a part-time basis .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Keown regularly appears as a pundit on the BBCs football coverage and Match of the Day , as well as covering the Champions League for Irish broadcaster TV3 . He was also working for ESPN UK during the 2011 Emirates Cup .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " - Premier League : 1997–98 , 2001–02 , 2003–04 - FA Cup : 1997–98 , 2001–02 , 2002–03 - FA Community Shield : 1998 , 1999 , 2002 - European Cup Winners Cup : 1993–94",
"title": "Arsenal"
},
{
"text": " Keowns son , Niall is also a footballer .",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] |
/wiki/Martin_Keown#P54#1
|
Martin Keown played for which team between Jul 1986 and Sep 1986?
|
Martin Keown Martin Raymond Keown ( ; born 24 July 1966 ) is an English football pundit and former professional footballer who played as a defender from 1984 to 2005 , notably in the Premier League for Arsenal , where he made over 400 appearances for the club and won 10 honours . He also played for Brighton & Hove Albion , Aston Villa , Everton , Leicester City and Reading . Keown made his England debut in 1992 against France and went on to win 43 caps for the national side over the next 10 years , gradually forming a respected defensive partnership with Arsenal teammate Tony Adams at both club and international level . Keown represented England at four major international football finals including the 1998 and 2002 World Cups . He is now a part-time scout and coach for Arsenal , as well as a pundit for the BBC and BT Sport . He came out of retirement in 2012 and briefly played for Combined Counties League Premier Division side Wembley in their FA Cup fixtures . Club career . Arsenal . A centre back from Oxford , Keown played for local sides and his local Gaelic football team as a boy , before joining Arsenal on a schoolboy contract in 1980 , though he made his professional debut on loan at Brighton & Hove Albion in 1984 . His debut for Arsenal came on 23 November 1985 , when Don Howe was still their manager , and they drew 0–0 with West Bromwich Albion at The Hawthorns . He played 22 league games that season , mostly alongside Tommy Caton or David OLeary , but when George Graham was appointed manager on 14 May 1986 , he decided that Keown was not part of his plans to try and turn Arsenal into league title contenders and on 9 June 1986 he joined Aston Villa for £200,000 . Aston Villa . Keown signed for Villa after a season in which they had narrowly avoided relegation to the Second Division , a mere four years after being European Cup winners and five years since being league champions . Manager Graham Turner was under a lot of pressure , and after their dismal form continued into the 1986–87 season he was sacked on 14 September 1986 and succeeded by Billy McNeill . Keown appeared in 36 league games that season , but he was unable to save Villa from finishing bottom of the First Division and being relegated after 12 successive seasons in the top flight . Graham Taylor then arrived at Villa Park to succeed the sacked McNeill , and Keown was very much part of his rebuilding plans as he missed just two league games and scored three goals as Villa finished second in the Second Division and won promotion back to the top flight at the first attempt . Keown helped the team secure its top flight status the following season , but was sold to Everton on 7 August 1989 , just before the start of the 1989–90 season , for a fee of £750,000 . Everton . Keown had a fine start to his Everton career , and they topped the table for a while in late autumn and there was hope that they could win the league title , but their form ebbed away after Christmas and they managed only a sixth-place finish . Keown managed 20 league appearances that campaign and a slightly better 24 in 1990–91 , when Harvey was replaced by Howard Kendall as manager in November . He missed just three league games in 1991–92 , which brought another mid-table finish , and he played just 13 more league games for the Toffees before accepting a £2 million return to Arsenal in February 1993 . Return to Arsenal . Keown did not feature in Arsenals historic FA Cup and League Cup double of 1993 due to being cup-tied . However , he did manage 16 Premier League appearances , playing in a number of positions . He and Andy Linighan were high quality defenders competing alongside Steve Bould and captain Tony Adams in the centre of one of the best English league defences of the 1990s , and Keown also filled in at right-back , left-back , and central midfield , demonstrating a versatility that would be called upon for several seasons . Keown missed out on Arsenals Cup Winners Cup Final win over Parma the following year through injury although he did play a part in the overall campaign after appearing in earlier rounds . However , he did start the final the following season when Arsenal were narrowly beaten by Real Zaragoza after extra time . He rarely missed a game in his first four full seasons back at Highbury , and in 1996-97 , Arsène Wengers first season at the club , he made 28 appearances as a defensive midfielder . The season ended painfully when he broke his shoulder playing for England in the 1997 Tournoi de France , ruling him out for five months . As a result , in the 1997–98 double winning campaign , 31-year-old Keown played just 18 times in the Premier League , employed entirely as a centre back . The season saw him claim the first two major trophies of his career after well over a decade of waiting . In the following seasons , Keown became an integral part of Arsène Wengers team . In a 2000–01 UEFA Champions League tie against FC Shakhtar Donetsk , Keown memorably scored two goals in the last five minutes to help Arsenal come back from 2-1 down to win 3–2 . He won a second Double with the club in 2002 , and remained a first team regular until the end of the 2002–03 season , when the Gunners won their ninth FA Cup but blew the chance of a unique fourth double due to a late loss of form in the league . On 21 September 2003 , during Arsenal and Manchester Uniteds match at Old Trafford , Manchester United were awarded a late penalty with the score at 0–0 . After Ruud van Nistelrooys penalty hit the bar , Keown and Ray Parlour confronted van Nistelrooy , and Keown hit him on the back of the head . After the final whistle , Keown was then involved in a post-match melee ; he was subsequently fined £20,000 and suspended for three games for his part in what is now known as the Battle of Old Trafford . Arsenal would go on to end the 2003-04 season as unbeaten champions . Keown made 10 league appearances during the season , before being released on a free transfer in the summer of 2004 after 11 years in his second spell at the club . Later career . He signed for Leicester City , but left after less than six months and signed for Reading in January 2005 until the end of the season , after which he retired . As part of a publicity stunt Keown , and a number of other former professional players , including Ray Parlour , Danny Dichio , Jaime Moreno , Graeme Le Saux , Claudio Caniggia and Brian McBride , joined non-league Wembley in order to take part in their 2012–13 FA Cup run . Wembley were knocked out in a replay by Uxbridge after beating Langford in the previous round . International career . Keown played U16 and U18 for England . When it was learned that his mother was Irish and his father Northern Irish , Jack Charlton made an inquiry as to his availability to play for the Republic of Ireland but Keown choose to represent the country of his birth . He was also eligible to play for Northern Ireland as his father was from County Fermanagh . He made his England debut in 1992 against France . With an injury to Mark Wright he was called up into Englands squad for UEFA Euro 1992 , and played in all three of Englands matches . Keowns early ascension to the England team under Graham Taylor did not continue under Terry Venables , who ignored him completely . Keown earned a recall from Glenn Hoddle in 1997 , and went to the 1998 World Cup , but did not play . Keown became a regular under Kevin Keegan ( captaining the side against Finland ) and played in two of Englands Euro 2000 matches . By the time Sven-Göran Eriksson became manager , Keowns age was starting to count against him , though he went to the 2002 World Cup , again as a non-playing squad member . Keown retired from international football the day after Englands exit at the hands of Brazil . In all he played 43 times for England , scoring two goals . Management and career outside football . Keown joined the coaching staff of Newbury in August 2005 , but is now coaching back at former club Arsenal where he is taking his coaching badges . He has been identified by former Arsenal manager Terry Neill as a key figure behind the success of Arsenals inexperienced new-look defence ( which the team resorted to after ongoing injury problems in the 2005–06 season , notably setting a record for minutes played without conceding in the Champions League ) . In 2007–08 Keown was also a coach for the Oxford University Blues Football team on a part-time basis . Keown regularly appears as a pundit on the BBCs football coverage and Match of the Day , as well as covering the Champions League for Irish broadcaster TV3 . He was also working for ESPN UK during the 2011 Emirates Cup . Honours . Arsenal - Premier League : 1997–98 , 2001–02 , 2003–04 - FA Cup : 1997–98 , 2001–02 , 2002–03 - FA Community Shield : 1998 , 1999 , 2002 - European Cup Winners Cup : 1993–94 Personal life . Keowns son , Niall is also a footballer .
|
[
"Aston Villa"
] |
[
{
"text": " Martin Raymond Keown ( ; born 24 July 1966 ) is an English football pundit and former professional footballer who played as a defender from 1984 to 2005 , notably in the Premier League for Arsenal , where he made over 400 appearances for the club and won 10 honours .",
"title": "Martin Keown"
},
{
"text": "He also played for Brighton & Hove Albion , Aston Villa , Everton , Leicester City and Reading . Keown made his England debut in 1992 against France and went on to win 43 caps for the national side over the next 10 years , gradually forming a respected defensive partnership with Arsenal teammate Tony Adams at both club and international level . Keown represented England at four major international football finals including the 1998 and 2002 World Cups .",
"title": "Martin Keown"
},
{
"text": " He is now a part-time scout and coach for Arsenal , as well as a pundit for the BBC and BT Sport . He came out of retirement in 2012 and briefly played for Combined Counties League Premier Division side Wembley in their FA Cup fixtures .",
"title": "Martin Keown"
},
{
"text": "A centre back from Oxford , Keown played for local sides and his local Gaelic football team as a boy , before joining Arsenal on a schoolboy contract in 1980 , though he made his professional debut on loan at Brighton & Hove Albion in 1984 . His debut for Arsenal came on 23 November 1985 , when Don Howe was still their manager , and they drew 0–0 with West Bromwich Albion at The Hawthorns . He played 22 league games that season , mostly alongside Tommy Caton or David OLeary , but when George Graham was appointed manager",
"title": "Arsenal"
},
{
"text": "on 14 May 1986 , he decided that Keown was not part of his plans to try and turn Arsenal into league title contenders and on 9 June 1986 he joined Aston Villa for £200,000 .",
"title": "Arsenal"
},
{
"text": "Keown signed for Villa after a season in which they had narrowly avoided relegation to the Second Division , a mere four years after being European Cup winners and five years since being league champions . Manager Graham Turner was under a lot of pressure , and after their dismal form continued into the 1986–87 season he was sacked on 14 September 1986 and succeeded by Billy McNeill . Keown appeared in 36 league games that season , but he was unable to save Villa from finishing bottom of the First Division and being relegated after 12 successive seasons in",
"title": "Aston Villa"
},
{
"text": "the top flight .",
"title": "Aston Villa"
},
{
"text": " Graham Taylor then arrived at Villa Park to succeed the sacked McNeill , and Keown was very much part of his rebuilding plans as he missed just two league games and scored three goals as Villa finished second in the Second Division and won promotion back to the top flight at the first attempt . Keown helped the team secure its top flight status the following season , but was sold to Everton on 7 August 1989 , just before the start of the 1989–90 season , for a fee of £750,000 .",
"title": "Aston Villa"
},
{
"text": "Keown had a fine start to his Everton career , and they topped the table for a while in late autumn and there was hope that they could win the league title , but their form ebbed away after Christmas and they managed only a sixth-place finish . Keown managed 20 league appearances that campaign and a slightly better 24 in 1990–91 , when Harvey was replaced by Howard Kendall as manager in November . He missed just three league games in 1991–92 , which brought another mid-table finish , and he played just 13 more league games for the",
"title": "Everton"
},
{
"text": "Toffees before accepting a £2 million return to Arsenal in February 1993 .",
"title": "Everton"
},
{
"text": " Keown did not feature in Arsenals historic FA Cup and League Cup double of 1993 due to being cup-tied . However , he did manage 16 Premier League appearances , playing in a number of positions . He and Andy Linighan were high quality defenders competing alongside Steve Bould and captain Tony Adams in the centre of one of the best English league defences of the 1990s , and Keown also filled in at right-back , left-back , and central midfield , demonstrating a versatility that would be called upon for several seasons .",
"title": "Return to Arsenal"
},
{
"text": "Keown missed out on Arsenals Cup Winners Cup Final win over Parma the following year through injury although he did play a part in the overall campaign after appearing in earlier rounds . However , he did start the final the following season when Arsenal were narrowly beaten by Real Zaragoza after extra time .",
"title": "Return to Arsenal"
},
{
"text": "He rarely missed a game in his first four full seasons back at Highbury , and in 1996-97 , Arsène Wengers first season at the club , he made 28 appearances as a defensive midfielder . The season ended painfully when he broke his shoulder playing for England in the 1997 Tournoi de France , ruling him out for five months . As a result , in the 1997–98 double winning campaign , 31-year-old Keown played just 18 times in the Premier League , employed entirely as a centre back . The season saw him claim the first two major",
"title": "Return to Arsenal"
},
{
"text": "trophies of his career after well over a decade of waiting .",
"title": "Return to Arsenal"
},
{
"text": "In the following seasons , Keown became an integral part of Arsène Wengers team . In a 2000–01 UEFA Champions League tie against FC Shakhtar Donetsk , Keown memorably scored two goals in the last five minutes to help Arsenal come back from 2-1 down to win 3–2 . He won a second Double with the club in 2002 , and remained a first team regular until the end of the 2002–03 season , when the Gunners won their ninth FA Cup but blew the chance of a unique fourth double due to a late loss of form in the",
"title": "Return to Arsenal"
},
{
"text": "league .",
"title": "Return to Arsenal"
},
{
"text": "On 21 September 2003 , during Arsenal and Manchester Uniteds match at Old Trafford , Manchester United were awarded a late penalty with the score at 0–0 . After Ruud van Nistelrooys penalty hit the bar , Keown and Ray Parlour confronted van Nistelrooy , and Keown hit him on the back of the head . After the final whistle , Keown was then involved in a post-match melee ; he was subsequently fined £20,000 and suspended for three games for his part in what is now known as the Battle of Old Trafford . Arsenal would go on to",
"title": "Return to Arsenal"
},
{
"text": "end the 2003-04 season as unbeaten champions . Keown made 10 league appearances during the season , before being released on a free transfer in the summer of 2004 after 11 years in his second spell at the club .",
"title": "Return to Arsenal"
},
{
"text": "He signed for Leicester City , but left after less than six months and signed for Reading in January 2005 until the end of the season , after which he retired . As part of a publicity stunt Keown , and a number of other former professional players , including Ray Parlour , Danny Dichio , Jaime Moreno , Graeme Le Saux , Claudio Caniggia and Brian McBride , joined non-league Wembley in order to take part in their 2012–13 FA Cup run . Wembley were knocked out in a replay by Uxbridge after beating Langford in the previous round",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "Keown played U16 and U18 for England . When it was learned that his mother was Irish and his father Northern Irish , Jack Charlton made an inquiry as to his availability to play for the Republic of Ireland but Keown choose to represent the country of his birth . He was also eligible to play for Northern Ireland as his father was from County Fermanagh . He made his England debut in 1992 against France . With an injury to Mark Wright he was called up into Englands squad for UEFA Euro 1992 , and played in all three",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "of Englands matches .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Keowns early ascension to the England team under Graham Taylor did not continue under Terry Venables , who ignored him completely . Keown earned a recall from Glenn Hoddle in 1997 , and went to the 1998 World Cup , but did not play . Keown became a regular under Kevin Keegan ( captaining the side against Finland ) and played in two of Englands Euro 2000 matches .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "By the time Sven-Göran Eriksson became manager , Keowns age was starting to count against him , though he went to the 2002 World Cup , again as a non-playing squad member . Keown retired from international football the day after Englands exit at the hands of Brazil . In all he played 43 times for England , scoring two goals .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Keown joined the coaching staff of Newbury in August 2005 , but is now coaching back at former club Arsenal where he is taking his coaching badges . He has been identified by former Arsenal manager Terry Neill as a key figure behind the success of Arsenals inexperienced new-look defence ( which the team resorted to after ongoing injury problems in the 2005–06 season , notably setting a record for minutes played without conceding in the Champions League ) . In 2007–08 Keown was also a coach for the Oxford University Blues Football team on a part-time basis .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Keown regularly appears as a pundit on the BBCs football coverage and Match of the Day , as well as covering the Champions League for Irish broadcaster TV3 . He was also working for ESPN UK during the 2011 Emirates Cup .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " - Premier League : 1997–98 , 2001–02 , 2003–04 - FA Cup : 1997–98 , 2001–02 , 2002–03 - FA Community Shield : 1998 , 1999 , 2002 - European Cup Winners Cup : 1993–94",
"title": "Arsenal"
},
{
"text": " Keowns son , Niall is also a footballer .",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] |
/wiki/Martin_Keown#P54#2
|
Martin Keown played for which team in early 1990s?
|
Martin Keown Martin Raymond Keown ( ; born 24 July 1966 ) is an English football pundit and former professional footballer who played as a defender from 1984 to 2005 , notably in the Premier League for Arsenal , where he made over 400 appearances for the club and won 10 honours . He also played for Brighton & Hove Albion , Aston Villa , Everton , Leicester City and Reading . Keown made his England debut in 1992 against France and went on to win 43 caps for the national side over the next 10 years , gradually forming a respected defensive partnership with Arsenal teammate Tony Adams at both club and international level . Keown represented England at four major international football finals including the 1998 and 2002 World Cups . He is now a part-time scout and coach for Arsenal , as well as a pundit for the BBC and BT Sport . He came out of retirement in 2012 and briefly played for Combined Counties League Premier Division side Wembley in their FA Cup fixtures . Club career . Arsenal . A centre back from Oxford , Keown played for local sides and his local Gaelic football team as a boy , before joining Arsenal on a schoolboy contract in 1980 , though he made his professional debut on loan at Brighton & Hove Albion in 1984 . His debut for Arsenal came on 23 November 1985 , when Don Howe was still their manager , and they drew 0–0 with West Bromwich Albion at The Hawthorns . He played 22 league games that season , mostly alongside Tommy Caton or David OLeary , but when George Graham was appointed manager on 14 May 1986 , he decided that Keown was not part of his plans to try and turn Arsenal into league title contenders and on 9 June 1986 he joined Aston Villa for £200,000 . Aston Villa . Keown signed for Villa after a season in which they had narrowly avoided relegation to the Second Division , a mere four years after being European Cup winners and five years since being league champions . Manager Graham Turner was under a lot of pressure , and after their dismal form continued into the 1986–87 season he was sacked on 14 September 1986 and succeeded by Billy McNeill . Keown appeared in 36 league games that season , but he was unable to save Villa from finishing bottom of the First Division and being relegated after 12 successive seasons in the top flight . Graham Taylor then arrived at Villa Park to succeed the sacked McNeill , and Keown was very much part of his rebuilding plans as he missed just two league games and scored three goals as Villa finished second in the Second Division and won promotion back to the top flight at the first attempt . Keown helped the team secure its top flight status the following season , but was sold to Everton on 7 August 1989 , just before the start of the 1989–90 season , for a fee of £750,000 . Everton . Keown had a fine start to his Everton career , and they topped the table for a while in late autumn and there was hope that they could win the league title , but their form ebbed away after Christmas and they managed only a sixth-place finish . Keown managed 20 league appearances that campaign and a slightly better 24 in 1990–91 , when Harvey was replaced by Howard Kendall as manager in November . He missed just three league games in 1991–92 , which brought another mid-table finish , and he played just 13 more league games for the Toffees before accepting a £2 million return to Arsenal in February 1993 . Return to Arsenal . Keown did not feature in Arsenals historic FA Cup and League Cup double of 1993 due to being cup-tied . However , he did manage 16 Premier League appearances , playing in a number of positions . He and Andy Linighan were high quality defenders competing alongside Steve Bould and captain Tony Adams in the centre of one of the best English league defences of the 1990s , and Keown also filled in at right-back , left-back , and central midfield , demonstrating a versatility that would be called upon for several seasons . Keown missed out on Arsenals Cup Winners Cup Final win over Parma the following year through injury although he did play a part in the overall campaign after appearing in earlier rounds . However , he did start the final the following season when Arsenal were narrowly beaten by Real Zaragoza after extra time . He rarely missed a game in his first four full seasons back at Highbury , and in 1996-97 , Arsène Wengers first season at the club , he made 28 appearances as a defensive midfielder . The season ended painfully when he broke his shoulder playing for England in the 1997 Tournoi de France , ruling him out for five months . As a result , in the 1997–98 double winning campaign , 31-year-old Keown played just 18 times in the Premier League , employed entirely as a centre back . The season saw him claim the first two major trophies of his career after well over a decade of waiting . In the following seasons , Keown became an integral part of Arsène Wengers team . In a 2000–01 UEFA Champions League tie against FC Shakhtar Donetsk , Keown memorably scored two goals in the last five minutes to help Arsenal come back from 2-1 down to win 3–2 . He won a second Double with the club in 2002 , and remained a first team regular until the end of the 2002–03 season , when the Gunners won their ninth FA Cup but blew the chance of a unique fourth double due to a late loss of form in the league . On 21 September 2003 , during Arsenal and Manchester Uniteds match at Old Trafford , Manchester United were awarded a late penalty with the score at 0–0 . After Ruud van Nistelrooys penalty hit the bar , Keown and Ray Parlour confronted van Nistelrooy , and Keown hit him on the back of the head . After the final whistle , Keown was then involved in a post-match melee ; he was subsequently fined £20,000 and suspended for three games for his part in what is now known as the Battle of Old Trafford . Arsenal would go on to end the 2003-04 season as unbeaten champions . Keown made 10 league appearances during the season , before being released on a free transfer in the summer of 2004 after 11 years in his second spell at the club . Later career . He signed for Leicester City , but left after less than six months and signed for Reading in January 2005 until the end of the season , after which he retired . As part of a publicity stunt Keown , and a number of other former professional players , including Ray Parlour , Danny Dichio , Jaime Moreno , Graeme Le Saux , Claudio Caniggia and Brian McBride , joined non-league Wembley in order to take part in their 2012–13 FA Cup run . Wembley were knocked out in a replay by Uxbridge after beating Langford in the previous round . International career . Keown played U16 and U18 for England . When it was learned that his mother was Irish and his father Northern Irish , Jack Charlton made an inquiry as to his availability to play for the Republic of Ireland but Keown choose to represent the country of his birth . He was also eligible to play for Northern Ireland as his father was from County Fermanagh . He made his England debut in 1992 against France . With an injury to Mark Wright he was called up into Englands squad for UEFA Euro 1992 , and played in all three of Englands matches . Keowns early ascension to the England team under Graham Taylor did not continue under Terry Venables , who ignored him completely . Keown earned a recall from Glenn Hoddle in 1997 , and went to the 1998 World Cup , but did not play . Keown became a regular under Kevin Keegan ( captaining the side against Finland ) and played in two of Englands Euro 2000 matches . By the time Sven-Göran Eriksson became manager , Keowns age was starting to count against him , though he went to the 2002 World Cup , again as a non-playing squad member . Keown retired from international football the day after Englands exit at the hands of Brazil . In all he played 43 times for England , scoring two goals . Management and career outside football . Keown joined the coaching staff of Newbury in August 2005 , but is now coaching back at former club Arsenal where he is taking his coaching badges . He has been identified by former Arsenal manager Terry Neill as a key figure behind the success of Arsenals inexperienced new-look defence ( which the team resorted to after ongoing injury problems in the 2005–06 season , notably setting a record for minutes played without conceding in the Champions League ) . In 2007–08 Keown was also a coach for the Oxford University Blues Football team on a part-time basis . Keown regularly appears as a pundit on the BBCs football coverage and Match of the Day , as well as covering the Champions League for Irish broadcaster TV3 . He was also working for ESPN UK during the 2011 Emirates Cup . Honours . Arsenal - Premier League : 1997–98 , 2001–02 , 2003–04 - FA Cup : 1997–98 , 2001–02 , 2002–03 - FA Community Shield : 1998 , 1999 , 2002 - European Cup Winners Cup : 1993–94 Personal life . Keowns son , Niall is also a footballer .
|
[
"Everton"
] |
[
{
"text": " Martin Raymond Keown ( ; born 24 July 1966 ) is an English football pundit and former professional footballer who played as a defender from 1984 to 2005 , notably in the Premier League for Arsenal , where he made over 400 appearances for the club and won 10 honours .",
"title": "Martin Keown"
},
{
"text": "He also played for Brighton & Hove Albion , Aston Villa , Everton , Leicester City and Reading . Keown made his England debut in 1992 against France and went on to win 43 caps for the national side over the next 10 years , gradually forming a respected defensive partnership with Arsenal teammate Tony Adams at both club and international level . Keown represented England at four major international football finals including the 1998 and 2002 World Cups .",
"title": "Martin Keown"
},
{
"text": " He is now a part-time scout and coach for Arsenal , as well as a pundit for the BBC and BT Sport . He came out of retirement in 2012 and briefly played for Combined Counties League Premier Division side Wembley in their FA Cup fixtures .",
"title": "Martin Keown"
},
{
"text": "A centre back from Oxford , Keown played for local sides and his local Gaelic football team as a boy , before joining Arsenal on a schoolboy contract in 1980 , though he made his professional debut on loan at Brighton & Hove Albion in 1984 . His debut for Arsenal came on 23 November 1985 , when Don Howe was still their manager , and they drew 0–0 with West Bromwich Albion at The Hawthorns . He played 22 league games that season , mostly alongside Tommy Caton or David OLeary , but when George Graham was appointed manager",
"title": "Arsenal"
},
{
"text": "on 14 May 1986 , he decided that Keown was not part of his plans to try and turn Arsenal into league title contenders and on 9 June 1986 he joined Aston Villa for £200,000 .",
"title": "Arsenal"
},
{
"text": "Keown signed for Villa after a season in which they had narrowly avoided relegation to the Second Division , a mere four years after being European Cup winners and five years since being league champions . Manager Graham Turner was under a lot of pressure , and after their dismal form continued into the 1986–87 season he was sacked on 14 September 1986 and succeeded by Billy McNeill . Keown appeared in 36 league games that season , but he was unable to save Villa from finishing bottom of the First Division and being relegated after 12 successive seasons in",
"title": "Aston Villa"
},
{
"text": "the top flight .",
"title": "Aston Villa"
},
{
"text": " Graham Taylor then arrived at Villa Park to succeed the sacked McNeill , and Keown was very much part of his rebuilding plans as he missed just two league games and scored three goals as Villa finished second in the Second Division and won promotion back to the top flight at the first attempt . Keown helped the team secure its top flight status the following season , but was sold to Everton on 7 August 1989 , just before the start of the 1989–90 season , for a fee of £750,000 .",
"title": "Aston Villa"
},
{
"text": "Keown had a fine start to his Everton career , and they topped the table for a while in late autumn and there was hope that they could win the league title , but their form ebbed away after Christmas and they managed only a sixth-place finish . Keown managed 20 league appearances that campaign and a slightly better 24 in 1990–91 , when Harvey was replaced by Howard Kendall as manager in November . He missed just three league games in 1991–92 , which brought another mid-table finish , and he played just 13 more league games for the",
"title": "Everton"
},
{
"text": "Toffees before accepting a £2 million return to Arsenal in February 1993 .",
"title": "Everton"
},
{
"text": " Keown did not feature in Arsenals historic FA Cup and League Cup double of 1993 due to being cup-tied . However , he did manage 16 Premier League appearances , playing in a number of positions . He and Andy Linighan were high quality defenders competing alongside Steve Bould and captain Tony Adams in the centre of one of the best English league defences of the 1990s , and Keown also filled in at right-back , left-back , and central midfield , demonstrating a versatility that would be called upon for several seasons .",
"title": "Return to Arsenal"
},
{
"text": "Keown missed out on Arsenals Cup Winners Cup Final win over Parma the following year through injury although he did play a part in the overall campaign after appearing in earlier rounds . However , he did start the final the following season when Arsenal were narrowly beaten by Real Zaragoza after extra time .",
"title": "Return to Arsenal"
},
{
"text": "He rarely missed a game in his first four full seasons back at Highbury , and in 1996-97 , Arsène Wengers first season at the club , he made 28 appearances as a defensive midfielder . The season ended painfully when he broke his shoulder playing for England in the 1997 Tournoi de France , ruling him out for five months . As a result , in the 1997–98 double winning campaign , 31-year-old Keown played just 18 times in the Premier League , employed entirely as a centre back . The season saw him claim the first two major",
"title": "Return to Arsenal"
},
{
"text": "trophies of his career after well over a decade of waiting .",
"title": "Return to Arsenal"
},
{
"text": "In the following seasons , Keown became an integral part of Arsène Wengers team . In a 2000–01 UEFA Champions League tie against FC Shakhtar Donetsk , Keown memorably scored two goals in the last five minutes to help Arsenal come back from 2-1 down to win 3–2 . He won a second Double with the club in 2002 , and remained a first team regular until the end of the 2002–03 season , when the Gunners won their ninth FA Cup but blew the chance of a unique fourth double due to a late loss of form in the",
"title": "Return to Arsenal"
},
{
"text": "league .",
"title": "Return to Arsenal"
},
{
"text": "On 21 September 2003 , during Arsenal and Manchester Uniteds match at Old Trafford , Manchester United were awarded a late penalty with the score at 0–0 . After Ruud van Nistelrooys penalty hit the bar , Keown and Ray Parlour confronted van Nistelrooy , and Keown hit him on the back of the head . After the final whistle , Keown was then involved in a post-match melee ; he was subsequently fined £20,000 and suspended for three games for his part in what is now known as the Battle of Old Trafford . Arsenal would go on to",
"title": "Return to Arsenal"
},
{
"text": "end the 2003-04 season as unbeaten champions . Keown made 10 league appearances during the season , before being released on a free transfer in the summer of 2004 after 11 years in his second spell at the club .",
"title": "Return to Arsenal"
},
{
"text": "He signed for Leicester City , but left after less than six months and signed for Reading in January 2005 until the end of the season , after which he retired . As part of a publicity stunt Keown , and a number of other former professional players , including Ray Parlour , Danny Dichio , Jaime Moreno , Graeme Le Saux , Claudio Caniggia and Brian McBride , joined non-league Wembley in order to take part in their 2012–13 FA Cup run . Wembley were knocked out in a replay by Uxbridge after beating Langford in the previous round",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "Keown played U16 and U18 for England . When it was learned that his mother was Irish and his father Northern Irish , Jack Charlton made an inquiry as to his availability to play for the Republic of Ireland but Keown choose to represent the country of his birth . He was also eligible to play for Northern Ireland as his father was from County Fermanagh . He made his England debut in 1992 against France . With an injury to Mark Wright he was called up into Englands squad for UEFA Euro 1992 , and played in all three",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "of Englands matches .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Keowns early ascension to the England team under Graham Taylor did not continue under Terry Venables , who ignored him completely . Keown earned a recall from Glenn Hoddle in 1997 , and went to the 1998 World Cup , but did not play . Keown became a regular under Kevin Keegan ( captaining the side against Finland ) and played in two of Englands Euro 2000 matches .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "By the time Sven-Göran Eriksson became manager , Keowns age was starting to count against him , though he went to the 2002 World Cup , again as a non-playing squad member . Keown retired from international football the day after Englands exit at the hands of Brazil . In all he played 43 times for England , scoring two goals .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Keown joined the coaching staff of Newbury in August 2005 , but is now coaching back at former club Arsenal where he is taking his coaching badges . He has been identified by former Arsenal manager Terry Neill as a key figure behind the success of Arsenals inexperienced new-look defence ( which the team resorted to after ongoing injury problems in the 2005–06 season , notably setting a record for minutes played without conceding in the Champions League ) . In 2007–08 Keown was also a coach for the Oxford University Blues Football team on a part-time basis .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Keown regularly appears as a pundit on the BBCs football coverage and Match of the Day , as well as covering the Champions League for Irish broadcaster TV3 . He was also working for ESPN UK during the 2011 Emirates Cup .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " - Premier League : 1997–98 , 2001–02 , 2003–04 - FA Cup : 1997–98 , 2001–02 , 2002–03 - FA Community Shield : 1998 , 1999 , 2002 - European Cup Winners Cup : 1993–94",
"title": "Arsenal"
},
{
"text": " Keowns son , Niall is also a footballer .",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] |
/wiki/Martin_Keown#P54#3
|
Martin Keown played for which team in early 2000s?
|
Martin Keown Martin Raymond Keown ( ; born 24 July 1966 ) is an English football pundit and former professional footballer who played as a defender from 1984 to 2005 , notably in the Premier League for Arsenal , where he made over 400 appearances for the club and won 10 honours . He also played for Brighton & Hove Albion , Aston Villa , Everton , Leicester City and Reading . Keown made his England debut in 1992 against France and went on to win 43 caps for the national side over the next 10 years , gradually forming a respected defensive partnership with Arsenal teammate Tony Adams at both club and international level . Keown represented England at four major international football finals including the 1998 and 2002 World Cups . He is now a part-time scout and coach for Arsenal , as well as a pundit for the BBC and BT Sport . He came out of retirement in 2012 and briefly played for Combined Counties League Premier Division side Wembley in their FA Cup fixtures . Club career . Arsenal . A centre back from Oxford , Keown played for local sides and his local Gaelic football team as a boy , before joining Arsenal on a schoolboy contract in 1980 , though he made his professional debut on loan at Brighton & Hove Albion in 1984 . His debut for Arsenal came on 23 November 1985 , when Don Howe was still their manager , and they drew 0–0 with West Bromwich Albion at The Hawthorns . He played 22 league games that season , mostly alongside Tommy Caton or David OLeary , but when George Graham was appointed manager on 14 May 1986 , he decided that Keown was not part of his plans to try and turn Arsenal into league title contenders and on 9 June 1986 he joined Aston Villa for £200,000 . Aston Villa . Keown signed for Villa after a season in which they had narrowly avoided relegation to the Second Division , a mere four years after being European Cup winners and five years since being league champions . Manager Graham Turner was under a lot of pressure , and after their dismal form continued into the 1986–87 season he was sacked on 14 September 1986 and succeeded by Billy McNeill . Keown appeared in 36 league games that season , but he was unable to save Villa from finishing bottom of the First Division and being relegated after 12 successive seasons in the top flight . Graham Taylor then arrived at Villa Park to succeed the sacked McNeill , and Keown was very much part of his rebuilding plans as he missed just two league games and scored three goals as Villa finished second in the Second Division and won promotion back to the top flight at the first attempt . Keown helped the team secure its top flight status the following season , but was sold to Everton on 7 August 1989 , just before the start of the 1989–90 season , for a fee of £750,000 . Everton . Keown had a fine start to his Everton career , and they topped the table for a while in late autumn and there was hope that they could win the league title , but their form ebbed away after Christmas and they managed only a sixth-place finish . Keown managed 20 league appearances that campaign and a slightly better 24 in 1990–91 , when Harvey was replaced by Howard Kendall as manager in November . He missed just three league games in 1991–92 , which brought another mid-table finish , and he played just 13 more league games for the Toffees before accepting a £2 million return to Arsenal in February 1993 . Return to Arsenal . Keown did not feature in Arsenals historic FA Cup and League Cup double of 1993 due to being cup-tied . However , he did manage 16 Premier League appearances , playing in a number of positions . He and Andy Linighan were high quality defenders competing alongside Steve Bould and captain Tony Adams in the centre of one of the best English league defences of the 1990s , and Keown also filled in at right-back , left-back , and central midfield , demonstrating a versatility that would be called upon for several seasons . Keown missed out on Arsenals Cup Winners Cup Final win over Parma the following year through injury although he did play a part in the overall campaign after appearing in earlier rounds . However , he did start the final the following season when Arsenal were narrowly beaten by Real Zaragoza after extra time . He rarely missed a game in his first four full seasons back at Highbury , and in 1996-97 , Arsène Wengers first season at the club , he made 28 appearances as a defensive midfielder . The season ended painfully when he broke his shoulder playing for England in the 1997 Tournoi de France , ruling him out for five months . As a result , in the 1997–98 double winning campaign , 31-year-old Keown played just 18 times in the Premier League , employed entirely as a centre back . The season saw him claim the first two major trophies of his career after well over a decade of waiting . In the following seasons , Keown became an integral part of Arsène Wengers team . In a 2000–01 UEFA Champions League tie against FC Shakhtar Donetsk , Keown memorably scored two goals in the last five minutes to help Arsenal come back from 2-1 down to win 3–2 . He won a second Double with the club in 2002 , and remained a first team regular until the end of the 2002–03 season , when the Gunners won their ninth FA Cup but blew the chance of a unique fourth double due to a late loss of form in the league . On 21 September 2003 , during Arsenal and Manchester Uniteds match at Old Trafford , Manchester United were awarded a late penalty with the score at 0–0 . After Ruud van Nistelrooys penalty hit the bar , Keown and Ray Parlour confronted van Nistelrooy , and Keown hit him on the back of the head . After the final whistle , Keown was then involved in a post-match melee ; he was subsequently fined £20,000 and suspended for three games for his part in what is now known as the Battle of Old Trafford . Arsenal would go on to end the 2003-04 season as unbeaten champions . Keown made 10 league appearances during the season , before being released on a free transfer in the summer of 2004 after 11 years in his second spell at the club . Later career . He signed for Leicester City , but left after less than six months and signed for Reading in January 2005 until the end of the season , after which he retired . As part of a publicity stunt Keown , and a number of other former professional players , including Ray Parlour , Danny Dichio , Jaime Moreno , Graeme Le Saux , Claudio Caniggia and Brian McBride , joined non-league Wembley in order to take part in their 2012–13 FA Cup run . Wembley were knocked out in a replay by Uxbridge after beating Langford in the previous round . International career . Keown played U16 and U18 for England . When it was learned that his mother was Irish and his father Northern Irish , Jack Charlton made an inquiry as to his availability to play for the Republic of Ireland but Keown choose to represent the country of his birth . He was also eligible to play for Northern Ireland as his father was from County Fermanagh . He made his England debut in 1992 against France . With an injury to Mark Wright he was called up into Englands squad for UEFA Euro 1992 , and played in all three of Englands matches . Keowns early ascension to the England team under Graham Taylor did not continue under Terry Venables , who ignored him completely . Keown earned a recall from Glenn Hoddle in 1997 , and went to the 1998 World Cup , but did not play . Keown became a regular under Kevin Keegan ( captaining the side against Finland ) and played in two of Englands Euro 2000 matches . By the time Sven-Göran Eriksson became manager , Keowns age was starting to count against him , though he went to the 2002 World Cup , again as a non-playing squad member . Keown retired from international football the day after Englands exit at the hands of Brazil . In all he played 43 times for England , scoring two goals . Management and career outside football . Keown joined the coaching staff of Newbury in August 2005 , but is now coaching back at former club Arsenal where he is taking his coaching badges . He has been identified by former Arsenal manager Terry Neill as a key figure behind the success of Arsenals inexperienced new-look defence ( which the team resorted to after ongoing injury problems in the 2005–06 season , notably setting a record for minutes played without conceding in the Champions League ) . In 2007–08 Keown was also a coach for the Oxford University Blues Football team on a part-time basis . Keown regularly appears as a pundit on the BBCs football coverage and Match of the Day , as well as covering the Champions League for Irish broadcaster TV3 . He was also working for ESPN UK during the 2011 Emirates Cup . Honours . Arsenal - Premier League : 1997–98 , 2001–02 , 2003–04 - FA Cup : 1997–98 , 2001–02 , 2002–03 - FA Community Shield : 1998 , 1999 , 2002 - European Cup Winners Cup : 1993–94 Personal life . Keowns son , Niall is also a footballer .
|
[
"Arsenal"
] |
[
{
"text": " Martin Raymond Keown ( ; born 24 July 1966 ) is an English football pundit and former professional footballer who played as a defender from 1984 to 2005 , notably in the Premier League for Arsenal , where he made over 400 appearances for the club and won 10 honours .",
"title": "Martin Keown"
},
{
"text": "He also played for Brighton & Hove Albion , Aston Villa , Everton , Leicester City and Reading . Keown made his England debut in 1992 against France and went on to win 43 caps for the national side over the next 10 years , gradually forming a respected defensive partnership with Arsenal teammate Tony Adams at both club and international level . Keown represented England at four major international football finals including the 1998 and 2002 World Cups .",
"title": "Martin Keown"
},
{
"text": " He is now a part-time scout and coach for Arsenal , as well as a pundit for the BBC and BT Sport . He came out of retirement in 2012 and briefly played for Combined Counties League Premier Division side Wembley in their FA Cup fixtures .",
"title": "Martin Keown"
},
{
"text": "A centre back from Oxford , Keown played for local sides and his local Gaelic football team as a boy , before joining Arsenal on a schoolboy contract in 1980 , though he made his professional debut on loan at Brighton & Hove Albion in 1984 . His debut for Arsenal came on 23 November 1985 , when Don Howe was still their manager , and they drew 0–0 with West Bromwich Albion at The Hawthorns . He played 22 league games that season , mostly alongside Tommy Caton or David OLeary , but when George Graham was appointed manager",
"title": "Arsenal"
},
{
"text": "on 14 May 1986 , he decided that Keown was not part of his plans to try and turn Arsenal into league title contenders and on 9 June 1986 he joined Aston Villa for £200,000 .",
"title": "Arsenal"
},
{
"text": "Keown signed for Villa after a season in which they had narrowly avoided relegation to the Second Division , a mere four years after being European Cup winners and five years since being league champions . Manager Graham Turner was under a lot of pressure , and after their dismal form continued into the 1986–87 season he was sacked on 14 September 1986 and succeeded by Billy McNeill . Keown appeared in 36 league games that season , but he was unable to save Villa from finishing bottom of the First Division and being relegated after 12 successive seasons in",
"title": "Aston Villa"
},
{
"text": "the top flight .",
"title": "Aston Villa"
},
{
"text": " Graham Taylor then arrived at Villa Park to succeed the sacked McNeill , and Keown was very much part of his rebuilding plans as he missed just two league games and scored three goals as Villa finished second in the Second Division and won promotion back to the top flight at the first attempt . Keown helped the team secure its top flight status the following season , but was sold to Everton on 7 August 1989 , just before the start of the 1989–90 season , for a fee of £750,000 .",
"title": "Aston Villa"
},
{
"text": "Keown had a fine start to his Everton career , and they topped the table for a while in late autumn and there was hope that they could win the league title , but their form ebbed away after Christmas and they managed only a sixth-place finish . Keown managed 20 league appearances that campaign and a slightly better 24 in 1990–91 , when Harvey was replaced by Howard Kendall as manager in November . He missed just three league games in 1991–92 , which brought another mid-table finish , and he played just 13 more league games for the",
"title": "Everton"
},
{
"text": "Toffees before accepting a £2 million return to Arsenal in February 1993 .",
"title": "Everton"
},
{
"text": " Keown did not feature in Arsenals historic FA Cup and League Cup double of 1993 due to being cup-tied . However , he did manage 16 Premier League appearances , playing in a number of positions . He and Andy Linighan were high quality defenders competing alongside Steve Bould and captain Tony Adams in the centre of one of the best English league defences of the 1990s , and Keown also filled in at right-back , left-back , and central midfield , demonstrating a versatility that would be called upon for several seasons .",
"title": "Return to Arsenal"
},
{
"text": "Keown missed out on Arsenals Cup Winners Cup Final win over Parma the following year through injury although he did play a part in the overall campaign after appearing in earlier rounds . However , he did start the final the following season when Arsenal were narrowly beaten by Real Zaragoza after extra time .",
"title": "Return to Arsenal"
},
{
"text": "He rarely missed a game in his first four full seasons back at Highbury , and in 1996-97 , Arsène Wengers first season at the club , he made 28 appearances as a defensive midfielder . The season ended painfully when he broke his shoulder playing for England in the 1997 Tournoi de France , ruling him out for five months . As a result , in the 1997–98 double winning campaign , 31-year-old Keown played just 18 times in the Premier League , employed entirely as a centre back . The season saw him claim the first two major",
"title": "Return to Arsenal"
},
{
"text": "trophies of his career after well over a decade of waiting .",
"title": "Return to Arsenal"
},
{
"text": "In the following seasons , Keown became an integral part of Arsène Wengers team . In a 2000–01 UEFA Champions League tie against FC Shakhtar Donetsk , Keown memorably scored two goals in the last five minutes to help Arsenal come back from 2-1 down to win 3–2 . He won a second Double with the club in 2002 , and remained a first team regular until the end of the 2002–03 season , when the Gunners won their ninth FA Cup but blew the chance of a unique fourth double due to a late loss of form in the",
"title": "Return to Arsenal"
},
{
"text": "league .",
"title": "Return to Arsenal"
},
{
"text": "On 21 September 2003 , during Arsenal and Manchester Uniteds match at Old Trafford , Manchester United were awarded a late penalty with the score at 0–0 . After Ruud van Nistelrooys penalty hit the bar , Keown and Ray Parlour confronted van Nistelrooy , and Keown hit him on the back of the head . After the final whistle , Keown was then involved in a post-match melee ; he was subsequently fined £20,000 and suspended for three games for his part in what is now known as the Battle of Old Trafford . Arsenal would go on to",
"title": "Return to Arsenal"
},
{
"text": "end the 2003-04 season as unbeaten champions . Keown made 10 league appearances during the season , before being released on a free transfer in the summer of 2004 after 11 years in his second spell at the club .",
"title": "Return to Arsenal"
},
{
"text": "He signed for Leicester City , but left after less than six months and signed for Reading in January 2005 until the end of the season , after which he retired . As part of a publicity stunt Keown , and a number of other former professional players , including Ray Parlour , Danny Dichio , Jaime Moreno , Graeme Le Saux , Claudio Caniggia and Brian McBride , joined non-league Wembley in order to take part in their 2012–13 FA Cup run . Wembley were knocked out in a replay by Uxbridge after beating Langford in the previous round",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "Keown played U16 and U18 for England . When it was learned that his mother was Irish and his father Northern Irish , Jack Charlton made an inquiry as to his availability to play for the Republic of Ireland but Keown choose to represent the country of his birth . He was also eligible to play for Northern Ireland as his father was from County Fermanagh . He made his England debut in 1992 against France . With an injury to Mark Wright he was called up into Englands squad for UEFA Euro 1992 , and played in all three",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "of Englands matches .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Keowns early ascension to the England team under Graham Taylor did not continue under Terry Venables , who ignored him completely . Keown earned a recall from Glenn Hoddle in 1997 , and went to the 1998 World Cup , but did not play . Keown became a regular under Kevin Keegan ( captaining the side against Finland ) and played in two of Englands Euro 2000 matches .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "By the time Sven-Göran Eriksson became manager , Keowns age was starting to count against him , though he went to the 2002 World Cup , again as a non-playing squad member . Keown retired from international football the day after Englands exit at the hands of Brazil . In all he played 43 times for England , scoring two goals .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Keown joined the coaching staff of Newbury in August 2005 , but is now coaching back at former club Arsenal where he is taking his coaching badges . He has been identified by former Arsenal manager Terry Neill as a key figure behind the success of Arsenals inexperienced new-look defence ( which the team resorted to after ongoing injury problems in the 2005–06 season , notably setting a record for minutes played without conceding in the Champions League ) . In 2007–08 Keown was also a coach for the Oxford University Blues Football team on a part-time basis .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Keown regularly appears as a pundit on the BBCs football coverage and Match of the Day , as well as covering the Champions League for Irish broadcaster TV3 . He was also working for ESPN UK during the 2011 Emirates Cup .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " - Premier League : 1997–98 , 2001–02 , 2003–04 - FA Cup : 1997–98 , 2001–02 , 2002–03 - FA Community Shield : 1998 , 1999 , 2002 - European Cup Winners Cup : 1993–94",
"title": "Arsenal"
},
{
"text": " Keowns son , Niall is also a footballer .",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] |
/wiki/Martin_Keown#P54#4
|
Martin Keown played for which team in Oct 2004?
|
Martin Keown Martin Raymond Keown ( ; born 24 July 1966 ) is an English football pundit and former professional footballer who played as a defender from 1984 to 2005 , notably in the Premier League for Arsenal , where he made over 400 appearances for the club and won 10 honours . He also played for Brighton & Hove Albion , Aston Villa , Everton , Leicester City and Reading . Keown made his England debut in 1992 against France and went on to win 43 caps for the national side over the next 10 years , gradually forming a respected defensive partnership with Arsenal teammate Tony Adams at both club and international level . Keown represented England at four major international football finals including the 1998 and 2002 World Cups . He is now a part-time scout and coach for Arsenal , as well as a pundit for the BBC and BT Sport . He came out of retirement in 2012 and briefly played for Combined Counties League Premier Division side Wembley in their FA Cup fixtures . Club career . Arsenal . A centre back from Oxford , Keown played for local sides and his local Gaelic football team as a boy , before joining Arsenal on a schoolboy contract in 1980 , though he made his professional debut on loan at Brighton & Hove Albion in 1984 . His debut for Arsenal came on 23 November 1985 , when Don Howe was still their manager , and they drew 0–0 with West Bromwich Albion at The Hawthorns . He played 22 league games that season , mostly alongside Tommy Caton or David OLeary , but when George Graham was appointed manager on 14 May 1986 , he decided that Keown was not part of his plans to try and turn Arsenal into league title contenders and on 9 June 1986 he joined Aston Villa for £200,000 . Aston Villa . Keown signed for Villa after a season in which they had narrowly avoided relegation to the Second Division , a mere four years after being European Cup winners and five years since being league champions . Manager Graham Turner was under a lot of pressure , and after their dismal form continued into the 1986–87 season he was sacked on 14 September 1986 and succeeded by Billy McNeill . Keown appeared in 36 league games that season , but he was unable to save Villa from finishing bottom of the First Division and being relegated after 12 successive seasons in the top flight . Graham Taylor then arrived at Villa Park to succeed the sacked McNeill , and Keown was very much part of his rebuilding plans as he missed just two league games and scored three goals as Villa finished second in the Second Division and won promotion back to the top flight at the first attempt . Keown helped the team secure its top flight status the following season , but was sold to Everton on 7 August 1989 , just before the start of the 1989–90 season , for a fee of £750,000 . Everton . Keown had a fine start to his Everton career , and they topped the table for a while in late autumn and there was hope that they could win the league title , but their form ebbed away after Christmas and they managed only a sixth-place finish . Keown managed 20 league appearances that campaign and a slightly better 24 in 1990–91 , when Harvey was replaced by Howard Kendall as manager in November . He missed just three league games in 1991–92 , which brought another mid-table finish , and he played just 13 more league games for the Toffees before accepting a £2 million return to Arsenal in February 1993 . Return to Arsenal . Keown did not feature in Arsenals historic FA Cup and League Cup double of 1993 due to being cup-tied . However , he did manage 16 Premier League appearances , playing in a number of positions . He and Andy Linighan were high quality defenders competing alongside Steve Bould and captain Tony Adams in the centre of one of the best English league defences of the 1990s , and Keown also filled in at right-back , left-back , and central midfield , demonstrating a versatility that would be called upon for several seasons . Keown missed out on Arsenals Cup Winners Cup Final win over Parma the following year through injury although he did play a part in the overall campaign after appearing in earlier rounds . However , he did start the final the following season when Arsenal were narrowly beaten by Real Zaragoza after extra time . He rarely missed a game in his first four full seasons back at Highbury , and in 1996-97 , Arsène Wengers first season at the club , he made 28 appearances as a defensive midfielder . The season ended painfully when he broke his shoulder playing for England in the 1997 Tournoi de France , ruling him out for five months . As a result , in the 1997–98 double winning campaign , 31-year-old Keown played just 18 times in the Premier League , employed entirely as a centre back . The season saw him claim the first two major trophies of his career after well over a decade of waiting . In the following seasons , Keown became an integral part of Arsène Wengers team . In a 2000–01 UEFA Champions League tie against FC Shakhtar Donetsk , Keown memorably scored two goals in the last five minutes to help Arsenal come back from 2-1 down to win 3–2 . He won a second Double with the club in 2002 , and remained a first team regular until the end of the 2002–03 season , when the Gunners won their ninth FA Cup but blew the chance of a unique fourth double due to a late loss of form in the league . On 21 September 2003 , during Arsenal and Manchester Uniteds match at Old Trafford , Manchester United were awarded a late penalty with the score at 0–0 . After Ruud van Nistelrooys penalty hit the bar , Keown and Ray Parlour confronted van Nistelrooy , and Keown hit him on the back of the head . After the final whistle , Keown was then involved in a post-match melee ; he was subsequently fined £20,000 and suspended for three games for his part in what is now known as the Battle of Old Trafford . Arsenal would go on to end the 2003-04 season as unbeaten champions . Keown made 10 league appearances during the season , before being released on a free transfer in the summer of 2004 after 11 years in his second spell at the club . Later career . He signed for Leicester City , but left after less than six months and signed for Reading in January 2005 until the end of the season , after which he retired . As part of a publicity stunt Keown , and a number of other former professional players , including Ray Parlour , Danny Dichio , Jaime Moreno , Graeme Le Saux , Claudio Caniggia and Brian McBride , joined non-league Wembley in order to take part in their 2012–13 FA Cup run . Wembley were knocked out in a replay by Uxbridge after beating Langford in the previous round . International career . Keown played U16 and U18 for England . When it was learned that his mother was Irish and his father Northern Irish , Jack Charlton made an inquiry as to his availability to play for the Republic of Ireland but Keown choose to represent the country of his birth . He was also eligible to play for Northern Ireland as his father was from County Fermanagh . He made his England debut in 1992 against France . With an injury to Mark Wright he was called up into Englands squad for UEFA Euro 1992 , and played in all three of Englands matches . Keowns early ascension to the England team under Graham Taylor did not continue under Terry Venables , who ignored him completely . Keown earned a recall from Glenn Hoddle in 1997 , and went to the 1998 World Cup , but did not play . Keown became a regular under Kevin Keegan ( captaining the side against Finland ) and played in two of Englands Euro 2000 matches . By the time Sven-Göran Eriksson became manager , Keowns age was starting to count against him , though he went to the 2002 World Cup , again as a non-playing squad member . Keown retired from international football the day after Englands exit at the hands of Brazil . In all he played 43 times for England , scoring two goals . Management and career outside football . Keown joined the coaching staff of Newbury in August 2005 , but is now coaching back at former club Arsenal where he is taking his coaching badges . He has been identified by former Arsenal manager Terry Neill as a key figure behind the success of Arsenals inexperienced new-look defence ( which the team resorted to after ongoing injury problems in the 2005–06 season , notably setting a record for minutes played without conceding in the Champions League ) . In 2007–08 Keown was also a coach for the Oxford University Blues Football team on a part-time basis . Keown regularly appears as a pundit on the BBCs football coverage and Match of the Day , as well as covering the Champions League for Irish broadcaster TV3 . He was also working for ESPN UK during the 2011 Emirates Cup . Honours . Arsenal - Premier League : 1997–98 , 2001–02 , 2003–04 - FA Cup : 1997–98 , 2001–02 , 2002–03 - FA Community Shield : 1998 , 1999 , 2002 - European Cup Winners Cup : 1993–94 Personal life . Keowns son , Niall is also a footballer .
|
[
"Leicester City"
] |
[
{
"text": " Martin Raymond Keown ( ; born 24 July 1966 ) is an English football pundit and former professional footballer who played as a defender from 1984 to 2005 , notably in the Premier League for Arsenal , where he made over 400 appearances for the club and won 10 honours .",
"title": "Martin Keown"
},
{
"text": "He also played for Brighton & Hove Albion , Aston Villa , Everton , Leicester City and Reading . Keown made his England debut in 1992 against France and went on to win 43 caps for the national side over the next 10 years , gradually forming a respected defensive partnership with Arsenal teammate Tony Adams at both club and international level . Keown represented England at four major international football finals including the 1998 and 2002 World Cups .",
"title": "Martin Keown"
},
{
"text": " He is now a part-time scout and coach for Arsenal , as well as a pundit for the BBC and BT Sport . He came out of retirement in 2012 and briefly played for Combined Counties League Premier Division side Wembley in their FA Cup fixtures .",
"title": "Martin Keown"
},
{
"text": "A centre back from Oxford , Keown played for local sides and his local Gaelic football team as a boy , before joining Arsenal on a schoolboy contract in 1980 , though he made his professional debut on loan at Brighton & Hove Albion in 1984 . His debut for Arsenal came on 23 November 1985 , when Don Howe was still their manager , and they drew 0–0 with West Bromwich Albion at The Hawthorns . He played 22 league games that season , mostly alongside Tommy Caton or David OLeary , but when George Graham was appointed manager",
"title": "Arsenal"
},
{
"text": "on 14 May 1986 , he decided that Keown was not part of his plans to try and turn Arsenal into league title contenders and on 9 June 1986 he joined Aston Villa for £200,000 .",
"title": "Arsenal"
},
{
"text": "Keown signed for Villa after a season in which they had narrowly avoided relegation to the Second Division , a mere four years after being European Cup winners and five years since being league champions . Manager Graham Turner was under a lot of pressure , and after their dismal form continued into the 1986–87 season he was sacked on 14 September 1986 and succeeded by Billy McNeill . Keown appeared in 36 league games that season , but he was unable to save Villa from finishing bottom of the First Division and being relegated after 12 successive seasons in",
"title": "Aston Villa"
},
{
"text": "the top flight .",
"title": "Aston Villa"
},
{
"text": " Graham Taylor then arrived at Villa Park to succeed the sacked McNeill , and Keown was very much part of his rebuilding plans as he missed just two league games and scored three goals as Villa finished second in the Second Division and won promotion back to the top flight at the first attempt . Keown helped the team secure its top flight status the following season , but was sold to Everton on 7 August 1989 , just before the start of the 1989–90 season , for a fee of £750,000 .",
"title": "Aston Villa"
},
{
"text": "Keown had a fine start to his Everton career , and they topped the table for a while in late autumn and there was hope that they could win the league title , but their form ebbed away after Christmas and they managed only a sixth-place finish . Keown managed 20 league appearances that campaign and a slightly better 24 in 1990–91 , when Harvey was replaced by Howard Kendall as manager in November . He missed just three league games in 1991–92 , which brought another mid-table finish , and he played just 13 more league games for the",
"title": "Everton"
},
{
"text": "Toffees before accepting a £2 million return to Arsenal in February 1993 .",
"title": "Everton"
},
{
"text": " Keown did not feature in Arsenals historic FA Cup and League Cup double of 1993 due to being cup-tied . However , he did manage 16 Premier League appearances , playing in a number of positions . He and Andy Linighan were high quality defenders competing alongside Steve Bould and captain Tony Adams in the centre of one of the best English league defences of the 1990s , and Keown also filled in at right-back , left-back , and central midfield , demonstrating a versatility that would be called upon for several seasons .",
"title": "Return to Arsenal"
},
{
"text": "Keown missed out on Arsenals Cup Winners Cup Final win over Parma the following year through injury although he did play a part in the overall campaign after appearing in earlier rounds . However , he did start the final the following season when Arsenal were narrowly beaten by Real Zaragoza after extra time .",
"title": "Return to Arsenal"
},
{
"text": "He rarely missed a game in his first four full seasons back at Highbury , and in 1996-97 , Arsène Wengers first season at the club , he made 28 appearances as a defensive midfielder . The season ended painfully when he broke his shoulder playing for England in the 1997 Tournoi de France , ruling him out for five months . As a result , in the 1997–98 double winning campaign , 31-year-old Keown played just 18 times in the Premier League , employed entirely as a centre back . The season saw him claim the first two major",
"title": "Return to Arsenal"
},
{
"text": "trophies of his career after well over a decade of waiting .",
"title": "Return to Arsenal"
},
{
"text": "In the following seasons , Keown became an integral part of Arsène Wengers team . In a 2000–01 UEFA Champions League tie against FC Shakhtar Donetsk , Keown memorably scored two goals in the last five minutes to help Arsenal come back from 2-1 down to win 3–2 . He won a second Double with the club in 2002 , and remained a first team regular until the end of the 2002–03 season , when the Gunners won their ninth FA Cup but blew the chance of a unique fourth double due to a late loss of form in the",
"title": "Return to Arsenal"
},
{
"text": "league .",
"title": "Return to Arsenal"
},
{
"text": "On 21 September 2003 , during Arsenal and Manchester Uniteds match at Old Trafford , Manchester United were awarded a late penalty with the score at 0–0 . After Ruud van Nistelrooys penalty hit the bar , Keown and Ray Parlour confronted van Nistelrooy , and Keown hit him on the back of the head . After the final whistle , Keown was then involved in a post-match melee ; he was subsequently fined £20,000 and suspended for three games for his part in what is now known as the Battle of Old Trafford . Arsenal would go on to",
"title": "Return to Arsenal"
},
{
"text": "end the 2003-04 season as unbeaten champions . Keown made 10 league appearances during the season , before being released on a free transfer in the summer of 2004 after 11 years in his second spell at the club .",
"title": "Return to Arsenal"
},
{
"text": "He signed for Leicester City , but left after less than six months and signed for Reading in January 2005 until the end of the season , after which he retired . As part of a publicity stunt Keown , and a number of other former professional players , including Ray Parlour , Danny Dichio , Jaime Moreno , Graeme Le Saux , Claudio Caniggia and Brian McBride , joined non-league Wembley in order to take part in their 2012–13 FA Cup run . Wembley were knocked out in a replay by Uxbridge after beating Langford in the previous round",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "Keown played U16 and U18 for England . When it was learned that his mother was Irish and his father Northern Irish , Jack Charlton made an inquiry as to his availability to play for the Republic of Ireland but Keown choose to represent the country of his birth . He was also eligible to play for Northern Ireland as his father was from County Fermanagh . He made his England debut in 1992 against France . With an injury to Mark Wright he was called up into Englands squad for UEFA Euro 1992 , and played in all three",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "of Englands matches .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Keowns early ascension to the England team under Graham Taylor did not continue under Terry Venables , who ignored him completely . Keown earned a recall from Glenn Hoddle in 1997 , and went to the 1998 World Cup , but did not play . Keown became a regular under Kevin Keegan ( captaining the side against Finland ) and played in two of Englands Euro 2000 matches .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "By the time Sven-Göran Eriksson became manager , Keowns age was starting to count against him , though he went to the 2002 World Cup , again as a non-playing squad member . Keown retired from international football the day after Englands exit at the hands of Brazil . In all he played 43 times for England , scoring two goals .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Keown joined the coaching staff of Newbury in August 2005 , but is now coaching back at former club Arsenal where he is taking his coaching badges . He has been identified by former Arsenal manager Terry Neill as a key figure behind the success of Arsenals inexperienced new-look defence ( which the team resorted to after ongoing injury problems in the 2005–06 season , notably setting a record for minutes played without conceding in the Champions League ) . In 2007–08 Keown was also a coach for the Oxford University Blues Football team on a part-time basis .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Keown regularly appears as a pundit on the BBCs football coverage and Match of the Day , as well as covering the Champions League for Irish broadcaster TV3 . He was also working for ESPN UK during the 2011 Emirates Cup .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " - Premier League : 1997–98 , 2001–02 , 2003–04 - FA Cup : 1997–98 , 2001–02 , 2002–03 - FA Community Shield : 1998 , 1999 , 2002 - European Cup Winners Cup : 1993–94",
"title": "Arsenal"
},
{
"text": " Keowns son , Niall is also a footballer .",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] |
/wiki/Jiří_Rusnok#P39#0
|
What position did Jiří Rusnok take before Nov 2001?
|
Jiří Rusnok Jiří Rusnok ( born 16 October 1960 ) is a Czech politician and economist who served as Prime Minister of the Czech Republic between July 2013 and January 2014 . Since 1 July 2016 he has been serving as Governor of the Czech National Bank . Previously , Rusnok served in the government of the Czech Republic as Minister of Finance from 2001 to 2002 and as Minister of Industry and Trade from 2002 to 2003 . On 25 June 2013 , he was appointed as Prime Minister by President Miloš Zeman . Rusnok replaced Petr Nečas , who resigned over a corruption and spying affair . On 25 May 2016 , President Miloš Zeman appointed Rusnok as 4th Governor of the Czech National Bank , succeeding Miroslav Singer . Rusnok took office on 1 July 2016 . Early life . Rusnok was born in Ostrava-Vítkovice . He studied at the University of Economics in Prague , graduating in 1984 . Career . Rusnok worked for Státní plánovací komise ( State Planning Commission ) and Federální ministerstvo pro strategické plánování ( Federal Ministry for Strategic Planning ) . Before the so-called Velvet Revolution , he was a candidate for membership in the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia . In the 1990s , Rusnok worked as director of a department of the Czech-Moravian Confederation of Trade Unions ( 19921998 ) . He joined politics in 1998 as a member of the Czech Social Democratic Party ( ČSSD ) . Prime Minister Miloš Zeman appointed Rusnok to his cabinet as Finance Minister in June 2001 . He continued as Minister of Industry and Trade in the cabinet of Vladimír Špidla ; however , he resigned his post and parliamentary mandate and left politics in March 2003 , after disagreements with Špidla . After that , he worked in the private sector . Prime Minister . President Miloš Zeman appointed Rusnok as Prime Minister of a caretaker government in June 2013 in a move that was criticized by political parties in the Czech Republic . It was called irresponsible by the parties of the former coalition government ( ODS and TOP 09 ) , while the opposition ( ČSSD ) called for early elections . On 7 August 2013 , Chamber of Deputies denied support to the caretaker government of Rusnok . His cabinet got support of 93 legislators , compared to 100 against , while seven legislators abstained . A majority of voting legislators was required . Following the vote , TOP 09 stated that due to a lack of support for a potential renewed ODS-TOP 09-LIDEM government , they would instead support an early election . The ČSSD and KSČM also supported an early election . In reaction , Rusnok signaled his intention to resign the next day : I think this result is positive , as far as further political development in our country is concerned . It will lead to the dissolution of the parliament . Governor of the Czech National Bank . In 2014 , Zeman appointed Rusnok to the seven-member board of the Czech National Bank , replacing Eva Zamrazilova . In 2016 , he succeeded Miroslav Singer as the bank’s governor , again following an appointment by Zeman . Other activities . - European Systemic Risk Board ( ESRB ) , Ex-Officio Member - International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) , Ex-Officio Alternate Member of the Board of Governors ( since 2016 ) Political position . Rusnok supports moving the Czech Republic closer to adopting the euro . In 2014 , he also backed the central bank’s policy of weakening the Czech koruna to fight deflation risks and help an economy recovering from a record-long recession .
|
[
"Minister of Finance"
] |
[
{
"text": " Jiří Rusnok ( born 16 October 1960 ) is a Czech politician and economist who served as Prime Minister of the Czech Republic between July 2013 and January 2014 . Since 1 July 2016 he has been serving as Governor of the Czech National Bank .",
"title": "Jiří Rusnok"
},
{
"text": "Previously , Rusnok served in the government of the Czech Republic as Minister of Finance from 2001 to 2002 and as Minister of Industry and Trade from 2002 to 2003 . On 25 June 2013 , he was appointed as Prime Minister by President Miloš Zeman . Rusnok replaced Petr Nečas , who resigned over a corruption and spying affair .",
"title": "Jiří Rusnok"
},
{
"text": " On 25 May 2016 , President Miloš Zeman appointed Rusnok as 4th Governor of the Czech National Bank , succeeding Miroslav Singer . Rusnok took office on 1 July 2016 .",
"title": "Jiří Rusnok"
},
{
"text": " Rusnok was born in Ostrava-Vítkovice . He studied at the University of Economics in Prague , graduating in 1984 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Rusnok worked for Státní plánovací komise ( State Planning Commission ) and Federální ministerstvo pro strategické plánování ( Federal Ministry for Strategic Planning ) . Before the so-called Velvet Revolution , he was a candidate for membership in the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In the 1990s , Rusnok worked as director of a department of the Czech-Moravian Confederation of Trade Unions ( 19921998 ) . He joined politics in 1998 as a member of the Czech Social Democratic Party ( ČSSD ) . Prime Minister Miloš Zeman appointed Rusnok to his cabinet as Finance Minister in June 2001 . He continued as Minister of Industry and Trade in the cabinet of Vladimír Špidla ; however , he resigned his post and parliamentary mandate and left politics in March 2003 , after disagreements with Špidla . After that , he worked in the private",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "sector .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " President Miloš Zeman appointed Rusnok as Prime Minister of a caretaker government in June 2013 in a move that was criticized by political parties in the Czech Republic . It was called irresponsible by the parties of the former coalition government ( ODS and TOP 09 ) , while the opposition ( ČSSD ) called for early elections .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "On 7 August 2013 , Chamber of Deputies denied support to the caretaker government of Rusnok . His cabinet got support of 93 legislators , compared to 100 against , while seven legislators abstained . A majority of voting legislators was required . Following the vote , TOP 09 stated that due to a lack of support for a potential renewed ODS-TOP 09-LIDEM government , they would instead support an early election . The ČSSD and KSČM also supported an early election . In reaction , Rusnok signaled his intention to resign the next day : I think this result",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "is positive , as far as further political development in our country is concerned . It will lead to the dissolution of the parliament .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": " Governor of the Czech National Bank . In 2014 , Zeman appointed Rusnok to the seven-member board of the Czech National Bank , replacing Eva Zamrazilova . In 2016 , he succeeded Miroslav Singer as the bank’s governor , again following an appointment by Zeman .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": " - European Systemic Risk Board ( ESRB ) , Ex-Officio Member - International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) , Ex-Officio Alternate Member of the Board of Governors ( since 2016 )",
"title": "Other activities"
},
{
"text": " Rusnok supports moving the Czech Republic closer to adopting the euro . In 2014 , he also backed the central bank’s policy of weakening the Czech koruna to fight deflation risks and help an economy recovering from a record-long recession .",
"title": "Political position"
}
] |
/wiki/Jiří_Rusnok#P39#1
|
What position did Jiří Rusnok take in Sep 2002?
|
Jiří Rusnok Jiří Rusnok ( born 16 October 1960 ) is a Czech politician and economist who served as Prime Minister of the Czech Republic between July 2013 and January 2014 . Since 1 July 2016 he has been serving as Governor of the Czech National Bank . Previously , Rusnok served in the government of the Czech Republic as Minister of Finance from 2001 to 2002 and as Minister of Industry and Trade from 2002 to 2003 . On 25 June 2013 , he was appointed as Prime Minister by President Miloš Zeman . Rusnok replaced Petr Nečas , who resigned over a corruption and spying affair . On 25 May 2016 , President Miloš Zeman appointed Rusnok as 4th Governor of the Czech National Bank , succeeding Miroslav Singer . Rusnok took office on 1 July 2016 . Early life . Rusnok was born in Ostrava-Vítkovice . He studied at the University of Economics in Prague , graduating in 1984 . Career . Rusnok worked for Státní plánovací komise ( State Planning Commission ) and Federální ministerstvo pro strategické plánování ( Federal Ministry for Strategic Planning ) . Before the so-called Velvet Revolution , he was a candidate for membership in the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia . In the 1990s , Rusnok worked as director of a department of the Czech-Moravian Confederation of Trade Unions ( 19921998 ) . He joined politics in 1998 as a member of the Czech Social Democratic Party ( ČSSD ) . Prime Minister Miloš Zeman appointed Rusnok to his cabinet as Finance Minister in June 2001 . He continued as Minister of Industry and Trade in the cabinet of Vladimír Špidla ; however , he resigned his post and parliamentary mandate and left politics in March 2003 , after disagreements with Špidla . After that , he worked in the private sector . Prime Minister . President Miloš Zeman appointed Rusnok as Prime Minister of a caretaker government in June 2013 in a move that was criticized by political parties in the Czech Republic . It was called irresponsible by the parties of the former coalition government ( ODS and TOP 09 ) , while the opposition ( ČSSD ) called for early elections . On 7 August 2013 , Chamber of Deputies denied support to the caretaker government of Rusnok . His cabinet got support of 93 legislators , compared to 100 against , while seven legislators abstained . A majority of voting legislators was required . Following the vote , TOP 09 stated that due to a lack of support for a potential renewed ODS-TOP 09-LIDEM government , they would instead support an early election . The ČSSD and KSČM also supported an early election . In reaction , Rusnok signaled his intention to resign the next day : I think this result is positive , as far as further political development in our country is concerned . It will lead to the dissolution of the parliament . Governor of the Czech National Bank . In 2014 , Zeman appointed Rusnok to the seven-member board of the Czech National Bank , replacing Eva Zamrazilova . In 2016 , he succeeded Miroslav Singer as the bank’s governor , again following an appointment by Zeman . Other activities . - European Systemic Risk Board ( ESRB ) , Ex-Officio Member - International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) , Ex-Officio Alternate Member of the Board of Governors ( since 2016 ) Political position . Rusnok supports moving the Czech Republic closer to adopting the euro . In 2014 , he also backed the central bank’s policy of weakening the Czech koruna to fight deflation risks and help an economy recovering from a record-long recession .
|
[
"Minister of Industry and Trade"
] |
[
{
"text": " Jiří Rusnok ( born 16 October 1960 ) is a Czech politician and economist who served as Prime Minister of the Czech Republic between July 2013 and January 2014 . Since 1 July 2016 he has been serving as Governor of the Czech National Bank .",
"title": "Jiří Rusnok"
},
{
"text": "Previously , Rusnok served in the government of the Czech Republic as Minister of Finance from 2001 to 2002 and as Minister of Industry and Trade from 2002 to 2003 . On 25 June 2013 , he was appointed as Prime Minister by President Miloš Zeman . Rusnok replaced Petr Nečas , who resigned over a corruption and spying affair .",
"title": "Jiří Rusnok"
},
{
"text": " On 25 May 2016 , President Miloš Zeman appointed Rusnok as 4th Governor of the Czech National Bank , succeeding Miroslav Singer . Rusnok took office on 1 July 2016 .",
"title": "Jiří Rusnok"
},
{
"text": " Rusnok was born in Ostrava-Vítkovice . He studied at the University of Economics in Prague , graduating in 1984 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Rusnok worked for Státní plánovací komise ( State Planning Commission ) and Federální ministerstvo pro strategické plánování ( Federal Ministry for Strategic Planning ) . Before the so-called Velvet Revolution , he was a candidate for membership in the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In the 1990s , Rusnok worked as director of a department of the Czech-Moravian Confederation of Trade Unions ( 19921998 ) . He joined politics in 1998 as a member of the Czech Social Democratic Party ( ČSSD ) . Prime Minister Miloš Zeman appointed Rusnok to his cabinet as Finance Minister in June 2001 . He continued as Minister of Industry and Trade in the cabinet of Vladimír Špidla ; however , he resigned his post and parliamentary mandate and left politics in March 2003 , after disagreements with Špidla . After that , he worked in the private",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "sector .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " President Miloš Zeman appointed Rusnok as Prime Minister of a caretaker government in June 2013 in a move that was criticized by political parties in the Czech Republic . It was called irresponsible by the parties of the former coalition government ( ODS and TOP 09 ) , while the opposition ( ČSSD ) called for early elections .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "On 7 August 2013 , Chamber of Deputies denied support to the caretaker government of Rusnok . His cabinet got support of 93 legislators , compared to 100 against , while seven legislators abstained . A majority of voting legislators was required . Following the vote , TOP 09 stated that due to a lack of support for a potential renewed ODS-TOP 09-LIDEM government , they would instead support an early election . The ČSSD and KSČM also supported an early election . In reaction , Rusnok signaled his intention to resign the next day : I think this result",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "is positive , as far as further political development in our country is concerned . It will lead to the dissolution of the parliament .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": " Governor of the Czech National Bank . In 2014 , Zeman appointed Rusnok to the seven-member board of the Czech National Bank , replacing Eva Zamrazilova . In 2016 , he succeeded Miroslav Singer as the bank’s governor , again following an appointment by Zeman .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": " - European Systemic Risk Board ( ESRB ) , Ex-Officio Member - International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) , Ex-Officio Alternate Member of the Board of Governors ( since 2016 )",
"title": "Other activities"
},
{
"text": " Rusnok supports moving the Czech Republic closer to adopting the euro . In 2014 , he also backed the central bank’s policy of weakening the Czech koruna to fight deflation risks and help an economy recovering from a record-long recession .",
"title": "Political position"
}
] |
/wiki/Jiří_Rusnok#P39#2
|
What position did Jiří Rusnok take in Mar 2003?
|
Jiří Rusnok Jiří Rusnok ( born 16 October 1960 ) is a Czech politician and economist who served as Prime Minister of the Czech Republic between July 2013 and January 2014 . Since 1 July 2016 he has been serving as Governor of the Czech National Bank . Previously , Rusnok served in the government of the Czech Republic as Minister of Finance from 2001 to 2002 and as Minister of Industry and Trade from 2002 to 2003 . On 25 June 2013 , he was appointed as Prime Minister by President Miloš Zeman . Rusnok replaced Petr Nečas , who resigned over a corruption and spying affair . On 25 May 2016 , President Miloš Zeman appointed Rusnok as 4th Governor of the Czech National Bank , succeeding Miroslav Singer . Rusnok took office on 1 July 2016 . Early life . Rusnok was born in Ostrava-Vítkovice . He studied at the University of Economics in Prague , graduating in 1984 . Career . Rusnok worked for Státní plánovací komise ( State Planning Commission ) and Federální ministerstvo pro strategické plánování ( Federal Ministry for Strategic Planning ) . Before the so-called Velvet Revolution , he was a candidate for membership in the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia . In the 1990s , Rusnok worked as director of a department of the Czech-Moravian Confederation of Trade Unions ( 19921998 ) . He joined politics in 1998 as a member of the Czech Social Democratic Party ( ČSSD ) . Prime Minister Miloš Zeman appointed Rusnok to his cabinet as Finance Minister in June 2001 . He continued as Minister of Industry and Trade in the cabinet of Vladimír Špidla ; however , he resigned his post and parliamentary mandate and left politics in March 2003 , after disagreements with Špidla . After that , he worked in the private sector . Prime Minister . President Miloš Zeman appointed Rusnok as Prime Minister of a caretaker government in June 2013 in a move that was criticized by political parties in the Czech Republic . It was called irresponsible by the parties of the former coalition government ( ODS and TOP 09 ) , while the opposition ( ČSSD ) called for early elections . On 7 August 2013 , Chamber of Deputies denied support to the caretaker government of Rusnok . His cabinet got support of 93 legislators , compared to 100 against , while seven legislators abstained . A majority of voting legislators was required . Following the vote , TOP 09 stated that due to a lack of support for a potential renewed ODS-TOP 09-LIDEM government , they would instead support an early election . The ČSSD and KSČM also supported an early election . In reaction , Rusnok signaled his intention to resign the next day : I think this result is positive , as far as further political development in our country is concerned . It will lead to the dissolution of the parliament . Governor of the Czech National Bank . In 2014 , Zeman appointed Rusnok to the seven-member board of the Czech National Bank , replacing Eva Zamrazilova . In 2016 , he succeeded Miroslav Singer as the bank’s governor , again following an appointment by Zeman . Other activities . - European Systemic Risk Board ( ESRB ) , Ex-Officio Member - International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) , Ex-Officio Alternate Member of the Board of Governors ( since 2016 ) Political position . Rusnok supports moving the Czech Republic closer to adopting the euro . In 2014 , he also backed the central bank’s policy of weakening the Czech koruna to fight deflation risks and help an economy recovering from a record-long recession .
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Jiří Rusnok ( born 16 October 1960 ) is a Czech politician and economist who served as Prime Minister of the Czech Republic between July 2013 and January 2014 . Since 1 July 2016 he has been serving as Governor of the Czech National Bank .",
"title": "Jiří Rusnok"
},
{
"text": "Previously , Rusnok served in the government of the Czech Republic as Minister of Finance from 2001 to 2002 and as Minister of Industry and Trade from 2002 to 2003 . On 25 June 2013 , he was appointed as Prime Minister by President Miloš Zeman . Rusnok replaced Petr Nečas , who resigned over a corruption and spying affair .",
"title": "Jiří Rusnok"
},
{
"text": " On 25 May 2016 , President Miloš Zeman appointed Rusnok as 4th Governor of the Czech National Bank , succeeding Miroslav Singer . Rusnok took office on 1 July 2016 .",
"title": "Jiří Rusnok"
},
{
"text": " Rusnok was born in Ostrava-Vítkovice . He studied at the University of Economics in Prague , graduating in 1984 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Rusnok worked for Státní plánovací komise ( State Planning Commission ) and Federální ministerstvo pro strategické plánování ( Federal Ministry for Strategic Planning ) . Before the so-called Velvet Revolution , he was a candidate for membership in the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In the 1990s , Rusnok worked as director of a department of the Czech-Moravian Confederation of Trade Unions ( 19921998 ) . He joined politics in 1998 as a member of the Czech Social Democratic Party ( ČSSD ) . Prime Minister Miloš Zeman appointed Rusnok to his cabinet as Finance Minister in June 2001 . He continued as Minister of Industry and Trade in the cabinet of Vladimír Špidla ; however , he resigned his post and parliamentary mandate and left politics in March 2003 , after disagreements with Špidla . After that , he worked in the private",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "sector .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " President Miloš Zeman appointed Rusnok as Prime Minister of a caretaker government in June 2013 in a move that was criticized by political parties in the Czech Republic . It was called irresponsible by the parties of the former coalition government ( ODS and TOP 09 ) , while the opposition ( ČSSD ) called for early elections .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "On 7 August 2013 , Chamber of Deputies denied support to the caretaker government of Rusnok . His cabinet got support of 93 legislators , compared to 100 against , while seven legislators abstained . A majority of voting legislators was required . Following the vote , TOP 09 stated that due to a lack of support for a potential renewed ODS-TOP 09-LIDEM government , they would instead support an early election . The ČSSD and KSČM also supported an early election . In reaction , Rusnok signaled his intention to resign the next day : I think this result",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "is positive , as far as further political development in our country is concerned . It will lead to the dissolution of the parliament .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": " Governor of the Czech National Bank . In 2014 , Zeman appointed Rusnok to the seven-member board of the Czech National Bank , replacing Eva Zamrazilova . In 2016 , he succeeded Miroslav Singer as the bank’s governor , again following an appointment by Zeman .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": " - European Systemic Risk Board ( ESRB ) , Ex-Officio Member - International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) , Ex-Officio Alternate Member of the Board of Governors ( since 2016 )",
"title": "Other activities"
},
{
"text": " Rusnok supports moving the Czech Republic closer to adopting the euro . In 2014 , he also backed the central bank’s policy of weakening the Czech koruna to fight deflation risks and help an economy recovering from a record-long recession .",
"title": "Political position"
}
] |
/wiki/Jiří_Rusnok#P39#3
|
What position did Jiří Rusnok take between Sep 2013 and Oct 2013?
|
Jiří Rusnok Jiří Rusnok ( born 16 October 1960 ) is a Czech politician and economist who served as Prime Minister of the Czech Republic between July 2013 and January 2014 . Since 1 July 2016 he has been serving as Governor of the Czech National Bank . Previously , Rusnok served in the government of the Czech Republic as Minister of Finance from 2001 to 2002 and as Minister of Industry and Trade from 2002 to 2003 . On 25 June 2013 , he was appointed as Prime Minister by President Miloš Zeman . Rusnok replaced Petr Nečas , who resigned over a corruption and spying affair . On 25 May 2016 , President Miloš Zeman appointed Rusnok as 4th Governor of the Czech National Bank , succeeding Miroslav Singer . Rusnok took office on 1 July 2016 . Early life . Rusnok was born in Ostrava-Vítkovice . He studied at the University of Economics in Prague , graduating in 1984 . Career . Rusnok worked for Státní plánovací komise ( State Planning Commission ) and Federální ministerstvo pro strategické plánování ( Federal Ministry for Strategic Planning ) . Before the so-called Velvet Revolution , he was a candidate for membership in the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia . In the 1990s , Rusnok worked as director of a department of the Czech-Moravian Confederation of Trade Unions ( 19921998 ) . He joined politics in 1998 as a member of the Czech Social Democratic Party ( ČSSD ) . Prime Minister Miloš Zeman appointed Rusnok to his cabinet as Finance Minister in June 2001 . He continued as Minister of Industry and Trade in the cabinet of Vladimír Špidla ; however , he resigned his post and parliamentary mandate and left politics in March 2003 , after disagreements with Špidla . After that , he worked in the private sector . Prime Minister . President Miloš Zeman appointed Rusnok as Prime Minister of a caretaker government in June 2013 in a move that was criticized by political parties in the Czech Republic . It was called irresponsible by the parties of the former coalition government ( ODS and TOP 09 ) , while the opposition ( ČSSD ) called for early elections . On 7 August 2013 , Chamber of Deputies denied support to the caretaker government of Rusnok . His cabinet got support of 93 legislators , compared to 100 against , while seven legislators abstained . A majority of voting legislators was required . Following the vote , TOP 09 stated that due to a lack of support for a potential renewed ODS-TOP 09-LIDEM government , they would instead support an early election . The ČSSD and KSČM also supported an early election . In reaction , Rusnok signaled his intention to resign the next day : I think this result is positive , as far as further political development in our country is concerned . It will lead to the dissolution of the parliament . Governor of the Czech National Bank . In 2014 , Zeman appointed Rusnok to the seven-member board of the Czech National Bank , replacing Eva Zamrazilova . In 2016 , he succeeded Miroslav Singer as the bank’s governor , again following an appointment by Zeman . Other activities . - European Systemic Risk Board ( ESRB ) , Ex-Officio Member - International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) , Ex-Officio Alternate Member of the Board of Governors ( since 2016 ) Political position . Rusnok supports moving the Czech Republic closer to adopting the euro . In 2014 , he also backed the central bank’s policy of weakening the Czech koruna to fight deflation risks and help an economy recovering from a record-long recession .
|
[
"Prime Minister of the Czech Republic"
] |
[
{
"text": " Jiří Rusnok ( born 16 October 1960 ) is a Czech politician and economist who served as Prime Minister of the Czech Republic between July 2013 and January 2014 . Since 1 July 2016 he has been serving as Governor of the Czech National Bank .",
"title": "Jiří Rusnok"
},
{
"text": "Previously , Rusnok served in the government of the Czech Republic as Minister of Finance from 2001 to 2002 and as Minister of Industry and Trade from 2002 to 2003 . On 25 June 2013 , he was appointed as Prime Minister by President Miloš Zeman . Rusnok replaced Petr Nečas , who resigned over a corruption and spying affair .",
"title": "Jiří Rusnok"
},
{
"text": " On 25 May 2016 , President Miloš Zeman appointed Rusnok as 4th Governor of the Czech National Bank , succeeding Miroslav Singer . Rusnok took office on 1 July 2016 .",
"title": "Jiří Rusnok"
},
{
"text": " Rusnok was born in Ostrava-Vítkovice . He studied at the University of Economics in Prague , graduating in 1984 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Rusnok worked for Státní plánovací komise ( State Planning Commission ) and Federální ministerstvo pro strategické plánování ( Federal Ministry for Strategic Planning ) . Before the so-called Velvet Revolution , he was a candidate for membership in the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In the 1990s , Rusnok worked as director of a department of the Czech-Moravian Confederation of Trade Unions ( 19921998 ) . He joined politics in 1998 as a member of the Czech Social Democratic Party ( ČSSD ) . Prime Minister Miloš Zeman appointed Rusnok to his cabinet as Finance Minister in June 2001 . He continued as Minister of Industry and Trade in the cabinet of Vladimír Špidla ; however , he resigned his post and parliamentary mandate and left politics in March 2003 , after disagreements with Špidla . After that , he worked in the private",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "sector .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " President Miloš Zeman appointed Rusnok as Prime Minister of a caretaker government in June 2013 in a move that was criticized by political parties in the Czech Republic . It was called irresponsible by the parties of the former coalition government ( ODS and TOP 09 ) , while the opposition ( ČSSD ) called for early elections .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "On 7 August 2013 , Chamber of Deputies denied support to the caretaker government of Rusnok . His cabinet got support of 93 legislators , compared to 100 against , while seven legislators abstained . A majority of voting legislators was required . Following the vote , TOP 09 stated that due to a lack of support for a potential renewed ODS-TOP 09-LIDEM government , they would instead support an early election . The ČSSD and KSČM also supported an early election . In reaction , Rusnok signaled his intention to resign the next day : I think this result",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "is positive , as far as further political development in our country is concerned . It will lead to the dissolution of the parliament .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": " Governor of the Czech National Bank . In 2014 , Zeman appointed Rusnok to the seven-member board of the Czech National Bank , replacing Eva Zamrazilova . In 2016 , he succeeded Miroslav Singer as the bank’s governor , again following an appointment by Zeman .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": " - European Systemic Risk Board ( ESRB ) , Ex-Officio Member - International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) , Ex-Officio Alternate Member of the Board of Governors ( since 2016 )",
"title": "Other activities"
},
{
"text": " Rusnok supports moving the Czech Republic closer to adopting the euro . In 2014 , he also backed the central bank’s policy of weakening the Czech koruna to fight deflation risks and help an economy recovering from a record-long recession .",
"title": "Political position"
}
] |
/wiki/Jiří_Rusnok#P39#4
|
What position did Jiří Rusnok take after Nov 2016?
|
Jiří Rusnok Jiří Rusnok ( born 16 October 1960 ) is a Czech politician and economist who served as Prime Minister of the Czech Republic between July 2013 and January 2014 . Since 1 July 2016 he has been serving as Governor of the Czech National Bank . Previously , Rusnok served in the government of the Czech Republic as Minister of Finance from 2001 to 2002 and as Minister of Industry and Trade from 2002 to 2003 . On 25 June 2013 , he was appointed as Prime Minister by President Miloš Zeman . Rusnok replaced Petr Nečas , who resigned over a corruption and spying affair . On 25 May 2016 , President Miloš Zeman appointed Rusnok as 4th Governor of the Czech National Bank , succeeding Miroslav Singer . Rusnok took office on 1 July 2016 . Early life . Rusnok was born in Ostrava-Vítkovice . He studied at the University of Economics in Prague , graduating in 1984 . Career . Rusnok worked for Státní plánovací komise ( State Planning Commission ) and Federální ministerstvo pro strategické plánování ( Federal Ministry for Strategic Planning ) . Before the so-called Velvet Revolution , he was a candidate for membership in the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia . In the 1990s , Rusnok worked as director of a department of the Czech-Moravian Confederation of Trade Unions ( 19921998 ) . He joined politics in 1998 as a member of the Czech Social Democratic Party ( ČSSD ) . Prime Minister Miloš Zeman appointed Rusnok to his cabinet as Finance Minister in June 2001 . He continued as Minister of Industry and Trade in the cabinet of Vladimír Špidla ; however , he resigned his post and parliamentary mandate and left politics in March 2003 , after disagreements with Špidla . After that , he worked in the private sector . Prime Minister . President Miloš Zeman appointed Rusnok as Prime Minister of a caretaker government in June 2013 in a move that was criticized by political parties in the Czech Republic . It was called irresponsible by the parties of the former coalition government ( ODS and TOP 09 ) , while the opposition ( ČSSD ) called for early elections . On 7 August 2013 , Chamber of Deputies denied support to the caretaker government of Rusnok . His cabinet got support of 93 legislators , compared to 100 against , while seven legislators abstained . A majority of voting legislators was required . Following the vote , TOP 09 stated that due to a lack of support for a potential renewed ODS-TOP 09-LIDEM government , they would instead support an early election . The ČSSD and KSČM also supported an early election . In reaction , Rusnok signaled his intention to resign the next day : I think this result is positive , as far as further political development in our country is concerned . It will lead to the dissolution of the parliament . Governor of the Czech National Bank . In 2014 , Zeman appointed Rusnok to the seven-member board of the Czech National Bank , replacing Eva Zamrazilova . In 2016 , he succeeded Miroslav Singer as the bank’s governor , again following an appointment by Zeman . Other activities . - European Systemic Risk Board ( ESRB ) , Ex-Officio Member - International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) , Ex-Officio Alternate Member of the Board of Governors ( since 2016 ) Political position . Rusnok supports moving the Czech Republic closer to adopting the euro . In 2014 , he also backed the central bank’s policy of weakening the Czech koruna to fight deflation risks and help an economy recovering from a record-long recession .
|
[
"Governor of the Czech National Bank"
] |
[
{
"text": " Jiří Rusnok ( born 16 October 1960 ) is a Czech politician and economist who served as Prime Minister of the Czech Republic between July 2013 and January 2014 . Since 1 July 2016 he has been serving as Governor of the Czech National Bank .",
"title": "Jiří Rusnok"
},
{
"text": "Previously , Rusnok served in the government of the Czech Republic as Minister of Finance from 2001 to 2002 and as Minister of Industry and Trade from 2002 to 2003 . On 25 June 2013 , he was appointed as Prime Minister by President Miloš Zeman . Rusnok replaced Petr Nečas , who resigned over a corruption and spying affair .",
"title": "Jiří Rusnok"
},
{
"text": " On 25 May 2016 , President Miloš Zeman appointed Rusnok as 4th Governor of the Czech National Bank , succeeding Miroslav Singer . Rusnok took office on 1 July 2016 .",
"title": "Jiří Rusnok"
},
{
"text": " Rusnok was born in Ostrava-Vítkovice . He studied at the University of Economics in Prague , graduating in 1984 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Rusnok worked for Státní plánovací komise ( State Planning Commission ) and Federální ministerstvo pro strategické plánování ( Federal Ministry for Strategic Planning ) . Before the so-called Velvet Revolution , he was a candidate for membership in the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In the 1990s , Rusnok worked as director of a department of the Czech-Moravian Confederation of Trade Unions ( 19921998 ) . He joined politics in 1998 as a member of the Czech Social Democratic Party ( ČSSD ) . Prime Minister Miloš Zeman appointed Rusnok to his cabinet as Finance Minister in June 2001 . He continued as Minister of Industry and Trade in the cabinet of Vladimír Špidla ; however , he resigned his post and parliamentary mandate and left politics in March 2003 , after disagreements with Špidla . After that , he worked in the private",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "sector .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " President Miloš Zeman appointed Rusnok as Prime Minister of a caretaker government in June 2013 in a move that was criticized by political parties in the Czech Republic . It was called irresponsible by the parties of the former coalition government ( ODS and TOP 09 ) , while the opposition ( ČSSD ) called for early elections .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "On 7 August 2013 , Chamber of Deputies denied support to the caretaker government of Rusnok . His cabinet got support of 93 legislators , compared to 100 against , while seven legislators abstained . A majority of voting legislators was required . Following the vote , TOP 09 stated that due to a lack of support for a potential renewed ODS-TOP 09-LIDEM government , they would instead support an early election . The ČSSD and KSČM also supported an early election . In reaction , Rusnok signaled his intention to resign the next day : I think this result",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": "is positive , as far as further political development in our country is concerned . It will lead to the dissolution of the parliament .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": " Governor of the Czech National Bank . In 2014 , Zeman appointed Rusnok to the seven-member board of the Czech National Bank , replacing Eva Zamrazilova . In 2016 , he succeeded Miroslav Singer as the bank’s governor , again following an appointment by Zeman .",
"title": "Prime Minister"
},
{
"text": " - European Systemic Risk Board ( ESRB ) , Ex-Officio Member - International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) , Ex-Officio Alternate Member of the Board of Governors ( since 2016 )",
"title": "Other activities"
},
{
"text": " Rusnok supports moving the Czech Republic closer to adopting the euro . In 2014 , he also backed the central bank’s policy of weakening the Czech koruna to fight deflation risks and help an economy recovering from a record-long recession .",
"title": "Political position"
}
] |
/wiki/Julen_Lopetegui#P54#0
|
Julen Lopetegui played for which team between Jul 1983 and Feb 1984?
|
Julen Lopetegui Julen Lopetegui Agote ( ; born 28 August 1966 ) is a Spanish football manager and former player , and the current manager of Sevilla FC . A goalkeeper , he played 149 La Liga matches over nine seasons , representing Real Madrid , Logroñés , Barcelona and Rayo Vallecano in the competition . He added 168 appearances in the Segunda División for three clubs , winning one cap for Spain and being a member of the squad at the 1994 World Cup . Lopetegui started working as a manager in 2003 , and spent several years in charge of Spains youth teams , leading the under-19 and under-21 sides to European titles . He was also head coach of the senior national team for two years , but was dismissed before the start of the 2018 World Cup following the announcement of his agreement to join Real Madrid after the tournament . In club football , he has managed Rayo Vallecano , Castilla , Porto , Real Madrid and Sevilla , winning the 2020 Europa League with the latter side . Playing career . Club . Born in Asteasu , Gipuzkoa , Lopetegui started his professional career at local Real Sociedad , where his progress was barred by the presence of Luis Arconada . In 1985 , he accepted an offer from Real Madrid , where the 19-year-old played in the B team . After a loan spell at UD Las Palmas Lopetegui returned , but could never dislodge another veteran , Francisco Buyo , only managing one La Liga appearance during two seasons , a 3–3 away draw against Atlético Madrid as Real were already crowned league champions . He subsequently signed with CD Logroñés , being instrumental as the modest Riojan club consistently managed to retain its top flight status . When Andoni Zubizarreta left for Valencia CF in 1994 , Lopetegui joined FC Barcelona , battling – and losing – for first-choice status with longtime understudy Carles Busquets . After the Catalans bought FC Portos Vítor Baía he was further demoted to third string , and returned to Madrid with Rayo Vallecano . Lopetegui was a starter in two of his five seasons , and still managed 36 league appearances from 1999 to 2002 with Rayo always in the top division . He retired at the age of 36 . International . Lopeteguis performances at Logroñés earned him his sole cap with Spain , coming on as a substitute for Zubizarreta for the final 30 minutes of a 0–2 friendly loss to Croatia in Valencia , on 23 March 1994 . He was subsequently picked for the squad at that years FIFA World Cup . Coaching career . Beginnings . Lopetegui was one of Spain coach Juan Santistebans assistants at the 2003 UEFA European Under-17 Championship . After the tournament , he had his first head coaching spell at Rayo , with the club in the second level , but was sacked after the tenth match of the 2003–04 campaign , which ended in relegation to division three . After working as a sports commentator , including for laSexta in the 2006 FIFA World Cup , he returned to coaching , with Real Madrid Castilla , who he played for in the 1980s , now in the third tier . From 2010 to 2014 , Lopetegui worked with the Spanish youth teams , winning the 2012 European Under-19 Championship and the 2013 Under-21 Championship . He left the Royal Spanish Football Federation on 30 April 2014 , following the expiration of his contract . Porto . Lopetegui returned to club duties on 6 May 2014 , being appointed at Portugals FC Porto . He signed seven Spanish players to the club that summer . In his first season at the Estádio do Dragão , with the clubs biggest budget ever , Lopetegui led them to the quarter-finals of the UEFA Champions League , where they equalled the clubs biggest defeat in European competitions losing 6–1 against FC Bayern Munich ( having lost by the same score to AEK Athens FC in 1978 ) . He failed to win any silverware , contributing to the longest drought during Jorge Nuno Pinto da Costas presidency . On 8 January 2016 , after a 1–3 home loss to C.S . Marítimo in the Taça da Liga , as Porto had already been eliminated from the Champions League and was ranked third in the domestic league after an away loss and a home draw , Lopetegui was relieved of his duties and replaced by Rui Barros . A week later , the club announced that it had terminated the formers contract unilaterally . Spain . On 21 July 2016 , after being strongly linked to English side Wolverhampton Wanderers which was under new ownership , Lopetegui was announced as the new manager of the Spain national team following Vicente del Bosques retirement . In his first match in charge , on 1 September , he led them to a 2–0 friendly victory over Belgium at the King Baudouin Stadium ; the nation qualified for the 2018 World Cup , winning nine and drawing one of their group matches . On 12 June 2018 , with the team already in Russia for the tournament , it was announced that Lopetegui would take over as the head coach of Real Madrid on a three-year contract after the conclusion of Spains involvement at the World Cup . The following day , he was dismissed from his job with the national team and replaced by Fernando Hierro . Real Madrid . Lopeteguis first competitive game in charge took place on 15 August 2018 , in a 4–2 loss to rivals Atlético Madrid in the UEFA Super Cup after extra time . He thus became the second Real manager to start his tenure by conceding four goals , after Englishman Michael Keeping who began in 1948 being downed 4–1 by RC Celta de Vigo . Following a string of bad results and , ultimately , a 5–1 away defeat to Barcelona in El Clásico on 28 October 2018 , Lopetegui was fired a day later , being replaced by Santiago Solari . Sevilla . On 5 June 2019 , Lopetegui was appointed as the new Sevilla FC manager on a three-year contract . In his first year , they finished fourth to qualify for the Champions League , and on 21 August they defeated Inter Milan 3–2 in the 2020 UEFA Europa League Final , his first club honour . Lopetegui agreed to a further two-year extension on 10 January 2021 . Honours . Player . Real Madrid - La Liga : 1989–90 Barcelona - Supercopa de España : 1994 , 1996 Spain U20 - FIFA World Youth Championship runner-up : 1985 Manager . Real Madrid - UEFA Super Cup runner-up : 2018 Sevilla - UEFA Europa League : 2019–20 - UEFA Super Cup runner-up : 2020 Spain U19 - UEFA European Under-19 Championship : 2012 Spain U21 - UEFA European Under-21 Championship : 2013
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Julen Lopetegui Agote ( ; born 28 August 1966 ) is a Spanish football manager and former player , and the current manager of Sevilla FC . A goalkeeper , he played 149 La Liga matches over nine seasons , representing Real Madrid , Logroñés , Barcelona and Rayo Vallecano in the competition . He added 168 appearances in the Segunda División for three clubs , winning one cap for Spain and being a member of the squad at the 1994 World Cup .",
"title": "Julen Lopetegui"
},
{
"text": "Lopetegui started working as a manager in 2003 , and spent several years in charge of Spains youth teams , leading the under-19 and under-21 sides to European titles . He was also head coach of the senior national team for two years , but was dismissed before the start of the 2018 World Cup following the announcement of his agreement to join Real Madrid after the tournament . In club football , he has managed Rayo Vallecano , Castilla , Porto , Real Madrid and Sevilla , winning the 2020 Europa League with the latter side .",
"title": "Julen Lopetegui"
},
{
"text": " Born in Asteasu , Gipuzkoa , Lopetegui started his professional career at local Real Sociedad , where his progress was barred by the presence of Luis Arconada . In 1985 , he accepted an offer from Real Madrid , where the 19-year-old played in the B team .",
"title": "Club"
},
{
"text": "After a loan spell at UD Las Palmas Lopetegui returned , but could never dislodge another veteran , Francisco Buyo , only managing one La Liga appearance during two seasons , a 3–3 away draw against Atlético Madrid as Real were already crowned league champions . He subsequently signed with CD Logroñés , being instrumental as the modest Riojan club consistently managed to retain its top flight status .",
"title": "Club"
},
{
"text": " When Andoni Zubizarreta left for Valencia CF in 1994 , Lopetegui joined FC Barcelona , battling – and losing – for first-choice status with longtime understudy Carles Busquets . After the Catalans bought FC Portos Vítor Baía he was further demoted to third string , and returned to Madrid with Rayo Vallecano . Lopetegui was a starter in two of his five seasons , and still managed 36 league appearances from 1999 to 2002 with Rayo always in the top division . He retired at the age of 36 .",
"title": "Club"
},
{
"text": " Lopeteguis performances at Logroñés earned him his sole cap with Spain , coming on as a substitute for Zubizarreta for the final 30 minutes of a 0–2 friendly loss to Croatia in Valencia , on 23 March 1994 . He was subsequently picked for the squad at that years FIFA World Cup .",
"title": "International"
},
{
"text": "Lopetegui was one of Spain coach Juan Santistebans assistants at the 2003 UEFA European Under-17 Championship . After the tournament , he had his first head coaching spell at Rayo , with the club in the second level , but was sacked after the tenth match of the 2003–04 campaign , which ended in relegation to division three . After working as a sports commentator , including for laSexta in the 2006 FIFA World Cup , he returned to coaching , with Real Madrid Castilla , who he played for in the 1980s , now in the third tier .",
"title": "Beginnings"
},
{
"text": " From 2010 to 2014 , Lopetegui worked with the Spanish youth teams , winning the 2012 European Under-19 Championship and the 2013 Under-21 Championship . He left the Royal Spanish Football Federation on 30 April 2014 , following the expiration of his contract .",
"title": "Beginnings"
},
{
"text": " Lopetegui returned to club duties on 6 May 2014 , being appointed at Portugals FC Porto . He signed seven Spanish players to the club that summer .",
"title": "Porto"
},
{
"text": "In his first season at the Estádio do Dragão , with the clubs biggest budget ever , Lopetegui led them to the quarter-finals of the UEFA Champions League , where they equalled the clubs biggest defeat in European competitions losing 6–1 against FC Bayern Munich ( having lost by the same score to AEK Athens FC in 1978 ) . He failed to win any silverware , contributing to the longest drought during Jorge Nuno Pinto da Costas presidency .",
"title": "Porto"
},
{
"text": " On 8 January 2016 , after a 1–3 home loss to C.S . Marítimo in the Taça da Liga , as Porto had already been eliminated from the Champions League and was ranked third in the domestic league after an away loss and a home draw , Lopetegui was relieved of his duties and replaced by Rui Barros . A week later , the club announced that it had terminated the formers contract unilaterally .",
"title": "Porto"
},
{
"text": " On 21 July 2016 , after being strongly linked to English side Wolverhampton Wanderers which was under new ownership , Lopetegui was announced as the new manager of the Spain national team following Vicente del Bosques retirement . In his first match in charge , on 1 September , he led them to a 2–0 friendly victory over Belgium at the King Baudouin Stadium ; the nation qualified for the 2018 World Cup , winning nine and drawing one of their group matches .",
"title": "Spain"
},
{
"text": "On 12 June 2018 , with the team already in Russia for the tournament , it was announced that Lopetegui would take over as the head coach of Real Madrid on a three-year contract after the conclusion of Spains involvement at the World Cup . The following day , he was dismissed from his job with the national team and replaced by Fernando Hierro .",
"title": "Spain"
},
{
"text": " Lopeteguis first competitive game in charge took place on 15 August 2018 , in a 4–2 loss to rivals Atlético Madrid in the UEFA Super Cup after extra time . He thus became the second Real manager to start his tenure by conceding four goals , after Englishman Michael Keeping who began in 1948 being downed 4–1 by RC Celta de Vigo .",
"title": "Real Madrid"
},
{
"text": "Following a string of bad results and , ultimately , a 5–1 away defeat to Barcelona in El Clásico on 28 October 2018 , Lopetegui was fired a day later , being replaced by Santiago Solari .",
"title": "Real Madrid"
},
{
"text": " On 5 June 2019 , Lopetegui was appointed as the new Sevilla FC manager on a three-year contract . In his first year , they finished fourth to qualify for the Champions League , and on 21 August they defeated Inter Milan 3–2 in the 2020 UEFA Europa League Final , his first club honour . Lopetegui agreed to a further two-year extension on 10 January 2021 .",
"title": "Sevilla"
},
{
"text": " - UEFA European Under-21 Championship : 2013",
"title": "Spain U21"
}
] |
/wiki/Julen_Lopetegui#P54#1
|
Julen Lopetegui played for which team in Nov 1987?
|
Julen Lopetegui Julen Lopetegui Agote ( ; born 28 August 1966 ) is a Spanish football manager and former player , and the current manager of Sevilla FC . A goalkeeper , he played 149 La Liga matches over nine seasons , representing Real Madrid , Logroñés , Barcelona and Rayo Vallecano in the competition . He added 168 appearances in the Segunda División for three clubs , winning one cap for Spain and being a member of the squad at the 1994 World Cup . Lopetegui started working as a manager in 2003 , and spent several years in charge of Spains youth teams , leading the under-19 and under-21 sides to European titles . He was also head coach of the senior national team for two years , but was dismissed before the start of the 2018 World Cup following the announcement of his agreement to join Real Madrid after the tournament . In club football , he has managed Rayo Vallecano , Castilla , Porto , Real Madrid and Sevilla , winning the 2020 Europa League with the latter side . Playing career . Club . Born in Asteasu , Gipuzkoa , Lopetegui started his professional career at local Real Sociedad , where his progress was barred by the presence of Luis Arconada . In 1985 , he accepted an offer from Real Madrid , where the 19-year-old played in the B team . After a loan spell at UD Las Palmas Lopetegui returned , but could never dislodge another veteran , Francisco Buyo , only managing one La Liga appearance during two seasons , a 3–3 away draw against Atlético Madrid as Real were already crowned league champions . He subsequently signed with CD Logroñés , being instrumental as the modest Riojan club consistently managed to retain its top flight status . When Andoni Zubizarreta left for Valencia CF in 1994 , Lopetegui joined FC Barcelona , battling – and losing – for first-choice status with longtime understudy Carles Busquets . After the Catalans bought FC Portos Vítor Baía he was further demoted to third string , and returned to Madrid with Rayo Vallecano . Lopetegui was a starter in two of his five seasons , and still managed 36 league appearances from 1999 to 2002 with Rayo always in the top division . He retired at the age of 36 . International . Lopeteguis performances at Logroñés earned him his sole cap with Spain , coming on as a substitute for Zubizarreta for the final 30 minutes of a 0–2 friendly loss to Croatia in Valencia , on 23 March 1994 . He was subsequently picked for the squad at that years FIFA World Cup . Coaching career . Beginnings . Lopetegui was one of Spain coach Juan Santistebans assistants at the 2003 UEFA European Under-17 Championship . After the tournament , he had his first head coaching spell at Rayo , with the club in the second level , but was sacked after the tenth match of the 2003–04 campaign , which ended in relegation to division three . After working as a sports commentator , including for laSexta in the 2006 FIFA World Cup , he returned to coaching , with Real Madrid Castilla , who he played for in the 1980s , now in the third tier . From 2010 to 2014 , Lopetegui worked with the Spanish youth teams , winning the 2012 European Under-19 Championship and the 2013 Under-21 Championship . He left the Royal Spanish Football Federation on 30 April 2014 , following the expiration of his contract . Porto . Lopetegui returned to club duties on 6 May 2014 , being appointed at Portugals FC Porto . He signed seven Spanish players to the club that summer . In his first season at the Estádio do Dragão , with the clubs biggest budget ever , Lopetegui led them to the quarter-finals of the UEFA Champions League , where they equalled the clubs biggest defeat in European competitions losing 6–1 against FC Bayern Munich ( having lost by the same score to AEK Athens FC in 1978 ) . He failed to win any silverware , contributing to the longest drought during Jorge Nuno Pinto da Costas presidency . On 8 January 2016 , after a 1–3 home loss to C.S . Marítimo in the Taça da Liga , as Porto had already been eliminated from the Champions League and was ranked third in the domestic league after an away loss and a home draw , Lopetegui was relieved of his duties and replaced by Rui Barros . A week later , the club announced that it had terminated the formers contract unilaterally . Spain . On 21 July 2016 , after being strongly linked to English side Wolverhampton Wanderers which was under new ownership , Lopetegui was announced as the new manager of the Spain national team following Vicente del Bosques retirement . In his first match in charge , on 1 September , he led them to a 2–0 friendly victory over Belgium at the King Baudouin Stadium ; the nation qualified for the 2018 World Cup , winning nine and drawing one of their group matches . On 12 June 2018 , with the team already in Russia for the tournament , it was announced that Lopetegui would take over as the head coach of Real Madrid on a three-year contract after the conclusion of Spains involvement at the World Cup . The following day , he was dismissed from his job with the national team and replaced by Fernando Hierro . Real Madrid . Lopeteguis first competitive game in charge took place on 15 August 2018 , in a 4–2 loss to rivals Atlético Madrid in the UEFA Super Cup after extra time . He thus became the second Real manager to start his tenure by conceding four goals , after Englishman Michael Keeping who began in 1948 being downed 4–1 by RC Celta de Vigo . Following a string of bad results and , ultimately , a 5–1 away defeat to Barcelona in El Clásico on 28 October 2018 , Lopetegui was fired a day later , being replaced by Santiago Solari . Sevilla . On 5 June 2019 , Lopetegui was appointed as the new Sevilla FC manager on a three-year contract . In his first year , they finished fourth to qualify for the Champions League , and on 21 August they defeated Inter Milan 3–2 in the 2020 UEFA Europa League Final , his first club honour . Lopetegui agreed to a further two-year extension on 10 January 2021 . Honours . Player . Real Madrid - La Liga : 1989–90 Barcelona - Supercopa de España : 1994 , 1996 Spain U20 - FIFA World Youth Championship runner-up : 1985 Manager . Real Madrid - UEFA Super Cup runner-up : 2018 Sevilla - UEFA Europa League : 2019–20 - UEFA Super Cup runner-up : 2020 Spain U19 - UEFA European Under-19 Championship : 2012 Spain U21 - UEFA European Under-21 Championship : 2013
|
[
"Real Madrid Castilla"
] |
[
{
"text": " Julen Lopetegui Agote ( ; born 28 August 1966 ) is a Spanish football manager and former player , and the current manager of Sevilla FC . A goalkeeper , he played 149 La Liga matches over nine seasons , representing Real Madrid , Logroñés , Barcelona and Rayo Vallecano in the competition . He added 168 appearances in the Segunda División for three clubs , winning one cap for Spain and being a member of the squad at the 1994 World Cup .",
"title": "Julen Lopetegui"
},
{
"text": "Lopetegui started working as a manager in 2003 , and spent several years in charge of Spains youth teams , leading the under-19 and under-21 sides to European titles . He was also head coach of the senior national team for two years , but was dismissed before the start of the 2018 World Cup following the announcement of his agreement to join Real Madrid after the tournament . In club football , he has managed Rayo Vallecano , Castilla , Porto , Real Madrid and Sevilla , winning the 2020 Europa League with the latter side .",
"title": "Julen Lopetegui"
},
{
"text": " Born in Asteasu , Gipuzkoa , Lopetegui started his professional career at local Real Sociedad , where his progress was barred by the presence of Luis Arconada . In 1985 , he accepted an offer from Real Madrid , where the 19-year-old played in the B team .",
"title": "Club"
},
{
"text": "After a loan spell at UD Las Palmas Lopetegui returned , but could never dislodge another veteran , Francisco Buyo , only managing one La Liga appearance during two seasons , a 3–3 away draw against Atlético Madrid as Real were already crowned league champions . He subsequently signed with CD Logroñés , being instrumental as the modest Riojan club consistently managed to retain its top flight status .",
"title": "Club"
},
{
"text": " When Andoni Zubizarreta left for Valencia CF in 1994 , Lopetegui joined FC Barcelona , battling – and losing – for first-choice status with longtime understudy Carles Busquets . After the Catalans bought FC Portos Vítor Baía he was further demoted to third string , and returned to Madrid with Rayo Vallecano . Lopetegui was a starter in two of his five seasons , and still managed 36 league appearances from 1999 to 2002 with Rayo always in the top division . He retired at the age of 36 .",
"title": "Club"
},
{
"text": " Lopeteguis performances at Logroñés earned him his sole cap with Spain , coming on as a substitute for Zubizarreta for the final 30 minutes of a 0–2 friendly loss to Croatia in Valencia , on 23 March 1994 . He was subsequently picked for the squad at that years FIFA World Cup .",
"title": "International"
},
{
"text": "Lopetegui was one of Spain coach Juan Santistebans assistants at the 2003 UEFA European Under-17 Championship . After the tournament , he had his first head coaching spell at Rayo , with the club in the second level , but was sacked after the tenth match of the 2003–04 campaign , which ended in relegation to division three . After working as a sports commentator , including for laSexta in the 2006 FIFA World Cup , he returned to coaching , with Real Madrid Castilla , who he played for in the 1980s , now in the third tier .",
"title": "Beginnings"
},
{
"text": " From 2010 to 2014 , Lopetegui worked with the Spanish youth teams , winning the 2012 European Under-19 Championship and the 2013 Under-21 Championship . He left the Royal Spanish Football Federation on 30 April 2014 , following the expiration of his contract .",
"title": "Beginnings"
},
{
"text": " Lopetegui returned to club duties on 6 May 2014 , being appointed at Portugals FC Porto . He signed seven Spanish players to the club that summer .",
"title": "Porto"
},
{
"text": "In his first season at the Estádio do Dragão , with the clubs biggest budget ever , Lopetegui led them to the quarter-finals of the UEFA Champions League , where they equalled the clubs biggest defeat in European competitions losing 6–1 against FC Bayern Munich ( having lost by the same score to AEK Athens FC in 1978 ) . He failed to win any silverware , contributing to the longest drought during Jorge Nuno Pinto da Costas presidency .",
"title": "Porto"
},
{
"text": " On 8 January 2016 , after a 1–3 home loss to C.S . Marítimo in the Taça da Liga , as Porto had already been eliminated from the Champions League and was ranked third in the domestic league after an away loss and a home draw , Lopetegui was relieved of his duties and replaced by Rui Barros . A week later , the club announced that it had terminated the formers contract unilaterally .",
"title": "Porto"
},
{
"text": " On 21 July 2016 , after being strongly linked to English side Wolverhampton Wanderers which was under new ownership , Lopetegui was announced as the new manager of the Spain national team following Vicente del Bosques retirement . In his first match in charge , on 1 September , he led them to a 2–0 friendly victory over Belgium at the King Baudouin Stadium ; the nation qualified for the 2018 World Cup , winning nine and drawing one of their group matches .",
"title": "Spain"
},
{
"text": "On 12 June 2018 , with the team already in Russia for the tournament , it was announced that Lopetegui would take over as the head coach of Real Madrid on a three-year contract after the conclusion of Spains involvement at the World Cup . The following day , he was dismissed from his job with the national team and replaced by Fernando Hierro .",
"title": "Spain"
},
{
"text": " Lopeteguis first competitive game in charge took place on 15 August 2018 , in a 4–2 loss to rivals Atlético Madrid in the UEFA Super Cup after extra time . He thus became the second Real manager to start his tenure by conceding four goals , after Englishman Michael Keeping who began in 1948 being downed 4–1 by RC Celta de Vigo .",
"title": "Real Madrid"
},
{
"text": "Following a string of bad results and , ultimately , a 5–1 away defeat to Barcelona in El Clásico on 28 October 2018 , Lopetegui was fired a day later , being replaced by Santiago Solari .",
"title": "Real Madrid"
},
{
"text": " On 5 June 2019 , Lopetegui was appointed as the new Sevilla FC manager on a three-year contract . In his first year , they finished fourth to qualify for the Champions League , and on 21 August they defeated Inter Milan 3–2 in the 2020 UEFA Europa League Final , his first club honour . Lopetegui agreed to a further two-year extension on 10 January 2021 .",
"title": "Sevilla"
},
{
"text": " - UEFA European Under-21 Championship : 2013",
"title": "Spain U21"
}
] |
/wiki/Julen_Lopetegui#P54#2
|
Julen Lopetegui played for which team in May 1988?
|
Julen Lopetegui Julen Lopetegui Agote ( ; born 28 August 1966 ) is a Spanish football manager and former player , and the current manager of Sevilla FC . A goalkeeper , he played 149 La Liga matches over nine seasons , representing Real Madrid , Logroñés , Barcelona and Rayo Vallecano in the competition . He added 168 appearances in the Segunda División for three clubs , winning one cap for Spain and being a member of the squad at the 1994 World Cup . Lopetegui started working as a manager in 2003 , and spent several years in charge of Spains youth teams , leading the under-19 and under-21 sides to European titles . He was also head coach of the senior national team for two years , but was dismissed before the start of the 2018 World Cup following the announcement of his agreement to join Real Madrid after the tournament . In club football , he has managed Rayo Vallecano , Castilla , Porto , Real Madrid and Sevilla , winning the 2020 Europa League with the latter side . Playing career . Club . Born in Asteasu , Gipuzkoa , Lopetegui started his professional career at local Real Sociedad , where his progress was barred by the presence of Luis Arconada . In 1985 , he accepted an offer from Real Madrid , where the 19-year-old played in the B team . After a loan spell at UD Las Palmas Lopetegui returned , but could never dislodge another veteran , Francisco Buyo , only managing one La Liga appearance during two seasons , a 3–3 away draw against Atlético Madrid as Real were already crowned league champions . He subsequently signed with CD Logroñés , being instrumental as the modest Riojan club consistently managed to retain its top flight status . When Andoni Zubizarreta left for Valencia CF in 1994 , Lopetegui joined FC Barcelona , battling – and losing – for first-choice status with longtime understudy Carles Busquets . After the Catalans bought FC Portos Vítor Baía he was further demoted to third string , and returned to Madrid with Rayo Vallecano . Lopetegui was a starter in two of his five seasons , and still managed 36 league appearances from 1999 to 2002 with Rayo always in the top division . He retired at the age of 36 . International . Lopeteguis performances at Logroñés earned him his sole cap with Spain , coming on as a substitute for Zubizarreta for the final 30 minutes of a 0–2 friendly loss to Croatia in Valencia , on 23 March 1994 . He was subsequently picked for the squad at that years FIFA World Cup . Coaching career . Beginnings . Lopetegui was one of Spain coach Juan Santistebans assistants at the 2003 UEFA European Under-17 Championship . After the tournament , he had his first head coaching spell at Rayo , with the club in the second level , but was sacked after the tenth match of the 2003–04 campaign , which ended in relegation to division three . After working as a sports commentator , including for laSexta in the 2006 FIFA World Cup , he returned to coaching , with Real Madrid Castilla , who he played for in the 1980s , now in the third tier . From 2010 to 2014 , Lopetegui worked with the Spanish youth teams , winning the 2012 European Under-19 Championship and the 2013 Under-21 Championship . He left the Royal Spanish Football Federation on 30 April 2014 , following the expiration of his contract . Porto . Lopetegui returned to club duties on 6 May 2014 , being appointed at Portugals FC Porto . He signed seven Spanish players to the club that summer . In his first season at the Estádio do Dragão , with the clubs biggest budget ever , Lopetegui led them to the quarter-finals of the UEFA Champions League , where they equalled the clubs biggest defeat in European competitions losing 6–1 against FC Bayern Munich ( having lost by the same score to AEK Athens FC in 1978 ) . He failed to win any silverware , contributing to the longest drought during Jorge Nuno Pinto da Costas presidency . On 8 January 2016 , after a 1–3 home loss to C.S . Marítimo in the Taça da Liga , as Porto had already been eliminated from the Champions League and was ranked third in the domestic league after an away loss and a home draw , Lopetegui was relieved of his duties and replaced by Rui Barros . A week later , the club announced that it had terminated the formers contract unilaterally . Spain . On 21 July 2016 , after being strongly linked to English side Wolverhampton Wanderers which was under new ownership , Lopetegui was announced as the new manager of the Spain national team following Vicente del Bosques retirement . In his first match in charge , on 1 September , he led them to a 2–0 friendly victory over Belgium at the King Baudouin Stadium ; the nation qualified for the 2018 World Cup , winning nine and drawing one of their group matches . On 12 June 2018 , with the team already in Russia for the tournament , it was announced that Lopetegui would take over as the head coach of Real Madrid on a three-year contract after the conclusion of Spains involvement at the World Cup . The following day , he was dismissed from his job with the national team and replaced by Fernando Hierro . Real Madrid . Lopeteguis first competitive game in charge took place on 15 August 2018 , in a 4–2 loss to rivals Atlético Madrid in the UEFA Super Cup after extra time . He thus became the second Real manager to start his tenure by conceding four goals , after Englishman Michael Keeping who began in 1948 being downed 4–1 by RC Celta de Vigo . Following a string of bad results and , ultimately , a 5–1 away defeat to Barcelona in El Clásico on 28 October 2018 , Lopetegui was fired a day later , being replaced by Santiago Solari . Sevilla . On 5 June 2019 , Lopetegui was appointed as the new Sevilla FC manager on a three-year contract . In his first year , they finished fourth to qualify for the Champions League , and on 21 August they defeated Inter Milan 3–2 in the 2020 UEFA Europa League Final , his first club honour . Lopetegui agreed to a further two-year extension on 10 January 2021 . Honours . Player . Real Madrid - La Liga : 1989–90 Barcelona - Supercopa de España : 1994 , 1996 Spain U20 - FIFA World Youth Championship runner-up : 1985 Manager . Real Madrid - UEFA Super Cup runner-up : 2018 Sevilla - UEFA Europa League : 2019–20 - UEFA Super Cup runner-up : 2020 Spain U19 - UEFA European Under-19 Championship : 2012 Spain U21 - UEFA European Under-21 Championship : 2013
|
[
"Real Madrid",
"UD Las Palmas"
] |
[
{
"text": " Julen Lopetegui Agote ( ; born 28 August 1966 ) is a Spanish football manager and former player , and the current manager of Sevilla FC . A goalkeeper , he played 149 La Liga matches over nine seasons , representing Real Madrid , Logroñés , Barcelona and Rayo Vallecano in the competition . He added 168 appearances in the Segunda División for three clubs , winning one cap for Spain and being a member of the squad at the 1994 World Cup .",
"title": "Julen Lopetegui"
},
{
"text": "Lopetegui started working as a manager in 2003 , and spent several years in charge of Spains youth teams , leading the under-19 and under-21 sides to European titles . He was also head coach of the senior national team for two years , but was dismissed before the start of the 2018 World Cup following the announcement of his agreement to join Real Madrid after the tournament . In club football , he has managed Rayo Vallecano , Castilla , Porto , Real Madrid and Sevilla , winning the 2020 Europa League with the latter side .",
"title": "Julen Lopetegui"
},
{
"text": " Born in Asteasu , Gipuzkoa , Lopetegui started his professional career at local Real Sociedad , where his progress was barred by the presence of Luis Arconada . In 1985 , he accepted an offer from Real Madrid , where the 19-year-old played in the B team .",
"title": "Club"
},
{
"text": "After a loan spell at UD Las Palmas Lopetegui returned , but could never dislodge another veteran , Francisco Buyo , only managing one La Liga appearance during two seasons , a 3–3 away draw against Atlético Madrid as Real were already crowned league champions . He subsequently signed with CD Logroñés , being instrumental as the modest Riojan club consistently managed to retain its top flight status .",
"title": "Club"
},
{
"text": " When Andoni Zubizarreta left for Valencia CF in 1994 , Lopetegui joined FC Barcelona , battling – and losing – for first-choice status with longtime understudy Carles Busquets . After the Catalans bought FC Portos Vítor Baía he was further demoted to third string , and returned to Madrid with Rayo Vallecano . Lopetegui was a starter in two of his five seasons , and still managed 36 league appearances from 1999 to 2002 with Rayo always in the top division . He retired at the age of 36 .",
"title": "Club"
},
{
"text": " Lopeteguis performances at Logroñés earned him his sole cap with Spain , coming on as a substitute for Zubizarreta for the final 30 minutes of a 0–2 friendly loss to Croatia in Valencia , on 23 March 1994 . He was subsequently picked for the squad at that years FIFA World Cup .",
"title": "International"
},
{
"text": "Lopetegui was one of Spain coach Juan Santistebans assistants at the 2003 UEFA European Under-17 Championship . After the tournament , he had his first head coaching spell at Rayo , with the club in the second level , but was sacked after the tenth match of the 2003–04 campaign , which ended in relegation to division three . After working as a sports commentator , including for laSexta in the 2006 FIFA World Cup , he returned to coaching , with Real Madrid Castilla , who he played for in the 1980s , now in the third tier .",
"title": "Beginnings"
},
{
"text": " From 2010 to 2014 , Lopetegui worked with the Spanish youth teams , winning the 2012 European Under-19 Championship and the 2013 Under-21 Championship . He left the Royal Spanish Football Federation on 30 April 2014 , following the expiration of his contract .",
"title": "Beginnings"
},
{
"text": " Lopetegui returned to club duties on 6 May 2014 , being appointed at Portugals FC Porto . He signed seven Spanish players to the club that summer .",
"title": "Porto"
},
{
"text": "In his first season at the Estádio do Dragão , with the clubs biggest budget ever , Lopetegui led them to the quarter-finals of the UEFA Champions League , where they equalled the clubs biggest defeat in European competitions losing 6–1 against FC Bayern Munich ( having lost by the same score to AEK Athens FC in 1978 ) . He failed to win any silverware , contributing to the longest drought during Jorge Nuno Pinto da Costas presidency .",
"title": "Porto"
},
{
"text": " On 8 January 2016 , after a 1–3 home loss to C.S . Marítimo in the Taça da Liga , as Porto had already been eliminated from the Champions League and was ranked third in the domestic league after an away loss and a home draw , Lopetegui was relieved of his duties and replaced by Rui Barros . A week later , the club announced that it had terminated the formers contract unilaterally .",
"title": "Porto"
},
{
"text": " On 21 July 2016 , after being strongly linked to English side Wolverhampton Wanderers which was under new ownership , Lopetegui was announced as the new manager of the Spain national team following Vicente del Bosques retirement . In his first match in charge , on 1 September , he led them to a 2–0 friendly victory over Belgium at the King Baudouin Stadium ; the nation qualified for the 2018 World Cup , winning nine and drawing one of their group matches .",
"title": "Spain"
},
{
"text": "On 12 June 2018 , with the team already in Russia for the tournament , it was announced that Lopetegui would take over as the head coach of Real Madrid on a three-year contract after the conclusion of Spains involvement at the World Cup . The following day , he was dismissed from his job with the national team and replaced by Fernando Hierro .",
"title": "Spain"
},
{
"text": " Lopeteguis first competitive game in charge took place on 15 August 2018 , in a 4–2 loss to rivals Atlético Madrid in the UEFA Super Cup after extra time . He thus became the second Real manager to start his tenure by conceding four goals , after Englishman Michael Keeping who began in 1948 being downed 4–1 by RC Celta de Vigo .",
"title": "Real Madrid"
},
{
"text": "Following a string of bad results and , ultimately , a 5–1 away defeat to Barcelona in El Clásico on 28 October 2018 , Lopetegui was fired a day later , being replaced by Santiago Solari .",
"title": "Real Madrid"
},
{
"text": " On 5 June 2019 , Lopetegui was appointed as the new Sevilla FC manager on a three-year contract . In his first year , they finished fourth to qualify for the Champions League , and on 21 August they defeated Inter Milan 3–2 in the 2020 UEFA Europa League Final , his first club honour . Lopetegui agreed to a further two-year extension on 10 January 2021 .",
"title": "Sevilla"
},
{
"text": " - UEFA European Under-21 Championship : 2013",
"title": "Spain U21"
}
] |
/wiki/Julen_Lopetegui#P54#3
|
Julen Lopetegui played for which team between Dec 1992 and Jun 1993?
|
Julen Lopetegui Julen Lopetegui Agote ( ; born 28 August 1966 ) is a Spanish football manager and former player , and the current manager of Sevilla FC . A goalkeeper , he played 149 La Liga matches over nine seasons , representing Real Madrid , Logroñés , Barcelona and Rayo Vallecano in the competition . He added 168 appearances in the Segunda División for three clubs , winning one cap for Spain and being a member of the squad at the 1994 World Cup . Lopetegui started working as a manager in 2003 , and spent several years in charge of Spains youth teams , leading the under-19 and under-21 sides to European titles . He was also head coach of the senior national team for two years , but was dismissed before the start of the 2018 World Cup following the announcement of his agreement to join Real Madrid after the tournament . In club football , he has managed Rayo Vallecano , Castilla , Porto , Real Madrid and Sevilla , winning the 2020 Europa League with the latter side . Playing career . Club . Born in Asteasu , Gipuzkoa , Lopetegui started his professional career at local Real Sociedad , where his progress was barred by the presence of Luis Arconada . In 1985 , he accepted an offer from Real Madrid , where the 19-year-old played in the B team . After a loan spell at UD Las Palmas Lopetegui returned , but could never dislodge another veteran , Francisco Buyo , only managing one La Liga appearance during two seasons , a 3–3 away draw against Atlético Madrid as Real were already crowned league champions . He subsequently signed with CD Logroñés , being instrumental as the modest Riojan club consistently managed to retain its top flight status . When Andoni Zubizarreta left for Valencia CF in 1994 , Lopetegui joined FC Barcelona , battling – and losing – for first-choice status with longtime understudy Carles Busquets . After the Catalans bought FC Portos Vítor Baía he was further demoted to third string , and returned to Madrid with Rayo Vallecano . Lopetegui was a starter in two of his five seasons , and still managed 36 league appearances from 1999 to 2002 with Rayo always in the top division . He retired at the age of 36 . International . Lopeteguis performances at Logroñés earned him his sole cap with Spain , coming on as a substitute for Zubizarreta for the final 30 minutes of a 0–2 friendly loss to Croatia in Valencia , on 23 March 1994 . He was subsequently picked for the squad at that years FIFA World Cup . Coaching career . Beginnings . Lopetegui was one of Spain coach Juan Santistebans assistants at the 2003 UEFA European Under-17 Championship . After the tournament , he had his first head coaching spell at Rayo , with the club in the second level , but was sacked after the tenth match of the 2003–04 campaign , which ended in relegation to division three . After working as a sports commentator , including for laSexta in the 2006 FIFA World Cup , he returned to coaching , with Real Madrid Castilla , who he played for in the 1980s , now in the third tier . From 2010 to 2014 , Lopetegui worked with the Spanish youth teams , winning the 2012 European Under-19 Championship and the 2013 Under-21 Championship . He left the Royal Spanish Football Federation on 30 April 2014 , following the expiration of his contract . Porto . Lopetegui returned to club duties on 6 May 2014 , being appointed at Portugals FC Porto . He signed seven Spanish players to the club that summer . In his first season at the Estádio do Dragão , with the clubs biggest budget ever , Lopetegui led them to the quarter-finals of the UEFA Champions League , where they equalled the clubs biggest defeat in European competitions losing 6–1 against FC Bayern Munich ( having lost by the same score to AEK Athens FC in 1978 ) . He failed to win any silverware , contributing to the longest drought during Jorge Nuno Pinto da Costas presidency . On 8 January 2016 , after a 1–3 home loss to C.S . Marítimo in the Taça da Liga , as Porto had already been eliminated from the Champions League and was ranked third in the domestic league after an away loss and a home draw , Lopetegui was relieved of his duties and replaced by Rui Barros . A week later , the club announced that it had terminated the formers contract unilaterally . Spain . On 21 July 2016 , after being strongly linked to English side Wolverhampton Wanderers which was under new ownership , Lopetegui was announced as the new manager of the Spain national team following Vicente del Bosques retirement . In his first match in charge , on 1 September , he led them to a 2–0 friendly victory over Belgium at the King Baudouin Stadium ; the nation qualified for the 2018 World Cup , winning nine and drawing one of their group matches . On 12 June 2018 , with the team already in Russia for the tournament , it was announced that Lopetegui would take over as the head coach of Real Madrid on a three-year contract after the conclusion of Spains involvement at the World Cup . The following day , he was dismissed from his job with the national team and replaced by Fernando Hierro . Real Madrid . Lopeteguis first competitive game in charge took place on 15 August 2018 , in a 4–2 loss to rivals Atlético Madrid in the UEFA Super Cup after extra time . He thus became the second Real manager to start his tenure by conceding four goals , after Englishman Michael Keeping who began in 1948 being downed 4–1 by RC Celta de Vigo . Following a string of bad results and , ultimately , a 5–1 away defeat to Barcelona in El Clásico on 28 October 2018 , Lopetegui was fired a day later , being replaced by Santiago Solari . Sevilla . On 5 June 2019 , Lopetegui was appointed as the new Sevilla FC manager on a three-year contract . In his first year , they finished fourth to qualify for the Champions League , and on 21 August they defeated Inter Milan 3–2 in the 2020 UEFA Europa League Final , his first club honour . Lopetegui agreed to a further two-year extension on 10 January 2021 . Honours . Player . Real Madrid - La Liga : 1989–90 Barcelona - Supercopa de España : 1994 , 1996 Spain U20 - FIFA World Youth Championship runner-up : 1985 Manager . Real Madrid - UEFA Super Cup runner-up : 2018 Sevilla - UEFA Europa League : 2019–20 - UEFA Super Cup runner-up : 2020 Spain U19 - UEFA European Under-19 Championship : 2012 Spain U21 - UEFA European Under-21 Championship : 2013
|
[
"Logroñés"
] |
[
{
"text": " Julen Lopetegui Agote ( ; born 28 August 1966 ) is a Spanish football manager and former player , and the current manager of Sevilla FC . A goalkeeper , he played 149 La Liga matches over nine seasons , representing Real Madrid , Logroñés , Barcelona and Rayo Vallecano in the competition . He added 168 appearances in the Segunda División for three clubs , winning one cap for Spain and being a member of the squad at the 1994 World Cup .",
"title": "Julen Lopetegui"
},
{
"text": "Lopetegui started working as a manager in 2003 , and spent several years in charge of Spains youth teams , leading the under-19 and under-21 sides to European titles . He was also head coach of the senior national team for two years , but was dismissed before the start of the 2018 World Cup following the announcement of his agreement to join Real Madrid after the tournament . In club football , he has managed Rayo Vallecano , Castilla , Porto , Real Madrid and Sevilla , winning the 2020 Europa League with the latter side .",
"title": "Julen Lopetegui"
},
{
"text": " Born in Asteasu , Gipuzkoa , Lopetegui started his professional career at local Real Sociedad , where his progress was barred by the presence of Luis Arconada . In 1985 , he accepted an offer from Real Madrid , where the 19-year-old played in the B team .",
"title": "Club"
},
{
"text": "After a loan spell at UD Las Palmas Lopetegui returned , but could never dislodge another veteran , Francisco Buyo , only managing one La Liga appearance during two seasons , a 3–3 away draw against Atlético Madrid as Real were already crowned league champions . He subsequently signed with CD Logroñés , being instrumental as the modest Riojan club consistently managed to retain its top flight status .",
"title": "Club"
},
{
"text": " When Andoni Zubizarreta left for Valencia CF in 1994 , Lopetegui joined FC Barcelona , battling – and losing – for first-choice status with longtime understudy Carles Busquets . After the Catalans bought FC Portos Vítor Baía he was further demoted to third string , and returned to Madrid with Rayo Vallecano . Lopetegui was a starter in two of his five seasons , and still managed 36 league appearances from 1999 to 2002 with Rayo always in the top division . He retired at the age of 36 .",
"title": "Club"
},
{
"text": " Lopeteguis performances at Logroñés earned him his sole cap with Spain , coming on as a substitute for Zubizarreta for the final 30 minutes of a 0–2 friendly loss to Croatia in Valencia , on 23 March 1994 . He was subsequently picked for the squad at that years FIFA World Cup .",
"title": "International"
},
{
"text": "Lopetegui was one of Spain coach Juan Santistebans assistants at the 2003 UEFA European Under-17 Championship . After the tournament , he had his first head coaching spell at Rayo , with the club in the second level , but was sacked after the tenth match of the 2003–04 campaign , which ended in relegation to division three . After working as a sports commentator , including for laSexta in the 2006 FIFA World Cup , he returned to coaching , with Real Madrid Castilla , who he played for in the 1980s , now in the third tier .",
"title": "Beginnings"
},
{
"text": " From 2010 to 2014 , Lopetegui worked with the Spanish youth teams , winning the 2012 European Under-19 Championship and the 2013 Under-21 Championship . He left the Royal Spanish Football Federation on 30 April 2014 , following the expiration of his contract .",
"title": "Beginnings"
},
{
"text": " Lopetegui returned to club duties on 6 May 2014 , being appointed at Portugals FC Porto . He signed seven Spanish players to the club that summer .",
"title": "Porto"
},
{
"text": "In his first season at the Estádio do Dragão , with the clubs biggest budget ever , Lopetegui led them to the quarter-finals of the UEFA Champions League , where they equalled the clubs biggest defeat in European competitions losing 6–1 against FC Bayern Munich ( having lost by the same score to AEK Athens FC in 1978 ) . He failed to win any silverware , contributing to the longest drought during Jorge Nuno Pinto da Costas presidency .",
"title": "Porto"
},
{
"text": " On 8 January 2016 , after a 1–3 home loss to C.S . Marítimo in the Taça da Liga , as Porto had already been eliminated from the Champions League and was ranked third in the domestic league after an away loss and a home draw , Lopetegui was relieved of his duties and replaced by Rui Barros . A week later , the club announced that it had terminated the formers contract unilaterally .",
"title": "Porto"
},
{
"text": " On 21 July 2016 , after being strongly linked to English side Wolverhampton Wanderers which was under new ownership , Lopetegui was announced as the new manager of the Spain national team following Vicente del Bosques retirement . In his first match in charge , on 1 September , he led them to a 2–0 friendly victory over Belgium at the King Baudouin Stadium ; the nation qualified for the 2018 World Cup , winning nine and drawing one of their group matches .",
"title": "Spain"
},
{
"text": "On 12 June 2018 , with the team already in Russia for the tournament , it was announced that Lopetegui would take over as the head coach of Real Madrid on a three-year contract after the conclusion of Spains involvement at the World Cup . The following day , he was dismissed from his job with the national team and replaced by Fernando Hierro .",
"title": "Spain"
},
{
"text": " Lopeteguis first competitive game in charge took place on 15 August 2018 , in a 4–2 loss to rivals Atlético Madrid in the UEFA Super Cup after extra time . He thus became the second Real manager to start his tenure by conceding four goals , after Englishman Michael Keeping who began in 1948 being downed 4–1 by RC Celta de Vigo .",
"title": "Real Madrid"
},
{
"text": "Following a string of bad results and , ultimately , a 5–1 away defeat to Barcelona in El Clásico on 28 October 2018 , Lopetegui was fired a day later , being replaced by Santiago Solari .",
"title": "Real Madrid"
},
{
"text": " On 5 June 2019 , Lopetegui was appointed as the new Sevilla FC manager on a three-year contract . In his first year , they finished fourth to qualify for the Champions League , and on 21 August they defeated Inter Milan 3–2 in the 2020 UEFA Europa League Final , his first club honour . Lopetegui agreed to a further two-year extension on 10 January 2021 .",
"title": "Sevilla"
},
{
"text": " - UEFA European Under-21 Championship : 2013",
"title": "Spain U21"
}
] |
/wiki/Julen_Lopetegui#P54#4
|
Julen Lopetegui played for which team between Dec 1995 and Nov 1996?
|
Julen Lopetegui Julen Lopetegui Agote ( ; born 28 August 1966 ) is a Spanish football manager and former player , and the current manager of Sevilla FC . A goalkeeper , he played 149 La Liga matches over nine seasons , representing Real Madrid , Logroñés , Barcelona and Rayo Vallecano in the competition . He added 168 appearances in the Segunda División for three clubs , winning one cap for Spain and being a member of the squad at the 1994 World Cup . Lopetegui started working as a manager in 2003 , and spent several years in charge of Spains youth teams , leading the under-19 and under-21 sides to European titles . He was also head coach of the senior national team for two years , but was dismissed before the start of the 2018 World Cup following the announcement of his agreement to join Real Madrid after the tournament . In club football , he has managed Rayo Vallecano , Castilla , Porto , Real Madrid and Sevilla , winning the 2020 Europa League with the latter side . Playing career . Club . Born in Asteasu , Gipuzkoa , Lopetegui started his professional career at local Real Sociedad , where his progress was barred by the presence of Luis Arconada . In 1985 , he accepted an offer from Real Madrid , where the 19-year-old played in the B team . After a loan spell at UD Las Palmas Lopetegui returned , but could never dislodge another veteran , Francisco Buyo , only managing one La Liga appearance during two seasons , a 3–3 away draw against Atlético Madrid as Real were already crowned league champions . He subsequently signed with CD Logroñés , being instrumental as the modest Riojan club consistently managed to retain its top flight status . When Andoni Zubizarreta left for Valencia CF in 1994 , Lopetegui joined FC Barcelona , battling – and losing – for first-choice status with longtime understudy Carles Busquets . After the Catalans bought FC Portos Vítor Baía he was further demoted to third string , and returned to Madrid with Rayo Vallecano . Lopetegui was a starter in two of his five seasons , and still managed 36 league appearances from 1999 to 2002 with Rayo always in the top division . He retired at the age of 36 . International . Lopeteguis performances at Logroñés earned him his sole cap with Spain , coming on as a substitute for Zubizarreta for the final 30 minutes of a 0–2 friendly loss to Croatia in Valencia , on 23 March 1994 . He was subsequently picked for the squad at that years FIFA World Cup . Coaching career . Beginnings . Lopetegui was one of Spain coach Juan Santistebans assistants at the 2003 UEFA European Under-17 Championship . After the tournament , he had his first head coaching spell at Rayo , with the club in the second level , but was sacked after the tenth match of the 2003–04 campaign , which ended in relegation to division three . After working as a sports commentator , including for laSexta in the 2006 FIFA World Cup , he returned to coaching , with Real Madrid Castilla , who he played for in the 1980s , now in the third tier . From 2010 to 2014 , Lopetegui worked with the Spanish youth teams , winning the 2012 European Under-19 Championship and the 2013 Under-21 Championship . He left the Royal Spanish Football Federation on 30 April 2014 , following the expiration of his contract . Porto . Lopetegui returned to club duties on 6 May 2014 , being appointed at Portugals FC Porto . He signed seven Spanish players to the club that summer . In his first season at the Estádio do Dragão , with the clubs biggest budget ever , Lopetegui led them to the quarter-finals of the UEFA Champions League , where they equalled the clubs biggest defeat in European competitions losing 6–1 against FC Bayern Munich ( having lost by the same score to AEK Athens FC in 1978 ) . He failed to win any silverware , contributing to the longest drought during Jorge Nuno Pinto da Costas presidency . On 8 January 2016 , after a 1–3 home loss to C.S . Marítimo in the Taça da Liga , as Porto had already been eliminated from the Champions League and was ranked third in the domestic league after an away loss and a home draw , Lopetegui was relieved of his duties and replaced by Rui Barros . A week later , the club announced that it had terminated the formers contract unilaterally . Spain . On 21 July 2016 , after being strongly linked to English side Wolverhampton Wanderers which was under new ownership , Lopetegui was announced as the new manager of the Spain national team following Vicente del Bosques retirement . In his first match in charge , on 1 September , he led them to a 2–0 friendly victory over Belgium at the King Baudouin Stadium ; the nation qualified for the 2018 World Cup , winning nine and drawing one of their group matches . On 12 June 2018 , with the team already in Russia for the tournament , it was announced that Lopetegui would take over as the head coach of Real Madrid on a three-year contract after the conclusion of Spains involvement at the World Cup . The following day , he was dismissed from his job with the national team and replaced by Fernando Hierro . Real Madrid . Lopeteguis first competitive game in charge took place on 15 August 2018 , in a 4–2 loss to rivals Atlético Madrid in the UEFA Super Cup after extra time . He thus became the second Real manager to start his tenure by conceding four goals , after Englishman Michael Keeping who began in 1948 being downed 4–1 by RC Celta de Vigo . Following a string of bad results and , ultimately , a 5–1 away defeat to Barcelona in El Clásico on 28 October 2018 , Lopetegui was fired a day later , being replaced by Santiago Solari . Sevilla . On 5 June 2019 , Lopetegui was appointed as the new Sevilla FC manager on a three-year contract . In his first year , they finished fourth to qualify for the Champions League , and on 21 August they defeated Inter Milan 3–2 in the 2020 UEFA Europa League Final , his first club honour . Lopetegui agreed to a further two-year extension on 10 January 2021 . Honours . Player . Real Madrid - La Liga : 1989–90 Barcelona - Supercopa de España : 1994 , 1996 Spain U20 - FIFA World Youth Championship runner-up : 1985 Manager . Real Madrid - UEFA Super Cup runner-up : 2018 Sevilla - UEFA Europa League : 2019–20 - UEFA Super Cup runner-up : 2020 Spain U19 - UEFA European Under-19 Championship : 2012 Spain U21 - UEFA European Under-21 Championship : 2013
|
[
"Barcelona"
] |
[
{
"text": " Julen Lopetegui Agote ( ; born 28 August 1966 ) is a Spanish football manager and former player , and the current manager of Sevilla FC . A goalkeeper , he played 149 La Liga matches over nine seasons , representing Real Madrid , Logroñés , Barcelona and Rayo Vallecano in the competition . He added 168 appearances in the Segunda División for three clubs , winning one cap for Spain and being a member of the squad at the 1994 World Cup .",
"title": "Julen Lopetegui"
},
{
"text": "Lopetegui started working as a manager in 2003 , and spent several years in charge of Spains youth teams , leading the under-19 and under-21 sides to European titles . He was also head coach of the senior national team for two years , but was dismissed before the start of the 2018 World Cup following the announcement of his agreement to join Real Madrid after the tournament . In club football , he has managed Rayo Vallecano , Castilla , Porto , Real Madrid and Sevilla , winning the 2020 Europa League with the latter side .",
"title": "Julen Lopetegui"
},
{
"text": " Born in Asteasu , Gipuzkoa , Lopetegui started his professional career at local Real Sociedad , where his progress was barred by the presence of Luis Arconada . In 1985 , he accepted an offer from Real Madrid , where the 19-year-old played in the B team .",
"title": "Club"
},
{
"text": "After a loan spell at UD Las Palmas Lopetegui returned , but could never dislodge another veteran , Francisco Buyo , only managing one La Liga appearance during two seasons , a 3–3 away draw against Atlético Madrid as Real were already crowned league champions . He subsequently signed with CD Logroñés , being instrumental as the modest Riojan club consistently managed to retain its top flight status .",
"title": "Club"
},
{
"text": " When Andoni Zubizarreta left for Valencia CF in 1994 , Lopetegui joined FC Barcelona , battling – and losing – for first-choice status with longtime understudy Carles Busquets . After the Catalans bought FC Portos Vítor Baía he was further demoted to third string , and returned to Madrid with Rayo Vallecano . Lopetegui was a starter in two of his five seasons , and still managed 36 league appearances from 1999 to 2002 with Rayo always in the top division . He retired at the age of 36 .",
"title": "Club"
},
{
"text": " Lopeteguis performances at Logroñés earned him his sole cap with Spain , coming on as a substitute for Zubizarreta for the final 30 minutes of a 0–2 friendly loss to Croatia in Valencia , on 23 March 1994 . He was subsequently picked for the squad at that years FIFA World Cup .",
"title": "International"
},
{
"text": "Lopetegui was one of Spain coach Juan Santistebans assistants at the 2003 UEFA European Under-17 Championship . After the tournament , he had his first head coaching spell at Rayo , with the club in the second level , but was sacked after the tenth match of the 2003–04 campaign , which ended in relegation to division three . After working as a sports commentator , including for laSexta in the 2006 FIFA World Cup , he returned to coaching , with Real Madrid Castilla , who he played for in the 1980s , now in the third tier .",
"title": "Beginnings"
},
{
"text": " From 2010 to 2014 , Lopetegui worked with the Spanish youth teams , winning the 2012 European Under-19 Championship and the 2013 Under-21 Championship . He left the Royal Spanish Football Federation on 30 April 2014 , following the expiration of his contract .",
"title": "Beginnings"
},
{
"text": " Lopetegui returned to club duties on 6 May 2014 , being appointed at Portugals FC Porto . He signed seven Spanish players to the club that summer .",
"title": "Porto"
},
{
"text": "In his first season at the Estádio do Dragão , with the clubs biggest budget ever , Lopetegui led them to the quarter-finals of the UEFA Champions League , where they equalled the clubs biggest defeat in European competitions losing 6–1 against FC Bayern Munich ( having lost by the same score to AEK Athens FC in 1978 ) . He failed to win any silverware , contributing to the longest drought during Jorge Nuno Pinto da Costas presidency .",
"title": "Porto"
},
{
"text": " On 8 January 2016 , after a 1–3 home loss to C.S . Marítimo in the Taça da Liga , as Porto had already been eliminated from the Champions League and was ranked third in the domestic league after an away loss and a home draw , Lopetegui was relieved of his duties and replaced by Rui Barros . A week later , the club announced that it had terminated the formers contract unilaterally .",
"title": "Porto"
},
{
"text": " On 21 July 2016 , after being strongly linked to English side Wolverhampton Wanderers which was under new ownership , Lopetegui was announced as the new manager of the Spain national team following Vicente del Bosques retirement . In his first match in charge , on 1 September , he led them to a 2–0 friendly victory over Belgium at the King Baudouin Stadium ; the nation qualified for the 2018 World Cup , winning nine and drawing one of their group matches .",
"title": "Spain"
},
{
"text": "On 12 June 2018 , with the team already in Russia for the tournament , it was announced that Lopetegui would take over as the head coach of Real Madrid on a three-year contract after the conclusion of Spains involvement at the World Cup . The following day , he was dismissed from his job with the national team and replaced by Fernando Hierro .",
"title": "Spain"
},
{
"text": " Lopeteguis first competitive game in charge took place on 15 August 2018 , in a 4–2 loss to rivals Atlético Madrid in the UEFA Super Cup after extra time . He thus became the second Real manager to start his tenure by conceding four goals , after Englishman Michael Keeping who began in 1948 being downed 4–1 by RC Celta de Vigo .",
"title": "Real Madrid"
},
{
"text": "Following a string of bad results and , ultimately , a 5–1 away defeat to Barcelona in El Clásico on 28 October 2018 , Lopetegui was fired a day later , being replaced by Santiago Solari .",
"title": "Real Madrid"
},
{
"text": " On 5 June 2019 , Lopetegui was appointed as the new Sevilla FC manager on a three-year contract . In his first year , they finished fourth to qualify for the Champions League , and on 21 August they defeated Inter Milan 3–2 in the 2020 UEFA Europa League Final , his first club honour . Lopetegui agreed to a further two-year extension on 10 January 2021 .",
"title": "Sevilla"
},
{
"text": " - UEFA European Under-21 Championship : 2013",
"title": "Spain U21"
}
] |
/wiki/Julen_Lopetegui#P54#5
|
Julen Lopetegui played for which team in Aug 1998?
|
Julen Lopetegui Julen Lopetegui Agote ( ; born 28 August 1966 ) is a Spanish football manager and former player , and the current manager of Sevilla FC . A goalkeeper , he played 149 La Liga matches over nine seasons , representing Real Madrid , Logroñés , Barcelona and Rayo Vallecano in the competition . He added 168 appearances in the Segunda División for three clubs , winning one cap for Spain and being a member of the squad at the 1994 World Cup . Lopetegui started working as a manager in 2003 , and spent several years in charge of Spains youth teams , leading the under-19 and under-21 sides to European titles . He was also head coach of the senior national team for two years , but was dismissed before the start of the 2018 World Cup following the announcement of his agreement to join Real Madrid after the tournament . In club football , he has managed Rayo Vallecano , Castilla , Porto , Real Madrid and Sevilla , winning the 2020 Europa League with the latter side . Playing career . Club . Born in Asteasu , Gipuzkoa , Lopetegui started his professional career at local Real Sociedad , where his progress was barred by the presence of Luis Arconada . In 1985 , he accepted an offer from Real Madrid , where the 19-year-old played in the B team . After a loan spell at UD Las Palmas Lopetegui returned , but could never dislodge another veteran , Francisco Buyo , only managing one La Liga appearance during two seasons , a 3–3 away draw against Atlético Madrid as Real were already crowned league champions . He subsequently signed with CD Logroñés , being instrumental as the modest Riojan club consistently managed to retain its top flight status . When Andoni Zubizarreta left for Valencia CF in 1994 , Lopetegui joined FC Barcelona , battling – and losing – for first-choice status with longtime understudy Carles Busquets . After the Catalans bought FC Portos Vítor Baía he was further demoted to third string , and returned to Madrid with Rayo Vallecano . Lopetegui was a starter in two of his five seasons , and still managed 36 league appearances from 1999 to 2002 with Rayo always in the top division . He retired at the age of 36 . International . Lopeteguis performances at Logroñés earned him his sole cap with Spain , coming on as a substitute for Zubizarreta for the final 30 minutes of a 0–2 friendly loss to Croatia in Valencia , on 23 March 1994 . He was subsequently picked for the squad at that years FIFA World Cup . Coaching career . Beginnings . Lopetegui was one of Spain coach Juan Santistebans assistants at the 2003 UEFA European Under-17 Championship . After the tournament , he had his first head coaching spell at Rayo , with the club in the second level , but was sacked after the tenth match of the 2003–04 campaign , which ended in relegation to division three . After working as a sports commentator , including for laSexta in the 2006 FIFA World Cup , he returned to coaching , with Real Madrid Castilla , who he played for in the 1980s , now in the third tier . From 2010 to 2014 , Lopetegui worked with the Spanish youth teams , winning the 2012 European Under-19 Championship and the 2013 Under-21 Championship . He left the Royal Spanish Football Federation on 30 April 2014 , following the expiration of his contract . Porto . Lopetegui returned to club duties on 6 May 2014 , being appointed at Portugals FC Porto . He signed seven Spanish players to the club that summer . In his first season at the Estádio do Dragão , with the clubs biggest budget ever , Lopetegui led them to the quarter-finals of the UEFA Champions League , where they equalled the clubs biggest defeat in European competitions losing 6–1 against FC Bayern Munich ( having lost by the same score to AEK Athens FC in 1978 ) . He failed to win any silverware , contributing to the longest drought during Jorge Nuno Pinto da Costas presidency . On 8 January 2016 , after a 1–3 home loss to C.S . Marítimo in the Taça da Liga , as Porto had already been eliminated from the Champions League and was ranked third in the domestic league after an away loss and a home draw , Lopetegui was relieved of his duties and replaced by Rui Barros . A week later , the club announced that it had terminated the formers contract unilaterally . Spain . On 21 July 2016 , after being strongly linked to English side Wolverhampton Wanderers which was under new ownership , Lopetegui was announced as the new manager of the Spain national team following Vicente del Bosques retirement . In his first match in charge , on 1 September , he led them to a 2–0 friendly victory over Belgium at the King Baudouin Stadium ; the nation qualified for the 2018 World Cup , winning nine and drawing one of their group matches . On 12 June 2018 , with the team already in Russia for the tournament , it was announced that Lopetegui would take over as the head coach of Real Madrid on a three-year contract after the conclusion of Spains involvement at the World Cup . The following day , he was dismissed from his job with the national team and replaced by Fernando Hierro . Real Madrid . Lopeteguis first competitive game in charge took place on 15 August 2018 , in a 4–2 loss to rivals Atlético Madrid in the UEFA Super Cup after extra time . He thus became the second Real manager to start his tenure by conceding four goals , after Englishman Michael Keeping who began in 1948 being downed 4–1 by RC Celta de Vigo . Following a string of bad results and , ultimately , a 5–1 away defeat to Barcelona in El Clásico on 28 October 2018 , Lopetegui was fired a day later , being replaced by Santiago Solari . Sevilla . On 5 June 2019 , Lopetegui was appointed as the new Sevilla FC manager on a three-year contract . In his first year , they finished fourth to qualify for the Champions League , and on 21 August they defeated Inter Milan 3–2 in the 2020 UEFA Europa League Final , his first club honour . Lopetegui agreed to a further two-year extension on 10 January 2021 . Honours . Player . Real Madrid - La Liga : 1989–90 Barcelona - Supercopa de España : 1994 , 1996 Spain U20 - FIFA World Youth Championship runner-up : 1985 Manager . Real Madrid - UEFA Super Cup runner-up : 2018 Sevilla - UEFA Europa League : 2019–20 - UEFA Super Cup runner-up : 2020 Spain U19 - UEFA European Under-19 Championship : 2012 Spain U21 - UEFA European Under-21 Championship : 2013
|
[
"Rayo Vallecano"
] |
[
{
"text": " Julen Lopetegui Agote ( ; born 28 August 1966 ) is a Spanish football manager and former player , and the current manager of Sevilla FC . A goalkeeper , he played 149 La Liga matches over nine seasons , representing Real Madrid , Logroñés , Barcelona and Rayo Vallecano in the competition . He added 168 appearances in the Segunda División for three clubs , winning one cap for Spain and being a member of the squad at the 1994 World Cup .",
"title": "Julen Lopetegui"
},
{
"text": "Lopetegui started working as a manager in 2003 , and spent several years in charge of Spains youth teams , leading the under-19 and under-21 sides to European titles . He was also head coach of the senior national team for two years , but was dismissed before the start of the 2018 World Cup following the announcement of his agreement to join Real Madrid after the tournament . In club football , he has managed Rayo Vallecano , Castilla , Porto , Real Madrid and Sevilla , winning the 2020 Europa League with the latter side .",
"title": "Julen Lopetegui"
},
{
"text": " Born in Asteasu , Gipuzkoa , Lopetegui started his professional career at local Real Sociedad , where his progress was barred by the presence of Luis Arconada . In 1985 , he accepted an offer from Real Madrid , where the 19-year-old played in the B team .",
"title": "Club"
},
{
"text": "After a loan spell at UD Las Palmas Lopetegui returned , but could never dislodge another veteran , Francisco Buyo , only managing one La Liga appearance during two seasons , a 3–3 away draw against Atlético Madrid as Real were already crowned league champions . He subsequently signed with CD Logroñés , being instrumental as the modest Riojan club consistently managed to retain its top flight status .",
"title": "Club"
},
{
"text": " When Andoni Zubizarreta left for Valencia CF in 1994 , Lopetegui joined FC Barcelona , battling – and losing – for first-choice status with longtime understudy Carles Busquets . After the Catalans bought FC Portos Vítor Baía he was further demoted to third string , and returned to Madrid with Rayo Vallecano . Lopetegui was a starter in two of his five seasons , and still managed 36 league appearances from 1999 to 2002 with Rayo always in the top division . He retired at the age of 36 .",
"title": "Club"
},
{
"text": " Lopeteguis performances at Logroñés earned him his sole cap with Spain , coming on as a substitute for Zubizarreta for the final 30 minutes of a 0–2 friendly loss to Croatia in Valencia , on 23 March 1994 . He was subsequently picked for the squad at that years FIFA World Cup .",
"title": "International"
},
{
"text": "Lopetegui was one of Spain coach Juan Santistebans assistants at the 2003 UEFA European Under-17 Championship . After the tournament , he had his first head coaching spell at Rayo , with the club in the second level , but was sacked after the tenth match of the 2003–04 campaign , which ended in relegation to division three . After working as a sports commentator , including for laSexta in the 2006 FIFA World Cup , he returned to coaching , with Real Madrid Castilla , who he played for in the 1980s , now in the third tier .",
"title": "Beginnings"
},
{
"text": " From 2010 to 2014 , Lopetegui worked with the Spanish youth teams , winning the 2012 European Under-19 Championship and the 2013 Under-21 Championship . He left the Royal Spanish Football Federation on 30 April 2014 , following the expiration of his contract .",
"title": "Beginnings"
},
{
"text": " Lopetegui returned to club duties on 6 May 2014 , being appointed at Portugals FC Porto . He signed seven Spanish players to the club that summer .",
"title": "Porto"
},
{
"text": "In his first season at the Estádio do Dragão , with the clubs biggest budget ever , Lopetegui led them to the quarter-finals of the UEFA Champions League , where they equalled the clubs biggest defeat in European competitions losing 6–1 against FC Bayern Munich ( having lost by the same score to AEK Athens FC in 1978 ) . He failed to win any silverware , contributing to the longest drought during Jorge Nuno Pinto da Costas presidency .",
"title": "Porto"
},
{
"text": " On 8 January 2016 , after a 1–3 home loss to C.S . Marítimo in the Taça da Liga , as Porto had already been eliminated from the Champions League and was ranked third in the domestic league after an away loss and a home draw , Lopetegui was relieved of his duties and replaced by Rui Barros . A week later , the club announced that it had terminated the formers contract unilaterally .",
"title": "Porto"
},
{
"text": " On 21 July 2016 , after being strongly linked to English side Wolverhampton Wanderers which was under new ownership , Lopetegui was announced as the new manager of the Spain national team following Vicente del Bosques retirement . In his first match in charge , on 1 September , he led them to a 2–0 friendly victory over Belgium at the King Baudouin Stadium ; the nation qualified for the 2018 World Cup , winning nine and drawing one of their group matches .",
"title": "Spain"
},
{
"text": "On 12 June 2018 , with the team already in Russia for the tournament , it was announced that Lopetegui would take over as the head coach of Real Madrid on a three-year contract after the conclusion of Spains involvement at the World Cup . The following day , he was dismissed from his job with the national team and replaced by Fernando Hierro .",
"title": "Spain"
},
{
"text": " Lopeteguis first competitive game in charge took place on 15 August 2018 , in a 4–2 loss to rivals Atlético Madrid in the UEFA Super Cup after extra time . He thus became the second Real manager to start his tenure by conceding four goals , after Englishman Michael Keeping who began in 1948 being downed 4–1 by RC Celta de Vigo .",
"title": "Real Madrid"
},
{
"text": "Following a string of bad results and , ultimately , a 5–1 away defeat to Barcelona in El Clásico on 28 October 2018 , Lopetegui was fired a day later , being replaced by Santiago Solari .",
"title": "Real Madrid"
},
{
"text": " On 5 June 2019 , Lopetegui was appointed as the new Sevilla FC manager on a three-year contract . In his first year , they finished fourth to qualify for the Champions League , and on 21 August they defeated Inter Milan 3–2 in the 2020 UEFA Europa League Final , his first club honour . Lopetegui agreed to a further two-year extension on 10 January 2021 .",
"title": "Sevilla"
},
{
"text": " - UEFA European Under-21 Championship : 2013",
"title": "Spain U21"
}
] |
/wiki/John_Couch_Adams#P39#0
|
John Couch Adams took which position in May 1852?
|
John Couch Adams John Couch Adams FRSE FRAS LLD ( ; 5 June 1819 – 21 January 1892 ) was a British mathematician and astronomer . He was born in Laneast , near Launceston , Cornwall , and died in Cambridge . His most famous achievement was predicting the existence and position of Neptune , using only mathematics . The calculations were made to explain discrepancies with Uranuss orbit and the laws of Kepler and Newton . At the same time , but unknown to each other , the same calculations were made by Urbain Le Verrier . Le Verrier would send his coordinates to Berlin Observatory astronomer Johann Gottfried Galle , who confirmed the existence of the planet on 23 September 1846 , finding it within 1° of Le Verriers predicted location ( there was , and to some extent still is , some controversy over the apportionment of credit for the discovery ; see Discovery of Neptune ) . Adams was Lowndean Professor in the University of Cambridge from 1859 until his death . He won the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1866 . In 1884 , he attended the International Meridian Conference as a delegate for Britain . A crater on the Moon is jointly named after him , Walter Sydney Adams and Charles Hitchcock Adams . Neptunes outermost known ring and the asteroid 1996 Adams are also named after him . The Adams Prize , presented by the University of Cambridge , commemorates his prediction of the position of Neptune . His personal library is held at Cambridge University Library . Early life . Adams was born at Lidcot , a farm at Laneast , near Launceston , Cornwall , the eldest of seven children . His parents were Thomas Adams ( 1788–1859 ) , a poor tenant farmer , and his wife , Tabitha Knill Grylls ( 1796–1866 ) . The family were devout Wesleyans who enjoyed music and among Johns brothers , Thomas became a missionary , George a farmer , and William Grylls Adams , professor of natural philosophy and astronomy at Kings College London . Tabitha was a farmers daughter but had received a rudimentary education from John Couch , her uncle , whose small library she had inherited . John was intrigued by the astronomy books from an early age . John attended the Laneast village school where he acquired some Greek and algebra . From there , he went , at the age of twelve , to Devonport , where his mothers cousin , the Rev . John Couch Grylls , kept a private school . There he learned classics but was largely self-taught in mathematics , studying in the Library of Devonport Mechanics Institute and reading Reess Cyclopædia and Samuel Vinces Fluxions . He observed Halleys comet in 1835 from Landulph and the following year started to make his own astronomical calculations , predictions and observations , engaging in private tutoring to finance his activities . In 1836 , his mother inherited a small estate at Badharlick and his promise as a mathematician induced his parents to send him to the University of Cambridge . In October 1839 he entered as a sizar at St Johns College , graduating B.A . in 1843 as senior wrangler and first Smiths prizewinner of his year . Discovery of Neptune . In 1821 , Alexis Bouvard had published astronomical tables of the orbit of Uranus , making predictions of future positions based on Newtons laws of motion and gravitation . Subsequent observations revealed substantial deviations from the tables , leading Bouvard to hypothesise some perturbing body . Adams learnt of the irregularities while still an undergraduate and became convinced of the perturbation theory . Adams believed , in the face of anything that had been attempted before , that he could use the observed data on Uranus , and utilising nothing more than Newtons law of gravitation , deduce the mass , position and orbit of the perturbing body . On 3 July 1841 , he noted his intention to work on the problem . After his final examinations in 1843 , Adams was elected fellow of his college and spent the summer vacation in Cornwall calculating the first of six iterations . While he worked on the problem back in Cambridge , he tutored undergraduates , sending money home to educate his brothers , and even taught his bed maker to read . Apparently , Adams communicated his work to James Challis , director of the Cambridge Observatory , in mid-September 1845 , but there is some controversy as to how . On 21 October 1845 , Adams , returning from a Cornwall vacation , without appointment , twice called on Astronomer Royal George Biddell Airy in Greenwich . Failing to find him at home , Adams reputedly left a manuscript of his solution , again without the detailed calculations . Airy responded with a letter to Adams asking for some clarification . It appears that Adams did not regard the question as trivial , as is often alleged , but he failed to complete a response . Various theories have been discussed as to Adamss failure to reply , such as his general nervousness , procrastination and disorganisation . Meanwhile , Urbain Le Verrier , on 10 November 1845 , presented to the Académie des sciences in Paris a memoir on Uranus , showing that the preexisting theory failed to account for its motion . On reading Le Verriers memoir , Airy was struck by the coincidence and initiated a desperate race for English priority in discovery of the planet . The search was begun by a laborious method on 29 July . Only after the discovery of Neptune on 23 September 1846 had been announced in Paris did it become apparent that Neptune had been observed on 8 and 12 August but because Challis lacked an up-to-date star-map it was not recognized as a planet . A keen controversy arose in France and England as to the merits of the two astronomers . As the facts became known , there was wide recognition that the two astronomers had independently solved the problem of Uranus , and each was ascribed equal importance . However , there have been subsequent assertions that The Brits Stole Neptune and that Adamss British contemporaries retrospectively ascribed him more credit than he was due . But it is also notable ( and not included in some of the foregoing discussion references ) that Adams himself publicly acknowledged Le Verriers priority and credit ( not forgetting to mention the role of Galle ) in the paper that he gave On the Perturbations of Uranus to the Royal Astronomical Society in November 1846 : Adams held no bitterness towards Challis or Airy and acknowledged his own failure to convince the astronomical world : Work style . His lay fellowship at St Johns College came to an end in 1852 , and the existing statutes did not permit his re-election . However , Pembroke College , which possessed greater freedom , elected him in the following year to a lay fellowship which he held for the rest of his life . Despite the fame of his work on Neptune , Adams also did much important work on gravitational astronomy and terrestrial magnetism . He was particularly adept at fine numerical calculations , often making substantial revisions to the contributions of his predecessors . However , he was extraordinarily uncompetitive , reluctant to publish imperfect work to stimulate debate or claim priority , averse to correspondence about it , and forgetful in practical matters . It has been suggested that these are symptoms of Asperger syndrome which would also be consistent with the repetitive behaviours and restricted interests necessary to perform the Neptune calculations , in addition to his difficulties in personal interaction with Challis and Airy . In 1852 , he published new and accurate tables of the Moons parallax , which superseded Johann Karl Burckhardts , and supplied corrections to the theories of Marie-Charles Damoiseau , Giovanni Antonio Amedeo Plana , and Philippe Gustave Doulcet . He had hoped that this work would leverage him into the vacant post as superintendent of HM Nautical Almanac Office but John Russell Hind was preferred , Adams lacking the necessary ability as an organiser and administrator . Lunar theory — Secular acceleration of the Moon . Since ancient times , the Moons mean rate of motion relative to the stars had been treated as being constant , but in 1695 , Edmond Halley had suggested that this mean rate was gradually increasing . Later , during the eighteenth century , Richard Dunthorne estimated the rate as +10 ( arcseconds/century ) in terms of the resulting difference in lunar longitude , an effect that became known as the secular acceleration of the Moon . Pierre-Simon Laplace had given an explanation in 1787 in terms of changes in the eccentricity of the Earths orbit . He considered only the radial gravitational force on the Moon from the Sun and Earth but obtained close agreement with the historical record of observations . In 1820 , at the insistence of the Académie des sciences , Damoiseau , Plana and Francesco Carlini revisited Laplaces work , investigating quadratic and higher-order perturbing terms , and obtained similar results , again addressing only a radial , and neglecting tangential , gravitational force on the Moon . Hansen obtained similar results in 1842 and 1847 . In 1853 , Adams published a paper showing that , while tangential terms vanish in the first-order theory of Laplace , they become substantial when quadratic terms are admitted . Small terms integrated in time come to have large effects and Adams concluded that Plana had overestimated the secular acceleration by approximately 1.66 per century . At first , Le Verrier rejected Adamss results . In 1856 , Plana admitted Adamss conclusions , claiming to have revised his own analysis and arrived at the same results . However , he soon recanted , publishing a third result different both from Adamss and Planas own earlier work . Delaunay in 1859 calculated the fourth-order term and duplicated Adamss result leading Adams to publish his own calculations for the fifth , sixth and seventh-order terms . Adams now calculated that only 5.7 of the observed 11 was accounted for by gravitational effects . Later that year , Philippe Gustave Doulcet , Comte de Pontécoulant published a claim that the tangential force could have no effect though Peter Andreas Hansen , who seems to have cast himself in the role of arbitrator , declared that the burden of proof rested on Pontécoulant , while lamenting the need to discover a further effect to account for the balance . Much of the controversy centred around the convergence of the power series expansion used and , in 1860 , Adams duplicated his results without using a power series . Sir John Lubbock also duplicated Adamss results and Plana finally concurred . Adamss view was ultimately accepted and further developed , winning him the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1866 . The unexplained drift is now known to be due to tidal acceleration . In 1858 Adams became professor of mathematics at the University of St Andrews , but lectured only for a session , before returning to Cambridge for the Lowndean professorship of astronomy and geometry . Two years later he succeeded Challis as director of the Cambridge Observatory , a post Adams held until his death . The Leonids . The great meteor shower of November 1866 turned his attention to the Leonids , whose probable path and period had already been discussed and predicted by Hubert Anson Newton in 1864 . Newton had asserted that the longitude of the ascending node , that marked where the shower would occur , was increasing and the problem of explaining this variation attracted some of Europes leading astronomers . Using a powerful and elaborate analysis , Adams ascertained that this cluster of meteors , which belongs to the Solar System , traverses an elongated ellipse in 33.25 years , and is subject to definite perturbations from the larger planets , Jupiter , Saturn , and Uranus . These results were published in 1867 . Some experts consider this Adamss most substantial achievement . His definitive orbit for the Leonids coincided with that of the comet 55P/Tempel-Tuttle and thereby suggested the , later widely accepted , close relationship between comets and meteors . Later career . Ten years later , George William Hill described a novel and elegant method for attacking the problem of lunar motion . Adams briefly announced his own unpublished work in the same field , which , following a parallel course had confirmed and supplemented Hills . Over a period of forty years , he periodically addressed the determination of the constants in Carl Friedrich Gausss theory of terrestrial magnetism . Again , the calculations involved great labour , and were not published during his lifetime . They were edited by his brother , William Grylls Adams , and appear in the second volume of the collected Scientific Papers . Numerical computation of this kind might almost be described as his pastime . He calculated the Euler–Mascheroni constant , perhaps somewhat eccentrically , to 236 decimal places and evaluated the Bernoulli numbers up to the 62nd . Adams had boundless admiration for Newton and his writings and many of his papers bear the cast of Newtons thought . In 1872 , Isaac Newton Wallop , 5th Earl of Portsmouth , donated his private collection of Newtons papers to Cambridge University . Adams and G . G . Stokes took on the task of arranging the material , publishing a catalogue in 1888 . The post of Astronomer Royal was offered him in 1881 , but he preferred to pursue his teaching and research in Cambridge . He was British delegate to the International Meridian Conference at Washington in 1884 , when he also attended the meetings of the British Association at Montreal and of the American Association at Philadelphia . Honours . - 1847 He is reputed to have been offered a knighthood on Queen Victorias 1847 Cambridge visit but to have declined , either out of modesty , or fear of the financial consequences of such social distinction ; - 1847 Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences ; - 1848 Copley medal of the Royal Society ; - 1848 Adams Prize , founded by the members of St Johns College , to be given biennially for the best treatise on a mathematical subject ; - 1849 Elected Fellow of the Royal Society of London and Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh ; - 1851 and 1874 President of the Royal Astronomical Society ( 1851–1853 and 1874–1876 ) . Family and death . After a long illness , Adams died at Cambridge on 21 January 1892 and was buried near his home in St Giles Cemetery , now the Parish of the Ascension Burial Ground in Cambridge . In 1863 he had married Miss Eliza Bruce ( 1827–1919 ) , of Dublin , who survived him , and is buried with him . His wealth at death was £32,434 ( £2.6 million at 2003 prices ) . Memorials . - Memorial in Westminster Abbey with a portrait medallion , by Albert Bruce-Joy ; - A bust , by Joy in the hall of St Johns College , Cambridge ; - Another youthful bust belongs to the Royal Astronomical Society ; - Portraits by : - Hubert von Herkomer in Pembroke College ; - Paul Raphael Montord in the combination room of St Johns ; - A memorial tablet , with an inscription by Archbishop Benson , in Truro Cathedral ; - Passmore Edwards erected a public institute in his honour at Launceston , near his birthplace ; - Adams Nunatak , a nunatak on Neptune Glacier in Alexander Island in Antarctica , is named after him . Obituaries . - The Times , 22 January 1892 , p . 6 col.d ( link on this page ) - [ Anon. ] ( 1891–92 ) Journal of the British Astronomical Association 2 : 196–7 About Adams and the discovery of Neptune . - from Project Gutenberg - Doggett , L . E . ( 1997 ) Celestial mechanics , in - Harrison , H . M ( 1994 ) . Voyager in Time and Space : The Life of John Couch Adams , Cambridge Astronomer . Lewes : Book Guild , By Adams . - Adams , J . C. , ed . W . G . Adams & R . A . Sampson ( 1896–1900 ) The Scientific Papers of John Couch Adams , 2 vols , London : Cambridge University Press , with a memoir by J . W . L . Glaisher : - Vol.1 ( 1896 ) Previously published writings ; - Vol.2 ( 1900 ) Manuscripts including the substance of his lectures on the Lunar Theory . - Adams , J . C. , ed . R . A . Sampson ( 1900 ) Lectures on the Lunar Theory , London : Cambridge University Press - A collection , virtually complete , of Adamss papers regarding the discovery of Neptune was presented by Mrs Adams to the library of St Johns College , see : Sampson ( 1904 ) , and also : - The collected papers of Prof . Adams , Journal of the British Astronomical Association , 7 ( 1896–97 ) - Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , 53 184 ; - Observatory , 15 174 ; - Nature , 34 565 ; 45 301 ; - Astronomical Journal , No.254 ; - R . Grant , History of Physical Astronomy , p . 168 ; and - Edinburgh Review , No.381 , p . 72 . - The papers were ultimately lodged with the Royal Greenwich Observatory and evacuated to Herstmonceux Castle during World War II . After the war , they were stolen by Olin J . Eggen and only recovered in 1998 , hampering much historical research in the subject .
|
[
"President of the Royal Astronomical Society"
] |
[
{
"text": " John Couch Adams FRSE FRAS LLD ( ; 5 June 1819 – 21 January 1892 ) was a British mathematician and astronomer . He was born in Laneast , near Launceston , Cornwall , and died in Cambridge .",
"title": "John Couch Adams"
},
{
"text": "His most famous achievement was predicting the existence and position of Neptune , using only mathematics . The calculations were made to explain discrepancies with Uranuss orbit and the laws of Kepler and Newton . At the same time , but unknown to each other , the same calculations were made by Urbain Le Verrier . Le Verrier would send his coordinates to Berlin Observatory astronomer Johann Gottfried Galle , who confirmed the existence of the planet on 23 September 1846 , finding it within 1° of Le Verriers predicted location ( there was , and to some extent still",
"title": "John Couch Adams"
},
{
"text": "is , some controversy over the apportionment of credit for the discovery ; see Discovery of Neptune ) .",
"title": "John Couch Adams"
},
{
"text": " Adams was Lowndean Professor in the University of Cambridge from 1859 until his death . He won the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1866 . In 1884 , he attended the International Meridian Conference as a delegate for Britain .",
"title": "John Couch Adams"
},
{
"text": "A crater on the Moon is jointly named after him , Walter Sydney Adams and Charles Hitchcock Adams . Neptunes outermost known ring and the asteroid 1996 Adams are also named after him . The Adams Prize , presented by the University of Cambridge , commemorates his prediction of the position of Neptune . His personal library is held at Cambridge University Library .",
"title": "John Couch Adams"
},
{
"text": "Adams was born at Lidcot , a farm at Laneast , near Launceston , Cornwall , the eldest of seven children . His parents were Thomas Adams ( 1788–1859 ) , a poor tenant farmer , and his wife , Tabitha Knill Grylls ( 1796–1866 ) . The family were devout Wesleyans who enjoyed music and among Johns brothers , Thomas became a missionary , George a farmer , and William Grylls Adams , professor of natural philosophy and astronomy at Kings College London . Tabitha was a farmers daughter but had received a rudimentary education from John Couch ,",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "her uncle , whose small library she had inherited . John was intrigued by the astronomy books from an early age .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "John attended the Laneast village school where he acquired some Greek and algebra . From there , he went , at the age of twelve , to Devonport , where his mothers cousin , the Rev . John Couch Grylls , kept a private school . There he learned classics but was largely self-taught in mathematics , studying in the Library of Devonport Mechanics Institute and reading Reess Cyclopædia and Samuel Vinces Fluxions . He observed Halleys comet in 1835 from Landulph and the following year started to make his own astronomical calculations , predictions and observations , engaging in",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "private tutoring to finance his activities .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " In 1836 , his mother inherited a small estate at Badharlick and his promise as a mathematician induced his parents to send him to the University of Cambridge . In October 1839 he entered as a sizar at St Johns College , graduating B.A . in 1843 as senior wrangler and first Smiths prizewinner of his year .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "In 1821 , Alexis Bouvard had published astronomical tables of the orbit of Uranus , making predictions of future positions based on Newtons laws of motion and gravitation . Subsequent observations revealed substantial deviations from the tables , leading Bouvard to hypothesise some perturbing body . Adams learnt of the irregularities while still an undergraduate and became convinced of the perturbation theory . Adams believed , in the face of anything that had been attempted before , that he could use the observed data on Uranus , and utilising nothing more than Newtons law of gravitation , deduce the mass",
"title": "Discovery of Neptune"
},
{
"text": ", position and orbit of the perturbing body . On 3 July 1841 , he noted his intention to work on the problem .",
"title": "Discovery of Neptune"
},
{
"text": " After his final examinations in 1843 , Adams was elected fellow of his college and spent the summer vacation in Cornwall calculating the first of six iterations . While he worked on the problem back in Cambridge , he tutored undergraduates , sending money home to educate his brothers , and even taught his bed maker to read .",
"title": "Discovery of Neptune"
},
{
"text": "Apparently , Adams communicated his work to James Challis , director of the Cambridge Observatory , in mid-September 1845 , but there is some controversy as to how . On 21 October 1845 , Adams , returning from a Cornwall vacation , without appointment , twice called on Astronomer Royal George Biddell Airy in Greenwich . Failing to find him at home , Adams reputedly left a manuscript of his solution , again without the detailed calculations . Airy responded with a letter to Adams asking for some clarification . It appears that Adams did not regard the question as",
"title": "Discovery of Neptune"
},
{
"text": "trivial , as is often alleged , but he failed to complete a response . Various theories have been discussed as to Adamss failure to reply , such as his general nervousness , procrastination and disorganisation .",
"title": "Discovery of Neptune"
},
{
"text": "Meanwhile , Urbain Le Verrier , on 10 November 1845 , presented to the Académie des sciences in Paris a memoir on Uranus , showing that the preexisting theory failed to account for its motion . On reading Le Verriers memoir , Airy was struck by the coincidence and initiated a desperate race for English priority in discovery of the planet . The search was begun by a laborious method on 29 July . Only after the discovery of Neptune on 23 September 1846 had been announced in Paris did it become apparent that Neptune had been observed on 8",
"title": "Discovery of Neptune"
},
{
"text": "and 12 August but because Challis lacked an up-to-date star-map it was not recognized as a planet .",
"title": "Discovery of Neptune"
},
{
"text": "A keen controversy arose in France and England as to the merits of the two astronomers . As the facts became known , there was wide recognition that the two astronomers had independently solved the problem of Uranus , and each was ascribed equal importance . However , there have been subsequent assertions that The Brits Stole Neptune and that Adamss British contemporaries retrospectively ascribed him more credit than he was due . But it is also notable ( and not included in some of the foregoing discussion references ) that Adams himself publicly acknowledged Le Verriers priority and credit",
"title": "Discovery of Neptune"
},
{
"text": "( not forgetting to mention the role of Galle ) in the paper that he gave On the Perturbations of Uranus to the Royal Astronomical Society in November 1846 :",
"title": "Discovery of Neptune"
},
{
"text": " Adams held no bitterness towards Challis or Airy and acknowledged his own failure to convince the astronomical world :",
"title": "Discovery of Neptune"
},
{
"text": " His lay fellowship at St Johns College came to an end in 1852 , and the existing statutes did not permit his re-election . However , Pembroke College , which possessed greater freedom , elected him in the following year to a lay fellowship which he held for the rest of his life .",
"title": "Work style"
},
{
"text": "Despite the fame of his work on Neptune , Adams also did much important work on gravitational astronomy and terrestrial magnetism . He was particularly adept at fine numerical calculations , often making substantial revisions to the contributions of his predecessors . However , he was extraordinarily uncompetitive , reluctant to publish imperfect work to stimulate debate or claim priority , averse to correspondence about it , and forgetful in practical matters . It has been suggested that these are symptoms of Asperger syndrome which would also be consistent with the repetitive behaviours and restricted interests necessary to perform the",
"title": "Work style"
},
{
"text": "Neptune calculations , in addition to his difficulties in personal interaction with Challis and Airy .",
"title": "Work style"
},
{
"text": " In 1852 , he published new and accurate tables of the Moons parallax , which superseded Johann Karl Burckhardts , and supplied corrections to the theories of Marie-Charles Damoiseau , Giovanni Antonio Amedeo Plana , and Philippe Gustave Doulcet . He had hoped that this work would leverage him into the vacant post as superintendent of HM Nautical Almanac Office but John Russell Hind was preferred , Adams lacking the necessary ability as an organiser and administrator . Lunar theory — Secular acceleration of the Moon .",
"title": "Work style"
},
{
"text": "Since ancient times , the Moons mean rate of motion relative to the stars had been treated as being constant , but in 1695 , Edmond Halley had suggested that this mean rate was gradually increasing . Later , during the eighteenth century , Richard Dunthorne estimated the rate as +10 ( arcseconds/century ) in terms of the resulting difference in lunar longitude , an effect that became known as the secular acceleration of the Moon . Pierre-Simon Laplace had given an explanation in 1787 in terms of changes in the eccentricity of the Earths orbit . He considered only",
"title": "Work style"
},
{
"text": "the radial gravitational force on the Moon from the Sun and Earth but obtained close agreement with the historical record of observations .",
"title": "Work style"
},
{
"text": " In 1820 , at the insistence of the Académie des sciences , Damoiseau , Plana and Francesco Carlini revisited Laplaces work , investigating quadratic and higher-order perturbing terms , and obtained similar results , again addressing only a radial , and neglecting tangential , gravitational force on the Moon . Hansen obtained similar results in 1842 and 1847 .",
"title": "Work style"
},
{
"text": "In 1853 , Adams published a paper showing that , while tangential terms vanish in the first-order theory of Laplace , they become substantial when quadratic terms are admitted . Small terms integrated in time come to have large effects and Adams concluded that Plana had overestimated the secular acceleration by approximately 1.66 per century .",
"title": "Work style"
},
{
"text": "At first , Le Verrier rejected Adamss results . In 1856 , Plana admitted Adamss conclusions , claiming to have revised his own analysis and arrived at the same results . However , he soon recanted , publishing a third result different both from Adamss and Planas own earlier work . Delaunay in 1859 calculated the fourth-order term and duplicated Adamss result leading Adams to publish his own calculations for the fifth , sixth and seventh-order terms . Adams now calculated that only 5.7 of the observed 11 was accounted for by gravitational effects . Later that year , Philippe",
"title": "Work style"
},
{
"text": "Gustave Doulcet , Comte de Pontécoulant published a claim that the tangential force could have no effect though Peter Andreas Hansen , who seems to have cast himself in the role of arbitrator , declared that the burden of proof rested on Pontécoulant , while lamenting the need to discover a further effect to account for the balance . Much of the controversy centred around the convergence of the power series expansion used and , in 1860 , Adams duplicated his results without using a power series . Sir John Lubbock also duplicated Adamss results and Plana finally concurred .",
"title": "Work style"
},
{
"text": "Adamss view was ultimately accepted and further developed , winning him the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1866 . The unexplained drift is now known to be due to tidal acceleration .",
"title": "Work style"
},
{
"text": " In 1858 Adams became professor of mathematics at the University of St Andrews , but lectured only for a session , before returning to Cambridge for the Lowndean professorship of astronomy and geometry . Two years later he succeeded Challis as director of the Cambridge Observatory , a post Adams held until his death .",
"title": "Work style"
},
{
"text": " The great meteor shower of November 1866 turned his attention to the Leonids , whose probable path and period had already been discussed and predicted by Hubert Anson Newton in 1864 . Newton had asserted that the longitude of the ascending node , that marked where the shower would occur , was increasing and the problem of explaining this variation attracted some of Europes leading astronomers .",
"title": "The Leonids"
},
{
"text": "Using a powerful and elaborate analysis , Adams ascertained that this cluster of meteors , which belongs to the Solar System , traverses an elongated ellipse in 33.25 years , and is subject to definite perturbations from the larger planets , Jupiter , Saturn , and Uranus . These results were published in 1867 .",
"title": "The Leonids"
},
{
"text": " Some experts consider this Adamss most substantial achievement . His definitive orbit for the Leonids coincided with that of the comet 55P/Tempel-Tuttle and thereby suggested the , later widely accepted , close relationship between comets and meteors .",
"title": "The Leonids"
},
{
"text": " Ten years later , George William Hill described a novel and elegant method for attacking the problem of lunar motion . Adams briefly announced his own unpublished work in the same field , which , following a parallel course had confirmed and supplemented Hills .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "Over a period of forty years , he periodically addressed the determination of the constants in Carl Friedrich Gausss theory of terrestrial magnetism . Again , the calculations involved great labour , and were not published during his lifetime . They were edited by his brother , William Grylls Adams , and appear in the second volume of the collected Scientific Papers . Numerical computation of this kind might almost be described as his pastime . He calculated the Euler–Mascheroni constant , perhaps somewhat eccentrically , to 236 decimal places and evaluated the Bernoulli numbers up to the 62nd .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " Adams had boundless admiration for Newton and his writings and many of his papers bear the cast of Newtons thought . In 1872 , Isaac Newton Wallop , 5th Earl of Portsmouth , donated his private collection of Newtons papers to Cambridge University . Adams and G . G . Stokes took on the task of arranging the material , publishing a catalogue in 1888 .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "The post of Astronomer Royal was offered him in 1881 , but he preferred to pursue his teaching and research in Cambridge . He was British delegate to the International Meridian Conference at Washington in 1884 , when he also attended the meetings of the British Association at Montreal and of the American Association at Philadelphia .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " - 1847 He is reputed to have been offered a knighthood on Queen Victorias 1847 Cambridge visit but to have declined , either out of modesty , or fear of the financial consequences of such social distinction ; - 1847 Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences ; - 1848 Copley medal of the Royal Society ; - 1848 Adams Prize , founded by the members of St Johns College , to be given biennially for the best treatise on a mathematical subject ;",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": "- 1849 Elected Fellow of the Royal Society of London and Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh ;",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": " - 1851 and 1874 President of the Royal Astronomical Society ( 1851–1853 and 1874–1876 ) .",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": " After a long illness , Adams died at Cambridge on 21 January 1892 and was buried near his home in St Giles Cemetery , now the Parish of the Ascension Burial Ground in Cambridge . In 1863 he had married Miss Eliza Bruce ( 1827–1919 ) , of Dublin , who survived him , and is buried with him . His wealth at death was £32,434 ( £2.6 million at 2003 prices ) .",
"title": "Family and death"
},
{
"text": " - Memorial in Westminster Abbey with a portrait medallion , by Albert Bruce-Joy ; - A bust , by Joy in the hall of St Johns College , Cambridge ; - Another youthful bust belongs to the Royal Astronomical Society ; - Portraits by : - Hubert von Herkomer in Pembroke College ; - Paul Raphael Montord in the combination room of St Johns ; - A memorial tablet , with an inscription by Archbishop Benson , in Truro Cathedral ; - Passmore Edwards erected a public institute in his honour at Launceston , near his birthplace ;",
"title": "Memorials"
},
{
"text": "- Adams Nunatak , a nunatak on Neptune Glacier in Alexander Island in Antarctica , is named after him .",
"title": "Memorials"
},
{
"text": " - The Times , 22 January 1892 , p . 6 col.d ( link on this page ) - [ Anon. ] ( 1891–92 ) Journal of the British Astronomical Association 2 : 196–7 About Adams and the discovery of Neptune . - from Project Gutenberg - Doggett , L . E . ( 1997 ) Celestial mechanics , in - Harrison , H . M ( 1994 ) . Voyager in Time and Space : The Life of John Couch Adams , Cambridge Astronomer . Lewes : Book Guild ,",
"title": "Obituaries"
},
{
"text": " - Adams , J . C. , ed . W . G . Adams & R . A . Sampson ( 1896–1900 ) The Scientific Papers of John Couch Adams , 2 vols , London : Cambridge University Press , with a memoir by J . W . L . Glaisher : - Vol.1 ( 1896 ) Previously published writings ; - Vol.2 ( 1900 ) Manuscripts including the substance of his lectures on the Lunar Theory .",
"title": "By Adams"
},
{
"text": "- Adams , J . C. , ed . R . A . Sampson ( 1900 ) Lectures on the Lunar Theory , London : Cambridge University Press",
"title": "By Adams"
},
{
"text": " - A collection , virtually complete , of Adamss papers regarding the discovery of Neptune was presented by Mrs Adams to the library of St Johns College , see : Sampson ( 1904 ) , and also : - The collected papers of Prof . Adams , Journal of the British Astronomical Association , 7 ( 1896–97 ) - Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , 53 184 ; - Observatory , 15 174 ; - Nature , 34 565 ; 45 301 ; - Astronomical Journal , No.254 ;",
"title": "By Adams"
},
{
"text": "- R . Grant , History of Physical Astronomy , p . 168 ; and",
"title": "By Adams"
},
{
"text": " - Edinburgh Review , No.381 , p . 72 . - The papers were ultimately lodged with the Royal Greenwich Observatory and evacuated to Herstmonceux Castle during World War II . After the war , they were stolen by Olin J . Eggen and only recovered in 1998 , hampering much historical research in the subject .",
"title": "By Adams"
}
] |
/wiki/John_Couch_Adams#P39#1
|
John Couch Adams took which position in Oct 1857?
|
John Couch Adams John Couch Adams FRSE FRAS LLD ( ; 5 June 1819 – 21 January 1892 ) was a British mathematician and astronomer . He was born in Laneast , near Launceston , Cornwall , and died in Cambridge . His most famous achievement was predicting the existence and position of Neptune , using only mathematics . The calculations were made to explain discrepancies with Uranuss orbit and the laws of Kepler and Newton . At the same time , but unknown to each other , the same calculations were made by Urbain Le Verrier . Le Verrier would send his coordinates to Berlin Observatory astronomer Johann Gottfried Galle , who confirmed the existence of the planet on 23 September 1846 , finding it within 1° of Le Verriers predicted location ( there was , and to some extent still is , some controversy over the apportionment of credit for the discovery ; see Discovery of Neptune ) . Adams was Lowndean Professor in the University of Cambridge from 1859 until his death . He won the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1866 . In 1884 , he attended the International Meridian Conference as a delegate for Britain . A crater on the Moon is jointly named after him , Walter Sydney Adams and Charles Hitchcock Adams . Neptunes outermost known ring and the asteroid 1996 Adams are also named after him . The Adams Prize , presented by the University of Cambridge , commemorates his prediction of the position of Neptune . His personal library is held at Cambridge University Library . Early life . Adams was born at Lidcot , a farm at Laneast , near Launceston , Cornwall , the eldest of seven children . His parents were Thomas Adams ( 1788–1859 ) , a poor tenant farmer , and his wife , Tabitha Knill Grylls ( 1796–1866 ) . The family were devout Wesleyans who enjoyed music and among Johns brothers , Thomas became a missionary , George a farmer , and William Grylls Adams , professor of natural philosophy and astronomy at Kings College London . Tabitha was a farmers daughter but had received a rudimentary education from John Couch , her uncle , whose small library she had inherited . John was intrigued by the astronomy books from an early age . John attended the Laneast village school where he acquired some Greek and algebra . From there , he went , at the age of twelve , to Devonport , where his mothers cousin , the Rev . John Couch Grylls , kept a private school . There he learned classics but was largely self-taught in mathematics , studying in the Library of Devonport Mechanics Institute and reading Reess Cyclopædia and Samuel Vinces Fluxions . He observed Halleys comet in 1835 from Landulph and the following year started to make his own astronomical calculations , predictions and observations , engaging in private tutoring to finance his activities . In 1836 , his mother inherited a small estate at Badharlick and his promise as a mathematician induced his parents to send him to the University of Cambridge . In October 1839 he entered as a sizar at St Johns College , graduating B.A . in 1843 as senior wrangler and first Smiths prizewinner of his year . Discovery of Neptune . In 1821 , Alexis Bouvard had published astronomical tables of the orbit of Uranus , making predictions of future positions based on Newtons laws of motion and gravitation . Subsequent observations revealed substantial deviations from the tables , leading Bouvard to hypothesise some perturbing body . Adams learnt of the irregularities while still an undergraduate and became convinced of the perturbation theory . Adams believed , in the face of anything that had been attempted before , that he could use the observed data on Uranus , and utilising nothing more than Newtons law of gravitation , deduce the mass , position and orbit of the perturbing body . On 3 July 1841 , he noted his intention to work on the problem . After his final examinations in 1843 , Adams was elected fellow of his college and spent the summer vacation in Cornwall calculating the first of six iterations . While he worked on the problem back in Cambridge , he tutored undergraduates , sending money home to educate his brothers , and even taught his bed maker to read . Apparently , Adams communicated his work to James Challis , director of the Cambridge Observatory , in mid-September 1845 , but there is some controversy as to how . On 21 October 1845 , Adams , returning from a Cornwall vacation , without appointment , twice called on Astronomer Royal George Biddell Airy in Greenwich . Failing to find him at home , Adams reputedly left a manuscript of his solution , again without the detailed calculations . Airy responded with a letter to Adams asking for some clarification . It appears that Adams did not regard the question as trivial , as is often alleged , but he failed to complete a response . Various theories have been discussed as to Adamss failure to reply , such as his general nervousness , procrastination and disorganisation . Meanwhile , Urbain Le Verrier , on 10 November 1845 , presented to the Académie des sciences in Paris a memoir on Uranus , showing that the preexisting theory failed to account for its motion . On reading Le Verriers memoir , Airy was struck by the coincidence and initiated a desperate race for English priority in discovery of the planet . The search was begun by a laborious method on 29 July . Only after the discovery of Neptune on 23 September 1846 had been announced in Paris did it become apparent that Neptune had been observed on 8 and 12 August but because Challis lacked an up-to-date star-map it was not recognized as a planet . A keen controversy arose in France and England as to the merits of the two astronomers . As the facts became known , there was wide recognition that the two astronomers had independently solved the problem of Uranus , and each was ascribed equal importance . However , there have been subsequent assertions that The Brits Stole Neptune and that Adamss British contemporaries retrospectively ascribed him more credit than he was due . But it is also notable ( and not included in some of the foregoing discussion references ) that Adams himself publicly acknowledged Le Verriers priority and credit ( not forgetting to mention the role of Galle ) in the paper that he gave On the Perturbations of Uranus to the Royal Astronomical Society in November 1846 : Adams held no bitterness towards Challis or Airy and acknowledged his own failure to convince the astronomical world : Work style . His lay fellowship at St Johns College came to an end in 1852 , and the existing statutes did not permit his re-election . However , Pembroke College , which possessed greater freedom , elected him in the following year to a lay fellowship which he held for the rest of his life . Despite the fame of his work on Neptune , Adams also did much important work on gravitational astronomy and terrestrial magnetism . He was particularly adept at fine numerical calculations , often making substantial revisions to the contributions of his predecessors . However , he was extraordinarily uncompetitive , reluctant to publish imperfect work to stimulate debate or claim priority , averse to correspondence about it , and forgetful in practical matters . It has been suggested that these are symptoms of Asperger syndrome which would also be consistent with the repetitive behaviours and restricted interests necessary to perform the Neptune calculations , in addition to his difficulties in personal interaction with Challis and Airy . In 1852 , he published new and accurate tables of the Moons parallax , which superseded Johann Karl Burckhardts , and supplied corrections to the theories of Marie-Charles Damoiseau , Giovanni Antonio Amedeo Plana , and Philippe Gustave Doulcet . He had hoped that this work would leverage him into the vacant post as superintendent of HM Nautical Almanac Office but John Russell Hind was preferred , Adams lacking the necessary ability as an organiser and administrator . Lunar theory — Secular acceleration of the Moon . Since ancient times , the Moons mean rate of motion relative to the stars had been treated as being constant , but in 1695 , Edmond Halley had suggested that this mean rate was gradually increasing . Later , during the eighteenth century , Richard Dunthorne estimated the rate as +10 ( arcseconds/century ) in terms of the resulting difference in lunar longitude , an effect that became known as the secular acceleration of the Moon . Pierre-Simon Laplace had given an explanation in 1787 in terms of changes in the eccentricity of the Earths orbit . He considered only the radial gravitational force on the Moon from the Sun and Earth but obtained close agreement with the historical record of observations . In 1820 , at the insistence of the Académie des sciences , Damoiseau , Plana and Francesco Carlini revisited Laplaces work , investigating quadratic and higher-order perturbing terms , and obtained similar results , again addressing only a radial , and neglecting tangential , gravitational force on the Moon . Hansen obtained similar results in 1842 and 1847 . In 1853 , Adams published a paper showing that , while tangential terms vanish in the first-order theory of Laplace , they become substantial when quadratic terms are admitted . Small terms integrated in time come to have large effects and Adams concluded that Plana had overestimated the secular acceleration by approximately 1.66 per century . At first , Le Verrier rejected Adamss results . In 1856 , Plana admitted Adamss conclusions , claiming to have revised his own analysis and arrived at the same results . However , he soon recanted , publishing a third result different both from Adamss and Planas own earlier work . Delaunay in 1859 calculated the fourth-order term and duplicated Adamss result leading Adams to publish his own calculations for the fifth , sixth and seventh-order terms . Adams now calculated that only 5.7 of the observed 11 was accounted for by gravitational effects . Later that year , Philippe Gustave Doulcet , Comte de Pontécoulant published a claim that the tangential force could have no effect though Peter Andreas Hansen , who seems to have cast himself in the role of arbitrator , declared that the burden of proof rested on Pontécoulant , while lamenting the need to discover a further effect to account for the balance . Much of the controversy centred around the convergence of the power series expansion used and , in 1860 , Adams duplicated his results without using a power series . Sir John Lubbock also duplicated Adamss results and Plana finally concurred . Adamss view was ultimately accepted and further developed , winning him the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1866 . The unexplained drift is now known to be due to tidal acceleration . In 1858 Adams became professor of mathematics at the University of St Andrews , but lectured only for a session , before returning to Cambridge for the Lowndean professorship of astronomy and geometry . Two years later he succeeded Challis as director of the Cambridge Observatory , a post Adams held until his death . The Leonids . The great meteor shower of November 1866 turned his attention to the Leonids , whose probable path and period had already been discussed and predicted by Hubert Anson Newton in 1864 . Newton had asserted that the longitude of the ascending node , that marked where the shower would occur , was increasing and the problem of explaining this variation attracted some of Europes leading astronomers . Using a powerful and elaborate analysis , Adams ascertained that this cluster of meteors , which belongs to the Solar System , traverses an elongated ellipse in 33.25 years , and is subject to definite perturbations from the larger planets , Jupiter , Saturn , and Uranus . These results were published in 1867 . Some experts consider this Adamss most substantial achievement . His definitive orbit for the Leonids coincided with that of the comet 55P/Tempel-Tuttle and thereby suggested the , later widely accepted , close relationship between comets and meteors . Later career . Ten years later , George William Hill described a novel and elegant method for attacking the problem of lunar motion . Adams briefly announced his own unpublished work in the same field , which , following a parallel course had confirmed and supplemented Hills . Over a period of forty years , he periodically addressed the determination of the constants in Carl Friedrich Gausss theory of terrestrial magnetism . Again , the calculations involved great labour , and were not published during his lifetime . They were edited by his brother , William Grylls Adams , and appear in the second volume of the collected Scientific Papers . Numerical computation of this kind might almost be described as his pastime . He calculated the Euler–Mascheroni constant , perhaps somewhat eccentrically , to 236 decimal places and evaluated the Bernoulli numbers up to the 62nd . Adams had boundless admiration for Newton and his writings and many of his papers bear the cast of Newtons thought . In 1872 , Isaac Newton Wallop , 5th Earl of Portsmouth , donated his private collection of Newtons papers to Cambridge University . Adams and G . G . Stokes took on the task of arranging the material , publishing a catalogue in 1888 . The post of Astronomer Royal was offered him in 1881 , but he preferred to pursue his teaching and research in Cambridge . He was British delegate to the International Meridian Conference at Washington in 1884 , when he also attended the meetings of the British Association at Montreal and of the American Association at Philadelphia . Honours . - 1847 He is reputed to have been offered a knighthood on Queen Victorias 1847 Cambridge visit but to have declined , either out of modesty , or fear of the financial consequences of such social distinction ; - 1847 Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences ; - 1848 Copley medal of the Royal Society ; - 1848 Adams Prize , founded by the members of St Johns College , to be given biennially for the best treatise on a mathematical subject ; - 1849 Elected Fellow of the Royal Society of London and Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh ; - 1851 and 1874 President of the Royal Astronomical Society ( 1851–1853 and 1874–1876 ) . Family and death . After a long illness , Adams died at Cambridge on 21 January 1892 and was buried near his home in St Giles Cemetery , now the Parish of the Ascension Burial Ground in Cambridge . In 1863 he had married Miss Eliza Bruce ( 1827–1919 ) , of Dublin , who survived him , and is buried with him . His wealth at death was £32,434 ( £2.6 million at 2003 prices ) . Memorials . - Memorial in Westminster Abbey with a portrait medallion , by Albert Bruce-Joy ; - A bust , by Joy in the hall of St Johns College , Cambridge ; - Another youthful bust belongs to the Royal Astronomical Society ; - Portraits by : - Hubert von Herkomer in Pembroke College ; - Paul Raphael Montord in the combination room of St Johns ; - A memorial tablet , with an inscription by Archbishop Benson , in Truro Cathedral ; - Passmore Edwards erected a public institute in his honour at Launceston , near his birthplace ; - Adams Nunatak , a nunatak on Neptune Glacier in Alexander Island in Antarctica , is named after him . Obituaries . - The Times , 22 January 1892 , p . 6 col.d ( link on this page ) - [ Anon. ] ( 1891–92 ) Journal of the British Astronomical Association 2 : 196–7 About Adams and the discovery of Neptune . - from Project Gutenberg - Doggett , L . E . ( 1997 ) Celestial mechanics , in - Harrison , H . M ( 1994 ) . Voyager in Time and Space : The Life of John Couch Adams , Cambridge Astronomer . Lewes : Book Guild , By Adams . - Adams , J . C. , ed . W . G . Adams & R . A . Sampson ( 1896–1900 ) The Scientific Papers of John Couch Adams , 2 vols , London : Cambridge University Press , with a memoir by J . W . L . Glaisher : - Vol.1 ( 1896 ) Previously published writings ; - Vol.2 ( 1900 ) Manuscripts including the substance of his lectures on the Lunar Theory . - Adams , J . C. , ed . R . A . Sampson ( 1900 ) Lectures on the Lunar Theory , London : Cambridge University Press - A collection , virtually complete , of Adamss papers regarding the discovery of Neptune was presented by Mrs Adams to the library of St Johns College , see : Sampson ( 1904 ) , and also : - The collected papers of Prof . Adams , Journal of the British Astronomical Association , 7 ( 1896–97 ) - Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , 53 184 ; - Observatory , 15 174 ; - Nature , 34 565 ; 45 301 ; - Astronomical Journal , No.254 ; - R . Grant , History of Physical Astronomy , p . 168 ; and - Edinburgh Review , No.381 , p . 72 . - The papers were ultimately lodged with the Royal Greenwich Observatory and evacuated to Herstmonceux Castle during World War II . After the war , they were stolen by Olin J . Eggen and only recovered in 1998 , hampering much historical research in the subject .
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " John Couch Adams FRSE FRAS LLD ( ; 5 June 1819 – 21 January 1892 ) was a British mathematician and astronomer . He was born in Laneast , near Launceston , Cornwall , and died in Cambridge .",
"title": "John Couch Adams"
},
{
"text": "His most famous achievement was predicting the existence and position of Neptune , using only mathematics . The calculations were made to explain discrepancies with Uranuss orbit and the laws of Kepler and Newton . At the same time , but unknown to each other , the same calculations were made by Urbain Le Verrier . Le Verrier would send his coordinates to Berlin Observatory astronomer Johann Gottfried Galle , who confirmed the existence of the planet on 23 September 1846 , finding it within 1° of Le Verriers predicted location ( there was , and to some extent still",
"title": "John Couch Adams"
},
{
"text": "is , some controversy over the apportionment of credit for the discovery ; see Discovery of Neptune ) .",
"title": "John Couch Adams"
},
{
"text": " Adams was Lowndean Professor in the University of Cambridge from 1859 until his death . He won the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1866 . In 1884 , he attended the International Meridian Conference as a delegate for Britain .",
"title": "John Couch Adams"
},
{
"text": "A crater on the Moon is jointly named after him , Walter Sydney Adams and Charles Hitchcock Adams . Neptunes outermost known ring and the asteroid 1996 Adams are also named after him . The Adams Prize , presented by the University of Cambridge , commemorates his prediction of the position of Neptune . His personal library is held at Cambridge University Library .",
"title": "John Couch Adams"
},
{
"text": "Adams was born at Lidcot , a farm at Laneast , near Launceston , Cornwall , the eldest of seven children . His parents were Thomas Adams ( 1788–1859 ) , a poor tenant farmer , and his wife , Tabitha Knill Grylls ( 1796–1866 ) . The family were devout Wesleyans who enjoyed music and among Johns brothers , Thomas became a missionary , George a farmer , and William Grylls Adams , professor of natural philosophy and astronomy at Kings College London . Tabitha was a farmers daughter but had received a rudimentary education from John Couch ,",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "her uncle , whose small library she had inherited . John was intrigued by the astronomy books from an early age .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "John attended the Laneast village school where he acquired some Greek and algebra . From there , he went , at the age of twelve , to Devonport , where his mothers cousin , the Rev . John Couch Grylls , kept a private school . There he learned classics but was largely self-taught in mathematics , studying in the Library of Devonport Mechanics Institute and reading Reess Cyclopædia and Samuel Vinces Fluxions . He observed Halleys comet in 1835 from Landulph and the following year started to make his own astronomical calculations , predictions and observations , engaging in",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "private tutoring to finance his activities .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " In 1836 , his mother inherited a small estate at Badharlick and his promise as a mathematician induced his parents to send him to the University of Cambridge . In October 1839 he entered as a sizar at St Johns College , graduating B.A . in 1843 as senior wrangler and first Smiths prizewinner of his year .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "In 1821 , Alexis Bouvard had published astronomical tables of the orbit of Uranus , making predictions of future positions based on Newtons laws of motion and gravitation . Subsequent observations revealed substantial deviations from the tables , leading Bouvard to hypothesise some perturbing body . Adams learnt of the irregularities while still an undergraduate and became convinced of the perturbation theory . Adams believed , in the face of anything that had been attempted before , that he could use the observed data on Uranus , and utilising nothing more than Newtons law of gravitation , deduce the mass",
"title": "Discovery of Neptune"
},
{
"text": ", position and orbit of the perturbing body . On 3 July 1841 , he noted his intention to work on the problem .",
"title": "Discovery of Neptune"
},
{
"text": " After his final examinations in 1843 , Adams was elected fellow of his college and spent the summer vacation in Cornwall calculating the first of six iterations . While he worked on the problem back in Cambridge , he tutored undergraduates , sending money home to educate his brothers , and even taught his bed maker to read .",
"title": "Discovery of Neptune"
},
{
"text": "Apparently , Adams communicated his work to James Challis , director of the Cambridge Observatory , in mid-September 1845 , but there is some controversy as to how . On 21 October 1845 , Adams , returning from a Cornwall vacation , without appointment , twice called on Astronomer Royal George Biddell Airy in Greenwich . Failing to find him at home , Adams reputedly left a manuscript of his solution , again without the detailed calculations . Airy responded with a letter to Adams asking for some clarification . It appears that Adams did not regard the question as",
"title": "Discovery of Neptune"
},
{
"text": "trivial , as is often alleged , but he failed to complete a response . Various theories have been discussed as to Adamss failure to reply , such as his general nervousness , procrastination and disorganisation .",
"title": "Discovery of Neptune"
},
{
"text": "Meanwhile , Urbain Le Verrier , on 10 November 1845 , presented to the Académie des sciences in Paris a memoir on Uranus , showing that the preexisting theory failed to account for its motion . On reading Le Verriers memoir , Airy was struck by the coincidence and initiated a desperate race for English priority in discovery of the planet . The search was begun by a laborious method on 29 July . Only after the discovery of Neptune on 23 September 1846 had been announced in Paris did it become apparent that Neptune had been observed on 8",
"title": "Discovery of Neptune"
},
{
"text": "and 12 August but because Challis lacked an up-to-date star-map it was not recognized as a planet .",
"title": "Discovery of Neptune"
},
{
"text": "A keen controversy arose in France and England as to the merits of the two astronomers . As the facts became known , there was wide recognition that the two astronomers had independently solved the problem of Uranus , and each was ascribed equal importance . However , there have been subsequent assertions that The Brits Stole Neptune and that Adamss British contemporaries retrospectively ascribed him more credit than he was due . But it is also notable ( and not included in some of the foregoing discussion references ) that Adams himself publicly acknowledged Le Verriers priority and credit",
"title": "Discovery of Neptune"
},
{
"text": "( not forgetting to mention the role of Galle ) in the paper that he gave On the Perturbations of Uranus to the Royal Astronomical Society in November 1846 :",
"title": "Discovery of Neptune"
},
{
"text": " Adams held no bitterness towards Challis or Airy and acknowledged his own failure to convince the astronomical world :",
"title": "Discovery of Neptune"
},
{
"text": " His lay fellowship at St Johns College came to an end in 1852 , and the existing statutes did not permit his re-election . However , Pembroke College , which possessed greater freedom , elected him in the following year to a lay fellowship which he held for the rest of his life .",
"title": "Work style"
},
{
"text": "Despite the fame of his work on Neptune , Adams also did much important work on gravitational astronomy and terrestrial magnetism . He was particularly adept at fine numerical calculations , often making substantial revisions to the contributions of his predecessors . However , he was extraordinarily uncompetitive , reluctant to publish imperfect work to stimulate debate or claim priority , averse to correspondence about it , and forgetful in practical matters . It has been suggested that these are symptoms of Asperger syndrome which would also be consistent with the repetitive behaviours and restricted interests necessary to perform the",
"title": "Work style"
},
{
"text": "Neptune calculations , in addition to his difficulties in personal interaction with Challis and Airy .",
"title": "Work style"
},
{
"text": " In 1852 , he published new and accurate tables of the Moons parallax , which superseded Johann Karl Burckhardts , and supplied corrections to the theories of Marie-Charles Damoiseau , Giovanni Antonio Amedeo Plana , and Philippe Gustave Doulcet . He had hoped that this work would leverage him into the vacant post as superintendent of HM Nautical Almanac Office but John Russell Hind was preferred , Adams lacking the necessary ability as an organiser and administrator . Lunar theory — Secular acceleration of the Moon .",
"title": "Work style"
},
{
"text": "Since ancient times , the Moons mean rate of motion relative to the stars had been treated as being constant , but in 1695 , Edmond Halley had suggested that this mean rate was gradually increasing . Later , during the eighteenth century , Richard Dunthorne estimated the rate as +10 ( arcseconds/century ) in terms of the resulting difference in lunar longitude , an effect that became known as the secular acceleration of the Moon . Pierre-Simon Laplace had given an explanation in 1787 in terms of changes in the eccentricity of the Earths orbit . He considered only",
"title": "Work style"
},
{
"text": "the radial gravitational force on the Moon from the Sun and Earth but obtained close agreement with the historical record of observations .",
"title": "Work style"
},
{
"text": " In 1820 , at the insistence of the Académie des sciences , Damoiseau , Plana and Francesco Carlini revisited Laplaces work , investigating quadratic and higher-order perturbing terms , and obtained similar results , again addressing only a radial , and neglecting tangential , gravitational force on the Moon . Hansen obtained similar results in 1842 and 1847 .",
"title": "Work style"
},
{
"text": "In 1853 , Adams published a paper showing that , while tangential terms vanish in the first-order theory of Laplace , they become substantial when quadratic terms are admitted . Small terms integrated in time come to have large effects and Adams concluded that Plana had overestimated the secular acceleration by approximately 1.66 per century .",
"title": "Work style"
},
{
"text": "At first , Le Verrier rejected Adamss results . In 1856 , Plana admitted Adamss conclusions , claiming to have revised his own analysis and arrived at the same results . However , he soon recanted , publishing a third result different both from Adamss and Planas own earlier work . Delaunay in 1859 calculated the fourth-order term and duplicated Adamss result leading Adams to publish his own calculations for the fifth , sixth and seventh-order terms . Adams now calculated that only 5.7 of the observed 11 was accounted for by gravitational effects . Later that year , Philippe",
"title": "Work style"
},
{
"text": "Gustave Doulcet , Comte de Pontécoulant published a claim that the tangential force could have no effect though Peter Andreas Hansen , who seems to have cast himself in the role of arbitrator , declared that the burden of proof rested on Pontécoulant , while lamenting the need to discover a further effect to account for the balance . Much of the controversy centred around the convergence of the power series expansion used and , in 1860 , Adams duplicated his results without using a power series . Sir John Lubbock also duplicated Adamss results and Plana finally concurred .",
"title": "Work style"
},
{
"text": "Adamss view was ultimately accepted and further developed , winning him the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1866 . The unexplained drift is now known to be due to tidal acceleration .",
"title": "Work style"
},
{
"text": " In 1858 Adams became professor of mathematics at the University of St Andrews , but lectured only for a session , before returning to Cambridge for the Lowndean professorship of astronomy and geometry . Two years later he succeeded Challis as director of the Cambridge Observatory , a post Adams held until his death .",
"title": "Work style"
},
{
"text": " The great meteor shower of November 1866 turned his attention to the Leonids , whose probable path and period had already been discussed and predicted by Hubert Anson Newton in 1864 . Newton had asserted that the longitude of the ascending node , that marked where the shower would occur , was increasing and the problem of explaining this variation attracted some of Europes leading astronomers .",
"title": "The Leonids"
},
{
"text": "Using a powerful and elaborate analysis , Adams ascertained that this cluster of meteors , which belongs to the Solar System , traverses an elongated ellipse in 33.25 years , and is subject to definite perturbations from the larger planets , Jupiter , Saturn , and Uranus . These results were published in 1867 .",
"title": "The Leonids"
},
{
"text": " Some experts consider this Adamss most substantial achievement . His definitive orbit for the Leonids coincided with that of the comet 55P/Tempel-Tuttle and thereby suggested the , later widely accepted , close relationship between comets and meteors .",
"title": "The Leonids"
},
{
"text": " Ten years later , George William Hill described a novel and elegant method for attacking the problem of lunar motion . Adams briefly announced his own unpublished work in the same field , which , following a parallel course had confirmed and supplemented Hills .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "Over a period of forty years , he periodically addressed the determination of the constants in Carl Friedrich Gausss theory of terrestrial magnetism . Again , the calculations involved great labour , and were not published during his lifetime . They were edited by his brother , William Grylls Adams , and appear in the second volume of the collected Scientific Papers . Numerical computation of this kind might almost be described as his pastime . He calculated the Euler–Mascheroni constant , perhaps somewhat eccentrically , to 236 decimal places and evaluated the Bernoulli numbers up to the 62nd .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " Adams had boundless admiration for Newton and his writings and many of his papers bear the cast of Newtons thought . In 1872 , Isaac Newton Wallop , 5th Earl of Portsmouth , donated his private collection of Newtons papers to Cambridge University . Adams and G . G . Stokes took on the task of arranging the material , publishing a catalogue in 1888 .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "The post of Astronomer Royal was offered him in 1881 , but he preferred to pursue his teaching and research in Cambridge . He was British delegate to the International Meridian Conference at Washington in 1884 , when he also attended the meetings of the British Association at Montreal and of the American Association at Philadelphia .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " - 1847 He is reputed to have been offered a knighthood on Queen Victorias 1847 Cambridge visit but to have declined , either out of modesty , or fear of the financial consequences of such social distinction ; - 1847 Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences ; - 1848 Copley medal of the Royal Society ; - 1848 Adams Prize , founded by the members of St Johns College , to be given biennially for the best treatise on a mathematical subject ;",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": "- 1849 Elected Fellow of the Royal Society of London and Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh ;",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": " - 1851 and 1874 President of the Royal Astronomical Society ( 1851–1853 and 1874–1876 ) .",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": " After a long illness , Adams died at Cambridge on 21 January 1892 and was buried near his home in St Giles Cemetery , now the Parish of the Ascension Burial Ground in Cambridge . In 1863 he had married Miss Eliza Bruce ( 1827–1919 ) , of Dublin , who survived him , and is buried with him . His wealth at death was £32,434 ( £2.6 million at 2003 prices ) .",
"title": "Family and death"
},
{
"text": " - Memorial in Westminster Abbey with a portrait medallion , by Albert Bruce-Joy ; - A bust , by Joy in the hall of St Johns College , Cambridge ; - Another youthful bust belongs to the Royal Astronomical Society ; - Portraits by : - Hubert von Herkomer in Pembroke College ; - Paul Raphael Montord in the combination room of St Johns ; - A memorial tablet , with an inscription by Archbishop Benson , in Truro Cathedral ; - Passmore Edwards erected a public institute in his honour at Launceston , near his birthplace ;",
"title": "Memorials"
},
{
"text": "- Adams Nunatak , a nunatak on Neptune Glacier in Alexander Island in Antarctica , is named after him .",
"title": "Memorials"
},
{
"text": " - The Times , 22 January 1892 , p . 6 col.d ( link on this page ) - [ Anon. ] ( 1891–92 ) Journal of the British Astronomical Association 2 : 196–7 About Adams and the discovery of Neptune . - from Project Gutenberg - Doggett , L . E . ( 1997 ) Celestial mechanics , in - Harrison , H . M ( 1994 ) . Voyager in Time and Space : The Life of John Couch Adams , Cambridge Astronomer . Lewes : Book Guild ,",
"title": "Obituaries"
},
{
"text": " - Adams , J . C. , ed . W . G . Adams & R . A . Sampson ( 1896–1900 ) The Scientific Papers of John Couch Adams , 2 vols , London : Cambridge University Press , with a memoir by J . W . L . Glaisher : - Vol.1 ( 1896 ) Previously published writings ; - Vol.2 ( 1900 ) Manuscripts including the substance of his lectures on the Lunar Theory .",
"title": "By Adams"
},
{
"text": "- Adams , J . C. , ed . R . A . Sampson ( 1900 ) Lectures on the Lunar Theory , London : Cambridge University Press",
"title": "By Adams"
},
{
"text": " - A collection , virtually complete , of Adamss papers regarding the discovery of Neptune was presented by Mrs Adams to the library of St Johns College , see : Sampson ( 1904 ) , and also : - The collected papers of Prof . Adams , Journal of the British Astronomical Association , 7 ( 1896–97 ) - Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , 53 184 ; - Observatory , 15 174 ; - Nature , 34 565 ; 45 301 ; - Astronomical Journal , No.254 ;",
"title": "By Adams"
},
{
"text": "- R . Grant , History of Physical Astronomy , p . 168 ; and",
"title": "By Adams"
},
{
"text": " - Edinburgh Review , No.381 , p . 72 . - The papers were ultimately lodged with the Royal Greenwich Observatory and evacuated to Herstmonceux Castle during World War II . After the war , they were stolen by Olin J . Eggen and only recovered in 1998 , hampering much historical research in the subject .",
"title": "By Adams"
}
] |
/wiki/John_Couch_Adams#P39#2
|
John Couch Adams took which position in early 1870s?
|
John Couch Adams John Couch Adams FRSE FRAS LLD ( ; 5 June 1819 – 21 January 1892 ) was a British mathematician and astronomer . He was born in Laneast , near Launceston , Cornwall , and died in Cambridge . His most famous achievement was predicting the existence and position of Neptune , using only mathematics . The calculations were made to explain discrepancies with Uranuss orbit and the laws of Kepler and Newton . At the same time , but unknown to each other , the same calculations were made by Urbain Le Verrier . Le Verrier would send his coordinates to Berlin Observatory astronomer Johann Gottfried Galle , who confirmed the existence of the planet on 23 September 1846 , finding it within 1° of Le Verriers predicted location ( there was , and to some extent still is , some controversy over the apportionment of credit for the discovery ; see Discovery of Neptune ) . Adams was Lowndean Professor in the University of Cambridge from 1859 until his death . He won the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1866 . In 1884 , he attended the International Meridian Conference as a delegate for Britain . A crater on the Moon is jointly named after him , Walter Sydney Adams and Charles Hitchcock Adams . Neptunes outermost known ring and the asteroid 1996 Adams are also named after him . The Adams Prize , presented by the University of Cambridge , commemorates his prediction of the position of Neptune . His personal library is held at Cambridge University Library . Early life . Adams was born at Lidcot , a farm at Laneast , near Launceston , Cornwall , the eldest of seven children . His parents were Thomas Adams ( 1788–1859 ) , a poor tenant farmer , and his wife , Tabitha Knill Grylls ( 1796–1866 ) . The family were devout Wesleyans who enjoyed music and among Johns brothers , Thomas became a missionary , George a farmer , and William Grylls Adams , professor of natural philosophy and astronomy at Kings College London . Tabitha was a farmers daughter but had received a rudimentary education from John Couch , her uncle , whose small library she had inherited . John was intrigued by the astronomy books from an early age . John attended the Laneast village school where he acquired some Greek and algebra . From there , he went , at the age of twelve , to Devonport , where his mothers cousin , the Rev . John Couch Grylls , kept a private school . There he learned classics but was largely self-taught in mathematics , studying in the Library of Devonport Mechanics Institute and reading Reess Cyclopædia and Samuel Vinces Fluxions . He observed Halleys comet in 1835 from Landulph and the following year started to make his own astronomical calculations , predictions and observations , engaging in private tutoring to finance his activities . In 1836 , his mother inherited a small estate at Badharlick and his promise as a mathematician induced his parents to send him to the University of Cambridge . In October 1839 he entered as a sizar at St Johns College , graduating B.A . in 1843 as senior wrangler and first Smiths prizewinner of his year . Discovery of Neptune . In 1821 , Alexis Bouvard had published astronomical tables of the orbit of Uranus , making predictions of future positions based on Newtons laws of motion and gravitation . Subsequent observations revealed substantial deviations from the tables , leading Bouvard to hypothesise some perturbing body . Adams learnt of the irregularities while still an undergraduate and became convinced of the perturbation theory . Adams believed , in the face of anything that had been attempted before , that he could use the observed data on Uranus , and utilising nothing more than Newtons law of gravitation , deduce the mass , position and orbit of the perturbing body . On 3 July 1841 , he noted his intention to work on the problem . After his final examinations in 1843 , Adams was elected fellow of his college and spent the summer vacation in Cornwall calculating the first of six iterations . While he worked on the problem back in Cambridge , he tutored undergraduates , sending money home to educate his brothers , and even taught his bed maker to read . Apparently , Adams communicated his work to James Challis , director of the Cambridge Observatory , in mid-September 1845 , but there is some controversy as to how . On 21 October 1845 , Adams , returning from a Cornwall vacation , without appointment , twice called on Astronomer Royal George Biddell Airy in Greenwich . Failing to find him at home , Adams reputedly left a manuscript of his solution , again without the detailed calculations . Airy responded with a letter to Adams asking for some clarification . It appears that Adams did not regard the question as trivial , as is often alleged , but he failed to complete a response . Various theories have been discussed as to Adamss failure to reply , such as his general nervousness , procrastination and disorganisation . Meanwhile , Urbain Le Verrier , on 10 November 1845 , presented to the Académie des sciences in Paris a memoir on Uranus , showing that the preexisting theory failed to account for its motion . On reading Le Verriers memoir , Airy was struck by the coincidence and initiated a desperate race for English priority in discovery of the planet . The search was begun by a laborious method on 29 July . Only after the discovery of Neptune on 23 September 1846 had been announced in Paris did it become apparent that Neptune had been observed on 8 and 12 August but because Challis lacked an up-to-date star-map it was not recognized as a planet . A keen controversy arose in France and England as to the merits of the two astronomers . As the facts became known , there was wide recognition that the two astronomers had independently solved the problem of Uranus , and each was ascribed equal importance . However , there have been subsequent assertions that The Brits Stole Neptune and that Adamss British contemporaries retrospectively ascribed him more credit than he was due . But it is also notable ( and not included in some of the foregoing discussion references ) that Adams himself publicly acknowledged Le Verriers priority and credit ( not forgetting to mention the role of Galle ) in the paper that he gave On the Perturbations of Uranus to the Royal Astronomical Society in November 1846 : Adams held no bitterness towards Challis or Airy and acknowledged his own failure to convince the astronomical world : Work style . His lay fellowship at St Johns College came to an end in 1852 , and the existing statutes did not permit his re-election . However , Pembroke College , which possessed greater freedom , elected him in the following year to a lay fellowship which he held for the rest of his life . Despite the fame of his work on Neptune , Adams also did much important work on gravitational astronomy and terrestrial magnetism . He was particularly adept at fine numerical calculations , often making substantial revisions to the contributions of his predecessors . However , he was extraordinarily uncompetitive , reluctant to publish imperfect work to stimulate debate or claim priority , averse to correspondence about it , and forgetful in practical matters . It has been suggested that these are symptoms of Asperger syndrome which would also be consistent with the repetitive behaviours and restricted interests necessary to perform the Neptune calculations , in addition to his difficulties in personal interaction with Challis and Airy . In 1852 , he published new and accurate tables of the Moons parallax , which superseded Johann Karl Burckhardts , and supplied corrections to the theories of Marie-Charles Damoiseau , Giovanni Antonio Amedeo Plana , and Philippe Gustave Doulcet . He had hoped that this work would leverage him into the vacant post as superintendent of HM Nautical Almanac Office but John Russell Hind was preferred , Adams lacking the necessary ability as an organiser and administrator . Lunar theory — Secular acceleration of the Moon . Since ancient times , the Moons mean rate of motion relative to the stars had been treated as being constant , but in 1695 , Edmond Halley had suggested that this mean rate was gradually increasing . Later , during the eighteenth century , Richard Dunthorne estimated the rate as +10 ( arcseconds/century ) in terms of the resulting difference in lunar longitude , an effect that became known as the secular acceleration of the Moon . Pierre-Simon Laplace had given an explanation in 1787 in terms of changes in the eccentricity of the Earths orbit . He considered only the radial gravitational force on the Moon from the Sun and Earth but obtained close agreement with the historical record of observations . In 1820 , at the insistence of the Académie des sciences , Damoiseau , Plana and Francesco Carlini revisited Laplaces work , investigating quadratic and higher-order perturbing terms , and obtained similar results , again addressing only a radial , and neglecting tangential , gravitational force on the Moon . Hansen obtained similar results in 1842 and 1847 . In 1853 , Adams published a paper showing that , while tangential terms vanish in the first-order theory of Laplace , they become substantial when quadratic terms are admitted . Small terms integrated in time come to have large effects and Adams concluded that Plana had overestimated the secular acceleration by approximately 1.66 per century . At first , Le Verrier rejected Adamss results . In 1856 , Plana admitted Adamss conclusions , claiming to have revised his own analysis and arrived at the same results . However , he soon recanted , publishing a third result different both from Adamss and Planas own earlier work . Delaunay in 1859 calculated the fourth-order term and duplicated Adamss result leading Adams to publish his own calculations for the fifth , sixth and seventh-order terms . Adams now calculated that only 5.7 of the observed 11 was accounted for by gravitational effects . Later that year , Philippe Gustave Doulcet , Comte de Pontécoulant published a claim that the tangential force could have no effect though Peter Andreas Hansen , who seems to have cast himself in the role of arbitrator , declared that the burden of proof rested on Pontécoulant , while lamenting the need to discover a further effect to account for the balance . Much of the controversy centred around the convergence of the power series expansion used and , in 1860 , Adams duplicated his results without using a power series . Sir John Lubbock also duplicated Adamss results and Plana finally concurred . Adamss view was ultimately accepted and further developed , winning him the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1866 . The unexplained drift is now known to be due to tidal acceleration . In 1858 Adams became professor of mathematics at the University of St Andrews , but lectured only for a session , before returning to Cambridge for the Lowndean professorship of astronomy and geometry . Two years later he succeeded Challis as director of the Cambridge Observatory , a post Adams held until his death . The Leonids . The great meteor shower of November 1866 turned his attention to the Leonids , whose probable path and period had already been discussed and predicted by Hubert Anson Newton in 1864 . Newton had asserted that the longitude of the ascending node , that marked where the shower would occur , was increasing and the problem of explaining this variation attracted some of Europes leading astronomers . Using a powerful and elaborate analysis , Adams ascertained that this cluster of meteors , which belongs to the Solar System , traverses an elongated ellipse in 33.25 years , and is subject to definite perturbations from the larger planets , Jupiter , Saturn , and Uranus . These results were published in 1867 . Some experts consider this Adamss most substantial achievement . His definitive orbit for the Leonids coincided with that of the comet 55P/Tempel-Tuttle and thereby suggested the , later widely accepted , close relationship between comets and meteors . Later career . Ten years later , George William Hill described a novel and elegant method for attacking the problem of lunar motion . Adams briefly announced his own unpublished work in the same field , which , following a parallel course had confirmed and supplemented Hills . Over a period of forty years , he periodically addressed the determination of the constants in Carl Friedrich Gausss theory of terrestrial magnetism . Again , the calculations involved great labour , and were not published during his lifetime . They were edited by his brother , William Grylls Adams , and appear in the second volume of the collected Scientific Papers . Numerical computation of this kind might almost be described as his pastime . He calculated the Euler–Mascheroni constant , perhaps somewhat eccentrically , to 236 decimal places and evaluated the Bernoulli numbers up to the 62nd . Adams had boundless admiration for Newton and his writings and many of his papers bear the cast of Newtons thought . In 1872 , Isaac Newton Wallop , 5th Earl of Portsmouth , donated his private collection of Newtons papers to Cambridge University . Adams and G . G . Stokes took on the task of arranging the material , publishing a catalogue in 1888 . The post of Astronomer Royal was offered him in 1881 , but he preferred to pursue his teaching and research in Cambridge . He was British delegate to the International Meridian Conference at Washington in 1884 , when he also attended the meetings of the British Association at Montreal and of the American Association at Philadelphia . Honours . - 1847 He is reputed to have been offered a knighthood on Queen Victorias 1847 Cambridge visit but to have declined , either out of modesty , or fear of the financial consequences of such social distinction ; - 1847 Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences ; - 1848 Copley medal of the Royal Society ; - 1848 Adams Prize , founded by the members of St Johns College , to be given biennially for the best treatise on a mathematical subject ; - 1849 Elected Fellow of the Royal Society of London and Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh ; - 1851 and 1874 President of the Royal Astronomical Society ( 1851–1853 and 1874–1876 ) . Family and death . After a long illness , Adams died at Cambridge on 21 January 1892 and was buried near his home in St Giles Cemetery , now the Parish of the Ascension Burial Ground in Cambridge . In 1863 he had married Miss Eliza Bruce ( 1827–1919 ) , of Dublin , who survived him , and is buried with him . His wealth at death was £32,434 ( £2.6 million at 2003 prices ) . Memorials . - Memorial in Westminster Abbey with a portrait medallion , by Albert Bruce-Joy ; - A bust , by Joy in the hall of St Johns College , Cambridge ; - Another youthful bust belongs to the Royal Astronomical Society ; - Portraits by : - Hubert von Herkomer in Pembroke College ; - Paul Raphael Montord in the combination room of St Johns ; - A memorial tablet , with an inscription by Archbishop Benson , in Truro Cathedral ; - Passmore Edwards erected a public institute in his honour at Launceston , near his birthplace ; - Adams Nunatak , a nunatak on Neptune Glacier in Alexander Island in Antarctica , is named after him . Obituaries . - The Times , 22 January 1892 , p . 6 col.d ( link on this page ) - [ Anon. ] ( 1891–92 ) Journal of the British Astronomical Association 2 : 196–7 About Adams and the discovery of Neptune . - from Project Gutenberg - Doggett , L . E . ( 1997 ) Celestial mechanics , in - Harrison , H . M ( 1994 ) . Voyager in Time and Space : The Life of John Couch Adams , Cambridge Astronomer . Lewes : Book Guild , By Adams . - Adams , J . C. , ed . W . G . Adams & R . A . Sampson ( 1896–1900 ) The Scientific Papers of John Couch Adams , 2 vols , London : Cambridge University Press , with a memoir by J . W . L . Glaisher : - Vol.1 ( 1896 ) Previously published writings ; - Vol.2 ( 1900 ) Manuscripts including the substance of his lectures on the Lunar Theory . - Adams , J . C. , ed . R . A . Sampson ( 1900 ) Lectures on the Lunar Theory , London : Cambridge University Press - A collection , virtually complete , of Adamss papers regarding the discovery of Neptune was presented by Mrs Adams to the library of St Johns College , see : Sampson ( 1904 ) , and also : - The collected papers of Prof . Adams , Journal of the British Astronomical Association , 7 ( 1896–97 ) - Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , 53 184 ; - Observatory , 15 174 ; - Nature , 34 565 ; 45 301 ; - Astronomical Journal , No.254 ; - R . Grant , History of Physical Astronomy , p . 168 ; and - Edinburgh Review , No.381 , p . 72 . - The papers were ultimately lodged with the Royal Greenwich Observatory and evacuated to Herstmonceux Castle during World War II . After the war , they were stolen by Olin J . Eggen and only recovered in 1998 , hampering much historical research in the subject .
|
[
"Lowndean professorship of astronomy and geometry"
] |
[
{
"text": " John Couch Adams FRSE FRAS LLD ( ; 5 June 1819 – 21 January 1892 ) was a British mathematician and astronomer . He was born in Laneast , near Launceston , Cornwall , and died in Cambridge .",
"title": "John Couch Adams"
},
{
"text": "His most famous achievement was predicting the existence and position of Neptune , using only mathematics . The calculations were made to explain discrepancies with Uranuss orbit and the laws of Kepler and Newton . At the same time , but unknown to each other , the same calculations were made by Urbain Le Verrier . Le Verrier would send his coordinates to Berlin Observatory astronomer Johann Gottfried Galle , who confirmed the existence of the planet on 23 September 1846 , finding it within 1° of Le Verriers predicted location ( there was , and to some extent still",
"title": "John Couch Adams"
},
{
"text": "is , some controversy over the apportionment of credit for the discovery ; see Discovery of Neptune ) .",
"title": "John Couch Adams"
},
{
"text": " Adams was Lowndean Professor in the University of Cambridge from 1859 until his death . He won the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1866 . In 1884 , he attended the International Meridian Conference as a delegate for Britain .",
"title": "John Couch Adams"
},
{
"text": "A crater on the Moon is jointly named after him , Walter Sydney Adams and Charles Hitchcock Adams . Neptunes outermost known ring and the asteroid 1996 Adams are also named after him . The Adams Prize , presented by the University of Cambridge , commemorates his prediction of the position of Neptune . His personal library is held at Cambridge University Library .",
"title": "John Couch Adams"
},
{
"text": "Adams was born at Lidcot , a farm at Laneast , near Launceston , Cornwall , the eldest of seven children . His parents were Thomas Adams ( 1788–1859 ) , a poor tenant farmer , and his wife , Tabitha Knill Grylls ( 1796–1866 ) . The family were devout Wesleyans who enjoyed music and among Johns brothers , Thomas became a missionary , George a farmer , and William Grylls Adams , professor of natural philosophy and astronomy at Kings College London . Tabitha was a farmers daughter but had received a rudimentary education from John Couch ,",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "her uncle , whose small library she had inherited . John was intrigued by the astronomy books from an early age .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "John attended the Laneast village school where he acquired some Greek and algebra . From there , he went , at the age of twelve , to Devonport , where his mothers cousin , the Rev . John Couch Grylls , kept a private school . There he learned classics but was largely self-taught in mathematics , studying in the Library of Devonport Mechanics Institute and reading Reess Cyclopædia and Samuel Vinces Fluxions . He observed Halleys comet in 1835 from Landulph and the following year started to make his own astronomical calculations , predictions and observations , engaging in",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "private tutoring to finance his activities .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " In 1836 , his mother inherited a small estate at Badharlick and his promise as a mathematician induced his parents to send him to the University of Cambridge . In October 1839 he entered as a sizar at St Johns College , graduating B.A . in 1843 as senior wrangler and first Smiths prizewinner of his year .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "In 1821 , Alexis Bouvard had published astronomical tables of the orbit of Uranus , making predictions of future positions based on Newtons laws of motion and gravitation . Subsequent observations revealed substantial deviations from the tables , leading Bouvard to hypothesise some perturbing body . Adams learnt of the irregularities while still an undergraduate and became convinced of the perturbation theory . Adams believed , in the face of anything that had been attempted before , that he could use the observed data on Uranus , and utilising nothing more than Newtons law of gravitation , deduce the mass",
"title": "Discovery of Neptune"
},
{
"text": ", position and orbit of the perturbing body . On 3 July 1841 , he noted his intention to work on the problem .",
"title": "Discovery of Neptune"
},
{
"text": " After his final examinations in 1843 , Adams was elected fellow of his college and spent the summer vacation in Cornwall calculating the first of six iterations . While he worked on the problem back in Cambridge , he tutored undergraduates , sending money home to educate his brothers , and even taught his bed maker to read .",
"title": "Discovery of Neptune"
},
{
"text": "Apparently , Adams communicated his work to James Challis , director of the Cambridge Observatory , in mid-September 1845 , but there is some controversy as to how . On 21 October 1845 , Adams , returning from a Cornwall vacation , without appointment , twice called on Astronomer Royal George Biddell Airy in Greenwich . Failing to find him at home , Adams reputedly left a manuscript of his solution , again without the detailed calculations . Airy responded with a letter to Adams asking for some clarification . It appears that Adams did not regard the question as",
"title": "Discovery of Neptune"
},
{
"text": "trivial , as is often alleged , but he failed to complete a response . Various theories have been discussed as to Adamss failure to reply , such as his general nervousness , procrastination and disorganisation .",
"title": "Discovery of Neptune"
},
{
"text": "Meanwhile , Urbain Le Verrier , on 10 November 1845 , presented to the Académie des sciences in Paris a memoir on Uranus , showing that the preexisting theory failed to account for its motion . On reading Le Verriers memoir , Airy was struck by the coincidence and initiated a desperate race for English priority in discovery of the planet . The search was begun by a laborious method on 29 July . Only after the discovery of Neptune on 23 September 1846 had been announced in Paris did it become apparent that Neptune had been observed on 8",
"title": "Discovery of Neptune"
},
{
"text": "and 12 August but because Challis lacked an up-to-date star-map it was not recognized as a planet .",
"title": "Discovery of Neptune"
},
{
"text": "A keen controversy arose in France and England as to the merits of the two astronomers . As the facts became known , there was wide recognition that the two astronomers had independently solved the problem of Uranus , and each was ascribed equal importance . However , there have been subsequent assertions that The Brits Stole Neptune and that Adamss British contemporaries retrospectively ascribed him more credit than he was due . But it is also notable ( and not included in some of the foregoing discussion references ) that Adams himself publicly acknowledged Le Verriers priority and credit",
"title": "Discovery of Neptune"
},
{
"text": "( not forgetting to mention the role of Galle ) in the paper that he gave On the Perturbations of Uranus to the Royal Astronomical Society in November 1846 :",
"title": "Discovery of Neptune"
},
{
"text": " Adams held no bitterness towards Challis or Airy and acknowledged his own failure to convince the astronomical world :",
"title": "Discovery of Neptune"
},
{
"text": " His lay fellowship at St Johns College came to an end in 1852 , and the existing statutes did not permit his re-election . However , Pembroke College , which possessed greater freedom , elected him in the following year to a lay fellowship which he held for the rest of his life .",
"title": "Work style"
},
{
"text": "Despite the fame of his work on Neptune , Adams also did much important work on gravitational astronomy and terrestrial magnetism . He was particularly adept at fine numerical calculations , often making substantial revisions to the contributions of his predecessors . However , he was extraordinarily uncompetitive , reluctant to publish imperfect work to stimulate debate or claim priority , averse to correspondence about it , and forgetful in practical matters . It has been suggested that these are symptoms of Asperger syndrome which would also be consistent with the repetitive behaviours and restricted interests necessary to perform the",
"title": "Work style"
},
{
"text": "Neptune calculations , in addition to his difficulties in personal interaction with Challis and Airy .",
"title": "Work style"
},
{
"text": " In 1852 , he published new and accurate tables of the Moons parallax , which superseded Johann Karl Burckhardts , and supplied corrections to the theories of Marie-Charles Damoiseau , Giovanni Antonio Amedeo Plana , and Philippe Gustave Doulcet . He had hoped that this work would leverage him into the vacant post as superintendent of HM Nautical Almanac Office but John Russell Hind was preferred , Adams lacking the necessary ability as an organiser and administrator . Lunar theory — Secular acceleration of the Moon .",
"title": "Work style"
},
{
"text": "Since ancient times , the Moons mean rate of motion relative to the stars had been treated as being constant , but in 1695 , Edmond Halley had suggested that this mean rate was gradually increasing . Later , during the eighteenth century , Richard Dunthorne estimated the rate as +10 ( arcseconds/century ) in terms of the resulting difference in lunar longitude , an effect that became known as the secular acceleration of the Moon . Pierre-Simon Laplace had given an explanation in 1787 in terms of changes in the eccentricity of the Earths orbit . He considered only",
"title": "Work style"
},
{
"text": "the radial gravitational force on the Moon from the Sun and Earth but obtained close agreement with the historical record of observations .",
"title": "Work style"
},
{
"text": " In 1820 , at the insistence of the Académie des sciences , Damoiseau , Plana and Francesco Carlini revisited Laplaces work , investigating quadratic and higher-order perturbing terms , and obtained similar results , again addressing only a radial , and neglecting tangential , gravitational force on the Moon . Hansen obtained similar results in 1842 and 1847 .",
"title": "Work style"
},
{
"text": "In 1853 , Adams published a paper showing that , while tangential terms vanish in the first-order theory of Laplace , they become substantial when quadratic terms are admitted . Small terms integrated in time come to have large effects and Adams concluded that Plana had overestimated the secular acceleration by approximately 1.66 per century .",
"title": "Work style"
},
{
"text": "At first , Le Verrier rejected Adamss results . In 1856 , Plana admitted Adamss conclusions , claiming to have revised his own analysis and arrived at the same results . However , he soon recanted , publishing a third result different both from Adamss and Planas own earlier work . Delaunay in 1859 calculated the fourth-order term and duplicated Adamss result leading Adams to publish his own calculations for the fifth , sixth and seventh-order terms . Adams now calculated that only 5.7 of the observed 11 was accounted for by gravitational effects . Later that year , Philippe",
"title": "Work style"
},
{
"text": "Gustave Doulcet , Comte de Pontécoulant published a claim that the tangential force could have no effect though Peter Andreas Hansen , who seems to have cast himself in the role of arbitrator , declared that the burden of proof rested on Pontécoulant , while lamenting the need to discover a further effect to account for the balance . Much of the controversy centred around the convergence of the power series expansion used and , in 1860 , Adams duplicated his results without using a power series . Sir John Lubbock also duplicated Adamss results and Plana finally concurred .",
"title": "Work style"
},
{
"text": "Adamss view was ultimately accepted and further developed , winning him the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1866 . The unexplained drift is now known to be due to tidal acceleration .",
"title": "Work style"
},
{
"text": " In 1858 Adams became professor of mathematics at the University of St Andrews , but lectured only for a session , before returning to Cambridge for the Lowndean professorship of astronomy and geometry . Two years later he succeeded Challis as director of the Cambridge Observatory , a post Adams held until his death .",
"title": "Work style"
},
{
"text": " The great meteor shower of November 1866 turned his attention to the Leonids , whose probable path and period had already been discussed and predicted by Hubert Anson Newton in 1864 . Newton had asserted that the longitude of the ascending node , that marked where the shower would occur , was increasing and the problem of explaining this variation attracted some of Europes leading astronomers .",
"title": "The Leonids"
},
{
"text": "Using a powerful and elaborate analysis , Adams ascertained that this cluster of meteors , which belongs to the Solar System , traverses an elongated ellipse in 33.25 years , and is subject to definite perturbations from the larger planets , Jupiter , Saturn , and Uranus . These results were published in 1867 .",
"title": "The Leonids"
},
{
"text": " Some experts consider this Adamss most substantial achievement . His definitive orbit for the Leonids coincided with that of the comet 55P/Tempel-Tuttle and thereby suggested the , later widely accepted , close relationship between comets and meteors .",
"title": "The Leonids"
},
{
"text": " Ten years later , George William Hill described a novel and elegant method for attacking the problem of lunar motion . Adams briefly announced his own unpublished work in the same field , which , following a parallel course had confirmed and supplemented Hills .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "Over a period of forty years , he periodically addressed the determination of the constants in Carl Friedrich Gausss theory of terrestrial magnetism . Again , the calculations involved great labour , and were not published during his lifetime . They were edited by his brother , William Grylls Adams , and appear in the second volume of the collected Scientific Papers . Numerical computation of this kind might almost be described as his pastime . He calculated the Euler–Mascheroni constant , perhaps somewhat eccentrically , to 236 decimal places and evaluated the Bernoulli numbers up to the 62nd .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " Adams had boundless admiration for Newton and his writings and many of his papers bear the cast of Newtons thought . In 1872 , Isaac Newton Wallop , 5th Earl of Portsmouth , donated his private collection of Newtons papers to Cambridge University . Adams and G . G . Stokes took on the task of arranging the material , publishing a catalogue in 1888 .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "The post of Astronomer Royal was offered him in 1881 , but he preferred to pursue his teaching and research in Cambridge . He was British delegate to the International Meridian Conference at Washington in 1884 , when he also attended the meetings of the British Association at Montreal and of the American Association at Philadelphia .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " - 1847 He is reputed to have been offered a knighthood on Queen Victorias 1847 Cambridge visit but to have declined , either out of modesty , or fear of the financial consequences of such social distinction ; - 1847 Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences ; - 1848 Copley medal of the Royal Society ; - 1848 Adams Prize , founded by the members of St Johns College , to be given biennially for the best treatise on a mathematical subject ;",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": "- 1849 Elected Fellow of the Royal Society of London and Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh ;",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": " - 1851 and 1874 President of the Royal Astronomical Society ( 1851–1853 and 1874–1876 ) .",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": " After a long illness , Adams died at Cambridge on 21 January 1892 and was buried near his home in St Giles Cemetery , now the Parish of the Ascension Burial Ground in Cambridge . In 1863 he had married Miss Eliza Bruce ( 1827–1919 ) , of Dublin , who survived him , and is buried with him . His wealth at death was £32,434 ( £2.6 million at 2003 prices ) .",
"title": "Family and death"
},
{
"text": " - Memorial in Westminster Abbey with a portrait medallion , by Albert Bruce-Joy ; - A bust , by Joy in the hall of St Johns College , Cambridge ; - Another youthful bust belongs to the Royal Astronomical Society ; - Portraits by : - Hubert von Herkomer in Pembroke College ; - Paul Raphael Montord in the combination room of St Johns ; - A memorial tablet , with an inscription by Archbishop Benson , in Truro Cathedral ; - Passmore Edwards erected a public institute in his honour at Launceston , near his birthplace ;",
"title": "Memorials"
},
{
"text": "- Adams Nunatak , a nunatak on Neptune Glacier in Alexander Island in Antarctica , is named after him .",
"title": "Memorials"
},
{
"text": " - The Times , 22 January 1892 , p . 6 col.d ( link on this page ) - [ Anon. ] ( 1891–92 ) Journal of the British Astronomical Association 2 : 196–7 About Adams and the discovery of Neptune . - from Project Gutenberg - Doggett , L . E . ( 1997 ) Celestial mechanics , in - Harrison , H . M ( 1994 ) . Voyager in Time and Space : The Life of John Couch Adams , Cambridge Astronomer . Lewes : Book Guild ,",
"title": "Obituaries"
},
{
"text": " - Adams , J . C. , ed . W . G . Adams & R . A . Sampson ( 1896–1900 ) The Scientific Papers of John Couch Adams , 2 vols , London : Cambridge University Press , with a memoir by J . W . L . Glaisher : - Vol.1 ( 1896 ) Previously published writings ; - Vol.2 ( 1900 ) Manuscripts including the substance of his lectures on the Lunar Theory .",
"title": "By Adams"
},
{
"text": "- Adams , J . C. , ed . R . A . Sampson ( 1900 ) Lectures on the Lunar Theory , London : Cambridge University Press",
"title": "By Adams"
},
{
"text": " - A collection , virtually complete , of Adamss papers regarding the discovery of Neptune was presented by Mrs Adams to the library of St Johns College , see : Sampson ( 1904 ) , and also : - The collected papers of Prof . Adams , Journal of the British Astronomical Association , 7 ( 1896–97 ) - Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , 53 184 ; - Observatory , 15 174 ; - Nature , 34 565 ; 45 301 ; - Astronomical Journal , No.254 ;",
"title": "By Adams"
},
{
"text": "- R . Grant , History of Physical Astronomy , p . 168 ; and",
"title": "By Adams"
},
{
"text": " - Edinburgh Review , No.381 , p . 72 . - The papers were ultimately lodged with the Royal Greenwich Observatory and evacuated to Herstmonceux Castle during World War II . After the war , they were stolen by Olin J . Eggen and only recovered in 1998 , hampering much historical research in the subject .",
"title": "By Adams"
}
] |
/wiki/John_Couch_Adams#P39#3
|
John Couch Adams took which position in Feb 1874?
|
John Couch Adams John Couch Adams FRSE FRAS LLD ( ; 5 June 1819 – 21 January 1892 ) was a British mathematician and astronomer . He was born in Laneast , near Launceston , Cornwall , and died in Cambridge . His most famous achievement was predicting the existence and position of Neptune , using only mathematics . The calculations were made to explain discrepancies with Uranuss orbit and the laws of Kepler and Newton . At the same time , but unknown to each other , the same calculations were made by Urbain Le Verrier . Le Verrier would send his coordinates to Berlin Observatory astronomer Johann Gottfried Galle , who confirmed the existence of the planet on 23 September 1846 , finding it within 1° of Le Verriers predicted location ( there was , and to some extent still is , some controversy over the apportionment of credit for the discovery ; see Discovery of Neptune ) . Adams was Lowndean Professor in the University of Cambridge from 1859 until his death . He won the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1866 . In 1884 , he attended the International Meridian Conference as a delegate for Britain . A crater on the Moon is jointly named after him , Walter Sydney Adams and Charles Hitchcock Adams . Neptunes outermost known ring and the asteroid 1996 Adams are also named after him . The Adams Prize , presented by the University of Cambridge , commemorates his prediction of the position of Neptune . His personal library is held at Cambridge University Library . Early life . Adams was born at Lidcot , a farm at Laneast , near Launceston , Cornwall , the eldest of seven children . His parents were Thomas Adams ( 1788–1859 ) , a poor tenant farmer , and his wife , Tabitha Knill Grylls ( 1796–1866 ) . The family were devout Wesleyans who enjoyed music and among Johns brothers , Thomas became a missionary , George a farmer , and William Grylls Adams , professor of natural philosophy and astronomy at Kings College London . Tabitha was a farmers daughter but had received a rudimentary education from John Couch , her uncle , whose small library she had inherited . John was intrigued by the astronomy books from an early age . John attended the Laneast village school where he acquired some Greek and algebra . From there , he went , at the age of twelve , to Devonport , where his mothers cousin , the Rev . John Couch Grylls , kept a private school . There he learned classics but was largely self-taught in mathematics , studying in the Library of Devonport Mechanics Institute and reading Reess Cyclopædia and Samuel Vinces Fluxions . He observed Halleys comet in 1835 from Landulph and the following year started to make his own astronomical calculations , predictions and observations , engaging in private tutoring to finance his activities . In 1836 , his mother inherited a small estate at Badharlick and his promise as a mathematician induced his parents to send him to the University of Cambridge . In October 1839 he entered as a sizar at St Johns College , graduating B.A . in 1843 as senior wrangler and first Smiths prizewinner of his year . Discovery of Neptune . In 1821 , Alexis Bouvard had published astronomical tables of the orbit of Uranus , making predictions of future positions based on Newtons laws of motion and gravitation . Subsequent observations revealed substantial deviations from the tables , leading Bouvard to hypothesise some perturbing body . Adams learnt of the irregularities while still an undergraduate and became convinced of the perturbation theory . Adams believed , in the face of anything that had been attempted before , that he could use the observed data on Uranus , and utilising nothing more than Newtons law of gravitation , deduce the mass , position and orbit of the perturbing body . On 3 July 1841 , he noted his intention to work on the problem . After his final examinations in 1843 , Adams was elected fellow of his college and spent the summer vacation in Cornwall calculating the first of six iterations . While he worked on the problem back in Cambridge , he tutored undergraduates , sending money home to educate his brothers , and even taught his bed maker to read . Apparently , Adams communicated his work to James Challis , director of the Cambridge Observatory , in mid-September 1845 , but there is some controversy as to how . On 21 October 1845 , Adams , returning from a Cornwall vacation , without appointment , twice called on Astronomer Royal George Biddell Airy in Greenwich . Failing to find him at home , Adams reputedly left a manuscript of his solution , again without the detailed calculations . Airy responded with a letter to Adams asking for some clarification . It appears that Adams did not regard the question as trivial , as is often alleged , but he failed to complete a response . Various theories have been discussed as to Adamss failure to reply , such as his general nervousness , procrastination and disorganisation . Meanwhile , Urbain Le Verrier , on 10 November 1845 , presented to the Académie des sciences in Paris a memoir on Uranus , showing that the preexisting theory failed to account for its motion . On reading Le Verriers memoir , Airy was struck by the coincidence and initiated a desperate race for English priority in discovery of the planet . The search was begun by a laborious method on 29 July . Only after the discovery of Neptune on 23 September 1846 had been announced in Paris did it become apparent that Neptune had been observed on 8 and 12 August but because Challis lacked an up-to-date star-map it was not recognized as a planet . A keen controversy arose in France and England as to the merits of the two astronomers . As the facts became known , there was wide recognition that the two astronomers had independently solved the problem of Uranus , and each was ascribed equal importance . However , there have been subsequent assertions that The Brits Stole Neptune and that Adamss British contemporaries retrospectively ascribed him more credit than he was due . But it is also notable ( and not included in some of the foregoing discussion references ) that Adams himself publicly acknowledged Le Verriers priority and credit ( not forgetting to mention the role of Galle ) in the paper that he gave On the Perturbations of Uranus to the Royal Astronomical Society in November 1846 : Adams held no bitterness towards Challis or Airy and acknowledged his own failure to convince the astronomical world : Work style . His lay fellowship at St Johns College came to an end in 1852 , and the existing statutes did not permit his re-election . However , Pembroke College , which possessed greater freedom , elected him in the following year to a lay fellowship which he held for the rest of his life . Despite the fame of his work on Neptune , Adams also did much important work on gravitational astronomy and terrestrial magnetism . He was particularly adept at fine numerical calculations , often making substantial revisions to the contributions of his predecessors . However , he was extraordinarily uncompetitive , reluctant to publish imperfect work to stimulate debate or claim priority , averse to correspondence about it , and forgetful in practical matters . It has been suggested that these are symptoms of Asperger syndrome which would also be consistent with the repetitive behaviours and restricted interests necessary to perform the Neptune calculations , in addition to his difficulties in personal interaction with Challis and Airy . In 1852 , he published new and accurate tables of the Moons parallax , which superseded Johann Karl Burckhardts , and supplied corrections to the theories of Marie-Charles Damoiseau , Giovanni Antonio Amedeo Plana , and Philippe Gustave Doulcet . He had hoped that this work would leverage him into the vacant post as superintendent of HM Nautical Almanac Office but John Russell Hind was preferred , Adams lacking the necessary ability as an organiser and administrator . Lunar theory — Secular acceleration of the Moon . Since ancient times , the Moons mean rate of motion relative to the stars had been treated as being constant , but in 1695 , Edmond Halley had suggested that this mean rate was gradually increasing . Later , during the eighteenth century , Richard Dunthorne estimated the rate as +10 ( arcseconds/century ) in terms of the resulting difference in lunar longitude , an effect that became known as the secular acceleration of the Moon . Pierre-Simon Laplace had given an explanation in 1787 in terms of changes in the eccentricity of the Earths orbit . He considered only the radial gravitational force on the Moon from the Sun and Earth but obtained close agreement with the historical record of observations . In 1820 , at the insistence of the Académie des sciences , Damoiseau , Plana and Francesco Carlini revisited Laplaces work , investigating quadratic and higher-order perturbing terms , and obtained similar results , again addressing only a radial , and neglecting tangential , gravitational force on the Moon . Hansen obtained similar results in 1842 and 1847 . In 1853 , Adams published a paper showing that , while tangential terms vanish in the first-order theory of Laplace , they become substantial when quadratic terms are admitted . Small terms integrated in time come to have large effects and Adams concluded that Plana had overestimated the secular acceleration by approximately 1.66 per century . At first , Le Verrier rejected Adamss results . In 1856 , Plana admitted Adamss conclusions , claiming to have revised his own analysis and arrived at the same results . However , he soon recanted , publishing a third result different both from Adamss and Planas own earlier work . Delaunay in 1859 calculated the fourth-order term and duplicated Adamss result leading Adams to publish his own calculations for the fifth , sixth and seventh-order terms . Adams now calculated that only 5.7 of the observed 11 was accounted for by gravitational effects . Later that year , Philippe Gustave Doulcet , Comte de Pontécoulant published a claim that the tangential force could have no effect though Peter Andreas Hansen , who seems to have cast himself in the role of arbitrator , declared that the burden of proof rested on Pontécoulant , while lamenting the need to discover a further effect to account for the balance . Much of the controversy centred around the convergence of the power series expansion used and , in 1860 , Adams duplicated his results without using a power series . Sir John Lubbock also duplicated Adamss results and Plana finally concurred . Adamss view was ultimately accepted and further developed , winning him the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1866 . The unexplained drift is now known to be due to tidal acceleration . In 1858 Adams became professor of mathematics at the University of St Andrews , but lectured only for a session , before returning to Cambridge for the Lowndean professorship of astronomy and geometry . Two years later he succeeded Challis as director of the Cambridge Observatory , a post Adams held until his death . The Leonids . The great meteor shower of November 1866 turned his attention to the Leonids , whose probable path and period had already been discussed and predicted by Hubert Anson Newton in 1864 . Newton had asserted that the longitude of the ascending node , that marked where the shower would occur , was increasing and the problem of explaining this variation attracted some of Europes leading astronomers . Using a powerful and elaborate analysis , Adams ascertained that this cluster of meteors , which belongs to the Solar System , traverses an elongated ellipse in 33.25 years , and is subject to definite perturbations from the larger planets , Jupiter , Saturn , and Uranus . These results were published in 1867 . Some experts consider this Adamss most substantial achievement . His definitive orbit for the Leonids coincided with that of the comet 55P/Tempel-Tuttle and thereby suggested the , later widely accepted , close relationship between comets and meteors . Later career . Ten years later , George William Hill described a novel and elegant method for attacking the problem of lunar motion . Adams briefly announced his own unpublished work in the same field , which , following a parallel course had confirmed and supplemented Hills . Over a period of forty years , he periodically addressed the determination of the constants in Carl Friedrich Gausss theory of terrestrial magnetism . Again , the calculations involved great labour , and were not published during his lifetime . They were edited by his brother , William Grylls Adams , and appear in the second volume of the collected Scientific Papers . Numerical computation of this kind might almost be described as his pastime . He calculated the Euler–Mascheroni constant , perhaps somewhat eccentrically , to 236 decimal places and evaluated the Bernoulli numbers up to the 62nd . Adams had boundless admiration for Newton and his writings and many of his papers bear the cast of Newtons thought . In 1872 , Isaac Newton Wallop , 5th Earl of Portsmouth , donated his private collection of Newtons papers to Cambridge University . Adams and G . G . Stokes took on the task of arranging the material , publishing a catalogue in 1888 . The post of Astronomer Royal was offered him in 1881 , but he preferred to pursue his teaching and research in Cambridge . He was British delegate to the International Meridian Conference at Washington in 1884 , when he also attended the meetings of the British Association at Montreal and of the American Association at Philadelphia . Honours . - 1847 He is reputed to have been offered a knighthood on Queen Victorias 1847 Cambridge visit but to have declined , either out of modesty , or fear of the financial consequences of such social distinction ; - 1847 Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences ; - 1848 Copley medal of the Royal Society ; - 1848 Adams Prize , founded by the members of St Johns College , to be given biennially for the best treatise on a mathematical subject ; - 1849 Elected Fellow of the Royal Society of London and Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh ; - 1851 and 1874 President of the Royal Astronomical Society ( 1851–1853 and 1874–1876 ) . Family and death . After a long illness , Adams died at Cambridge on 21 January 1892 and was buried near his home in St Giles Cemetery , now the Parish of the Ascension Burial Ground in Cambridge . In 1863 he had married Miss Eliza Bruce ( 1827–1919 ) , of Dublin , who survived him , and is buried with him . His wealth at death was £32,434 ( £2.6 million at 2003 prices ) . Memorials . - Memorial in Westminster Abbey with a portrait medallion , by Albert Bruce-Joy ; - A bust , by Joy in the hall of St Johns College , Cambridge ; - Another youthful bust belongs to the Royal Astronomical Society ; - Portraits by : - Hubert von Herkomer in Pembroke College ; - Paul Raphael Montord in the combination room of St Johns ; - A memorial tablet , with an inscription by Archbishop Benson , in Truro Cathedral ; - Passmore Edwards erected a public institute in his honour at Launceston , near his birthplace ; - Adams Nunatak , a nunatak on Neptune Glacier in Alexander Island in Antarctica , is named after him . Obituaries . - The Times , 22 January 1892 , p . 6 col.d ( link on this page ) - [ Anon. ] ( 1891–92 ) Journal of the British Astronomical Association 2 : 196–7 About Adams and the discovery of Neptune . - from Project Gutenberg - Doggett , L . E . ( 1997 ) Celestial mechanics , in - Harrison , H . M ( 1994 ) . Voyager in Time and Space : The Life of John Couch Adams , Cambridge Astronomer . Lewes : Book Guild , By Adams . - Adams , J . C. , ed . W . G . Adams & R . A . Sampson ( 1896–1900 ) The Scientific Papers of John Couch Adams , 2 vols , London : Cambridge University Press , with a memoir by J . W . L . Glaisher : - Vol.1 ( 1896 ) Previously published writings ; - Vol.2 ( 1900 ) Manuscripts including the substance of his lectures on the Lunar Theory . - Adams , J . C. , ed . R . A . Sampson ( 1900 ) Lectures on the Lunar Theory , London : Cambridge University Press - A collection , virtually complete , of Adamss papers regarding the discovery of Neptune was presented by Mrs Adams to the library of St Johns College , see : Sampson ( 1904 ) , and also : - The collected papers of Prof . Adams , Journal of the British Astronomical Association , 7 ( 1896–97 ) - Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , 53 184 ; - Observatory , 15 174 ; - Nature , 34 565 ; 45 301 ; - Astronomical Journal , No.254 ; - R . Grant , History of Physical Astronomy , p . 168 ; and - Edinburgh Review , No.381 , p . 72 . - The papers were ultimately lodged with the Royal Greenwich Observatory and evacuated to Herstmonceux Castle during World War II . After the war , they were stolen by Olin J . Eggen and only recovered in 1998 , hampering much historical research in the subject .
|
[
"President of the Royal Astronomical Society"
] |
[
{
"text": " John Couch Adams FRSE FRAS LLD ( ; 5 June 1819 – 21 January 1892 ) was a British mathematician and astronomer . He was born in Laneast , near Launceston , Cornwall , and died in Cambridge .",
"title": "John Couch Adams"
},
{
"text": "His most famous achievement was predicting the existence and position of Neptune , using only mathematics . The calculations were made to explain discrepancies with Uranuss orbit and the laws of Kepler and Newton . At the same time , but unknown to each other , the same calculations were made by Urbain Le Verrier . Le Verrier would send his coordinates to Berlin Observatory astronomer Johann Gottfried Galle , who confirmed the existence of the planet on 23 September 1846 , finding it within 1° of Le Verriers predicted location ( there was , and to some extent still",
"title": "John Couch Adams"
},
{
"text": "is , some controversy over the apportionment of credit for the discovery ; see Discovery of Neptune ) .",
"title": "John Couch Adams"
},
{
"text": " Adams was Lowndean Professor in the University of Cambridge from 1859 until his death . He won the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1866 . In 1884 , he attended the International Meridian Conference as a delegate for Britain .",
"title": "John Couch Adams"
},
{
"text": "A crater on the Moon is jointly named after him , Walter Sydney Adams and Charles Hitchcock Adams . Neptunes outermost known ring and the asteroid 1996 Adams are also named after him . The Adams Prize , presented by the University of Cambridge , commemorates his prediction of the position of Neptune . His personal library is held at Cambridge University Library .",
"title": "John Couch Adams"
},
{
"text": "Adams was born at Lidcot , a farm at Laneast , near Launceston , Cornwall , the eldest of seven children . His parents were Thomas Adams ( 1788–1859 ) , a poor tenant farmer , and his wife , Tabitha Knill Grylls ( 1796–1866 ) . The family were devout Wesleyans who enjoyed music and among Johns brothers , Thomas became a missionary , George a farmer , and William Grylls Adams , professor of natural philosophy and astronomy at Kings College London . Tabitha was a farmers daughter but had received a rudimentary education from John Couch ,",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "her uncle , whose small library she had inherited . John was intrigued by the astronomy books from an early age .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "John attended the Laneast village school where he acquired some Greek and algebra . From there , he went , at the age of twelve , to Devonport , where his mothers cousin , the Rev . John Couch Grylls , kept a private school . There he learned classics but was largely self-taught in mathematics , studying in the Library of Devonport Mechanics Institute and reading Reess Cyclopædia and Samuel Vinces Fluxions . He observed Halleys comet in 1835 from Landulph and the following year started to make his own astronomical calculations , predictions and observations , engaging in",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "private tutoring to finance his activities .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " In 1836 , his mother inherited a small estate at Badharlick and his promise as a mathematician induced his parents to send him to the University of Cambridge . In October 1839 he entered as a sizar at St Johns College , graduating B.A . in 1843 as senior wrangler and first Smiths prizewinner of his year .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "In 1821 , Alexis Bouvard had published astronomical tables of the orbit of Uranus , making predictions of future positions based on Newtons laws of motion and gravitation . Subsequent observations revealed substantial deviations from the tables , leading Bouvard to hypothesise some perturbing body . Adams learnt of the irregularities while still an undergraduate and became convinced of the perturbation theory . Adams believed , in the face of anything that had been attempted before , that he could use the observed data on Uranus , and utilising nothing more than Newtons law of gravitation , deduce the mass",
"title": "Discovery of Neptune"
},
{
"text": ", position and orbit of the perturbing body . On 3 July 1841 , he noted his intention to work on the problem .",
"title": "Discovery of Neptune"
},
{
"text": " After his final examinations in 1843 , Adams was elected fellow of his college and spent the summer vacation in Cornwall calculating the first of six iterations . While he worked on the problem back in Cambridge , he tutored undergraduates , sending money home to educate his brothers , and even taught his bed maker to read .",
"title": "Discovery of Neptune"
},
{
"text": "Apparently , Adams communicated his work to James Challis , director of the Cambridge Observatory , in mid-September 1845 , but there is some controversy as to how . On 21 October 1845 , Adams , returning from a Cornwall vacation , without appointment , twice called on Astronomer Royal George Biddell Airy in Greenwich . Failing to find him at home , Adams reputedly left a manuscript of his solution , again without the detailed calculations . Airy responded with a letter to Adams asking for some clarification . It appears that Adams did not regard the question as",
"title": "Discovery of Neptune"
},
{
"text": "trivial , as is often alleged , but he failed to complete a response . Various theories have been discussed as to Adamss failure to reply , such as his general nervousness , procrastination and disorganisation .",
"title": "Discovery of Neptune"
},
{
"text": "Meanwhile , Urbain Le Verrier , on 10 November 1845 , presented to the Académie des sciences in Paris a memoir on Uranus , showing that the preexisting theory failed to account for its motion . On reading Le Verriers memoir , Airy was struck by the coincidence and initiated a desperate race for English priority in discovery of the planet . The search was begun by a laborious method on 29 July . Only after the discovery of Neptune on 23 September 1846 had been announced in Paris did it become apparent that Neptune had been observed on 8",
"title": "Discovery of Neptune"
},
{
"text": "and 12 August but because Challis lacked an up-to-date star-map it was not recognized as a planet .",
"title": "Discovery of Neptune"
},
{
"text": "A keen controversy arose in France and England as to the merits of the two astronomers . As the facts became known , there was wide recognition that the two astronomers had independently solved the problem of Uranus , and each was ascribed equal importance . However , there have been subsequent assertions that The Brits Stole Neptune and that Adamss British contemporaries retrospectively ascribed him more credit than he was due . But it is also notable ( and not included in some of the foregoing discussion references ) that Adams himself publicly acknowledged Le Verriers priority and credit",
"title": "Discovery of Neptune"
},
{
"text": "( not forgetting to mention the role of Galle ) in the paper that he gave On the Perturbations of Uranus to the Royal Astronomical Society in November 1846 :",
"title": "Discovery of Neptune"
},
{
"text": " Adams held no bitterness towards Challis or Airy and acknowledged his own failure to convince the astronomical world :",
"title": "Discovery of Neptune"
},
{
"text": " His lay fellowship at St Johns College came to an end in 1852 , and the existing statutes did not permit his re-election . However , Pembroke College , which possessed greater freedom , elected him in the following year to a lay fellowship which he held for the rest of his life .",
"title": "Work style"
},
{
"text": "Despite the fame of his work on Neptune , Adams also did much important work on gravitational astronomy and terrestrial magnetism . He was particularly adept at fine numerical calculations , often making substantial revisions to the contributions of his predecessors . However , he was extraordinarily uncompetitive , reluctant to publish imperfect work to stimulate debate or claim priority , averse to correspondence about it , and forgetful in practical matters . It has been suggested that these are symptoms of Asperger syndrome which would also be consistent with the repetitive behaviours and restricted interests necessary to perform the",
"title": "Work style"
},
{
"text": "Neptune calculations , in addition to his difficulties in personal interaction with Challis and Airy .",
"title": "Work style"
},
{
"text": " In 1852 , he published new and accurate tables of the Moons parallax , which superseded Johann Karl Burckhardts , and supplied corrections to the theories of Marie-Charles Damoiseau , Giovanni Antonio Amedeo Plana , and Philippe Gustave Doulcet . He had hoped that this work would leverage him into the vacant post as superintendent of HM Nautical Almanac Office but John Russell Hind was preferred , Adams lacking the necessary ability as an organiser and administrator . Lunar theory — Secular acceleration of the Moon .",
"title": "Work style"
},
{
"text": "Since ancient times , the Moons mean rate of motion relative to the stars had been treated as being constant , but in 1695 , Edmond Halley had suggested that this mean rate was gradually increasing . Later , during the eighteenth century , Richard Dunthorne estimated the rate as +10 ( arcseconds/century ) in terms of the resulting difference in lunar longitude , an effect that became known as the secular acceleration of the Moon . Pierre-Simon Laplace had given an explanation in 1787 in terms of changes in the eccentricity of the Earths orbit . He considered only",
"title": "Work style"
},
{
"text": "the radial gravitational force on the Moon from the Sun and Earth but obtained close agreement with the historical record of observations .",
"title": "Work style"
},
{
"text": " In 1820 , at the insistence of the Académie des sciences , Damoiseau , Plana and Francesco Carlini revisited Laplaces work , investigating quadratic and higher-order perturbing terms , and obtained similar results , again addressing only a radial , and neglecting tangential , gravitational force on the Moon . Hansen obtained similar results in 1842 and 1847 .",
"title": "Work style"
},
{
"text": "In 1853 , Adams published a paper showing that , while tangential terms vanish in the first-order theory of Laplace , they become substantial when quadratic terms are admitted . Small terms integrated in time come to have large effects and Adams concluded that Plana had overestimated the secular acceleration by approximately 1.66 per century .",
"title": "Work style"
},
{
"text": "At first , Le Verrier rejected Adamss results . In 1856 , Plana admitted Adamss conclusions , claiming to have revised his own analysis and arrived at the same results . However , he soon recanted , publishing a third result different both from Adamss and Planas own earlier work . Delaunay in 1859 calculated the fourth-order term and duplicated Adamss result leading Adams to publish his own calculations for the fifth , sixth and seventh-order terms . Adams now calculated that only 5.7 of the observed 11 was accounted for by gravitational effects . Later that year , Philippe",
"title": "Work style"
},
{
"text": "Gustave Doulcet , Comte de Pontécoulant published a claim that the tangential force could have no effect though Peter Andreas Hansen , who seems to have cast himself in the role of arbitrator , declared that the burden of proof rested on Pontécoulant , while lamenting the need to discover a further effect to account for the balance . Much of the controversy centred around the convergence of the power series expansion used and , in 1860 , Adams duplicated his results without using a power series . Sir John Lubbock also duplicated Adamss results and Plana finally concurred .",
"title": "Work style"
},
{
"text": "Adamss view was ultimately accepted and further developed , winning him the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1866 . The unexplained drift is now known to be due to tidal acceleration .",
"title": "Work style"
},
{
"text": " In 1858 Adams became professor of mathematics at the University of St Andrews , but lectured only for a session , before returning to Cambridge for the Lowndean professorship of astronomy and geometry . Two years later he succeeded Challis as director of the Cambridge Observatory , a post Adams held until his death .",
"title": "Work style"
},
{
"text": " The great meteor shower of November 1866 turned his attention to the Leonids , whose probable path and period had already been discussed and predicted by Hubert Anson Newton in 1864 . Newton had asserted that the longitude of the ascending node , that marked where the shower would occur , was increasing and the problem of explaining this variation attracted some of Europes leading astronomers .",
"title": "The Leonids"
},
{
"text": "Using a powerful and elaborate analysis , Adams ascertained that this cluster of meteors , which belongs to the Solar System , traverses an elongated ellipse in 33.25 years , and is subject to definite perturbations from the larger planets , Jupiter , Saturn , and Uranus . These results were published in 1867 .",
"title": "The Leonids"
},
{
"text": " Some experts consider this Adamss most substantial achievement . His definitive orbit for the Leonids coincided with that of the comet 55P/Tempel-Tuttle and thereby suggested the , later widely accepted , close relationship between comets and meteors .",
"title": "The Leonids"
},
{
"text": " Ten years later , George William Hill described a novel and elegant method for attacking the problem of lunar motion . Adams briefly announced his own unpublished work in the same field , which , following a parallel course had confirmed and supplemented Hills .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "Over a period of forty years , he periodically addressed the determination of the constants in Carl Friedrich Gausss theory of terrestrial magnetism . Again , the calculations involved great labour , and were not published during his lifetime . They were edited by his brother , William Grylls Adams , and appear in the second volume of the collected Scientific Papers . Numerical computation of this kind might almost be described as his pastime . He calculated the Euler–Mascheroni constant , perhaps somewhat eccentrically , to 236 decimal places and evaluated the Bernoulli numbers up to the 62nd .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " Adams had boundless admiration for Newton and his writings and many of his papers bear the cast of Newtons thought . In 1872 , Isaac Newton Wallop , 5th Earl of Portsmouth , donated his private collection of Newtons papers to Cambridge University . Adams and G . G . Stokes took on the task of arranging the material , publishing a catalogue in 1888 .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "The post of Astronomer Royal was offered him in 1881 , but he preferred to pursue his teaching and research in Cambridge . He was British delegate to the International Meridian Conference at Washington in 1884 , when he also attended the meetings of the British Association at Montreal and of the American Association at Philadelphia .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " - 1847 He is reputed to have been offered a knighthood on Queen Victorias 1847 Cambridge visit but to have declined , either out of modesty , or fear of the financial consequences of such social distinction ; - 1847 Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences ; - 1848 Copley medal of the Royal Society ; - 1848 Adams Prize , founded by the members of St Johns College , to be given biennially for the best treatise on a mathematical subject ;",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": "- 1849 Elected Fellow of the Royal Society of London and Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh ;",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": " - 1851 and 1874 President of the Royal Astronomical Society ( 1851–1853 and 1874–1876 ) .",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": " After a long illness , Adams died at Cambridge on 21 January 1892 and was buried near his home in St Giles Cemetery , now the Parish of the Ascension Burial Ground in Cambridge . In 1863 he had married Miss Eliza Bruce ( 1827–1919 ) , of Dublin , who survived him , and is buried with him . His wealth at death was £32,434 ( £2.6 million at 2003 prices ) .",
"title": "Family and death"
},
{
"text": " - Memorial in Westminster Abbey with a portrait medallion , by Albert Bruce-Joy ; - A bust , by Joy in the hall of St Johns College , Cambridge ; - Another youthful bust belongs to the Royal Astronomical Society ; - Portraits by : - Hubert von Herkomer in Pembroke College ; - Paul Raphael Montord in the combination room of St Johns ; - A memorial tablet , with an inscription by Archbishop Benson , in Truro Cathedral ; - Passmore Edwards erected a public institute in his honour at Launceston , near his birthplace ;",
"title": "Memorials"
},
{
"text": "- Adams Nunatak , a nunatak on Neptune Glacier in Alexander Island in Antarctica , is named after him .",
"title": "Memorials"
},
{
"text": " - The Times , 22 January 1892 , p . 6 col.d ( link on this page ) - [ Anon. ] ( 1891–92 ) Journal of the British Astronomical Association 2 : 196–7 About Adams and the discovery of Neptune . - from Project Gutenberg - Doggett , L . E . ( 1997 ) Celestial mechanics , in - Harrison , H . M ( 1994 ) . Voyager in Time and Space : The Life of John Couch Adams , Cambridge Astronomer . Lewes : Book Guild ,",
"title": "Obituaries"
},
{
"text": " - Adams , J . C. , ed . W . G . Adams & R . A . Sampson ( 1896–1900 ) The Scientific Papers of John Couch Adams , 2 vols , London : Cambridge University Press , with a memoir by J . W . L . Glaisher : - Vol.1 ( 1896 ) Previously published writings ; - Vol.2 ( 1900 ) Manuscripts including the substance of his lectures on the Lunar Theory .",
"title": "By Adams"
},
{
"text": "- Adams , J . C. , ed . R . A . Sampson ( 1900 ) Lectures on the Lunar Theory , London : Cambridge University Press",
"title": "By Adams"
},
{
"text": " - A collection , virtually complete , of Adamss papers regarding the discovery of Neptune was presented by Mrs Adams to the library of St Johns College , see : Sampson ( 1904 ) , and also : - The collected papers of Prof . Adams , Journal of the British Astronomical Association , 7 ( 1896–97 ) - Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , 53 184 ; - Observatory , 15 174 ; - Nature , 34 565 ; 45 301 ; - Astronomical Journal , No.254 ;",
"title": "By Adams"
},
{
"text": "- R . Grant , History of Physical Astronomy , p . 168 ; and",
"title": "By Adams"
},
{
"text": " - Edinburgh Review , No.381 , p . 72 . - The papers were ultimately lodged with the Royal Greenwich Observatory and evacuated to Herstmonceux Castle during World War II . After the war , they were stolen by Olin J . Eggen and only recovered in 1998 , hampering much historical research in the subject .",
"title": "By Adams"
}
] |
/wiki/Alex_McCarthy#P54#0
|
Which team did the player Alex McCarthy belong to before Aug 2009?
|
Alex McCarthy Alex Simon McCarthy ( born 3 December 1989 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for club Southampton and the England national team . A product of Readings Academy , McCarthy spent time out on loan in the Conference Premier before signing professional terms with the club in 2008 . He made his Football League debut in 2009 whilst on loan to Aldershot Town and spent the following season at Yeovil Town before making his Reading debut in 2011 . He has since spent time on loan at Leeds United and Ipswich Town . McCarthy left for Queens Park Rangers in 2014 . At international level McCarthy has represented England and made his debut for the under-21 team in 2010 , appearing three times in total . In November 2018 , he made his debut for the senior team . Club career . Early career . Born in Guildford , Surrey , McCarthy began his career as a schoolboy at Wimbledon and Wycombe Wanderers before joining Reading on a scholarship at 16 . He was a regular in the Academy team for two years and was part of a group that included several future first-team players including Jem Karacan , Alex Pearce and Gylfi Sigurðsson . His first experience of senior football came in August 2007 on loan at Woking where he made one appearance cover for the injured Nick Gindre . On 26 March 2008 , he joined fellow Conference Premier team Cambridge United on work experience , making his debut two days later in a 3–0 defeat to Kidderminster Harriers . He made no further appearances and returned to Reading before signing his first professional contract in July 2008 . McCarthy moved on loan again on 24 October 2008 , joining Conference South team Team Bath as injury cover . He made his debut the next day in the FA Cup fourth qualifying round against Salisbury City and also played in the first round defeat to Forest Green Rovers , making four appearances in total . Another short loan spell followed with McCarthy joining League Two club Aldershot Town for one month on 2 February 2009 . He made his Football League debut 12 days later in a 3–2 defeat to Exeter City and played three further matches before returning to Reading at the beginning of March . At the start of the 2009–10 season McCarthy joined League One club Yeovil on an initial six-month loan and made his debut on 8 August in a 2–0 home win over Tranmere Rovers . A month later he received the first sending-off of his career after fouling Stockport Countys Nicholas Bignall , who was also on loan from Reading . McCarthys loan spell was renewed in January 2010 and again in February , before being extended for the rest of the season on 24 March . Over the course of his spell he played 44 league matches and kept all 12 of Yeovils clean sheets . Following his successful loan , McCarthy was given a new three-year contract at Reading , keeping him with the club until 2013 . He again departed on loan in August 2010 , joining Brentford , though he remained there for just one month before being replaced by fellow Reading loanee Ben Hamer . Reading and various loan spells . After returning from loan at Brentford in September 2010 , McCarthy spent the next five months on the bench as cover for Adam Federici . He eventually made his Reading debut on 19 February 2011 , coming on as a substitute for the injured Federici in the 84th minute against Watford and helping to secure a 1–1 draw . With Federici out for six weeks with knee ligament damage , McCarthy had a run in the team and made his full debut three days later in a 2–1 win over Millwall . In his next outing he saved a penalty against Crystal Palace as Reading twice came from behind to draw the match 3–3 . He also played an important role in the 1–0 FA Cup fifth round win over Everton , producing a late save to deny Leon Osman in a performance described as tremendous by former England manager Kevin Keegan . Despite another strong display in the next round against Manchester City at Eastlands , Reading lost the match 1–0 to a Micah Richards header . He continued in goal until 30 April when he was displaced by a fit again Federici for the 0–0 draw at Coventry City and remained an unused substitute during Readings play-off campaign . With Federici remaining the first choice Reading goalkeeper for the 2011–12 season , McCarthy was loaned to Leeds United for a month on 4 November to gain Championship experience . An injury to Andy Lonergan and the indifferent form of Paul Rachubka saw him go straight into the team for the match against Leicester City . He kept a clean sheet on debut as the match ended in a 1–0 win . Further clean sheets against Nottingham Forest and Millwall followed and were enough to keep him in the team ahead of the returning Lonergan . In the last match of his initial spell he saved an injury time penalty against Watford , allowing Leeds to rescue a point with a last minute equaliser . Following the match , he revealed that he was keen on extending his loan at Leeds , with Reading agreeing to renew it for a second month two days later . Ineligible to face his parent club on 17 December , he was replaced by Lonergan and made no further appearances , returning to Reading on 3 January 2012 . He signed a new three-year contract with Reading on 9 January before joining Ipswich Town on loan until the end of the season . On his return to Elland Road with Ipswich he was sent off for handling the ball outside the penalty area with 20 minutes remaining . Ipswich , one goal up at the time , went on to lose the match 3–1 . After 10 appearances , all coming in the league , he returned to Reading at the end of the season . 2012–13 season . Again starting the season as second choice goalkeeper , several mistakes and an injury meant McCarthy replaced Adam Federici for the 3–1 defeat by Tottenham Hotspur on 16 September 2012 . After debuting in the Premier League , he achieved the feat of playing in the six top levels of English football at the age of 22 . He retained his place in the team for the next few matches and put in an impressive performance against Swansea City on 6 October leading to suggestions of a senior England call up in the future . His good form continued with a man of the match performance in Readings next match against Queens Park Rangers , firstly tipping Esteban Graneros free-kick onto the crossbar before saving from Adel Taarabt at close range . The match ended badly though as he injured himself colliding with the goal post after diving to stop a Taarabt shot . Despite initial hopes the injury was not too serious , he was forced to undergo shoulder surgery in early December potentially ruling him out for remainder of the season . He recovered quicker than expected though and returned to the team on 13 April 2013 , keeping a clean sheet in a 0–0 draw with Liverpool . After making ten saves during the match , he was widely praised with his performance described as fantastic by Nigel Adkins and absolutely staggering by Liverpool manager Brendan Rodgers . He remained in goal for the rest of the season , making 14 appearances in total . 2013–14 season . In the 2013–14 season , McCarthy became first choice keeper , making 44 appearances in the Championship as Reading finished 7th , just missing out on the playoffs . Queens Park Rangers . On 29 August 2014 , McCarthy joined newly promoted Queens Park Rangers in the Premier League for an undisclosed fee . McCarthy made his Rangers debut at home against Liverpool in a blockbuster narrow 3–2 defeat . Crystal Palace . On 23 July 2015 , McCarthy joined Premier League club Crystal Palace for an undisclosed fee , reported to be £3.5 million , on a four-year contract . McCarthy made his Palace debut on 8 August 2015 in a 3–1 win away to Norwich City . Southampton . On 1 August 2016 , he joined Southampton on a three-year contract , for an undisclosed fee . McCarthy was initially used as back-up to regular keeper , Fraser Forster , but on 30 December 2017 he took over from the latter , following the regular goalkeepers drop in form . On 27 June 2018 , McCarthy signed a new four-year contract with the club , keeping him on their books until 2020 , and making him one of their highest earning players , reflecting his status as first-choice keeper . However he began the 2019–20 Premier League season as second choice behind Angus Gunn , with manager Ralph Hasenhüttl using McCarthy in the EFL Cup games . He made his first Premier League start of the season in November 2019 after Gunn had conceded nine goals to Leicester City . On 3 January 2021 , it was announced that McCarthy had tested positive for COVID-19 . The positive test saw him miss Southamptons 1–0 win over Liverpool . International career . McCarthy trained with the England under-19s before joining the under-21 set-up for the first time in September 2009 . He received several further call-ups to the under-21s in 2009–10 and eventually made his debut as a second-half substitute against Uzbekistan in August 2010 . In March 2011 he was named in a 31-man squad to face Denmark and Iceland as preparation for the UEFA European Under-21 Championship . He played a full 90 minutes in the first match and 45 in the second as England won 4–0 and lost 2–1 respectively . He travelled with the squad to championships in Denmark but did not play any matches , finishing with three caps at under-21 level . In April 2012 , McCarthy was named in the 80-man longlist of potential players for the Great Britain football team at the 2012 Summer Olympics , and in June , he made it down to the shortlist of 35 players provisionally selected for the tournament , although he did not make the final 18 . In May 2013 he was called up to the England senior team for the friendlies against Republic of Ireland and Brazil , becoming the first Reading youth team graduate to gain a full England call-up since the Academy era began in 1998 , although he did not make an appearance . On 1 September 2016 , he was called up to the senior squad again by Sam Allardyce to replace the injured Fraser Forster for a 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifier against Slovakia . In August 2018 , McCarthy was called up for Englands first squad since the 2018 World Cup , for matches against Spain and Switzerland . He made his debut on 15 November as a half-time substitute in Englands 3–0 win over the United States at Wembley Stadium in a friendly match , nearly five and a half years after his first call-up . Honours . Individual - Football League Young Player of the Month : March 2011 - Southampton Players Player of the Season : 2017–18 - Southampton Fans Player of the Season : 2017–18 External links . - Profile at the Southampton F.C . website - Profile at the Football Association website
|
[
"Yeovil"
] |
[
{
"text": " Alex Simon McCarthy ( born 3 December 1989 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for club Southampton and the England national team .",
"title": "Alex McCarthy"
},
{
"text": "A product of Readings Academy , McCarthy spent time out on loan in the Conference Premier before signing professional terms with the club in 2008 . He made his Football League debut in 2009 whilst on loan to Aldershot Town and spent the following season at Yeovil Town before making his Reading debut in 2011 . He has since spent time on loan at Leeds United and Ipswich Town . McCarthy left for Queens Park Rangers in 2014 .",
"title": "Alex McCarthy"
},
{
"text": " At international level McCarthy has represented England and made his debut for the under-21 team in 2010 , appearing three times in total . In November 2018 , he made his debut for the senior team .",
"title": "Alex McCarthy"
},
{
"text": "Born in Guildford , Surrey , McCarthy began his career as a schoolboy at Wimbledon and Wycombe Wanderers before joining Reading on a scholarship at 16 . He was a regular in the Academy team for two years and was part of a group that included several future first-team players including Jem Karacan , Alex Pearce and Gylfi Sigurðsson . His first experience of senior football came in August 2007 on loan at Woking where he made one appearance cover for the injured Nick Gindre . On 26 March 2008 , he joined fellow Conference Premier team Cambridge United on",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "work experience , making his debut two days later in a 3–0 defeat to Kidderminster Harriers . He made no further appearances and returned to Reading before signing his first professional contract in July 2008 . McCarthy moved on loan again on 24 October 2008 , joining Conference South team Team Bath as injury cover . He made his debut the next day in the FA Cup fourth qualifying round against Salisbury City and also played in the first round defeat to Forest Green Rovers , making four appearances in total . Another short loan spell followed with McCarthy joining",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "League Two club Aldershot Town for one month on 2 February 2009 . He made his Football League debut 12 days later in a 3–2 defeat to Exeter City and played three further matches before returning to Reading at the beginning of March .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "At the start of the 2009–10 season McCarthy joined League One club Yeovil on an initial six-month loan and made his debut on 8 August in a 2–0 home win over Tranmere Rovers . A month later he received the first sending-off of his career after fouling Stockport Countys Nicholas Bignall , who was also on loan from Reading . McCarthys loan spell was renewed in January 2010 and again in February , before being extended for the rest of the season on 24 March . Over the course of his spell he played 44 league matches and kept all",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "12 of Yeovils clean sheets . Following his successful loan , McCarthy was given a new three-year contract at Reading , keeping him with the club until 2013 . He again departed on loan in August 2010 , joining Brentford , though he remained there for just one month before being replaced by fellow Reading loanee Ben Hamer .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "After returning from loan at Brentford in September 2010 , McCarthy spent the next five months on the bench as cover for Adam Federici . He eventually made his Reading debut on 19 February 2011 , coming on as a substitute for the injured Federici in the 84th minute against Watford and helping to secure a 1–1 draw . With Federici out for six weeks with knee ligament damage , McCarthy had a run in the team and made his full debut three days later in a 2–1 win over Millwall . In his next outing he saved a penalty",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "against Crystal Palace as Reading twice came from behind to draw the match 3–3 . He also played an important role in the 1–0 FA Cup fifth round win over Everton , producing a late save to deny Leon Osman in a performance described as tremendous by former England manager Kevin Keegan . Despite another strong display in the next round against Manchester City at Eastlands , Reading lost the match 1–0 to a Micah Richards header . He continued in goal until 30 April when he was displaced by a fit again Federici for the 0–0 draw at Coventry",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "City and remained an unused substitute during Readings play-off campaign .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "With Federici remaining the first choice Reading goalkeeper for the 2011–12 season , McCarthy was loaned to Leeds United for a month on 4 November to gain Championship experience . An injury to Andy Lonergan and the indifferent form of Paul Rachubka saw him go straight into the team for the match against Leicester City . He kept a clean sheet on debut as the match ended in a 1–0 win . Further clean sheets against Nottingham Forest and Millwall followed and were enough to keep him in the team ahead of the returning Lonergan . In the last match",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "of his initial spell he saved an injury time penalty against Watford , allowing Leeds to rescue a point with a last minute equaliser . Following the match , he revealed that he was keen on extending his loan at Leeds , with Reading agreeing to renew it for a second month two days later . Ineligible to face his parent club on 17 December , he was replaced by Lonergan and made no further appearances , returning to Reading on 3 January 2012 . He signed a new three-year contract with Reading on 9 January before joining Ipswich Town",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "on loan until the end of the season . On his return to Elland Road with Ipswich he was sent off for handling the ball outside the penalty area with 20 minutes remaining . Ipswich , one goal up at the time , went on to lose the match 3–1 . After 10 appearances , all coming in the league , he returned to Reading at the end of the season .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Again starting the season as second choice goalkeeper , several mistakes and an injury meant McCarthy replaced Adam Federici for the 3–1 defeat by Tottenham Hotspur on 16 September 2012 . After debuting in the Premier League , he achieved the feat of playing in the six top levels of English football at the age of 22 . He retained his place in the team for the next few matches and put in an impressive performance against Swansea City on 6 October leading to suggestions of a senior England call up in the future . His good form continued with",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "a man of the match performance in Readings next match against Queens Park Rangers , firstly tipping Esteban Graneros free-kick onto the crossbar before saving from Adel Taarabt at close range . The match ended badly though as he injured himself colliding with the goal post after diving to stop a Taarabt shot .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Despite initial hopes the injury was not too serious , he was forced to undergo shoulder surgery in early December potentially ruling him out for remainder of the season . He recovered quicker than expected though and returned to the team on 13 April 2013 , keeping a clean sheet in a 0–0 draw with Liverpool . After making ten saves during the match , he was widely praised with his performance described as fantastic by Nigel Adkins and absolutely staggering by Liverpool manager Brendan Rodgers . He remained in goal for the rest of the season , making 14",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "appearances in total .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " 2013–14 season . In the 2013–14 season , McCarthy became first choice keeper , making 44 appearances in the Championship as Reading finished 7th , just missing out on the playoffs .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " On 29 August 2014 , McCarthy joined newly promoted Queens Park Rangers in the Premier League for an undisclosed fee . McCarthy made his Rangers debut at home against Liverpool in a blockbuster narrow 3–2 defeat .",
"title": "Queens Park Rangers"
},
{
"text": " On 23 July 2015 , McCarthy joined Premier League club Crystal Palace for an undisclosed fee , reported to be £3.5 million , on a four-year contract . McCarthy made his Palace debut on 8 August 2015 in a 3–1 win away to Norwich City .",
"title": "Crystal Palace"
},
{
"text": " On 1 August 2016 , he joined Southampton on a three-year contract , for an undisclosed fee . McCarthy was initially used as back-up to regular keeper , Fraser Forster , but on 30 December 2017 he took over from the latter , following the regular goalkeepers drop in form .",
"title": "Southampton"
},
{
"text": "On 27 June 2018 , McCarthy signed a new four-year contract with the club , keeping him on their books until 2020 , and making him one of their highest earning players , reflecting his status as first-choice keeper . However he began the 2019–20 Premier League season as second choice behind Angus Gunn , with manager Ralph Hasenhüttl using McCarthy in the EFL Cup games . He made his first Premier League start of the season in November 2019 after Gunn had conceded nine goals to Leicester City .",
"title": "Southampton"
},
{
"text": " On 3 January 2021 , it was announced that McCarthy had tested positive for COVID-19 . The positive test saw him miss Southamptons 1–0 win over Liverpool .",
"title": "Southampton"
},
{
"text": "McCarthy trained with the England under-19s before joining the under-21 set-up for the first time in September 2009 . He received several further call-ups to the under-21s in 2009–10 and eventually made his debut as a second-half substitute against Uzbekistan in August 2010 . In March 2011 he was named in a 31-man squad to face Denmark and Iceland as preparation for the UEFA European Under-21 Championship . He played a full 90 minutes in the first match and 45 in the second as England won 4–0 and lost 2–1 respectively . He travelled with the squad to championships in",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Denmark but did not play any matches , finishing with three caps at under-21 level .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " In April 2012 , McCarthy was named in the 80-man longlist of potential players for the Great Britain football team at the 2012 Summer Olympics , and in June , he made it down to the shortlist of 35 players provisionally selected for the tournament , although he did not make the final 18 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "In May 2013 he was called up to the England senior team for the friendlies against Republic of Ireland and Brazil , becoming the first Reading youth team graduate to gain a full England call-up since the Academy era began in 1998 , although he did not make an appearance . On 1 September 2016 , he was called up to the senior squad again by Sam Allardyce to replace the injured Fraser Forster for a 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifier against Slovakia .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " In August 2018 , McCarthy was called up for Englands first squad since the 2018 World Cup , for matches against Spain and Switzerland . He made his debut on 15 November as a half-time substitute in Englands 3–0 win over the United States at Wembley Stadium in a friendly match , nearly five and a half years after his first call-up .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " - Football League Young Player of the Month : March 2011 - Southampton Players Player of the Season : 2017–18 - Southampton Fans Player of the Season : 2017–18",
"title": "Individual"
},
{
"text": " - Profile at the Southampton F.C . website - Profile at the Football Association website",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Alex_McCarthy#P54#1
|
Which team did the player Alex McCarthy belong to between Feb 2010 and Jul 2010?
|
Alex McCarthy Alex Simon McCarthy ( born 3 December 1989 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for club Southampton and the England national team . A product of Readings Academy , McCarthy spent time out on loan in the Conference Premier before signing professional terms with the club in 2008 . He made his Football League debut in 2009 whilst on loan to Aldershot Town and spent the following season at Yeovil Town before making his Reading debut in 2011 . He has since spent time on loan at Leeds United and Ipswich Town . McCarthy left for Queens Park Rangers in 2014 . At international level McCarthy has represented England and made his debut for the under-21 team in 2010 , appearing three times in total . In November 2018 , he made his debut for the senior team . Club career . Early career . Born in Guildford , Surrey , McCarthy began his career as a schoolboy at Wimbledon and Wycombe Wanderers before joining Reading on a scholarship at 16 . He was a regular in the Academy team for two years and was part of a group that included several future first-team players including Jem Karacan , Alex Pearce and Gylfi Sigurðsson . His first experience of senior football came in August 2007 on loan at Woking where he made one appearance cover for the injured Nick Gindre . On 26 March 2008 , he joined fellow Conference Premier team Cambridge United on work experience , making his debut two days later in a 3–0 defeat to Kidderminster Harriers . He made no further appearances and returned to Reading before signing his first professional contract in July 2008 . McCarthy moved on loan again on 24 October 2008 , joining Conference South team Team Bath as injury cover . He made his debut the next day in the FA Cup fourth qualifying round against Salisbury City and also played in the first round defeat to Forest Green Rovers , making four appearances in total . Another short loan spell followed with McCarthy joining League Two club Aldershot Town for one month on 2 February 2009 . He made his Football League debut 12 days later in a 3–2 defeat to Exeter City and played three further matches before returning to Reading at the beginning of March . At the start of the 2009–10 season McCarthy joined League One club Yeovil on an initial six-month loan and made his debut on 8 August in a 2–0 home win over Tranmere Rovers . A month later he received the first sending-off of his career after fouling Stockport Countys Nicholas Bignall , who was also on loan from Reading . McCarthys loan spell was renewed in January 2010 and again in February , before being extended for the rest of the season on 24 March . Over the course of his spell he played 44 league matches and kept all 12 of Yeovils clean sheets . Following his successful loan , McCarthy was given a new three-year contract at Reading , keeping him with the club until 2013 . He again departed on loan in August 2010 , joining Brentford , though he remained there for just one month before being replaced by fellow Reading loanee Ben Hamer . Reading and various loan spells . After returning from loan at Brentford in September 2010 , McCarthy spent the next five months on the bench as cover for Adam Federici . He eventually made his Reading debut on 19 February 2011 , coming on as a substitute for the injured Federici in the 84th minute against Watford and helping to secure a 1–1 draw . With Federici out for six weeks with knee ligament damage , McCarthy had a run in the team and made his full debut three days later in a 2–1 win over Millwall . In his next outing he saved a penalty against Crystal Palace as Reading twice came from behind to draw the match 3–3 . He also played an important role in the 1–0 FA Cup fifth round win over Everton , producing a late save to deny Leon Osman in a performance described as tremendous by former England manager Kevin Keegan . Despite another strong display in the next round against Manchester City at Eastlands , Reading lost the match 1–0 to a Micah Richards header . He continued in goal until 30 April when he was displaced by a fit again Federici for the 0–0 draw at Coventry City and remained an unused substitute during Readings play-off campaign . With Federici remaining the first choice Reading goalkeeper for the 2011–12 season , McCarthy was loaned to Leeds United for a month on 4 November to gain Championship experience . An injury to Andy Lonergan and the indifferent form of Paul Rachubka saw him go straight into the team for the match against Leicester City . He kept a clean sheet on debut as the match ended in a 1–0 win . Further clean sheets against Nottingham Forest and Millwall followed and were enough to keep him in the team ahead of the returning Lonergan . In the last match of his initial spell he saved an injury time penalty against Watford , allowing Leeds to rescue a point with a last minute equaliser . Following the match , he revealed that he was keen on extending his loan at Leeds , with Reading agreeing to renew it for a second month two days later . Ineligible to face his parent club on 17 December , he was replaced by Lonergan and made no further appearances , returning to Reading on 3 January 2012 . He signed a new three-year contract with Reading on 9 January before joining Ipswich Town on loan until the end of the season . On his return to Elland Road with Ipswich he was sent off for handling the ball outside the penalty area with 20 minutes remaining . Ipswich , one goal up at the time , went on to lose the match 3–1 . After 10 appearances , all coming in the league , he returned to Reading at the end of the season . 2012–13 season . Again starting the season as second choice goalkeeper , several mistakes and an injury meant McCarthy replaced Adam Federici for the 3–1 defeat by Tottenham Hotspur on 16 September 2012 . After debuting in the Premier League , he achieved the feat of playing in the six top levels of English football at the age of 22 . He retained his place in the team for the next few matches and put in an impressive performance against Swansea City on 6 October leading to suggestions of a senior England call up in the future . His good form continued with a man of the match performance in Readings next match against Queens Park Rangers , firstly tipping Esteban Graneros free-kick onto the crossbar before saving from Adel Taarabt at close range . The match ended badly though as he injured himself colliding with the goal post after diving to stop a Taarabt shot . Despite initial hopes the injury was not too serious , he was forced to undergo shoulder surgery in early December potentially ruling him out for remainder of the season . He recovered quicker than expected though and returned to the team on 13 April 2013 , keeping a clean sheet in a 0–0 draw with Liverpool . After making ten saves during the match , he was widely praised with his performance described as fantastic by Nigel Adkins and absolutely staggering by Liverpool manager Brendan Rodgers . He remained in goal for the rest of the season , making 14 appearances in total . 2013–14 season . In the 2013–14 season , McCarthy became first choice keeper , making 44 appearances in the Championship as Reading finished 7th , just missing out on the playoffs . Queens Park Rangers . On 29 August 2014 , McCarthy joined newly promoted Queens Park Rangers in the Premier League for an undisclosed fee . McCarthy made his Rangers debut at home against Liverpool in a blockbuster narrow 3–2 defeat . Crystal Palace . On 23 July 2015 , McCarthy joined Premier League club Crystal Palace for an undisclosed fee , reported to be £3.5 million , on a four-year contract . McCarthy made his Palace debut on 8 August 2015 in a 3–1 win away to Norwich City . Southampton . On 1 August 2016 , he joined Southampton on a three-year contract , for an undisclosed fee . McCarthy was initially used as back-up to regular keeper , Fraser Forster , but on 30 December 2017 he took over from the latter , following the regular goalkeepers drop in form . On 27 June 2018 , McCarthy signed a new four-year contract with the club , keeping him on their books until 2020 , and making him one of their highest earning players , reflecting his status as first-choice keeper . However he began the 2019–20 Premier League season as second choice behind Angus Gunn , with manager Ralph Hasenhüttl using McCarthy in the EFL Cup games . He made his first Premier League start of the season in November 2019 after Gunn had conceded nine goals to Leicester City . On 3 January 2021 , it was announced that McCarthy had tested positive for COVID-19 . The positive test saw him miss Southamptons 1–0 win over Liverpool . International career . McCarthy trained with the England under-19s before joining the under-21 set-up for the first time in September 2009 . He received several further call-ups to the under-21s in 2009–10 and eventually made his debut as a second-half substitute against Uzbekistan in August 2010 . In March 2011 he was named in a 31-man squad to face Denmark and Iceland as preparation for the UEFA European Under-21 Championship . He played a full 90 minutes in the first match and 45 in the second as England won 4–0 and lost 2–1 respectively . He travelled with the squad to championships in Denmark but did not play any matches , finishing with three caps at under-21 level . In April 2012 , McCarthy was named in the 80-man longlist of potential players for the Great Britain football team at the 2012 Summer Olympics , and in June , he made it down to the shortlist of 35 players provisionally selected for the tournament , although he did not make the final 18 . In May 2013 he was called up to the England senior team for the friendlies against Republic of Ireland and Brazil , becoming the first Reading youth team graduate to gain a full England call-up since the Academy era began in 1998 , although he did not make an appearance . On 1 September 2016 , he was called up to the senior squad again by Sam Allardyce to replace the injured Fraser Forster for a 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifier against Slovakia . In August 2018 , McCarthy was called up for Englands first squad since the 2018 World Cup , for matches against Spain and Switzerland . He made his debut on 15 November as a half-time substitute in Englands 3–0 win over the United States at Wembley Stadium in a friendly match , nearly five and a half years after his first call-up . Honours . Individual - Football League Young Player of the Month : March 2011 - Southampton Players Player of the Season : 2017–18 - Southampton Fans Player of the Season : 2017–18 External links . - Profile at the Southampton F.C . website - Profile at the Football Association website
|
[
"Brentford",
"Yeovil"
] |
[
{
"text": " Alex Simon McCarthy ( born 3 December 1989 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for club Southampton and the England national team .",
"title": "Alex McCarthy"
},
{
"text": "A product of Readings Academy , McCarthy spent time out on loan in the Conference Premier before signing professional terms with the club in 2008 . He made his Football League debut in 2009 whilst on loan to Aldershot Town and spent the following season at Yeovil Town before making his Reading debut in 2011 . He has since spent time on loan at Leeds United and Ipswich Town . McCarthy left for Queens Park Rangers in 2014 .",
"title": "Alex McCarthy"
},
{
"text": " At international level McCarthy has represented England and made his debut for the under-21 team in 2010 , appearing three times in total . In November 2018 , he made his debut for the senior team .",
"title": "Alex McCarthy"
},
{
"text": "Born in Guildford , Surrey , McCarthy began his career as a schoolboy at Wimbledon and Wycombe Wanderers before joining Reading on a scholarship at 16 . He was a regular in the Academy team for two years and was part of a group that included several future first-team players including Jem Karacan , Alex Pearce and Gylfi Sigurðsson . His first experience of senior football came in August 2007 on loan at Woking where he made one appearance cover for the injured Nick Gindre . On 26 March 2008 , he joined fellow Conference Premier team Cambridge United on",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "work experience , making his debut two days later in a 3–0 defeat to Kidderminster Harriers . He made no further appearances and returned to Reading before signing his first professional contract in July 2008 . McCarthy moved on loan again on 24 October 2008 , joining Conference South team Team Bath as injury cover . He made his debut the next day in the FA Cup fourth qualifying round against Salisbury City and also played in the first round defeat to Forest Green Rovers , making four appearances in total . Another short loan spell followed with McCarthy joining",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "League Two club Aldershot Town for one month on 2 February 2009 . He made his Football League debut 12 days later in a 3–2 defeat to Exeter City and played three further matches before returning to Reading at the beginning of March .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "At the start of the 2009–10 season McCarthy joined League One club Yeovil on an initial six-month loan and made his debut on 8 August in a 2–0 home win over Tranmere Rovers . A month later he received the first sending-off of his career after fouling Stockport Countys Nicholas Bignall , who was also on loan from Reading . McCarthys loan spell was renewed in January 2010 and again in February , before being extended for the rest of the season on 24 March . Over the course of his spell he played 44 league matches and kept all",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "12 of Yeovils clean sheets . Following his successful loan , McCarthy was given a new three-year contract at Reading , keeping him with the club until 2013 . He again departed on loan in August 2010 , joining Brentford , though he remained there for just one month before being replaced by fellow Reading loanee Ben Hamer .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "After returning from loan at Brentford in September 2010 , McCarthy spent the next five months on the bench as cover for Adam Federici . He eventually made his Reading debut on 19 February 2011 , coming on as a substitute for the injured Federici in the 84th minute against Watford and helping to secure a 1–1 draw . With Federici out for six weeks with knee ligament damage , McCarthy had a run in the team and made his full debut three days later in a 2–1 win over Millwall . In his next outing he saved a penalty",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "against Crystal Palace as Reading twice came from behind to draw the match 3–3 . He also played an important role in the 1–0 FA Cup fifth round win over Everton , producing a late save to deny Leon Osman in a performance described as tremendous by former England manager Kevin Keegan . Despite another strong display in the next round against Manchester City at Eastlands , Reading lost the match 1–0 to a Micah Richards header . He continued in goal until 30 April when he was displaced by a fit again Federici for the 0–0 draw at Coventry",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "City and remained an unused substitute during Readings play-off campaign .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "With Federici remaining the first choice Reading goalkeeper for the 2011–12 season , McCarthy was loaned to Leeds United for a month on 4 November to gain Championship experience . An injury to Andy Lonergan and the indifferent form of Paul Rachubka saw him go straight into the team for the match against Leicester City . He kept a clean sheet on debut as the match ended in a 1–0 win . Further clean sheets against Nottingham Forest and Millwall followed and were enough to keep him in the team ahead of the returning Lonergan . In the last match",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "of his initial spell he saved an injury time penalty against Watford , allowing Leeds to rescue a point with a last minute equaliser . Following the match , he revealed that he was keen on extending his loan at Leeds , with Reading agreeing to renew it for a second month two days later . Ineligible to face his parent club on 17 December , he was replaced by Lonergan and made no further appearances , returning to Reading on 3 January 2012 . He signed a new three-year contract with Reading on 9 January before joining Ipswich Town",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "on loan until the end of the season . On his return to Elland Road with Ipswich he was sent off for handling the ball outside the penalty area with 20 minutes remaining . Ipswich , one goal up at the time , went on to lose the match 3–1 . After 10 appearances , all coming in the league , he returned to Reading at the end of the season .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Again starting the season as second choice goalkeeper , several mistakes and an injury meant McCarthy replaced Adam Federici for the 3–1 defeat by Tottenham Hotspur on 16 September 2012 . After debuting in the Premier League , he achieved the feat of playing in the six top levels of English football at the age of 22 . He retained his place in the team for the next few matches and put in an impressive performance against Swansea City on 6 October leading to suggestions of a senior England call up in the future . His good form continued with",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "a man of the match performance in Readings next match against Queens Park Rangers , firstly tipping Esteban Graneros free-kick onto the crossbar before saving from Adel Taarabt at close range . The match ended badly though as he injured himself colliding with the goal post after diving to stop a Taarabt shot .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Despite initial hopes the injury was not too serious , he was forced to undergo shoulder surgery in early December potentially ruling him out for remainder of the season . He recovered quicker than expected though and returned to the team on 13 April 2013 , keeping a clean sheet in a 0–0 draw with Liverpool . After making ten saves during the match , he was widely praised with his performance described as fantastic by Nigel Adkins and absolutely staggering by Liverpool manager Brendan Rodgers . He remained in goal for the rest of the season , making 14",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "appearances in total .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " 2013–14 season . In the 2013–14 season , McCarthy became first choice keeper , making 44 appearances in the Championship as Reading finished 7th , just missing out on the playoffs .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " On 29 August 2014 , McCarthy joined newly promoted Queens Park Rangers in the Premier League for an undisclosed fee . McCarthy made his Rangers debut at home against Liverpool in a blockbuster narrow 3–2 defeat .",
"title": "Queens Park Rangers"
},
{
"text": " On 23 July 2015 , McCarthy joined Premier League club Crystal Palace for an undisclosed fee , reported to be £3.5 million , on a four-year contract . McCarthy made his Palace debut on 8 August 2015 in a 3–1 win away to Norwich City .",
"title": "Crystal Palace"
},
{
"text": " On 1 August 2016 , he joined Southampton on a three-year contract , for an undisclosed fee . McCarthy was initially used as back-up to regular keeper , Fraser Forster , but on 30 December 2017 he took over from the latter , following the regular goalkeepers drop in form .",
"title": "Southampton"
},
{
"text": "On 27 June 2018 , McCarthy signed a new four-year contract with the club , keeping him on their books until 2020 , and making him one of their highest earning players , reflecting his status as first-choice keeper . However he began the 2019–20 Premier League season as second choice behind Angus Gunn , with manager Ralph Hasenhüttl using McCarthy in the EFL Cup games . He made his first Premier League start of the season in November 2019 after Gunn had conceded nine goals to Leicester City .",
"title": "Southampton"
},
{
"text": " On 3 January 2021 , it was announced that McCarthy had tested positive for COVID-19 . The positive test saw him miss Southamptons 1–0 win over Liverpool .",
"title": "Southampton"
},
{
"text": "McCarthy trained with the England under-19s before joining the under-21 set-up for the first time in September 2009 . He received several further call-ups to the under-21s in 2009–10 and eventually made his debut as a second-half substitute against Uzbekistan in August 2010 . In March 2011 he was named in a 31-man squad to face Denmark and Iceland as preparation for the UEFA European Under-21 Championship . He played a full 90 minutes in the first match and 45 in the second as England won 4–0 and lost 2–1 respectively . He travelled with the squad to championships in",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Denmark but did not play any matches , finishing with three caps at under-21 level .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " In April 2012 , McCarthy was named in the 80-man longlist of potential players for the Great Britain football team at the 2012 Summer Olympics , and in June , he made it down to the shortlist of 35 players provisionally selected for the tournament , although he did not make the final 18 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "In May 2013 he was called up to the England senior team for the friendlies against Republic of Ireland and Brazil , becoming the first Reading youth team graduate to gain a full England call-up since the Academy era began in 1998 , although he did not make an appearance . On 1 September 2016 , he was called up to the senior squad again by Sam Allardyce to replace the injured Fraser Forster for a 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifier against Slovakia .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " In August 2018 , McCarthy was called up for Englands first squad since the 2018 World Cup , for matches against Spain and Switzerland . He made his debut on 15 November as a half-time substitute in Englands 3–0 win over the United States at Wembley Stadium in a friendly match , nearly five and a half years after his first call-up .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " - Football League Young Player of the Month : March 2011 - Southampton Players Player of the Season : 2017–18 - Southampton Fans Player of the Season : 2017–18",
"title": "Individual"
},
{
"text": " - Profile at the Southampton F.C . website - Profile at the Football Association website",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Alex_McCarthy#P54#2
|
Which team did the player Alex McCarthy belong to between Apr 2011 and Jun 2011?
|
Alex McCarthy Alex Simon McCarthy ( born 3 December 1989 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for club Southampton and the England national team . A product of Readings Academy , McCarthy spent time out on loan in the Conference Premier before signing professional terms with the club in 2008 . He made his Football League debut in 2009 whilst on loan to Aldershot Town and spent the following season at Yeovil Town before making his Reading debut in 2011 . He has since spent time on loan at Leeds United and Ipswich Town . McCarthy left for Queens Park Rangers in 2014 . At international level McCarthy has represented England and made his debut for the under-21 team in 2010 , appearing three times in total . In November 2018 , he made his debut for the senior team . Club career . Early career . Born in Guildford , Surrey , McCarthy began his career as a schoolboy at Wimbledon and Wycombe Wanderers before joining Reading on a scholarship at 16 . He was a regular in the Academy team for two years and was part of a group that included several future first-team players including Jem Karacan , Alex Pearce and Gylfi Sigurðsson . His first experience of senior football came in August 2007 on loan at Woking where he made one appearance cover for the injured Nick Gindre . On 26 March 2008 , he joined fellow Conference Premier team Cambridge United on work experience , making his debut two days later in a 3–0 defeat to Kidderminster Harriers . He made no further appearances and returned to Reading before signing his first professional contract in July 2008 . McCarthy moved on loan again on 24 October 2008 , joining Conference South team Team Bath as injury cover . He made his debut the next day in the FA Cup fourth qualifying round against Salisbury City and also played in the first round defeat to Forest Green Rovers , making four appearances in total . Another short loan spell followed with McCarthy joining League Two club Aldershot Town for one month on 2 February 2009 . He made his Football League debut 12 days later in a 3–2 defeat to Exeter City and played three further matches before returning to Reading at the beginning of March . At the start of the 2009–10 season McCarthy joined League One club Yeovil on an initial six-month loan and made his debut on 8 August in a 2–0 home win over Tranmere Rovers . A month later he received the first sending-off of his career after fouling Stockport Countys Nicholas Bignall , who was also on loan from Reading . McCarthys loan spell was renewed in January 2010 and again in February , before being extended for the rest of the season on 24 March . Over the course of his spell he played 44 league matches and kept all 12 of Yeovils clean sheets . Following his successful loan , McCarthy was given a new three-year contract at Reading , keeping him with the club until 2013 . He again departed on loan in August 2010 , joining Brentford , though he remained there for just one month before being replaced by fellow Reading loanee Ben Hamer . Reading and various loan spells . After returning from loan at Brentford in September 2010 , McCarthy spent the next five months on the bench as cover for Adam Federici . He eventually made his Reading debut on 19 February 2011 , coming on as a substitute for the injured Federici in the 84th minute against Watford and helping to secure a 1–1 draw . With Federici out for six weeks with knee ligament damage , McCarthy had a run in the team and made his full debut three days later in a 2–1 win over Millwall . In his next outing he saved a penalty against Crystal Palace as Reading twice came from behind to draw the match 3–3 . He also played an important role in the 1–0 FA Cup fifth round win over Everton , producing a late save to deny Leon Osman in a performance described as tremendous by former England manager Kevin Keegan . Despite another strong display in the next round against Manchester City at Eastlands , Reading lost the match 1–0 to a Micah Richards header . He continued in goal until 30 April when he was displaced by a fit again Federici for the 0–0 draw at Coventry City and remained an unused substitute during Readings play-off campaign . With Federici remaining the first choice Reading goalkeeper for the 2011–12 season , McCarthy was loaned to Leeds United for a month on 4 November to gain Championship experience . An injury to Andy Lonergan and the indifferent form of Paul Rachubka saw him go straight into the team for the match against Leicester City . He kept a clean sheet on debut as the match ended in a 1–0 win . Further clean sheets against Nottingham Forest and Millwall followed and were enough to keep him in the team ahead of the returning Lonergan . In the last match of his initial spell he saved an injury time penalty against Watford , allowing Leeds to rescue a point with a last minute equaliser . Following the match , he revealed that he was keen on extending his loan at Leeds , with Reading agreeing to renew it for a second month two days later . Ineligible to face his parent club on 17 December , he was replaced by Lonergan and made no further appearances , returning to Reading on 3 January 2012 . He signed a new three-year contract with Reading on 9 January before joining Ipswich Town on loan until the end of the season . On his return to Elland Road with Ipswich he was sent off for handling the ball outside the penalty area with 20 minutes remaining . Ipswich , one goal up at the time , went on to lose the match 3–1 . After 10 appearances , all coming in the league , he returned to Reading at the end of the season . 2012–13 season . Again starting the season as second choice goalkeeper , several mistakes and an injury meant McCarthy replaced Adam Federici for the 3–1 defeat by Tottenham Hotspur on 16 September 2012 . After debuting in the Premier League , he achieved the feat of playing in the six top levels of English football at the age of 22 . He retained his place in the team for the next few matches and put in an impressive performance against Swansea City on 6 October leading to suggestions of a senior England call up in the future . His good form continued with a man of the match performance in Readings next match against Queens Park Rangers , firstly tipping Esteban Graneros free-kick onto the crossbar before saving from Adel Taarabt at close range . The match ended badly though as he injured himself colliding with the goal post after diving to stop a Taarabt shot . Despite initial hopes the injury was not too serious , he was forced to undergo shoulder surgery in early December potentially ruling him out for remainder of the season . He recovered quicker than expected though and returned to the team on 13 April 2013 , keeping a clean sheet in a 0–0 draw with Liverpool . After making ten saves during the match , he was widely praised with his performance described as fantastic by Nigel Adkins and absolutely staggering by Liverpool manager Brendan Rodgers . He remained in goal for the rest of the season , making 14 appearances in total . 2013–14 season . In the 2013–14 season , McCarthy became first choice keeper , making 44 appearances in the Championship as Reading finished 7th , just missing out on the playoffs . Queens Park Rangers . On 29 August 2014 , McCarthy joined newly promoted Queens Park Rangers in the Premier League for an undisclosed fee . McCarthy made his Rangers debut at home against Liverpool in a blockbuster narrow 3–2 defeat . Crystal Palace . On 23 July 2015 , McCarthy joined Premier League club Crystal Palace for an undisclosed fee , reported to be £3.5 million , on a four-year contract . McCarthy made his Palace debut on 8 August 2015 in a 3–1 win away to Norwich City . Southampton . On 1 August 2016 , he joined Southampton on a three-year contract , for an undisclosed fee . McCarthy was initially used as back-up to regular keeper , Fraser Forster , but on 30 December 2017 he took over from the latter , following the regular goalkeepers drop in form . On 27 June 2018 , McCarthy signed a new four-year contract with the club , keeping him on their books until 2020 , and making him one of their highest earning players , reflecting his status as first-choice keeper . However he began the 2019–20 Premier League season as second choice behind Angus Gunn , with manager Ralph Hasenhüttl using McCarthy in the EFL Cup games . He made his first Premier League start of the season in November 2019 after Gunn had conceded nine goals to Leicester City . On 3 January 2021 , it was announced that McCarthy had tested positive for COVID-19 . The positive test saw him miss Southamptons 1–0 win over Liverpool . International career . McCarthy trained with the England under-19s before joining the under-21 set-up for the first time in September 2009 . He received several further call-ups to the under-21s in 2009–10 and eventually made his debut as a second-half substitute against Uzbekistan in August 2010 . In March 2011 he was named in a 31-man squad to face Denmark and Iceland as preparation for the UEFA European Under-21 Championship . He played a full 90 minutes in the first match and 45 in the second as England won 4–0 and lost 2–1 respectively . He travelled with the squad to championships in Denmark but did not play any matches , finishing with three caps at under-21 level . In April 2012 , McCarthy was named in the 80-man longlist of potential players for the Great Britain football team at the 2012 Summer Olympics , and in June , he made it down to the shortlist of 35 players provisionally selected for the tournament , although he did not make the final 18 . In May 2013 he was called up to the England senior team for the friendlies against Republic of Ireland and Brazil , becoming the first Reading youth team graduate to gain a full England call-up since the Academy era began in 1998 , although he did not make an appearance . On 1 September 2016 , he was called up to the senior squad again by Sam Allardyce to replace the injured Fraser Forster for a 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifier against Slovakia . In August 2018 , McCarthy was called up for Englands first squad since the 2018 World Cup , for matches against Spain and Switzerland . He made his debut on 15 November as a half-time substitute in Englands 3–0 win over the United States at Wembley Stadium in a friendly match , nearly five and a half years after his first call-up . Honours . Individual - Football League Young Player of the Month : March 2011 - Southampton Players Player of the Season : 2017–18 - Southampton Fans Player of the Season : 2017–18 External links . - Profile at the Southampton F.C . website - Profile at the Football Association website
|
[
"Leeds United"
] |
[
{
"text": " Alex Simon McCarthy ( born 3 December 1989 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for club Southampton and the England national team .",
"title": "Alex McCarthy"
},
{
"text": "A product of Readings Academy , McCarthy spent time out on loan in the Conference Premier before signing professional terms with the club in 2008 . He made his Football League debut in 2009 whilst on loan to Aldershot Town and spent the following season at Yeovil Town before making his Reading debut in 2011 . He has since spent time on loan at Leeds United and Ipswich Town . McCarthy left for Queens Park Rangers in 2014 .",
"title": "Alex McCarthy"
},
{
"text": " At international level McCarthy has represented England and made his debut for the under-21 team in 2010 , appearing three times in total . In November 2018 , he made his debut for the senior team .",
"title": "Alex McCarthy"
},
{
"text": "Born in Guildford , Surrey , McCarthy began his career as a schoolboy at Wimbledon and Wycombe Wanderers before joining Reading on a scholarship at 16 . He was a regular in the Academy team for two years and was part of a group that included several future first-team players including Jem Karacan , Alex Pearce and Gylfi Sigurðsson . His first experience of senior football came in August 2007 on loan at Woking where he made one appearance cover for the injured Nick Gindre . On 26 March 2008 , he joined fellow Conference Premier team Cambridge United on",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "work experience , making his debut two days later in a 3–0 defeat to Kidderminster Harriers . He made no further appearances and returned to Reading before signing his first professional contract in July 2008 . McCarthy moved on loan again on 24 October 2008 , joining Conference South team Team Bath as injury cover . He made his debut the next day in the FA Cup fourth qualifying round against Salisbury City and also played in the first round defeat to Forest Green Rovers , making four appearances in total . Another short loan spell followed with McCarthy joining",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "League Two club Aldershot Town for one month on 2 February 2009 . He made his Football League debut 12 days later in a 3–2 defeat to Exeter City and played three further matches before returning to Reading at the beginning of March .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "At the start of the 2009–10 season McCarthy joined League One club Yeovil on an initial six-month loan and made his debut on 8 August in a 2–0 home win over Tranmere Rovers . A month later he received the first sending-off of his career after fouling Stockport Countys Nicholas Bignall , who was also on loan from Reading . McCarthys loan spell was renewed in January 2010 and again in February , before being extended for the rest of the season on 24 March . Over the course of his spell he played 44 league matches and kept all",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "12 of Yeovils clean sheets . Following his successful loan , McCarthy was given a new three-year contract at Reading , keeping him with the club until 2013 . He again departed on loan in August 2010 , joining Brentford , though he remained there for just one month before being replaced by fellow Reading loanee Ben Hamer .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "After returning from loan at Brentford in September 2010 , McCarthy spent the next five months on the bench as cover for Adam Federici . He eventually made his Reading debut on 19 February 2011 , coming on as a substitute for the injured Federici in the 84th minute against Watford and helping to secure a 1–1 draw . With Federici out for six weeks with knee ligament damage , McCarthy had a run in the team and made his full debut three days later in a 2–1 win over Millwall . In his next outing he saved a penalty",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "against Crystal Palace as Reading twice came from behind to draw the match 3–3 . He also played an important role in the 1–0 FA Cup fifth round win over Everton , producing a late save to deny Leon Osman in a performance described as tremendous by former England manager Kevin Keegan . Despite another strong display in the next round against Manchester City at Eastlands , Reading lost the match 1–0 to a Micah Richards header . He continued in goal until 30 April when he was displaced by a fit again Federici for the 0–0 draw at Coventry",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "City and remained an unused substitute during Readings play-off campaign .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "With Federici remaining the first choice Reading goalkeeper for the 2011–12 season , McCarthy was loaned to Leeds United for a month on 4 November to gain Championship experience . An injury to Andy Lonergan and the indifferent form of Paul Rachubka saw him go straight into the team for the match against Leicester City . He kept a clean sheet on debut as the match ended in a 1–0 win . Further clean sheets against Nottingham Forest and Millwall followed and were enough to keep him in the team ahead of the returning Lonergan . In the last match",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "of his initial spell he saved an injury time penalty against Watford , allowing Leeds to rescue a point with a last minute equaliser . Following the match , he revealed that he was keen on extending his loan at Leeds , with Reading agreeing to renew it for a second month two days later . Ineligible to face his parent club on 17 December , he was replaced by Lonergan and made no further appearances , returning to Reading on 3 January 2012 . He signed a new three-year contract with Reading on 9 January before joining Ipswich Town",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "on loan until the end of the season . On his return to Elland Road with Ipswich he was sent off for handling the ball outside the penalty area with 20 minutes remaining . Ipswich , one goal up at the time , went on to lose the match 3–1 . After 10 appearances , all coming in the league , he returned to Reading at the end of the season .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Again starting the season as second choice goalkeeper , several mistakes and an injury meant McCarthy replaced Adam Federici for the 3–1 defeat by Tottenham Hotspur on 16 September 2012 . After debuting in the Premier League , he achieved the feat of playing in the six top levels of English football at the age of 22 . He retained his place in the team for the next few matches and put in an impressive performance against Swansea City on 6 October leading to suggestions of a senior England call up in the future . His good form continued with",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "a man of the match performance in Readings next match against Queens Park Rangers , firstly tipping Esteban Graneros free-kick onto the crossbar before saving from Adel Taarabt at close range . The match ended badly though as he injured himself colliding with the goal post after diving to stop a Taarabt shot .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Despite initial hopes the injury was not too serious , he was forced to undergo shoulder surgery in early December potentially ruling him out for remainder of the season . He recovered quicker than expected though and returned to the team on 13 April 2013 , keeping a clean sheet in a 0–0 draw with Liverpool . After making ten saves during the match , he was widely praised with his performance described as fantastic by Nigel Adkins and absolutely staggering by Liverpool manager Brendan Rodgers . He remained in goal for the rest of the season , making 14",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "appearances in total .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " 2013–14 season . In the 2013–14 season , McCarthy became first choice keeper , making 44 appearances in the Championship as Reading finished 7th , just missing out on the playoffs .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " On 29 August 2014 , McCarthy joined newly promoted Queens Park Rangers in the Premier League for an undisclosed fee . McCarthy made his Rangers debut at home against Liverpool in a blockbuster narrow 3–2 defeat .",
"title": "Queens Park Rangers"
},
{
"text": " On 23 July 2015 , McCarthy joined Premier League club Crystal Palace for an undisclosed fee , reported to be £3.5 million , on a four-year contract . McCarthy made his Palace debut on 8 August 2015 in a 3–1 win away to Norwich City .",
"title": "Crystal Palace"
},
{
"text": " On 1 August 2016 , he joined Southampton on a three-year contract , for an undisclosed fee . McCarthy was initially used as back-up to regular keeper , Fraser Forster , but on 30 December 2017 he took over from the latter , following the regular goalkeepers drop in form .",
"title": "Southampton"
},
{
"text": "On 27 June 2018 , McCarthy signed a new four-year contract with the club , keeping him on their books until 2020 , and making him one of their highest earning players , reflecting his status as first-choice keeper . However he began the 2019–20 Premier League season as second choice behind Angus Gunn , with manager Ralph Hasenhüttl using McCarthy in the EFL Cup games . He made his first Premier League start of the season in November 2019 after Gunn had conceded nine goals to Leicester City .",
"title": "Southampton"
},
{
"text": " On 3 January 2021 , it was announced that McCarthy had tested positive for COVID-19 . The positive test saw him miss Southamptons 1–0 win over Liverpool .",
"title": "Southampton"
},
{
"text": "McCarthy trained with the England under-19s before joining the under-21 set-up for the first time in September 2009 . He received several further call-ups to the under-21s in 2009–10 and eventually made his debut as a second-half substitute against Uzbekistan in August 2010 . In March 2011 he was named in a 31-man squad to face Denmark and Iceland as preparation for the UEFA European Under-21 Championship . He played a full 90 minutes in the first match and 45 in the second as England won 4–0 and lost 2–1 respectively . He travelled with the squad to championships in",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Denmark but did not play any matches , finishing with three caps at under-21 level .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " In April 2012 , McCarthy was named in the 80-man longlist of potential players for the Great Britain football team at the 2012 Summer Olympics , and in June , he made it down to the shortlist of 35 players provisionally selected for the tournament , although he did not make the final 18 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "In May 2013 he was called up to the England senior team for the friendlies against Republic of Ireland and Brazil , becoming the first Reading youth team graduate to gain a full England call-up since the Academy era began in 1998 , although he did not make an appearance . On 1 September 2016 , he was called up to the senior squad again by Sam Allardyce to replace the injured Fraser Forster for a 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifier against Slovakia .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " In August 2018 , McCarthy was called up for Englands first squad since the 2018 World Cup , for matches against Spain and Switzerland . He made his debut on 15 November as a half-time substitute in Englands 3–0 win over the United States at Wembley Stadium in a friendly match , nearly five and a half years after his first call-up .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " - Football League Young Player of the Month : March 2011 - Southampton Players Player of the Season : 2017–18 - Southampton Fans Player of the Season : 2017–18",
"title": "Individual"
},
{
"text": " - Profile at the Southampton F.C . website - Profile at the Football Association website",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Alex_McCarthy#P54#3
|
Which team did the player Alex McCarthy belong to in Jan 2014?
|
Alex McCarthy Alex Simon McCarthy ( born 3 December 1989 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for club Southampton and the England national team . A product of Readings Academy , McCarthy spent time out on loan in the Conference Premier before signing professional terms with the club in 2008 . He made his Football League debut in 2009 whilst on loan to Aldershot Town and spent the following season at Yeovil Town before making his Reading debut in 2011 . He has since spent time on loan at Leeds United and Ipswich Town . McCarthy left for Queens Park Rangers in 2014 . At international level McCarthy has represented England and made his debut for the under-21 team in 2010 , appearing three times in total . In November 2018 , he made his debut for the senior team . Club career . Early career . Born in Guildford , Surrey , McCarthy began his career as a schoolboy at Wimbledon and Wycombe Wanderers before joining Reading on a scholarship at 16 . He was a regular in the Academy team for two years and was part of a group that included several future first-team players including Jem Karacan , Alex Pearce and Gylfi Sigurðsson . His first experience of senior football came in August 2007 on loan at Woking where he made one appearance cover for the injured Nick Gindre . On 26 March 2008 , he joined fellow Conference Premier team Cambridge United on work experience , making his debut two days later in a 3–0 defeat to Kidderminster Harriers . He made no further appearances and returned to Reading before signing his first professional contract in July 2008 . McCarthy moved on loan again on 24 October 2008 , joining Conference South team Team Bath as injury cover . He made his debut the next day in the FA Cup fourth qualifying round against Salisbury City and also played in the first round defeat to Forest Green Rovers , making four appearances in total . Another short loan spell followed with McCarthy joining League Two club Aldershot Town for one month on 2 February 2009 . He made his Football League debut 12 days later in a 3–2 defeat to Exeter City and played three further matches before returning to Reading at the beginning of March . At the start of the 2009–10 season McCarthy joined League One club Yeovil on an initial six-month loan and made his debut on 8 August in a 2–0 home win over Tranmere Rovers . A month later he received the first sending-off of his career after fouling Stockport Countys Nicholas Bignall , who was also on loan from Reading . McCarthys loan spell was renewed in January 2010 and again in February , before being extended for the rest of the season on 24 March . Over the course of his spell he played 44 league matches and kept all 12 of Yeovils clean sheets . Following his successful loan , McCarthy was given a new three-year contract at Reading , keeping him with the club until 2013 . He again departed on loan in August 2010 , joining Brentford , though he remained there for just one month before being replaced by fellow Reading loanee Ben Hamer . Reading and various loan spells . After returning from loan at Brentford in September 2010 , McCarthy spent the next five months on the bench as cover for Adam Federici . He eventually made his Reading debut on 19 February 2011 , coming on as a substitute for the injured Federici in the 84th minute against Watford and helping to secure a 1–1 draw . With Federici out for six weeks with knee ligament damage , McCarthy had a run in the team and made his full debut three days later in a 2–1 win over Millwall . In his next outing he saved a penalty against Crystal Palace as Reading twice came from behind to draw the match 3–3 . He also played an important role in the 1–0 FA Cup fifth round win over Everton , producing a late save to deny Leon Osman in a performance described as tremendous by former England manager Kevin Keegan . Despite another strong display in the next round against Manchester City at Eastlands , Reading lost the match 1–0 to a Micah Richards header . He continued in goal until 30 April when he was displaced by a fit again Federici for the 0–0 draw at Coventry City and remained an unused substitute during Readings play-off campaign . With Federici remaining the first choice Reading goalkeeper for the 2011–12 season , McCarthy was loaned to Leeds United for a month on 4 November to gain Championship experience . An injury to Andy Lonergan and the indifferent form of Paul Rachubka saw him go straight into the team for the match against Leicester City . He kept a clean sheet on debut as the match ended in a 1–0 win . Further clean sheets against Nottingham Forest and Millwall followed and were enough to keep him in the team ahead of the returning Lonergan . In the last match of his initial spell he saved an injury time penalty against Watford , allowing Leeds to rescue a point with a last minute equaliser . Following the match , he revealed that he was keen on extending his loan at Leeds , with Reading agreeing to renew it for a second month two days later . Ineligible to face his parent club on 17 December , he was replaced by Lonergan and made no further appearances , returning to Reading on 3 January 2012 . He signed a new three-year contract with Reading on 9 January before joining Ipswich Town on loan until the end of the season . On his return to Elland Road with Ipswich he was sent off for handling the ball outside the penalty area with 20 minutes remaining . Ipswich , one goal up at the time , went on to lose the match 3–1 . After 10 appearances , all coming in the league , he returned to Reading at the end of the season . 2012–13 season . Again starting the season as second choice goalkeeper , several mistakes and an injury meant McCarthy replaced Adam Federici for the 3–1 defeat by Tottenham Hotspur on 16 September 2012 . After debuting in the Premier League , he achieved the feat of playing in the six top levels of English football at the age of 22 . He retained his place in the team for the next few matches and put in an impressive performance against Swansea City on 6 October leading to suggestions of a senior England call up in the future . His good form continued with a man of the match performance in Readings next match against Queens Park Rangers , firstly tipping Esteban Graneros free-kick onto the crossbar before saving from Adel Taarabt at close range . The match ended badly though as he injured himself colliding with the goal post after diving to stop a Taarabt shot . Despite initial hopes the injury was not too serious , he was forced to undergo shoulder surgery in early December potentially ruling him out for remainder of the season . He recovered quicker than expected though and returned to the team on 13 April 2013 , keeping a clean sheet in a 0–0 draw with Liverpool . After making ten saves during the match , he was widely praised with his performance described as fantastic by Nigel Adkins and absolutely staggering by Liverpool manager Brendan Rodgers . He remained in goal for the rest of the season , making 14 appearances in total . 2013–14 season . In the 2013–14 season , McCarthy became first choice keeper , making 44 appearances in the Championship as Reading finished 7th , just missing out on the playoffs . Queens Park Rangers . On 29 August 2014 , McCarthy joined newly promoted Queens Park Rangers in the Premier League for an undisclosed fee . McCarthy made his Rangers debut at home against Liverpool in a blockbuster narrow 3–2 defeat . Crystal Palace . On 23 July 2015 , McCarthy joined Premier League club Crystal Palace for an undisclosed fee , reported to be £3.5 million , on a four-year contract . McCarthy made his Palace debut on 8 August 2015 in a 3–1 win away to Norwich City . Southampton . On 1 August 2016 , he joined Southampton on a three-year contract , for an undisclosed fee . McCarthy was initially used as back-up to regular keeper , Fraser Forster , but on 30 December 2017 he took over from the latter , following the regular goalkeepers drop in form . On 27 June 2018 , McCarthy signed a new four-year contract with the club , keeping him on their books until 2020 , and making him one of their highest earning players , reflecting his status as first-choice keeper . However he began the 2019–20 Premier League season as second choice behind Angus Gunn , with manager Ralph Hasenhüttl using McCarthy in the EFL Cup games . He made his first Premier League start of the season in November 2019 after Gunn had conceded nine goals to Leicester City . On 3 January 2021 , it was announced that McCarthy had tested positive for COVID-19 . The positive test saw him miss Southamptons 1–0 win over Liverpool . International career . McCarthy trained with the England under-19s before joining the under-21 set-up for the first time in September 2009 . He received several further call-ups to the under-21s in 2009–10 and eventually made his debut as a second-half substitute against Uzbekistan in August 2010 . In March 2011 he was named in a 31-man squad to face Denmark and Iceland as preparation for the UEFA European Under-21 Championship . He played a full 90 minutes in the first match and 45 in the second as England won 4–0 and lost 2–1 respectively . He travelled with the squad to championships in Denmark but did not play any matches , finishing with three caps at under-21 level . In April 2012 , McCarthy was named in the 80-man longlist of potential players for the Great Britain football team at the 2012 Summer Olympics , and in June , he made it down to the shortlist of 35 players provisionally selected for the tournament , although he did not make the final 18 . In May 2013 he was called up to the England senior team for the friendlies against Republic of Ireland and Brazil , becoming the first Reading youth team graduate to gain a full England call-up since the Academy era began in 1998 , although he did not make an appearance . On 1 September 2016 , he was called up to the senior squad again by Sam Allardyce to replace the injured Fraser Forster for a 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifier against Slovakia . In August 2018 , McCarthy was called up for Englands first squad since the 2018 World Cup , for matches against Spain and Switzerland . He made his debut on 15 November as a half-time substitute in Englands 3–0 win over the United States at Wembley Stadium in a friendly match , nearly five and a half years after his first call-up . Honours . Individual - Football League Young Player of the Month : March 2011 - Southampton Players Player of the Season : 2017–18 - Southampton Fans Player of the Season : 2017–18 External links . - Profile at the Southampton F.C . website - Profile at the Football Association website
|
[
"Queens Park Rangers"
] |
[
{
"text": " Alex Simon McCarthy ( born 3 December 1989 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for club Southampton and the England national team .",
"title": "Alex McCarthy"
},
{
"text": "A product of Readings Academy , McCarthy spent time out on loan in the Conference Premier before signing professional terms with the club in 2008 . He made his Football League debut in 2009 whilst on loan to Aldershot Town and spent the following season at Yeovil Town before making his Reading debut in 2011 . He has since spent time on loan at Leeds United and Ipswich Town . McCarthy left for Queens Park Rangers in 2014 .",
"title": "Alex McCarthy"
},
{
"text": " At international level McCarthy has represented England and made his debut for the under-21 team in 2010 , appearing three times in total . In November 2018 , he made his debut for the senior team .",
"title": "Alex McCarthy"
},
{
"text": "Born in Guildford , Surrey , McCarthy began his career as a schoolboy at Wimbledon and Wycombe Wanderers before joining Reading on a scholarship at 16 . He was a regular in the Academy team for two years and was part of a group that included several future first-team players including Jem Karacan , Alex Pearce and Gylfi Sigurðsson . His first experience of senior football came in August 2007 on loan at Woking where he made one appearance cover for the injured Nick Gindre . On 26 March 2008 , he joined fellow Conference Premier team Cambridge United on",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "work experience , making his debut two days later in a 3–0 defeat to Kidderminster Harriers . He made no further appearances and returned to Reading before signing his first professional contract in July 2008 . McCarthy moved on loan again on 24 October 2008 , joining Conference South team Team Bath as injury cover . He made his debut the next day in the FA Cup fourth qualifying round against Salisbury City and also played in the first round defeat to Forest Green Rovers , making four appearances in total . Another short loan spell followed with McCarthy joining",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "League Two club Aldershot Town for one month on 2 February 2009 . He made his Football League debut 12 days later in a 3–2 defeat to Exeter City and played three further matches before returning to Reading at the beginning of March .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "At the start of the 2009–10 season McCarthy joined League One club Yeovil on an initial six-month loan and made his debut on 8 August in a 2–0 home win over Tranmere Rovers . A month later he received the first sending-off of his career after fouling Stockport Countys Nicholas Bignall , who was also on loan from Reading . McCarthys loan spell was renewed in January 2010 and again in February , before being extended for the rest of the season on 24 March . Over the course of his spell he played 44 league matches and kept all",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "12 of Yeovils clean sheets . Following his successful loan , McCarthy was given a new three-year contract at Reading , keeping him with the club until 2013 . He again departed on loan in August 2010 , joining Brentford , though he remained there for just one month before being replaced by fellow Reading loanee Ben Hamer .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "After returning from loan at Brentford in September 2010 , McCarthy spent the next five months on the bench as cover for Adam Federici . He eventually made his Reading debut on 19 February 2011 , coming on as a substitute for the injured Federici in the 84th minute against Watford and helping to secure a 1–1 draw . With Federici out for six weeks with knee ligament damage , McCarthy had a run in the team and made his full debut three days later in a 2–1 win over Millwall . In his next outing he saved a penalty",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "against Crystal Palace as Reading twice came from behind to draw the match 3–3 . He also played an important role in the 1–0 FA Cup fifth round win over Everton , producing a late save to deny Leon Osman in a performance described as tremendous by former England manager Kevin Keegan . Despite another strong display in the next round against Manchester City at Eastlands , Reading lost the match 1–0 to a Micah Richards header . He continued in goal until 30 April when he was displaced by a fit again Federici for the 0–0 draw at Coventry",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "City and remained an unused substitute during Readings play-off campaign .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "With Federici remaining the first choice Reading goalkeeper for the 2011–12 season , McCarthy was loaned to Leeds United for a month on 4 November to gain Championship experience . An injury to Andy Lonergan and the indifferent form of Paul Rachubka saw him go straight into the team for the match against Leicester City . He kept a clean sheet on debut as the match ended in a 1–0 win . Further clean sheets against Nottingham Forest and Millwall followed and were enough to keep him in the team ahead of the returning Lonergan . In the last match",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "of his initial spell he saved an injury time penalty against Watford , allowing Leeds to rescue a point with a last minute equaliser . Following the match , he revealed that he was keen on extending his loan at Leeds , with Reading agreeing to renew it for a second month two days later . Ineligible to face his parent club on 17 December , he was replaced by Lonergan and made no further appearances , returning to Reading on 3 January 2012 . He signed a new three-year contract with Reading on 9 January before joining Ipswich Town",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "on loan until the end of the season . On his return to Elland Road with Ipswich he was sent off for handling the ball outside the penalty area with 20 minutes remaining . Ipswich , one goal up at the time , went on to lose the match 3–1 . After 10 appearances , all coming in the league , he returned to Reading at the end of the season .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Again starting the season as second choice goalkeeper , several mistakes and an injury meant McCarthy replaced Adam Federici for the 3–1 defeat by Tottenham Hotspur on 16 September 2012 . After debuting in the Premier League , he achieved the feat of playing in the six top levels of English football at the age of 22 . He retained his place in the team for the next few matches and put in an impressive performance against Swansea City on 6 October leading to suggestions of a senior England call up in the future . His good form continued with",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "a man of the match performance in Readings next match against Queens Park Rangers , firstly tipping Esteban Graneros free-kick onto the crossbar before saving from Adel Taarabt at close range . The match ended badly though as he injured himself colliding with the goal post after diving to stop a Taarabt shot .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Despite initial hopes the injury was not too serious , he was forced to undergo shoulder surgery in early December potentially ruling him out for remainder of the season . He recovered quicker than expected though and returned to the team on 13 April 2013 , keeping a clean sheet in a 0–0 draw with Liverpool . After making ten saves during the match , he was widely praised with his performance described as fantastic by Nigel Adkins and absolutely staggering by Liverpool manager Brendan Rodgers . He remained in goal for the rest of the season , making 14",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "appearances in total .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " 2013–14 season . In the 2013–14 season , McCarthy became first choice keeper , making 44 appearances in the Championship as Reading finished 7th , just missing out on the playoffs .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " On 29 August 2014 , McCarthy joined newly promoted Queens Park Rangers in the Premier League for an undisclosed fee . McCarthy made his Rangers debut at home against Liverpool in a blockbuster narrow 3–2 defeat .",
"title": "Queens Park Rangers"
},
{
"text": " On 23 July 2015 , McCarthy joined Premier League club Crystal Palace for an undisclosed fee , reported to be £3.5 million , on a four-year contract . McCarthy made his Palace debut on 8 August 2015 in a 3–1 win away to Norwich City .",
"title": "Crystal Palace"
},
{
"text": " On 1 August 2016 , he joined Southampton on a three-year contract , for an undisclosed fee . McCarthy was initially used as back-up to regular keeper , Fraser Forster , but on 30 December 2017 he took over from the latter , following the regular goalkeepers drop in form .",
"title": "Southampton"
},
{
"text": "On 27 June 2018 , McCarthy signed a new four-year contract with the club , keeping him on their books until 2020 , and making him one of their highest earning players , reflecting his status as first-choice keeper . However he began the 2019–20 Premier League season as second choice behind Angus Gunn , with manager Ralph Hasenhüttl using McCarthy in the EFL Cup games . He made his first Premier League start of the season in November 2019 after Gunn had conceded nine goals to Leicester City .",
"title": "Southampton"
},
{
"text": " On 3 January 2021 , it was announced that McCarthy had tested positive for COVID-19 . The positive test saw him miss Southamptons 1–0 win over Liverpool .",
"title": "Southampton"
},
{
"text": "McCarthy trained with the England under-19s before joining the under-21 set-up for the first time in September 2009 . He received several further call-ups to the under-21s in 2009–10 and eventually made his debut as a second-half substitute against Uzbekistan in August 2010 . In March 2011 he was named in a 31-man squad to face Denmark and Iceland as preparation for the UEFA European Under-21 Championship . He played a full 90 minutes in the first match and 45 in the second as England won 4–0 and lost 2–1 respectively . He travelled with the squad to championships in",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Denmark but did not play any matches , finishing with three caps at under-21 level .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " In April 2012 , McCarthy was named in the 80-man longlist of potential players for the Great Britain football team at the 2012 Summer Olympics , and in June , he made it down to the shortlist of 35 players provisionally selected for the tournament , although he did not make the final 18 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "In May 2013 he was called up to the England senior team for the friendlies against Republic of Ireland and Brazil , becoming the first Reading youth team graduate to gain a full England call-up since the Academy era began in 1998 , although he did not make an appearance . On 1 September 2016 , he was called up to the senior squad again by Sam Allardyce to replace the injured Fraser Forster for a 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifier against Slovakia .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " In August 2018 , McCarthy was called up for Englands first squad since the 2018 World Cup , for matches against Spain and Switzerland . He made his debut on 15 November as a half-time substitute in Englands 3–0 win over the United States at Wembley Stadium in a friendly match , nearly five and a half years after his first call-up .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " - Football League Young Player of the Month : March 2011 - Southampton Players Player of the Season : 2017–18 - Southampton Fans Player of the Season : 2017–18",
"title": "Individual"
},
{
"text": " - Profile at the Southampton F.C . website - Profile at the Football Association website",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Alex_McCarthy#P54#4
|
Which team did the player Alex McCarthy belong to in Dec 2015?
|
Alex McCarthy Alex Simon McCarthy ( born 3 December 1989 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for club Southampton and the England national team . A product of Readings Academy , McCarthy spent time out on loan in the Conference Premier before signing professional terms with the club in 2008 . He made his Football League debut in 2009 whilst on loan to Aldershot Town and spent the following season at Yeovil Town before making his Reading debut in 2011 . He has since spent time on loan at Leeds United and Ipswich Town . McCarthy left for Queens Park Rangers in 2014 . At international level McCarthy has represented England and made his debut for the under-21 team in 2010 , appearing three times in total . In November 2018 , he made his debut for the senior team . Club career . Early career . Born in Guildford , Surrey , McCarthy began his career as a schoolboy at Wimbledon and Wycombe Wanderers before joining Reading on a scholarship at 16 . He was a regular in the Academy team for two years and was part of a group that included several future first-team players including Jem Karacan , Alex Pearce and Gylfi Sigurðsson . His first experience of senior football came in August 2007 on loan at Woking where he made one appearance cover for the injured Nick Gindre . On 26 March 2008 , he joined fellow Conference Premier team Cambridge United on work experience , making his debut two days later in a 3–0 defeat to Kidderminster Harriers . He made no further appearances and returned to Reading before signing his first professional contract in July 2008 . McCarthy moved on loan again on 24 October 2008 , joining Conference South team Team Bath as injury cover . He made his debut the next day in the FA Cup fourth qualifying round against Salisbury City and also played in the first round defeat to Forest Green Rovers , making four appearances in total . Another short loan spell followed with McCarthy joining League Two club Aldershot Town for one month on 2 February 2009 . He made his Football League debut 12 days later in a 3–2 defeat to Exeter City and played three further matches before returning to Reading at the beginning of March . At the start of the 2009–10 season McCarthy joined League One club Yeovil on an initial six-month loan and made his debut on 8 August in a 2–0 home win over Tranmere Rovers . A month later he received the first sending-off of his career after fouling Stockport Countys Nicholas Bignall , who was also on loan from Reading . McCarthys loan spell was renewed in January 2010 and again in February , before being extended for the rest of the season on 24 March . Over the course of his spell he played 44 league matches and kept all 12 of Yeovils clean sheets . Following his successful loan , McCarthy was given a new three-year contract at Reading , keeping him with the club until 2013 . He again departed on loan in August 2010 , joining Brentford , though he remained there for just one month before being replaced by fellow Reading loanee Ben Hamer . Reading and various loan spells . After returning from loan at Brentford in September 2010 , McCarthy spent the next five months on the bench as cover for Adam Federici . He eventually made his Reading debut on 19 February 2011 , coming on as a substitute for the injured Federici in the 84th minute against Watford and helping to secure a 1–1 draw . With Federici out for six weeks with knee ligament damage , McCarthy had a run in the team and made his full debut three days later in a 2–1 win over Millwall . In his next outing he saved a penalty against Crystal Palace as Reading twice came from behind to draw the match 3–3 . He also played an important role in the 1–0 FA Cup fifth round win over Everton , producing a late save to deny Leon Osman in a performance described as tremendous by former England manager Kevin Keegan . Despite another strong display in the next round against Manchester City at Eastlands , Reading lost the match 1–0 to a Micah Richards header . He continued in goal until 30 April when he was displaced by a fit again Federici for the 0–0 draw at Coventry City and remained an unused substitute during Readings play-off campaign . With Federici remaining the first choice Reading goalkeeper for the 2011–12 season , McCarthy was loaned to Leeds United for a month on 4 November to gain Championship experience . An injury to Andy Lonergan and the indifferent form of Paul Rachubka saw him go straight into the team for the match against Leicester City . He kept a clean sheet on debut as the match ended in a 1–0 win . Further clean sheets against Nottingham Forest and Millwall followed and were enough to keep him in the team ahead of the returning Lonergan . In the last match of his initial spell he saved an injury time penalty against Watford , allowing Leeds to rescue a point with a last minute equaliser . Following the match , he revealed that he was keen on extending his loan at Leeds , with Reading agreeing to renew it for a second month two days later . Ineligible to face his parent club on 17 December , he was replaced by Lonergan and made no further appearances , returning to Reading on 3 January 2012 . He signed a new three-year contract with Reading on 9 January before joining Ipswich Town on loan until the end of the season . On his return to Elland Road with Ipswich he was sent off for handling the ball outside the penalty area with 20 minutes remaining . Ipswich , one goal up at the time , went on to lose the match 3–1 . After 10 appearances , all coming in the league , he returned to Reading at the end of the season . 2012–13 season . Again starting the season as second choice goalkeeper , several mistakes and an injury meant McCarthy replaced Adam Federici for the 3–1 defeat by Tottenham Hotspur on 16 September 2012 . After debuting in the Premier League , he achieved the feat of playing in the six top levels of English football at the age of 22 . He retained his place in the team for the next few matches and put in an impressive performance against Swansea City on 6 October leading to suggestions of a senior England call up in the future . His good form continued with a man of the match performance in Readings next match against Queens Park Rangers , firstly tipping Esteban Graneros free-kick onto the crossbar before saving from Adel Taarabt at close range . The match ended badly though as he injured himself colliding with the goal post after diving to stop a Taarabt shot . Despite initial hopes the injury was not too serious , he was forced to undergo shoulder surgery in early December potentially ruling him out for remainder of the season . He recovered quicker than expected though and returned to the team on 13 April 2013 , keeping a clean sheet in a 0–0 draw with Liverpool . After making ten saves during the match , he was widely praised with his performance described as fantastic by Nigel Adkins and absolutely staggering by Liverpool manager Brendan Rodgers . He remained in goal for the rest of the season , making 14 appearances in total . 2013–14 season . In the 2013–14 season , McCarthy became first choice keeper , making 44 appearances in the Championship as Reading finished 7th , just missing out on the playoffs . Queens Park Rangers . On 29 August 2014 , McCarthy joined newly promoted Queens Park Rangers in the Premier League for an undisclosed fee . McCarthy made his Rangers debut at home against Liverpool in a blockbuster narrow 3–2 defeat . Crystal Palace . On 23 July 2015 , McCarthy joined Premier League club Crystal Palace for an undisclosed fee , reported to be £3.5 million , on a four-year contract . McCarthy made his Palace debut on 8 August 2015 in a 3–1 win away to Norwich City . Southampton . On 1 August 2016 , he joined Southampton on a three-year contract , for an undisclosed fee . McCarthy was initially used as back-up to regular keeper , Fraser Forster , but on 30 December 2017 he took over from the latter , following the regular goalkeepers drop in form . On 27 June 2018 , McCarthy signed a new four-year contract with the club , keeping him on their books until 2020 , and making him one of their highest earning players , reflecting his status as first-choice keeper . However he began the 2019–20 Premier League season as second choice behind Angus Gunn , with manager Ralph Hasenhüttl using McCarthy in the EFL Cup games . He made his first Premier League start of the season in November 2019 after Gunn had conceded nine goals to Leicester City . On 3 January 2021 , it was announced that McCarthy had tested positive for COVID-19 . The positive test saw him miss Southamptons 1–0 win over Liverpool . International career . McCarthy trained with the England under-19s before joining the under-21 set-up for the first time in September 2009 . He received several further call-ups to the under-21s in 2009–10 and eventually made his debut as a second-half substitute against Uzbekistan in August 2010 . In March 2011 he was named in a 31-man squad to face Denmark and Iceland as preparation for the UEFA European Under-21 Championship . He played a full 90 minutes in the first match and 45 in the second as England won 4–0 and lost 2–1 respectively . He travelled with the squad to championships in Denmark but did not play any matches , finishing with three caps at under-21 level . In April 2012 , McCarthy was named in the 80-man longlist of potential players for the Great Britain football team at the 2012 Summer Olympics , and in June , he made it down to the shortlist of 35 players provisionally selected for the tournament , although he did not make the final 18 . In May 2013 he was called up to the England senior team for the friendlies against Republic of Ireland and Brazil , becoming the first Reading youth team graduate to gain a full England call-up since the Academy era began in 1998 , although he did not make an appearance . On 1 September 2016 , he was called up to the senior squad again by Sam Allardyce to replace the injured Fraser Forster for a 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifier against Slovakia . In August 2018 , McCarthy was called up for Englands first squad since the 2018 World Cup , for matches against Spain and Switzerland . He made his debut on 15 November as a half-time substitute in Englands 3–0 win over the United States at Wembley Stadium in a friendly match , nearly five and a half years after his first call-up . Honours . Individual - Football League Young Player of the Month : March 2011 - Southampton Players Player of the Season : 2017–18 - Southampton Fans Player of the Season : 2017–18 External links . - Profile at the Southampton F.C . website - Profile at the Football Association website
|
[
"Crystal Palace"
] |
[
{
"text": " Alex Simon McCarthy ( born 3 December 1989 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for club Southampton and the England national team .",
"title": "Alex McCarthy"
},
{
"text": "A product of Readings Academy , McCarthy spent time out on loan in the Conference Premier before signing professional terms with the club in 2008 . He made his Football League debut in 2009 whilst on loan to Aldershot Town and spent the following season at Yeovil Town before making his Reading debut in 2011 . He has since spent time on loan at Leeds United and Ipswich Town . McCarthy left for Queens Park Rangers in 2014 .",
"title": "Alex McCarthy"
},
{
"text": " At international level McCarthy has represented England and made his debut for the under-21 team in 2010 , appearing three times in total . In November 2018 , he made his debut for the senior team .",
"title": "Alex McCarthy"
},
{
"text": "Born in Guildford , Surrey , McCarthy began his career as a schoolboy at Wimbledon and Wycombe Wanderers before joining Reading on a scholarship at 16 . He was a regular in the Academy team for two years and was part of a group that included several future first-team players including Jem Karacan , Alex Pearce and Gylfi Sigurðsson . His first experience of senior football came in August 2007 on loan at Woking where he made one appearance cover for the injured Nick Gindre . On 26 March 2008 , he joined fellow Conference Premier team Cambridge United on",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "work experience , making his debut two days later in a 3–0 defeat to Kidderminster Harriers . He made no further appearances and returned to Reading before signing his first professional contract in July 2008 . McCarthy moved on loan again on 24 October 2008 , joining Conference South team Team Bath as injury cover . He made his debut the next day in the FA Cup fourth qualifying round against Salisbury City and also played in the first round defeat to Forest Green Rovers , making four appearances in total . Another short loan spell followed with McCarthy joining",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "League Two club Aldershot Town for one month on 2 February 2009 . He made his Football League debut 12 days later in a 3–2 defeat to Exeter City and played three further matches before returning to Reading at the beginning of March .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "At the start of the 2009–10 season McCarthy joined League One club Yeovil on an initial six-month loan and made his debut on 8 August in a 2–0 home win over Tranmere Rovers . A month later he received the first sending-off of his career after fouling Stockport Countys Nicholas Bignall , who was also on loan from Reading . McCarthys loan spell was renewed in January 2010 and again in February , before being extended for the rest of the season on 24 March . Over the course of his spell he played 44 league matches and kept all",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "12 of Yeovils clean sheets . Following his successful loan , McCarthy was given a new three-year contract at Reading , keeping him with the club until 2013 . He again departed on loan in August 2010 , joining Brentford , though he remained there for just one month before being replaced by fellow Reading loanee Ben Hamer .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "After returning from loan at Brentford in September 2010 , McCarthy spent the next five months on the bench as cover for Adam Federici . He eventually made his Reading debut on 19 February 2011 , coming on as a substitute for the injured Federici in the 84th minute against Watford and helping to secure a 1–1 draw . With Federici out for six weeks with knee ligament damage , McCarthy had a run in the team and made his full debut three days later in a 2–1 win over Millwall . In his next outing he saved a penalty",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "against Crystal Palace as Reading twice came from behind to draw the match 3–3 . He also played an important role in the 1–0 FA Cup fifth round win over Everton , producing a late save to deny Leon Osman in a performance described as tremendous by former England manager Kevin Keegan . Despite another strong display in the next round against Manchester City at Eastlands , Reading lost the match 1–0 to a Micah Richards header . He continued in goal until 30 April when he was displaced by a fit again Federici for the 0–0 draw at Coventry",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "City and remained an unused substitute during Readings play-off campaign .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "With Federici remaining the first choice Reading goalkeeper for the 2011–12 season , McCarthy was loaned to Leeds United for a month on 4 November to gain Championship experience . An injury to Andy Lonergan and the indifferent form of Paul Rachubka saw him go straight into the team for the match against Leicester City . He kept a clean sheet on debut as the match ended in a 1–0 win . Further clean sheets against Nottingham Forest and Millwall followed and were enough to keep him in the team ahead of the returning Lonergan . In the last match",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "of his initial spell he saved an injury time penalty against Watford , allowing Leeds to rescue a point with a last minute equaliser . Following the match , he revealed that he was keen on extending his loan at Leeds , with Reading agreeing to renew it for a second month two days later . Ineligible to face his parent club on 17 December , he was replaced by Lonergan and made no further appearances , returning to Reading on 3 January 2012 . He signed a new three-year contract with Reading on 9 January before joining Ipswich Town",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "on loan until the end of the season . On his return to Elland Road with Ipswich he was sent off for handling the ball outside the penalty area with 20 minutes remaining . Ipswich , one goal up at the time , went on to lose the match 3–1 . After 10 appearances , all coming in the league , he returned to Reading at the end of the season .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Again starting the season as second choice goalkeeper , several mistakes and an injury meant McCarthy replaced Adam Federici for the 3–1 defeat by Tottenham Hotspur on 16 September 2012 . After debuting in the Premier League , he achieved the feat of playing in the six top levels of English football at the age of 22 . He retained his place in the team for the next few matches and put in an impressive performance against Swansea City on 6 October leading to suggestions of a senior England call up in the future . His good form continued with",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "a man of the match performance in Readings next match against Queens Park Rangers , firstly tipping Esteban Graneros free-kick onto the crossbar before saving from Adel Taarabt at close range . The match ended badly though as he injured himself colliding with the goal post after diving to stop a Taarabt shot .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Despite initial hopes the injury was not too serious , he was forced to undergo shoulder surgery in early December potentially ruling him out for remainder of the season . He recovered quicker than expected though and returned to the team on 13 April 2013 , keeping a clean sheet in a 0–0 draw with Liverpool . After making ten saves during the match , he was widely praised with his performance described as fantastic by Nigel Adkins and absolutely staggering by Liverpool manager Brendan Rodgers . He remained in goal for the rest of the season , making 14",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "appearances in total .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " 2013–14 season . In the 2013–14 season , McCarthy became first choice keeper , making 44 appearances in the Championship as Reading finished 7th , just missing out on the playoffs .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " On 29 August 2014 , McCarthy joined newly promoted Queens Park Rangers in the Premier League for an undisclosed fee . McCarthy made his Rangers debut at home against Liverpool in a blockbuster narrow 3–2 defeat .",
"title": "Queens Park Rangers"
},
{
"text": " On 23 July 2015 , McCarthy joined Premier League club Crystal Palace for an undisclosed fee , reported to be £3.5 million , on a four-year contract . McCarthy made his Palace debut on 8 August 2015 in a 3–1 win away to Norwich City .",
"title": "Crystal Palace"
},
{
"text": " On 1 August 2016 , he joined Southampton on a three-year contract , for an undisclosed fee . McCarthy was initially used as back-up to regular keeper , Fraser Forster , but on 30 December 2017 he took over from the latter , following the regular goalkeepers drop in form .",
"title": "Southampton"
},
{
"text": "On 27 June 2018 , McCarthy signed a new four-year contract with the club , keeping him on their books until 2020 , and making him one of their highest earning players , reflecting his status as first-choice keeper . However he began the 2019–20 Premier League season as second choice behind Angus Gunn , with manager Ralph Hasenhüttl using McCarthy in the EFL Cup games . He made his first Premier League start of the season in November 2019 after Gunn had conceded nine goals to Leicester City .",
"title": "Southampton"
},
{
"text": " On 3 January 2021 , it was announced that McCarthy had tested positive for COVID-19 . The positive test saw him miss Southamptons 1–0 win over Liverpool .",
"title": "Southampton"
},
{
"text": "McCarthy trained with the England under-19s before joining the under-21 set-up for the first time in September 2009 . He received several further call-ups to the under-21s in 2009–10 and eventually made his debut as a second-half substitute against Uzbekistan in August 2010 . In March 2011 he was named in a 31-man squad to face Denmark and Iceland as preparation for the UEFA European Under-21 Championship . He played a full 90 minutes in the first match and 45 in the second as England won 4–0 and lost 2–1 respectively . He travelled with the squad to championships in",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Denmark but did not play any matches , finishing with three caps at under-21 level .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " In April 2012 , McCarthy was named in the 80-man longlist of potential players for the Great Britain football team at the 2012 Summer Olympics , and in June , he made it down to the shortlist of 35 players provisionally selected for the tournament , although he did not make the final 18 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "In May 2013 he was called up to the England senior team for the friendlies against Republic of Ireland and Brazil , becoming the first Reading youth team graduate to gain a full England call-up since the Academy era began in 1998 , although he did not make an appearance . On 1 September 2016 , he was called up to the senior squad again by Sam Allardyce to replace the injured Fraser Forster for a 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifier against Slovakia .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " In August 2018 , McCarthy was called up for Englands first squad since the 2018 World Cup , for matches against Spain and Switzerland . He made his debut on 15 November as a half-time substitute in Englands 3–0 win over the United States at Wembley Stadium in a friendly match , nearly five and a half years after his first call-up .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " - Football League Young Player of the Month : March 2011 - Southampton Players Player of the Season : 2017–18 - Southampton Fans Player of the Season : 2017–18",
"title": "Individual"
},
{
"text": " - Profile at the Southampton F.C . website - Profile at the Football Association website",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Thomas_Hammarberg#P39#0
|
Which position did Thomas Hammarberg hold between Feb 1982 and Mar 1983?
|
Thomas Hammarberg Thomas Hammarberg ( born 2 January 1942 ) is a Swedish diplomat and human rights defender . He held the post of Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights in Strasbourg from 1 April 2006 to 31 March 2012 . He succeeded the first Commissioner , Álvaro Gil-Robles . Career . Hammarberg was born in Örnsköldsvik . Prior to his appointment , he spent several decades working on the advancement of human rights in Europe and worldwide . He had been Secretary General of the Stockholm-based Olof Palme International Center ( 2002–05 ) , Ambassador of the Swedish Government on Humanitarian Affairs ( 1994–2002 ) , the Secretary General of the NGO Save the Children Sweden ( 1986–92 ) , and Secretary General of Amnesty International ( 1980–86 ) . He received on behalf of Amnesty International the Nobel Peace Prize in 1977 . Between 2001-03 , Hammarberg acted as Regional Adviser for Europe , Central Asia and the Caucasus for the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights . For several years , he was the Swedish Prime Ministers Personal Representative for the UN Special Session on Children , as well as the Convener of the Aspen Institute Roundtables on Human Rights in Peace Missions . Between 1996 and 2000 , he was the appointed representative of the UN Secretary General , Kofi Annan , for human rights in Cambodia . He also participated in the work of the Refugee Working Group of the multilateral Middle East Peace Process . As Commissioner , Hammarberg regularly conducted visits to promote the respect of human rights in all Council of Europe member states , in accordance with his mandate . Upon stepping down as Commissioner , he joined the NGO Mental Disability Advocacy Center as its Honorary President . Member of the Swedish Parliament , 2018–present . Since the 2018 Swedish general election , Hammerberg has been a member of the Swedish Riksdag . In addition to his role in parliament , he has been serving as member of the Swedish delegation to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe since 2019 . As member of the Social Democratic Party , he is part of the Socialists , Democrats and Greens Group . He is currently a member of the Committee on the Honouring of Obligations and Commitments by Member States of the Council of Europe ( Monitoring Committee ) and the Sub-Committee on the Middle East and the Arab World . Alongside Nigel Evans of the United Kingdom , he serves as the Assemblys co-rapporteur on Turkey . Roma rights . Thomas Hammarberg is dedicated to strengthening Sinto and Roma rights in Europe , which he believes are “shamefully flawed” . In a number of speeches and statements , Hammarberg actively seeks to improve living conditions for the largest minority in Europe and criticises the alarming levels of racism directed at these people . Hammarberg paints a clear picture of the situation ; for example , in his latest report on Italy he heavily criticises the Italian authorities over their treatment of Sinti and Roma people . In 2010 , Hammarberg published a comprehensive position paper on the human rights situation of Sinti and Roma , in which he stressed the need for a unified and comprehensive programme aimed at improving the situation , warning that “todays rhetoric against the Roma is alarmingly similar to that used by the Nazis before the mass killings started” . On 27 February 2012 , he published a comprehensive report on the situation of Roma and travellers in Europe , stressing that in many European countries they are still denied basic human rights and suffer blatant racism . In a published letter to the German Chancellor Angela Merkel dating back to 2009 , Hammarberg calls for a halt on deportations to Kosovo in particular , saying that those deported there are exposed to political persecution and are forced to live in camps . He repeated this “urgent recommendation” one year later in a letter to the then German Federal Minister of the Interior , Thomas de Mazière . A special committee organised by Hammarberg described a Roma camp in Kosovo as “a humanitarian catastrophe” . The Human Rights Commissioner also heavily criticised France’s mass deportation of Roma in 2010 . For his resilience and passion in the question of Roma rights , Thomas Hammarberg has been honoured by the Documentation and Cultural Centre and the Central Council of German Sinti and Roma and the Manfred Lautenschlaeger Foundation with the European Civil Rights Prize of the Sinti and Roma in Berlin on 3 April 2012 . Publications . Hammarberg has published widely on various human rights issues , and particularly on the rights of the child , refugee policy , minority issues , xenophobia , islamophobia , Roma rights , LGBT rights in Europe as well as international affairs and security . He is also well known for his presentations and lectures on human rights at various intergovernmental and academic institutions . As Commissioner he has published a series of Viewpoint articles on human rights issues in Europe on the institutions website . He regularly publishes comments focusing on main human rights issues . During his mandate as Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights , Hammarberg has visited and published reports about almost all of the Council of Europe 47 member states . Recognition . On March 9 2012 , Hammarberg received the Amnesty International Chair as a reward for his impressive track record in human rights . The Amnesty Chair is organised by Amnesty International Flanders and the University of Ghent , Belgium . External links . - Commissioner for Human Rights Council of Europe - PalmeCenter - European Civil Rights Prize of the Sinti and Roma
|
[
"Secretary General of Amnesty International"
] |
[
{
"text": " Thomas Hammarberg ( born 2 January 1942 ) is a Swedish diplomat and human rights defender . He held the post of Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights in Strasbourg from 1 April 2006 to 31 March 2012 . He succeeded the first Commissioner , Álvaro Gil-Robles .",
"title": "Thomas Hammarberg"
},
{
"text": " Hammarberg was born in Örnsköldsvik . Prior to his appointment , he spent several decades working on the advancement of human rights in Europe and worldwide . He had been Secretary General of the Stockholm-based Olof Palme International Center ( 2002–05 ) , Ambassador of the Swedish Government on Humanitarian Affairs ( 1994–2002 ) , the Secretary General of the NGO Save the Children Sweden ( 1986–92 ) , and Secretary General of Amnesty International ( 1980–86 ) . He received on behalf of Amnesty International the Nobel Peace Prize in 1977 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Between 2001-03 , Hammarberg acted as Regional Adviser for Europe , Central Asia and the Caucasus for the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights . For several years , he was the Swedish Prime Ministers Personal Representative for the UN Special Session on Children , as well as the Convener of the Aspen Institute Roundtables on Human Rights in Peace Missions . Between 1996 and 2000 , he was the appointed representative of the UN Secretary General , Kofi Annan , for human rights in Cambodia . He also participated in the work of the Refugee Working Group of the",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "multilateral Middle East Peace Process .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " As Commissioner , Hammarberg regularly conducted visits to promote the respect of human rights in all Council of Europe member states , in accordance with his mandate . Upon stepping down as Commissioner , he joined the NGO Mental Disability Advocacy Center as its Honorary President . Member of the Swedish Parliament , 2018–present .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Since the 2018 Swedish general election , Hammerberg has been a member of the Swedish Riksdag . In addition to his role in parliament , he has been serving as member of the Swedish delegation to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe since 2019 . As member of the Social Democratic Party , he is part of the Socialists , Democrats and Greens Group . He is currently a member of the Committee on the Honouring of Obligations and Commitments by Member States of the Council of Europe ( Monitoring Committee ) and the Sub-Committee on the Middle",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "East and the Arab World . Alongside Nigel Evans of the United Kingdom , he serves as the Assemblys co-rapporteur on Turkey .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Thomas Hammarberg is dedicated to strengthening Sinto and Roma rights in Europe , which he believes are “shamefully flawed” . In a number of speeches and statements , Hammarberg actively seeks to improve living conditions for the largest minority in Europe and criticises the alarming levels of racism directed at these people . Hammarberg paints a clear picture of the situation ; for example , in his latest report on Italy he heavily criticises the Italian authorities over their treatment of Sinti and Roma people .",
"title": "Roma rights"
},
{
"text": "In 2010 , Hammarberg published a comprehensive position paper on the human rights situation of Sinti and Roma , in which he stressed the need for a unified and comprehensive programme aimed at improving the situation , warning that “todays rhetoric against the Roma is alarmingly similar to that used by the Nazis before the mass killings started” .",
"title": "Roma rights"
},
{
"text": " On 27 February 2012 , he published a comprehensive report on the situation of Roma and travellers in Europe , stressing that in many European countries they are still denied basic human rights and suffer blatant racism .",
"title": "Roma rights"
},
{
"text": "In a published letter to the German Chancellor Angela Merkel dating back to 2009 , Hammarberg calls for a halt on deportations to Kosovo in particular , saying that those deported there are exposed to political persecution and are forced to live in camps . He repeated this “urgent recommendation” one year later in a letter to the then German Federal Minister of the Interior , Thomas de Mazière . A special committee organised by Hammarberg described a Roma camp in Kosovo as “a humanitarian catastrophe” . The Human Rights Commissioner also heavily criticised France’s mass deportation of Roma in",
"title": "Roma rights"
},
{
"text": "2010 .",
"title": "Roma rights"
},
{
"text": " For his resilience and passion in the question of Roma rights , Thomas Hammarberg has been honoured by the Documentation and Cultural Centre and the Central Council of German Sinti and Roma and the Manfred Lautenschlaeger Foundation with the European Civil Rights Prize of the Sinti and Roma in Berlin on 3 April 2012 .",
"title": "Roma rights"
},
{
"text": " Hammarberg has published widely on various human rights issues , and particularly on the rights of the child , refugee policy , minority issues , xenophobia , islamophobia , Roma rights , LGBT rights in Europe as well as international affairs and security . He is also well known for his presentations and lectures on human rights at various intergovernmental and academic institutions . As Commissioner he has published a series of Viewpoint articles on human rights issues in Europe on the institutions website . He regularly publishes comments focusing on main human rights issues .",
"title": "Publications"
},
{
"text": "During his mandate as Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights , Hammarberg has visited and published reports about almost all of the Council of Europe 47 member states .",
"title": "Publications"
},
{
"text": " On March 9 2012 , Hammarberg received the Amnesty International Chair as a reward for his impressive track record in human rights . The Amnesty Chair is organised by Amnesty International Flanders and the University of Ghent , Belgium .",
"title": "Recognition"
},
{
"text": " - Commissioner for Human Rights Council of Europe - PalmeCenter - European Civil Rights Prize of the Sinti and Roma",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Thomas_Hammarberg#P39#1
|
Which position did Thomas Hammarberg hold after Apr 2020?
|
Thomas Hammarberg Thomas Hammarberg ( born 2 January 1942 ) is a Swedish diplomat and human rights defender . He held the post of Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights in Strasbourg from 1 April 2006 to 31 March 2012 . He succeeded the first Commissioner , Álvaro Gil-Robles . Career . Hammarberg was born in Örnsköldsvik . Prior to his appointment , he spent several decades working on the advancement of human rights in Europe and worldwide . He had been Secretary General of the Stockholm-based Olof Palme International Center ( 2002–05 ) , Ambassador of the Swedish Government on Humanitarian Affairs ( 1994–2002 ) , the Secretary General of the NGO Save the Children Sweden ( 1986–92 ) , and Secretary General of Amnesty International ( 1980–86 ) . He received on behalf of Amnesty International the Nobel Peace Prize in 1977 . Between 2001-03 , Hammarberg acted as Regional Adviser for Europe , Central Asia and the Caucasus for the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights . For several years , he was the Swedish Prime Ministers Personal Representative for the UN Special Session on Children , as well as the Convener of the Aspen Institute Roundtables on Human Rights in Peace Missions . Between 1996 and 2000 , he was the appointed representative of the UN Secretary General , Kofi Annan , for human rights in Cambodia . He also participated in the work of the Refugee Working Group of the multilateral Middle East Peace Process . As Commissioner , Hammarberg regularly conducted visits to promote the respect of human rights in all Council of Europe member states , in accordance with his mandate . Upon stepping down as Commissioner , he joined the NGO Mental Disability Advocacy Center as its Honorary President . Member of the Swedish Parliament , 2018–present . Since the 2018 Swedish general election , Hammerberg has been a member of the Swedish Riksdag . In addition to his role in parliament , he has been serving as member of the Swedish delegation to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe since 2019 . As member of the Social Democratic Party , he is part of the Socialists , Democrats and Greens Group . He is currently a member of the Committee on the Honouring of Obligations and Commitments by Member States of the Council of Europe ( Monitoring Committee ) and the Sub-Committee on the Middle East and the Arab World . Alongside Nigel Evans of the United Kingdom , he serves as the Assemblys co-rapporteur on Turkey . Roma rights . Thomas Hammarberg is dedicated to strengthening Sinto and Roma rights in Europe , which he believes are “shamefully flawed” . In a number of speeches and statements , Hammarberg actively seeks to improve living conditions for the largest minority in Europe and criticises the alarming levels of racism directed at these people . Hammarberg paints a clear picture of the situation ; for example , in his latest report on Italy he heavily criticises the Italian authorities over their treatment of Sinti and Roma people . In 2010 , Hammarberg published a comprehensive position paper on the human rights situation of Sinti and Roma , in which he stressed the need for a unified and comprehensive programme aimed at improving the situation , warning that “todays rhetoric against the Roma is alarmingly similar to that used by the Nazis before the mass killings started” . On 27 February 2012 , he published a comprehensive report on the situation of Roma and travellers in Europe , stressing that in many European countries they are still denied basic human rights and suffer blatant racism . In a published letter to the German Chancellor Angela Merkel dating back to 2009 , Hammarberg calls for a halt on deportations to Kosovo in particular , saying that those deported there are exposed to political persecution and are forced to live in camps . He repeated this “urgent recommendation” one year later in a letter to the then German Federal Minister of the Interior , Thomas de Mazière . A special committee organised by Hammarberg described a Roma camp in Kosovo as “a humanitarian catastrophe” . The Human Rights Commissioner also heavily criticised France’s mass deportation of Roma in 2010 . For his resilience and passion in the question of Roma rights , Thomas Hammarberg has been honoured by the Documentation and Cultural Centre and the Central Council of German Sinti and Roma and the Manfred Lautenschlaeger Foundation with the European Civil Rights Prize of the Sinti and Roma in Berlin on 3 April 2012 . Publications . Hammarberg has published widely on various human rights issues , and particularly on the rights of the child , refugee policy , minority issues , xenophobia , islamophobia , Roma rights , LGBT rights in Europe as well as international affairs and security . He is also well known for his presentations and lectures on human rights at various intergovernmental and academic institutions . As Commissioner he has published a series of Viewpoint articles on human rights issues in Europe on the institutions website . He regularly publishes comments focusing on main human rights issues . During his mandate as Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights , Hammarberg has visited and published reports about almost all of the Council of Europe 47 member states . Recognition . On March 9 2012 , Hammarberg received the Amnesty International Chair as a reward for his impressive track record in human rights . The Amnesty Chair is organised by Amnesty International Flanders and the University of Ghent , Belgium . External links . - Commissioner for Human Rights Council of Europe - PalmeCenter - European Civil Rights Prize of the Sinti and Roma
|
[
"member of the Swedish delegation to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe"
] |
[
{
"text": " Thomas Hammarberg ( born 2 January 1942 ) is a Swedish diplomat and human rights defender . He held the post of Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights in Strasbourg from 1 April 2006 to 31 March 2012 . He succeeded the first Commissioner , Álvaro Gil-Robles .",
"title": "Thomas Hammarberg"
},
{
"text": " Hammarberg was born in Örnsköldsvik . Prior to his appointment , he spent several decades working on the advancement of human rights in Europe and worldwide . He had been Secretary General of the Stockholm-based Olof Palme International Center ( 2002–05 ) , Ambassador of the Swedish Government on Humanitarian Affairs ( 1994–2002 ) , the Secretary General of the NGO Save the Children Sweden ( 1986–92 ) , and Secretary General of Amnesty International ( 1980–86 ) . He received on behalf of Amnesty International the Nobel Peace Prize in 1977 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Between 2001-03 , Hammarberg acted as Regional Adviser for Europe , Central Asia and the Caucasus for the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights . For several years , he was the Swedish Prime Ministers Personal Representative for the UN Special Session on Children , as well as the Convener of the Aspen Institute Roundtables on Human Rights in Peace Missions . Between 1996 and 2000 , he was the appointed representative of the UN Secretary General , Kofi Annan , for human rights in Cambodia . He also participated in the work of the Refugee Working Group of the",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "multilateral Middle East Peace Process .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " As Commissioner , Hammarberg regularly conducted visits to promote the respect of human rights in all Council of Europe member states , in accordance with his mandate . Upon stepping down as Commissioner , he joined the NGO Mental Disability Advocacy Center as its Honorary President . Member of the Swedish Parliament , 2018–present .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Since the 2018 Swedish general election , Hammerberg has been a member of the Swedish Riksdag . In addition to his role in parliament , he has been serving as member of the Swedish delegation to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe since 2019 . As member of the Social Democratic Party , he is part of the Socialists , Democrats and Greens Group . He is currently a member of the Committee on the Honouring of Obligations and Commitments by Member States of the Council of Europe ( Monitoring Committee ) and the Sub-Committee on the Middle",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "East and the Arab World . Alongside Nigel Evans of the United Kingdom , he serves as the Assemblys co-rapporteur on Turkey .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Thomas Hammarberg is dedicated to strengthening Sinto and Roma rights in Europe , which he believes are “shamefully flawed” . In a number of speeches and statements , Hammarberg actively seeks to improve living conditions for the largest minority in Europe and criticises the alarming levels of racism directed at these people . Hammarberg paints a clear picture of the situation ; for example , in his latest report on Italy he heavily criticises the Italian authorities over their treatment of Sinti and Roma people .",
"title": "Roma rights"
},
{
"text": "In 2010 , Hammarberg published a comprehensive position paper on the human rights situation of Sinti and Roma , in which he stressed the need for a unified and comprehensive programme aimed at improving the situation , warning that “todays rhetoric against the Roma is alarmingly similar to that used by the Nazis before the mass killings started” .",
"title": "Roma rights"
},
{
"text": " On 27 February 2012 , he published a comprehensive report on the situation of Roma and travellers in Europe , stressing that in many European countries they are still denied basic human rights and suffer blatant racism .",
"title": "Roma rights"
},
{
"text": "In a published letter to the German Chancellor Angela Merkel dating back to 2009 , Hammarberg calls for a halt on deportations to Kosovo in particular , saying that those deported there are exposed to political persecution and are forced to live in camps . He repeated this “urgent recommendation” one year later in a letter to the then German Federal Minister of the Interior , Thomas de Mazière . A special committee organised by Hammarberg described a Roma camp in Kosovo as “a humanitarian catastrophe” . The Human Rights Commissioner also heavily criticised France’s mass deportation of Roma in",
"title": "Roma rights"
},
{
"text": "2010 .",
"title": "Roma rights"
},
{
"text": " For his resilience and passion in the question of Roma rights , Thomas Hammarberg has been honoured by the Documentation and Cultural Centre and the Central Council of German Sinti and Roma and the Manfred Lautenschlaeger Foundation with the European Civil Rights Prize of the Sinti and Roma in Berlin on 3 April 2012 .",
"title": "Roma rights"
},
{
"text": " Hammarberg has published widely on various human rights issues , and particularly on the rights of the child , refugee policy , minority issues , xenophobia , islamophobia , Roma rights , LGBT rights in Europe as well as international affairs and security . He is also well known for his presentations and lectures on human rights at various intergovernmental and academic institutions . As Commissioner he has published a series of Viewpoint articles on human rights issues in Europe on the institutions website . He regularly publishes comments focusing on main human rights issues .",
"title": "Publications"
},
{
"text": "During his mandate as Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights , Hammarberg has visited and published reports about almost all of the Council of Europe 47 member states .",
"title": "Publications"
},
{
"text": " On March 9 2012 , Hammarberg received the Amnesty International Chair as a reward for his impressive track record in human rights . The Amnesty Chair is organised by Amnesty International Flanders and the University of Ghent , Belgium .",
"title": "Recognition"
},
{
"text": " - Commissioner for Human Rights Council of Europe - PalmeCenter - European Civil Rights Prize of the Sinti and Roma",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Thomas_Hammarberg#P39#2
|
Which position did Thomas Hammarberg hold in May 1970?
|
Thomas Hammarberg Thomas Hammarberg ( born 2 January 1942 ) is a Swedish diplomat and human rights defender . He held the post of Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights in Strasbourg from 1 April 2006 to 31 March 2012 . He succeeded the first Commissioner , Álvaro Gil-Robles . Career . Hammarberg was born in Örnsköldsvik . Prior to his appointment , he spent several decades working on the advancement of human rights in Europe and worldwide . He had been Secretary General of the Stockholm-based Olof Palme International Center ( 2002–05 ) , Ambassador of the Swedish Government on Humanitarian Affairs ( 1994–2002 ) , the Secretary General of the NGO Save the Children Sweden ( 1986–92 ) , and Secretary General of Amnesty International ( 1980–86 ) . He received on behalf of Amnesty International the Nobel Peace Prize in 1977 . Between 2001-03 , Hammarberg acted as Regional Adviser for Europe , Central Asia and the Caucasus for the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights . For several years , he was the Swedish Prime Ministers Personal Representative for the UN Special Session on Children , as well as the Convener of the Aspen Institute Roundtables on Human Rights in Peace Missions . Between 1996 and 2000 , he was the appointed representative of the UN Secretary General , Kofi Annan , for human rights in Cambodia . He also participated in the work of the Refugee Working Group of the multilateral Middle East Peace Process . As Commissioner , Hammarberg regularly conducted visits to promote the respect of human rights in all Council of Europe member states , in accordance with his mandate . Upon stepping down as Commissioner , he joined the NGO Mental Disability Advocacy Center as its Honorary President . Member of the Swedish Parliament , 2018–present . Since the 2018 Swedish general election , Hammerberg has been a member of the Swedish Riksdag . In addition to his role in parliament , he has been serving as member of the Swedish delegation to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe since 2019 . As member of the Social Democratic Party , he is part of the Socialists , Democrats and Greens Group . He is currently a member of the Committee on the Honouring of Obligations and Commitments by Member States of the Council of Europe ( Monitoring Committee ) and the Sub-Committee on the Middle East and the Arab World . Alongside Nigel Evans of the United Kingdom , he serves as the Assemblys co-rapporteur on Turkey . Roma rights . Thomas Hammarberg is dedicated to strengthening Sinto and Roma rights in Europe , which he believes are “shamefully flawed” . In a number of speeches and statements , Hammarberg actively seeks to improve living conditions for the largest minority in Europe and criticises the alarming levels of racism directed at these people . Hammarberg paints a clear picture of the situation ; for example , in his latest report on Italy he heavily criticises the Italian authorities over their treatment of Sinti and Roma people . In 2010 , Hammarberg published a comprehensive position paper on the human rights situation of Sinti and Roma , in which he stressed the need for a unified and comprehensive programme aimed at improving the situation , warning that “todays rhetoric against the Roma is alarmingly similar to that used by the Nazis before the mass killings started” . On 27 February 2012 , he published a comprehensive report on the situation of Roma and travellers in Europe , stressing that in many European countries they are still denied basic human rights and suffer blatant racism . In a published letter to the German Chancellor Angela Merkel dating back to 2009 , Hammarberg calls for a halt on deportations to Kosovo in particular , saying that those deported there are exposed to political persecution and are forced to live in camps . He repeated this “urgent recommendation” one year later in a letter to the then German Federal Minister of the Interior , Thomas de Mazière . A special committee organised by Hammarberg described a Roma camp in Kosovo as “a humanitarian catastrophe” . The Human Rights Commissioner also heavily criticised France’s mass deportation of Roma in 2010 . For his resilience and passion in the question of Roma rights , Thomas Hammarberg has been honoured by the Documentation and Cultural Centre and the Central Council of German Sinti and Roma and the Manfred Lautenschlaeger Foundation with the European Civil Rights Prize of the Sinti and Roma in Berlin on 3 April 2012 . Publications . Hammarberg has published widely on various human rights issues , and particularly on the rights of the child , refugee policy , minority issues , xenophobia , islamophobia , Roma rights , LGBT rights in Europe as well as international affairs and security . He is also well known for his presentations and lectures on human rights at various intergovernmental and academic institutions . As Commissioner he has published a series of Viewpoint articles on human rights issues in Europe on the institutions website . He regularly publishes comments focusing on main human rights issues . During his mandate as Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights , Hammarberg has visited and published reports about almost all of the Council of Europe 47 member states . Recognition . On March 9 2012 , Hammarberg received the Amnesty International Chair as a reward for his impressive track record in human rights . The Amnesty Chair is organised by Amnesty International Flanders and the University of Ghent , Belgium . External links . - Commissioner for Human Rights Council of Europe - PalmeCenter - European Civil Rights Prize of the Sinti and Roma
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Thomas Hammarberg ( born 2 January 1942 ) is a Swedish diplomat and human rights defender . He held the post of Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights in Strasbourg from 1 April 2006 to 31 March 2012 . He succeeded the first Commissioner , Álvaro Gil-Robles .",
"title": "Thomas Hammarberg"
},
{
"text": " Hammarberg was born in Örnsköldsvik . Prior to his appointment , he spent several decades working on the advancement of human rights in Europe and worldwide . He had been Secretary General of the Stockholm-based Olof Palme International Center ( 2002–05 ) , Ambassador of the Swedish Government on Humanitarian Affairs ( 1994–2002 ) , the Secretary General of the NGO Save the Children Sweden ( 1986–92 ) , and Secretary General of Amnesty International ( 1980–86 ) . He received on behalf of Amnesty International the Nobel Peace Prize in 1977 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Between 2001-03 , Hammarberg acted as Regional Adviser for Europe , Central Asia and the Caucasus for the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights . For several years , he was the Swedish Prime Ministers Personal Representative for the UN Special Session on Children , as well as the Convener of the Aspen Institute Roundtables on Human Rights in Peace Missions . Between 1996 and 2000 , he was the appointed representative of the UN Secretary General , Kofi Annan , for human rights in Cambodia . He also participated in the work of the Refugee Working Group of the",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "multilateral Middle East Peace Process .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " As Commissioner , Hammarberg regularly conducted visits to promote the respect of human rights in all Council of Europe member states , in accordance with his mandate . Upon stepping down as Commissioner , he joined the NGO Mental Disability Advocacy Center as its Honorary President . Member of the Swedish Parliament , 2018–present .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Since the 2018 Swedish general election , Hammerberg has been a member of the Swedish Riksdag . In addition to his role in parliament , he has been serving as member of the Swedish delegation to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe since 2019 . As member of the Social Democratic Party , he is part of the Socialists , Democrats and Greens Group . He is currently a member of the Committee on the Honouring of Obligations and Commitments by Member States of the Council of Europe ( Monitoring Committee ) and the Sub-Committee on the Middle",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "East and the Arab World . Alongside Nigel Evans of the United Kingdom , he serves as the Assemblys co-rapporteur on Turkey .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Thomas Hammarberg is dedicated to strengthening Sinto and Roma rights in Europe , which he believes are “shamefully flawed” . In a number of speeches and statements , Hammarberg actively seeks to improve living conditions for the largest minority in Europe and criticises the alarming levels of racism directed at these people . Hammarberg paints a clear picture of the situation ; for example , in his latest report on Italy he heavily criticises the Italian authorities over their treatment of Sinti and Roma people .",
"title": "Roma rights"
},
{
"text": "In 2010 , Hammarberg published a comprehensive position paper on the human rights situation of Sinti and Roma , in which he stressed the need for a unified and comprehensive programme aimed at improving the situation , warning that “todays rhetoric against the Roma is alarmingly similar to that used by the Nazis before the mass killings started” .",
"title": "Roma rights"
},
{
"text": " On 27 February 2012 , he published a comprehensive report on the situation of Roma and travellers in Europe , stressing that in many European countries they are still denied basic human rights and suffer blatant racism .",
"title": "Roma rights"
},
{
"text": "In a published letter to the German Chancellor Angela Merkel dating back to 2009 , Hammarberg calls for a halt on deportations to Kosovo in particular , saying that those deported there are exposed to political persecution and are forced to live in camps . He repeated this “urgent recommendation” one year later in a letter to the then German Federal Minister of the Interior , Thomas de Mazière . A special committee organised by Hammarberg described a Roma camp in Kosovo as “a humanitarian catastrophe” . The Human Rights Commissioner also heavily criticised France’s mass deportation of Roma in",
"title": "Roma rights"
},
{
"text": "2010 .",
"title": "Roma rights"
},
{
"text": " For his resilience and passion in the question of Roma rights , Thomas Hammarberg has been honoured by the Documentation and Cultural Centre and the Central Council of German Sinti and Roma and the Manfred Lautenschlaeger Foundation with the European Civil Rights Prize of the Sinti and Roma in Berlin on 3 April 2012 .",
"title": "Roma rights"
},
{
"text": " Hammarberg has published widely on various human rights issues , and particularly on the rights of the child , refugee policy , minority issues , xenophobia , islamophobia , Roma rights , LGBT rights in Europe as well as international affairs and security . He is also well known for his presentations and lectures on human rights at various intergovernmental and academic institutions . As Commissioner he has published a series of Viewpoint articles on human rights issues in Europe on the institutions website . He regularly publishes comments focusing on main human rights issues .",
"title": "Publications"
},
{
"text": "During his mandate as Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights , Hammarberg has visited and published reports about almost all of the Council of Europe 47 member states .",
"title": "Publications"
},
{
"text": " On March 9 2012 , Hammarberg received the Amnesty International Chair as a reward for his impressive track record in human rights . The Amnesty Chair is organised by Amnesty International Flanders and the University of Ghent , Belgium .",
"title": "Recognition"
},
{
"text": " - Commissioner for Human Rights Council of Europe - PalmeCenter - European Civil Rights Prize of the Sinti and Roma",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Baconsthorpe_Castle#P127#0
|
Who owned Baconsthorpe Castle between Nov 1478 and Dec 1478?
|
Baconsthorpe Castle Baconsthorpe Castle , historically known as Baconsthorpe Hall , is a ruined , fortified manor house near the village of Baconsthorpe , Norfolk , England . It was established in the 15th century on the site of a former manor hall , probably by John Heydon I and his father , William . John was an ambitious lawyer with many enemies , and built a tall , fortified house , but his descendants became wealthy sheep farmers and , less worried about any attack , developed the property into a more elegant , courtyard house , complete with a nearby deer park . Remains . By the end of the 16th century , the Heydons were spending beyond their means and the castle had to be mortgaged ; nonetheless , new formal gardens and a decorative mere were built alongside the house . Sir John Heydon III fought alongside the Royalists during the English Civil War and in retaliation was declared delinquent by Parliament in 1646 . His fortunes did not recover and he began to demolish Baconsthorpe in 1650 in order to sell off its stonework . The outer gatehouse was turned into a private home and continued to be occupied until 1920 , when one of its turrets collapsed . In the 21st century , the ruins of the castle are managed by English Heritage and open to visitors . The remains of the castle comprise a moated inner court and mere to the north , with an outer court and an outermost court to the south . The main surviving buildings are the inner , fortified gatehouse , dating from the 15th century ; the long building , used for wool manufacture ; and the outer gatehouse , first built in the 16th century but considerably altered in later years . The outermost court holds part of the original barn , a large building that would have symbolised the Heydons lordship of the manor . History . 15th century . Baconsthorpe Castle was established by the Heydon family in the 15th century . The village of Baconsthorpe lay between Holt and Norwich , and was named after the local Bacon family . The village had two manor houses , the first in the main village and the other , called Wood Hall , on the outskirts . William Baxton had come from a relatively humble background , but by around 1400 he had bought the Bacon familys lands in the area , including half of the Wood Hall estate . William probably began the construction of the castle , then termed Baconsthorpe Hall , starting to construct the moated platform and the inner gatehouse around 1460 . Williams son , John Heydon I , continued to develop the property and acquire more land around the area , changing his family name in the process to disguise his lower social origin . John was initially the political client of the William de la Pole , the Duke of Suffolk ; after the dukes death , John Dudley , the Earl of Warwick became his next patron . John was an ambitious lawyer , and came to be hated and feared across the region as his power increased . By the time of his death in 1479 , the inner gatehouse was completed and work on the courtyard house begun , creating the basis of a tall , fortified house . The castle demonstrated Johns political aspirations , and was intended to impress his peers in the region . Sir Henry Heydon continued his fathers work on the castle . Henry married into London money and became a wealthy sheep farmer , being knighted in 1485 . He completed the castles main house , service court and the north-east tower . In the process , perhaps being less worried than his father about any attack on his property , he altered the character of Baconthorpe to produce what the historians Jacky Hall and Paul Drury term an upmarket , courtyard house . 16th century . Over the course of the 16th century , the Heydons became one of the leading families in Norfolk , marrying well , practising law and enjoying the profits from their sheep and the wool trade – their products were sold in England and also exported to the Netherlands . Sir John Heydon II inherited Baconsthorpe in 1504 but primarily lived at Saxlingham ; after a pause in construction , he finished the construction of Baconsthorpes north court and turned the east range of the castle into a wool factory before his death in 1550 . His son , Sir Christopher I , then built the outer gatehouse and barn around 1560 , and in 1561 was formally given a licence to crenellate the castle to create a deer park alongside the castle . The Heydons lived in lavish style , Sir Christopher maintaining a household of 80 servants and a coach with two horses . The castle was inherited by Sir William Heydon II in 1579 , but by now the wool trade was in decline and the family was building up debts . Sir William sold off parts of the estate to cover his fathers debts , but Williams business projects in London failed and he was forced to sell off further lands . Baconsthorpe was mortgaged and , under pressure from his creditors , William attempted to sell part of the estate in 1590 . His son , Sir Christopher II , disagreed with this plan to dispose of what he regarded as his inheritance , and the father and son fell out . William threatened to demolish the castle , Christopher appealed to the Privy Council , and the matter went to court in 1593 , a few months before Williams death the same year . Once he had inherited Baconsthorpe , Christopher renovated the inner gatehouse and created a large mere and a formal garden around the south-east side of the castle , although he mainly resided at Saxlingham . Christopher had little interest in business , preferring to engage in military pursuits and to study astrology – he hosted the mathematician Henry Briggs and the astronomer John Bainbridge at Baconsthorpe . Christopher had inherited debts of £11,000 from his father , in addition to his own debts of £3,000 , and was fined £2,000 for his part in Essexs Rebellion of 1601 . His financial situation did not improve and first Baconsthorpe , and then his other estates , had to be mortgaged . 17th – 21st centuries . Baconsthorpe passed to Christophers eldest son Sir William in 1623 , but William died four years later during the Île de Ré expedition , leaving it to his younger brother , Sir John III . John became the Lieutenant General of the Ordnance and , when civil war broke out in 1642 , he fought on the side of King Charles I . In response , Parliament seized his lands and he was declared delinquent in 1646 . He bought his estates back , but began to demolish Baconsthorpe around 1650 in order to sell off the stonework . John died in debt in 1653 , leaving the castle to his son , Charles Heydon , who continued to dispose of the stone : 29 cartloads were sold the following year for £30 , for reuse at Felbrigg Hall . Charles brother , William Heydon III , sold the estate to a Mr Bridges , and then onward to a doctor called Zurishaddai Lang , who lived in the outer gatehouse . The Norfolk landowner John Thruston Mott bought the estate in 1801 , and the gatehouse continued to be occupied until 1920 , when one of the turrets collapsed . Although the mere was still water-filled in 1839 , it was subsequently drained . In 1940 , the castles owner , the politician Sir Charles Mott-Radclyffe , placed the site into the care of the Ministry of Public Works . In the 1950s and 1960s , the site was cleared of ivy and other vegetation , the stonework consolidated and archaeologically surveyed , before being opened to the public . The mere was dredged and reflooded in 1972 , with further archaeological excavations carried out . In the 21st century , Baconsthorpe Castle is managed by English Heritage and protected under UK law as a Grade I and Grade II listed building , and as a scheduled monument . Architecture . Baconsthorpe Castle is located north of Baconthorpe village in a valley formed by the River Glaven , approached on the remains of a raised causeway from the south . The site comprises a moated inner court and mere to the north , with an outer and an outermost court to the south . During the 16th century , the surrounding area would have formed pasture for sheep , although it is now primarily used for arable farming . Outer and outermostcourts . The outer and outermost courts lie progressively to the south of the outer court of the castle . The outermost court currently forms part of a farmyard and is now subdivided by a low wall . A 16th-century barn lines the western edge of the court . The barn is now in size , but was originally possibly up to long , with three sets of large cart doors . The barn was intended both to impress visitors and to symbolize the Heydons lordship of the manor , and the exterior facings of the barn are superior on the south and east sides where they would have been seen by those entering the castle . A row of cottages would originally have faced the barn on the other side of the court . The ruined outer gatehouse that forms the entrance to the outer court was built from expensive knapped flint in a Perpendicular Gothic style . It comprised a gate-passage , with rooms and octagonal turrets on either side and a large chamber on the first floor . When it was converted into a house in the 17th century , the gatehouse was heavily altered : a three-storey porch was added onto the front along with wings on either side , and additional rooms at the back of the building , but the porch was later removed in the early 19th century , when crenellations were added . A wall would originally have run around the outside of the outer court , which was used as a walled garden after the conversion of the gatehouse . Inner court . The inner court rests on a square earth platform across , surrounded by a water-filled moat up to wide . The eastern edge of the moat meets with the 16th-century mere , approximately across , which is fed by two streams and dammed on the eastern side . Beyond the mere there are the remains of a large , dammed pond , across , which may originally have been designed to be a decorative water feature intended to be viewed from the castle . A bridge on the south side links the inner and outer courts ; originally the second half of the bridge formed a protective drawbridge . The inner court is in size , surrounded by an external curtain wall up to tall in places , protected by seven square and circular mural towers . The main entrance was through the southern bridge and the inner gatehouse , but the central north tower also originally held a postern gate , leading to another bridge over the northern edge of the moat , of which only the brick pier foundations survive . The castle was protected with gun loops : six double embrasures to the west of the gatehouse , a gun loop in the north-west square tower , and several larger gun loops in the northern section of the curtain wall . Inside the court , gun loops in the cellar beneath the hall covered the entrance itself . The military-inspired design of the inner court drew on earlier medieval architectural traditions , and was intended to reinforce the Heydons status and symbolise their aspirations to nobility . The inner gatehouse is three storeys high , and like the rest of the inner court , constructed of flint rubble and brick , faced with knapped flint . It has a gate-passage with a two-storey vaulted porch ; two sets of chambers lay on either side of the passage , probably forming living space for the steward and the porter , and the rooms above were fitted with fireplaces , garderobes and a small chapel , to form a set of high quality , luxurious living space , possibly for the Heydons or members of their family . The building could have been defended in the case of an attack . The south-west corner of the inner court held a courtyard house , which was attached to the gatehouse and would have incorporated the castles great hall . The northern part of the court would have probably formed a separate , private garden during the later period . The north-east side of the inner court formed a service court , with kitchens and similar facilities , including a well . The eastern side of the inner court was adapted for the wool industry in the 16th century . This included the construction of a long building along the curtain wall , two storeys high , . This was used for processing wool , with a turnstile at the north end for shearing sheep , and space on the first floor for weavers and finishers ; the southern end may have held a wooden sink for washing wool , or alternatively been a drying floor and granary for the castles brewhouse and bakehouse . The three-storey north-east tower was also later used for processing wool , including fulling . Garden . To the south-east off the inner court are the remaining earthworks of a formal garden on a raised platform , across . The garden had a raised walkway round a square pond , in size .
|
[
"John Heydon I"
] |
[
{
"text": "Baconsthorpe Castle , historically known as Baconsthorpe Hall , is a ruined , fortified manor house near the village of Baconsthorpe , Norfolk , England . It was established in the 15th century on the site of a former manor hall , probably by John Heydon I and his father , William . John was an ambitious lawyer with many enemies , and built a tall , fortified house , but his descendants became wealthy sheep farmers and , less worried about any attack , developed the property into a more elegant , courtyard house , complete with a nearby",
"title": "Baconsthorpe Castle"
},
{
"text": "deer park .",
"title": "Baconsthorpe Castle"
},
{
"text": "By the end of the 16th century , the Heydons were spending beyond their means and the castle had to be mortgaged ; nonetheless , new formal gardens and a decorative mere were built alongside the house . Sir John Heydon III fought alongside the Royalists during the English Civil War and in retaliation was declared delinquent by Parliament in 1646 . His fortunes did not recover and he began to demolish Baconsthorpe in 1650 in order to sell off its stonework . The outer gatehouse was turned into a private home and continued to be occupied until 1920 ,",
"title": "Remains"
},
{
"text": "when one of its turrets collapsed . In the 21st century , the ruins of the castle are managed by English Heritage and open to visitors .",
"title": "Remains"
},
{
"text": " The remains of the castle comprise a moated inner court and mere to the north , with an outer court and an outermost court to the south . The main surviving buildings are the inner , fortified gatehouse , dating from the 15th century ; the long building , used for wool manufacture ; and the outer gatehouse , first built in the 16th century but considerably altered in later years . The outermost court holds part of the original barn , a large building that would have symbolised the Heydons lordship of the manor .",
"title": "Remains"
},
{
"text": "Baconsthorpe Castle was established by the Heydon family in the 15th century . The village of Baconsthorpe lay between Holt and Norwich , and was named after the local Bacon family . The village had two manor houses , the first in the main village and the other , called Wood Hall , on the outskirts . William Baxton had come from a relatively humble background , but by around 1400 he had bought the Bacon familys lands in the area , including half of the Wood Hall estate . William probably began the construction of the castle , then",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "termed Baconsthorpe Hall , starting to construct the moated platform and the inner gatehouse around 1460 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Williams son , John Heydon I , continued to develop the property and acquire more land around the area , changing his family name in the process to disguise his lower social origin . John was initially the political client of the William de la Pole , the Duke of Suffolk ; after the dukes death , John Dudley , the Earl of Warwick became his next patron . John was an ambitious lawyer , and came to be hated and feared across the region as his power increased . By the time of his death in 1479 , the",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "inner gatehouse was completed and work on the courtyard house begun , creating the basis of a tall , fortified house . The castle demonstrated Johns political aspirations , and was intended to impress his peers in the region .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Sir Henry Heydon continued his fathers work on the castle . Henry married into London money and became a wealthy sheep farmer , being knighted in 1485 . He completed the castles main house , service court and the north-east tower . In the process , perhaps being less worried than his father about any attack on his property , he altered the character of Baconthorpe to produce what the historians Jacky Hall and Paul Drury term an upmarket , courtyard house . 16th century .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Over the course of the 16th century , the Heydons became one of the leading families in Norfolk , marrying well , practising law and enjoying the profits from their sheep and the wool trade – their products were sold in England and also exported to the Netherlands . Sir John Heydon II inherited Baconsthorpe in 1504 but primarily lived at Saxlingham ; after a pause in construction , he finished the construction of Baconsthorpes north court and turned the east range of the castle into a wool factory before his death in 1550 . His son , Sir Christopher",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "I , then built the outer gatehouse and barn around 1560 , and in 1561 was formally given a licence to crenellate the castle to create a deer park alongside the castle . The Heydons lived in lavish style , Sir Christopher maintaining a household of 80 servants and a coach with two horses .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The castle was inherited by Sir William Heydon II in 1579 , but by now the wool trade was in decline and the family was building up debts . Sir William sold off parts of the estate to cover his fathers debts , but Williams business projects in London failed and he was forced to sell off further lands . Baconsthorpe was mortgaged and , under pressure from his creditors , William attempted to sell part of the estate in 1590 . His son , Sir Christopher II , disagreed with this plan to dispose of what he regarded as",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "his inheritance , and the father and son fell out . William threatened to demolish the castle , Christopher appealed to the Privy Council , and the matter went to court in 1593 , a few months before Williams death the same year .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Once he had inherited Baconsthorpe , Christopher renovated the inner gatehouse and created a large mere and a formal garden around the south-east side of the castle , although he mainly resided at Saxlingham . Christopher had little interest in business , preferring to engage in military pursuits and to study astrology – he hosted the mathematician Henry Briggs and the astronomer John Bainbridge at Baconsthorpe . Christopher had inherited debts of £11,000 from his father , in addition to his own debts of £3,000 , and was fined £2,000 for his part in Essexs Rebellion of 1601 . His",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "financial situation did not improve and first Baconsthorpe , and then his other estates , had to be mortgaged .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Baconsthorpe passed to Christophers eldest son Sir William in 1623 , but William died four years later during the Île de Ré expedition , leaving it to his younger brother , Sir John III . John became the Lieutenant General of the Ordnance and , when civil war broke out in 1642 , he fought on the side of King Charles I . In response , Parliament seized his lands and he was declared delinquent in 1646 . He bought his estates back , but began to demolish Baconsthorpe around 1650 in order to sell off the stonework .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "John died in debt in 1653 , leaving the castle to his son , Charles Heydon , who continued to dispose of the stone : 29 cartloads were sold the following year for £30 , for reuse at Felbrigg Hall . Charles brother , William Heydon III , sold the estate to a Mr Bridges , and then onward to a doctor called Zurishaddai Lang , who lived in the outer gatehouse . The Norfolk landowner John Thruston Mott bought the estate in 1801 , and the gatehouse continued to be occupied until 1920 , when one of the turrets",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "collapsed . Although the mere was still water-filled in 1839 , it was subsequently drained .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1940 , the castles owner , the politician Sir Charles Mott-Radclyffe , placed the site into the care of the Ministry of Public Works . In the 1950s and 1960s , the site was cleared of ivy and other vegetation , the stonework consolidated and archaeologically surveyed , before being opened to the public . The mere was dredged and reflooded in 1972 , with further archaeological excavations carried out . In the 21st century , Baconsthorpe Castle is managed by English Heritage and protected under UK law as a Grade I and Grade II listed building , and",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "as a scheduled monument .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Baconsthorpe Castle is located north of Baconthorpe village in a valley formed by the River Glaven , approached on the remains of a raised causeway from the south . The site comprises a moated inner court and mere to the north , with an outer and an outermost court to the south . During the 16th century , the surrounding area would have formed pasture for sheep , although it is now primarily used for arable farming .",
"title": "Architecture"
},
{
"text": "The outer and outermost courts lie progressively to the south of the outer court of the castle . The outermost court currently forms part of a farmyard and is now subdivided by a low wall . A 16th-century barn lines the western edge of the court . The barn is now in size , but was originally possibly up to long , with three sets of large cart doors . The barn was intended both to impress visitors and to symbolize the Heydons lordship of the manor , and the exterior facings of the barn are superior on the south",
"title": "Outer and outermostcourts"
},
{
"text": "and east sides where they would have been seen by those entering the castle . A row of cottages would originally have faced the barn on the other side of the court .",
"title": "Outer and outermostcourts"
},
{
"text": "The ruined outer gatehouse that forms the entrance to the outer court was built from expensive knapped flint in a Perpendicular Gothic style . It comprised a gate-passage , with rooms and octagonal turrets on either side and a large chamber on the first floor . When it was converted into a house in the 17th century , the gatehouse was heavily altered : a three-storey porch was added onto the front along with wings on either side , and additional rooms at the back of the building , but the porch was later removed in the early 19th century",
"title": "Outer and outermostcourts"
},
{
"text": ", when crenellations were added . A wall would originally have run around the outside of the outer court , which was used as a walled garden after the conversion of the gatehouse .",
"title": "Outer and outermostcourts"
},
{
"text": "The inner court rests on a square earth platform across , surrounded by a water-filled moat up to wide . The eastern edge of the moat meets with the 16th-century mere , approximately across , which is fed by two streams and dammed on the eastern side . Beyond the mere there are the remains of a large , dammed pond , across , which may originally have been designed to be a decorative water feature intended to be viewed from the castle . A bridge on the south side links the inner and outer courts ; originally the second",
"title": "Inner court"
},
{
"text": "half of the bridge formed a protective drawbridge .",
"title": "Inner court"
},
{
"text": "The inner court is in size , surrounded by an external curtain wall up to tall in places , protected by seven square and circular mural towers . The main entrance was through the southern bridge and the inner gatehouse , but the central north tower also originally held a postern gate , leading to another bridge over the northern edge of the moat , of which only the brick pier foundations survive . The castle was protected with gun loops : six double embrasures to the west of the gatehouse , a gun loop in the north-west square tower",
"title": "Inner court"
},
{
"text": ", and several larger gun loops in the northern section of the curtain wall . Inside the court , gun loops in the cellar beneath the hall covered the entrance itself . The military-inspired design of the inner court drew on earlier medieval architectural traditions , and was intended to reinforce the Heydons status and symbolise their aspirations to nobility .",
"title": "Inner court"
},
{
"text": "The inner gatehouse is three storeys high , and like the rest of the inner court , constructed of flint rubble and brick , faced with knapped flint . It has a gate-passage with a two-storey vaulted porch ; two sets of chambers lay on either side of the passage , probably forming living space for the steward and the porter , and the rooms above were fitted with fireplaces , garderobes and a small chapel , to form a set of high quality , luxurious living space , possibly for the Heydons or members of their family . The",
"title": "Inner court"
},
{
"text": "building could have been defended in the case of an attack . The south-west corner of the inner court held a courtyard house , which was attached to the gatehouse and would have incorporated the castles great hall . The northern part of the court would have probably formed a separate , private garden during the later period .",
"title": "Inner court"
},
{
"text": "The north-east side of the inner court formed a service court , with kitchens and similar facilities , including a well . The eastern side of the inner court was adapted for the wool industry in the 16th century . This included the construction of a long building along the curtain wall , two storeys high , . This was used for processing wool , with a turnstile at the north end for shearing sheep , and space on the first floor for weavers and finishers ; the southern end may have held a wooden sink for washing wool ,",
"title": "Inner court"
},
{
"text": "or alternatively been a drying floor and granary for the castles brewhouse and bakehouse . The three-storey north-east tower was also later used for processing wool , including fulling .",
"title": "Inner court"
},
{
"text": " To the south-east off the inner court are the remaining earthworks of a formal garden on a raised platform , across . The garden had a raised walkway round a square pond , in size .",
"title": "Garden"
}
] |
/wiki/Baconsthorpe_Castle#P127#1
|
Who owned Baconsthorpe Castle between Dec 1503 and Dec 1503?
|
Baconsthorpe Castle Baconsthorpe Castle , historically known as Baconsthorpe Hall , is a ruined , fortified manor house near the village of Baconsthorpe , Norfolk , England . It was established in the 15th century on the site of a former manor hall , probably by John Heydon I and his father , William . John was an ambitious lawyer with many enemies , and built a tall , fortified house , but his descendants became wealthy sheep farmers and , less worried about any attack , developed the property into a more elegant , courtyard house , complete with a nearby deer park . Remains . By the end of the 16th century , the Heydons were spending beyond their means and the castle had to be mortgaged ; nonetheless , new formal gardens and a decorative mere were built alongside the house . Sir John Heydon III fought alongside the Royalists during the English Civil War and in retaliation was declared delinquent by Parliament in 1646 . His fortunes did not recover and he began to demolish Baconsthorpe in 1650 in order to sell off its stonework . The outer gatehouse was turned into a private home and continued to be occupied until 1920 , when one of its turrets collapsed . In the 21st century , the ruins of the castle are managed by English Heritage and open to visitors . The remains of the castle comprise a moated inner court and mere to the north , with an outer court and an outermost court to the south . The main surviving buildings are the inner , fortified gatehouse , dating from the 15th century ; the long building , used for wool manufacture ; and the outer gatehouse , first built in the 16th century but considerably altered in later years . The outermost court holds part of the original barn , a large building that would have symbolised the Heydons lordship of the manor . History . 15th century . Baconsthorpe Castle was established by the Heydon family in the 15th century . The village of Baconsthorpe lay between Holt and Norwich , and was named after the local Bacon family . The village had two manor houses , the first in the main village and the other , called Wood Hall , on the outskirts . William Baxton had come from a relatively humble background , but by around 1400 he had bought the Bacon familys lands in the area , including half of the Wood Hall estate . William probably began the construction of the castle , then termed Baconsthorpe Hall , starting to construct the moated platform and the inner gatehouse around 1460 . Williams son , John Heydon I , continued to develop the property and acquire more land around the area , changing his family name in the process to disguise his lower social origin . John was initially the political client of the William de la Pole , the Duke of Suffolk ; after the dukes death , John Dudley , the Earl of Warwick became his next patron . John was an ambitious lawyer , and came to be hated and feared across the region as his power increased . By the time of his death in 1479 , the inner gatehouse was completed and work on the courtyard house begun , creating the basis of a tall , fortified house . The castle demonstrated Johns political aspirations , and was intended to impress his peers in the region . Sir Henry Heydon continued his fathers work on the castle . Henry married into London money and became a wealthy sheep farmer , being knighted in 1485 . He completed the castles main house , service court and the north-east tower . In the process , perhaps being less worried than his father about any attack on his property , he altered the character of Baconthorpe to produce what the historians Jacky Hall and Paul Drury term an upmarket , courtyard house . 16th century . Over the course of the 16th century , the Heydons became one of the leading families in Norfolk , marrying well , practising law and enjoying the profits from their sheep and the wool trade – their products were sold in England and also exported to the Netherlands . Sir John Heydon II inherited Baconsthorpe in 1504 but primarily lived at Saxlingham ; after a pause in construction , he finished the construction of Baconsthorpes north court and turned the east range of the castle into a wool factory before his death in 1550 . His son , Sir Christopher I , then built the outer gatehouse and barn around 1560 , and in 1561 was formally given a licence to crenellate the castle to create a deer park alongside the castle . The Heydons lived in lavish style , Sir Christopher maintaining a household of 80 servants and a coach with two horses . The castle was inherited by Sir William Heydon II in 1579 , but by now the wool trade was in decline and the family was building up debts . Sir William sold off parts of the estate to cover his fathers debts , but Williams business projects in London failed and he was forced to sell off further lands . Baconsthorpe was mortgaged and , under pressure from his creditors , William attempted to sell part of the estate in 1590 . His son , Sir Christopher II , disagreed with this plan to dispose of what he regarded as his inheritance , and the father and son fell out . William threatened to demolish the castle , Christopher appealed to the Privy Council , and the matter went to court in 1593 , a few months before Williams death the same year . Once he had inherited Baconsthorpe , Christopher renovated the inner gatehouse and created a large mere and a formal garden around the south-east side of the castle , although he mainly resided at Saxlingham . Christopher had little interest in business , preferring to engage in military pursuits and to study astrology – he hosted the mathematician Henry Briggs and the astronomer John Bainbridge at Baconsthorpe . Christopher had inherited debts of £11,000 from his father , in addition to his own debts of £3,000 , and was fined £2,000 for his part in Essexs Rebellion of 1601 . His financial situation did not improve and first Baconsthorpe , and then his other estates , had to be mortgaged . 17th – 21st centuries . Baconsthorpe passed to Christophers eldest son Sir William in 1623 , but William died four years later during the Île de Ré expedition , leaving it to his younger brother , Sir John III . John became the Lieutenant General of the Ordnance and , when civil war broke out in 1642 , he fought on the side of King Charles I . In response , Parliament seized his lands and he was declared delinquent in 1646 . He bought his estates back , but began to demolish Baconsthorpe around 1650 in order to sell off the stonework . John died in debt in 1653 , leaving the castle to his son , Charles Heydon , who continued to dispose of the stone : 29 cartloads were sold the following year for £30 , for reuse at Felbrigg Hall . Charles brother , William Heydon III , sold the estate to a Mr Bridges , and then onward to a doctor called Zurishaddai Lang , who lived in the outer gatehouse . The Norfolk landowner John Thruston Mott bought the estate in 1801 , and the gatehouse continued to be occupied until 1920 , when one of the turrets collapsed . Although the mere was still water-filled in 1839 , it was subsequently drained . In 1940 , the castles owner , the politician Sir Charles Mott-Radclyffe , placed the site into the care of the Ministry of Public Works . In the 1950s and 1960s , the site was cleared of ivy and other vegetation , the stonework consolidated and archaeologically surveyed , before being opened to the public . The mere was dredged and reflooded in 1972 , with further archaeological excavations carried out . In the 21st century , Baconsthorpe Castle is managed by English Heritage and protected under UK law as a Grade I and Grade II listed building , and as a scheduled monument . Architecture . Baconsthorpe Castle is located north of Baconthorpe village in a valley formed by the River Glaven , approached on the remains of a raised causeway from the south . The site comprises a moated inner court and mere to the north , with an outer and an outermost court to the south . During the 16th century , the surrounding area would have formed pasture for sheep , although it is now primarily used for arable farming . Outer and outermostcourts . The outer and outermost courts lie progressively to the south of the outer court of the castle . The outermost court currently forms part of a farmyard and is now subdivided by a low wall . A 16th-century barn lines the western edge of the court . The barn is now in size , but was originally possibly up to long , with three sets of large cart doors . The barn was intended both to impress visitors and to symbolize the Heydons lordship of the manor , and the exterior facings of the barn are superior on the south and east sides where they would have been seen by those entering the castle . A row of cottages would originally have faced the barn on the other side of the court . The ruined outer gatehouse that forms the entrance to the outer court was built from expensive knapped flint in a Perpendicular Gothic style . It comprised a gate-passage , with rooms and octagonal turrets on either side and a large chamber on the first floor . When it was converted into a house in the 17th century , the gatehouse was heavily altered : a three-storey porch was added onto the front along with wings on either side , and additional rooms at the back of the building , but the porch was later removed in the early 19th century , when crenellations were added . A wall would originally have run around the outside of the outer court , which was used as a walled garden after the conversion of the gatehouse . Inner court . The inner court rests on a square earth platform across , surrounded by a water-filled moat up to wide . The eastern edge of the moat meets with the 16th-century mere , approximately across , which is fed by two streams and dammed on the eastern side . Beyond the mere there are the remains of a large , dammed pond , across , which may originally have been designed to be a decorative water feature intended to be viewed from the castle . A bridge on the south side links the inner and outer courts ; originally the second half of the bridge formed a protective drawbridge . The inner court is in size , surrounded by an external curtain wall up to tall in places , protected by seven square and circular mural towers . The main entrance was through the southern bridge and the inner gatehouse , but the central north tower also originally held a postern gate , leading to another bridge over the northern edge of the moat , of which only the brick pier foundations survive . The castle was protected with gun loops : six double embrasures to the west of the gatehouse , a gun loop in the north-west square tower , and several larger gun loops in the northern section of the curtain wall . Inside the court , gun loops in the cellar beneath the hall covered the entrance itself . The military-inspired design of the inner court drew on earlier medieval architectural traditions , and was intended to reinforce the Heydons status and symbolise their aspirations to nobility . The inner gatehouse is three storeys high , and like the rest of the inner court , constructed of flint rubble and brick , faced with knapped flint . It has a gate-passage with a two-storey vaulted porch ; two sets of chambers lay on either side of the passage , probably forming living space for the steward and the porter , and the rooms above were fitted with fireplaces , garderobes and a small chapel , to form a set of high quality , luxurious living space , possibly for the Heydons or members of their family . The building could have been defended in the case of an attack . The south-west corner of the inner court held a courtyard house , which was attached to the gatehouse and would have incorporated the castles great hall . The northern part of the court would have probably formed a separate , private garden during the later period . The north-east side of the inner court formed a service court , with kitchens and similar facilities , including a well . The eastern side of the inner court was adapted for the wool industry in the 16th century . This included the construction of a long building along the curtain wall , two storeys high , . This was used for processing wool , with a turnstile at the north end for shearing sheep , and space on the first floor for weavers and finishers ; the southern end may have held a wooden sink for washing wool , or alternatively been a drying floor and granary for the castles brewhouse and bakehouse . The three-storey north-east tower was also later used for processing wool , including fulling . Garden . To the south-east off the inner court are the remaining earthworks of a formal garden on a raised platform , across . The garden had a raised walkway round a square pond , in size .
|
[
"Henry Heydon"
] |
[
{
"text": "Baconsthorpe Castle , historically known as Baconsthorpe Hall , is a ruined , fortified manor house near the village of Baconsthorpe , Norfolk , England . It was established in the 15th century on the site of a former manor hall , probably by John Heydon I and his father , William . John was an ambitious lawyer with many enemies , and built a tall , fortified house , but his descendants became wealthy sheep farmers and , less worried about any attack , developed the property into a more elegant , courtyard house , complete with a nearby",
"title": "Baconsthorpe Castle"
},
{
"text": "deer park .",
"title": "Baconsthorpe Castle"
},
{
"text": "By the end of the 16th century , the Heydons were spending beyond their means and the castle had to be mortgaged ; nonetheless , new formal gardens and a decorative mere were built alongside the house . Sir John Heydon III fought alongside the Royalists during the English Civil War and in retaliation was declared delinquent by Parliament in 1646 . His fortunes did not recover and he began to demolish Baconsthorpe in 1650 in order to sell off its stonework . The outer gatehouse was turned into a private home and continued to be occupied until 1920 ,",
"title": "Remains"
},
{
"text": "when one of its turrets collapsed . In the 21st century , the ruins of the castle are managed by English Heritage and open to visitors .",
"title": "Remains"
},
{
"text": " The remains of the castle comprise a moated inner court and mere to the north , with an outer court and an outermost court to the south . The main surviving buildings are the inner , fortified gatehouse , dating from the 15th century ; the long building , used for wool manufacture ; and the outer gatehouse , first built in the 16th century but considerably altered in later years . The outermost court holds part of the original barn , a large building that would have symbolised the Heydons lordship of the manor .",
"title": "Remains"
},
{
"text": "Baconsthorpe Castle was established by the Heydon family in the 15th century . The village of Baconsthorpe lay between Holt and Norwich , and was named after the local Bacon family . The village had two manor houses , the first in the main village and the other , called Wood Hall , on the outskirts . William Baxton had come from a relatively humble background , but by around 1400 he had bought the Bacon familys lands in the area , including half of the Wood Hall estate . William probably began the construction of the castle , then",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "termed Baconsthorpe Hall , starting to construct the moated platform and the inner gatehouse around 1460 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Williams son , John Heydon I , continued to develop the property and acquire more land around the area , changing his family name in the process to disguise his lower social origin . John was initially the political client of the William de la Pole , the Duke of Suffolk ; after the dukes death , John Dudley , the Earl of Warwick became his next patron . John was an ambitious lawyer , and came to be hated and feared across the region as his power increased . By the time of his death in 1479 , the",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "inner gatehouse was completed and work on the courtyard house begun , creating the basis of a tall , fortified house . The castle demonstrated Johns political aspirations , and was intended to impress his peers in the region .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Sir Henry Heydon continued his fathers work on the castle . Henry married into London money and became a wealthy sheep farmer , being knighted in 1485 . He completed the castles main house , service court and the north-east tower . In the process , perhaps being less worried than his father about any attack on his property , he altered the character of Baconthorpe to produce what the historians Jacky Hall and Paul Drury term an upmarket , courtyard house . 16th century .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Over the course of the 16th century , the Heydons became one of the leading families in Norfolk , marrying well , practising law and enjoying the profits from their sheep and the wool trade – their products were sold in England and also exported to the Netherlands . Sir John Heydon II inherited Baconsthorpe in 1504 but primarily lived at Saxlingham ; after a pause in construction , he finished the construction of Baconsthorpes north court and turned the east range of the castle into a wool factory before his death in 1550 . His son , Sir Christopher",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "I , then built the outer gatehouse and barn around 1560 , and in 1561 was formally given a licence to crenellate the castle to create a deer park alongside the castle . The Heydons lived in lavish style , Sir Christopher maintaining a household of 80 servants and a coach with two horses .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The castle was inherited by Sir William Heydon II in 1579 , but by now the wool trade was in decline and the family was building up debts . Sir William sold off parts of the estate to cover his fathers debts , but Williams business projects in London failed and he was forced to sell off further lands . Baconsthorpe was mortgaged and , under pressure from his creditors , William attempted to sell part of the estate in 1590 . His son , Sir Christopher II , disagreed with this plan to dispose of what he regarded as",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "his inheritance , and the father and son fell out . William threatened to demolish the castle , Christopher appealed to the Privy Council , and the matter went to court in 1593 , a few months before Williams death the same year .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Once he had inherited Baconsthorpe , Christopher renovated the inner gatehouse and created a large mere and a formal garden around the south-east side of the castle , although he mainly resided at Saxlingham . Christopher had little interest in business , preferring to engage in military pursuits and to study astrology – he hosted the mathematician Henry Briggs and the astronomer John Bainbridge at Baconsthorpe . Christopher had inherited debts of £11,000 from his father , in addition to his own debts of £3,000 , and was fined £2,000 for his part in Essexs Rebellion of 1601 . His",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "financial situation did not improve and first Baconsthorpe , and then his other estates , had to be mortgaged .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Baconsthorpe passed to Christophers eldest son Sir William in 1623 , but William died four years later during the Île de Ré expedition , leaving it to his younger brother , Sir John III . John became the Lieutenant General of the Ordnance and , when civil war broke out in 1642 , he fought on the side of King Charles I . In response , Parliament seized his lands and he was declared delinquent in 1646 . He bought his estates back , but began to demolish Baconsthorpe around 1650 in order to sell off the stonework .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "John died in debt in 1653 , leaving the castle to his son , Charles Heydon , who continued to dispose of the stone : 29 cartloads were sold the following year for £30 , for reuse at Felbrigg Hall . Charles brother , William Heydon III , sold the estate to a Mr Bridges , and then onward to a doctor called Zurishaddai Lang , who lived in the outer gatehouse . The Norfolk landowner John Thruston Mott bought the estate in 1801 , and the gatehouse continued to be occupied until 1920 , when one of the turrets",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "collapsed . Although the mere was still water-filled in 1839 , it was subsequently drained .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1940 , the castles owner , the politician Sir Charles Mott-Radclyffe , placed the site into the care of the Ministry of Public Works . In the 1950s and 1960s , the site was cleared of ivy and other vegetation , the stonework consolidated and archaeologically surveyed , before being opened to the public . The mere was dredged and reflooded in 1972 , with further archaeological excavations carried out . In the 21st century , Baconsthorpe Castle is managed by English Heritage and protected under UK law as a Grade I and Grade II listed building , and",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "as a scheduled monument .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Baconsthorpe Castle is located north of Baconthorpe village in a valley formed by the River Glaven , approached on the remains of a raised causeway from the south . The site comprises a moated inner court and mere to the north , with an outer and an outermost court to the south . During the 16th century , the surrounding area would have formed pasture for sheep , although it is now primarily used for arable farming .",
"title": "Architecture"
},
{
"text": "The outer and outermost courts lie progressively to the south of the outer court of the castle . The outermost court currently forms part of a farmyard and is now subdivided by a low wall . A 16th-century barn lines the western edge of the court . The barn is now in size , but was originally possibly up to long , with three sets of large cart doors . The barn was intended both to impress visitors and to symbolize the Heydons lordship of the manor , and the exterior facings of the barn are superior on the south",
"title": "Outer and outermostcourts"
},
{
"text": "and east sides where they would have been seen by those entering the castle . A row of cottages would originally have faced the barn on the other side of the court .",
"title": "Outer and outermostcourts"
},
{
"text": "The ruined outer gatehouse that forms the entrance to the outer court was built from expensive knapped flint in a Perpendicular Gothic style . It comprised a gate-passage , with rooms and octagonal turrets on either side and a large chamber on the first floor . When it was converted into a house in the 17th century , the gatehouse was heavily altered : a three-storey porch was added onto the front along with wings on either side , and additional rooms at the back of the building , but the porch was later removed in the early 19th century",
"title": "Outer and outermostcourts"
},
{
"text": ", when crenellations were added . A wall would originally have run around the outside of the outer court , which was used as a walled garden after the conversion of the gatehouse .",
"title": "Outer and outermostcourts"
},
{
"text": "The inner court rests on a square earth platform across , surrounded by a water-filled moat up to wide . The eastern edge of the moat meets with the 16th-century mere , approximately across , which is fed by two streams and dammed on the eastern side . Beyond the mere there are the remains of a large , dammed pond , across , which may originally have been designed to be a decorative water feature intended to be viewed from the castle . A bridge on the south side links the inner and outer courts ; originally the second",
"title": "Inner court"
},
{
"text": "half of the bridge formed a protective drawbridge .",
"title": "Inner court"
},
{
"text": "The inner court is in size , surrounded by an external curtain wall up to tall in places , protected by seven square and circular mural towers . The main entrance was through the southern bridge and the inner gatehouse , but the central north tower also originally held a postern gate , leading to another bridge over the northern edge of the moat , of which only the brick pier foundations survive . The castle was protected with gun loops : six double embrasures to the west of the gatehouse , a gun loop in the north-west square tower",
"title": "Inner court"
},
{
"text": ", and several larger gun loops in the northern section of the curtain wall . Inside the court , gun loops in the cellar beneath the hall covered the entrance itself . The military-inspired design of the inner court drew on earlier medieval architectural traditions , and was intended to reinforce the Heydons status and symbolise their aspirations to nobility .",
"title": "Inner court"
},
{
"text": "The inner gatehouse is three storeys high , and like the rest of the inner court , constructed of flint rubble and brick , faced with knapped flint . It has a gate-passage with a two-storey vaulted porch ; two sets of chambers lay on either side of the passage , probably forming living space for the steward and the porter , and the rooms above were fitted with fireplaces , garderobes and a small chapel , to form a set of high quality , luxurious living space , possibly for the Heydons or members of their family . The",
"title": "Inner court"
},
{
"text": "building could have been defended in the case of an attack . The south-west corner of the inner court held a courtyard house , which was attached to the gatehouse and would have incorporated the castles great hall . The northern part of the court would have probably formed a separate , private garden during the later period .",
"title": "Inner court"
},
{
"text": "The north-east side of the inner court formed a service court , with kitchens and similar facilities , including a well . The eastern side of the inner court was adapted for the wool industry in the 16th century . This included the construction of a long building along the curtain wall , two storeys high , . This was used for processing wool , with a turnstile at the north end for shearing sheep , and space on the first floor for weavers and finishers ; the southern end may have held a wooden sink for washing wool ,",
"title": "Inner court"
},
{
"text": "or alternatively been a drying floor and granary for the castles brewhouse and bakehouse . The three-storey north-east tower was also later used for processing wool , including fulling .",
"title": "Inner court"
},
{
"text": " To the south-east off the inner court are the remaining earthworks of a formal garden on a raised platform , across . The garden had a raised walkway round a square pond , in size .",
"title": "Garden"
}
] |
/wiki/Baconsthorpe_Castle#P127#2
|
Who owned Baconsthorpe Castle in late 1550s?
|
Baconsthorpe Castle Baconsthorpe Castle , historically known as Baconsthorpe Hall , is a ruined , fortified manor house near the village of Baconsthorpe , Norfolk , England . It was established in the 15th century on the site of a former manor hall , probably by John Heydon I and his father , William . John was an ambitious lawyer with many enemies , and built a tall , fortified house , but his descendants became wealthy sheep farmers and , less worried about any attack , developed the property into a more elegant , courtyard house , complete with a nearby deer park . Remains . By the end of the 16th century , the Heydons were spending beyond their means and the castle had to be mortgaged ; nonetheless , new formal gardens and a decorative mere were built alongside the house . Sir John Heydon III fought alongside the Royalists during the English Civil War and in retaliation was declared delinquent by Parliament in 1646 . His fortunes did not recover and he began to demolish Baconsthorpe in 1650 in order to sell off its stonework . The outer gatehouse was turned into a private home and continued to be occupied until 1920 , when one of its turrets collapsed . In the 21st century , the ruins of the castle are managed by English Heritage and open to visitors . The remains of the castle comprise a moated inner court and mere to the north , with an outer court and an outermost court to the south . The main surviving buildings are the inner , fortified gatehouse , dating from the 15th century ; the long building , used for wool manufacture ; and the outer gatehouse , first built in the 16th century but considerably altered in later years . The outermost court holds part of the original barn , a large building that would have symbolised the Heydons lordship of the manor . History . 15th century . Baconsthorpe Castle was established by the Heydon family in the 15th century . The village of Baconsthorpe lay between Holt and Norwich , and was named after the local Bacon family . The village had two manor houses , the first in the main village and the other , called Wood Hall , on the outskirts . William Baxton had come from a relatively humble background , but by around 1400 he had bought the Bacon familys lands in the area , including half of the Wood Hall estate . William probably began the construction of the castle , then termed Baconsthorpe Hall , starting to construct the moated platform and the inner gatehouse around 1460 . Williams son , John Heydon I , continued to develop the property and acquire more land around the area , changing his family name in the process to disguise his lower social origin . John was initially the political client of the William de la Pole , the Duke of Suffolk ; after the dukes death , John Dudley , the Earl of Warwick became his next patron . John was an ambitious lawyer , and came to be hated and feared across the region as his power increased . By the time of his death in 1479 , the inner gatehouse was completed and work on the courtyard house begun , creating the basis of a tall , fortified house . The castle demonstrated Johns political aspirations , and was intended to impress his peers in the region . Sir Henry Heydon continued his fathers work on the castle . Henry married into London money and became a wealthy sheep farmer , being knighted in 1485 . He completed the castles main house , service court and the north-east tower . In the process , perhaps being less worried than his father about any attack on his property , he altered the character of Baconthorpe to produce what the historians Jacky Hall and Paul Drury term an upmarket , courtyard house . 16th century . Over the course of the 16th century , the Heydons became one of the leading families in Norfolk , marrying well , practising law and enjoying the profits from their sheep and the wool trade – their products were sold in England and also exported to the Netherlands . Sir John Heydon II inherited Baconsthorpe in 1504 but primarily lived at Saxlingham ; after a pause in construction , he finished the construction of Baconsthorpes north court and turned the east range of the castle into a wool factory before his death in 1550 . His son , Sir Christopher I , then built the outer gatehouse and barn around 1560 , and in 1561 was formally given a licence to crenellate the castle to create a deer park alongside the castle . The Heydons lived in lavish style , Sir Christopher maintaining a household of 80 servants and a coach with two horses . The castle was inherited by Sir William Heydon II in 1579 , but by now the wool trade was in decline and the family was building up debts . Sir William sold off parts of the estate to cover his fathers debts , but Williams business projects in London failed and he was forced to sell off further lands . Baconsthorpe was mortgaged and , under pressure from his creditors , William attempted to sell part of the estate in 1590 . His son , Sir Christopher II , disagreed with this plan to dispose of what he regarded as his inheritance , and the father and son fell out . William threatened to demolish the castle , Christopher appealed to the Privy Council , and the matter went to court in 1593 , a few months before Williams death the same year . Once he had inherited Baconsthorpe , Christopher renovated the inner gatehouse and created a large mere and a formal garden around the south-east side of the castle , although he mainly resided at Saxlingham . Christopher had little interest in business , preferring to engage in military pursuits and to study astrology – he hosted the mathematician Henry Briggs and the astronomer John Bainbridge at Baconsthorpe . Christopher had inherited debts of £11,000 from his father , in addition to his own debts of £3,000 , and was fined £2,000 for his part in Essexs Rebellion of 1601 . His financial situation did not improve and first Baconsthorpe , and then his other estates , had to be mortgaged . 17th – 21st centuries . Baconsthorpe passed to Christophers eldest son Sir William in 1623 , but William died four years later during the Île de Ré expedition , leaving it to his younger brother , Sir John III . John became the Lieutenant General of the Ordnance and , when civil war broke out in 1642 , he fought on the side of King Charles I . In response , Parliament seized his lands and he was declared delinquent in 1646 . He bought his estates back , but began to demolish Baconsthorpe around 1650 in order to sell off the stonework . John died in debt in 1653 , leaving the castle to his son , Charles Heydon , who continued to dispose of the stone : 29 cartloads were sold the following year for £30 , for reuse at Felbrigg Hall . Charles brother , William Heydon III , sold the estate to a Mr Bridges , and then onward to a doctor called Zurishaddai Lang , who lived in the outer gatehouse . The Norfolk landowner John Thruston Mott bought the estate in 1801 , and the gatehouse continued to be occupied until 1920 , when one of the turrets collapsed . Although the mere was still water-filled in 1839 , it was subsequently drained . In 1940 , the castles owner , the politician Sir Charles Mott-Radclyffe , placed the site into the care of the Ministry of Public Works . In the 1950s and 1960s , the site was cleared of ivy and other vegetation , the stonework consolidated and archaeologically surveyed , before being opened to the public . The mere was dredged and reflooded in 1972 , with further archaeological excavations carried out . In the 21st century , Baconsthorpe Castle is managed by English Heritage and protected under UK law as a Grade I and Grade II listed building , and as a scheduled monument . Architecture . Baconsthorpe Castle is located north of Baconthorpe village in a valley formed by the River Glaven , approached on the remains of a raised causeway from the south . The site comprises a moated inner court and mere to the north , with an outer and an outermost court to the south . During the 16th century , the surrounding area would have formed pasture for sheep , although it is now primarily used for arable farming . Outer and outermostcourts . The outer and outermost courts lie progressively to the south of the outer court of the castle . The outermost court currently forms part of a farmyard and is now subdivided by a low wall . A 16th-century barn lines the western edge of the court . The barn is now in size , but was originally possibly up to long , with three sets of large cart doors . The barn was intended both to impress visitors and to symbolize the Heydons lordship of the manor , and the exterior facings of the barn are superior on the south and east sides where they would have been seen by those entering the castle . A row of cottages would originally have faced the barn on the other side of the court . The ruined outer gatehouse that forms the entrance to the outer court was built from expensive knapped flint in a Perpendicular Gothic style . It comprised a gate-passage , with rooms and octagonal turrets on either side and a large chamber on the first floor . When it was converted into a house in the 17th century , the gatehouse was heavily altered : a three-storey porch was added onto the front along with wings on either side , and additional rooms at the back of the building , but the porch was later removed in the early 19th century , when crenellations were added . A wall would originally have run around the outside of the outer court , which was used as a walled garden after the conversion of the gatehouse . Inner court . The inner court rests on a square earth platform across , surrounded by a water-filled moat up to wide . The eastern edge of the moat meets with the 16th-century mere , approximately across , which is fed by two streams and dammed on the eastern side . Beyond the mere there are the remains of a large , dammed pond , across , which may originally have been designed to be a decorative water feature intended to be viewed from the castle . A bridge on the south side links the inner and outer courts ; originally the second half of the bridge formed a protective drawbridge . The inner court is in size , surrounded by an external curtain wall up to tall in places , protected by seven square and circular mural towers . The main entrance was through the southern bridge and the inner gatehouse , but the central north tower also originally held a postern gate , leading to another bridge over the northern edge of the moat , of which only the brick pier foundations survive . The castle was protected with gun loops : six double embrasures to the west of the gatehouse , a gun loop in the north-west square tower , and several larger gun loops in the northern section of the curtain wall . Inside the court , gun loops in the cellar beneath the hall covered the entrance itself . The military-inspired design of the inner court drew on earlier medieval architectural traditions , and was intended to reinforce the Heydons status and symbolise their aspirations to nobility . The inner gatehouse is three storeys high , and like the rest of the inner court , constructed of flint rubble and brick , faced with knapped flint . It has a gate-passage with a two-storey vaulted porch ; two sets of chambers lay on either side of the passage , probably forming living space for the steward and the porter , and the rooms above were fitted with fireplaces , garderobes and a small chapel , to form a set of high quality , luxurious living space , possibly for the Heydons or members of their family . The building could have been defended in the case of an attack . The south-west corner of the inner court held a courtyard house , which was attached to the gatehouse and would have incorporated the castles great hall . The northern part of the court would have probably formed a separate , private garden during the later period . The north-east side of the inner court formed a service court , with kitchens and similar facilities , including a well . The eastern side of the inner court was adapted for the wool industry in the 16th century . This included the construction of a long building along the curtain wall , two storeys high , . This was used for processing wool , with a turnstile at the north end for shearing sheep , and space on the first floor for weavers and finishers ; the southern end may have held a wooden sink for washing wool , or alternatively been a drying floor and granary for the castles brewhouse and bakehouse . The three-storey north-east tower was also later used for processing wool , including fulling . Garden . To the south-east off the inner court are the remaining earthworks of a formal garden on a raised platform , across . The garden had a raised walkway round a square pond , in size .
|
[
"Sir Christopher I"
] |
[
{
"text": "Baconsthorpe Castle , historically known as Baconsthorpe Hall , is a ruined , fortified manor house near the village of Baconsthorpe , Norfolk , England . It was established in the 15th century on the site of a former manor hall , probably by John Heydon I and his father , William . John was an ambitious lawyer with many enemies , and built a tall , fortified house , but his descendants became wealthy sheep farmers and , less worried about any attack , developed the property into a more elegant , courtyard house , complete with a nearby",
"title": "Baconsthorpe Castle"
},
{
"text": "deer park .",
"title": "Baconsthorpe Castle"
},
{
"text": "By the end of the 16th century , the Heydons were spending beyond their means and the castle had to be mortgaged ; nonetheless , new formal gardens and a decorative mere were built alongside the house . Sir John Heydon III fought alongside the Royalists during the English Civil War and in retaliation was declared delinquent by Parliament in 1646 . His fortunes did not recover and he began to demolish Baconsthorpe in 1650 in order to sell off its stonework . The outer gatehouse was turned into a private home and continued to be occupied until 1920 ,",
"title": "Remains"
},
{
"text": "when one of its turrets collapsed . In the 21st century , the ruins of the castle are managed by English Heritage and open to visitors .",
"title": "Remains"
},
{
"text": " The remains of the castle comprise a moated inner court and mere to the north , with an outer court and an outermost court to the south . The main surviving buildings are the inner , fortified gatehouse , dating from the 15th century ; the long building , used for wool manufacture ; and the outer gatehouse , first built in the 16th century but considerably altered in later years . The outermost court holds part of the original barn , a large building that would have symbolised the Heydons lordship of the manor .",
"title": "Remains"
},
{
"text": "Baconsthorpe Castle was established by the Heydon family in the 15th century . The village of Baconsthorpe lay between Holt and Norwich , and was named after the local Bacon family . The village had two manor houses , the first in the main village and the other , called Wood Hall , on the outskirts . William Baxton had come from a relatively humble background , but by around 1400 he had bought the Bacon familys lands in the area , including half of the Wood Hall estate . William probably began the construction of the castle , then",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "termed Baconsthorpe Hall , starting to construct the moated platform and the inner gatehouse around 1460 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Williams son , John Heydon I , continued to develop the property and acquire more land around the area , changing his family name in the process to disguise his lower social origin . John was initially the political client of the William de la Pole , the Duke of Suffolk ; after the dukes death , John Dudley , the Earl of Warwick became his next patron . John was an ambitious lawyer , and came to be hated and feared across the region as his power increased . By the time of his death in 1479 , the",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "inner gatehouse was completed and work on the courtyard house begun , creating the basis of a tall , fortified house . The castle demonstrated Johns political aspirations , and was intended to impress his peers in the region .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Sir Henry Heydon continued his fathers work on the castle . Henry married into London money and became a wealthy sheep farmer , being knighted in 1485 . He completed the castles main house , service court and the north-east tower . In the process , perhaps being less worried than his father about any attack on his property , he altered the character of Baconthorpe to produce what the historians Jacky Hall and Paul Drury term an upmarket , courtyard house . 16th century .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Over the course of the 16th century , the Heydons became one of the leading families in Norfolk , marrying well , practising law and enjoying the profits from their sheep and the wool trade – their products were sold in England and also exported to the Netherlands . Sir John Heydon II inherited Baconsthorpe in 1504 but primarily lived at Saxlingham ; after a pause in construction , he finished the construction of Baconsthorpes north court and turned the east range of the castle into a wool factory before his death in 1550 . His son , Sir Christopher",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "I , then built the outer gatehouse and barn around 1560 , and in 1561 was formally given a licence to crenellate the castle to create a deer park alongside the castle . The Heydons lived in lavish style , Sir Christopher maintaining a household of 80 servants and a coach with two horses .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The castle was inherited by Sir William Heydon II in 1579 , but by now the wool trade was in decline and the family was building up debts . Sir William sold off parts of the estate to cover his fathers debts , but Williams business projects in London failed and he was forced to sell off further lands . Baconsthorpe was mortgaged and , under pressure from his creditors , William attempted to sell part of the estate in 1590 . His son , Sir Christopher II , disagreed with this plan to dispose of what he regarded as",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "his inheritance , and the father and son fell out . William threatened to demolish the castle , Christopher appealed to the Privy Council , and the matter went to court in 1593 , a few months before Williams death the same year .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Once he had inherited Baconsthorpe , Christopher renovated the inner gatehouse and created a large mere and a formal garden around the south-east side of the castle , although he mainly resided at Saxlingham . Christopher had little interest in business , preferring to engage in military pursuits and to study astrology – he hosted the mathematician Henry Briggs and the astronomer John Bainbridge at Baconsthorpe . Christopher had inherited debts of £11,000 from his father , in addition to his own debts of £3,000 , and was fined £2,000 for his part in Essexs Rebellion of 1601 . His",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "financial situation did not improve and first Baconsthorpe , and then his other estates , had to be mortgaged .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Baconsthorpe passed to Christophers eldest son Sir William in 1623 , but William died four years later during the Île de Ré expedition , leaving it to his younger brother , Sir John III . John became the Lieutenant General of the Ordnance and , when civil war broke out in 1642 , he fought on the side of King Charles I . In response , Parliament seized his lands and he was declared delinquent in 1646 . He bought his estates back , but began to demolish Baconsthorpe around 1650 in order to sell off the stonework .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "John died in debt in 1653 , leaving the castle to his son , Charles Heydon , who continued to dispose of the stone : 29 cartloads were sold the following year for £30 , for reuse at Felbrigg Hall . Charles brother , William Heydon III , sold the estate to a Mr Bridges , and then onward to a doctor called Zurishaddai Lang , who lived in the outer gatehouse . The Norfolk landowner John Thruston Mott bought the estate in 1801 , and the gatehouse continued to be occupied until 1920 , when one of the turrets",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "collapsed . Although the mere was still water-filled in 1839 , it was subsequently drained .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1940 , the castles owner , the politician Sir Charles Mott-Radclyffe , placed the site into the care of the Ministry of Public Works . In the 1950s and 1960s , the site was cleared of ivy and other vegetation , the stonework consolidated and archaeologically surveyed , before being opened to the public . The mere was dredged and reflooded in 1972 , with further archaeological excavations carried out . In the 21st century , Baconsthorpe Castle is managed by English Heritage and protected under UK law as a Grade I and Grade II listed building , and",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "as a scheduled monument .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Baconsthorpe Castle is located north of Baconthorpe village in a valley formed by the River Glaven , approached on the remains of a raised causeway from the south . The site comprises a moated inner court and mere to the north , with an outer and an outermost court to the south . During the 16th century , the surrounding area would have formed pasture for sheep , although it is now primarily used for arable farming .",
"title": "Architecture"
},
{
"text": "The outer and outermost courts lie progressively to the south of the outer court of the castle . The outermost court currently forms part of a farmyard and is now subdivided by a low wall . A 16th-century barn lines the western edge of the court . The barn is now in size , but was originally possibly up to long , with three sets of large cart doors . The barn was intended both to impress visitors and to symbolize the Heydons lordship of the manor , and the exterior facings of the barn are superior on the south",
"title": "Outer and outermostcourts"
},
{
"text": "and east sides where they would have been seen by those entering the castle . A row of cottages would originally have faced the barn on the other side of the court .",
"title": "Outer and outermostcourts"
},
{
"text": "The ruined outer gatehouse that forms the entrance to the outer court was built from expensive knapped flint in a Perpendicular Gothic style . It comprised a gate-passage , with rooms and octagonal turrets on either side and a large chamber on the first floor . When it was converted into a house in the 17th century , the gatehouse was heavily altered : a three-storey porch was added onto the front along with wings on either side , and additional rooms at the back of the building , but the porch was later removed in the early 19th century",
"title": "Outer and outermostcourts"
},
{
"text": ", when crenellations were added . A wall would originally have run around the outside of the outer court , which was used as a walled garden after the conversion of the gatehouse .",
"title": "Outer and outermostcourts"
},
{
"text": "The inner court rests on a square earth platform across , surrounded by a water-filled moat up to wide . The eastern edge of the moat meets with the 16th-century mere , approximately across , which is fed by two streams and dammed on the eastern side . Beyond the mere there are the remains of a large , dammed pond , across , which may originally have been designed to be a decorative water feature intended to be viewed from the castle . A bridge on the south side links the inner and outer courts ; originally the second",
"title": "Inner court"
},
{
"text": "half of the bridge formed a protective drawbridge .",
"title": "Inner court"
},
{
"text": "The inner court is in size , surrounded by an external curtain wall up to tall in places , protected by seven square and circular mural towers . The main entrance was through the southern bridge and the inner gatehouse , but the central north tower also originally held a postern gate , leading to another bridge over the northern edge of the moat , of which only the brick pier foundations survive . The castle was protected with gun loops : six double embrasures to the west of the gatehouse , a gun loop in the north-west square tower",
"title": "Inner court"
},
{
"text": ", and several larger gun loops in the northern section of the curtain wall . Inside the court , gun loops in the cellar beneath the hall covered the entrance itself . The military-inspired design of the inner court drew on earlier medieval architectural traditions , and was intended to reinforce the Heydons status and symbolise their aspirations to nobility .",
"title": "Inner court"
},
{
"text": "The inner gatehouse is three storeys high , and like the rest of the inner court , constructed of flint rubble and brick , faced with knapped flint . It has a gate-passage with a two-storey vaulted porch ; two sets of chambers lay on either side of the passage , probably forming living space for the steward and the porter , and the rooms above were fitted with fireplaces , garderobes and a small chapel , to form a set of high quality , luxurious living space , possibly for the Heydons or members of their family . The",
"title": "Inner court"
},
{
"text": "building could have been defended in the case of an attack . The south-west corner of the inner court held a courtyard house , which was attached to the gatehouse and would have incorporated the castles great hall . The northern part of the court would have probably formed a separate , private garden during the later period .",
"title": "Inner court"
},
{
"text": "The north-east side of the inner court formed a service court , with kitchens and similar facilities , including a well . The eastern side of the inner court was adapted for the wool industry in the 16th century . This included the construction of a long building along the curtain wall , two storeys high , . This was used for processing wool , with a turnstile at the north end for shearing sheep , and space on the first floor for weavers and finishers ; the southern end may have held a wooden sink for washing wool ,",
"title": "Inner court"
},
{
"text": "or alternatively been a drying floor and granary for the castles brewhouse and bakehouse . The three-storey north-east tower was also later used for processing wool , including fulling .",
"title": "Inner court"
},
{
"text": " To the south-east off the inner court are the remaining earthworks of a formal garden on a raised platform , across . The garden had a raised walkway round a square pond , in size .",
"title": "Garden"
}
] |
/wiki/Baconsthorpe_Castle#P127#3
|
Who owned Baconsthorpe Castle between Jun 1613 and Mar 1618?
|
Baconsthorpe Castle Baconsthorpe Castle , historically known as Baconsthorpe Hall , is a ruined , fortified manor house near the village of Baconsthorpe , Norfolk , England . It was established in the 15th century on the site of a former manor hall , probably by John Heydon I and his father , William . John was an ambitious lawyer with many enemies , and built a tall , fortified house , but his descendants became wealthy sheep farmers and , less worried about any attack , developed the property into a more elegant , courtyard house , complete with a nearby deer park . Remains . By the end of the 16th century , the Heydons were spending beyond their means and the castle had to be mortgaged ; nonetheless , new formal gardens and a decorative mere were built alongside the house . Sir John Heydon III fought alongside the Royalists during the English Civil War and in retaliation was declared delinquent by Parliament in 1646 . His fortunes did not recover and he began to demolish Baconsthorpe in 1650 in order to sell off its stonework . The outer gatehouse was turned into a private home and continued to be occupied until 1920 , when one of its turrets collapsed . In the 21st century , the ruins of the castle are managed by English Heritage and open to visitors . The remains of the castle comprise a moated inner court and mere to the north , with an outer court and an outermost court to the south . The main surviving buildings are the inner , fortified gatehouse , dating from the 15th century ; the long building , used for wool manufacture ; and the outer gatehouse , first built in the 16th century but considerably altered in later years . The outermost court holds part of the original barn , a large building that would have symbolised the Heydons lordship of the manor . History . 15th century . Baconsthorpe Castle was established by the Heydon family in the 15th century . The village of Baconsthorpe lay between Holt and Norwich , and was named after the local Bacon family . The village had two manor houses , the first in the main village and the other , called Wood Hall , on the outskirts . William Baxton had come from a relatively humble background , but by around 1400 he had bought the Bacon familys lands in the area , including half of the Wood Hall estate . William probably began the construction of the castle , then termed Baconsthorpe Hall , starting to construct the moated platform and the inner gatehouse around 1460 . Williams son , John Heydon I , continued to develop the property and acquire more land around the area , changing his family name in the process to disguise his lower social origin . John was initially the political client of the William de la Pole , the Duke of Suffolk ; after the dukes death , John Dudley , the Earl of Warwick became his next patron . John was an ambitious lawyer , and came to be hated and feared across the region as his power increased . By the time of his death in 1479 , the inner gatehouse was completed and work on the courtyard house begun , creating the basis of a tall , fortified house . The castle demonstrated Johns political aspirations , and was intended to impress his peers in the region . Sir Henry Heydon continued his fathers work on the castle . Henry married into London money and became a wealthy sheep farmer , being knighted in 1485 . He completed the castles main house , service court and the north-east tower . In the process , perhaps being less worried than his father about any attack on his property , he altered the character of Baconthorpe to produce what the historians Jacky Hall and Paul Drury term an upmarket , courtyard house . 16th century . Over the course of the 16th century , the Heydons became one of the leading families in Norfolk , marrying well , practising law and enjoying the profits from their sheep and the wool trade – their products were sold in England and also exported to the Netherlands . Sir John Heydon II inherited Baconsthorpe in 1504 but primarily lived at Saxlingham ; after a pause in construction , he finished the construction of Baconsthorpes north court and turned the east range of the castle into a wool factory before his death in 1550 . His son , Sir Christopher I , then built the outer gatehouse and barn around 1560 , and in 1561 was formally given a licence to crenellate the castle to create a deer park alongside the castle . The Heydons lived in lavish style , Sir Christopher maintaining a household of 80 servants and a coach with two horses . The castle was inherited by Sir William Heydon II in 1579 , but by now the wool trade was in decline and the family was building up debts . Sir William sold off parts of the estate to cover his fathers debts , but Williams business projects in London failed and he was forced to sell off further lands . Baconsthorpe was mortgaged and , under pressure from his creditors , William attempted to sell part of the estate in 1590 . His son , Sir Christopher II , disagreed with this plan to dispose of what he regarded as his inheritance , and the father and son fell out . William threatened to demolish the castle , Christopher appealed to the Privy Council , and the matter went to court in 1593 , a few months before Williams death the same year . Once he had inherited Baconsthorpe , Christopher renovated the inner gatehouse and created a large mere and a formal garden around the south-east side of the castle , although he mainly resided at Saxlingham . Christopher had little interest in business , preferring to engage in military pursuits and to study astrology – he hosted the mathematician Henry Briggs and the astronomer John Bainbridge at Baconsthorpe . Christopher had inherited debts of £11,000 from his father , in addition to his own debts of £3,000 , and was fined £2,000 for his part in Essexs Rebellion of 1601 . His financial situation did not improve and first Baconsthorpe , and then his other estates , had to be mortgaged . 17th – 21st centuries . Baconsthorpe passed to Christophers eldest son Sir William in 1623 , but William died four years later during the Île de Ré expedition , leaving it to his younger brother , Sir John III . John became the Lieutenant General of the Ordnance and , when civil war broke out in 1642 , he fought on the side of King Charles I . In response , Parliament seized his lands and he was declared delinquent in 1646 . He bought his estates back , but began to demolish Baconsthorpe around 1650 in order to sell off the stonework . John died in debt in 1653 , leaving the castle to his son , Charles Heydon , who continued to dispose of the stone : 29 cartloads were sold the following year for £30 , for reuse at Felbrigg Hall . Charles brother , William Heydon III , sold the estate to a Mr Bridges , and then onward to a doctor called Zurishaddai Lang , who lived in the outer gatehouse . The Norfolk landowner John Thruston Mott bought the estate in 1801 , and the gatehouse continued to be occupied until 1920 , when one of the turrets collapsed . Although the mere was still water-filled in 1839 , it was subsequently drained . In 1940 , the castles owner , the politician Sir Charles Mott-Radclyffe , placed the site into the care of the Ministry of Public Works . In the 1950s and 1960s , the site was cleared of ivy and other vegetation , the stonework consolidated and archaeologically surveyed , before being opened to the public . The mere was dredged and reflooded in 1972 , with further archaeological excavations carried out . In the 21st century , Baconsthorpe Castle is managed by English Heritage and protected under UK law as a Grade I and Grade II listed building , and as a scheduled monument . Architecture . Baconsthorpe Castle is located north of Baconthorpe village in a valley formed by the River Glaven , approached on the remains of a raised causeway from the south . The site comprises a moated inner court and mere to the north , with an outer and an outermost court to the south . During the 16th century , the surrounding area would have formed pasture for sheep , although it is now primarily used for arable farming . Outer and outermostcourts . The outer and outermost courts lie progressively to the south of the outer court of the castle . The outermost court currently forms part of a farmyard and is now subdivided by a low wall . A 16th-century barn lines the western edge of the court . The barn is now in size , but was originally possibly up to long , with three sets of large cart doors . The barn was intended both to impress visitors and to symbolize the Heydons lordship of the manor , and the exterior facings of the barn are superior on the south and east sides where they would have been seen by those entering the castle . A row of cottages would originally have faced the barn on the other side of the court . The ruined outer gatehouse that forms the entrance to the outer court was built from expensive knapped flint in a Perpendicular Gothic style . It comprised a gate-passage , with rooms and octagonal turrets on either side and a large chamber on the first floor . When it was converted into a house in the 17th century , the gatehouse was heavily altered : a three-storey porch was added onto the front along with wings on either side , and additional rooms at the back of the building , but the porch was later removed in the early 19th century , when crenellations were added . A wall would originally have run around the outside of the outer court , which was used as a walled garden after the conversion of the gatehouse . Inner court . The inner court rests on a square earth platform across , surrounded by a water-filled moat up to wide . The eastern edge of the moat meets with the 16th-century mere , approximately across , which is fed by two streams and dammed on the eastern side . Beyond the mere there are the remains of a large , dammed pond , across , which may originally have been designed to be a decorative water feature intended to be viewed from the castle . A bridge on the south side links the inner and outer courts ; originally the second half of the bridge formed a protective drawbridge . The inner court is in size , surrounded by an external curtain wall up to tall in places , protected by seven square and circular mural towers . The main entrance was through the southern bridge and the inner gatehouse , but the central north tower also originally held a postern gate , leading to another bridge over the northern edge of the moat , of which only the brick pier foundations survive . The castle was protected with gun loops : six double embrasures to the west of the gatehouse , a gun loop in the north-west square tower , and several larger gun loops in the northern section of the curtain wall . Inside the court , gun loops in the cellar beneath the hall covered the entrance itself . The military-inspired design of the inner court drew on earlier medieval architectural traditions , and was intended to reinforce the Heydons status and symbolise their aspirations to nobility . The inner gatehouse is three storeys high , and like the rest of the inner court , constructed of flint rubble and brick , faced with knapped flint . It has a gate-passage with a two-storey vaulted porch ; two sets of chambers lay on either side of the passage , probably forming living space for the steward and the porter , and the rooms above were fitted with fireplaces , garderobes and a small chapel , to form a set of high quality , luxurious living space , possibly for the Heydons or members of their family . The building could have been defended in the case of an attack . The south-west corner of the inner court held a courtyard house , which was attached to the gatehouse and would have incorporated the castles great hall . The northern part of the court would have probably formed a separate , private garden during the later period . The north-east side of the inner court formed a service court , with kitchens and similar facilities , including a well . The eastern side of the inner court was adapted for the wool industry in the 16th century . This included the construction of a long building along the curtain wall , two storeys high , . This was used for processing wool , with a turnstile at the north end for shearing sheep , and space on the first floor for weavers and finishers ; the southern end may have held a wooden sink for washing wool , or alternatively been a drying floor and granary for the castles brewhouse and bakehouse . The three-storey north-east tower was also later used for processing wool , including fulling . Garden . To the south-east off the inner court are the remaining earthworks of a formal garden on a raised platform , across . The garden had a raised walkway round a square pond , in size .
|
[
"Christopher II"
] |
[
{
"text": "Baconsthorpe Castle , historically known as Baconsthorpe Hall , is a ruined , fortified manor house near the village of Baconsthorpe , Norfolk , England . It was established in the 15th century on the site of a former manor hall , probably by John Heydon I and his father , William . John was an ambitious lawyer with many enemies , and built a tall , fortified house , but his descendants became wealthy sheep farmers and , less worried about any attack , developed the property into a more elegant , courtyard house , complete with a nearby",
"title": "Baconsthorpe Castle"
},
{
"text": "deer park .",
"title": "Baconsthorpe Castle"
},
{
"text": "By the end of the 16th century , the Heydons were spending beyond their means and the castle had to be mortgaged ; nonetheless , new formal gardens and a decorative mere were built alongside the house . Sir John Heydon III fought alongside the Royalists during the English Civil War and in retaliation was declared delinquent by Parliament in 1646 . His fortunes did not recover and he began to demolish Baconsthorpe in 1650 in order to sell off its stonework . The outer gatehouse was turned into a private home and continued to be occupied until 1920 ,",
"title": "Remains"
},
{
"text": "when one of its turrets collapsed . In the 21st century , the ruins of the castle are managed by English Heritage and open to visitors .",
"title": "Remains"
},
{
"text": " The remains of the castle comprise a moated inner court and mere to the north , with an outer court and an outermost court to the south . The main surviving buildings are the inner , fortified gatehouse , dating from the 15th century ; the long building , used for wool manufacture ; and the outer gatehouse , first built in the 16th century but considerably altered in later years . The outermost court holds part of the original barn , a large building that would have symbolised the Heydons lordship of the manor .",
"title": "Remains"
},
{
"text": "Baconsthorpe Castle was established by the Heydon family in the 15th century . The village of Baconsthorpe lay between Holt and Norwich , and was named after the local Bacon family . The village had two manor houses , the first in the main village and the other , called Wood Hall , on the outskirts . William Baxton had come from a relatively humble background , but by around 1400 he had bought the Bacon familys lands in the area , including half of the Wood Hall estate . William probably began the construction of the castle , then",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "termed Baconsthorpe Hall , starting to construct the moated platform and the inner gatehouse around 1460 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Williams son , John Heydon I , continued to develop the property and acquire more land around the area , changing his family name in the process to disguise his lower social origin . John was initially the political client of the William de la Pole , the Duke of Suffolk ; after the dukes death , John Dudley , the Earl of Warwick became his next patron . John was an ambitious lawyer , and came to be hated and feared across the region as his power increased . By the time of his death in 1479 , the",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "inner gatehouse was completed and work on the courtyard house begun , creating the basis of a tall , fortified house . The castle demonstrated Johns political aspirations , and was intended to impress his peers in the region .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Sir Henry Heydon continued his fathers work on the castle . Henry married into London money and became a wealthy sheep farmer , being knighted in 1485 . He completed the castles main house , service court and the north-east tower . In the process , perhaps being less worried than his father about any attack on his property , he altered the character of Baconthorpe to produce what the historians Jacky Hall and Paul Drury term an upmarket , courtyard house . 16th century .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Over the course of the 16th century , the Heydons became one of the leading families in Norfolk , marrying well , practising law and enjoying the profits from their sheep and the wool trade – their products were sold in England and also exported to the Netherlands . Sir John Heydon II inherited Baconsthorpe in 1504 but primarily lived at Saxlingham ; after a pause in construction , he finished the construction of Baconsthorpes north court and turned the east range of the castle into a wool factory before his death in 1550 . His son , Sir Christopher",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "I , then built the outer gatehouse and barn around 1560 , and in 1561 was formally given a licence to crenellate the castle to create a deer park alongside the castle . The Heydons lived in lavish style , Sir Christopher maintaining a household of 80 servants and a coach with two horses .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The castle was inherited by Sir William Heydon II in 1579 , but by now the wool trade was in decline and the family was building up debts . Sir William sold off parts of the estate to cover his fathers debts , but Williams business projects in London failed and he was forced to sell off further lands . Baconsthorpe was mortgaged and , under pressure from his creditors , William attempted to sell part of the estate in 1590 . His son , Sir Christopher II , disagreed with this plan to dispose of what he regarded as",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "his inheritance , and the father and son fell out . William threatened to demolish the castle , Christopher appealed to the Privy Council , and the matter went to court in 1593 , a few months before Williams death the same year .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Once he had inherited Baconsthorpe , Christopher renovated the inner gatehouse and created a large mere and a formal garden around the south-east side of the castle , although he mainly resided at Saxlingham . Christopher had little interest in business , preferring to engage in military pursuits and to study astrology – he hosted the mathematician Henry Briggs and the astronomer John Bainbridge at Baconsthorpe . Christopher had inherited debts of £11,000 from his father , in addition to his own debts of £3,000 , and was fined £2,000 for his part in Essexs Rebellion of 1601 . His",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "financial situation did not improve and first Baconsthorpe , and then his other estates , had to be mortgaged .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Baconsthorpe passed to Christophers eldest son Sir William in 1623 , but William died four years later during the Île de Ré expedition , leaving it to his younger brother , Sir John III . John became the Lieutenant General of the Ordnance and , when civil war broke out in 1642 , he fought on the side of King Charles I . In response , Parliament seized his lands and he was declared delinquent in 1646 . He bought his estates back , but began to demolish Baconsthorpe around 1650 in order to sell off the stonework .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "John died in debt in 1653 , leaving the castle to his son , Charles Heydon , who continued to dispose of the stone : 29 cartloads were sold the following year for £30 , for reuse at Felbrigg Hall . Charles brother , William Heydon III , sold the estate to a Mr Bridges , and then onward to a doctor called Zurishaddai Lang , who lived in the outer gatehouse . The Norfolk landowner John Thruston Mott bought the estate in 1801 , and the gatehouse continued to be occupied until 1920 , when one of the turrets",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "collapsed . Although the mere was still water-filled in 1839 , it was subsequently drained .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1940 , the castles owner , the politician Sir Charles Mott-Radclyffe , placed the site into the care of the Ministry of Public Works . In the 1950s and 1960s , the site was cleared of ivy and other vegetation , the stonework consolidated and archaeologically surveyed , before being opened to the public . The mere was dredged and reflooded in 1972 , with further archaeological excavations carried out . In the 21st century , Baconsthorpe Castle is managed by English Heritage and protected under UK law as a Grade I and Grade II listed building , and",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "as a scheduled monument .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Baconsthorpe Castle is located north of Baconthorpe village in a valley formed by the River Glaven , approached on the remains of a raised causeway from the south . The site comprises a moated inner court and mere to the north , with an outer and an outermost court to the south . During the 16th century , the surrounding area would have formed pasture for sheep , although it is now primarily used for arable farming .",
"title": "Architecture"
},
{
"text": "The outer and outermost courts lie progressively to the south of the outer court of the castle . The outermost court currently forms part of a farmyard and is now subdivided by a low wall . A 16th-century barn lines the western edge of the court . The barn is now in size , but was originally possibly up to long , with three sets of large cart doors . The barn was intended both to impress visitors and to symbolize the Heydons lordship of the manor , and the exterior facings of the barn are superior on the south",
"title": "Outer and outermostcourts"
},
{
"text": "and east sides where they would have been seen by those entering the castle . A row of cottages would originally have faced the barn on the other side of the court .",
"title": "Outer and outermostcourts"
},
{
"text": "The ruined outer gatehouse that forms the entrance to the outer court was built from expensive knapped flint in a Perpendicular Gothic style . It comprised a gate-passage , with rooms and octagonal turrets on either side and a large chamber on the first floor . When it was converted into a house in the 17th century , the gatehouse was heavily altered : a three-storey porch was added onto the front along with wings on either side , and additional rooms at the back of the building , but the porch was later removed in the early 19th century",
"title": "Outer and outermostcourts"
},
{
"text": ", when crenellations were added . A wall would originally have run around the outside of the outer court , which was used as a walled garden after the conversion of the gatehouse .",
"title": "Outer and outermostcourts"
},
{
"text": "The inner court rests on a square earth platform across , surrounded by a water-filled moat up to wide . The eastern edge of the moat meets with the 16th-century mere , approximately across , which is fed by two streams and dammed on the eastern side . Beyond the mere there are the remains of a large , dammed pond , across , which may originally have been designed to be a decorative water feature intended to be viewed from the castle . A bridge on the south side links the inner and outer courts ; originally the second",
"title": "Inner court"
},
{
"text": "half of the bridge formed a protective drawbridge .",
"title": "Inner court"
},
{
"text": "The inner court is in size , surrounded by an external curtain wall up to tall in places , protected by seven square and circular mural towers . The main entrance was through the southern bridge and the inner gatehouse , but the central north tower also originally held a postern gate , leading to another bridge over the northern edge of the moat , of which only the brick pier foundations survive . The castle was protected with gun loops : six double embrasures to the west of the gatehouse , a gun loop in the north-west square tower",
"title": "Inner court"
},
{
"text": ", and several larger gun loops in the northern section of the curtain wall . Inside the court , gun loops in the cellar beneath the hall covered the entrance itself . The military-inspired design of the inner court drew on earlier medieval architectural traditions , and was intended to reinforce the Heydons status and symbolise their aspirations to nobility .",
"title": "Inner court"
},
{
"text": "The inner gatehouse is three storeys high , and like the rest of the inner court , constructed of flint rubble and brick , faced with knapped flint . It has a gate-passage with a two-storey vaulted porch ; two sets of chambers lay on either side of the passage , probably forming living space for the steward and the porter , and the rooms above were fitted with fireplaces , garderobes and a small chapel , to form a set of high quality , luxurious living space , possibly for the Heydons or members of their family . The",
"title": "Inner court"
},
{
"text": "building could have been defended in the case of an attack . The south-west corner of the inner court held a courtyard house , which was attached to the gatehouse and would have incorporated the castles great hall . The northern part of the court would have probably formed a separate , private garden during the later period .",
"title": "Inner court"
},
{
"text": "The north-east side of the inner court formed a service court , with kitchens and similar facilities , including a well . The eastern side of the inner court was adapted for the wool industry in the 16th century . This included the construction of a long building along the curtain wall , two storeys high , . This was used for processing wool , with a turnstile at the north end for shearing sheep , and space on the first floor for weavers and finishers ; the southern end may have held a wooden sink for washing wool ,",
"title": "Inner court"
},
{
"text": "or alternatively been a drying floor and granary for the castles brewhouse and bakehouse . The three-storey north-east tower was also later used for processing wool , including fulling .",
"title": "Inner court"
},
{
"text": " To the south-east off the inner court are the remaining earthworks of a formal garden on a raised platform , across . The garden had a raised walkway round a square pond , in size .",
"title": "Garden"
}
] |
/wiki/Baconsthorpe_Castle#P127#4
|
Who owned Baconsthorpe Castle in late 1620s?
|
Baconsthorpe Castle Baconsthorpe Castle , historically known as Baconsthorpe Hall , is a ruined , fortified manor house near the village of Baconsthorpe , Norfolk , England . It was established in the 15th century on the site of a former manor hall , probably by John Heydon I and his father , William . John was an ambitious lawyer with many enemies , and built a tall , fortified house , but his descendants became wealthy sheep farmers and , less worried about any attack , developed the property into a more elegant , courtyard house , complete with a nearby deer park . Remains . By the end of the 16th century , the Heydons were spending beyond their means and the castle had to be mortgaged ; nonetheless , new formal gardens and a decorative mere were built alongside the house . Sir John Heydon III fought alongside the Royalists during the English Civil War and in retaliation was declared delinquent by Parliament in 1646 . His fortunes did not recover and he began to demolish Baconsthorpe in 1650 in order to sell off its stonework . The outer gatehouse was turned into a private home and continued to be occupied until 1920 , when one of its turrets collapsed . In the 21st century , the ruins of the castle are managed by English Heritage and open to visitors . The remains of the castle comprise a moated inner court and mere to the north , with an outer court and an outermost court to the south . The main surviving buildings are the inner , fortified gatehouse , dating from the 15th century ; the long building , used for wool manufacture ; and the outer gatehouse , first built in the 16th century but considerably altered in later years . The outermost court holds part of the original barn , a large building that would have symbolised the Heydons lordship of the manor . History . 15th century . Baconsthorpe Castle was established by the Heydon family in the 15th century . The village of Baconsthorpe lay between Holt and Norwich , and was named after the local Bacon family . The village had two manor houses , the first in the main village and the other , called Wood Hall , on the outskirts . William Baxton had come from a relatively humble background , but by around 1400 he had bought the Bacon familys lands in the area , including half of the Wood Hall estate . William probably began the construction of the castle , then termed Baconsthorpe Hall , starting to construct the moated platform and the inner gatehouse around 1460 . Williams son , John Heydon I , continued to develop the property and acquire more land around the area , changing his family name in the process to disguise his lower social origin . John was initially the political client of the William de la Pole , the Duke of Suffolk ; after the dukes death , John Dudley , the Earl of Warwick became his next patron . John was an ambitious lawyer , and came to be hated and feared across the region as his power increased . By the time of his death in 1479 , the inner gatehouse was completed and work on the courtyard house begun , creating the basis of a tall , fortified house . The castle demonstrated Johns political aspirations , and was intended to impress his peers in the region . Sir Henry Heydon continued his fathers work on the castle . Henry married into London money and became a wealthy sheep farmer , being knighted in 1485 . He completed the castles main house , service court and the north-east tower . In the process , perhaps being less worried than his father about any attack on his property , he altered the character of Baconthorpe to produce what the historians Jacky Hall and Paul Drury term an upmarket , courtyard house . 16th century . Over the course of the 16th century , the Heydons became one of the leading families in Norfolk , marrying well , practising law and enjoying the profits from their sheep and the wool trade – their products were sold in England and also exported to the Netherlands . Sir John Heydon II inherited Baconsthorpe in 1504 but primarily lived at Saxlingham ; after a pause in construction , he finished the construction of Baconsthorpes north court and turned the east range of the castle into a wool factory before his death in 1550 . His son , Sir Christopher I , then built the outer gatehouse and barn around 1560 , and in 1561 was formally given a licence to crenellate the castle to create a deer park alongside the castle . The Heydons lived in lavish style , Sir Christopher maintaining a household of 80 servants and a coach with two horses . The castle was inherited by Sir William Heydon II in 1579 , but by now the wool trade was in decline and the family was building up debts . Sir William sold off parts of the estate to cover his fathers debts , but Williams business projects in London failed and he was forced to sell off further lands . Baconsthorpe was mortgaged and , under pressure from his creditors , William attempted to sell part of the estate in 1590 . His son , Sir Christopher II , disagreed with this plan to dispose of what he regarded as his inheritance , and the father and son fell out . William threatened to demolish the castle , Christopher appealed to the Privy Council , and the matter went to court in 1593 , a few months before Williams death the same year . Once he had inherited Baconsthorpe , Christopher renovated the inner gatehouse and created a large mere and a formal garden around the south-east side of the castle , although he mainly resided at Saxlingham . Christopher had little interest in business , preferring to engage in military pursuits and to study astrology – he hosted the mathematician Henry Briggs and the astronomer John Bainbridge at Baconsthorpe . Christopher had inherited debts of £11,000 from his father , in addition to his own debts of £3,000 , and was fined £2,000 for his part in Essexs Rebellion of 1601 . His financial situation did not improve and first Baconsthorpe , and then his other estates , had to be mortgaged . 17th – 21st centuries . Baconsthorpe passed to Christophers eldest son Sir William in 1623 , but William died four years later during the Île de Ré expedition , leaving it to his younger brother , Sir John III . John became the Lieutenant General of the Ordnance and , when civil war broke out in 1642 , he fought on the side of King Charles I . In response , Parliament seized his lands and he was declared delinquent in 1646 . He bought his estates back , but began to demolish Baconsthorpe around 1650 in order to sell off the stonework . John died in debt in 1653 , leaving the castle to his son , Charles Heydon , who continued to dispose of the stone : 29 cartloads were sold the following year for £30 , for reuse at Felbrigg Hall . Charles brother , William Heydon III , sold the estate to a Mr Bridges , and then onward to a doctor called Zurishaddai Lang , who lived in the outer gatehouse . The Norfolk landowner John Thruston Mott bought the estate in 1801 , and the gatehouse continued to be occupied until 1920 , when one of the turrets collapsed . Although the mere was still water-filled in 1839 , it was subsequently drained . In 1940 , the castles owner , the politician Sir Charles Mott-Radclyffe , placed the site into the care of the Ministry of Public Works . In the 1950s and 1960s , the site was cleared of ivy and other vegetation , the stonework consolidated and archaeologically surveyed , before being opened to the public . The mere was dredged and reflooded in 1972 , with further archaeological excavations carried out . In the 21st century , Baconsthorpe Castle is managed by English Heritage and protected under UK law as a Grade I and Grade II listed building , and as a scheduled monument . Architecture . Baconsthorpe Castle is located north of Baconthorpe village in a valley formed by the River Glaven , approached on the remains of a raised causeway from the south . The site comprises a moated inner court and mere to the north , with an outer and an outermost court to the south . During the 16th century , the surrounding area would have formed pasture for sheep , although it is now primarily used for arable farming . Outer and outermostcourts . The outer and outermost courts lie progressively to the south of the outer court of the castle . The outermost court currently forms part of a farmyard and is now subdivided by a low wall . A 16th-century barn lines the western edge of the court . The barn is now in size , but was originally possibly up to long , with three sets of large cart doors . The barn was intended both to impress visitors and to symbolize the Heydons lordship of the manor , and the exterior facings of the barn are superior on the south and east sides where they would have been seen by those entering the castle . A row of cottages would originally have faced the barn on the other side of the court . The ruined outer gatehouse that forms the entrance to the outer court was built from expensive knapped flint in a Perpendicular Gothic style . It comprised a gate-passage , with rooms and octagonal turrets on either side and a large chamber on the first floor . When it was converted into a house in the 17th century , the gatehouse was heavily altered : a three-storey porch was added onto the front along with wings on either side , and additional rooms at the back of the building , but the porch was later removed in the early 19th century , when crenellations were added . A wall would originally have run around the outside of the outer court , which was used as a walled garden after the conversion of the gatehouse . Inner court . The inner court rests on a square earth platform across , surrounded by a water-filled moat up to wide . The eastern edge of the moat meets with the 16th-century mere , approximately across , which is fed by two streams and dammed on the eastern side . Beyond the mere there are the remains of a large , dammed pond , across , which may originally have been designed to be a decorative water feature intended to be viewed from the castle . A bridge on the south side links the inner and outer courts ; originally the second half of the bridge formed a protective drawbridge . The inner court is in size , surrounded by an external curtain wall up to tall in places , protected by seven square and circular mural towers . The main entrance was through the southern bridge and the inner gatehouse , but the central north tower also originally held a postern gate , leading to another bridge over the northern edge of the moat , of which only the brick pier foundations survive . The castle was protected with gun loops : six double embrasures to the west of the gatehouse , a gun loop in the north-west square tower , and several larger gun loops in the northern section of the curtain wall . Inside the court , gun loops in the cellar beneath the hall covered the entrance itself . The military-inspired design of the inner court drew on earlier medieval architectural traditions , and was intended to reinforce the Heydons status and symbolise their aspirations to nobility . The inner gatehouse is three storeys high , and like the rest of the inner court , constructed of flint rubble and brick , faced with knapped flint . It has a gate-passage with a two-storey vaulted porch ; two sets of chambers lay on either side of the passage , probably forming living space for the steward and the porter , and the rooms above were fitted with fireplaces , garderobes and a small chapel , to form a set of high quality , luxurious living space , possibly for the Heydons or members of their family . The building could have been defended in the case of an attack . The south-west corner of the inner court held a courtyard house , which was attached to the gatehouse and would have incorporated the castles great hall . The northern part of the court would have probably formed a separate , private garden during the later period . The north-east side of the inner court formed a service court , with kitchens and similar facilities , including a well . The eastern side of the inner court was adapted for the wool industry in the 16th century . This included the construction of a long building along the curtain wall , two storeys high , . This was used for processing wool , with a turnstile at the north end for shearing sheep , and space on the first floor for weavers and finishers ; the southern end may have held a wooden sink for washing wool , or alternatively been a drying floor and granary for the castles brewhouse and bakehouse . The three-storey north-east tower was also later used for processing wool , including fulling . Garden . To the south-east off the inner court are the remaining earthworks of a formal garden on a raised platform , across . The garden had a raised walkway round a square pond , in size .
|
[
"Sir John Heydon III"
] |
[
{
"text": "Baconsthorpe Castle , historically known as Baconsthorpe Hall , is a ruined , fortified manor house near the village of Baconsthorpe , Norfolk , England . It was established in the 15th century on the site of a former manor hall , probably by John Heydon I and his father , William . John was an ambitious lawyer with many enemies , and built a tall , fortified house , but his descendants became wealthy sheep farmers and , less worried about any attack , developed the property into a more elegant , courtyard house , complete with a nearby",
"title": "Baconsthorpe Castle"
},
{
"text": "deer park .",
"title": "Baconsthorpe Castle"
},
{
"text": "By the end of the 16th century , the Heydons were spending beyond their means and the castle had to be mortgaged ; nonetheless , new formal gardens and a decorative mere were built alongside the house . Sir John Heydon III fought alongside the Royalists during the English Civil War and in retaliation was declared delinquent by Parliament in 1646 . His fortunes did not recover and he began to demolish Baconsthorpe in 1650 in order to sell off its stonework . The outer gatehouse was turned into a private home and continued to be occupied until 1920 ,",
"title": "Remains"
},
{
"text": "when one of its turrets collapsed . In the 21st century , the ruins of the castle are managed by English Heritage and open to visitors .",
"title": "Remains"
},
{
"text": " The remains of the castle comprise a moated inner court and mere to the north , with an outer court and an outermost court to the south . The main surviving buildings are the inner , fortified gatehouse , dating from the 15th century ; the long building , used for wool manufacture ; and the outer gatehouse , first built in the 16th century but considerably altered in later years . The outermost court holds part of the original barn , a large building that would have symbolised the Heydons lordship of the manor .",
"title": "Remains"
},
{
"text": "Baconsthorpe Castle was established by the Heydon family in the 15th century . The village of Baconsthorpe lay between Holt and Norwich , and was named after the local Bacon family . The village had two manor houses , the first in the main village and the other , called Wood Hall , on the outskirts . William Baxton had come from a relatively humble background , but by around 1400 he had bought the Bacon familys lands in the area , including half of the Wood Hall estate . William probably began the construction of the castle , then",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "termed Baconsthorpe Hall , starting to construct the moated platform and the inner gatehouse around 1460 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Williams son , John Heydon I , continued to develop the property and acquire more land around the area , changing his family name in the process to disguise his lower social origin . John was initially the political client of the William de la Pole , the Duke of Suffolk ; after the dukes death , John Dudley , the Earl of Warwick became his next patron . John was an ambitious lawyer , and came to be hated and feared across the region as his power increased . By the time of his death in 1479 , the",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "inner gatehouse was completed and work on the courtyard house begun , creating the basis of a tall , fortified house . The castle demonstrated Johns political aspirations , and was intended to impress his peers in the region .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Sir Henry Heydon continued his fathers work on the castle . Henry married into London money and became a wealthy sheep farmer , being knighted in 1485 . He completed the castles main house , service court and the north-east tower . In the process , perhaps being less worried than his father about any attack on his property , he altered the character of Baconthorpe to produce what the historians Jacky Hall and Paul Drury term an upmarket , courtyard house . 16th century .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Over the course of the 16th century , the Heydons became one of the leading families in Norfolk , marrying well , practising law and enjoying the profits from their sheep and the wool trade – their products were sold in England and also exported to the Netherlands . Sir John Heydon II inherited Baconsthorpe in 1504 but primarily lived at Saxlingham ; after a pause in construction , he finished the construction of Baconsthorpes north court and turned the east range of the castle into a wool factory before his death in 1550 . His son , Sir Christopher",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "I , then built the outer gatehouse and barn around 1560 , and in 1561 was formally given a licence to crenellate the castle to create a deer park alongside the castle . The Heydons lived in lavish style , Sir Christopher maintaining a household of 80 servants and a coach with two horses .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The castle was inherited by Sir William Heydon II in 1579 , but by now the wool trade was in decline and the family was building up debts . Sir William sold off parts of the estate to cover his fathers debts , but Williams business projects in London failed and he was forced to sell off further lands . Baconsthorpe was mortgaged and , under pressure from his creditors , William attempted to sell part of the estate in 1590 . His son , Sir Christopher II , disagreed with this plan to dispose of what he regarded as",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "his inheritance , and the father and son fell out . William threatened to demolish the castle , Christopher appealed to the Privy Council , and the matter went to court in 1593 , a few months before Williams death the same year .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Once he had inherited Baconsthorpe , Christopher renovated the inner gatehouse and created a large mere and a formal garden around the south-east side of the castle , although he mainly resided at Saxlingham . Christopher had little interest in business , preferring to engage in military pursuits and to study astrology – he hosted the mathematician Henry Briggs and the astronomer John Bainbridge at Baconsthorpe . Christopher had inherited debts of £11,000 from his father , in addition to his own debts of £3,000 , and was fined £2,000 for his part in Essexs Rebellion of 1601 . His",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "financial situation did not improve and first Baconsthorpe , and then his other estates , had to be mortgaged .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Baconsthorpe passed to Christophers eldest son Sir William in 1623 , but William died four years later during the Île de Ré expedition , leaving it to his younger brother , Sir John III . John became the Lieutenant General of the Ordnance and , when civil war broke out in 1642 , he fought on the side of King Charles I . In response , Parliament seized his lands and he was declared delinquent in 1646 . He bought his estates back , but began to demolish Baconsthorpe around 1650 in order to sell off the stonework .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "John died in debt in 1653 , leaving the castle to his son , Charles Heydon , who continued to dispose of the stone : 29 cartloads were sold the following year for £30 , for reuse at Felbrigg Hall . Charles brother , William Heydon III , sold the estate to a Mr Bridges , and then onward to a doctor called Zurishaddai Lang , who lived in the outer gatehouse . The Norfolk landowner John Thruston Mott bought the estate in 1801 , and the gatehouse continued to be occupied until 1920 , when one of the turrets",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "collapsed . Although the mere was still water-filled in 1839 , it was subsequently drained .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1940 , the castles owner , the politician Sir Charles Mott-Radclyffe , placed the site into the care of the Ministry of Public Works . In the 1950s and 1960s , the site was cleared of ivy and other vegetation , the stonework consolidated and archaeologically surveyed , before being opened to the public . The mere was dredged and reflooded in 1972 , with further archaeological excavations carried out . In the 21st century , Baconsthorpe Castle is managed by English Heritage and protected under UK law as a Grade I and Grade II listed building , and",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "as a scheduled monument .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Baconsthorpe Castle is located north of Baconthorpe village in a valley formed by the River Glaven , approached on the remains of a raised causeway from the south . The site comprises a moated inner court and mere to the north , with an outer and an outermost court to the south . During the 16th century , the surrounding area would have formed pasture for sheep , although it is now primarily used for arable farming .",
"title": "Architecture"
},
{
"text": "The outer and outermost courts lie progressively to the south of the outer court of the castle . The outermost court currently forms part of a farmyard and is now subdivided by a low wall . A 16th-century barn lines the western edge of the court . The barn is now in size , but was originally possibly up to long , with three sets of large cart doors . The barn was intended both to impress visitors and to symbolize the Heydons lordship of the manor , and the exterior facings of the barn are superior on the south",
"title": "Outer and outermostcourts"
},
{
"text": "and east sides where they would have been seen by those entering the castle . A row of cottages would originally have faced the barn on the other side of the court .",
"title": "Outer and outermostcourts"
},
{
"text": "The ruined outer gatehouse that forms the entrance to the outer court was built from expensive knapped flint in a Perpendicular Gothic style . It comprised a gate-passage , with rooms and octagonal turrets on either side and a large chamber on the first floor . When it was converted into a house in the 17th century , the gatehouse was heavily altered : a three-storey porch was added onto the front along with wings on either side , and additional rooms at the back of the building , but the porch was later removed in the early 19th century",
"title": "Outer and outermostcourts"
},
{
"text": ", when crenellations were added . A wall would originally have run around the outside of the outer court , which was used as a walled garden after the conversion of the gatehouse .",
"title": "Outer and outermostcourts"
},
{
"text": "The inner court rests on a square earth platform across , surrounded by a water-filled moat up to wide . The eastern edge of the moat meets with the 16th-century mere , approximately across , which is fed by two streams and dammed on the eastern side . Beyond the mere there are the remains of a large , dammed pond , across , which may originally have been designed to be a decorative water feature intended to be viewed from the castle . A bridge on the south side links the inner and outer courts ; originally the second",
"title": "Inner court"
},
{
"text": "half of the bridge formed a protective drawbridge .",
"title": "Inner court"
},
{
"text": "The inner court is in size , surrounded by an external curtain wall up to tall in places , protected by seven square and circular mural towers . The main entrance was through the southern bridge and the inner gatehouse , but the central north tower also originally held a postern gate , leading to another bridge over the northern edge of the moat , of which only the brick pier foundations survive . The castle was protected with gun loops : six double embrasures to the west of the gatehouse , a gun loop in the north-west square tower",
"title": "Inner court"
},
{
"text": ", and several larger gun loops in the northern section of the curtain wall . Inside the court , gun loops in the cellar beneath the hall covered the entrance itself . The military-inspired design of the inner court drew on earlier medieval architectural traditions , and was intended to reinforce the Heydons status and symbolise their aspirations to nobility .",
"title": "Inner court"
},
{
"text": "The inner gatehouse is three storeys high , and like the rest of the inner court , constructed of flint rubble and brick , faced with knapped flint . It has a gate-passage with a two-storey vaulted porch ; two sets of chambers lay on either side of the passage , probably forming living space for the steward and the porter , and the rooms above were fitted with fireplaces , garderobes and a small chapel , to form a set of high quality , luxurious living space , possibly for the Heydons or members of their family . The",
"title": "Inner court"
},
{
"text": "building could have been defended in the case of an attack . The south-west corner of the inner court held a courtyard house , which was attached to the gatehouse and would have incorporated the castles great hall . The northern part of the court would have probably formed a separate , private garden during the later period .",
"title": "Inner court"
},
{
"text": "The north-east side of the inner court formed a service court , with kitchens and similar facilities , including a well . The eastern side of the inner court was adapted for the wool industry in the 16th century . This included the construction of a long building along the curtain wall , two storeys high , . This was used for processing wool , with a turnstile at the north end for shearing sheep , and space on the first floor for weavers and finishers ; the southern end may have held a wooden sink for washing wool ,",
"title": "Inner court"
},
{
"text": "or alternatively been a drying floor and granary for the castles brewhouse and bakehouse . The three-storey north-east tower was also later used for processing wool , including fulling .",
"title": "Inner court"
},
{
"text": " To the south-east off the inner court are the remaining earthworks of a formal garden on a raised platform , across . The garden had a raised walkway round a square pond , in size .",
"title": "Garden"
}
] |
/wiki/Joan_Cadden_(historian)#P108#0
|
Who did Joan Cadden (historian) work for in Feb 1971?
|
Joan Cadden ( historian ) Joan Cadden ( born 1944 ) is Professor Emerita of medieval history and literature in the History Department of the University of California , Davis . She served as President of the History of Science Society ( HSS ) from 2006-2007 . She has written extensively on gender and sexuality in medieval science and medicine . Her book Meanings of Sex Difference in the Middle Age : Medicine , Science , and Culture ( 1993 ) received the Pfizer Prize in 1994 , from the History of Science Society , as the outstanding book on the history of science . Early life and education . Joan Cadden received her B.A . from Vassar College in 1965 , and her M.A . degree from Columbia University in 1967 , writing her thesis on De elementis : Earth , Water , Air , and Fire in the 12th and 13th Centuries . She completed her Ph.D . in history and philosophy of science at Indiana University in 1971 . Her Ph.D . thesis was The Medieval Philosophy and Biology of Growth : Albertus Magnus , Thomas Aquinas , Albert of Saxony and Marsilius of Inghen on Book I , Chapter V of Aristotle’s ‘De generatione et corruptione,’ with Translated Texts of Albertus and Thomas Aquinas . Career . Cadden taught as an assistant professor in the Department of History of Science at Harvard University from 1971-1976 . She was a visiting lecturer in history at the University of Colorado , Boulder in 1977-1978 . She taught at Kenyon College from 1978-1996 . She was a Dibner Visiting Historian of Science at Purdue University Calumet in 1996-1997 . She joined the University of California at Davis in 1996 as Professor of History . Cadden served as President of the History of Science Society ( HSS ) from 2006-2007 . She retired and became Professor Emeritus at UC Davis in 2008 . Her work has been characterized as exploring the seams of disciplines—the connections between history of science , gender history , history of sexuality , social history , and intellectual history . Methodologically , she broke new ground , paying particular attention to the cultural and social milieux these sources were produced in ; to the assumptions and expectations of authors and readers ; to questions of form , style , and presentation . Her book Meanings of Sex Difference in the Middle Age : Medicine , Science , and Culture ( 1993 ) was groundbreaking in its examination of sex and gender , and has deeply influenced subsequent scholarship . Cadden examines the discussions of sexual difference from Aristotle through the fourteenth century , revealing a wide range of ideas about sexual determination , reproductive roles and sexual pleasure . She finds multiple models of sexuality in writings throughout the middles ages . This challenged Thomas Laqueurs assertion in Making Sex : Body and Gender from the Greeks to Freud ( 1990 ) that male and female were seen as manifestations of a unified substratum before the 18th century . Cadden addressed medieval discourse in all its staggering complexity , an interconnectedness of intellectual interests that was far from comforting in its diversity . She went on to research Pietro DAbano and to explore the complexities of medieval natural philosophers understanding of homosexual desire in her book Nothing Natural Is Shameful : Sodomy and Science in Late Medieval Europe ( 2013 ) . Although she recognizes its limitations , she uses the medieval term sodomy to avoid conflation with modern senses of the term homosexuality . Discussion focuses around Aristotles Problemata IV.26 and its questioning of male-male sexual desire . The book has been described as a sophisticated reflection on sex and sexuality . Awards . Her book Meanings of Sex Difference in the Middle Age : Medicine , Science , and Culture ( 1993 ) received the 1994 Pfizer Prize for outstanding book on the history of science from the History of Science Society . It was the first book on gender studies and the first book in thirty years on medieval studies , to win that award . Her work was celebrated at two sessions at the 44th annual International Congress on Medieval Studies in Kalamazoo , Michigan in 2009 by the Society for Medieval Feminist Scholarship . The Medieval Foremothers Society honored Joan Cadden in the sessions “Thinking beyond the ‘Woman Writer’ in Reconstructing Women’s Intellectual Worlds,” and “ ( New ) Meanings of Sex Difference in the Middle Ages : Medicine , Science , and Culture ( A Roundtable ) .” These were later published in the Medieval Feminist Forum ( 2010 ) .
|
[
"Harvard University"
] |
[
{
"text": "Joan Cadden ( born 1944 ) is Professor Emerita of medieval history and literature in the History Department of the University of California , Davis . She served as President of the History of Science Society ( HSS ) from 2006-2007 . She has written extensively on gender and sexuality in medieval science and medicine . Her book Meanings of Sex Difference in the Middle Age : Medicine , Science , and Culture ( 1993 ) received the Pfizer Prize in 1994 , from the History of Science Society , as the outstanding book on the history of science .",
"title": "Joan Cadden ( historian )"
},
{
"text": "Joan Cadden received her B.A . from Vassar College in 1965 , and her M.A . degree from Columbia University in 1967 , writing her thesis on De elementis : Earth , Water , Air , and Fire in the 12th and 13th Centuries . She completed her Ph.D . in history and philosophy of science at Indiana University in 1971 . Her Ph.D . thesis was The Medieval Philosophy and Biology of Growth : Albertus Magnus , Thomas Aquinas , Albert of Saxony and Marsilius of Inghen on Book I , Chapter V of Aristotle’s ‘De generatione et corruptione,’",
"title": "Joan Cadden ( historian )"
},
{
"text": "with Translated Texts of Albertus and Thomas Aquinas .",
"title": "Joan Cadden ( historian )"
},
{
"text": "Cadden taught as an assistant professor in the Department of History of Science at Harvard University from 1971-1976 . She was a visiting lecturer in history at the University of Colorado , Boulder in 1977-1978 . She taught at Kenyon College from 1978-1996 . She was a Dibner Visiting Historian of Science at Purdue University Calumet in 1996-1997 . She joined the University of California at Davis in 1996 as Professor of History . Cadden served as President of the History of Science Society ( HSS ) from 2006-2007 . She retired and became Professor Emeritus at UC Davis in",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "2008 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Her work has been characterized as exploring the seams of disciplines—the connections between history of science , gender history , history of sexuality , social history , and intellectual history . Methodologically , she broke new ground , paying particular attention to the cultural and social milieux these sources were produced in ; to the assumptions and expectations of authors and readers ; to questions of form , style , and presentation .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Her book Meanings of Sex Difference in the Middle Age : Medicine , Science , and Culture ( 1993 ) was groundbreaking in its examination of sex and gender , and has deeply influenced subsequent scholarship . Cadden examines the discussions of sexual difference from Aristotle through the fourteenth century , revealing a wide range of ideas about sexual determination , reproductive roles and sexual pleasure . She finds multiple models of sexuality in writings throughout the middles ages . This challenged Thomas Laqueurs assertion in Making Sex : Body and Gender from the Greeks to Freud ( 1990 )",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "that male and female were seen as manifestations of a unified substratum before the 18th century . Cadden addressed medieval discourse in all its staggering complexity , an interconnectedness of intellectual interests that was far from comforting in its diversity .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " She went on to research Pietro DAbano and to explore the complexities of medieval natural philosophers understanding of homosexual desire in her book Nothing Natural Is Shameful : Sodomy and Science in Late Medieval Europe ( 2013 ) . Although she recognizes its limitations , she uses the medieval term sodomy to avoid conflation with modern senses of the term homosexuality . Discussion focuses around Aristotles Problemata IV.26 and its questioning of male-male sexual desire . The book has been described as a sophisticated reflection on sex and sexuality .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Her book Meanings of Sex Difference in the Middle Age : Medicine , Science , and Culture ( 1993 ) received the 1994 Pfizer Prize for outstanding book on the history of science from the History of Science Society . It was the first book on gender studies and the first book in thirty years on medieval studies , to win that award .",
"title": "Awards"
},
{
"text": "Her work was celebrated at two sessions at the 44th annual International Congress on Medieval Studies in Kalamazoo , Michigan in 2009 by the Society for Medieval Feminist Scholarship . The Medieval Foremothers Society honored Joan Cadden in the sessions “Thinking beyond the ‘Woman Writer’ in Reconstructing Women’s Intellectual Worlds,” and “ ( New ) Meanings of Sex Difference in the Middle Ages : Medicine , Science , and Culture ( A Roundtable ) .” These were later published in the Medieval Feminist Forum ( 2010 ) .",
"title": "Awards"
}
] |
/wiki/Joan_Cadden_(historian)#P108#1
|
Who did Joan Cadden (historian) work for between Oct 1977 and Dec 1977?
|
Joan Cadden ( historian ) Joan Cadden ( born 1944 ) is Professor Emerita of medieval history and literature in the History Department of the University of California , Davis . She served as President of the History of Science Society ( HSS ) from 2006-2007 . She has written extensively on gender and sexuality in medieval science and medicine . Her book Meanings of Sex Difference in the Middle Age : Medicine , Science , and Culture ( 1993 ) received the Pfizer Prize in 1994 , from the History of Science Society , as the outstanding book on the history of science . Early life and education . Joan Cadden received her B.A . from Vassar College in 1965 , and her M.A . degree from Columbia University in 1967 , writing her thesis on De elementis : Earth , Water , Air , and Fire in the 12th and 13th Centuries . She completed her Ph.D . in history and philosophy of science at Indiana University in 1971 . Her Ph.D . thesis was The Medieval Philosophy and Biology of Growth : Albertus Magnus , Thomas Aquinas , Albert of Saxony and Marsilius of Inghen on Book I , Chapter V of Aristotle’s ‘De generatione et corruptione,’ with Translated Texts of Albertus and Thomas Aquinas . Career . Cadden taught as an assistant professor in the Department of History of Science at Harvard University from 1971-1976 . She was a visiting lecturer in history at the University of Colorado , Boulder in 1977-1978 . She taught at Kenyon College from 1978-1996 . She was a Dibner Visiting Historian of Science at Purdue University Calumet in 1996-1997 . She joined the University of California at Davis in 1996 as Professor of History . Cadden served as President of the History of Science Society ( HSS ) from 2006-2007 . She retired and became Professor Emeritus at UC Davis in 2008 . Her work has been characterized as exploring the seams of disciplines—the connections between history of science , gender history , history of sexuality , social history , and intellectual history . Methodologically , she broke new ground , paying particular attention to the cultural and social milieux these sources were produced in ; to the assumptions and expectations of authors and readers ; to questions of form , style , and presentation . Her book Meanings of Sex Difference in the Middle Age : Medicine , Science , and Culture ( 1993 ) was groundbreaking in its examination of sex and gender , and has deeply influenced subsequent scholarship . Cadden examines the discussions of sexual difference from Aristotle through the fourteenth century , revealing a wide range of ideas about sexual determination , reproductive roles and sexual pleasure . She finds multiple models of sexuality in writings throughout the middles ages . This challenged Thomas Laqueurs assertion in Making Sex : Body and Gender from the Greeks to Freud ( 1990 ) that male and female were seen as manifestations of a unified substratum before the 18th century . Cadden addressed medieval discourse in all its staggering complexity , an interconnectedness of intellectual interests that was far from comforting in its diversity . She went on to research Pietro DAbano and to explore the complexities of medieval natural philosophers understanding of homosexual desire in her book Nothing Natural Is Shameful : Sodomy and Science in Late Medieval Europe ( 2013 ) . Although she recognizes its limitations , she uses the medieval term sodomy to avoid conflation with modern senses of the term homosexuality . Discussion focuses around Aristotles Problemata IV.26 and its questioning of male-male sexual desire . The book has been described as a sophisticated reflection on sex and sexuality . Awards . Her book Meanings of Sex Difference in the Middle Age : Medicine , Science , and Culture ( 1993 ) received the 1994 Pfizer Prize for outstanding book on the history of science from the History of Science Society . It was the first book on gender studies and the first book in thirty years on medieval studies , to win that award . Her work was celebrated at two sessions at the 44th annual International Congress on Medieval Studies in Kalamazoo , Michigan in 2009 by the Society for Medieval Feminist Scholarship . The Medieval Foremothers Society honored Joan Cadden in the sessions “Thinking beyond the ‘Woman Writer’ in Reconstructing Women’s Intellectual Worlds,” and “ ( New ) Meanings of Sex Difference in the Middle Ages : Medicine , Science , and Culture ( A Roundtable ) .” These were later published in the Medieval Feminist Forum ( 2010 ) .
|
[
"University of Colorado , Boulder"
] |
[
{
"text": "Joan Cadden ( born 1944 ) is Professor Emerita of medieval history and literature in the History Department of the University of California , Davis . She served as President of the History of Science Society ( HSS ) from 2006-2007 . She has written extensively on gender and sexuality in medieval science and medicine . Her book Meanings of Sex Difference in the Middle Age : Medicine , Science , and Culture ( 1993 ) received the Pfizer Prize in 1994 , from the History of Science Society , as the outstanding book on the history of science .",
"title": "Joan Cadden ( historian )"
},
{
"text": "Joan Cadden received her B.A . from Vassar College in 1965 , and her M.A . degree from Columbia University in 1967 , writing her thesis on De elementis : Earth , Water , Air , and Fire in the 12th and 13th Centuries . She completed her Ph.D . in history and philosophy of science at Indiana University in 1971 . Her Ph.D . thesis was The Medieval Philosophy and Biology of Growth : Albertus Magnus , Thomas Aquinas , Albert of Saxony and Marsilius of Inghen on Book I , Chapter V of Aristotle’s ‘De generatione et corruptione,’",
"title": "Joan Cadden ( historian )"
},
{
"text": "with Translated Texts of Albertus and Thomas Aquinas .",
"title": "Joan Cadden ( historian )"
},
{
"text": "Cadden taught as an assistant professor in the Department of History of Science at Harvard University from 1971-1976 . She was a visiting lecturer in history at the University of Colorado , Boulder in 1977-1978 . She taught at Kenyon College from 1978-1996 . She was a Dibner Visiting Historian of Science at Purdue University Calumet in 1996-1997 . She joined the University of California at Davis in 1996 as Professor of History . Cadden served as President of the History of Science Society ( HSS ) from 2006-2007 . She retired and became Professor Emeritus at UC Davis in",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "2008 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Her work has been characterized as exploring the seams of disciplines—the connections between history of science , gender history , history of sexuality , social history , and intellectual history . Methodologically , she broke new ground , paying particular attention to the cultural and social milieux these sources were produced in ; to the assumptions and expectations of authors and readers ; to questions of form , style , and presentation .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Her book Meanings of Sex Difference in the Middle Age : Medicine , Science , and Culture ( 1993 ) was groundbreaking in its examination of sex and gender , and has deeply influenced subsequent scholarship . Cadden examines the discussions of sexual difference from Aristotle through the fourteenth century , revealing a wide range of ideas about sexual determination , reproductive roles and sexual pleasure . She finds multiple models of sexuality in writings throughout the middles ages . This challenged Thomas Laqueurs assertion in Making Sex : Body and Gender from the Greeks to Freud ( 1990 )",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "that male and female were seen as manifestations of a unified substratum before the 18th century . Cadden addressed medieval discourse in all its staggering complexity , an interconnectedness of intellectual interests that was far from comforting in its diversity .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " She went on to research Pietro DAbano and to explore the complexities of medieval natural philosophers understanding of homosexual desire in her book Nothing Natural Is Shameful : Sodomy and Science in Late Medieval Europe ( 2013 ) . Although she recognizes its limitations , she uses the medieval term sodomy to avoid conflation with modern senses of the term homosexuality . Discussion focuses around Aristotles Problemata IV.26 and its questioning of male-male sexual desire . The book has been described as a sophisticated reflection on sex and sexuality .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Her book Meanings of Sex Difference in the Middle Age : Medicine , Science , and Culture ( 1993 ) received the 1994 Pfizer Prize for outstanding book on the history of science from the History of Science Society . It was the first book on gender studies and the first book in thirty years on medieval studies , to win that award .",
"title": "Awards"
},
{
"text": "Her work was celebrated at two sessions at the 44th annual International Congress on Medieval Studies in Kalamazoo , Michigan in 2009 by the Society for Medieval Feminist Scholarship . The Medieval Foremothers Society honored Joan Cadden in the sessions “Thinking beyond the ‘Woman Writer’ in Reconstructing Women’s Intellectual Worlds,” and “ ( New ) Meanings of Sex Difference in the Middle Ages : Medicine , Science , and Culture ( A Roundtable ) .” These were later published in the Medieval Feminist Forum ( 2010 ) .",
"title": "Awards"
}
] |
/wiki/Joan_Cadden_(historian)#P108#2
|
Who did Joan Cadden (historian) work for between Sep 1990 and Dec 1993?
|
Joan Cadden ( historian ) Joan Cadden ( born 1944 ) is Professor Emerita of medieval history and literature in the History Department of the University of California , Davis . She served as President of the History of Science Society ( HSS ) from 2006-2007 . She has written extensively on gender and sexuality in medieval science and medicine . Her book Meanings of Sex Difference in the Middle Age : Medicine , Science , and Culture ( 1993 ) received the Pfizer Prize in 1994 , from the History of Science Society , as the outstanding book on the history of science . Early life and education . Joan Cadden received her B.A . from Vassar College in 1965 , and her M.A . degree from Columbia University in 1967 , writing her thesis on De elementis : Earth , Water , Air , and Fire in the 12th and 13th Centuries . She completed her Ph.D . in history and philosophy of science at Indiana University in 1971 . Her Ph.D . thesis was The Medieval Philosophy and Biology of Growth : Albertus Magnus , Thomas Aquinas , Albert of Saxony and Marsilius of Inghen on Book I , Chapter V of Aristotle’s ‘De generatione et corruptione,’ with Translated Texts of Albertus and Thomas Aquinas . Career . Cadden taught as an assistant professor in the Department of History of Science at Harvard University from 1971-1976 . She was a visiting lecturer in history at the University of Colorado , Boulder in 1977-1978 . She taught at Kenyon College from 1978-1996 . She was a Dibner Visiting Historian of Science at Purdue University Calumet in 1996-1997 . She joined the University of California at Davis in 1996 as Professor of History . Cadden served as President of the History of Science Society ( HSS ) from 2006-2007 . She retired and became Professor Emeritus at UC Davis in 2008 . Her work has been characterized as exploring the seams of disciplines—the connections between history of science , gender history , history of sexuality , social history , and intellectual history . Methodologically , she broke new ground , paying particular attention to the cultural and social milieux these sources were produced in ; to the assumptions and expectations of authors and readers ; to questions of form , style , and presentation . Her book Meanings of Sex Difference in the Middle Age : Medicine , Science , and Culture ( 1993 ) was groundbreaking in its examination of sex and gender , and has deeply influenced subsequent scholarship . Cadden examines the discussions of sexual difference from Aristotle through the fourteenth century , revealing a wide range of ideas about sexual determination , reproductive roles and sexual pleasure . She finds multiple models of sexuality in writings throughout the middles ages . This challenged Thomas Laqueurs assertion in Making Sex : Body and Gender from the Greeks to Freud ( 1990 ) that male and female were seen as manifestations of a unified substratum before the 18th century . Cadden addressed medieval discourse in all its staggering complexity , an interconnectedness of intellectual interests that was far from comforting in its diversity . She went on to research Pietro DAbano and to explore the complexities of medieval natural philosophers understanding of homosexual desire in her book Nothing Natural Is Shameful : Sodomy and Science in Late Medieval Europe ( 2013 ) . Although she recognizes its limitations , she uses the medieval term sodomy to avoid conflation with modern senses of the term homosexuality . Discussion focuses around Aristotles Problemata IV.26 and its questioning of male-male sexual desire . The book has been described as a sophisticated reflection on sex and sexuality . Awards . Her book Meanings of Sex Difference in the Middle Age : Medicine , Science , and Culture ( 1993 ) received the 1994 Pfizer Prize for outstanding book on the history of science from the History of Science Society . It was the first book on gender studies and the first book in thirty years on medieval studies , to win that award . Her work was celebrated at two sessions at the 44th annual International Congress on Medieval Studies in Kalamazoo , Michigan in 2009 by the Society for Medieval Feminist Scholarship . The Medieval Foremothers Society honored Joan Cadden in the sessions “Thinking beyond the ‘Woman Writer’ in Reconstructing Women’s Intellectual Worlds,” and “ ( New ) Meanings of Sex Difference in the Middle Ages : Medicine , Science , and Culture ( A Roundtable ) .” These were later published in the Medieval Feminist Forum ( 2010 ) .
|
[
"Kenyon College"
] |
[
{
"text": "Joan Cadden ( born 1944 ) is Professor Emerita of medieval history and literature in the History Department of the University of California , Davis . She served as President of the History of Science Society ( HSS ) from 2006-2007 . She has written extensively on gender and sexuality in medieval science and medicine . Her book Meanings of Sex Difference in the Middle Age : Medicine , Science , and Culture ( 1993 ) received the Pfizer Prize in 1994 , from the History of Science Society , as the outstanding book on the history of science .",
"title": "Joan Cadden ( historian )"
},
{
"text": "Joan Cadden received her B.A . from Vassar College in 1965 , and her M.A . degree from Columbia University in 1967 , writing her thesis on De elementis : Earth , Water , Air , and Fire in the 12th and 13th Centuries . She completed her Ph.D . in history and philosophy of science at Indiana University in 1971 . Her Ph.D . thesis was The Medieval Philosophy and Biology of Growth : Albertus Magnus , Thomas Aquinas , Albert of Saxony and Marsilius of Inghen on Book I , Chapter V of Aristotle’s ‘De generatione et corruptione,’",
"title": "Joan Cadden ( historian )"
},
{
"text": "with Translated Texts of Albertus and Thomas Aquinas .",
"title": "Joan Cadden ( historian )"
},
{
"text": "Cadden taught as an assistant professor in the Department of History of Science at Harvard University from 1971-1976 . She was a visiting lecturer in history at the University of Colorado , Boulder in 1977-1978 . She taught at Kenyon College from 1978-1996 . She was a Dibner Visiting Historian of Science at Purdue University Calumet in 1996-1997 . She joined the University of California at Davis in 1996 as Professor of History . Cadden served as President of the History of Science Society ( HSS ) from 2006-2007 . She retired and became Professor Emeritus at UC Davis in",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "2008 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Her work has been characterized as exploring the seams of disciplines—the connections between history of science , gender history , history of sexuality , social history , and intellectual history . Methodologically , she broke new ground , paying particular attention to the cultural and social milieux these sources were produced in ; to the assumptions and expectations of authors and readers ; to questions of form , style , and presentation .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Her book Meanings of Sex Difference in the Middle Age : Medicine , Science , and Culture ( 1993 ) was groundbreaking in its examination of sex and gender , and has deeply influenced subsequent scholarship . Cadden examines the discussions of sexual difference from Aristotle through the fourteenth century , revealing a wide range of ideas about sexual determination , reproductive roles and sexual pleasure . She finds multiple models of sexuality in writings throughout the middles ages . This challenged Thomas Laqueurs assertion in Making Sex : Body and Gender from the Greeks to Freud ( 1990 )",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "that male and female were seen as manifestations of a unified substratum before the 18th century . Cadden addressed medieval discourse in all its staggering complexity , an interconnectedness of intellectual interests that was far from comforting in its diversity .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " She went on to research Pietro DAbano and to explore the complexities of medieval natural philosophers understanding of homosexual desire in her book Nothing Natural Is Shameful : Sodomy and Science in Late Medieval Europe ( 2013 ) . Although she recognizes its limitations , she uses the medieval term sodomy to avoid conflation with modern senses of the term homosexuality . Discussion focuses around Aristotles Problemata IV.26 and its questioning of male-male sexual desire . The book has been described as a sophisticated reflection on sex and sexuality .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Her book Meanings of Sex Difference in the Middle Age : Medicine , Science , and Culture ( 1993 ) received the 1994 Pfizer Prize for outstanding book on the history of science from the History of Science Society . It was the first book on gender studies and the first book in thirty years on medieval studies , to win that award .",
"title": "Awards"
},
{
"text": "Her work was celebrated at two sessions at the 44th annual International Congress on Medieval Studies in Kalamazoo , Michigan in 2009 by the Society for Medieval Feminist Scholarship . The Medieval Foremothers Society honored Joan Cadden in the sessions “Thinking beyond the ‘Woman Writer’ in Reconstructing Women’s Intellectual Worlds,” and “ ( New ) Meanings of Sex Difference in the Middle Ages : Medicine , Science , and Culture ( A Roundtable ) .” These were later published in the Medieval Feminist Forum ( 2010 ) .",
"title": "Awards"
}
] |
/wiki/Joan_Cadden_(historian)#P108#3
|
Who did Joan Cadden (historian) work for after Oct 1996?
|
Joan Cadden ( historian ) Joan Cadden ( born 1944 ) is Professor Emerita of medieval history and literature in the History Department of the University of California , Davis . She served as President of the History of Science Society ( HSS ) from 2006-2007 . She has written extensively on gender and sexuality in medieval science and medicine . Her book Meanings of Sex Difference in the Middle Age : Medicine , Science , and Culture ( 1993 ) received the Pfizer Prize in 1994 , from the History of Science Society , as the outstanding book on the history of science . Early life and education . Joan Cadden received her B.A . from Vassar College in 1965 , and her M.A . degree from Columbia University in 1967 , writing her thesis on De elementis : Earth , Water , Air , and Fire in the 12th and 13th Centuries . She completed her Ph.D . in history and philosophy of science at Indiana University in 1971 . Her Ph.D . thesis was The Medieval Philosophy and Biology of Growth : Albertus Magnus , Thomas Aquinas , Albert of Saxony and Marsilius of Inghen on Book I , Chapter V of Aristotle’s ‘De generatione et corruptione,’ with Translated Texts of Albertus and Thomas Aquinas . Career . Cadden taught as an assistant professor in the Department of History of Science at Harvard University from 1971-1976 . She was a visiting lecturer in history at the University of Colorado , Boulder in 1977-1978 . She taught at Kenyon College from 1978-1996 . She was a Dibner Visiting Historian of Science at Purdue University Calumet in 1996-1997 . She joined the University of California at Davis in 1996 as Professor of History . Cadden served as President of the History of Science Society ( HSS ) from 2006-2007 . She retired and became Professor Emeritus at UC Davis in 2008 . Her work has been characterized as exploring the seams of disciplines—the connections between history of science , gender history , history of sexuality , social history , and intellectual history . Methodologically , she broke new ground , paying particular attention to the cultural and social milieux these sources were produced in ; to the assumptions and expectations of authors and readers ; to questions of form , style , and presentation . Her book Meanings of Sex Difference in the Middle Age : Medicine , Science , and Culture ( 1993 ) was groundbreaking in its examination of sex and gender , and has deeply influenced subsequent scholarship . Cadden examines the discussions of sexual difference from Aristotle through the fourteenth century , revealing a wide range of ideas about sexual determination , reproductive roles and sexual pleasure . She finds multiple models of sexuality in writings throughout the middles ages . This challenged Thomas Laqueurs assertion in Making Sex : Body and Gender from the Greeks to Freud ( 1990 ) that male and female were seen as manifestations of a unified substratum before the 18th century . Cadden addressed medieval discourse in all its staggering complexity , an interconnectedness of intellectual interests that was far from comforting in its diversity . She went on to research Pietro DAbano and to explore the complexities of medieval natural philosophers understanding of homosexual desire in her book Nothing Natural Is Shameful : Sodomy and Science in Late Medieval Europe ( 2013 ) . Although she recognizes its limitations , she uses the medieval term sodomy to avoid conflation with modern senses of the term homosexuality . Discussion focuses around Aristotles Problemata IV.26 and its questioning of male-male sexual desire . The book has been described as a sophisticated reflection on sex and sexuality . Awards . Her book Meanings of Sex Difference in the Middle Age : Medicine , Science , and Culture ( 1993 ) received the 1994 Pfizer Prize for outstanding book on the history of science from the History of Science Society . It was the first book on gender studies and the first book in thirty years on medieval studies , to win that award . Her work was celebrated at two sessions at the 44th annual International Congress on Medieval Studies in Kalamazoo , Michigan in 2009 by the Society for Medieval Feminist Scholarship . The Medieval Foremothers Society honored Joan Cadden in the sessions “Thinking beyond the ‘Woman Writer’ in Reconstructing Women’s Intellectual Worlds,” and “ ( New ) Meanings of Sex Difference in the Middle Ages : Medicine , Science , and Culture ( A Roundtable ) .” These were later published in the Medieval Feminist Forum ( 2010 ) .
|
[
"Purdue University Calumet",
"University of California at Davis"
] |
[
{
"text": "Joan Cadden ( born 1944 ) is Professor Emerita of medieval history and literature in the History Department of the University of California , Davis . She served as President of the History of Science Society ( HSS ) from 2006-2007 . She has written extensively on gender and sexuality in medieval science and medicine . Her book Meanings of Sex Difference in the Middle Age : Medicine , Science , and Culture ( 1993 ) received the Pfizer Prize in 1994 , from the History of Science Society , as the outstanding book on the history of science .",
"title": "Joan Cadden ( historian )"
},
{
"text": "Joan Cadden received her B.A . from Vassar College in 1965 , and her M.A . degree from Columbia University in 1967 , writing her thesis on De elementis : Earth , Water , Air , and Fire in the 12th and 13th Centuries . She completed her Ph.D . in history and philosophy of science at Indiana University in 1971 . Her Ph.D . thesis was The Medieval Philosophy and Biology of Growth : Albertus Magnus , Thomas Aquinas , Albert of Saxony and Marsilius of Inghen on Book I , Chapter V of Aristotle’s ‘De generatione et corruptione,’",
"title": "Joan Cadden ( historian )"
},
{
"text": "with Translated Texts of Albertus and Thomas Aquinas .",
"title": "Joan Cadden ( historian )"
},
{
"text": "Cadden taught as an assistant professor in the Department of History of Science at Harvard University from 1971-1976 . She was a visiting lecturer in history at the University of Colorado , Boulder in 1977-1978 . She taught at Kenyon College from 1978-1996 . She was a Dibner Visiting Historian of Science at Purdue University Calumet in 1996-1997 . She joined the University of California at Davis in 1996 as Professor of History . Cadden served as President of the History of Science Society ( HSS ) from 2006-2007 . She retired and became Professor Emeritus at UC Davis in",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "2008 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Her work has been characterized as exploring the seams of disciplines—the connections between history of science , gender history , history of sexuality , social history , and intellectual history . Methodologically , she broke new ground , paying particular attention to the cultural and social milieux these sources were produced in ; to the assumptions and expectations of authors and readers ; to questions of form , style , and presentation .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Her book Meanings of Sex Difference in the Middle Age : Medicine , Science , and Culture ( 1993 ) was groundbreaking in its examination of sex and gender , and has deeply influenced subsequent scholarship . Cadden examines the discussions of sexual difference from Aristotle through the fourteenth century , revealing a wide range of ideas about sexual determination , reproductive roles and sexual pleasure . She finds multiple models of sexuality in writings throughout the middles ages . This challenged Thomas Laqueurs assertion in Making Sex : Body and Gender from the Greeks to Freud ( 1990 )",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "that male and female were seen as manifestations of a unified substratum before the 18th century . Cadden addressed medieval discourse in all its staggering complexity , an interconnectedness of intellectual interests that was far from comforting in its diversity .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " She went on to research Pietro DAbano and to explore the complexities of medieval natural philosophers understanding of homosexual desire in her book Nothing Natural Is Shameful : Sodomy and Science in Late Medieval Europe ( 2013 ) . Although she recognizes its limitations , she uses the medieval term sodomy to avoid conflation with modern senses of the term homosexuality . Discussion focuses around Aristotles Problemata IV.26 and its questioning of male-male sexual desire . The book has been described as a sophisticated reflection on sex and sexuality .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Her book Meanings of Sex Difference in the Middle Age : Medicine , Science , and Culture ( 1993 ) received the 1994 Pfizer Prize for outstanding book on the history of science from the History of Science Society . It was the first book on gender studies and the first book in thirty years on medieval studies , to win that award .",
"title": "Awards"
},
{
"text": "Her work was celebrated at two sessions at the 44th annual International Congress on Medieval Studies in Kalamazoo , Michigan in 2009 by the Society for Medieval Feminist Scholarship . The Medieval Foremothers Society honored Joan Cadden in the sessions “Thinking beyond the ‘Woman Writer’ in Reconstructing Women’s Intellectual Worlds,” and “ ( New ) Meanings of Sex Difference in the Middle Ages : Medicine , Science , and Culture ( A Roundtable ) .” These were later published in the Medieval Feminist Forum ( 2010 ) .",
"title": "Awards"
}
] |
/wiki/Martin_Frost#P69#0
|
Where was Martin Frost educated in Jun 1959?
|
Martin Frost Jonas Martin Frost III ( born January 1 , 1942 ) is an American politician , who was the Democratic representative to the U.S . House of Representatives for Texass 24th congressional district from 1979 to 2005 . Personal life . Frost was born to a Jewish family in Glendale , California , the son of Doris ( nee Marwil ) and Jack Frost . He has one sister , Carol Frost Wagner . His grandfather , Joe Frost , was co-founder of Frost Brothers Department Store . In 1949 , his family moved to Fort Worth , Texas where his father took a job with Convair Aircraft . In 1964 , he graduated from the University of Missouri with a bachelor of journalism and a bachelor of arts in history . As a student , Frost was editor of The Maneater , is a brother of Zeta Beta Tau , and was tapped by Omicron Delta Kappa and QEBH . After graduating , Frost worked as a newspaper reporter , including positions at The News Journal of Wilmington , Delaware . He received his Juris Doctor degree from the Georgetown University Law Center in 1970 . Following his graduation he worked as a law clerk for Federal Judge Sarah T . Hughes of the Northern District of Texas , after which he practiced law in the Dallas-Fort Worth area . In addition , Frost was a legal commentator on KERA-TV . Frost served in the United States Army Reserve from 1966 to 1972 . Political career . Frost ran unsuccessfully for a seat in the House in 1974 . He tried again successfully in 1978 , becoming the first Jewish U.S . congressman from Texas . Frost was reelected 12 times without serious opposition . In 1980 , he defeated an African American Republican opponent , Clay Smothers . On October 10 , 2002 , Martin Frost was among the 81 House Democrats who voted in favor of authorizing the invasion of Iraq . He served two terms as the chairman of the House Democratic Caucus from 1999 to 2003 , the number three post in the Democrats House leadership after the minority leader and minority whip . As Democratic Caucus Chair , Frost was often at odds with another prominent Dallas-area Congressman , Dick Armey , who was the Republican House Majority Leader . Due to term limits as Democratic Caucus Chair , Frost made a bid for Minority Leader after Dick Gephardt resigned in the wake of losing four seats in the 2002 Congressional midterm elections , but Frost dropped out of the race and supported eventual winner Nancy Pelosi . Frost was the ranking member of the House Rules Committee during his last term in the House . Due to his strong fundraising ability for fellow Democrats , and the fact that he led the 1991 redistricting in Texas , he was one of the targets of a controversial mid-decade redistricting engineered by then-House Majority Leader Tom DeLay . His district , which included portions of Dallas , Fort Worth and Arlington , was redrawn to be much more Republican . Its portions of Fort Worth and Arlington were replaced with wealthier and more Republican territory around Dallas . While Al Gore won the old 24th fairly handily in 2000 , the new 24th would have given George W . Bush a staggering 68 percent of the vote in that election . Moreover , Frosts home in Arlington was shifted into the heavily Republican 6th District , represented by 10-term incumbent Joe Barton . Frost decided to seek re-election in the newly redrawn 32nd District , which included a considerable amount of territory that he had represented from 1979 until 1993 . He lost by 10 points to Republican Pete Sessions . Since Ralph Halls party switch earlier in 2004 , Frost had been the only white Democrat to represent a significant portion of the Metroplex . Retirement . In 2005 , Frost was a candidate for chairman of the Democratic National Committee . He dropped out of the race on February 1 . On February 15 , Frost was hired by Fox News as a political commentator . Frost is now an attorney at the Polsinelli law firm and president of America Votes . He is also a member of the ReFormers Caucus of Issue One . In a July 2011 op-ed regarding the debt ceiling crisis , Frost wrote , We now have a group of U.S . politicians seeking political purity , who seem to have much in common with the Taliban . They are tea party members . Frost co-authored with Tom Davis , Richard E . Cohen , and David Eisenhower the 2014 book The Partisan Divide in which they attempt to explain the reasons behind an increasingly polarized U.S . Congress and offer possible solutions . Personal . In 1976 , Frost married Valerie H . Hall in Dallas . They divorced in 1998 . Later that year he married Kathryn Frost , a major general in the United States Army . She died in 2006 , and in 2008 , Frost married Jo Ellen Ronson .
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Jonas Martin Frost III ( born January 1 , 1942 ) is an American politician , who was the Democratic representative to the U.S . House of Representatives for Texass 24th congressional district from 1979 to 2005 .",
"title": "Martin Frost"
},
{
"text": "Frost was born to a Jewish family in Glendale , California , the son of Doris ( nee Marwil ) and Jack Frost . He has one sister , Carol Frost Wagner . His grandfather , Joe Frost , was co-founder of Frost Brothers Department Store . In 1949 , his family moved to Fort Worth , Texas where his father took a job with Convair Aircraft . In 1964 , he graduated from the University of Missouri with a bachelor of journalism and a bachelor of arts in history . As a student , Frost was editor of The",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Maneater , is a brother of Zeta Beta Tau , and was tapped by Omicron Delta Kappa and QEBH .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " After graduating , Frost worked as a newspaper reporter , including positions at The News Journal of Wilmington , Delaware . He received his Juris Doctor degree from the Georgetown University Law Center in 1970 . Following his graduation he worked as a law clerk for Federal Judge Sarah T . Hughes of the Northern District of Texas , after which he practiced law in the Dallas-Fort Worth area . In addition , Frost was a legal commentator on KERA-TV . Frost served in the United States Army Reserve from 1966 to 1972 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Frost ran unsuccessfully for a seat in the House in 1974 . He tried again successfully in 1978 , becoming the first Jewish U.S . congressman from Texas . Frost was reelected 12 times without serious opposition . In 1980 , he defeated an African American Republican opponent , Clay Smothers . On October 10 , 2002 , Martin Frost was among the 81 House Democrats who voted in favor of authorizing the invasion of Iraq .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "He served two terms as the chairman of the House Democratic Caucus from 1999 to 2003 , the number three post in the Democrats House leadership after the minority leader and minority whip . As Democratic Caucus Chair , Frost was often at odds with another prominent Dallas-area Congressman , Dick Armey , who was the Republican House Majority Leader .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Due to term limits as Democratic Caucus Chair , Frost made a bid for Minority Leader after Dick Gephardt resigned in the wake of losing four seats in the 2002 Congressional midterm elections , but Frost dropped out of the race and supported eventual winner Nancy Pelosi . Frost was the ranking member of the House Rules Committee during his last term in the House .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Due to his strong fundraising ability for fellow Democrats , and the fact that he led the 1991 redistricting in Texas , he was one of the targets of a controversial mid-decade redistricting engineered by then-House Majority Leader Tom DeLay . His district , which included portions of Dallas , Fort Worth and Arlington , was redrawn to be much more Republican . Its portions of Fort Worth and Arlington were replaced with wealthier and more Republican territory around Dallas . While Al Gore won the old 24th fairly handily in 2000 , the new 24th would have given George",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "W . Bush a staggering 68 percent of the vote in that election . Moreover , Frosts home in Arlington was shifted into the heavily Republican 6th District , represented by 10-term incumbent Joe Barton . Frost decided to seek re-election in the newly redrawn 32nd District , which included a considerable amount of territory that he had represented from 1979 until 1993 . He lost by 10 points to Republican Pete Sessions . Since Ralph Halls party switch earlier in 2004 , Frost had been the only white Democrat to represent a significant portion of the Metroplex .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " In 2005 , Frost was a candidate for chairman of the Democratic National Committee . He dropped out of the race on February 1 . On February 15 , Frost was hired by Fox News as a political commentator . Frost is now an attorney at the Polsinelli law firm and president of America Votes . He is also a member of the ReFormers Caucus of Issue One .",
"title": "Retirement"
},
{
"text": "In a July 2011 op-ed regarding the debt ceiling crisis , Frost wrote , We now have a group of U.S . politicians seeking political purity , who seem to have much in common with the Taliban . They are tea party members .",
"title": "Retirement"
},
{
"text": " Frost co-authored with Tom Davis , Richard E . Cohen , and David Eisenhower the 2014 book The Partisan Divide in which they attempt to explain the reasons behind an increasingly polarized U.S . Congress and offer possible solutions .",
"title": "Retirement"
},
{
"text": " In 1976 , Frost married Valerie H . Hall in Dallas . They divorced in 1998 . Later that year he married Kathryn Frost , a major general in the United States Army . She died in 2006 , and in 2008 , Frost married Jo Ellen Ronson .",
"title": "Personal"
}
] |
/wiki/Martin_Frost#P69#1
|
Where was Martin Frost educated in 1960?
|
Martin Frost Jonas Martin Frost III ( born January 1 , 1942 ) is an American politician , who was the Democratic representative to the U.S . House of Representatives for Texass 24th congressional district from 1979 to 2005 . Personal life . Frost was born to a Jewish family in Glendale , California , the son of Doris ( nee Marwil ) and Jack Frost . He has one sister , Carol Frost Wagner . His grandfather , Joe Frost , was co-founder of Frost Brothers Department Store . In 1949 , his family moved to Fort Worth , Texas where his father took a job with Convair Aircraft . In 1964 , he graduated from the University of Missouri with a bachelor of journalism and a bachelor of arts in history . As a student , Frost was editor of The Maneater , is a brother of Zeta Beta Tau , and was tapped by Omicron Delta Kappa and QEBH . After graduating , Frost worked as a newspaper reporter , including positions at The News Journal of Wilmington , Delaware . He received his Juris Doctor degree from the Georgetown University Law Center in 1970 . Following his graduation he worked as a law clerk for Federal Judge Sarah T . Hughes of the Northern District of Texas , after which he practiced law in the Dallas-Fort Worth area . In addition , Frost was a legal commentator on KERA-TV . Frost served in the United States Army Reserve from 1966 to 1972 . Political career . Frost ran unsuccessfully for a seat in the House in 1974 . He tried again successfully in 1978 , becoming the first Jewish U.S . congressman from Texas . Frost was reelected 12 times without serious opposition . In 1980 , he defeated an African American Republican opponent , Clay Smothers . On October 10 , 2002 , Martin Frost was among the 81 House Democrats who voted in favor of authorizing the invasion of Iraq . He served two terms as the chairman of the House Democratic Caucus from 1999 to 2003 , the number three post in the Democrats House leadership after the minority leader and minority whip . As Democratic Caucus Chair , Frost was often at odds with another prominent Dallas-area Congressman , Dick Armey , who was the Republican House Majority Leader . Due to term limits as Democratic Caucus Chair , Frost made a bid for Minority Leader after Dick Gephardt resigned in the wake of losing four seats in the 2002 Congressional midterm elections , but Frost dropped out of the race and supported eventual winner Nancy Pelosi . Frost was the ranking member of the House Rules Committee during his last term in the House . Due to his strong fundraising ability for fellow Democrats , and the fact that he led the 1991 redistricting in Texas , he was one of the targets of a controversial mid-decade redistricting engineered by then-House Majority Leader Tom DeLay . His district , which included portions of Dallas , Fort Worth and Arlington , was redrawn to be much more Republican . Its portions of Fort Worth and Arlington were replaced with wealthier and more Republican territory around Dallas . While Al Gore won the old 24th fairly handily in 2000 , the new 24th would have given George W . Bush a staggering 68 percent of the vote in that election . Moreover , Frosts home in Arlington was shifted into the heavily Republican 6th District , represented by 10-term incumbent Joe Barton . Frost decided to seek re-election in the newly redrawn 32nd District , which included a considerable amount of territory that he had represented from 1979 until 1993 . He lost by 10 points to Republican Pete Sessions . Since Ralph Halls party switch earlier in 2004 , Frost had been the only white Democrat to represent a significant portion of the Metroplex . Retirement . In 2005 , Frost was a candidate for chairman of the Democratic National Committee . He dropped out of the race on February 1 . On February 15 , Frost was hired by Fox News as a political commentator . Frost is now an attorney at the Polsinelli law firm and president of America Votes . He is also a member of the ReFormers Caucus of Issue One . In a July 2011 op-ed regarding the debt ceiling crisis , Frost wrote , We now have a group of U.S . politicians seeking political purity , who seem to have much in common with the Taliban . They are tea party members . Frost co-authored with Tom Davis , Richard E . Cohen , and David Eisenhower the 2014 book The Partisan Divide in which they attempt to explain the reasons behind an increasingly polarized U.S . Congress and offer possible solutions . Personal . In 1976 , Frost married Valerie H . Hall in Dallas . They divorced in 1998 . Later that year he married Kathryn Frost , a major general in the United States Army . She died in 2006 , and in 2008 , Frost married Jo Ellen Ronson .
|
[
"University of Missouri"
] |
[
{
"text": " Jonas Martin Frost III ( born January 1 , 1942 ) is an American politician , who was the Democratic representative to the U.S . House of Representatives for Texass 24th congressional district from 1979 to 2005 .",
"title": "Martin Frost"
},
{
"text": "Frost was born to a Jewish family in Glendale , California , the son of Doris ( nee Marwil ) and Jack Frost . He has one sister , Carol Frost Wagner . His grandfather , Joe Frost , was co-founder of Frost Brothers Department Store . In 1949 , his family moved to Fort Worth , Texas where his father took a job with Convair Aircraft . In 1964 , he graduated from the University of Missouri with a bachelor of journalism and a bachelor of arts in history . As a student , Frost was editor of The",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Maneater , is a brother of Zeta Beta Tau , and was tapped by Omicron Delta Kappa and QEBH .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " After graduating , Frost worked as a newspaper reporter , including positions at The News Journal of Wilmington , Delaware . He received his Juris Doctor degree from the Georgetown University Law Center in 1970 . Following his graduation he worked as a law clerk for Federal Judge Sarah T . Hughes of the Northern District of Texas , after which he practiced law in the Dallas-Fort Worth area . In addition , Frost was a legal commentator on KERA-TV . Frost served in the United States Army Reserve from 1966 to 1972 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Frost ran unsuccessfully for a seat in the House in 1974 . He tried again successfully in 1978 , becoming the first Jewish U.S . congressman from Texas . Frost was reelected 12 times without serious opposition . In 1980 , he defeated an African American Republican opponent , Clay Smothers . On October 10 , 2002 , Martin Frost was among the 81 House Democrats who voted in favor of authorizing the invasion of Iraq .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "He served two terms as the chairman of the House Democratic Caucus from 1999 to 2003 , the number three post in the Democrats House leadership after the minority leader and minority whip . As Democratic Caucus Chair , Frost was often at odds with another prominent Dallas-area Congressman , Dick Armey , who was the Republican House Majority Leader .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Due to term limits as Democratic Caucus Chair , Frost made a bid for Minority Leader after Dick Gephardt resigned in the wake of losing four seats in the 2002 Congressional midterm elections , but Frost dropped out of the race and supported eventual winner Nancy Pelosi . Frost was the ranking member of the House Rules Committee during his last term in the House .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Due to his strong fundraising ability for fellow Democrats , and the fact that he led the 1991 redistricting in Texas , he was one of the targets of a controversial mid-decade redistricting engineered by then-House Majority Leader Tom DeLay . His district , which included portions of Dallas , Fort Worth and Arlington , was redrawn to be much more Republican . Its portions of Fort Worth and Arlington were replaced with wealthier and more Republican territory around Dallas . While Al Gore won the old 24th fairly handily in 2000 , the new 24th would have given George",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "W . Bush a staggering 68 percent of the vote in that election . Moreover , Frosts home in Arlington was shifted into the heavily Republican 6th District , represented by 10-term incumbent Joe Barton . Frost decided to seek re-election in the newly redrawn 32nd District , which included a considerable amount of territory that he had represented from 1979 until 1993 . He lost by 10 points to Republican Pete Sessions . Since Ralph Halls party switch earlier in 2004 , Frost had been the only white Democrat to represent a significant portion of the Metroplex .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " In 2005 , Frost was a candidate for chairman of the Democratic National Committee . He dropped out of the race on February 1 . On February 15 , Frost was hired by Fox News as a political commentator . Frost is now an attorney at the Polsinelli law firm and president of America Votes . He is also a member of the ReFormers Caucus of Issue One .",
"title": "Retirement"
},
{
"text": "In a July 2011 op-ed regarding the debt ceiling crisis , Frost wrote , We now have a group of U.S . politicians seeking political purity , who seem to have much in common with the Taliban . They are tea party members .",
"title": "Retirement"
},
{
"text": " Frost co-authored with Tom Davis , Richard E . Cohen , and David Eisenhower the 2014 book The Partisan Divide in which they attempt to explain the reasons behind an increasingly polarized U.S . Congress and offer possible solutions .",
"title": "Retirement"
},
{
"text": " In 1976 , Frost married Valerie H . Hall in Dallas . They divorced in 1998 . Later that year he married Kathryn Frost , a major general in the United States Army . She died in 2006 , and in 2008 , Frost married Jo Ellen Ronson .",
"title": "Personal"
}
] |
/wiki/Martin_Frost#P69#2
|
Where was Martin Frost educated in 1964?
|
Martin Frost Jonas Martin Frost III ( born January 1 , 1942 ) is an American politician , who was the Democratic representative to the U.S . House of Representatives for Texass 24th congressional district from 1979 to 2005 . Personal life . Frost was born to a Jewish family in Glendale , California , the son of Doris ( nee Marwil ) and Jack Frost . He has one sister , Carol Frost Wagner . His grandfather , Joe Frost , was co-founder of Frost Brothers Department Store . In 1949 , his family moved to Fort Worth , Texas where his father took a job with Convair Aircraft . In 1964 , he graduated from the University of Missouri with a bachelor of journalism and a bachelor of arts in history . As a student , Frost was editor of The Maneater , is a brother of Zeta Beta Tau , and was tapped by Omicron Delta Kappa and QEBH . After graduating , Frost worked as a newspaper reporter , including positions at The News Journal of Wilmington , Delaware . He received his Juris Doctor degree from the Georgetown University Law Center in 1970 . Following his graduation he worked as a law clerk for Federal Judge Sarah T . Hughes of the Northern District of Texas , after which he practiced law in the Dallas-Fort Worth area . In addition , Frost was a legal commentator on KERA-TV . Frost served in the United States Army Reserve from 1966 to 1972 . Political career . Frost ran unsuccessfully for a seat in the House in 1974 . He tried again successfully in 1978 , becoming the first Jewish U.S . congressman from Texas . Frost was reelected 12 times without serious opposition . In 1980 , he defeated an African American Republican opponent , Clay Smothers . On October 10 , 2002 , Martin Frost was among the 81 House Democrats who voted in favor of authorizing the invasion of Iraq . He served two terms as the chairman of the House Democratic Caucus from 1999 to 2003 , the number three post in the Democrats House leadership after the minority leader and minority whip . As Democratic Caucus Chair , Frost was often at odds with another prominent Dallas-area Congressman , Dick Armey , who was the Republican House Majority Leader . Due to term limits as Democratic Caucus Chair , Frost made a bid for Minority Leader after Dick Gephardt resigned in the wake of losing four seats in the 2002 Congressional midterm elections , but Frost dropped out of the race and supported eventual winner Nancy Pelosi . Frost was the ranking member of the House Rules Committee during his last term in the House . Due to his strong fundraising ability for fellow Democrats , and the fact that he led the 1991 redistricting in Texas , he was one of the targets of a controversial mid-decade redistricting engineered by then-House Majority Leader Tom DeLay . His district , which included portions of Dallas , Fort Worth and Arlington , was redrawn to be much more Republican . Its portions of Fort Worth and Arlington were replaced with wealthier and more Republican territory around Dallas . While Al Gore won the old 24th fairly handily in 2000 , the new 24th would have given George W . Bush a staggering 68 percent of the vote in that election . Moreover , Frosts home in Arlington was shifted into the heavily Republican 6th District , represented by 10-term incumbent Joe Barton . Frost decided to seek re-election in the newly redrawn 32nd District , which included a considerable amount of territory that he had represented from 1979 until 1993 . He lost by 10 points to Republican Pete Sessions . Since Ralph Halls party switch earlier in 2004 , Frost had been the only white Democrat to represent a significant portion of the Metroplex . Retirement . In 2005 , Frost was a candidate for chairman of the Democratic National Committee . He dropped out of the race on February 1 . On February 15 , Frost was hired by Fox News as a political commentator . Frost is now an attorney at the Polsinelli law firm and president of America Votes . He is also a member of the ReFormers Caucus of Issue One . In a July 2011 op-ed regarding the debt ceiling crisis , Frost wrote , We now have a group of U.S . politicians seeking political purity , who seem to have much in common with the Taliban . They are tea party members . Frost co-authored with Tom Davis , Richard E . Cohen , and David Eisenhower the 2014 book The Partisan Divide in which they attempt to explain the reasons behind an increasingly polarized U.S . Congress and offer possible solutions . Personal . In 1976 , Frost married Valerie H . Hall in Dallas . They divorced in 1998 . Later that year he married Kathryn Frost , a major general in the United States Army . She died in 2006 , and in 2008 , Frost married Jo Ellen Ronson .
|
[
"Georgetown University"
] |
[
{
"text": " Jonas Martin Frost III ( born January 1 , 1942 ) is an American politician , who was the Democratic representative to the U.S . House of Representatives for Texass 24th congressional district from 1979 to 2005 .",
"title": "Martin Frost"
},
{
"text": "Frost was born to a Jewish family in Glendale , California , the son of Doris ( nee Marwil ) and Jack Frost . He has one sister , Carol Frost Wagner . His grandfather , Joe Frost , was co-founder of Frost Brothers Department Store . In 1949 , his family moved to Fort Worth , Texas where his father took a job with Convair Aircraft . In 1964 , he graduated from the University of Missouri with a bachelor of journalism and a bachelor of arts in history . As a student , Frost was editor of The",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Maneater , is a brother of Zeta Beta Tau , and was tapped by Omicron Delta Kappa and QEBH .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " After graduating , Frost worked as a newspaper reporter , including positions at The News Journal of Wilmington , Delaware . He received his Juris Doctor degree from the Georgetown University Law Center in 1970 . Following his graduation he worked as a law clerk for Federal Judge Sarah T . Hughes of the Northern District of Texas , after which he practiced law in the Dallas-Fort Worth area . In addition , Frost was a legal commentator on KERA-TV . Frost served in the United States Army Reserve from 1966 to 1972 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Frost ran unsuccessfully for a seat in the House in 1974 . He tried again successfully in 1978 , becoming the first Jewish U.S . congressman from Texas . Frost was reelected 12 times without serious opposition . In 1980 , he defeated an African American Republican opponent , Clay Smothers . On October 10 , 2002 , Martin Frost was among the 81 House Democrats who voted in favor of authorizing the invasion of Iraq .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "He served two terms as the chairman of the House Democratic Caucus from 1999 to 2003 , the number three post in the Democrats House leadership after the minority leader and minority whip . As Democratic Caucus Chair , Frost was often at odds with another prominent Dallas-area Congressman , Dick Armey , who was the Republican House Majority Leader .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Due to term limits as Democratic Caucus Chair , Frost made a bid for Minority Leader after Dick Gephardt resigned in the wake of losing four seats in the 2002 Congressional midterm elections , but Frost dropped out of the race and supported eventual winner Nancy Pelosi . Frost was the ranking member of the House Rules Committee during his last term in the House .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Due to his strong fundraising ability for fellow Democrats , and the fact that he led the 1991 redistricting in Texas , he was one of the targets of a controversial mid-decade redistricting engineered by then-House Majority Leader Tom DeLay . His district , which included portions of Dallas , Fort Worth and Arlington , was redrawn to be much more Republican . Its portions of Fort Worth and Arlington were replaced with wealthier and more Republican territory around Dallas . While Al Gore won the old 24th fairly handily in 2000 , the new 24th would have given George",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "W . Bush a staggering 68 percent of the vote in that election . Moreover , Frosts home in Arlington was shifted into the heavily Republican 6th District , represented by 10-term incumbent Joe Barton . Frost decided to seek re-election in the newly redrawn 32nd District , which included a considerable amount of territory that he had represented from 1979 until 1993 . He lost by 10 points to Republican Pete Sessions . Since Ralph Halls party switch earlier in 2004 , Frost had been the only white Democrat to represent a significant portion of the Metroplex .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " In 2005 , Frost was a candidate for chairman of the Democratic National Committee . He dropped out of the race on February 1 . On February 15 , Frost was hired by Fox News as a political commentator . Frost is now an attorney at the Polsinelli law firm and president of America Votes . He is also a member of the ReFormers Caucus of Issue One .",
"title": "Retirement"
},
{
"text": "In a July 2011 op-ed regarding the debt ceiling crisis , Frost wrote , We now have a group of U.S . politicians seeking political purity , who seem to have much in common with the Taliban . They are tea party members .",
"title": "Retirement"
},
{
"text": " Frost co-authored with Tom Davis , Richard E . Cohen , and David Eisenhower the 2014 book The Partisan Divide in which they attempt to explain the reasons behind an increasingly polarized U.S . Congress and offer possible solutions .",
"title": "Retirement"
},
{
"text": " In 1976 , Frost married Valerie H . Hall in Dallas . They divorced in 1998 . Later that year he married Kathryn Frost , a major general in the United States Army . She died in 2006 , and in 2008 , Frost married Jo Ellen Ronson .",
"title": "Personal"
}
] |
/wiki/Harriet_Bosse#P26#0
|
Who was the spouse of Harriet Bosse before Jun 1902?
|
Harriet Bosse Harriet Sofie Bosse ( 19 February 1878 – 2 November 1961 ) was a Swedish–Norwegian actress . A celebrity in her day , Bosse is now most commonly remembered as the third wife of the playwright August Strindberg . Bosse began her career in a minor company run by her forceful older sister Alma Fahlstrøm in Kristiania ( now Oslo , the capital of Norway ) . Having secured an engagement at the Royal Dramatic Theatre ( Dramaten ) , the main drama venue of Swedens capital Stockholm , Bosse caught the attention of Strindberg with her intelligent acting and exotic oriental appearance . After a whirlwind courtship , which unfolds in detail in Strindbergs letters and diary , Strindberg and Bosse were married in 1901 , when he was 52 and she 23 . Strindberg wrote a number of major roles for Bosse during their short and stormy relationship , especially in 1900–01 , a period of great creativity and productivity for him . Like his previous two marriages , the relationship failed as a result of Strindbergs jealousy , which some biographers have characterized as paranoid . The spectrum of Strindbergs feelings about Bosse , ranging from worship to rage , is reflected in the roles he wrote for her to play , or as portraits of her . Despite her real-life role as muse to Strindberg , she remained an independent artist . Bosse married Swedish actor in 1908 , and Swedish screen actor , director , and matinee idol Edvin Adolphson in 1927 . All three of her marriages ended in divorce after a few years , leaving her with a daughter by Strindberg and a son by Wingård . On retiring after a high-profile acting career based in Stockholm , she returned to her roots in Oslo . Early career . Bosse was born in Norways capital Kristiania , today called Oslo , as the thirteenth of fourteen children of Anne-Marie and Johann Heinrich Bosse . Her German father was a publisher and bookseller , and his business led to the familys alternating residence in Kristiania and Stockholm , the capital of Sweden . Bosse was to experience some confusion of national identity throughout her life , and to take the rail trip between the cities many times . A bold , independent child , she first made the journey alone when she was only six years old . Two of Bosses older sisters , Alma ( 1863–1947 ) and Dagmar ( 1866–1954 ) , were already successful performers when Harriet was a small child . Inspired by these role models , Harriet began her acting career in a Norwegian touring company run by her sister Alma and Almas husband Johan Fahlstrøm ( 1867–1938 ) . Invited to play Juliet in Romeo and Juliet , the eighteen-year-old Harriet reported in a letter to her sister Inez that she had been paralysed by stage-fright before the premiere , but had then taken delight in the performance , the curtain-calls , and the way people stared at her in the street the next day . Alma was Harriets first and only—rather authoritarian—acting teacher . Their harmonious and sisterly teacher–pupil relationship became strained when Alma discovered that her husband Johan and Harriet were having an affair . Both Bosse parents were now dead , and Harriet , ordered by Alma to leave , used a modest legacy from her father to finance studies in Stockholm , Copenhagen , and Paris . The Paris stage—at that time in dynamic conflict between traditional and experimental production styles—was inspirational for Bosse and convinced her that the low-key realistic acting style in which she was training herself was the right choice . Returning to Scandinavia , she was hesitant as to whether she should carve out a career in Stockholm , with its greater opportunities , or in Kristiania , to which she had closer emotional ties . In spite of the disadvantage of speaking Swedish with a Norwegian accent , Bosse let herself be persuaded by her opera-singer sister Dagmar to try her luck in Stockholm . She applied for a place at the Royal Dramatic Theatre ( Dramaten ) , the main drama venue of Stockholm , governed by the conservative tastes of King Oscar II and his personal advisors . After working hard at elocution lessons to improve her Swedish , which was Dramatens condition for employing her , Bosse was eventually to become famous on the Swedish stage for her beautiful speaking voice and precise articulation . Having trained her Swedish to a high level , she was engaged by Dramaten in 1899 , where the sensation of the day was the innovative play Gustaf Vasa by August Strindberg . Marriage to August Strindberg . August Strindberg . Although Bosse was a successful professional , she is chiefly remembered as the third wife of Swedish dramatist August Strindberg ( 1849–1912 ) . Strindberg , an important influence on the development of modern drama , had become nationally known in the 1870s as an angry young socialist muckraker and had risen to fame with his satire on the Swedish establishment , The Red Room ( 1879 ) . In the 1890s , he had suffered a long and miserable psychotic interlude , known as the Inferno Crisis , and , emerging from this ordeal , he remained marked by it . He turned from naturalism to symbolism in his prolific literary output , and his convictions and interests at the turn of the twentieth century focused less on politics and more on theosophy , mysticism , and the occult . When Bosse met him in 1899–1900 , he was , at age 51 , at the height of his creative powers , his name red-hot on the stage . Strindberg had the reputation of a misogynist , something which all of his wives stoutly denied . Bosse wrote in an unpublished statement which she left to her daughter with Strindberg , Anne-Marie : During the years I knew and was married to Strindberg I saw only a completely natural , kind , honorable , faithful man—a gentleman . However , all of Strindbergs marriages were blighted by his jealousy and a sensitivity which has sometimes been considered paranoid and delusional . Courtship . Bosse later published Strindbergs letters from their courtship and marriage . Incidents narrated in those letters and in Bosses own interspersed comments have been analysed at length by biographers and psychiatrists , and have become part of the Strindberg legend . Even before their first meeting , Bosse had been inspired by the newness and freshness of Strindbergs pioneering plays ; an iconoclast and radical with two turbulent marriages already behind him presented an intriguing and irresistible mix to her . Strindberg was susceptible to strong , independent career women , as well as to dainty , delicate-looking young girls ; like his first and second wives—Siri von Essen and Frida Uhl—Bosse combined these qualities . He was entranced when he saw the dark , exotic-looking , petite twenty-two-year-old Bosse ( who was often cast in sprite roles or what were conceptualized as Oriental roles ) play her first major part , an impish Puck in A Midsummer Nights Dream . He immediately picked her out as a suitable actress for the part of The Lady in his coming play To Damascus , and invited her to his bachelor establishment to discuss the role . At this famous first meeting , Strindberg , according to Bosses narrative of the event , met her at the door all smiles and charm . Offering her wine , flowers , and beautifully arranged fruit , he shared with her his fascination with alchemy , showing her a golden brown mixture he told her was gold he had made . When she got up to leave , Bosse claims Strindberg asked for the feather in her hat to use for writing his plays . Bosse gave it to him , and he used this feather , with a steel nib insert , to write all his dramas during their marriage . It is now in the Strindberg Museum in Stockholm . Strindberg wooed Bosse by sending her books about theosophy and the occult , by attempting to mould her mind , and by furthering her career . Throwing himself into writing plays with central parts he considered suitable for her , he tried to persuade her to act them , and the Dramaten management to cast her in them . Bosse asserts in her edition of the Letters that she tended to hang back , as did the management , being in agreement that she lacked the experience for major and complex roles . Strindberg , a power in the theatre , nevertheless often prevailed . The role of Eleonora in Easter ( 1901 ) , which intimidated Bosse by its sensitivity and delicacy , but which she finally undertook to play , turned out to be Bosses most successful and beloved role , and a turning-point in Bosses and Strindbergs relationship . They became engaged in March 1901 , during the rehearsals of Easter , in what in Bosses narrative may be the best-known incident of the Strindberg legend . Bosse relates how she went to see Strindberg to ask him to give the part to a more experienced actress , but he assured her she would be perfect for it . Then he placed his hands on my shoulders , looked at me long and ardently , and asked : Would you like to have a little child with me , Miss Bosse ? I made a curtsey and answered , as though hypnotized : Yes , thank you!—and we were engaged . Marriage and divorce . Bosse and Strindberg were married on 6 May 1901 . Strindberg insisted that Bosse bring none of her possessions to the home he had furnished for her , creating a setting in which to nurture and dominate her . In this setting , his taste in interior decoration was revealed to be Oscarian and old-fashioned , with pedestals , aspidistras , and dining-room furniture in hideous imitation of German renaissance , to Bosses modern judgment . Striving towards the life beyond , Strindberg explained , he could permit nothing in the apartment that would lead the thoughts towards the earthly and material . In her comments in the Letters , Bosse described with loyalty and affection Strindbergs protectiveness and his efforts to bring his young wife with him along his own spiritual paths ; nevertheless , she chafed under these efforts , pointing out that she herself , at 22 , was not even remotely finished with this world . Increasingly agoraphobic , Strindberg attempted to overcome his anxieties and allow his young wife the summer excursions she longed for . He planned sunny drives in hired victorias , but often the mystical Powers which governed him intervened . A crisis came as early as June 1901 , when Strindberg arranged , and then at the last moment called off , a honeymoon trip to Germany and Switzerland . Bosse wrote in the Letters that she had nothing to do but stay at home and choke down the tears while Strindberg attempted consolation by giving her a Baedeker to read a trip in . The cancelled journey was the beginning of the end . A crying , defiant Bosse went off by herself to the seaside resort Hornbæk in Denmark , a much shorter trip , but to her senses , a delightfully refreshing one . There , she was soon followed by Strindbergs letters , full of agonized remorse at having given her pain , and then by Strindberg himself , steeling himself to bear the social life Bosse relished . However , the relationship quickly foundered on jealousy and suspicion , as when Strindberg struck a photographer over the head with his stick , unable to endure any attention to Bosse . In August , when Bosse discovered that she was pregnant , even Strindbergs delight ( he was a fond parent of the four children of his previous marriages ) could not save a marriage full of distrust and accusation . This was illustrated in Strindbergs increasingly frantic letters to Bosse When their daughter Anne-Marie was born on 25 March 1902 , they were already living apart . For the sake of us both it is best that I do not return , wrote Bosse in a letter to Strindberg . A continuation of life together with suspicion of every word , every act of mine , would be the end of me . At her insistence , Strindberg began divorce proceedings . Strindbergs roles for Bosse . The relationship of Strindberg and Bosse was highly dramatic . Strindberg would lurch back and forth from adoration of Bosse as the regenerator of his creativity ( lovely , amiable , and kind ) to a wild jealousy ( calling her a small , nasty woman , evil , stupid , black , arrogant , venomous , and whore ) . His letters show that Bosse inspired several important characters in his plays , especially during the course of 1901 , and that he manipulated her by promising to pull strings so that she could play them . During the brief , intense , creative 1901 period , the roles Strindberg wrote as artistic vehicles for Bosse , or that were based on their relationship , reflect this combination of adoration and suspicion of every word , every act . Carla Waal counts eight minor and six major roles written for Bosse to act , or as portraits of her , several of them classics of Western theatre history . The major roles enumerated by Waal are The Lady in To Damascus ( 1900 ; mainly already written when Bosse and Strindberg met , but used between them to enhance their intimacy ) ; Eleonora in Easter ( 1901 ; modelled on Strindbergs sister Elisabeth , but intended for Bosse to star in ) ; Henriette in Crimes and Crimes ( 1901 ) ; Swan White in Swan White ( 1901 ) ; Christina in Queen Christina ( 1901 ) ; and Indras daughter in A Dream Play ( 1902 ) . The years refer to dates of publication ; Bosse never played in Swan White , even though Strindberg kept proposing it , and though she was many years later to describe this play as Strindbergs wedding present to her . Strindberg claimed that Queen Christina was an explanation of Bosses character as being that of an actress in real life , flirtatious and deceitful . In his influential Strindberg biography , Lagercrantz describes this play as a synopsis of the entire course of the Bosse–Strindberg marriage . He sees the courtiers as representing various stages of Strindbergs own emotions : Tott , in the first glow of love ; de la Gardie , betrayed but loyal ; Oxenstierna , who has rejected her . Each of the three men has words to speak which Strindberg himself had spoken to Bosse . A Dream Play is positioned at the median of Strindbergs series of portrayals of his own marriage , the Bosse role imbued with both light and darkness . With its associative dream structure , this play is a milestone of modernist drama , described by Strindberg as a lawless reflection of The Dreamers ( Strindbergs ) consciousness , limited only by his imagination which spins and weaves new patterns… on an insignificant basis of reality . Agnes , played by and representing Bosse , is the daughter of the Vedic god Indra , descending to earth to observe human life and bring its disappointments to the attention of her divine father . The Oriental aspect of the play is based on Bosses dark , exotic looks . Yet she is also drawn into mere humanity and into a claustrophobic marriage to The Lawyer , one of the versions of The Dreamer and , thereby , of Strindberg . Shut up indoors by a possessive husband , Agnes can not breathe ; she despondently watches the servant working to exclude light and air from the house by pasting insulating strips of paper along the windows edges . Recognizably , the insignificant basis of reality of Agnes marriage to The Lawyer is the frustration of the newly married Bosse , yearning for fresh air , sunshine , and travel but fobbed off with a Baedeker . Independence . Both before and after the divorce from Strindberg , Bosse was a Stockholm celebrity in her own right . Her independence and self-supporting status gained her a reputation for being strong-willed and opinionated , insisting on , and receiving , high pay and significant roles . She left Dramaten with its conventional repertoire and began working at Albert Ranfts Swedish Theatre , where she and the skillful but more modest actor ( Anders ) Gunnar Wingård ( 1878–1912 ) formed a popular co-star team . She travelled frequently , particularly for guest performances in Helsinki , leaving little Anne-Marie with Strindberg , a competent and affectionate father . In 1907 , Bosse made theatrical history as Indras daughter in Strindbergs epoch-making Dream Play . She and Strindberg met weekly for dinner at his house , and remained lovers until she severed connections in preparation for her marriage with Gunnar Wingård in 1908 . In 1909 the Wingårds had a son , Bo . This marriage was also brief , ending in divorce in 1912 . According to rumour , the cause of the divorce was Wingårds infidelity . However , Strindberg also heard gossip that Wingårds large debts threatened Bosses finances . In 1911 , a divorced woman with two children to care for and support , Bosse returned to Dramaten . Strindberg was at that time fatally ill with cancer ; he died on 14 May 1912 . 1912 was altogether a year of death and disaster for the Bosse and Strindberg families : Alma Fahlstrøms son Arne went down with the Titanic on 15 April ; Strindbergs first wife Siri von Essen died later the same month ; von Essens and Strindbergs daughter Greta , a promising young actress , was killed in a train crash in June ; and Bosses divorced husband Gunnar Wingård shot himself on 7 October . Strindbergs funeral was a national event . Gunnar Wingård , a popular and charming actor , was also the subject of public grief . Throughout these shattering events , which left both her children fatherless , Bosse kept up her busy schedule , apart from a few days off , distraught and grief-stricken , after Wingårds suicide . For months after it , she received anonymous letters and threatening phone-calls , blaming her for Wingårds depression and death . Bosses third marriage , 1927–32 , was to Edvin Adolphson ( 1893–1979 ) , fifteen years her junior . Adolphson had abandoned his stage career in order to become instead a film director and one of the best-known Swedish film actors , a ruggedly handsome matinée idol whose screen persona Nils Beyer referred to as a combination of apache , gangster and gigolo . Bosse made two films , ambitiously shot and directed and based on novels by well-known writers . The artistic achievement of Sons of Ingmar ( 1919 ) has been highly praised . Directed by and co-starring Victor Sjöström , it was based on a novel by Swedish Nobel Prize winner Selma Lagerlöf ; many years later , Ingmar Bergman referred to Sons of Ingmar as a magnificent , remarkable film and acknowledged his own debt to Sjöström . Bosse , who played the female lead Brita , called Sons of Ingmar the only worthwhile Swedish film I was involved in . However , the film failed to give her career the kind of fresh start that the Swedish film industry had given Edvin Adolphson , and it was seventeen years before she made another film . This was Bombi Bitt and I ( 1936 ) , her only talkie , based on Fritiof Nilsson Piratens popular first novel with the same title and directed by Gösta Rodin . Bombi Bitt was a successful , though more lightweight , production with a smaller Bosse role ( Franskan ) . Retirement . After many years of ambitious and successful free-lance acting , Bosse found her options narrowing in the 1930s . The Great Depression brought her economic hardship , and , even though she looked younger than her age , most important womens roles were out of her age range . Her technique was still often praised , but also sometimes perceived as old-fashioned and mannered , in comparison with the more ensemble-oriented style of the times . Finding herself unneeded by any Swedish repertory theatre , she only managed to return as a member of Dramaten by means of skillful persuasion and pointed reminders of her long history there . A humble employee at a humble salary , she played only fifteen roles , all minor , during her last ten years at Dramaten , 1933–43 . Retiring from the stage during World War II , Bosse considered moving back to Norways capital Oslo , the home of her childhood and youth . Both her children had settled there . The move was delayed for ten years , during which she travelled whenever possible , and when it took place in 1955 , she perceived it to be a mistake . Her brother Ewalds death in 1956 left her the only survivor of the fourteen children of Anne-Marie and Johann Heinrich Bosse . How I long desperately for Stockholm , she wrote to a friend in 1958 . My whole life is there . She became chronically melancholy , enduring failing health and bitter memories of the final phase of her career at Dramaten . She died on 2 November 1961 in Oslo . Bosse always guarded her privacy , so much so that the memoir she wrote of her life with Strindberg was deemed to be too uninterestingly discreet to be publishable . References . - Beyer , Nils ( 1945 ) . Skådespelare . Stockholm : Kooperative Förbundets bokförlag . - Brandell , Gunnar ( 1950 ) . Strindbergs infernokris . Stockholm : Bonniers . - Lagercrantz , Olof ( 1979 ; translated from Swedish by Anselm Hollo , 1984 ) . August Strindberg . London : Faber and Faber . - Martinus , Eivor ( 2001 ) . Strindberg and Love . Oxford : Amber Lane Press . - Paulson , Arvid ( ed . and translated , 1959 ) . Letters of Strindberg to Harriet Bosse . New York : Thomas Nelson and Sons . - Strindberg on Drama and Theatre : A Source Book . ( Selected , translated and edited by Egil Törnqvist and Birgitta Steene , 2007 ) . Amsterdam University Press . - Waal , Carla ( 1990 ) . Harriet Bosse : Strindbergs Muse and Interpreter . Carbondale and Edwardsville : Southern Illinois Univ . Press . External links . - The Strindberg Museum in Stockholm
|
[
"August Strindberg"
] |
[
{
"text": "Harriet Sofie Bosse ( 19 February 1878 – 2 November 1961 ) was a Swedish–Norwegian actress . A celebrity in her day , Bosse is now most commonly remembered as the third wife of the playwright August Strindberg . Bosse began her career in a minor company run by her forceful older sister Alma Fahlstrøm in Kristiania ( now Oslo , the capital of Norway ) . Having secured an engagement at the Royal Dramatic Theatre ( Dramaten ) , the main drama venue of Swedens capital Stockholm , Bosse caught the attention of Strindberg with her intelligent acting and",
"title": "Harriet Bosse"
},
{
"text": "exotic oriental appearance .",
"title": "Harriet Bosse"
},
{
"text": "After a whirlwind courtship , which unfolds in detail in Strindbergs letters and diary , Strindberg and Bosse were married in 1901 , when he was 52 and she 23 . Strindberg wrote a number of major roles for Bosse during their short and stormy relationship , especially in 1900–01 , a period of great creativity and productivity for him . Like his previous two marriages , the relationship failed as a result of Strindbergs jealousy , which some biographers have characterized as paranoid . The spectrum of Strindbergs feelings about Bosse , ranging from worship to rage , is",
"title": "Harriet Bosse"
},
{
"text": "reflected in the roles he wrote for her to play , or as portraits of her . Despite her real-life role as muse to Strindberg , she remained an independent artist .",
"title": "Harriet Bosse"
},
{
"text": " Bosse married Swedish actor in 1908 , and Swedish screen actor , director , and matinee idol Edvin Adolphson in 1927 . All three of her marriages ended in divorce after a few years , leaving her with a daughter by Strindberg and a son by Wingård . On retiring after a high-profile acting career based in Stockholm , she returned to her roots in Oslo .",
"title": "Harriet Bosse"
},
{
"text": " Bosse was born in Norways capital Kristiania , today called Oslo , as the thirteenth of fourteen children of Anne-Marie and Johann Heinrich Bosse . Her German father was a publisher and bookseller , and his business led to the familys alternating residence in Kristiania and Stockholm , the capital of Sweden . Bosse was to experience some confusion of national identity throughout her life , and to take the rail trip between the cities many times . A bold , independent child , she first made the journey alone when she was only six years old .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Two of Bosses older sisters , Alma ( 1863–1947 ) and Dagmar ( 1866–1954 ) , were already successful performers when Harriet was a small child . Inspired by these role models , Harriet began her acting career in a Norwegian touring company run by her sister Alma and Almas husband Johan Fahlstrøm ( 1867–1938 ) . Invited to play Juliet in Romeo and Juliet , the eighteen-year-old Harriet reported in a letter to her sister Inez that she had been paralysed by stage-fright before the premiere , but had then taken delight in the performance , the curtain-calls ,",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "and the way people stared at her in the street the next day . Alma was Harriets first and only—rather authoritarian—acting teacher . Their harmonious and sisterly teacher–pupil relationship became strained when Alma discovered that her husband Johan and Harriet were having an affair . Both Bosse parents were now dead , and Harriet , ordered by Alma to leave , used a modest legacy from her father to finance studies in Stockholm , Copenhagen , and Paris .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "The Paris stage—at that time in dynamic conflict between traditional and experimental production styles—was inspirational for Bosse and convinced her that the low-key realistic acting style in which she was training herself was the right choice . Returning to Scandinavia , she was hesitant as to whether she should carve out a career in Stockholm , with its greater opportunities , or in Kristiania , to which she had closer emotional ties . In spite of the disadvantage of speaking Swedish with a Norwegian accent , Bosse let herself be persuaded by her opera-singer sister Dagmar to try her luck",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "in Stockholm . She applied for a place at the Royal Dramatic Theatre ( Dramaten ) , the main drama venue of Stockholm , governed by the conservative tastes of King Oscar II and his personal advisors . After working hard at elocution lessons to improve her Swedish , which was Dramatens condition for employing her , Bosse was eventually to become famous on the Swedish stage for her beautiful speaking voice and precise articulation . Having trained her Swedish to a high level , she was engaged by Dramaten in 1899 , where the sensation of the day was",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "the innovative play Gustaf Vasa by August Strindberg .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Although Bosse was a successful professional , she is chiefly remembered as the third wife of Swedish dramatist August Strindberg ( 1849–1912 ) . Strindberg , an important influence on the development of modern drama , had become nationally known in the 1870s as an angry young socialist muckraker and had risen to fame with his satire on the Swedish establishment , The Red Room ( 1879 ) . In the 1890s , he had suffered a long and miserable psychotic interlude , known as the Inferno Crisis , and , emerging from this ordeal , he remained marked by",
"title": "August Strindberg"
},
{
"text": "it . He turned from naturalism to symbolism in his prolific literary output , and his convictions and interests at the turn of the twentieth century focused less on politics and more on theosophy , mysticism , and the occult . When Bosse met him in 1899–1900 , he was , at age 51 , at the height of his creative powers , his name red-hot on the stage .",
"title": "August Strindberg"
},
{
"text": " Strindberg had the reputation of a misogynist , something which all of his wives stoutly denied . Bosse wrote in an unpublished statement which she left to her daughter with Strindberg , Anne-Marie : During the years I knew and was married to Strindberg I saw only a completely natural , kind , honorable , faithful man—a gentleman . However , all of Strindbergs marriages were blighted by his jealousy and a sensitivity which has sometimes been considered paranoid and delusional .",
"title": "August Strindberg"
},
{
"text": " Bosse later published Strindbergs letters from their courtship and marriage . Incidents narrated in those letters and in Bosses own interspersed comments have been analysed at length by biographers and psychiatrists , and have become part of the Strindberg legend . Even before their first meeting , Bosse had been inspired by the newness and freshness of Strindbergs pioneering plays ; an iconoclast and radical with two turbulent marriages already behind him presented an intriguing and irresistible mix to her .",
"title": "Courtship"
},
{
"text": "Strindberg was susceptible to strong , independent career women , as well as to dainty , delicate-looking young girls ; like his first and second wives—Siri von Essen and Frida Uhl—Bosse combined these qualities . He was entranced when he saw the dark , exotic-looking , petite twenty-two-year-old Bosse ( who was often cast in sprite roles or what were conceptualized as Oriental roles ) play her first major part , an impish Puck in A Midsummer Nights Dream . He immediately picked her out as a suitable actress for the part of The Lady in his coming play To",
"title": "Courtship"
},
{
"text": "Damascus , and invited her to his bachelor establishment to discuss the role . At this famous first meeting , Strindberg , according to Bosses narrative of the event , met her at the door all smiles and charm . Offering her wine , flowers , and beautifully arranged fruit , he shared with her his fascination with alchemy , showing her a golden brown mixture he told her was gold he had made . When she got up to leave , Bosse claims Strindberg asked for the feather in her hat to use for writing his plays . Bosse",
"title": "Courtship"
},
{
"text": "gave it to him , and he used this feather , with a steel nib insert , to write all his dramas during their marriage . It is now in the Strindberg Museum in Stockholm .",
"title": "Courtship"
},
{
"text": "Strindberg wooed Bosse by sending her books about theosophy and the occult , by attempting to mould her mind , and by furthering her career . Throwing himself into writing plays with central parts he considered suitable for her , he tried to persuade her to act them , and the Dramaten management to cast her in them . Bosse asserts in her edition of the Letters that she tended to hang back , as did the management , being in agreement that she lacked the experience for major and complex roles . Strindberg , a power in the theatre",
"title": "Courtship"
},
{
"text": ", nevertheless often prevailed . The role of Eleonora in Easter ( 1901 ) , which intimidated Bosse by its sensitivity and delicacy , but which she finally undertook to play , turned out to be Bosses most successful and beloved role , and a turning-point in Bosses and Strindbergs relationship . They became engaged in March 1901 , during the rehearsals of Easter , in what in Bosses narrative may be the best-known incident of the Strindberg legend . Bosse relates how she went to see Strindberg to ask him to give the part to a more experienced actress",
"title": "Courtship"
},
{
"text": ", but he assured her she would be perfect for it . Then he placed his hands on my shoulders , looked at me long and ardently , and asked : Would you like to have a little child with me , Miss Bosse ? I made a curtsey and answered , as though hypnotized : Yes , thank you!—and we were engaged .",
"title": "Courtship"
},
{
"text": " Bosse and Strindberg were married on 6 May 1901 . Strindberg insisted that Bosse bring none of her possessions to the home he had furnished for her , creating a setting in which to nurture and dominate her . In this setting , his taste in interior decoration was revealed to be Oscarian and old-fashioned , with pedestals , aspidistras , and dining-room furniture in hideous imitation of German renaissance , to Bosses modern judgment .",
"title": "Marriage and divorce"
},
{
"text": "Striving towards the life beyond , Strindberg explained , he could permit nothing in the apartment that would lead the thoughts towards the earthly and material . In her comments in the Letters , Bosse described with loyalty and affection Strindbergs protectiveness and his efforts to bring his young wife with him along his own spiritual paths ; nevertheless , she chafed under these efforts , pointing out that she herself , at 22 , was not even remotely finished with this world . Increasingly agoraphobic , Strindberg attempted to overcome his anxieties and allow his young wife the summer",
"title": "Marriage and divorce"
},
{
"text": "excursions she longed for . He planned sunny drives in hired victorias , but often the mystical Powers which governed him intervened . A crisis came as early as June 1901 , when Strindberg arranged , and then at the last moment called off , a honeymoon trip to Germany and Switzerland . Bosse wrote in the Letters that she had nothing to do but stay at home and choke down the tears while Strindberg attempted consolation by giving her a Baedeker to read a trip in .",
"title": "Marriage and divorce"
},
{
"text": "The cancelled journey was the beginning of the end . A crying , defiant Bosse went off by herself to the seaside resort Hornbæk in Denmark , a much shorter trip , but to her senses , a delightfully refreshing one . There , she was soon followed by Strindbergs letters , full of agonized remorse at having given her pain , and then by Strindberg himself , steeling himself to bear the social life Bosse relished . However , the relationship quickly foundered on jealousy and suspicion , as when Strindberg struck a photographer over the head with his",
"title": "Marriage and divorce"
},
{
"text": "stick , unable to endure any attention to Bosse . In August , when Bosse discovered that she was pregnant , even Strindbergs delight ( he was a fond parent of the four children of his previous marriages ) could not save a marriage full of distrust and accusation . This was illustrated in Strindbergs increasingly frantic letters to Bosse When their daughter Anne-Marie was born on 25 March 1902 , they were already living apart . For the sake of us both it is best that I do not return , wrote Bosse in a letter to Strindberg .",
"title": "Marriage and divorce"
},
{
"text": "A continuation of life together with suspicion of every word , every act of mine , would be the end of me . At her insistence , Strindberg began divorce proceedings .",
"title": "Marriage and divorce"
},
{
"text": "The relationship of Strindberg and Bosse was highly dramatic . Strindberg would lurch back and forth from adoration of Bosse as the regenerator of his creativity ( lovely , amiable , and kind ) to a wild jealousy ( calling her a small , nasty woman , evil , stupid , black , arrogant , venomous , and whore ) . His letters show that Bosse inspired several important characters in his plays , especially during the course of 1901 , and that he manipulated her by promising to pull strings so that she could play them . During the",
"title": "Marriage and divorce"
},
{
"text": "brief , intense , creative 1901 period , the roles Strindberg wrote as artistic vehicles for Bosse , or that were based on their relationship , reflect this combination of adoration and suspicion of every word , every act . Carla Waal counts eight minor and six major roles written for Bosse to act , or as portraits of her , several of them classics of Western theatre history . The major roles enumerated by Waal are The Lady in To Damascus ( 1900 ; mainly already written when Bosse and Strindberg met , but used between them to enhance",
"title": "Marriage and divorce"
},
{
"text": "their intimacy ) ; Eleonora in Easter ( 1901 ; modelled on Strindbergs sister Elisabeth , but intended for Bosse to star in ) ; Henriette in Crimes and Crimes ( 1901 ) ; Swan White in Swan White ( 1901 ) ; Christina in Queen Christina ( 1901 ) ; and Indras daughter in A Dream Play ( 1902 ) . The years refer to dates of publication ; Bosse never played in Swan White , even though Strindberg kept proposing it , and though she was many years later to describe this play as Strindbergs wedding present to",
"title": "Marriage and divorce"
},
{
"text": "her .",
"title": "Marriage and divorce"
},
{
"text": "Strindberg claimed that Queen Christina was an explanation of Bosses character as being that of an actress in real life , flirtatious and deceitful . In his influential Strindberg biography , Lagercrantz describes this play as a synopsis of the entire course of the Bosse–Strindberg marriage . He sees the courtiers as representing various stages of Strindbergs own emotions : Tott , in the first glow of love ; de la Gardie , betrayed but loyal ; Oxenstierna , who has rejected her . Each of the three men has words to speak which Strindberg himself had spoken to Bosse",
"title": "Marriage and divorce"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Marriage and divorce"
},
{
"text": "A Dream Play is positioned at the median of Strindbergs series of portrayals of his own marriage , the Bosse role imbued with both light and darkness . With its associative dream structure , this play is a milestone of modernist drama , described by Strindberg as a lawless reflection of The Dreamers ( Strindbergs ) consciousness , limited only by his imagination which spins and weaves new patterns… on an insignificant basis of reality . Agnes , played by and representing Bosse , is the daughter of the Vedic god Indra , descending to earth to observe human life",
"title": "Marriage and divorce"
},
{
"text": "and bring its disappointments to the attention of her divine father . The Oriental aspect of the play is based on Bosses dark , exotic looks . Yet she is also drawn into mere humanity and into a claustrophobic marriage to The Lawyer , one of the versions of The Dreamer and , thereby , of Strindberg . Shut up indoors by a possessive husband , Agnes can not breathe ; she despondently watches the servant working to exclude light and air from the house by pasting insulating strips of paper along the windows edges . Recognizably , the insignificant",
"title": "Marriage and divorce"
},
{
"text": "basis of reality of Agnes marriage to The Lawyer is the frustration of the newly married Bosse , yearning for fresh air , sunshine , and travel but fobbed off with a Baedeker .",
"title": "Marriage and divorce"
},
{
"text": "Both before and after the divorce from Strindberg , Bosse was a Stockholm celebrity in her own right . Her independence and self-supporting status gained her a reputation for being strong-willed and opinionated , insisting on , and receiving , high pay and significant roles . She left Dramaten with its conventional repertoire and began working at Albert Ranfts Swedish Theatre , where she and the skillful but more modest actor ( Anders ) Gunnar Wingård ( 1878–1912 ) formed a popular co-star team . She travelled frequently , particularly for guest performances in Helsinki , leaving little Anne-Marie with",
"title": "Independence"
},
{
"text": "Strindberg , a competent and affectionate father . In 1907 , Bosse made theatrical history as Indras daughter in Strindbergs epoch-making Dream Play . She and Strindberg met weekly for dinner at his house , and remained lovers until she severed connections in preparation for her marriage with Gunnar Wingård in 1908 . In 1909 the Wingårds had a son , Bo . This marriage was also brief , ending in divorce in 1912 . According to rumour , the cause of the divorce was Wingårds infidelity . However , Strindberg also heard gossip that Wingårds large debts threatened Bosses",
"title": "Independence"
},
{
"text": "finances .",
"title": "Independence"
},
{
"text": "In 1911 , a divorced woman with two children to care for and support , Bosse returned to Dramaten . Strindberg was at that time fatally ill with cancer ; he died on 14 May 1912 . 1912 was altogether a year of death and disaster for the Bosse and Strindberg families : Alma Fahlstrøms son Arne went down with the Titanic on 15 April ; Strindbergs first wife Siri von Essen died later the same month ; von Essens and Strindbergs daughter Greta , a promising young actress , was killed in a train crash in June ; and",
"title": "Independence"
},
{
"text": "Bosses divorced husband Gunnar Wingård shot himself on 7 October . Strindbergs funeral was a national event . Gunnar Wingård , a popular and charming actor , was also the subject of public grief . Throughout these shattering events , which left both her children fatherless , Bosse kept up her busy schedule , apart from a few days off , distraught and grief-stricken , after Wingårds suicide . For months after it , she received anonymous letters and threatening phone-calls , blaming her for Wingårds depression and death .",
"title": "Independence"
},
{
"text": " Bosses third marriage , 1927–32 , was to Edvin Adolphson ( 1893–1979 ) , fifteen years her junior . Adolphson had abandoned his stage career in order to become instead a film director and one of the best-known Swedish film actors , a ruggedly handsome matinée idol whose screen persona Nils Beyer referred to as a combination of apache , gangster and gigolo .",
"title": "Independence"
},
{
"text": "Bosse made two films , ambitiously shot and directed and based on novels by well-known writers . The artistic achievement of Sons of Ingmar ( 1919 ) has been highly praised . Directed by and co-starring Victor Sjöström , it was based on a novel by Swedish Nobel Prize winner Selma Lagerlöf ; many years later , Ingmar Bergman referred to Sons of Ingmar as a magnificent , remarkable film and acknowledged his own debt to Sjöström . Bosse , who played the female lead Brita , called Sons of Ingmar the only worthwhile Swedish film I was involved in",
"title": "Independence"
},
{
"text": ". However , the film failed to give her career the kind of fresh start that the Swedish film industry had given Edvin Adolphson , and it was seventeen years before she made another film . This was Bombi Bitt and I ( 1936 ) , her only talkie , based on Fritiof Nilsson Piratens popular first novel with the same title and directed by Gösta Rodin . Bombi Bitt was a successful , though more lightweight , production with a smaller Bosse role ( Franskan ) .",
"title": "Independence"
},
{
"text": "After many years of ambitious and successful free-lance acting , Bosse found her options narrowing in the 1930s . The Great Depression brought her economic hardship , and , even though she looked younger than her age , most important womens roles were out of her age range . Her technique was still often praised , but also sometimes perceived as old-fashioned and mannered , in comparison with the more ensemble-oriented style of the times . Finding herself unneeded by any Swedish repertory theatre , she only managed to return as a member of Dramaten by means of skillful persuasion",
"title": "Retirement"
},
{
"text": "and pointed reminders of her long history there . A humble employee at a humble salary , she played only fifteen roles , all minor , during her last ten years at Dramaten , 1933–43 .",
"title": "Retirement"
},
{
"text": "Retiring from the stage during World War II , Bosse considered moving back to Norways capital Oslo , the home of her childhood and youth . Both her children had settled there . The move was delayed for ten years , during which she travelled whenever possible , and when it took place in 1955 , she perceived it to be a mistake . Her brother Ewalds death in 1956 left her the only survivor of the fourteen children of Anne-Marie and Johann Heinrich Bosse . How I long desperately for Stockholm , she wrote to a friend in 1958",
"title": "Retirement"
},
{
"text": ". My whole life is there . She became chronically melancholy , enduring failing health and bitter memories of the final phase of her career at Dramaten . She died on 2 November 1961 in Oslo .",
"title": "Retirement"
},
{
"text": " Bosse always guarded her privacy , so much so that the memoir she wrote of her life with Strindberg was deemed to be too uninterestingly discreet to be publishable .",
"title": "Retirement"
},
{
"text": " - Beyer , Nils ( 1945 ) . Skådespelare . Stockholm : Kooperative Förbundets bokförlag . - Brandell , Gunnar ( 1950 ) . Strindbergs infernokris . Stockholm : Bonniers . - Lagercrantz , Olof ( 1979 ; translated from Swedish by Anselm Hollo , 1984 ) . August Strindberg . London : Faber and Faber . - Martinus , Eivor ( 2001 ) . Strindberg and Love . Oxford : Amber Lane Press .",
"title": "References"
},
{
"text": "- Paulson , Arvid ( ed . and translated , 1959 ) . Letters of Strindberg to Harriet Bosse . New York : Thomas Nelson and Sons .",
"title": "References"
},
{
"text": " - Strindberg on Drama and Theatre : A Source Book . ( Selected , translated and edited by Egil Törnqvist and Birgitta Steene , 2007 ) . Amsterdam University Press . - Waal , Carla ( 1990 ) . Harriet Bosse : Strindbergs Muse and Interpreter . Carbondale and Edwardsville : Southern Illinois Univ . Press .",
"title": "References"
},
{
"text": " - The Strindberg Museum in Stockholm",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Harriet_Bosse#P26#1
|
Who was the spouse of Harriet Bosse in Jun 1909?
|
Harriet Bosse Harriet Sofie Bosse ( 19 February 1878 – 2 November 1961 ) was a Swedish–Norwegian actress . A celebrity in her day , Bosse is now most commonly remembered as the third wife of the playwright August Strindberg . Bosse began her career in a minor company run by her forceful older sister Alma Fahlstrøm in Kristiania ( now Oslo , the capital of Norway ) . Having secured an engagement at the Royal Dramatic Theatre ( Dramaten ) , the main drama venue of Swedens capital Stockholm , Bosse caught the attention of Strindberg with her intelligent acting and exotic oriental appearance . After a whirlwind courtship , which unfolds in detail in Strindbergs letters and diary , Strindberg and Bosse were married in 1901 , when he was 52 and she 23 . Strindberg wrote a number of major roles for Bosse during their short and stormy relationship , especially in 1900–01 , a period of great creativity and productivity for him . Like his previous two marriages , the relationship failed as a result of Strindbergs jealousy , which some biographers have characterized as paranoid . The spectrum of Strindbergs feelings about Bosse , ranging from worship to rage , is reflected in the roles he wrote for her to play , or as portraits of her . Despite her real-life role as muse to Strindberg , she remained an independent artist . Bosse married Swedish actor in 1908 , and Swedish screen actor , director , and matinee idol Edvin Adolphson in 1927 . All three of her marriages ended in divorce after a few years , leaving her with a daughter by Strindberg and a son by Wingård . On retiring after a high-profile acting career based in Stockholm , she returned to her roots in Oslo . Early career . Bosse was born in Norways capital Kristiania , today called Oslo , as the thirteenth of fourteen children of Anne-Marie and Johann Heinrich Bosse . Her German father was a publisher and bookseller , and his business led to the familys alternating residence in Kristiania and Stockholm , the capital of Sweden . Bosse was to experience some confusion of national identity throughout her life , and to take the rail trip between the cities many times . A bold , independent child , she first made the journey alone when she was only six years old . Two of Bosses older sisters , Alma ( 1863–1947 ) and Dagmar ( 1866–1954 ) , were already successful performers when Harriet was a small child . Inspired by these role models , Harriet began her acting career in a Norwegian touring company run by her sister Alma and Almas husband Johan Fahlstrøm ( 1867–1938 ) . Invited to play Juliet in Romeo and Juliet , the eighteen-year-old Harriet reported in a letter to her sister Inez that she had been paralysed by stage-fright before the premiere , but had then taken delight in the performance , the curtain-calls , and the way people stared at her in the street the next day . Alma was Harriets first and only—rather authoritarian—acting teacher . Their harmonious and sisterly teacher–pupil relationship became strained when Alma discovered that her husband Johan and Harriet were having an affair . Both Bosse parents were now dead , and Harriet , ordered by Alma to leave , used a modest legacy from her father to finance studies in Stockholm , Copenhagen , and Paris . The Paris stage—at that time in dynamic conflict between traditional and experimental production styles—was inspirational for Bosse and convinced her that the low-key realistic acting style in which she was training herself was the right choice . Returning to Scandinavia , she was hesitant as to whether she should carve out a career in Stockholm , with its greater opportunities , or in Kristiania , to which she had closer emotional ties . In spite of the disadvantage of speaking Swedish with a Norwegian accent , Bosse let herself be persuaded by her opera-singer sister Dagmar to try her luck in Stockholm . She applied for a place at the Royal Dramatic Theatre ( Dramaten ) , the main drama venue of Stockholm , governed by the conservative tastes of King Oscar II and his personal advisors . After working hard at elocution lessons to improve her Swedish , which was Dramatens condition for employing her , Bosse was eventually to become famous on the Swedish stage for her beautiful speaking voice and precise articulation . Having trained her Swedish to a high level , she was engaged by Dramaten in 1899 , where the sensation of the day was the innovative play Gustaf Vasa by August Strindberg . Marriage to August Strindberg . August Strindberg . Although Bosse was a successful professional , she is chiefly remembered as the third wife of Swedish dramatist August Strindberg ( 1849–1912 ) . Strindberg , an important influence on the development of modern drama , had become nationally known in the 1870s as an angry young socialist muckraker and had risen to fame with his satire on the Swedish establishment , The Red Room ( 1879 ) . In the 1890s , he had suffered a long and miserable psychotic interlude , known as the Inferno Crisis , and , emerging from this ordeal , he remained marked by it . He turned from naturalism to symbolism in his prolific literary output , and his convictions and interests at the turn of the twentieth century focused less on politics and more on theosophy , mysticism , and the occult . When Bosse met him in 1899–1900 , he was , at age 51 , at the height of his creative powers , his name red-hot on the stage . Strindberg had the reputation of a misogynist , something which all of his wives stoutly denied . Bosse wrote in an unpublished statement which she left to her daughter with Strindberg , Anne-Marie : During the years I knew and was married to Strindberg I saw only a completely natural , kind , honorable , faithful man—a gentleman . However , all of Strindbergs marriages were blighted by his jealousy and a sensitivity which has sometimes been considered paranoid and delusional . Courtship . Bosse later published Strindbergs letters from their courtship and marriage . Incidents narrated in those letters and in Bosses own interspersed comments have been analysed at length by biographers and psychiatrists , and have become part of the Strindberg legend . Even before their first meeting , Bosse had been inspired by the newness and freshness of Strindbergs pioneering plays ; an iconoclast and radical with two turbulent marriages already behind him presented an intriguing and irresistible mix to her . Strindberg was susceptible to strong , independent career women , as well as to dainty , delicate-looking young girls ; like his first and second wives—Siri von Essen and Frida Uhl—Bosse combined these qualities . He was entranced when he saw the dark , exotic-looking , petite twenty-two-year-old Bosse ( who was often cast in sprite roles or what were conceptualized as Oriental roles ) play her first major part , an impish Puck in A Midsummer Nights Dream . He immediately picked her out as a suitable actress for the part of The Lady in his coming play To Damascus , and invited her to his bachelor establishment to discuss the role . At this famous first meeting , Strindberg , according to Bosses narrative of the event , met her at the door all smiles and charm . Offering her wine , flowers , and beautifully arranged fruit , he shared with her his fascination with alchemy , showing her a golden brown mixture he told her was gold he had made . When she got up to leave , Bosse claims Strindberg asked for the feather in her hat to use for writing his plays . Bosse gave it to him , and he used this feather , with a steel nib insert , to write all his dramas during their marriage . It is now in the Strindberg Museum in Stockholm . Strindberg wooed Bosse by sending her books about theosophy and the occult , by attempting to mould her mind , and by furthering her career . Throwing himself into writing plays with central parts he considered suitable for her , he tried to persuade her to act them , and the Dramaten management to cast her in them . Bosse asserts in her edition of the Letters that she tended to hang back , as did the management , being in agreement that she lacked the experience for major and complex roles . Strindberg , a power in the theatre , nevertheless often prevailed . The role of Eleonora in Easter ( 1901 ) , which intimidated Bosse by its sensitivity and delicacy , but which she finally undertook to play , turned out to be Bosses most successful and beloved role , and a turning-point in Bosses and Strindbergs relationship . They became engaged in March 1901 , during the rehearsals of Easter , in what in Bosses narrative may be the best-known incident of the Strindberg legend . Bosse relates how she went to see Strindberg to ask him to give the part to a more experienced actress , but he assured her she would be perfect for it . Then he placed his hands on my shoulders , looked at me long and ardently , and asked : Would you like to have a little child with me , Miss Bosse ? I made a curtsey and answered , as though hypnotized : Yes , thank you!—and we were engaged . Marriage and divorce . Bosse and Strindberg were married on 6 May 1901 . Strindberg insisted that Bosse bring none of her possessions to the home he had furnished for her , creating a setting in which to nurture and dominate her . In this setting , his taste in interior decoration was revealed to be Oscarian and old-fashioned , with pedestals , aspidistras , and dining-room furniture in hideous imitation of German renaissance , to Bosses modern judgment . Striving towards the life beyond , Strindberg explained , he could permit nothing in the apartment that would lead the thoughts towards the earthly and material . In her comments in the Letters , Bosse described with loyalty and affection Strindbergs protectiveness and his efforts to bring his young wife with him along his own spiritual paths ; nevertheless , she chafed under these efforts , pointing out that she herself , at 22 , was not even remotely finished with this world . Increasingly agoraphobic , Strindberg attempted to overcome his anxieties and allow his young wife the summer excursions she longed for . He planned sunny drives in hired victorias , but often the mystical Powers which governed him intervened . A crisis came as early as June 1901 , when Strindberg arranged , and then at the last moment called off , a honeymoon trip to Germany and Switzerland . Bosse wrote in the Letters that she had nothing to do but stay at home and choke down the tears while Strindberg attempted consolation by giving her a Baedeker to read a trip in . The cancelled journey was the beginning of the end . A crying , defiant Bosse went off by herself to the seaside resort Hornbæk in Denmark , a much shorter trip , but to her senses , a delightfully refreshing one . There , she was soon followed by Strindbergs letters , full of agonized remorse at having given her pain , and then by Strindberg himself , steeling himself to bear the social life Bosse relished . However , the relationship quickly foundered on jealousy and suspicion , as when Strindberg struck a photographer over the head with his stick , unable to endure any attention to Bosse . In August , when Bosse discovered that she was pregnant , even Strindbergs delight ( he was a fond parent of the four children of his previous marriages ) could not save a marriage full of distrust and accusation . This was illustrated in Strindbergs increasingly frantic letters to Bosse When their daughter Anne-Marie was born on 25 March 1902 , they were already living apart . For the sake of us both it is best that I do not return , wrote Bosse in a letter to Strindberg . A continuation of life together with suspicion of every word , every act of mine , would be the end of me . At her insistence , Strindberg began divorce proceedings . Strindbergs roles for Bosse . The relationship of Strindberg and Bosse was highly dramatic . Strindberg would lurch back and forth from adoration of Bosse as the regenerator of his creativity ( lovely , amiable , and kind ) to a wild jealousy ( calling her a small , nasty woman , evil , stupid , black , arrogant , venomous , and whore ) . His letters show that Bosse inspired several important characters in his plays , especially during the course of 1901 , and that he manipulated her by promising to pull strings so that she could play them . During the brief , intense , creative 1901 period , the roles Strindberg wrote as artistic vehicles for Bosse , or that were based on their relationship , reflect this combination of adoration and suspicion of every word , every act . Carla Waal counts eight minor and six major roles written for Bosse to act , or as portraits of her , several of them classics of Western theatre history . The major roles enumerated by Waal are The Lady in To Damascus ( 1900 ; mainly already written when Bosse and Strindberg met , but used between them to enhance their intimacy ) ; Eleonora in Easter ( 1901 ; modelled on Strindbergs sister Elisabeth , but intended for Bosse to star in ) ; Henriette in Crimes and Crimes ( 1901 ) ; Swan White in Swan White ( 1901 ) ; Christina in Queen Christina ( 1901 ) ; and Indras daughter in A Dream Play ( 1902 ) . The years refer to dates of publication ; Bosse never played in Swan White , even though Strindberg kept proposing it , and though she was many years later to describe this play as Strindbergs wedding present to her . Strindberg claimed that Queen Christina was an explanation of Bosses character as being that of an actress in real life , flirtatious and deceitful . In his influential Strindberg biography , Lagercrantz describes this play as a synopsis of the entire course of the Bosse–Strindberg marriage . He sees the courtiers as representing various stages of Strindbergs own emotions : Tott , in the first glow of love ; de la Gardie , betrayed but loyal ; Oxenstierna , who has rejected her . Each of the three men has words to speak which Strindberg himself had spoken to Bosse . A Dream Play is positioned at the median of Strindbergs series of portrayals of his own marriage , the Bosse role imbued with both light and darkness . With its associative dream structure , this play is a milestone of modernist drama , described by Strindberg as a lawless reflection of The Dreamers ( Strindbergs ) consciousness , limited only by his imagination which spins and weaves new patterns… on an insignificant basis of reality . Agnes , played by and representing Bosse , is the daughter of the Vedic god Indra , descending to earth to observe human life and bring its disappointments to the attention of her divine father . The Oriental aspect of the play is based on Bosses dark , exotic looks . Yet she is also drawn into mere humanity and into a claustrophobic marriage to The Lawyer , one of the versions of The Dreamer and , thereby , of Strindberg . Shut up indoors by a possessive husband , Agnes can not breathe ; she despondently watches the servant working to exclude light and air from the house by pasting insulating strips of paper along the windows edges . Recognizably , the insignificant basis of reality of Agnes marriage to The Lawyer is the frustration of the newly married Bosse , yearning for fresh air , sunshine , and travel but fobbed off with a Baedeker . Independence . Both before and after the divorce from Strindberg , Bosse was a Stockholm celebrity in her own right . Her independence and self-supporting status gained her a reputation for being strong-willed and opinionated , insisting on , and receiving , high pay and significant roles . She left Dramaten with its conventional repertoire and began working at Albert Ranfts Swedish Theatre , where she and the skillful but more modest actor ( Anders ) Gunnar Wingård ( 1878–1912 ) formed a popular co-star team . She travelled frequently , particularly for guest performances in Helsinki , leaving little Anne-Marie with Strindberg , a competent and affectionate father . In 1907 , Bosse made theatrical history as Indras daughter in Strindbergs epoch-making Dream Play . She and Strindberg met weekly for dinner at his house , and remained lovers until she severed connections in preparation for her marriage with Gunnar Wingård in 1908 . In 1909 the Wingårds had a son , Bo . This marriage was also brief , ending in divorce in 1912 . According to rumour , the cause of the divorce was Wingårds infidelity . However , Strindberg also heard gossip that Wingårds large debts threatened Bosses finances . In 1911 , a divorced woman with two children to care for and support , Bosse returned to Dramaten . Strindberg was at that time fatally ill with cancer ; he died on 14 May 1912 . 1912 was altogether a year of death and disaster for the Bosse and Strindberg families : Alma Fahlstrøms son Arne went down with the Titanic on 15 April ; Strindbergs first wife Siri von Essen died later the same month ; von Essens and Strindbergs daughter Greta , a promising young actress , was killed in a train crash in June ; and Bosses divorced husband Gunnar Wingård shot himself on 7 October . Strindbergs funeral was a national event . Gunnar Wingård , a popular and charming actor , was also the subject of public grief . Throughout these shattering events , which left both her children fatherless , Bosse kept up her busy schedule , apart from a few days off , distraught and grief-stricken , after Wingårds suicide . For months after it , she received anonymous letters and threatening phone-calls , blaming her for Wingårds depression and death . Bosses third marriage , 1927–32 , was to Edvin Adolphson ( 1893–1979 ) , fifteen years her junior . Adolphson had abandoned his stage career in order to become instead a film director and one of the best-known Swedish film actors , a ruggedly handsome matinée idol whose screen persona Nils Beyer referred to as a combination of apache , gangster and gigolo . Bosse made two films , ambitiously shot and directed and based on novels by well-known writers . The artistic achievement of Sons of Ingmar ( 1919 ) has been highly praised . Directed by and co-starring Victor Sjöström , it was based on a novel by Swedish Nobel Prize winner Selma Lagerlöf ; many years later , Ingmar Bergman referred to Sons of Ingmar as a magnificent , remarkable film and acknowledged his own debt to Sjöström . Bosse , who played the female lead Brita , called Sons of Ingmar the only worthwhile Swedish film I was involved in . However , the film failed to give her career the kind of fresh start that the Swedish film industry had given Edvin Adolphson , and it was seventeen years before she made another film . This was Bombi Bitt and I ( 1936 ) , her only talkie , based on Fritiof Nilsson Piratens popular first novel with the same title and directed by Gösta Rodin . Bombi Bitt was a successful , though more lightweight , production with a smaller Bosse role ( Franskan ) . Retirement . After many years of ambitious and successful free-lance acting , Bosse found her options narrowing in the 1930s . The Great Depression brought her economic hardship , and , even though she looked younger than her age , most important womens roles were out of her age range . Her technique was still often praised , but also sometimes perceived as old-fashioned and mannered , in comparison with the more ensemble-oriented style of the times . Finding herself unneeded by any Swedish repertory theatre , she only managed to return as a member of Dramaten by means of skillful persuasion and pointed reminders of her long history there . A humble employee at a humble salary , she played only fifteen roles , all minor , during her last ten years at Dramaten , 1933–43 . Retiring from the stage during World War II , Bosse considered moving back to Norways capital Oslo , the home of her childhood and youth . Both her children had settled there . The move was delayed for ten years , during which she travelled whenever possible , and when it took place in 1955 , she perceived it to be a mistake . Her brother Ewalds death in 1956 left her the only survivor of the fourteen children of Anne-Marie and Johann Heinrich Bosse . How I long desperately for Stockholm , she wrote to a friend in 1958 . My whole life is there . She became chronically melancholy , enduring failing health and bitter memories of the final phase of her career at Dramaten . She died on 2 November 1961 in Oslo . Bosse always guarded her privacy , so much so that the memoir she wrote of her life with Strindberg was deemed to be too uninterestingly discreet to be publishable . References . - Beyer , Nils ( 1945 ) . Skådespelare . Stockholm : Kooperative Förbundets bokförlag . - Brandell , Gunnar ( 1950 ) . Strindbergs infernokris . Stockholm : Bonniers . - Lagercrantz , Olof ( 1979 ; translated from Swedish by Anselm Hollo , 1984 ) . August Strindberg . London : Faber and Faber . - Martinus , Eivor ( 2001 ) . Strindberg and Love . Oxford : Amber Lane Press . - Paulson , Arvid ( ed . and translated , 1959 ) . Letters of Strindberg to Harriet Bosse . New York : Thomas Nelson and Sons . - Strindberg on Drama and Theatre : A Source Book . ( Selected , translated and edited by Egil Törnqvist and Birgitta Steene , 2007 ) . Amsterdam University Press . - Waal , Carla ( 1990 ) . Harriet Bosse : Strindbergs Muse and Interpreter . Carbondale and Edwardsville : Southern Illinois Univ . Press . External links . - The Strindberg Museum in Stockholm
|
[
"Gunnar Wingård"
] |
[
{
"text": "Harriet Sofie Bosse ( 19 February 1878 – 2 November 1961 ) was a Swedish–Norwegian actress . A celebrity in her day , Bosse is now most commonly remembered as the third wife of the playwright August Strindberg . Bosse began her career in a minor company run by her forceful older sister Alma Fahlstrøm in Kristiania ( now Oslo , the capital of Norway ) . Having secured an engagement at the Royal Dramatic Theatre ( Dramaten ) , the main drama venue of Swedens capital Stockholm , Bosse caught the attention of Strindberg with her intelligent acting and",
"title": "Harriet Bosse"
},
{
"text": "exotic oriental appearance .",
"title": "Harriet Bosse"
},
{
"text": "After a whirlwind courtship , which unfolds in detail in Strindbergs letters and diary , Strindberg and Bosse were married in 1901 , when he was 52 and she 23 . Strindberg wrote a number of major roles for Bosse during their short and stormy relationship , especially in 1900–01 , a period of great creativity and productivity for him . Like his previous two marriages , the relationship failed as a result of Strindbergs jealousy , which some biographers have characterized as paranoid . The spectrum of Strindbergs feelings about Bosse , ranging from worship to rage , is",
"title": "Harriet Bosse"
},
{
"text": "reflected in the roles he wrote for her to play , or as portraits of her . Despite her real-life role as muse to Strindberg , she remained an independent artist .",
"title": "Harriet Bosse"
},
{
"text": " Bosse married Swedish actor in 1908 , and Swedish screen actor , director , and matinee idol Edvin Adolphson in 1927 . All three of her marriages ended in divorce after a few years , leaving her with a daughter by Strindberg and a son by Wingård . On retiring after a high-profile acting career based in Stockholm , she returned to her roots in Oslo .",
"title": "Harriet Bosse"
},
{
"text": " Bosse was born in Norways capital Kristiania , today called Oslo , as the thirteenth of fourteen children of Anne-Marie and Johann Heinrich Bosse . Her German father was a publisher and bookseller , and his business led to the familys alternating residence in Kristiania and Stockholm , the capital of Sweden . Bosse was to experience some confusion of national identity throughout her life , and to take the rail trip between the cities many times . A bold , independent child , she first made the journey alone when she was only six years old .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Two of Bosses older sisters , Alma ( 1863–1947 ) and Dagmar ( 1866–1954 ) , were already successful performers when Harriet was a small child . Inspired by these role models , Harriet began her acting career in a Norwegian touring company run by her sister Alma and Almas husband Johan Fahlstrøm ( 1867–1938 ) . Invited to play Juliet in Romeo and Juliet , the eighteen-year-old Harriet reported in a letter to her sister Inez that she had been paralysed by stage-fright before the premiere , but had then taken delight in the performance , the curtain-calls ,",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "and the way people stared at her in the street the next day . Alma was Harriets first and only—rather authoritarian—acting teacher . Their harmonious and sisterly teacher–pupil relationship became strained when Alma discovered that her husband Johan and Harriet were having an affair . Both Bosse parents were now dead , and Harriet , ordered by Alma to leave , used a modest legacy from her father to finance studies in Stockholm , Copenhagen , and Paris .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "The Paris stage—at that time in dynamic conflict between traditional and experimental production styles—was inspirational for Bosse and convinced her that the low-key realistic acting style in which she was training herself was the right choice . Returning to Scandinavia , she was hesitant as to whether she should carve out a career in Stockholm , with its greater opportunities , or in Kristiania , to which she had closer emotional ties . In spite of the disadvantage of speaking Swedish with a Norwegian accent , Bosse let herself be persuaded by her opera-singer sister Dagmar to try her luck",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "in Stockholm . She applied for a place at the Royal Dramatic Theatre ( Dramaten ) , the main drama venue of Stockholm , governed by the conservative tastes of King Oscar II and his personal advisors . After working hard at elocution lessons to improve her Swedish , which was Dramatens condition for employing her , Bosse was eventually to become famous on the Swedish stage for her beautiful speaking voice and precise articulation . Having trained her Swedish to a high level , she was engaged by Dramaten in 1899 , where the sensation of the day was",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "the innovative play Gustaf Vasa by August Strindberg .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Although Bosse was a successful professional , she is chiefly remembered as the third wife of Swedish dramatist August Strindberg ( 1849–1912 ) . Strindberg , an important influence on the development of modern drama , had become nationally known in the 1870s as an angry young socialist muckraker and had risen to fame with his satire on the Swedish establishment , The Red Room ( 1879 ) . In the 1890s , he had suffered a long and miserable psychotic interlude , known as the Inferno Crisis , and , emerging from this ordeal , he remained marked by",
"title": "August Strindberg"
},
{
"text": "it . He turned from naturalism to symbolism in his prolific literary output , and his convictions and interests at the turn of the twentieth century focused less on politics and more on theosophy , mysticism , and the occult . When Bosse met him in 1899–1900 , he was , at age 51 , at the height of his creative powers , his name red-hot on the stage .",
"title": "August Strindberg"
},
{
"text": " Strindberg had the reputation of a misogynist , something which all of his wives stoutly denied . Bosse wrote in an unpublished statement which she left to her daughter with Strindberg , Anne-Marie : During the years I knew and was married to Strindberg I saw only a completely natural , kind , honorable , faithful man—a gentleman . However , all of Strindbergs marriages were blighted by his jealousy and a sensitivity which has sometimes been considered paranoid and delusional .",
"title": "August Strindberg"
},
{
"text": " Bosse later published Strindbergs letters from their courtship and marriage . Incidents narrated in those letters and in Bosses own interspersed comments have been analysed at length by biographers and psychiatrists , and have become part of the Strindberg legend . Even before their first meeting , Bosse had been inspired by the newness and freshness of Strindbergs pioneering plays ; an iconoclast and radical with two turbulent marriages already behind him presented an intriguing and irresistible mix to her .",
"title": "Courtship"
},
{
"text": "Strindberg was susceptible to strong , independent career women , as well as to dainty , delicate-looking young girls ; like his first and second wives—Siri von Essen and Frida Uhl—Bosse combined these qualities . He was entranced when he saw the dark , exotic-looking , petite twenty-two-year-old Bosse ( who was often cast in sprite roles or what were conceptualized as Oriental roles ) play her first major part , an impish Puck in A Midsummer Nights Dream . He immediately picked her out as a suitable actress for the part of The Lady in his coming play To",
"title": "Courtship"
},
{
"text": "Damascus , and invited her to his bachelor establishment to discuss the role . At this famous first meeting , Strindberg , according to Bosses narrative of the event , met her at the door all smiles and charm . Offering her wine , flowers , and beautifully arranged fruit , he shared with her his fascination with alchemy , showing her a golden brown mixture he told her was gold he had made . When she got up to leave , Bosse claims Strindberg asked for the feather in her hat to use for writing his plays . Bosse",
"title": "Courtship"
},
{
"text": "gave it to him , and he used this feather , with a steel nib insert , to write all his dramas during their marriage . It is now in the Strindberg Museum in Stockholm .",
"title": "Courtship"
},
{
"text": "Strindberg wooed Bosse by sending her books about theosophy and the occult , by attempting to mould her mind , and by furthering her career . Throwing himself into writing plays with central parts he considered suitable for her , he tried to persuade her to act them , and the Dramaten management to cast her in them . Bosse asserts in her edition of the Letters that she tended to hang back , as did the management , being in agreement that she lacked the experience for major and complex roles . Strindberg , a power in the theatre",
"title": "Courtship"
},
{
"text": ", nevertheless often prevailed . The role of Eleonora in Easter ( 1901 ) , which intimidated Bosse by its sensitivity and delicacy , but which she finally undertook to play , turned out to be Bosses most successful and beloved role , and a turning-point in Bosses and Strindbergs relationship . They became engaged in March 1901 , during the rehearsals of Easter , in what in Bosses narrative may be the best-known incident of the Strindberg legend . Bosse relates how she went to see Strindberg to ask him to give the part to a more experienced actress",
"title": "Courtship"
},
{
"text": ", but he assured her she would be perfect for it . Then he placed his hands on my shoulders , looked at me long and ardently , and asked : Would you like to have a little child with me , Miss Bosse ? I made a curtsey and answered , as though hypnotized : Yes , thank you!—and we were engaged .",
"title": "Courtship"
},
{
"text": " Bosse and Strindberg were married on 6 May 1901 . Strindberg insisted that Bosse bring none of her possessions to the home he had furnished for her , creating a setting in which to nurture and dominate her . In this setting , his taste in interior decoration was revealed to be Oscarian and old-fashioned , with pedestals , aspidistras , and dining-room furniture in hideous imitation of German renaissance , to Bosses modern judgment .",
"title": "Marriage and divorce"
},
{
"text": "Striving towards the life beyond , Strindberg explained , he could permit nothing in the apartment that would lead the thoughts towards the earthly and material . In her comments in the Letters , Bosse described with loyalty and affection Strindbergs protectiveness and his efforts to bring his young wife with him along his own spiritual paths ; nevertheless , she chafed under these efforts , pointing out that she herself , at 22 , was not even remotely finished with this world . Increasingly agoraphobic , Strindberg attempted to overcome his anxieties and allow his young wife the summer",
"title": "Marriage and divorce"
},
{
"text": "excursions she longed for . He planned sunny drives in hired victorias , but often the mystical Powers which governed him intervened . A crisis came as early as June 1901 , when Strindberg arranged , and then at the last moment called off , a honeymoon trip to Germany and Switzerland . Bosse wrote in the Letters that she had nothing to do but stay at home and choke down the tears while Strindberg attempted consolation by giving her a Baedeker to read a trip in .",
"title": "Marriage and divorce"
},
{
"text": "The cancelled journey was the beginning of the end . A crying , defiant Bosse went off by herself to the seaside resort Hornbæk in Denmark , a much shorter trip , but to her senses , a delightfully refreshing one . There , she was soon followed by Strindbergs letters , full of agonized remorse at having given her pain , and then by Strindberg himself , steeling himself to bear the social life Bosse relished . However , the relationship quickly foundered on jealousy and suspicion , as when Strindberg struck a photographer over the head with his",
"title": "Marriage and divorce"
},
{
"text": "stick , unable to endure any attention to Bosse . In August , when Bosse discovered that she was pregnant , even Strindbergs delight ( he was a fond parent of the four children of his previous marriages ) could not save a marriage full of distrust and accusation . This was illustrated in Strindbergs increasingly frantic letters to Bosse When their daughter Anne-Marie was born on 25 March 1902 , they were already living apart . For the sake of us both it is best that I do not return , wrote Bosse in a letter to Strindberg .",
"title": "Marriage and divorce"
},
{
"text": "A continuation of life together with suspicion of every word , every act of mine , would be the end of me . At her insistence , Strindberg began divorce proceedings .",
"title": "Marriage and divorce"
},
{
"text": "The relationship of Strindberg and Bosse was highly dramatic . Strindberg would lurch back and forth from adoration of Bosse as the regenerator of his creativity ( lovely , amiable , and kind ) to a wild jealousy ( calling her a small , nasty woman , evil , stupid , black , arrogant , venomous , and whore ) . His letters show that Bosse inspired several important characters in his plays , especially during the course of 1901 , and that he manipulated her by promising to pull strings so that she could play them . During the",
"title": "Marriage and divorce"
},
{
"text": "brief , intense , creative 1901 period , the roles Strindberg wrote as artistic vehicles for Bosse , or that were based on their relationship , reflect this combination of adoration and suspicion of every word , every act . Carla Waal counts eight minor and six major roles written for Bosse to act , or as portraits of her , several of them classics of Western theatre history . The major roles enumerated by Waal are The Lady in To Damascus ( 1900 ; mainly already written when Bosse and Strindberg met , but used between them to enhance",
"title": "Marriage and divorce"
},
{
"text": "their intimacy ) ; Eleonora in Easter ( 1901 ; modelled on Strindbergs sister Elisabeth , but intended for Bosse to star in ) ; Henriette in Crimes and Crimes ( 1901 ) ; Swan White in Swan White ( 1901 ) ; Christina in Queen Christina ( 1901 ) ; and Indras daughter in A Dream Play ( 1902 ) . The years refer to dates of publication ; Bosse never played in Swan White , even though Strindberg kept proposing it , and though she was many years later to describe this play as Strindbergs wedding present to",
"title": "Marriage and divorce"
},
{
"text": "her .",
"title": "Marriage and divorce"
},
{
"text": "Strindberg claimed that Queen Christina was an explanation of Bosses character as being that of an actress in real life , flirtatious and deceitful . In his influential Strindberg biography , Lagercrantz describes this play as a synopsis of the entire course of the Bosse–Strindberg marriage . He sees the courtiers as representing various stages of Strindbergs own emotions : Tott , in the first glow of love ; de la Gardie , betrayed but loyal ; Oxenstierna , who has rejected her . Each of the three men has words to speak which Strindberg himself had spoken to Bosse",
"title": "Marriage and divorce"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Marriage and divorce"
},
{
"text": "A Dream Play is positioned at the median of Strindbergs series of portrayals of his own marriage , the Bosse role imbued with both light and darkness . With its associative dream structure , this play is a milestone of modernist drama , described by Strindberg as a lawless reflection of The Dreamers ( Strindbergs ) consciousness , limited only by his imagination which spins and weaves new patterns… on an insignificant basis of reality . Agnes , played by and representing Bosse , is the daughter of the Vedic god Indra , descending to earth to observe human life",
"title": "Marriage and divorce"
},
{
"text": "and bring its disappointments to the attention of her divine father . The Oriental aspect of the play is based on Bosses dark , exotic looks . Yet she is also drawn into mere humanity and into a claustrophobic marriage to The Lawyer , one of the versions of The Dreamer and , thereby , of Strindberg . Shut up indoors by a possessive husband , Agnes can not breathe ; she despondently watches the servant working to exclude light and air from the house by pasting insulating strips of paper along the windows edges . Recognizably , the insignificant",
"title": "Marriage and divorce"
},
{
"text": "basis of reality of Agnes marriage to The Lawyer is the frustration of the newly married Bosse , yearning for fresh air , sunshine , and travel but fobbed off with a Baedeker .",
"title": "Marriage and divorce"
},
{
"text": "Both before and after the divorce from Strindberg , Bosse was a Stockholm celebrity in her own right . Her independence and self-supporting status gained her a reputation for being strong-willed and opinionated , insisting on , and receiving , high pay and significant roles . She left Dramaten with its conventional repertoire and began working at Albert Ranfts Swedish Theatre , where she and the skillful but more modest actor ( Anders ) Gunnar Wingård ( 1878–1912 ) formed a popular co-star team . She travelled frequently , particularly for guest performances in Helsinki , leaving little Anne-Marie with",
"title": "Independence"
},
{
"text": "Strindberg , a competent and affectionate father . In 1907 , Bosse made theatrical history as Indras daughter in Strindbergs epoch-making Dream Play . She and Strindberg met weekly for dinner at his house , and remained lovers until she severed connections in preparation for her marriage with Gunnar Wingård in 1908 . In 1909 the Wingårds had a son , Bo . This marriage was also brief , ending in divorce in 1912 . According to rumour , the cause of the divorce was Wingårds infidelity . However , Strindberg also heard gossip that Wingårds large debts threatened Bosses",
"title": "Independence"
},
{
"text": "finances .",
"title": "Independence"
},
{
"text": "In 1911 , a divorced woman with two children to care for and support , Bosse returned to Dramaten . Strindberg was at that time fatally ill with cancer ; he died on 14 May 1912 . 1912 was altogether a year of death and disaster for the Bosse and Strindberg families : Alma Fahlstrøms son Arne went down with the Titanic on 15 April ; Strindbergs first wife Siri von Essen died later the same month ; von Essens and Strindbergs daughter Greta , a promising young actress , was killed in a train crash in June ; and",
"title": "Independence"
},
{
"text": "Bosses divorced husband Gunnar Wingård shot himself on 7 October . Strindbergs funeral was a national event . Gunnar Wingård , a popular and charming actor , was also the subject of public grief . Throughout these shattering events , which left both her children fatherless , Bosse kept up her busy schedule , apart from a few days off , distraught and grief-stricken , after Wingårds suicide . For months after it , she received anonymous letters and threatening phone-calls , blaming her for Wingårds depression and death .",
"title": "Independence"
},
{
"text": " Bosses third marriage , 1927–32 , was to Edvin Adolphson ( 1893–1979 ) , fifteen years her junior . Adolphson had abandoned his stage career in order to become instead a film director and one of the best-known Swedish film actors , a ruggedly handsome matinée idol whose screen persona Nils Beyer referred to as a combination of apache , gangster and gigolo .",
"title": "Independence"
},
{
"text": "Bosse made two films , ambitiously shot and directed and based on novels by well-known writers . The artistic achievement of Sons of Ingmar ( 1919 ) has been highly praised . Directed by and co-starring Victor Sjöström , it was based on a novel by Swedish Nobel Prize winner Selma Lagerlöf ; many years later , Ingmar Bergman referred to Sons of Ingmar as a magnificent , remarkable film and acknowledged his own debt to Sjöström . Bosse , who played the female lead Brita , called Sons of Ingmar the only worthwhile Swedish film I was involved in",
"title": "Independence"
},
{
"text": ". However , the film failed to give her career the kind of fresh start that the Swedish film industry had given Edvin Adolphson , and it was seventeen years before she made another film . This was Bombi Bitt and I ( 1936 ) , her only talkie , based on Fritiof Nilsson Piratens popular first novel with the same title and directed by Gösta Rodin . Bombi Bitt was a successful , though more lightweight , production with a smaller Bosse role ( Franskan ) .",
"title": "Independence"
},
{
"text": "After many years of ambitious and successful free-lance acting , Bosse found her options narrowing in the 1930s . The Great Depression brought her economic hardship , and , even though she looked younger than her age , most important womens roles were out of her age range . Her technique was still often praised , but also sometimes perceived as old-fashioned and mannered , in comparison with the more ensemble-oriented style of the times . Finding herself unneeded by any Swedish repertory theatre , she only managed to return as a member of Dramaten by means of skillful persuasion",
"title": "Retirement"
},
{
"text": "and pointed reminders of her long history there . A humble employee at a humble salary , she played only fifteen roles , all minor , during her last ten years at Dramaten , 1933–43 .",
"title": "Retirement"
},
{
"text": "Retiring from the stage during World War II , Bosse considered moving back to Norways capital Oslo , the home of her childhood and youth . Both her children had settled there . The move was delayed for ten years , during which she travelled whenever possible , and when it took place in 1955 , she perceived it to be a mistake . Her brother Ewalds death in 1956 left her the only survivor of the fourteen children of Anne-Marie and Johann Heinrich Bosse . How I long desperately for Stockholm , she wrote to a friend in 1958",
"title": "Retirement"
},
{
"text": ". My whole life is there . She became chronically melancholy , enduring failing health and bitter memories of the final phase of her career at Dramaten . She died on 2 November 1961 in Oslo .",
"title": "Retirement"
},
{
"text": " Bosse always guarded her privacy , so much so that the memoir she wrote of her life with Strindberg was deemed to be too uninterestingly discreet to be publishable .",
"title": "Retirement"
},
{
"text": " - Beyer , Nils ( 1945 ) . Skådespelare . Stockholm : Kooperative Förbundets bokförlag . - Brandell , Gunnar ( 1950 ) . Strindbergs infernokris . Stockholm : Bonniers . - Lagercrantz , Olof ( 1979 ; translated from Swedish by Anselm Hollo , 1984 ) . August Strindberg . London : Faber and Faber . - Martinus , Eivor ( 2001 ) . Strindberg and Love . Oxford : Amber Lane Press .",
"title": "References"
},
{
"text": "- Paulson , Arvid ( ed . and translated , 1959 ) . Letters of Strindberg to Harriet Bosse . New York : Thomas Nelson and Sons .",
"title": "References"
},
{
"text": " - Strindberg on Drama and Theatre : A Source Book . ( Selected , translated and edited by Egil Törnqvist and Birgitta Steene , 2007 ) . Amsterdam University Press . - Waal , Carla ( 1990 ) . Harriet Bosse : Strindbergs Muse and Interpreter . Carbondale and Edwardsville : Southern Illinois Univ . Press .",
"title": "References"
},
{
"text": " - The Strindberg Museum in Stockholm",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Harriet_Bosse#P26#2
|
Who was the spouse of Harriet Bosse between Jan 1931 and Oct 1931?
|
Harriet Bosse Harriet Sofie Bosse ( 19 February 1878 – 2 November 1961 ) was a Swedish–Norwegian actress . A celebrity in her day , Bosse is now most commonly remembered as the third wife of the playwright August Strindberg . Bosse began her career in a minor company run by her forceful older sister Alma Fahlstrøm in Kristiania ( now Oslo , the capital of Norway ) . Having secured an engagement at the Royal Dramatic Theatre ( Dramaten ) , the main drama venue of Swedens capital Stockholm , Bosse caught the attention of Strindberg with her intelligent acting and exotic oriental appearance . After a whirlwind courtship , which unfolds in detail in Strindbergs letters and diary , Strindberg and Bosse were married in 1901 , when he was 52 and she 23 . Strindberg wrote a number of major roles for Bosse during their short and stormy relationship , especially in 1900–01 , a period of great creativity and productivity for him . Like his previous two marriages , the relationship failed as a result of Strindbergs jealousy , which some biographers have characterized as paranoid . The spectrum of Strindbergs feelings about Bosse , ranging from worship to rage , is reflected in the roles he wrote for her to play , or as portraits of her . Despite her real-life role as muse to Strindberg , she remained an independent artist . Bosse married Swedish actor in 1908 , and Swedish screen actor , director , and matinee idol Edvin Adolphson in 1927 . All three of her marriages ended in divorce after a few years , leaving her with a daughter by Strindberg and a son by Wingård . On retiring after a high-profile acting career based in Stockholm , she returned to her roots in Oslo . Early career . Bosse was born in Norways capital Kristiania , today called Oslo , as the thirteenth of fourteen children of Anne-Marie and Johann Heinrich Bosse . Her German father was a publisher and bookseller , and his business led to the familys alternating residence in Kristiania and Stockholm , the capital of Sweden . Bosse was to experience some confusion of national identity throughout her life , and to take the rail trip between the cities many times . A bold , independent child , she first made the journey alone when she was only six years old . Two of Bosses older sisters , Alma ( 1863–1947 ) and Dagmar ( 1866–1954 ) , were already successful performers when Harriet was a small child . Inspired by these role models , Harriet began her acting career in a Norwegian touring company run by her sister Alma and Almas husband Johan Fahlstrøm ( 1867–1938 ) . Invited to play Juliet in Romeo and Juliet , the eighteen-year-old Harriet reported in a letter to her sister Inez that she had been paralysed by stage-fright before the premiere , but had then taken delight in the performance , the curtain-calls , and the way people stared at her in the street the next day . Alma was Harriets first and only—rather authoritarian—acting teacher . Their harmonious and sisterly teacher–pupil relationship became strained when Alma discovered that her husband Johan and Harriet were having an affair . Both Bosse parents were now dead , and Harriet , ordered by Alma to leave , used a modest legacy from her father to finance studies in Stockholm , Copenhagen , and Paris . The Paris stage—at that time in dynamic conflict between traditional and experimental production styles—was inspirational for Bosse and convinced her that the low-key realistic acting style in which she was training herself was the right choice . Returning to Scandinavia , she was hesitant as to whether she should carve out a career in Stockholm , with its greater opportunities , or in Kristiania , to which she had closer emotional ties . In spite of the disadvantage of speaking Swedish with a Norwegian accent , Bosse let herself be persuaded by her opera-singer sister Dagmar to try her luck in Stockholm . She applied for a place at the Royal Dramatic Theatre ( Dramaten ) , the main drama venue of Stockholm , governed by the conservative tastes of King Oscar II and his personal advisors . After working hard at elocution lessons to improve her Swedish , which was Dramatens condition for employing her , Bosse was eventually to become famous on the Swedish stage for her beautiful speaking voice and precise articulation . Having trained her Swedish to a high level , she was engaged by Dramaten in 1899 , where the sensation of the day was the innovative play Gustaf Vasa by August Strindberg . Marriage to August Strindberg . August Strindberg . Although Bosse was a successful professional , she is chiefly remembered as the third wife of Swedish dramatist August Strindberg ( 1849–1912 ) . Strindberg , an important influence on the development of modern drama , had become nationally known in the 1870s as an angry young socialist muckraker and had risen to fame with his satire on the Swedish establishment , The Red Room ( 1879 ) . In the 1890s , he had suffered a long and miserable psychotic interlude , known as the Inferno Crisis , and , emerging from this ordeal , he remained marked by it . He turned from naturalism to symbolism in his prolific literary output , and his convictions and interests at the turn of the twentieth century focused less on politics and more on theosophy , mysticism , and the occult . When Bosse met him in 1899–1900 , he was , at age 51 , at the height of his creative powers , his name red-hot on the stage . Strindberg had the reputation of a misogynist , something which all of his wives stoutly denied . Bosse wrote in an unpublished statement which she left to her daughter with Strindberg , Anne-Marie : During the years I knew and was married to Strindberg I saw only a completely natural , kind , honorable , faithful man—a gentleman . However , all of Strindbergs marriages were blighted by his jealousy and a sensitivity which has sometimes been considered paranoid and delusional . Courtship . Bosse later published Strindbergs letters from their courtship and marriage . Incidents narrated in those letters and in Bosses own interspersed comments have been analysed at length by biographers and psychiatrists , and have become part of the Strindberg legend . Even before their first meeting , Bosse had been inspired by the newness and freshness of Strindbergs pioneering plays ; an iconoclast and radical with two turbulent marriages already behind him presented an intriguing and irresistible mix to her . Strindberg was susceptible to strong , independent career women , as well as to dainty , delicate-looking young girls ; like his first and second wives—Siri von Essen and Frida Uhl—Bosse combined these qualities . He was entranced when he saw the dark , exotic-looking , petite twenty-two-year-old Bosse ( who was often cast in sprite roles or what were conceptualized as Oriental roles ) play her first major part , an impish Puck in A Midsummer Nights Dream . He immediately picked her out as a suitable actress for the part of The Lady in his coming play To Damascus , and invited her to his bachelor establishment to discuss the role . At this famous first meeting , Strindberg , according to Bosses narrative of the event , met her at the door all smiles and charm . Offering her wine , flowers , and beautifully arranged fruit , he shared with her his fascination with alchemy , showing her a golden brown mixture he told her was gold he had made . When she got up to leave , Bosse claims Strindberg asked for the feather in her hat to use for writing his plays . Bosse gave it to him , and he used this feather , with a steel nib insert , to write all his dramas during their marriage . It is now in the Strindberg Museum in Stockholm . Strindberg wooed Bosse by sending her books about theosophy and the occult , by attempting to mould her mind , and by furthering her career . Throwing himself into writing plays with central parts he considered suitable for her , he tried to persuade her to act them , and the Dramaten management to cast her in them . Bosse asserts in her edition of the Letters that she tended to hang back , as did the management , being in agreement that she lacked the experience for major and complex roles . Strindberg , a power in the theatre , nevertheless often prevailed . The role of Eleonora in Easter ( 1901 ) , which intimidated Bosse by its sensitivity and delicacy , but which she finally undertook to play , turned out to be Bosses most successful and beloved role , and a turning-point in Bosses and Strindbergs relationship . They became engaged in March 1901 , during the rehearsals of Easter , in what in Bosses narrative may be the best-known incident of the Strindberg legend . Bosse relates how she went to see Strindberg to ask him to give the part to a more experienced actress , but he assured her she would be perfect for it . Then he placed his hands on my shoulders , looked at me long and ardently , and asked : Would you like to have a little child with me , Miss Bosse ? I made a curtsey and answered , as though hypnotized : Yes , thank you!—and we were engaged . Marriage and divorce . Bosse and Strindberg were married on 6 May 1901 . Strindberg insisted that Bosse bring none of her possessions to the home he had furnished for her , creating a setting in which to nurture and dominate her . In this setting , his taste in interior decoration was revealed to be Oscarian and old-fashioned , with pedestals , aspidistras , and dining-room furniture in hideous imitation of German renaissance , to Bosses modern judgment . Striving towards the life beyond , Strindberg explained , he could permit nothing in the apartment that would lead the thoughts towards the earthly and material . In her comments in the Letters , Bosse described with loyalty and affection Strindbergs protectiveness and his efforts to bring his young wife with him along his own spiritual paths ; nevertheless , she chafed under these efforts , pointing out that she herself , at 22 , was not even remotely finished with this world . Increasingly agoraphobic , Strindberg attempted to overcome his anxieties and allow his young wife the summer excursions she longed for . He planned sunny drives in hired victorias , but often the mystical Powers which governed him intervened . A crisis came as early as June 1901 , when Strindberg arranged , and then at the last moment called off , a honeymoon trip to Germany and Switzerland . Bosse wrote in the Letters that she had nothing to do but stay at home and choke down the tears while Strindberg attempted consolation by giving her a Baedeker to read a trip in . The cancelled journey was the beginning of the end . A crying , defiant Bosse went off by herself to the seaside resort Hornbæk in Denmark , a much shorter trip , but to her senses , a delightfully refreshing one . There , she was soon followed by Strindbergs letters , full of agonized remorse at having given her pain , and then by Strindberg himself , steeling himself to bear the social life Bosse relished . However , the relationship quickly foundered on jealousy and suspicion , as when Strindberg struck a photographer over the head with his stick , unable to endure any attention to Bosse . In August , when Bosse discovered that she was pregnant , even Strindbergs delight ( he was a fond parent of the four children of his previous marriages ) could not save a marriage full of distrust and accusation . This was illustrated in Strindbergs increasingly frantic letters to Bosse When their daughter Anne-Marie was born on 25 March 1902 , they were already living apart . For the sake of us both it is best that I do not return , wrote Bosse in a letter to Strindberg . A continuation of life together with suspicion of every word , every act of mine , would be the end of me . At her insistence , Strindberg began divorce proceedings . Strindbergs roles for Bosse . The relationship of Strindberg and Bosse was highly dramatic . Strindberg would lurch back and forth from adoration of Bosse as the regenerator of his creativity ( lovely , amiable , and kind ) to a wild jealousy ( calling her a small , nasty woman , evil , stupid , black , arrogant , venomous , and whore ) . His letters show that Bosse inspired several important characters in his plays , especially during the course of 1901 , and that he manipulated her by promising to pull strings so that she could play them . During the brief , intense , creative 1901 period , the roles Strindberg wrote as artistic vehicles for Bosse , or that were based on their relationship , reflect this combination of adoration and suspicion of every word , every act . Carla Waal counts eight minor and six major roles written for Bosse to act , or as portraits of her , several of them classics of Western theatre history . The major roles enumerated by Waal are The Lady in To Damascus ( 1900 ; mainly already written when Bosse and Strindberg met , but used between them to enhance their intimacy ) ; Eleonora in Easter ( 1901 ; modelled on Strindbergs sister Elisabeth , but intended for Bosse to star in ) ; Henriette in Crimes and Crimes ( 1901 ) ; Swan White in Swan White ( 1901 ) ; Christina in Queen Christina ( 1901 ) ; and Indras daughter in A Dream Play ( 1902 ) . The years refer to dates of publication ; Bosse never played in Swan White , even though Strindberg kept proposing it , and though she was many years later to describe this play as Strindbergs wedding present to her . Strindberg claimed that Queen Christina was an explanation of Bosses character as being that of an actress in real life , flirtatious and deceitful . In his influential Strindberg biography , Lagercrantz describes this play as a synopsis of the entire course of the Bosse–Strindberg marriage . He sees the courtiers as representing various stages of Strindbergs own emotions : Tott , in the first glow of love ; de la Gardie , betrayed but loyal ; Oxenstierna , who has rejected her . Each of the three men has words to speak which Strindberg himself had spoken to Bosse . A Dream Play is positioned at the median of Strindbergs series of portrayals of his own marriage , the Bosse role imbued with both light and darkness . With its associative dream structure , this play is a milestone of modernist drama , described by Strindberg as a lawless reflection of The Dreamers ( Strindbergs ) consciousness , limited only by his imagination which spins and weaves new patterns… on an insignificant basis of reality . Agnes , played by and representing Bosse , is the daughter of the Vedic god Indra , descending to earth to observe human life and bring its disappointments to the attention of her divine father . The Oriental aspect of the play is based on Bosses dark , exotic looks . Yet she is also drawn into mere humanity and into a claustrophobic marriage to The Lawyer , one of the versions of The Dreamer and , thereby , of Strindberg . Shut up indoors by a possessive husband , Agnes can not breathe ; she despondently watches the servant working to exclude light and air from the house by pasting insulating strips of paper along the windows edges . Recognizably , the insignificant basis of reality of Agnes marriage to The Lawyer is the frustration of the newly married Bosse , yearning for fresh air , sunshine , and travel but fobbed off with a Baedeker . Independence . Both before and after the divorce from Strindberg , Bosse was a Stockholm celebrity in her own right . Her independence and self-supporting status gained her a reputation for being strong-willed and opinionated , insisting on , and receiving , high pay and significant roles . She left Dramaten with its conventional repertoire and began working at Albert Ranfts Swedish Theatre , where she and the skillful but more modest actor ( Anders ) Gunnar Wingård ( 1878–1912 ) formed a popular co-star team . She travelled frequently , particularly for guest performances in Helsinki , leaving little Anne-Marie with Strindberg , a competent and affectionate father . In 1907 , Bosse made theatrical history as Indras daughter in Strindbergs epoch-making Dream Play . She and Strindberg met weekly for dinner at his house , and remained lovers until she severed connections in preparation for her marriage with Gunnar Wingård in 1908 . In 1909 the Wingårds had a son , Bo . This marriage was also brief , ending in divorce in 1912 . According to rumour , the cause of the divorce was Wingårds infidelity . However , Strindberg also heard gossip that Wingårds large debts threatened Bosses finances . In 1911 , a divorced woman with two children to care for and support , Bosse returned to Dramaten . Strindberg was at that time fatally ill with cancer ; he died on 14 May 1912 . 1912 was altogether a year of death and disaster for the Bosse and Strindberg families : Alma Fahlstrøms son Arne went down with the Titanic on 15 April ; Strindbergs first wife Siri von Essen died later the same month ; von Essens and Strindbergs daughter Greta , a promising young actress , was killed in a train crash in June ; and Bosses divorced husband Gunnar Wingård shot himself on 7 October . Strindbergs funeral was a national event . Gunnar Wingård , a popular and charming actor , was also the subject of public grief . Throughout these shattering events , which left both her children fatherless , Bosse kept up her busy schedule , apart from a few days off , distraught and grief-stricken , after Wingårds suicide . For months after it , she received anonymous letters and threatening phone-calls , blaming her for Wingårds depression and death . Bosses third marriage , 1927–32 , was to Edvin Adolphson ( 1893–1979 ) , fifteen years her junior . Adolphson had abandoned his stage career in order to become instead a film director and one of the best-known Swedish film actors , a ruggedly handsome matinée idol whose screen persona Nils Beyer referred to as a combination of apache , gangster and gigolo . Bosse made two films , ambitiously shot and directed and based on novels by well-known writers . The artistic achievement of Sons of Ingmar ( 1919 ) has been highly praised . Directed by and co-starring Victor Sjöström , it was based on a novel by Swedish Nobel Prize winner Selma Lagerlöf ; many years later , Ingmar Bergman referred to Sons of Ingmar as a magnificent , remarkable film and acknowledged his own debt to Sjöström . Bosse , who played the female lead Brita , called Sons of Ingmar the only worthwhile Swedish film I was involved in . However , the film failed to give her career the kind of fresh start that the Swedish film industry had given Edvin Adolphson , and it was seventeen years before she made another film . This was Bombi Bitt and I ( 1936 ) , her only talkie , based on Fritiof Nilsson Piratens popular first novel with the same title and directed by Gösta Rodin . Bombi Bitt was a successful , though more lightweight , production with a smaller Bosse role ( Franskan ) . Retirement . After many years of ambitious and successful free-lance acting , Bosse found her options narrowing in the 1930s . The Great Depression brought her economic hardship , and , even though she looked younger than her age , most important womens roles were out of her age range . Her technique was still often praised , but also sometimes perceived as old-fashioned and mannered , in comparison with the more ensemble-oriented style of the times . Finding herself unneeded by any Swedish repertory theatre , she only managed to return as a member of Dramaten by means of skillful persuasion and pointed reminders of her long history there . A humble employee at a humble salary , she played only fifteen roles , all minor , during her last ten years at Dramaten , 1933–43 . Retiring from the stage during World War II , Bosse considered moving back to Norways capital Oslo , the home of her childhood and youth . Both her children had settled there . The move was delayed for ten years , during which she travelled whenever possible , and when it took place in 1955 , she perceived it to be a mistake . Her brother Ewalds death in 1956 left her the only survivor of the fourteen children of Anne-Marie and Johann Heinrich Bosse . How I long desperately for Stockholm , she wrote to a friend in 1958 . My whole life is there . She became chronically melancholy , enduring failing health and bitter memories of the final phase of her career at Dramaten . She died on 2 November 1961 in Oslo . Bosse always guarded her privacy , so much so that the memoir she wrote of her life with Strindberg was deemed to be too uninterestingly discreet to be publishable . References . - Beyer , Nils ( 1945 ) . Skådespelare . Stockholm : Kooperative Förbundets bokförlag . - Brandell , Gunnar ( 1950 ) . Strindbergs infernokris . Stockholm : Bonniers . - Lagercrantz , Olof ( 1979 ; translated from Swedish by Anselm Hollo , 1984 ) . August Strindberg . London : Faber and Faber . - Martinus , Eivor ( 2001 ) . Strindberg and Love . Oxford : Amber Lane Press . - Paulson , Arvid ( ed . and translated , 1959 ) . Letters of Strindberg to Harriet Bosse . New York : Thomas Nelson and Sons . - Strindberg on Drama and Theatre : A Source Book . ( Selected , translated and edited by Egil Törnqvist and Birgitta Steene , 2007 ) . Amsterdam University Press . - Waal , Carla ( 1990 ) . Harriet Bosse : Strindbergs Muse and Interpreter . Carbondale and Edwardsville : Southern Illinois Univ . Press . External links . - The Strindberg Museum in Stockholm
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"Edvin Adolphson"
] |
[
{
"text": "Harriet Sofie Bosse ( 19 February 1878 – 2 November 1961 ) was a Swedish–Norwegian actress . A celebrity in her day , Bosse is now most commonly remembered as the third wife of the playwright August Strindberg . Bosse began her career in a minor company run by her forceful older sister Alma Fahlstrøm in Kristiania ( now Oslo , the capital of Norway ) . Having secured an engagement at the Royal Dramatic Theatre ( Dramaten ) , the main drama venue of Swedens capital Stockholm , Bosse caught the attention of Strindberg with her intelligent acting and",
"title": "Harriet Bosse"
},
{
"text": "exotic oriental appearance .",
"title": "Harriet Bosse"
},
{
"text": "After a whirlwind courtship , which unfolds in detail in Strindbergs letters and diary , Strindberg and Bosse were married in 1901 , when he was 52 and she 23 . Strindberg wrote a number of major roles for Bosse during their short and stormy relationship , especially in 1900–01 , a period of great creativity and productivity for him . Like his previous two marriages , the relationship failed as a result of Strindbergs jealousy , which some biographers have characterized as paranoid . The spectrum of Strindbergs feelings about Bosse , ranging from worship to rage , is",
"title": "Harriet Bosse"
},
{
"text": "reflected in the roles he wrote for her to play , or as portraits of her . Despite her real-life role as muse to Strindberg , she remained an independent artist .",
"title": "Harriet Bosse"
},
{
"text": " Bosse married Swedish actor in 1908 , and Swedish screen actor , director , and matinee idol Edvin Adolphson in 1927 . All three of her marriages ended in divorce after a few years , leaving her with a daughter by Strindberg and a son by Wingård . On retiring after a high-profile acting career based in Stockholm , she returned to her roots in Oslo .",
"title": "Harriet Bosse"
},
{
"text": " Bosse was born in Norways capital Kristiania , today called Oslo , as the thirteenth of fourteen children of Anne-Marie and Johann Heinrich Bosse . Her German father was a publisher and bookseller , and his business led to the familys alternating residence in Kristiania and Stockholm , the capital of Sweden . Bosse was to experience some confusion of national identity throughout her life , and to take the rail trip between the cities many times . A bold , independent child , she first made the journey alone when she was only six years old .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Two of Bosses older sisters , Alma ( 1863–1947 ) and Dagmar ( 1866–1954 ) , were already successful performers when Harriet was a small child . Inspired by these role models , Harriet began her acting career in a Norwegian touring company run by her sister Alma and Almas husband Johan Fahlstrøm ( 1867–1938 ) . Invited to play Juliet in Romeo and Juliet , the eighteen-year-old Harriet reported in a letter to her sister Inez that she had been paralysed by stage-fright before the premiere , but had then taken delight in the performance , the curtain-calls ,",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "and the way people stared at her in the street the next day . Alma was Harriets first and only—rather authoritarian—acting teacher . Their harmonious and sisterly teacher–pupil relationship became strained when Alma discovered that her husband Johan and Harriet were having an affair . Both Bosse parents were now dead , and Harriet , ordered by Alma to leave , used a modest legacy from her father to finance studies in Stockholm , Copenhagen , and Paris .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "The Paris stage—at that time in dynamic conflict between traditional and experimental production styles—was inspirational for Bosse and convinced her that the low-key realistic acting style in which she was training herself was the right choice . Returning to Scandinavia , she was hesitant as to whether she should carve out a career in Stockholm , with its greater opportunities , or in Kristiania , to which she had closer emotional ties . In spite of the disadvantage of speaking Swedish with a Norwegian accent , Bosse let herself be persuaded by her opera-singer sister Dagmar to try her luck",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "in Stockholm . She applied for a place at the Royal Dramatic Theatre ( Dramaten ) , the main drama venue of Stockholm , governed by the conservative tastes of King Oscar II and his personal advisors . After working hard at elocution lessons to improve her Swedish , which was Dramatens condition for employing her , Bosse was eventually to become famous on the Swedish stage for her beautiful speaking voice and precise articulation . Having trained her Swedish to a high level , she was engaged by Dramaten in 1899 , where the sensation of the day was",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "the innovative play Gustaf Vasa by August Strindberg .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Although Bosse was a successful professional , she is chiefly remembered as the third wife of Swedish dramatist August Strindberg ( 1849–1912 ) . Strindberg , an important influence on the development of modern drama , had become nationally known in the 1870s as an angry young socialist muckraker and had risen to fame with his satire on the Swedish establishment , The Red Room ( 1879 ) . In the 1890s , he had suffered a long and miserable psychotic interlude , known as the Inferno Crisis , and , emerging from this ordeal , he remained marked by",
"title": "August Strindberg"
},
{
"text": "it . He turned from naturalism to symbolism in his prolific literary output , and his convictions and interests at the turn of the twentieth century focused less on politics and more on theosophy , mysticism , and the occult . When Bosse met him in 1899–1900 , he was , at age 51 , at the height of his creative powers , his name red-hot on the stage .",
"title": "August Strindberg"
},
{
"text": " Strindberg had the reputation of a misogynist , something which all of his wives stoutly denied . Bosse wrote in an unpublished statement which she left to her daughter with Strindberg , Anne-Marie : During the years I knew and was married to Strindberg I saw only a completely natural , kind , honorable , faithful man—a gentleman . However , all of Strindbergs marriages were blighted by his jealousy and a sensitivity which has sometimes been considered paranoid and delusional .",
"title": "August Strindberg"
},
{
"text": " Bosse later published Strindbergs letters from their courtship and marriage . Incidents narrated in those letters and in Bosses own interspersed comments have been analysed at length by biographers and psychiatrists , and have become part of the Strindberg legend . Even before their first meeting , Bosse had been inspired by the newness and freshness of Strindbergs pioneering plays ; an iconoclast and radical with two turbulent marriages already behind him presented an intriguing and irresistible mix to her .",
"title": "Courtship"
},
{
"text": "Strindberg was susceptible to strong , independent career women , as well as to dainty , delicate-looking young girls ; like his first and second wives—Siri von Essen and Frida Uhl—Bosse combined these qualities . He was entranced when he saw the dark , exotic-looking , petite twenty-two-year-old Bosse ( who was often cast in sprite roles or what were conceptualized as Oriental roles ) play her first major part , an impish Puck in A Midsummer Nights Dream . He immediately picked her out as a suitable actress for the part of The Lady in his coming play To",
"title": "Courtship"
},
{
"text": "Damascus , and invited her to his bachelor establishment to discuss the role . At this famous first meeting , Strindberg , according to Bosses narrative of the event , met her at the door all smiles and charm . Offering her wine , flowers , and beautifully arranged fruit , he shared with her his fascination with alchemy , showing her a golden brown mixture he told her was gold he had made . When she got up to leave , Bosse claims Strindberg asked for the feather in her hat to use for writing his plays . Bosse",
"title": "Courtship"
},
{
"text": "gave it to him , and he used this feather , with a steel nib insert , to write all his dramas during their marriage . It is now in the Strindberg Museum in Stockholm .",
"title": "Courtship"
},
{
"text": "Strindberg wooed Bosse by sending her books about theosophy and the occult , by attempting to mould her mind , and by furthering her career . Throwing himself into writing plays with central parts he considered suitable for her , he tried to persuade her to act them , and the Dramaten management to cast her in them . Bosse asserts in her edition of the Letters that she tended to hang back , as did the management , being in agreement that she lacked the experience for major and complex roles . Strindberg , a power in the theatre",
"title": "Courtship"
},
{
"text": ", nevertheless often prevailed . The role of Eleonora in Easter ( 1901 ) , which intimidated Bosse by its sensitivity and delicacy , but which she finally undertook to play , turned out to be Bosses most successful and beloved role , and a turning-point in Bosses and Strindbergs relationship . They became engaged in March 1901 , during the rehearsals of Easter , in what in Bosses narrative may be the best-known incident of the Strindberg legend . Bosse relates how she went to see Strindberg to ask him to give the part to a more experienced actress",
"title": "Courtship"
},
{
"text": ", but he assured her she would be perfect for it . Then he placed his hands on my shoulders , looked at me long and ardently , and asked : Would you like to have a little child with me , Miss Bosse ? I made a curtsey and answered , as though hypnotized : Yes , thank you!—and we were engaged .",
"title": "Courtship"
},
{
"text": " Bosse and Strindberg were married on 6 May 1901 . Strindberg insisted that Bosse bring none of her possessions to the home he had furnished for her , creating a setting in which to nurture and dominate her . In this setting , his taste in interior decoration was revealed to be Oscarian and old-fashioned , with pedestals , aspidistras , and dining-room furniture in hideous imitation of German renaissance , to Bosses modern judgment .",
"title": "Marriage and divorce"
},
{
"text": "Striving towards the life beyond , Strindberg explained , he could permit nothing in the apartment that would lead the thoughts towards the earthly and material . In her comments in the Letters , Bosse described with loyalty and affection Strindbergs protectiveness and his efforts to bring his young wife with him along his own spiritual paths ; nevertheless , she chafed under these efforts , pointing out that she herself , at 22 , was not even remotely finished with this world . Increasingly agoraphobic , Strindberg attempted to overcome his anxieties and allow his young wife the summer",
"title": "Marriage and divorce"
},
{
"text": "excursions she longed for . He planned sunny drives in hired victorias , but often the mystical Powers which governed him intervened . A crisis came as early as June 1901 , when Strindberg arranged , and then at the last moment called off , a honeymoon trip to Germany and Switzerland . Bosse wrote in the Letters that she had nothing to do but stay at home and choke down the tears while Strindberg attempted consolation by giving her a Baedeker to read a trip in .",
"title": "Marriage and divorce"
},
{
"text": "The cancelled journey was the beginning of the end . A crying , defiant Bosse went off by herself to the seaside resort Hornbæk in Denmark , a much shorter trip , but to her senses , a delightfully refreshing one . There , she was soon followed by Strindbergs letters , full of agonized remorse at having given her pain , and then by Strindberg himself , steeling himself to bear the social life Bosse relished . However , the relationship quickly foundered on jealousy and suspicion , as when Strindberg struck a photographer over the head with his",
"title": "Marriage and divorce"
},
{
"text": "stick , unable to endure any attention to Bosse . In August , when Bosse discovered that she was pregnant , even Strindbergs delight ( he was a fond parent of the four children of his previous marriages ) could not save a marriage full of distrust and accusation . This was illustrated in Strindbergs increasingly frantic letters to Bosse When their daughter Anne-Marie was born on 25 March 1902 , they were already living apart . For the sake of us both it is best that I do not return , wrote Bosse in a letter to Strindberg .",
"title": "Marriage and divorce"
},
{
"text": "A continuation of life together with suspicion of every word , every act of mine , would be the end of me . At her insistence , Strindberg began divorce proceedings .",
"title": "Marriage and divorce"
},
{
"text": "The relationship of Strindberg and Bosse was highly dramatic . Strindberg would lurch back and forth from adoration of Bosse as the regenerator of his creativity ( lovely , amiable , and kind ) to a wild jealousy ( calling her a small , nasty woman , evil , stupid , black , arrogant , venomous , and whore ) . His letters show that Bosse inspired several important characters in his plays , especially during the course of 1901 , and that he manipulated her by promising to pull strings so that she could play them . During the",
"title": "Marriage and divorce"
},
{
"text": "brief , intense , creative 1901 period , the roles Strindberg wrote as artistic vehicles for Bosse , or that were based on their relationship , reflect this combination of adoration and suspicion of every word , every act . Carla Waal counts eight minor and six major roles written for Bosse to act , or as portraits of her , several of them classics of Western theatre history . The major roles enumerated by Waal are The Lady in To Damascus ( 1900 ; mainly already written when Bosse and Strindberg met , but used between them to enhance",
"title": "Marriage and divorce"
},
{
"text": "their intimacy ) ; Eleonora in Easter ( 1901 ; modelled on Strindbergs sister Elisabeth , but intended for Bosse to star in ) ; Henriette in Crimes and Crimes ( 1901 ) ; Swan White in Swan White ( 1901 ) ; Christina in Queen Christina ( 1901 ) ; and Indras daughter in A Dream Play ( 1902 ) . The years refer to dates of publication ; Bosse never played in Swan White , even though Strindberg kept proposing it , and though she was many years later to describe this play as Strindbergs wedding present to",
"title": "Marriage and divorce"
},
{
"text": "her .",
"title": "Marriage and divorce"
},
{
"text": "Strindberg claimed that Queen Christina was an explanation of Bosses character as being that of an actress in real life , flirtatious and deceitful . In his influential Strindberg biography , Lagercrantz describes this play as a synopsis of the entire course of the Bosse–Strindberg marriage . He sees the courtiers as representing various stages of Strindbergs own emotions : Tott , in the first glow of love ; de la Gardie , betrayed but loyal ; Oxenstierna , who has rejected her . Each of the three men has words to speak which Strindberg himself had spoken to Bosse",
"title": "Marriage and divorce"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Marriage and divorce"
},
{
"text": "A Dream Play is positioned at the median of Strindbergs series of portrayals of his own marriage , the Bosse role imbued with both light and darkness . With its associative dream structure , this play is a milestone of modernist drama , described by Strindberg as a lawless reflection of The Dreamers ( Strindbergs ) consciousness , limited only by his imagination which spins and weaves new patterns… on an insignificant basis of reality . Agnes , played by and representing Bosse , is the daughter of the Vedic god Indra , descending to earth to observe human life",
"title": "Marriage and divorce"
},
{
"text": "and bring its disappointments to the attention of her divine father . The Oriental aspect of the play is based on Bosses dark , exotic looks . Yet she is also drawn into mere humanity and into a claustrophobic marriage to The Lawyer , one of the versions of The Dreamer and , thereby , of Strindberg . Shut up indoors by a possessive husband , Agnes can not breathe ; she despondently watches the servant working to exclude light and air from the house by pasting insulating strips of paper along the windows edges . Recognizably , the insignificant",
"title": "Marriage and divorce"
},
{
"text": "basis of reality of Agnes marriage to The Lawyer is the frustration of the newly married Bosse , yearning for fresh air , sunshine , and travel but fobbed off with a Baedeker .",
"title": "Marriage and divorce"
},
{
"text": "Both before and after the divorce from Strindberg , Bosse was a Stockholm celebrity in her own right . Her independence and self-supporting status gained her a reputation for being strong-willed and opinionated , insisting on , and receiving , high pay and significant roles . She left Dramaten with its conventional repertoire and began working at Albert Ranfts Swedish Theatre , where she and the skillful but more modest actor ( Anders ) Gunnar Wingård ( 1878–1912 ) formed a popular co-star team . She travelled frequently , particularly for guest performances in Helsinki , leaving little Anne-Marie with",
"title": "Independence"
},
{
"text": "Strindberg , a competent and affectionate father . In 1907 , Bosse made theatrical history as Indras daughter in Strindbergs epoch-making Dream Play . She and Strindberg met weekly for dinner at his house , and remained lovers until she severed connections in preparation for her marriage with Gunnar Wingård in 1908 . In 1909 the Wingårds had a son , Bo . This marriage was also brief , ending in divorce in 1912 . According to rumour , the cause of the divorce was Wingårds infidelity . However , Strindberg also heard gossip that Wingårds large debts threatened Bosses",
"title": "Independence"
},
{
"text": "finances .",
"title": "Independence"
},
{
"text": "In 1911 , a divorced woman with two children to care for and support , Bosse returned to Dramaten . Strindberg was at that time fatally ill with cancer ; he died on 14 May 1912 . 1912 was altogether a year of death and disaster for the Bosse and Strindberg families : Alma Fahlstrøms son Arne went down with the Titanic on 15 April ; Strindbergs first wife Siri von Essen died later the same month ; von Essens and Strindbergs daughter Greta , a promising young actress , was killed in a train crash in June ; and",
"title": "Independence"
},
{
"text": "Bosses divorced husband Gunnar Wingård shot himself on 7 October . Strindbergs funeral was a national event . Gunnar Wingård , a popular and charming actor , was also the subject of public grief . Throughout these shattering events , which left both her children fatherless , Bosse kept up her busy schedule , apart from a few days off , distraught and grief-stricken , after Wingårds suicide . For months after it , she received anonymous letters and threatening phone-calls , blaming her for Wingårds depression and death .",
"title": "Independence"
},
{
"text": " Bosses third marriage , 1927–32 , was to Edvin Adolphson ( 1893–1979 ) , fifteen years her junior . Adolphson had abandoned his stage career in order to become instead a film director and one of the best-known Swedish film actors , a ruggedly handsome matinée idol whose screen persona Nils Beyer referred to as a combination of apache , gangster and gigolo .",
"title": "Independence"
},
{
"text": "Bosse made two films , ambitiously shot and directed and based on novels by well-known writers . The artistic achievement of Sons of Ingmar ( 1919 ) has been highly praised . Directed by and co-starring Victor Sjöström , it was based on a novel by Swedish Nobel Prize winner Selma Lagerlöf ; many years later , Ingmar Bergman referred to Sons of Ingmar as a magnificent , remarkable film and acknowledged his own debt to Sjöström . Bosse , who played the female lead Brita , called Sons of Ingmar the only worthwhile Swedish film I was involved in",
"title": "Independence"
},
{
"text": ". However , the film failed to give her career the kind of fresh start that the Swedish film industry had given Edvin Adolphson , and it was seventeen years before she made another film . This was Bombi Bitt and I ( 1936 ) , her only talkie , based on Fritiof Nilsson Piratens popular first novel with the same title and directed by Gösta Rodin . Bombi Bitt was a successful , though more lightweight , production with a smaller Bosse role ( Franskan ) .",
"title": "Independence"
},
{
"text": "After many years of ambitious and successful free-lance acting , Bosse found her options narrowing in the 1930s . The Great Depression brought her economic hardship , and , even though she looked younger than her age , most important womens roles were out of her age range . Her technique was still often praised , but also sometimes perceived as old-fashioned and mannered , in comparison with the more ensemble-oriented style of the times . Finding herself unneeded by any Swedish repertory theatre , she only managed to return as a member of Dramaten by means of skillful persuasion",
"title": "Retirement"
},
{
"text": "and pointed reminders of her long history there . A humble employee at a humble salary , she played only fifteen roles , all minor , during her last ten years at Dramaten , 1933–43 .",
"title": "Retirement"
},
{
"text": "Retiring from the stage during World War II , Bosse considered moving back to Norways capital Oslo , the home of her childhood and youth . Both her children had settled there . The move was delayed for ten years , during which she travelled whenever possible , and when it took place in 1955 , she perceived it to be a mistake . Her brother Ewalds death in 1956 left her the only survivor of the fourteen children of Anne-Marie and Johann Heinrich Bosse . How I long desperately for Stockholm , she wrote to a friend in 1958",
"title": "Retirement"
},
{
"text": ". My whole life is there . She became chronically melancholy , enduring failing health and bitter memories of the final phase of her career at Dramaten . She died on 2 November 1961 in Oslo .",
"title": "Retirement"
},
{
"text": " Bosse always guarded her privacy , so much so that the memoir she wrote of her life with Strindberg was deemed to be too uninterestingly discreet to be publishable .",
"title": "Retirement"
},
{
"text": " - Beyer , Nils ( 1945 ) . Skådespelare . Stockholm : Kooperative Förbundets bokförlag . - Brandell , Gunnar ( 1950 ) . Strindbergs infernokris . Stockholm : Bonniers . - Lagercrantz , Olof ( 1979 ; translated from Swedish by Anselm Hollo , 1984 ) . August Strindberg . London : Faber and Faber . - Martinus , Eivor ( 2001 ) . Strindberg and Love . Oxford : Amber Lane Press .",
"title": "References"
},
{
"text": "- Paulson , Arvid ( ed . and translated , 1959 ) . Letters of Strindberg to Harriet Bosse . New York : Thomas Nelson and Sons .",
"title": "References"
},
{
"text": " - Strindberg on Drama and Theatre : A Source Book . ( Selected , translated and edited by Egil Törnqvist and Birgitta Steene , 2007 ) . Amsterdam University Press . - Waal , Carla ( 1990 ) . Harriet Bosse : Strindbergs Muse and Interpreter . Carbondale and Edwardsville : Southern Illinois Univ . Press .",
"title": "References"
},
{
"text": " - The Strindberg Museum in Stockholm",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Jodey_Arrington#P69#0
|
Which school did Jodey Arrington go to before May 1989?
|
Jodey Arrington Jodey Cook Arrington ( born March 9 , 1972 ) is the U.S . Representative for . The district includes a large slice of West Texas , centered around Lubbock and Abilene . He is a member of the Republican Party . He was a member of both the gubernatorial and presidential administrations of George W . Bush . Arrington was named appointments manager for Governor Bush in 1996 . In 2000 , he was appointed Special Assistant to the President and Associate Director of Presidential Personnel . In December 2001 , Donald E . Powell , the 18th Chairman of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation hired Arrington as the agencys chief of staff . He later served as deputy federal coordinator for the Office of the Federal Coordinator for Gulf Coast Rebuilding . In 2006 , Arrington left the coastal rebuilding office to return to his alma mater , Texas Tech University as its system chief of staff and later as vice chancellor for research and commercialization . Until his election to Congress , Arrington was the president of Scott Laboratories in Lubbock . Early life and education . Arrington was reared in Plainview in Hale County on the South Texas Plains to Gene and Betty Arrington . His father played basketball at Texas Tech , having lettered in 1958 , 1959 , and 1960 under coach Polk Robison . In high school , Arrington was a multi-sport athlete and a state-ranked tennis player . After graduating from Plainview High School , Arrington attended Texas Tech , where he was a member of the Phi Delta Theta mens fraternity . He also walked on to the football team under Spike Dykes . He graduated in 1994 with a Bachelor of Arts in political science but remained at Texas Tech to pursue a Master of Public Administration degree , which he completed in 1997 . In 2004 , he earned a Certificate of International Business Management from the McDonough School of Business at Georgetown University in Washington , D.C . White House . After Governor Bushs election as president in 2000 , Arrington was asked to join the White House staff as Special Assistant to the President and Associate Director of Presidential Personnel , where he served under Clay Johnson III . For the next year , Arrington briefed and made recommendations to the President , Vice President Dick Cheney , and Chief of Staff Andy Card . During his time in the Office of Presidential Personnel , Arrington managed an executive search team that helped the Office fill more than five thousand executive level , board , and commission positions . He specialized in appointments relating to energy , the environment , and natural resources . Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation . In late December 2001 , at the age of twenty-eight , Arrington became one of the youngest chiefs of staff in the history of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation , where he served under the 18th chairman , Donald E . Powell . As Powells chief of staff , Arrington managed and oversaw the offices of the Chairman , Policy Development , and Public Affairs , all of which he reorganized to increase efficiency . In 2002 , Arrington began chairing the FDIC Board Appeals Committee and served in Powells place on the Audit Committee . Gulf Coast rebuilding . In 2005 , in the wake of FEMAs response to Hurricane Katrina , President Bush established by executive order the Office of the Federal Coordinator for Gulf Coast Rebuilding . Bush appointed Don Powell as Federal Coordinator , who appointed Arrington as Deputy Federal Coordinator and Chief Operating Officer . In this role , Arrington worked with the Governors of the affected states , as well as military officials , local authorities and charitable organizations . Powell and Arrington were responsible for developing and executing the Federal Governments recovery efforts , as well as coordinating with local , state and federal officials . By the end of Arringtons first year in the Gulf Coast , he had aided Powell in the procurement and implementation of much of the $120 billion spent on infrastructure and assistance relief . Texas Tech . After a year with the Gulf Coast position , Arrington returned to Texas Tech to serve as its system chief of staff . The Tech System includes Texas Tech University , Texas Tech Health Sciences Center and Angelo State University . He also served as the primary liaison to the vice chancellors throughout the system . In 2011 , Arrington was named Vice Chancellor for Research and Commercialization at Texas Tech University System . During his seven-year tenure with the Texas Tech University System , Arrington was chairman on the Task Force for Enrollment Growth and was the chief architect of Leading the Way , the strategic plan for the universities within the TTU System . Arrington worked to secure the naming rights to the Laura W . Bush Institute for Womens Health for the university health sciences center . Since securing the naming rights in 2007 , the institute has been responsible for raising hundreds of thousands of dollars for health care issues affecting women . Scott Laboratories . In 2014 , Arrington became president of Scott Laboratories in Lubbock . As President of a healthcare innovation holding company , which includes a comprehensive health system , Arringtons primary role was launching and growing new ventures as well as supporting new revenue opportunities at the health system . Until his full-time job in Congress , he was focused on developing a tele-health startup , launching an innovative insurance product , and establishing a digital marketing platform for the health system . U.S House of Representatives . Elections . Arrington ran unsuccessfully in 2014 in a special election for the Texas State Senate District 28 . He was defeated by fellow Republican Charles Perry , 53 to 30 percent , who still holds the seat . With Republican Representative Randy Neugebauer of retiring in 2016 , Arrington decided to run for his seat . Former Lubbock mayor Glen Robertson led a nine-candidate field in the primary election held on March 1 with 27,791 ( 26.7 percent ) of the ballots cast , followed by Arringtons 26,980 ( 26 percent ) . In third place was Michael Bob Starr , the former commander of Dyess Air Force Base who led handily in Abilene and finished with 22,256 votes ( 21.4 percent ) . Laredo surgeon Donald R . May finished fourth with 9,592 votes ( 9.2 percent ) . No Democrat even filed , meaning that whoever won the primary would face no major-party opposition in November . However , the 19th is so heavily Republican that any Democratic challenger would have faced nearly impossible odds in any event . With a Cook Partisan Voting Index of R+26 , the 19th is the third-most Republican district in Texas and the 12th-most Republican district in the nation . In the runoff election held on May 24 , 2016 , Arrington defeated Robertson , 25,214 ( 53.7 percent ) to 21,769 ( 46.3 percent ) to become the Republican nominee . In the congressional general election on November 8 , 2016 , Arrington polled 176,314 votes ( 86.7 percent ) ; the Libertarian Troy Bonar trailed with 17,376 votes ( 8.5 percent ) , and the Green candidate , Mark Lawson , polled 9,785 votes ( 4.8 percent ) . However , he had effectively clinched a seat in Congress with his victory in the primary runoff . When Arrington took office on January 3 , 2017 , he became only the fifth person to represent this district since its creation in 1935 . Tenure . National security . Arrington supported President Donald Trumps 2017 executive order curtailing Middle Eastern immigration . He stated that It is important that our commander in chief puts the safety of Americans first . Given concerns about the inadequate vetting of refugees and problems with our immigration system , this temporary pause is intended to ensure the safety of our citizens . Unemployment benefits . In defending a proposal to cut access to the SNAP program ( food stamps ) , Arrington cited the biblical passage Thessalonians 3-10 . He says even when we were with you we give you this rule , If a man will not work he shall not eat . And he goes on to say We heard that some of you are idle . I think that every American , Republican or Democrat wants to help the needy among us . And I think its a reasonable expectation that we have work requirements . I think that gives more credibility , frankly , to SNAP . Texas v . Pennsylvania . In December 2020 , Arrington was one of 126 Republican members of the House of Representatives who signed an amicus brief in support of Texas v . Pennsylvania , a lawsuit filed at the United States Supreme Court contesting the results of the 2020 presidential election , in which Joe Biden prevailed over incumbent Donald Trump . The Supreme Court declined to hear the case on the basis that Texas lacked standing under Article III of the Constitution to challenge the results of the election held by another state . House Speaker Nancy Pelosi issued a statement that called signing the amicus brief an act of election subversion . Additionally , Pelosi reprimanded Arrington and the other House members who supported the lawsuit : The 126 Republican Members that signed onto this lawsuit brought dishonor to the House . Instead of upholding their oath to support and defend the Constitution , they chose to subvert the Constitution and undermine public trust in our sacred democratic institutions . New Jersey Representative Bill Pascrell , citing section three of the 14th Amendment , called for Pelosi to not seat Arrington and the other Republicans who signed the brief supporting the suit . Pascrell argued that the text of the 14th Amendment expressly forbids Members of Congress from engaging in rebellion against the United States . Trying to overturn a democratic election and install a dictator seems like a pretty clear example of that . Committee assignments . - Committee on Ways and Means Caucus Memberships . - Republican Study Committee Awards and honors . Arrington was the recipient of the 2003 Distinguished Public Service Award as part of the 22nd annual Center for Public Service Symposium in Lubbock . External links . - U.S . House website - Campaign website - Arrington article on Hurricane Katrina
|
[
"Plainview High School",
"Texas Tech"
] |
[
{
"text": " Jodey Cook Arrington ( born March 9 , 1972 ) is the U.S . Representative for . The district includes a large slice of West Texas , centered around Lubbock and Abilene . He is a member of the Republican Party .",
"title": "Jodey Arrington"
},
{
"text": "He was a member of both the gubernatorial and presidential administrations of George W . Bush . Arrington was named appointments manager for Governor Bush in 1996 . In 2000 , he was appointed Special Assistant to the President and Associate Director of Presidential Personnel . In December 2001 , Donald E . Powell , the 18th Chairman of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation hired Arrington as the agencys chief of staff .",
"title": "Jodey Arrington"
},
{
"text": " He later served as deputy federal coordinator for the Office of the Federal Coordinator for Gulf Coast Rebuilding . In 2006 , Arrington left the coastal rebuilding office to return to his alma mater , Texas Tech University as its system chief of staff and later as vice chancellor for research and commercialization . Until his election to Congress , Arrington was the president of Scott Laboratories in Lubbock . Early life and education .",
"title": "Jodey Arrington"
},
{
"text": "Arrington was reared in Plainview in Hale County on the South Texas Plains to Gene and Betty Arrington . His father played basketball at Texas Tech , having lettered in 1958 , 1959 , and 1960 under coach Polk Robison . In high school , Arrington was a multi-sport athlete and a state-ranked tennis player .",
"title": "Jodey Arrington"
},
{
"text": " After graduating from Plainview High School , Arrington attended Texas Tech , where he was a member of the Phi Delta Theta mens fraternity . He also walked on to the football team under Spike Dykes . He graduated in 1994 with a Bachelor of Arts in political science but remained at Texas Tech to pursue a Master of Public Administration degree , which he completed in 1997 . In 2004 , he earned a Certificate of International Business Management from the McDonough School of Business at Georgetown University in Washington , D.C .",
"title": "Jodey Arrington"
},
{
"text": "After Governor Bushs election as president in 2000 , Arrington was asked to join the White House staff as Special Assistant to the President and Associate Director of Presidential Personnel , where he served under Clay Johnson III . For the next year , Arrington briefed and made recommendations to the President , Vice President Dick Cheney , and Chief of Staff Andy Card . During his time in the Office of Presidential Personnel , Arrington managed an executive search team that helped the Office fill more than five thousand executive level , board , and commission positions . He",
"title": "White House"
},
{
"text": "specialized in appointments relating to energy , the environment , and natural resources .",
"title": "White House"
},
{
"text": "In late December 2001 , at the age of twenty-eight , Arrington became one of the youngest chiefs of staff in the history of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation , where he served under the 18th chairman , Donald E . Powell . As Powells chief of staff , Arrington managed and oversaw the offices of the Chairman , Policy Development , and Public Affairs , all of which he reorganized to increase efficiency . In 2002 , Arrington began chairing the FDIC Board Appeals Committee and served in Powells place on the Audit Committee .",
"title": "White House"
},
{
"text": "In 2005 , in the wake of FEMAs response to Hurricane Katrina , President Bush established by executive order the Office of the Federal Coordinator for Gulf Coast Rebuilding . Bush appointed Don Powell as Federal Coordinator , who appointed Arrington as Deputy Federal Coordinator and Chief Operating Officer . In this role , Arrington worked with the Governors of the affected states , as well as military officials , local authorities and charitable organizations . Powell and Arrington were responsible for developing and executing the Federal Governments recovery efforts , as well as coordinating with local , state and",
"title": "Gulf Coast rebuilding"
},
{
"text": "federal officials . By the end of Arringtons first year in the Gulf Coast , he had aided Powell in the procurement and implementation of much of the $120 billion spent on infrastructure and assistance relief .",
"title": "Gulf Coast rebuilding"
},
{
"text": " After a year with the Gulf Coast position , Arrington returned to Texas Tech to serve as its system chief of staff . The Tech System includes Texas Tech University , Texas Tech Health Sciences Center and Angelo State University . He also served as the primary liaison to the vice chancellors throughout the system .",
"title": "Texas Tech"
},
{
"text": "In 2011 , Arrington was named Vice Chancellor for Research and Commercialization at Texas Tech University System . During his seven-year tenure with the Texas Tech University System , Arrington was chairman on the Task Force for Enrollment Growth and was the chief architect of Leading the Way , the strategic plan for the universities within the TTU System .",
"title": "Texas Tech"
},
{
"text": " Arrington worked to secure the naming rights to the Laura W . Bush Institute for Womens Health for the university health sciences center . Since securing the naming rights in 2007 , the institute has been responsible for raising hundreds of thousands of dollars for health care issues affecting women .",
"title": "Texas Tech"
},
{
"text": " In 2014 , Arrington became president of Scott Laboratories in Lubbock . As President of a healthcare innovation holding company , which includes a comprehensive health system , Arringtons primary role was launching and growing new ventures as well as supporting new revenue opportunities at the health system . Until his full-time job in Congress , he was focused on developing a tele-health startup , launching an innovative insurance product , and establishing a digital marketing platform for the health system . U.S House of Representatives .",
"title": "Scott Laboratories"
},
{
"text": " Arrington ran unsuccessfully in 2014 in a special election for the Texas State Senate District 28 . He was defeated by fellow Republican Charles Perry , 53 to 30 percent , who still holds the seat .",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": "With Republican Representative Randy Neugebauer of retiring in 2016 , Arrington decided to run for his seat . Former Lubbock mayor Glen Robertson led a nine-candidate field in the primary election held on March 1 with 27,791 ( 26.7 percent ) of the ballots cast , followed by Arringtons 26,980 ( 26 percent ) . In third place was Michael Bob Starr , the former commander of Dyess Air Force Base who led handily in Abilene and finished with 22,256 votes ( 21.4 percent ) . Laredo surgeon Donald R . May finished fourth with 9,592 votes ( 9.2 percent",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": ") . No Democrat even filed , meaning that whoever won the primary would face no major-party opposition in November . However , the 19th is so heavily Republican that any Democratic challenger would have faced nearly impossible odds in any event . With a Cook Partisan Voting Index of R+26 , the 19th is the third-most Republican district in Texas and the 12th-most Republican district in the nation .",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": " In the runoff election held on May 24 , 2016 , Arrington defeated Robertson , 25,214 ( 53.7 percent ) to 21,769 ( 46.3 percent ) to become the Republican nominee . In the congressional general election on November 8 , 2016 , Arrington polled 176,314 votes ( 86.7 percent ) ; the Libertarian Troy Bonar trailed with 17,376 votes ( 8.5 percent ) , and the Green candidate , Mark Lawson , polled 9,785 votes ( 4.8 percent ) . However , he had effectively clinched a seat in Congress with his victory in the primary runoff .",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": "When Arrington took office on January 3 , 2017 , he became only the fifth person to represent this district since its creation in 1935 .",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": " Arrington supported President Donald Trumps 2017 executive order curtailing Middle Eastern immigration . He stated that It is important that our commander in chief puts the safety of Americans first . Given concerns about the inadequate vetting of refugees and problems with our immigration system , this temporary pause is intended to ensure the safety of our citizens .",
"title": "National security"
},
{
"text": "In defending a proposal to cut access to the SNAP program ( food stamps ) , Arrington cited the biblical passage Thessalonians 3-10 . He says even when we were with you we give you this rule , If a man will not work he shall not eat . And he goes on to say We heard that some of you are idle . I think that every American , Republican or Democrat wants to help the needy among us . And I think its a reasonable expectation that we have work requirements . I think that gives more credibility",
"title": "Unemployment benefits"
},
{
"text": ", frankly , to SNAP .",
"title": "Unemployment benefits"
},
{
"text": " Texas v . Pennsylvania . In December 2020 , Arrington was one of 126 Republican members of the House of Representatives who signed an amicus brief in support of Texas v . Pennsylvania , a lawsuit filed at the United States Supreme Court contesting the results of the 2020 presidential election , in which Joe Biden prevailed over incumbent Donald Trump . The Supreme Court declined to hear the case on the basis that Texas lacked standing under Article III of the Constitution to challenge the results of the election held by another state .",
"title": "Unemployment benefits"
},
{
"text": "House Speaker Nancy Pelosi issued a statement that called signing the amicus brief an act of election subversion . Additionally , Pelosi reprimanded Arrington and the other House members who supported the lawsuit : The 126 Republican Members that signed onto this lawsuit brought dishonor to the House . Instead of upholding their oath to support and defend the Constitution , they chose to subvert the Constitution and undermine public trust in our sacred democratic institutions . New Jersey Representative Bill Pascrell , citing section three of the 14th Amendment , called for Pelosi to not seat Arrington and the",
"title": "Unemployment benefits"
},
{
"text": "other Republicans who signed the brief supporting the suit . Pascrell argued that the text of the 14th Amendment expressly forbids Members of Congress from engaging in rebellion against the United States . Trying to overturn a democratic election and install a dictator seems like a pretty clear example of that .",
"title": "Unemployment benefits"
},
{
"text": " Arrington was the recipient of the 2003 Distinguished Public Service Award as part of the 22nd annual Center for Public Service Symposium in Lubbock .",
"title": "Awards and honors"
},
{
"text": " - U.S . House website - Campaign website - Arrington article on Hurricane Katrina",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Jodey_Arrington#P69#1
|
Which school did Jodey Arrington go to in 1990?
|
Jodey Arrington Jodey Cook Arrington ( born March 9 , 1972 ) is the U.S . Representative for . The district includes a large slice of West Texas , centered around Lubbock and Abilene . He is a member of the Republican Party . He was a member of both the gubernatorial and presidential administrations of George W . Bush . Arrington was named appointments manager for Governor Bush in 1996 . In 2000 , he was appointed Special Assistant to the President and Associate Director of Presidential Personnel . In December 2001 , Donald E . Powell , the 18th Chairman of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation hired Arrington as the agencys chief of staff . He later served as deputy federal coordinator for the Office of the Federal Coordinator for Gulf Coast Rebuilding . In 2006 , Arrington left the coastal rebuilding office to return to his alma mater , Texas Tech University as its system chief of staff and later as vice chancellor for research and commercialization . Until his election to Congress , Arrington was the president of Scott Laboratories in Lubbock . Early life and education . Arrington was reared in Plainview in Hale County on the South Texas Plains to Gene and Betty Arrington . His father played basketball at Texas Tech , having lettered in 1958 , 1959 , and 1960 under coach Polk Robison . In high school , Arrington was a multi-sport athlete and a state-ranked tennis player . After graduating from Plainview High School , Arrington attended Texas Tech , where he was a member of the Phi Delta Theta mens fraternity . He also walked on to the football team under Spike Dykes . He graduated in 1994 with a Bachelor of Arts in political science but remained at Texas Tech to pursue a Master of Public Administration degree , which he completed in 1997 . In 2004 , he earned a Certificate of International Business Management from the McDonough School of Business at Georgetown University in Washington , D.C . White House . After Governor Bushs election as president in 2000 , Arrington was asked to join the White House staff as Special Assistant to the President and Associate Director of Presidential Personnel , where he served under Clay Johnson III . For the next year , Arrington briefed and made recommendations to the President , Vice President Dick Cheney , and Chief of Staff Andy Card . During his time in the Office of Presidential Personnel , Arrington managed an executive search team that helped the Office fill more than five thousand executive level , board , and commission positions . He specialized in appointments relating to energy , the environment , and natural resources . Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation . In late December 2001 , at the age of twenty-eight , Arrington became one of the youngest chiefs of staff in the history of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation , where he served under the 18th chairman , Donald E . Powell . As Powells chief of staff , Arrington managed and oversaw the offices of the Chairman , Policy Development , and Public Affairs , all of which he reorganized to increase efficiency . In 2002 , Arrington began chairing the FDIC Board Appeals Committee and served in Powells place on the Audit Committee . Gulf Coast rebuilding . In 2005 , in the wake of FEMAs response to Hurricane Katrina , President Bush established by executive order the Office of the Federal Coordinator for Gulf Coast Rebuilding . Bush appointed Don Powell as Federal Coordinator , who appointed Arrington as Deputy Federal Coordinator and Chief Operating Officer . In this role , Arrington worked with the Governors of the affected states , as well as military officials , local authorities and charitable organizations . Powell and Arrington were responsible for developing and executing the Federal Governments recovery efforts , as well as coordinating with local , state and federal officials . By the end of Arringtons first year in the Gulf Coast , he had aided Powell in the procurement and implementation of much of the $120 billion spent on infrastructure and assistance relief . Texas Tech . After a year with the Gulf Coast position , Arrington returned to Texas Tech to serve as its system chief of staff . The Tech System includes Texas Tech University , Texas Tech Health Sciences Center and Angelo State University . He also served as the primary liaison to the vice chancellors throughout the system . In 2011 , Arrington was named Vice Chancellor for Research and Commercialization at Texas Tech University System . During his seven-year tenure with the Texas Tech University System , Arrington was chairman on the Task Force for Enrollment Growth and was the chief architect of Leading the Way , the strategic plan for the universities within the TTU System . Arrington worked to secure the naming rights to the Laura W . Bush Institute for Womens Health for the university health sciences center . Since securing the naming rights in 2007 , the institute has been responsible for raising hundreds of thousands of dollars for health care issues affecting women . Scott Laboratories . In 2014 , Arrington became president of Scott Laboratories in Lubbock . As President of a healthcare innovation holding company , which includes a comprehensive health system , Arringtons primary role was launching and growing new ventures as well as supporting new revenue opportunities at the health system . Until his full-time job in Congress , he was focused on developing a tele-health startup , launching an innovative insurance product , and establishing a digital marketing platform for the health system . U.S House of Representatives . Elections . Arrington ran unsuccessfully in 2014 in a special election for the Texas State Senate District 28 . He was defeated by fellow Republican Charles Perry , 53 to 30 percent , who still holds the seat . With Republican Representative Randy Neugebauer of retiring in 2016 , Arrington decided to run for his seat . Former Lubbock mayor Glen Robertson led a nine-candidate field in the primary election held on March 1 with 27,791 ( 26.7 percent ) of the ballots cast , followed by Arringtons 26,980 ( 26 percent ) . In third place was Michael Bob Starr , the former commander of Dyess Air Force Base who led handily in Abilene and finished with 22,256 votes ( 21.4 percent ) . Laredo surgeon Donald R . May finished fourth with 9,592 votes ( 9.2 percent ) . No Democrat even filed , meaning that whoever won the primary would face no major-party opposition in November . However , the 19th is so heavily Republican that any Democratic challenger would have faced nearly impossible odds in any event . With a Cook Partisan Voting Index of R+26 , the 19th is the third-most Republican district in Texas and the 12th-most Republican district in the nation . In the runoff election held on May 24 , 2016 , Arrington defeated Robertson , 25,214 ( 53.7 percent ) to 21,769 ( 46.3 percent ) to become the Republican nominee . In the congressional general election on November 8 , 2016 , Arrington polled 176,314 votes ( 86.7 percent ) ; the Libertarian Troy Bonar trailed with 17,376 votes ( 8.5 percent ) , and the Green candidate , Mark Lawson , polled 9,785 votes ( 4.8 percent ) . However , he had effectively clinched a seat in Congress with his victory in the primary runoff . When Arrington took office on January 3 , 2017 , he became only the fifth person to represent this district since its creation in 1935 . Tenure . National security . Arrington supported President Donald Trumps 2017 executive order curtailing Middle Eastern immigration . He stated that It is important that our commander in chief puts the safety of Americans first . Given concerns about the inadequate vetting of refugees and problems with our immigration system , this temporary pause is intended to ensure the safety of our citizens . Unemployment benefits . In defending a proposal to cut access to the SNAP program ( food stamps ) , Arrington cited the biblical passage Thessalonians 3-10 . He says even when we were with you we give you this rule , If a man will not work he shall not eat . And he goes on to say We heard that some of you are idle . I think that every American , Republican or Democrat wants to help the needy among us . And I think its a reasonable expectation that we have work requirements . I think that gives more credibility , frankly , to SNAP . Texas v . Pennsylvania . In December 2020 , Arrington was one of 126 Republican members of the House of Representatives who signed an amicus brief in support of Texas v . Pennsylvania , a lawsuit filed at the United States Supreme Court contesting the results of the 2020 presidential election , in which Joe Biden prevailed over incumbent Donald Trump . The Supreme Court declined to hear the case on the basis that Texas lacked standing under Article III of the Constitution to challenge the results of the election held by another state . House Speaker Nancy Pelosi issued a statement that called signing the amicus brief an act of election subversion . Additionally , Pelosi reprimanded Arrington and the other House members who supported the lawsuit : The 126 Republican Members that signed onto this lawsuit brought dishonor to the House . Instead of upholding their oath to support and defend the Constitution , they chose to subvert the Constitution and undermine public trust in our sacred democratic institutions . New Jersey Representative Bill Pascrell , citing section three of the 14th Amendment , called for Pelosi to not seat Arrington and the other Republicans who signed the brief supporting the suit . Pascrell argued that the text of the 14th Amendment expressly forbids Members of Congress from engaging in rebellion against the United States . Trying to overturn a democratic election and install a dictator seems like a pretty clear example of that . Committee assignments . - Committee on Ways and Means Caucus Memberships . - Republican Study Committee Awards and honors . Arrington was the recipient of the 2003 Distinguished Public Service Award as part of the 22nd annual Center for Public Service Symposium in Lubbock . External links . - U.S . House website - Campaign website - Arrington article on Hurricane Katrina
|
[
"Texas Tech"
] |
[
{
"text": " Jodey Cook Arrington ( born March 9 , 1972 ) is the U.S . Representative for . The district includes a large slice of West Texas , centered around Lubbock and Abilene . He is a member of the Republican Party .",
"title": "Jodey Arrington"
},
{
"text": "He was a member of both the gubernatorial and presidential administrations of George W . Bush . Arrington was named appointments manager for Governor Bush in 1996 . In 2000 , he was appointed Special Assistant to the President and Associate Director of Presidential Personnel . In December 2001 , Donald E . Powell , the 18th Chairman of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation hired Arrington as the agencys chief of staff .",
"title": "Jodey Arrington"
},
{
"text": " He later served as deputy federal coordinator for the Office of the Federal Coordinator for Gulf Coast Rebuilding . In 2006 , Arrington left the coastal rebuilding office to return to his alma mater , Texas Tech University as its system chief of staff and later as vice chancellor for research and commercialization . Until his election to Congress , Arrington was the president of Scott Laboratories in Lubbock . Early life and education .",
"title": "Jodey Arrington"
},
{
"text": "Arrington was reared in Plainview in Hale County on the South Texas Plains to Gene and Betty Arrington . His father played basketball at Texas Tech , having lettered in 1958 , 1959 , and 1960 under coach Polk Robison . In high school , Arrington was a multi-sport athlete and a state-ranked tennis player .",
"title": "Jodey Arrington"
},
{
"text": " After graduating from Plainview High School , Arrington attended Texas Tech , where he was a member of the Phi Delta Theta mens fraternity . He also walked on to the football team under Spike Dykes . He graduated in 1994 with a Bachelor of Arts in political science but remained at Texas Tech to pursue a Master of Public Administration degree , which he completed in 1997 . In 2004 , he earned a Certificate of International Business Management from the McDonough School of Business at Georgetown University in Washington , D.C .",
"title": "Jodey Arrington"
},
{
"text": "After Governor Bushs election as president in 2000 , Arrington was asked to join the White House staff as Special Assistant to the President and Associate Director of Presidential Personnel , where he served under Clay Johnson III . For the next year , Arrington briefed and made recommendations to the President , Vice President Dick Cheney , and Chief of Staff Andy Card . During his time in the Office of Presidential Personnel , Arrington managed an executive search team that helped the Office fill more than five thousand executive level , board , and commission positions . He",
"title": "White House"
},
{
"text": "specialized in appointments relating to energy , the environment , and natural resources .",
"title": "White House"
},
{
"text": "In late December 2001 , at the age of twenty-eight , Arrington became one of the youngest chiefs of staff in the history of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation , where he served under the 18th chairman , Donald E . Powell . As Powells chief of staff , Arrington managed and oversaw the offices of the Chairman , Policy Development , and Public Affairs , all of which he reorganized to increase efficiency . In 2002 , Arrington began chairing the FDIC Board Appeals Committee and served in Powells place on the Audit Committee .",
"title": "White House"
},
{
"text": "In 2005 , in the wake of FEMAs response to Hurricane Katrina , President Bush established by executive order the Office of the Federal Coordinator for Gulf Coast Rebuilding . Bush appointed Don Powell as Federal Coordinator , who appointed Arrington as Deputy Federal Coordinator and Chief Operating Officer . In this role , Arrington worked with the Governors of the affected states , as well as military officials , local authorities and charitable organizations . Powell and Arrington were responsible for developing and executing the Federal Governments recovery efforts , as well as coordinating with local , state and",
"title": "Gulf Coast rebuilding"
},
{
"text": "federal officials . By the end of Arringtons first year in the Gulf Coast , he had aided Powell in the procurement and implementation of much of the $120 billion spent on infrastructure and assistance relief .",
"title": "Gulf Coast rebuilding"
},
{
"text": " After a year with the Gulf Coast position , Arrington returned to Texas Tech to serve as its system chief of staff . The Tech System includes Texas Tech University , Texas Tech Health Sciences Center and Angelo State University . He also served as the primary liaison to the vice chancellors throughout the system .",
"title": "Texas Tech"
},
{
"text": "In 2011 , Arrington was named Vice Chancellor for Research and Commercialization at Texas Tech University System . During his seven-year tenure with the Texas Tech University System , Arrington was chairman on the Task Force for Enrollment Growth and was the chief architect of Leading the Way , the strategic plan for the universities within the TTU System .",
"title": "Texas Tech"
},
{
"text": " Arrington worked to secure the naming rights to the Laura W . Bush Institute for Womens Health for the university health sciences center . Since securing the naming rights in 2007 , the institute has been responsible for raising hundreds of thousands of dollars for health care issues affecting women .",
"title": "Texas Tech"
},
{
"text": " In 2014 , Arrington became president of Scott Laboratories in Lubbock . As President of a healthcare innovation holding company , which includes a comprehensive health system , Arringtons primary role was launching and growing new ventures as well as supporting new revenue opportunities at the health system . Until his full-time job in Congress , he was focused on developing a tele-health startup , launching an innovative insurance product , and establishing a digital marketing platform for the health system . U.S House of Representatives .",
"title": "Scott Laboratories"
},
{
"text": " Arrington ran unsuccessfully in 2014 in a special election for the Texas State Senate District 28 . He was defeated by fellow Republican Charles Perry , 53 to 30 percent , who still holds the seat .",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": "With Republican Representative Randy Neugebauer of retiring in 2016 , Arrington decided to run for his seat . Former Lubbock mayor Glen Robertson led a nine-candidate field in the primary election held on March 1 with 27,791 ( 26.7 percent ) of the ballots cast , followed by Arringtons 26,980 ( 26 percent ) . In third place was Michael Bob Starr , the former commander of Dyess Air Force Base who led handily in Abilene and finished with 22,256 votes ( 21.4 percent ) . Laredo surgeon Donald R . May finished fourth with 9,592 votes ( 9.2 percent",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": ") . No Democrat even filed , meaning that whoever won the primary would face no major-party opposition in November . However , the 19th is so heavily Republican that any Democratic challenger would have faced nearly impossible odds in any event . With a Cook Partisan Voting Index of R+26 , the 19th is the third-most Republican district in Texas and the 12th-most Republican district in the nation .",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": " In the runoff election held on May 24 , 2016 , Arrington defeated Robertson , 25,214 ( 53.7 percent ) to 21,769 ( 46.3 percent ) to become the Republican nominee . In the congressional general election on November 8 , 2016 , Arrington polled 176,314 votes ( 86.7 percent ) ; the Libertarian Troy Bonar trailed with 17,376 votes ( 8.5 percent ) , and the Green candidate , Mark Lawson , polled 9,785 votes ( 4.8 percent ) . However , he had effectively clinched a seat in Congress with his victory in the primary runoff .",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": "When Arrington took office on January 3 , 2017 , he became only the fifth person to represent this district since its creation in 1935 .",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": " Arrington supported President Donald Trumps 2017 executive order curtailing Middle Eastern immigration . He stated that It is important that our commander in chief puts the safety of Americans first . Given concerns about the inadequate vetting of refugees and problems with our immigration system , this temporary pause is intended to ensure the safety of our citizens .",
"title": "National security"
},
{
"text": "In defending a proposal to cut access to the SNAP program ( food stamps ) , Arrington cited the biblical passage Thessalonians 3-10 . He says even when we were with you we give you this rule , If a man will not work he shall not eat . And he goes on to say We heard that some of you are idle . I think that every American , Republican or Democrat wants to help the needy among us . And I think its a reasonable expectation that we have work requirements . I think that gives more credibility",
"title": "Unemployment benefits"
},
{
"text": ", frankly , to SNAP .",
"title": "Unemployment benefits"
},
{
"text": " Texas v . Pennsylvania . In December 2020 , Arrington was one of 126 Republican members of the House of Representatives who signed an amicus brief in support of Texas v . Pennsylvania , a lawsuit filed at the United States Supreme Court contesting the results of the 2020 presidential election , in which Joe Biden prevailed over incumbent Donald Trump . The Supreme Court declined to hear the case on the basis that Texas lacked standing under Article III of the Constitution to challenge the results of the election held by another state .",
"title": "Unemployment benefits"
},
{
"text": "House Speaker Nancy Pelosi issued a statement that called signing the amicus brief an act of election subversion . Additionally , Pelosi reprimanded Arrington and the other House members who supported the lawsuit : The 126 Republican Members that signed onto this lawsuit brought dishonor to the House . Instead of upholding their oath to support and defend the Constitution , they chose to subvert the Constitution and undermine public trust in our sacred democratic institutions . New Jersey Representative Bill Pascrell , citing section three of the 14th Amendment , called for Pelosi to not seat Arrington and the",
"title": "Unemployment benefits"
},
{
"text": "other Republicans who signed the brief supporting the suit . Pascrell argued that the text of the 14th Amendment expressly forbids Members of Congress from engaging in rebellion against the United States . Trying to overturn a democratic election and install a dictator seems like a pretty clear example of that .",
"title": "Unemployment benefits"
},
{
"text": " Arrington was the recipient of the 2003 Distinguished Public Service Award as part of the 22nd annual Center for Public Service Symposium in Lubbock .",
"title": "Awards and honors"
},
{
"text": " - U.S . House website - Campaign website - Arrington article on Hurricane Katrina",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Jodey_Arrington#P69#2
|
Which school did Jodey Arrington go to after May 1992?
|
Jodey Arrington Jodey Cook Arrington ( born March 9 , 1972 ) is the U.S . Representative for . The district includes a large slice of West Texas , centered around Lubbock and Abilene . He is a member of the Republican Party . He was a member of both the gubernatorial and presidential administrations of George W . Bush . Arrington was named appointments manager for Governor Bush in 1996 . In 2000 , he was appointed Special Assistant to the President and Associate Director of Presidential Personnel . In December 2001 , Donald E . Powell , the 18th Chairman of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation hired Arrington as the agencys chief of staff . He later served as deputy federal coordinator for the Office of the Federal Coordinator for Gulf Coast Rebuilding . In 2006 , Arrington left the coastal rebuilding office to return to his alma mater , Texas Tech University as its system chief of staff and later as vice chancellor for research and commercialization . Until his election to Congress , Arrington was the president of Scott Laboratories in Lubbock . Early life and education . Arrington was reared in Plainview in Hale County on the South Texas Plains to Gene and Betty Arrington . His father played basketball at Texas Tech , having lettered in 1958 , 1959 , and 1960 under coach Polk Robison . In high school , Arrington was a multi-sport athlete and a state-ranked tennis player . After graduating from Plainview High School , Arrington attended Texas Tech , where he was a member of the Phi Delta Theta mens fraternity . He also walked on to the football team under Spike Dykes . He graduated in 1994 with a Bachelor of Arts in political science but remained at Texas Tech to pursue a Master of Public Administration degree , which he completed in 1997 . In 2004 , he earned a Certificate of International Business Management from the McDonough School of Business at Georgetown University in Washington , D.C . White House . After Governor Bushs election as president in 2000 , Arrington was asked to join the White House staff as Special Assistant to the President and Associate Director of Presidential Personnel , where he served under Clay Johnson III . For the next year , Arrington briefed and made recommendations to the President , Vice President Dick Cheney , and Chief of Staff Andy Card . During his time in the Office of Presidential Personnel , Arrington managed an executive search team that helped the Office fill more than five thousand executive level , board , and commission positions . He specialized in appointments relating to energy , the environment , and natural resources . Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation . In late December 2001 , at the age of twenty-eight , Arrington became one of the youngest chiefs of staff in the history of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation , where he served under the 18th chairman , Donald E . Powell . As Powells chief of staff , Arrington managed and oversaw the offices of the Chairman , Policy Development , and Public Affairs , all of which he reorganized to increase efficiency . In 2002 , Arrington began chairing the FDIC Board Appeals Committee and served in Powells place on the Audit Committee . Gulf Coast rebuilding . In 2005 , in the wake of FEMAs response to Hurricane Katrina , President Bush established by executive order the Office of the Federal Coordinator for Gulf Coast Rebuilding . Bush appointed Don Powell as Federal Coordinator , who appointed Arrington as Deputy Federal Coordinator and Chief Operating Officer . In this role , Arrington worked with the Governors of the affected states , as well as military officials , local authorities and charitable organizations . Powell and Arrington were responsible for developing and executing the Federal Governments recovery efforts , as well as coordinating with local , state and federal officials . By the end of Arringtons first year in the Gulf Coast , he had aided Powell in the procurement and implementation of much of the $120 billion spent on infrastructure and assistance relief . Texas Tech . After a year with the Gulf Coast position , Arrington returned to Texas Tech to serve as its system chief of staff . The Tech System includes Texas Tech University , Texas Tech Health Sciences Center and Angelo State University . He also served as the primary liaison to the vice chancellors throughout the system . In 2011 , Arrington was named Vice Chancellor for Research and Commercialization at Texas Tech University System . During his seven-year tenure with the Texas Tech University System , Arrington was chairman on the Task Force for Enrollment Growth and was the chief architect of Leading the Way , the strategic plan for the universities within the TTU System . Arrington worked to secure the naming rights to the Laura W . Bush Institute for Womens Health for the university health sciences center . Since securing the naming rights in 2007 , the institute has been responsible for raising hundreds of thousands of dollars for health care issues affecting women . Scott Laboratories . In 2014 , Arrington became president of Scott Laboratories in Lubbock . As President of a healthcare innovation holding company , which includes a comprehensive health system , Arringtons primary role was launching and growing new ventures as well as supporting new revenue opportunities at the health system . Until his full-time job in Congress , he was focused on developing a tele-health startup , launching an innovative insurance product , and establishing a digital marketing platform for the health system . U.S House of Representatives . Elections . Arrington ran unsuccessfully in 2014 in a special election for the Texas State Senate District 28 . He was defeated by fellow Republican Charles Perry , 53 to 30 percent , who still holds the seat . With Republican Representative Randy Neugebauer of retiring in 2016 , Arrington decided to run for his seat . Former Lubbock mayor Glen Robertson led a nine-candidate field in the primary election held on March 1 with 27,791 ( 26.7 percent ) of the ballots cast , followed by Arringtons 26,980 ( 26 percent ) . In third place was Michael Bob Starr , the former commander of Dyess Air Force Base who led handily in Abilene and finished with 22,256 votes ( 21.4 percent ) . Laredo surgeon Donald R . May finished fourth with 9,592 votes ( 9.2 percent ) . No Democrat even filed , meaning that whoever won the primary would face no major-party opposition in November . However , the 19th is so heavily Republican that any Democratic challenger would have faced nearly impossible odds in any event . With a Cook Partisan Voting Index of R+26 , the 19th is the third-most Republican district in Texas and the 12th-most Republican district in the nation . In the runoff election held on May 24 , 2016 , Arrington defeated Robertson , 25,214 ( 53.7 percent ) to 21,769 ( 46.3 percent ) to become the Republican nominee . In the congressional general election on November 8 , 2016 , Arrington polled 176,314 votes ( 86.7 percent ) ; the Libertarian Troy Bonar trailed with 17,376 votes ( 8.5 percent ) , and the Green candidate , Mark Lawson , polled 9,785 votes ( 4.8 percent ) . However , he had effectively clinched a seat in Congress with his victory in the primary runoff . When Arrington took office on January 3 , 2017 , he became only the fifth person to represent this district since its creation in 1935 . Tenure . National security . Arrington supported President Donald Trumps 2017 executive order curtailing Middle Eastern immigration . He stated that It is important that our commander in chief puts the safety of Americans first . Given concerns about the inadequate vetting of refugees and problems with our immigration system , this temporary pause is intended to ensure the safety of our citizens . Unemployment benefits . In defending a proposal to cut access to the SNAP program ( food stamps ) , Arrington cited the biblical passage Thessalonians 3-10 . He says even when we were with you we give you this rule , If a man will not work he shall not eat . And he goes on to say We heard that some of you are idle . I think that every American , Republican or Democrat wants to help the needy among us . And I think its a reasonable expectation that we have work requirements . I think that gives more credibility , frankly , to SNAP . Texas v . Pennsylvania . In December 2020 , Arrington was one of 126 Republican members of the House of Representatives who signed an amicus brief in support of Texas v . Pennsylvania , a lawsuit filed at the United States Supreme Court contesting the results of the 2020 presidential election , in which Joe Biden prevailed over incumbent Donald Trump . The Supreme Court declined to hear the case on the basis that Texas lacked standing under Article III of the Constitution to challenge the results of the election held by another state . House Speaker Nancy Pelosi issued a statement that called signing the amicus brief an act of election subversion . Additionally , Pelosi reprimanded Arrington and the other House members who supported the lawsuit : The 126 Republican Members that signed onto this lawsuit brought dishonor to the House . Instead of upholding their oath to support and defend the Constitution , they chose to subvert the Constitution and undermine public trust in our sacred democratic institutions . New Jersey Representative Bill Pascrell , citing section three of the 14th Amendment , called for Pelosi to not seat Arrington and the other Republicans who signed the brief supporting the suit . Pascrell argued that the text of the 14th Amendment expressly forbids Members of Congress from engaging in rebellion against the United States . Trying to overturn a democratic election and install a dictator seems like a pretty clear example of that . Committee assignments . - Committee on Ways and Means Caucus Memberships . - Republican Study Committee Awards and honors . Arrington was the recipient of the 2003 Distinguished Public Service Award as part of the 22nd annual Center for Public Service Symposium in Lubbock . External links . - U.S . House website - Campaign website - Arrington article on Hurricane Katrina
|
[
"Texas Tech University"
] |
[
{
"text": " Jodey Cook Arrington ( born March 9 , 1972 ) is the U.S . Representative for . The district includes a large slice of West Texas , centered around Lubbock and Abilene . He is a member of the Republican Party .",
"title": "Jodey Arrington"
},
{
"text": "He was a member of both the gubernatorial and presidential administrations of George W . Bush . Arrington was named appointments manager for Governor Bush in 1996 . In 2000 , he was appointed Special Assistant to the President and Associate Director of Presidential Personnel . In December 2001 , Donald E . Powell , the 18th Chairman of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation hired Arrington as the agencys chief of staff .",
"title": "Jodey Arrington"
},
{
"text": " He later served as deputy federal coordinator for the Office of the Federal Coordinator for Gulf Coast Rebuilding . In 2006 , Arrington left the coastal rebuilding office to return to his alma mater , Texas Tech University as its system chief of staff and later as vice chancellor for research and commercialization . Until his election to Congress , Arrington was the president of Scott Laboratories in Lubbock . Early life and education .",
"title": "Jodey Arrington"
},
{
"text": "Arrington was reared in Plainview in Hale County on the South Texas Plains to Gene and Betty Arrington . His father played basketball at Texas Tech , having lettered in 1958 , 1959 , and 1960 under coach Polk Robison . In high school , Arrington was a multi-sport athlete and a state-ranked tennis player .",
"title": "Jodey Arrington"
},
{
"text": " After graduating from Plainview High School , Arrington attended Texas Tech , where he was a member of the Phi Delta Theta mens fraternity . He also walked on to the football team under Spike Dykes . He graduated in 1994 with a Bachelor of Arts in political science but remained at Texas Tech to pursue a Master of Public Administration degree , which he completed in 1997 . In 2004 , he earned a Certificate of International Business Management from the McDonough School of Business at Georgetown University in Washington , D.C .",
"title": "Jodey Arrington"
},
{
"text": "After Governor Bushs election as president in 2000 , Arrington was asked to join the White House staff as Special Assistant to the President and Associate Director of Presidential Personnel , where he served under Clay Johnson III . For the next year , Arrington briefed and made recommendations to the President , Vice President Dick Cheney , and Chief of Staff Andy Card . During his time in the Office of Presidential Personnel , Arrington managed an executive search team that helped the Office fill more than five thousand executive level , board , and commission positions . He",
"title": "White House"
},
{
"text": "specialized in appointments relating to energy , the environment , and natural resources .",
"title": "White House"
},
{
"text": "In late December 2001 , at the age of twenty-eight , Arrington became one of the youngest chiefs of staff in the history of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation , where he served under the 18th chairman , Donald E . Powell . As Powells chief of staff , Arrington managed and oversaw the offices of the Chairman , Policy Development , and Public Affairs , all of which he reorganized to increase efficiency . In 2002 , Arrington began chairing the FDIC Board Appeals Committee and served in Powells place on the Audit Committee .",
"title": "White House"
},
{
"text": "In 2005 , in the wake of FEMAs response to Hurricane Katrina , President Bush established by executive order the Office of the Federal Coordinator for Gulf Coast Rebuilding . Bush appointed Don Powell as Federal Coordinator , who appointed Arrington as Deputy Federal Coordinator and Chief Operating Officer . In this role , Arrington worked with the Governors of the affected states , as well as military officials , local authorities and charitable organizations . Powell and Arrington were responsible for developing and executing the Federal Governments recovery efforts , as well as coordinating with local , state and",
"title": "Gulf Coast rebuilding"
},
{
"text": "federal officials . By the end of Arringtons first year in the Gulf Coast , he had aided Powell in the procurement and implementation of much of the $120 billion spent on infrastructure and assistance relief .",
"title": "Gulf Coast rebuilding"
},
{
"text": " After a year with the Gulf Coast position , Arrington returned to Texas Tech to serve as its system chief of staff . The Tech System includes Texas Tech University , Texas Tech Health Sciences Center and Angelo State University . He also served as the primary liaison to the vice chancellors throughout the system .",
"title": "Texas Tech"
},
{
"text": "In 2011 , Arrington was named Vice Chancellor for Research and Commercialization at Texas Tech University System . During his seven-year tenure with the Texas Tech University System , Arrington was chairman on the Task Force for Enrollment Growth and was the chief architect of Leading the Way , the strategic plan for the universities within the TTU System .",
"title": "Texas Tech"
},
{
"text": " Arrington worked to secure the naming rights to the Laura W . Bush Institute for Womens Health for the university health sciences center . Since securing the naming rights in 2007 , the institute has been responsible for raising hundreds of thousands of dollars for health care issues affecting women .",
"title": "Texas Tech"
},
{
"text": " In 2014 , Arrington became president of Scott Laboratories in Lubbock . As President of a healthcare innovation holding company , which includes a comprehensive health system , Arringtons primary role was launching and growing new ventures as well as supporting new revenue opportunities at the health system . Until his full-time job in Congress , he was focused on developing a tele-health startup , launching an innovative insurance product , and establishing a digital marketing platform for the health system . U.S House of Representatives .",
"title": "Scott Laboratories"
},
{
"text": " Arrington ran unsuccessfully in 2014 in a special election for the Texas State Senate District 28 . He was defeated by fellow Republican Charles Perry , 53 to 30 percent , who still holds the seat .",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": "With Republican Representative Randy Neugebauer of retiring in 2016 , Arrington decided to run for his seat . Former Lubbock mayor Glen Robertson led a nine-candidate field in the primary election held on March 1 with 27,791 ( 26.7 percent ) of the ballots cast , followed by Arringtons 26,980 ( 26 percent ) . In third place was Michael Bob Starr , the former commander of Dyess Air Force Base who led handily in Abilene and finished with 22,256 votes ( 21.4 percent ) . Laredo surgeon Donald R . May finished fourth with 9,592 votes ( 9.2 percent",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": ") . No Democrat even filed , meaning that whoever won the primary would face no major-party opposition in November . However , the 19th is so heavily Republican that any Democratic challenger would have faced nearly impossible odds in any event . With a Cook Partisan Voting Index of R+26 , the 19th is the third-most Republican district in Texas and the 12th-most Republican district in the nation .",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": " In the runoff election held on May 24 , 2016 , Arrington defeated Robertson , 25,214 ( 53.7 percent ) to 21,769 ( 46.3 percent ) to become the Republican nominee . In the congressional general election on November 8 , 2016 , Arrington polled 176,314 votes ( 86.7 percent ) ; the Libertarian Troy Bonar trailed with 17,376 votes ( 8.5 percent ) , and the Green candidate , Mark Lawson , polled 9,785 votes ( 4.8 percent ) . However , he had effectively clinched a seat in Congress with his victory in the primary runoff .",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": "When Arrington took office on January 3 , 2017 , he became only the fifth person to represent this district since its creation in 1935 .",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": " Arrington supported President Donald Trumps 2017 executive order curtailing Middle Eastern immigration . He stated that It is important that our commander in chief puts the safety of Americans first . Given concerns about the inadequate vetting of refugees and problems with our immigration system , this temporary pause is intended to ensure the safety of our citizens .",
"title": "National security"
},
{
"text": "In defending a proposal to cut access to the SNAP program ( food stamps ) , Arrington cited the biblical passage Thessalonians 3-10 . He says even when we were with you we give you this rule , If a man will not work he shall not eat . And he goes on to say We heard that some of you are idle . I think that every American , Republican or Democrat wants to help the needy among us . And I think its a reasonable expectation that we have work requirements . I think that gives more credibility",
"title": "Unemployment benefits"
},
{
"text": ", frankly , to SNAP .",
"title": "Unemployment benefits"
},
{
"text": " Texas v . Pennsylvania . In December 2020 , Arrington was one of 126 Republican members of the House of Representatives who signed an amicus brief in support of Texas v . Pennsylvania , a lawsuit filed at the United States Supreme Court contesting the results of the 2020 presidential election , in which Joe Biden prevailed over incumbent Donald Trump . The Supreme Court declined to hear the case on the basis that Texas lacked standing under Article III of the Constitution to challenge the results of the election held by another state .",
"title": "Unemployment benefits"
},
{
"text": "House Speaker Nancy Pelosi issued a statement that called signing the amicus brief an act of election subversion . Additionally , Pelosi reprimanded Arrington and the other House members who supported the lawsuit : The 126 Republican Members that signed onto this lawsuit brought dishonor to the House . Instead of upholding their oath to support and defend the Constitution , they chose to subvert the Constitution and undermine public trust in our sacred democratic institutions . New Jersey Representative Bill Pascrell , citing section three of the 14th Amendment , called for Pelosi to not seat Arrington and the",
"title": "Unemployment benefits"
},
{
"text": "other Republicans who signed the brief supporting the suit . Pascrell argued that the text of the 14th Amendment expressly forbids Members of Congress from engaging in rebellion against the United States . Trying to overturn a democratic election and install a dictator seems like a pretty clear example of that .",
"title": "Unemployment benefits"
},
{
"text": " Arrington was the recipient of the 2003 Distinguished Public Service Award as part of the 22nd annual Center for Public Service Symposium in Lubbock .",
"title": "Awards and honors"
},
{
"text": " - U.S . House website - Campaign website - Arrington article on Hurricane Katrina",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Helmut_Brandt_(CDU_politician_in_East_Germany)#P102#0
|
Which political party did Helmut Brandt (CDU politician in East Germany) belong to before Dec 1937?
|
Helmut Brandt ( CDU politician in East Germany ) Helmut Alfred Brandt ( 16 July 1911 - 31 October 1998 ) was a Berlin city councillor and a leading German politician in the Christian Democratic Union ( Christlich-Demokratische Union / CDU ) , a political party of the centre right . After 1945 the eastern part of Berlin , where Brandt lived and worked , was administered as the Soviet occupation zone of what had been Germany . By 1949 , when the occupation zone was relaunched as the German Democratic Republic ( East Germany ) , it was in the process of becoming a second German one-party dictatorship . Helmut Brandt opposed of this development : he was ousted from his job with the ministry of Justice and his position as a member of the CDU party leadership team . On 6 September 1950 he was arrested , although he would have to wait another four years for any sort of trial . He was accused of activities hostile to the state ( staatsfeindlicher Arbeit ) and he spent the years between 1950 and 1964 in prison . Life . Early years . Brandt was born in Berlins Spandau quarter . At university he studied jurisprudence and , obtaining doctorates in both related disciplines , following which he took a job with Deutsche Bank . In the meantime , in 1929 he joined the German Peoples Party ( Deutsche Volkspartei / DVP ) , undertaking secretarial duties for the party in the Reichstag from 1931 until 1933 , when a change of regime led to the DVP being outlawed . Following a brief period working at the , in 1938 Brandt joined a legal firm that specialised in matters involving international civil law . War broke out in 1939 and Brandt fought as a member of the German army on both the eastern and western fronts . For some of the time he was based in Berlin , however , working at the Ministry for Military Procurement . War ended in May 1945 and almost immediately , in June 1945 , he was able to return to Berlin and set himself up as a freelance lawyer , also taking a part-time teaching post at Berlin University . Soviet occupation zone / German Democratic Republic . In 1945 there was a widespread assumption that the destruction of Nazi Germany should open the way for a return to multi-party democracy . Helmut Brandt was a founder member of the Christian Democratic Union ( Christlich-Demokratische Union / CDU ) , intended as a slightly more broadly based version of the DVP that had existed before the abolition , in 1933 , of parliamentary democracy . He quickly became the partys expert on legal issues . The next year , however , April 1946 saw the creation of a new political party within the Soviet occupation zone , the Socialist Unity Party of Germany ( Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands / SED ) , formed through a contentious merger of the old German Communist Party and ( many of the elements of ) the more moderately left-wing Social Democratic Party . During the next few years the authorities sought to move towards a new one-party dictatorship , not by banning the other political parties but by controlling them . This was achieved by placing them all into an umbrella organisation known as the National Front and itself controlled by the SED ( party ) . In the end it was only in the Soviet occupation zone ( reinvented , formally in October 1949 , as the German Democratic Republic / East Germany ) that a return to single-party dictatorship was achieved , and even here implementation of the strategy was far from smooth , and stretched out over several years . With the CDU in his part of Germany increasingly under state pressure from without and infiltrated within , in 1948 Helmut Brandt joined the pro-Soviet District Federation ( Landesverband ) in the eastern sector of Berlin . In West Berlin this led to accusations that he was leading a split of the CDU which still saw itself as a single political party across all the allied occupation zones in what was left of Germany after 1945 . It was also in 1948 that Helmut Brandt was appointed as one of the 45 CDU members of the first and co-opted as a member of the assembly committee charged with drawing up a new constitution . By this time . however , the CDU leadership in the Soviet occupation zone was undergoing internal fragmentation , dividing those who , for various reasons , were prepared to collaborate , whether willingly or not , with the constitutional developments being implemented by the ruling SED ( party ) from those , such as Georg Dertinger and Helmut Brandt , who were less so . On account of his bourgeois-conservative propensities Brandt now found himself forced out of positions of influence within the CDU , notably by Arnold Gohr of the East German partys collaborationist wing . It was Gohr who replaced him as chairman of the District Federation ( Landesverband ) in what was becoming known as the Soviet sector of Berlin . In October 1949 Helmut Brandt was appointed as a secretary of state in the new countrys Justice Ministry . In May 1950 he protested to his minister Max Fechner ( SED ) and to his own party leader in East Germany , Otto Nuschke ( CDU ) over the , a succession of rapid legal hearings of 3,324 of people who had survived and been released from the hitherto unacknowledged Soviet controlled concentration camps . These now had their cases processed and were sentenced in fast-track hearings at which Brandt ( and others ) felt that justice was poorly served . Arrest and imprisonment . In September 1950 he was arrested by people working for the Ministry for State Security ( Stasi ) . Four years of pre-trial detention ensued , most of which he spent in an underground cell at the Stasi Hohenschönhausen detention centre . In 1953 he found himself arbitrarily linked by the Stasi with the group of conspirators connected with Georg Dertinger who was arrested at the start of that year , and in June 1954 the Supreme Court of East Germany sentenced Brandt , during a secret trial , to ten years of imprisonment for working against the state ( staatsfeindlicher Arbeit ) . The ten-year sentence was later reduced , formally , to eight years , though as matters turned out he remained in prison , apart from a few days in 1958 till 1964 . By 1958 Brandt had been transferred to the from where he was released as an act of clemency in September . However , he was issued with a residency permit which required him to remain in the Dresden area . Thirty-six hours later he was re-arrested by the Stasi while trying to escape to West Berlin : his arrest resulted from a concern on the part of the authorities that he was about to speak to western journalists . A further trial took place , this time at Frankfurt ( Oder ) on 13 March 1959 , at which Brandt received another ten-year jail sentence for crimes that included espionage , inducing people to escape from the German Democratic Republic , producing propaganda that endangered the state and treason . Freedom . After 5,095 days in prison Helmut Brandt was released in August 1964 . He was one of the first of approximately 34,000 East German political prisoners to have their by the West German government between 1964 and 1989 as part of a ( at the time secret ) scheme to try and compensate for East Germanys desperate shortage of cash . Brandt promptly relocated to the Rhineland region of West Germany , employed by various universities and working , till 1977 , as an expert consultant to the government in Bonn . In the west he was prevented from resuming his political career with the CDU , but in 1977 joined its Bavarian sister party , the Christian Social Union ( Christlich-Soziale Union in Bayern / CSU ) . Following reunification Brandt devoted time and effort to researching the infamous . In 1998 he died after a long illness at Königswinter , across the river from Bonn .
|
[
"German Peoples Party"
] |
[
{
"text": " Helmut Alfred Brandt ( 16 July 1911 - 31 October 1998 ) was a Berlin city councillor and a leading German politician in the Christian Democratic Union ( Christlich-Demokratische Union / CDU ) , a political party of the centre right .",
"title": "Helmut Brandt ( CDU politician in East Germany )"
},
{
"text": "After 1945 the eastern part of Berlin , where Brandt lived and worked , was administered as the Soviet occupation zone of what had been Germany . By 1949 , when the occupation zone was relaunched as the German Democratic Republic ( East Germany ) , it was in the process of becoming a second German one-party dictatorship . Helmut Brandt opposed of this development : he was ousted from his job with the ministry of Justice and his position as a member of the CDU party leadership team . On 6 September 1950 he was arrested , although he",
"title": "Helmut Brandt ( CDU politician in East Germany )"
},
{
"text": "would have to wait another four years for any sort of trial . He was accused of activities hostile to the state ( staatsfeindlicher Arbeit ) and he spent the years between 1950 and 1964 in prison .",
"title": "Helmut Brandt ( CDU politician in East Germany )"
},
{
"text": "Brandt was born in Berlins Spandau quarter . At university he studied jurisprudence and , obtaining doctorates in both related disciplines , following which he took a job with Deutsche Bank . In the meantime , in 1929 he joined the German Peoples Party ( Deutsche Volkspartei / DVP ) , undertaking secretarial duties for the party in the Reichstag from 1931 until 1933 , when a change of regime led to the DVP being outlawed . Following a brief period working at the , in 1938 Brandt joined a legal firm that specialised in matters involving international civil law",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " War broke out in 1939 and Brandt fought as a member of the German army on both the eastern and western fronts . For some of the time he was based in Berlin , however , working at the Ministry for Military Procurement . War ended in May 1945 and almost immediately , in June 1945 , he was able to return to Berlin and set himself up as a freelance lawyer , also taking a part-time teaching post at Berlin University . Soviet occupation zone / German Democratic Republic .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "In 1945 there was a widespread assumption that the destruction of Nazi Germany should open the way for a return to multi-party democracy . Helmut Brandt was a founder member of the Christian Democratic Union ( Christlich-Demokratische Union / CDU ) , intended as a slightly more broadly based version of the DVP that had existed before the abolition , in 1933 , of parliamentary democracy . He quickly became the partys expert on legal issues . The next year , however , April 1946 saw the creation of a new political party within the Soviet occupation zone , the",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "Socialist Unity Party of Germany ( Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands / SED ) , formed through a contentious merger of the old German Communist Party and ( many of the elements of ) the more moderately left-wing Social Democratic Party . During the next few years the authorities sought to move towards a new one-party dictatorship , not by banning the other political parties but by controlling them . This was achieved by placing them all into an umbrella organisation known as the National Front and itself controlled by the SED ( party ) . In the end it was only",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "in the Soviet occupation zone ( reinvented , formally in October 1949 , as the German Democratic Republic / East Germany ) that a return to single-party dictatorship was achieved , and even here implementation of the strategy was far from smooth , and stretched out over several years . With the CDU in his part of Germany increasingly under state pressure from without and infiltrated within , in 1948 Helmut Brandt joined the pro-Soviet District Federation ( Landesverband ) in the eastern sector of Berlin . In West Berlin this led to accusations that he was leading a split",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "of the CDU which still saw itself as a single political party across all the allied occupation zones in what was left of Germany after 1945 . It was also in 1948 that Helmut Brandt was appointed as one of the 45 CDU members of the first and co-opted as a member of the assembly committee charged with drawing up a new constitution . By this time . however , the CDU leadership in the Soviet occupation zone was undergoing internal fragmentation , dividing those who , for various reasons , were prepared to collaborate , whether willingly or not",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": ", with the constitutional developments being implemented by the ruling SED ( party ) from those , such as Georg Dertinger and Helmut Brandt , who were less so . On account of his bourgeois-conservative propensities Brandt now found himself forced out of positions of influence within the CDU , notably by Arnold Gohr of the East German partys collaborationist wing . It was Gohr who replaced him as chairman of the District Federation ( Landesverband ) in what was becoming known as the Soviet sector of Berlin .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "In October 1949 Helmut Brandt was appointed as a secretary of state in the new countrys Justice Ministry . In May 1950 he protested to his minister Max Fechner ( SED ) and to his own party leader in East Germany , Otto Nuschke ( CDU ) over the , a succession of rapid legal hearings of 3,324 of people who had survived and been released from the hitherto unacknowledged Soviet controlled concentration camps . These now had their cases processed and were sentenced in fast-track hearings at which Brandt ( and others ) felt that justice was poorly served",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "In September 1950 he was arrested by people working for the Ministry for State Security ( Stasi ) . Four years of pre-trial detention ensued , most of which he spent in an underground cell at the Stasi Hohenschönhausen detention centre . In 1953 he found himself arbitrarily linked by the Stasi with the group of conspirators connected with Georg Dertinger who was arrested at the start of that year , and in June 1954 the Supreme Court of East Germany sentenced Brandt , during a secret trial , to ten years of imprisonment for working against the state (",
"title": "Arrest and imprisonment"
},
{
"text": "staatsfeindlicher Arbeit ) . The ten-year sentence was later reduced , formally , to eight years , though as matters turned out he remained in prison , apart from a few days in 1958 till 1964 .",
"title": "Arrest and imprisonment"
},
{
"text": "By 1958 Brandt had been transferred to the from where he was released as an act of clemency in September . However , he was issued with a residency permit which required him to remain in the Dresden area . Thirty-six hours later he was re-arrested by the Stasi while trying to escape to West Berlin : his arrest resulted from a concern on the part of the authorities that he was about to speak to western journalists . A further trial took place , this time at Frankfurt ( Oder ) on 13 March 1959 , at which Brandt",
"title": "Arrest and imprisonment"
},
{
"text": "received another ten-year jail sentence for crimes that included espionage , inducing people to escape from the German Democratic Republic , producing propaganda that endangered the state and treason .",
"title": "Arrest and imprisonment"
},
{
"text": "After 5,095 days in prison Helmut Brandt was released in August 1964 . He was one of the first of approximately 34,000 East German political prisoners to have their by the West German government between 1964 and 1989 as part of a ( at the time secret ) scheme to try and compensate for East Germanys desperate shortage of cash . Brandt promptly relocated to the Rhineland region of West Germany , employed by various universities and working , till 1977 , as an expert consultant to the government in Bonn . In the west he was prevented from resuming",
"title": "Freedom"
},
{
"text": "his political career with the CDU , but in 1977 joined its Bavarian sister party , the Christian Social Union ( Christlich-Soziale Union in Bayern / CSU ) .",
"title": "Freedom"
},
{
"text": " Following reunification Brandt devoted time and effort to researching the infamous . In 1998 he died after a long illness at Königswinter , across the river from Bonn .",
"title": "Freedom"
}
] |
/wiki/Helmut_Brandt_(CDU_politician_in_East_Germany)#P102#1
|
Which political party did Helmut Brandt (CDU politician in East Germany) belong to between Nov 1945 and Dec 1971?
|
Helmut Brandt ( CDU politician in East Germany ) Helmut Alfred Brandt ( 16 July 1911 - 31 October 1998 ) was a Berlin city councillor and a leading German politician in the Christian Democratic Union ( Christlich-Demokratische Union / CDU ) , a political party of the centre right . After 1945 the eastern part of Berlin , where Brandt lived and worked , was administered as the Soviet occupation zone of what had been Germany . By 1949 , when the occupation zone was relaunched as the German Democratic Republic ( East Germany ) , it was in the process of becoming a second German one-party dictatorship . Helmut Brandt opposed of this development : he was ousted from his job with the ministry of Justice and his position as a member of the CDU party leadership team . On 6 September 1950 he was arrested , although he would have to wait another four years for any sort of trial . He was accused of activities hostile to the state ( staatsfeindlicher Arbeit ) and he spent the years between 1950 and 1964 in prison . Life . Early years . Brandt was born in Berlins Spandau quarter . At university he studied jurisprudence and , obtaining doctorates in both related disciplines , following which he took a job with Deutsche Bank . In the meantime , in 1929 he joined the German Peoples Party ( Deutsche Volkspartei / DVP ) , undertaking secretarial duties for the party in the Reichstag from 1931 until 1933 , when a change of regime led to the DVP being outlawed . Following a brief period working at the , in 1938 Brandt joined a legal firm that specialised in matters involving international civil law . War broke out in 1939 and Brandt fought as a member of the German army on both the eastern and western fronts . For some of the time he was based in Berlin , however , working at the Ministry for Military Procurement . War ended in May 1945 and almost immediately , in June 1945 , he was able to return to Berlin and set himself up as a freelance lawyer , also taking a part-time teaching post at Berlin University . Soviet occupation zone / German Democratic Republic . In 1945 there was a widespread assumption that the destruction of Nazi Germany should open the way for a return to multi-party democracy . Helmut Brandt was a founder member of the Christian Democratic Union ( Christlich-Demokratische Union / CDU ) , intended as a slightly more broadly based version of the DVP that had existed before the abolition , in 1933 , of parliamentary democracy . He quickly became the partys expert on legal issues . The next year , however , April 1946 saw the creation of a new political party within the Soviet occupation zone , the Socialist Unity Party of Germany ( Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands / SED ) , formed through a contentious merger of the old German Communist Party and ( many of the elements of ) the more moderately left-wing Social Democratic Party . During the next few years the authorities sought to move towards a new one-party dictatorship , not by banning the other political parties but by controlling them . This was achieved by placing them all into an umbrella organisation known as the National Front and itself controlled by the SED ( party ) . In the end it was only in the Soviet occupation zone ( reinvented , formally in October 1949 , as the German Democratic Republic / East Germany ) that a return to single-party dictatorship was achieved , and even here implementation of the strategy was far from smooth , and stretched out over several years . With the CDU in his part of Germany increasingly under state pressure from without and infiltrated within , in 1948 Helmut Brandt joined the pro-Soviet District Federation ( Landesverband ) in the eastern sector of Berlin . In West Berlin this led to accusations that he was leading a split of the CDU which still saw itself as a single political party across all the allied occupation zones in what was left of Germany after 1945 . It was also in 1948 that Helmut Brandt was appointed as one of the 45 CDU members of the first and co-opted as a member of the assembly committee charged with drawing up a new constitution . By this time . however , the CDU leadership in the Soviet occupation zone was undergoing internal fragmentation , dividing those who , for various reasons , were prepared to collaborate , whether willingly or not , with the constitutional developments being implemented by the ruling SED ( party ) from those , such as Georg Dertinger and Helmut Brandt , who were less so . On account of his bourgeois-conservative propensities Brandt now found himself forced out of positions of influence within the CDU , notably by Arnold Gohr of the East German partys collaborationist wing . It was Gohr who replaced him as chairman of the District Federation ( Landesverband ) in what was becoming known as the Soviet sector of Berlin . In October 1949 Helmut Brandt was appointed as a secretary of state in the new countrys Justice Ministry . In May 1950 he protested to his minister Max Fechner ( SED ) and to his own party leader in East Germany , Otto Nuschke ( CDU ) over the , a succession of rapid legal hearings of 3,324 of people who had survived and been released from the hitherto unacknowledged Soviet controlled concentration camps . These now had their cases processed and were sentenced in fast-track hearings at which Brandt ( and others ) felt that justice was poorly served . Arrest and imprisonment . In September 1950 he was arrested by people working for the Ministry for State Security ( Stasi ) . Four years of pre-trial detention ensued , most of which he spent in an underground cell at the Stasi Hohenschönhausen detention centre . In 1953 he found himself arbitrarily linked by the Stasi with the group of conspirators connected with Georg Dertinger who was arrested at the start of that year , and in June 1954 the Supreme Court of East Germany sentenced Brandt , during a secret trial , to ten years of imprisonment for working against the state ( staatsfeindlicher Arbeit ) . The ten-year sentence was later reduced , formally , to eight years , though as matters turned out he remained in prison , apart from a few days in 1958 till 1964 . By 1958 Brandt had been transferred to the from where he was released as an act of clemency in September . However , he was issued with a residency permit which required him to remain in the Dresden area . Thirty-six hours later he was re-arrested by the Stasi while trying to escape to West Berlin : his arrest resulted from a concern on the part of the authorities that he was about to speak to western journalists . A further trial took place , this time at Frankfurt ( Oder ) on 13 March 1959 , at which Brandt received another ten-year jail sentence for crimes that included espionage , inducing people to escape from the German Democratic Republic , producing propaganda that endangered the state and treason . Freedom . After 5,095 days in prison Helmut Brandt was released in August 1964 . He was one of the first of approximately 34,000 East German political prisoners to have their by the West German government between 1964 and 1989 as part of a ( at the time secret ) scheme to try and compensate for East Germanys desperate shortage of cash . Brandt promptly relocated to the Rhineland region of West Germany , employed by various universities and working , till 1977 , as an expert consultant to the government in Bonn . In the west he was prevented from resuming his political career with the CDU , but in 1977 joined its Bavarian sister party , the Christian Social Union ( Christlich-Soziale Union in Bayern / CSU ) . Following reunification Brandt devoted time and effort to researching the infamous . In 1998 he died after a long illness at Königswinter , across the river from Bonn .
|
[
"CDU",
"German Peoples Party"
] |
[
{
"text": " Helmut Alfred Brandt ( 16 July 1911 - 31 October 1998 ) was a Berlin city councillor and a leading German politician in the Christian Democratic Union ( Christlich-Demokratische Union / CDU ) , a political party of the centre right .",
"title": "Helmut Brandt ( CDU politician in East Germany )"
},
{
"text": "After 1945 the eastern part of Berlin , where Brandt lived and worked , was administered as the Soviet occupation zone of what had been Germany . By 1949 , when the occupation zone was relaunched as the German Democratic Republic ( East Germany ) , it was in the process of becoming a second German one-party dictatorship . Helmut Brandt opposed of this development : he was ousted from his job with the ministry of Justice and his position as a member of the CDU party leadership team . On 6 September 1950 he was arrested , although he",
"title": "Helmut Brandt ( CDU politician in East Germany )"
},
{
"text": "would have to wait another four years for any sort of trial . He was accused of activities hostile to the state ( staatsfeindlicher Arbeit ) and he spent the years between 1950 and 1964 in prison .",
"title": "Helmut Brandt ( CDU politician in East Germany )"
},
{
"text": "Brandt was born in Berlins Spandau quarter . At university he studied jurisprudence and , obtaining doctorates in both related disciplines , following which he took a job with Deutsche Bank . In the meantime , in 1929 he joined the German Peoples Party ( Deutsche Volkspartei / DVP ) , undertaking secretarial duties for the party in the Reichstag from 1931 until 1933 , when a change of regime led to the DVP being outlawed . Following a brief period working at the , in 1938 Brandt joined a legal firm that specialised in matters involving international civil law",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " War broke out in 1939 and Brandt fought as a member of the German army on both the eastern and western fronts . For some of the time he was based in Berlin , however , working at the Ministry for Military Procurement . War ended in May 1945 and almost immediately , in June 1945 , he was able to return to Berlin and set himself up as a freelance lawyer , also taking a part-time teaching post at Berlin University . Soviet occupation zone / German Democratic Republic .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "In 1945 there was a widespread assumption that the destruction of Nazi Germany should open the way for a return to multi-party democracy . Helmut Brandt was a founder member of the Christian Democratic Union ( Christlich-Demokratische Union / CDU ) , intended as a slightly more broadly based version of the DVP that had existed before the abolition , in 1933 , of parliamentary democracy . He quickly became the partys expert on legal issues . The next year , however , April 1946 saw the creation of a new political party within the Soviet occupation zone , the",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "Socialist Unity Party of Germany ( Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands / SED ) , formed through a contentious merger of the old German Communist Party and ( many of the elements of ) the more moderately left-wing Social Democratic Party . During the next few years the authorities sought to move towards a new one-party dictatorship , not by banning the other political parties but by controlling them . This was achieved by placing them all into an umbrella organisation known as the National Front and itself controlled by the SED ( party ) . In the end it was only",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "in the Soviet occupation zone ( reinvented , formally in October 1949 , as the German Democratic Republic / East Germany ) that a return to single-party dictatorship was achieved , and even here implementation of the strategy was far from smooth , and stretched out over several years . With the CDU in his part of Germany increasingly under state pressure from without and infiltrated within , in 1948 Helmut Brandt joined the pro-Soviet District Federation ( Landesverband ) in the eastern sector of Berlin . In West Berlin this led to accusations that he was leading a split",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "of the CDU which still saw itself as a single political party across all the allied occupation zones in what was left of Germany after 1945 . It was also in 1948 that Helmut Brandt was appointed as one of the 45 CDU members of the first and co-opted as a member of the assembly committee charged with drawing up a new constitution . By this time . however , the CDU leadership in the Soviet occupation zone was undergoing internal fragmentation , dividing those who , for various reasons , were prepared to collaborate , whether willingly or not",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": ", with the constitutional developments being implemented by the ruling SED ( party ) from those , such as Georg Dertinger and Helmut Brandt , who were less so . On account of his bourgeois-conservative propensities Brandt now found himself forced out of positions of influence within the CDU , notably by Arnold Gohr of the East German partys collaborationist wing . It was Gohr who replaced him as chairman of the District Federation ( Landesverband ) in what was becoming known as the Soviet sector of Berlin .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "In October 1949 Helmut Brandt was appointed as a secretary of state in the new countrys Justice Ministry . In May 1950 he protested to his minister Max Fechner ( SED ) and to his own party leader in East Germany , Otto Nuschke ( CDU ) over the , a succession of rapid legal hearings of 3,324 of people who had survived and been released from the hitherto unacknowledged Soviet controlled concentration camps . These now had their cases processed and were sentenced in fast-track hearings at which Brandt ( and others ) felt that justice was poorly served",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "In September 1950 he was arrested by people working for the Ministry for State Security ( Stasi ) . Four years of pre-trial detention ensued , most of which he spent in an underground cell at the Stasi Hohenschönhausen detention centre . In 1953 he found himself arbitrarily linked by the Stasi with the group of conspirators connected with Georg Dertinger who was arrested at the start of that year , and in June 1954 the Supreme Court of East Germany sentenced Brandt , during a secret trial , to ten years of imprisonment for working against the state (",
"title": "Arrest and imprisonment"
},
{
"text": "staatsfeindlicher Arbeit ) . The ten-year sentence was later reduced , formally , to eight years , though as matters turned out he remained in prison , apart from a few days in 1958 till 1964 .",
"title": "Arrest and imprisonment"
},
{
"text": "By 1958 Brandt had been transferred to the from where he was released as an act of clemency in September . However , he was issued with a residency permit which required him to remain in the Dresden area . Thirty-six hours later he was re-arrested by the Stasi while trying to escape to West Berlin : his arrest resulted from a concern on the part of the authorities that he was about to speak to western journalists . A further trial took place , this time at Frankfurt ( Oder ) on 13 March 1959 , at which Brandt",
"title": "Arrest and imprisonment"
},
{
"text": "received another ten-year jail sentence for crimes that included espionage , inducing people to escape from the German Democratic Republic , producing propaganda that endangered the state and treason .",
"title": "Arrest and imprisonment"
},
{
"text": "After 5,095 days in prison Helmut Brandt was released in August 1964 . He was one of the first of approximately 34,000 East German political prisoners to have their by the West German government between 1964 and 1989 as part of a ( at the time secret ) scheme to try and compensate for East Germanys desperate shortage of cash . Brandt promptly relocated to the Rhineland region of West Germany , employed by various universities and working , till 1977 , as an expert consultant to the government in Bonn . In the west he was prevented from resuming",
"title": "Freedom"
},
{
"text": "his political career with the CDU , but in 1977 joined its Bavarian sister party , the Christian Social Union ( Christlich-Soziale Union in Bayern / CSU ) .",
"title": "Freedom"
},
{
"text": " Following reunification Brandt devoted time and effort to researching the infamous . In 1998 he died after a long illness at Königswinter , across the river from Bonn .",
"title": "Freedom"
}
] |
/wiki/Helmut_Brandt_(CDU_politician_in_East_Germany)#P102#2
|
Which political party did Helmut Brandt (CDU politician in East Germany) belong to between Jul 1977 and Aug 1977?
|
Helmut Brandt ( CDU politician in East Germany ) Helmut Alfred Brandt ( 16 July 1911 - 31 October 1998 ) was a Berlin city councillor and a leading German politician in the Christian Democratic Union ( Christlich-Demokratische Union / CDU ) , a political party of the centre right . After 1945 the eastern part of Berlin , where Brandt lived and worked , was administered as the Soviet occupation zone of what had been Germany . By 1949 , when the occupation zone was relaunched as the German Democratic Republic ( East Germany ) , it was in the process of becoming a second German one-party dictatorship . Helmut Brandt opposed of this development : he was ousted from his job with the ministry of Justice and his position as a member of the CDU party leadership team . On 6 September 1950 he was arrested , although he would have to wait another four years for any sort of trial . He was accused of activities hostile to the state ( staatsfeindlicher Arbeit ) and he spent the years between 1950 and 1964 in prison . Life . Early years . Brandt was born in Berlins Spandau quarter . At university he studied jurisprudence and , obtaining doctorates in both related disciplines , following which he took a job with Deutsche Bank . In the meantime , in 1929 he joined the German Peoples Party ( Deutsche Volkspartei / DVP ) , undertaking secretarial duties for the party in the Reichstag from 1931 until 1933 , when a change of regime led to the DVP being outlawed . Following a brief period working at the , in 1938 Brandt joined a legal firm that specialised in matters involving international civil law . War broke out in 1939 and Brandt fought as a member of the German army on both the eastern and western fronts . For some of the time he was based in Berlin , however , working at the Ministry for Military Procurement . War ended in May 1945 and almost immediately , in June 1945 , he was able to return to Berlin and set himself up as a freelance lawyer , also taking a part-time teaching post at Berlin University . Soviet occupation zone / German Democratic Republic . In 1945 there was a widespread assumption that the destruction of Nazi Germany should open the way for a return to multi-party democracy . Helmut Brandt was a founder member of the Christian Democratic Union ( Christlich-Demokratische Union / CDU ) , intended as a slightly more broadly based version of the DVP that had existed before the abolition , in 1933 , of parliamentary democracy . He quickly became the partys expert on legal issues . The next year , however , April 1946 saw the creation of a new political party within the Soviet occupation zone , the Socialist Unity Party of Germany ( Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands / SED ) , formed through a contentious merger of the old German Communist Party and ( many of the elements of ) the more moderately left-wing Social Democratic Party . During the next few years the authorities sought to move towards a new one-party dictatorship , not by banning the other political parties but by controlling them . This was achieved by placing them all into an umbrella organisation known as the National Front and itself controlled by the SED ( party ) . In the end it was only in the Soviet occupation zone ( reinvented , formally in October 1949 , as the German Democratic Republic / East Germany ) that a return to single-party dictatorship was achieved , and even here implementation of the strategy was far from smooth , and stretched out over several years . With the CDU in his part of Germany increasingly under state pressure from without and infiltrated within , in 1948 Helmut Brandt joined the pro-Soviet District Federation ( Landesverband ) in the eastern sector of Berlin . In West Berlin this led to accusations that he was leading a split of the CDU which still saw itself as a single political party across all the allied occupation zones in what was left of Germany after 1945 . It was also in 1948 that Helmut Brandt was appointed as one of the 45 CDU members of the first and co-opted as a member of the assembly committee charged with drawing up a new constitution . By this time . however , the CDU leadership in the Soviet occupation zone was undergoing internal fragmentation , dividing those who , for various reasons , were prepared to collaborate , whether willingly or not , with the constitutional developments being implemented by the ruling SED ( party ) from those , such as Georg Dertinger and Helmut Brandt , who were less so . On account of his bourgeois-conservative propensities Brandt now found himself forced out of positions of influence within the CDU , notably by Arnold Gohr of the East German partys collaborationist wing . It was Gohr who replaced him as chairman of the District Federation ( Landesverband ) in what was becoming known as the Soviet sector of Berlin . In October 1949 Helmut Brandt was appointed as a secretary of state in the new countrys Justice Ministry . In May 1950 he protested to his minister Max Fechner ( SED ) and to his own party leader in East Germany , Otto Nuschke ( CDU ) over the , a succession of rapid legal hearings of 3,324 of people who had survived and been released from the hitherto unacknowledged Soviet controlled concentration camps . These now had their cases processed and were sentenced in fast-track hearings at which Brandt ( and others ) felt that justice was poorly served . Arrest and imprisonment . In September 1950 he was arrested by people working for the Ministry for State Security ( Stasi ) . Four years of pre-trial detention ensued , most of which he spent in an underground cell at the Stasi Hohenschönhausen detention centre . In 1953 he found himself arbitrarily linked by the Stasi with the group of conspirators connected with Georg Dertinger who was arrested at the start of that year , and in June 1954 the Supreme Court of East Germany sentenced Brandt , during a secret trial , to ten years of imprisonment for working against the state ( staatsfeindlicher Arbeit ) . The ten-year sentence was later reduced , formally , to eight years , though as matters turned out he remained in prison , apart from a few days in 1958 till 1964 . By 1958 Brandt had been transferred to the from where he was released as an act of clemency in September . However , he was issued with a residency permit which required him to remain in the Dresden area . Thirty-six hours later he was re-arrested by the Stasi while trying to escape to West Berlin : his arrest resulted from a concern on the part of the authorities that he was about to speak to western journalists . A further trial took place , this time at Frankfurt ( Oder ) on 13 March 1959 , at which Brandt received another ten-year jail sentence for crimes that included espionage , inducing people to escape from the German Democratic Republic , producing propaganda that endangered the state and treason . Freedom . After 5,095 days in prison Helmut Brandt was released in August 1964 . He was one of the first of approximately 34,000 East German political prisoners to have their by the West German government between 1964 and 1989 as part of a ( at the time secret ) scheme to try and compensate for East Germanys desperate shortage of cash . Brandt promptly relocated to the Rhineland region of West Germany , employed by various universities and working , till 1977 , as an expert consultant to the government in Bonn . In the west he was prevented from resuming his political career with the CDU , but in 1977 joined its Bavarian sister party , the Christian Social Union ( Christlich-Soziale Union in Bayern / CSU ) . Following reunification Brandt devoted time and effort to researching the infamous . In 1998 he died after a long illness at Königswinter , across the river from Bonn .
|
[
"CDU"
] |
[
{
"text": " Helmut Alfred Brandt ( 16 July 1911 - 31 October 1998 ) was a Berlin city councillor and a leading German politician in the Christian Democratic Union ( Christlich-Demokratische Union / CDU ) , a political party of the centre right .",
"title": "Helmut Brandt ( CDU politician in East Germany )"
},
{
"text": "After 1945 the eastern part of Berlin , where Brandt lived and worked , was administered as the Soviet occupation zone of what had been Germany . By 1949 , when the occupation zone was relaunched as the German Democratic Republic ( East Germany ) , it was in the process of becoming a second German one-party dictatorship . Helmut Brandt opposed of this development : he was ousted from his job with the ministry of Justice and his position as a member of the CDU party leadership team . On 6 September 1950 he was arrested , although he",
"title": "Helmut Brandt ( CDU politician in East Germany )"
},
{
"text": "would have to wait another four years for any sort of trial . He was accused of activities hostile to the state ( staatsfeindlicher Arbeit ) and he spent the years between 1950 and 1964 in prison .",
"title": "Helmut Brandt ( CDU politician in East Germany )"
},
{
"text": "Brandt was born in Berlins Spandau quarter . At university he studied jurisprudence and , obtaining doctorates in both related disciplines , following which he took a job with Deutsche Bank . In the meantime , in 1929 he joined the German Peoples Party ( Deutsche Volkspartei / DVP ) , undertaking secretarial duties for the party in the Reichstag from 1931 until 1933 , when a change of regime led to the DVP being outlawed . Following a brief period working at the , in 1938 Brandt joined a legal firm that specialised in matters involving international civil law",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " War broke out in 1939 and Brandt fought as a member of the German army on both the eastern and western fronts . For some of the time he was based in Berlin , however , working at the Ministry for Military Procurement . War ended in May 1945 and almost immediately , in June 1945 , he was able to return to Berlin and set himself up as a freelance lawyer , also taking a part-time teaching post at Berlin University . Soviet occupation zone / German Democratic Republic .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "In 1945 there was a widespread assumption that the destruction of Nazi Germany should open the way for a return to multi-party democracy . Helmut Brandt was a founder member of the Christian Democratic Union ( Christlich-Demokratische Union / CDU ) , intended as a slightly more broadly based version of the DVP that had existed before the abolition , in 1933 , of parliamentary democracy . He quickly became the partys expert on legal issues . The next year , however , April 1946 saw the creation of a new political party within the Soviet occupation zone , the",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "Socialist Unity Party of Germany ( Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands / SED ) , formed through a contentious merger of the old German Communist Party and ( many of the elements of ) the more moderately left-wing Social Democratic Party . During the next few years the authorities sought to move towards a new one-party dictatorship , not by banning the other political parties but by controlling them . This was achieved by placing them all into an umbrella organisation known as the National Front and itself controlled by the SED ( party ) . In the end it was only",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "in the Soviet occupation zone ( reinvented , formally in October 1949 , as the German Democratic Republic / East Germany ) that a return to single-party dictatorship was achieved , and even here implementation of the strategy was far from smooth , and stretched out over several years . With the CDU in his part of Germany increasingly under state pressure from without and infiltrated within , in 1948 Helmut Brandt joined the pro-Soviet District Federation ( Landesverband ) in the eastern sector of Berlin . In West Berlin this led to accusations that he was leading a split",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "of the CDU which still saw itself as a single political party across all the allied occupation zones in what was left of Germany after 1945 . It was also in 1948 that Helmut Brandt was appointed as one of the 45 CDU members of the first and co-opted as a member of the assembly committee charged with drawing up a new constitution . By this time . however , the CDU leadership in the Soviet occupation zone was undergoing internal fragmentation , dividing those who , for various reasons , were prepared to collaborate , whether willingly or not",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": ", with the constitutional developments being implemented by the ruling SED ( party ) from those , such as Georg Dertinger and Helmut Brandt , who were less so . On account of his bourgeois-conservative propensities Brandt now found himself forced out of positions of influence within the CDU , notably by Arnold Gohr of the East German partys collaborationist wing . It was Gohr who replaced him as chairman of the District Federation ( Landesverband ) in what was becoming known as the Soviet sector of Berlin .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "In October 1949 Helmut Brandt was appointed as a secretary of state in the new countrys Justice Ministry . In May 1950 he protested to his minister Max Fechner ( SED ) and to his own party leader in East Germany , Otto Nuschke ( CDU ) over the , a succession of rapid legal hearings of 3,324 of people who had survived and been released from the hitherto unacknowledged Soviet controlled concentration camps . These now had their cases processed and were sentenced in fast-track hearings at which Brandt ( and others ) felt that justice was poorly served",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "In September 1950 he was arrested by people working for the Ministry for State Security ( Stasi ) . Four years of pre-trial detention ensued , most of which he spent in an underground cell at the Stasi Hohenschönhausen detention centre . In 1953 he found himself arbitrarily linked by the Stasi with the group of conspirators connected with Georg Dertinger who was arrested at the start of that year , and in June 1954 the Supreme Court of East Germany sentenced Brandt , during a secret trial , to ten years of imprisonment for working against the state (",
"title": "Arrest and imprisonment"
},
{
"text": "staatsfeindlicher Arbeit ) . The ten-year sentence was later reduced , formally , to eight years , though as matters turned out he remained in prison , apart from a few days in 1958 till 1964 .",
"title": "Arrest and imprisonment"
},
{
"text": "By 1958 Brandt had been transferred to the from where he was released as an act of clemency in September . However , he was issued with a residency permit which required him to remain in the Dresden area . Thirty-six hours later he was re-arrested by the Stasi while trying to escape to West Berlin : his arrest resulted from a concern on the part of the authorities that he was about to speak to western journalists . A further trial took place , this time at Frankfurt ( Oder ) on 13 March 1959 , at which Brandt",
"title": "Arrest and imprisonment"
},
{
"text": "received another ten-year jail sentence for crimes that included espionage , inducing people to escape from the German Democratic Republic , producing propaganda that endangered the state and treason .",
"title": "Arrest and imprisonment"
},
{
"text": "After 5,095 days in prison Helmut Brandt was released in August 1964 . He was one of the first of approximately 34,000 East German political prisoners to have their by the West German government between 1964 and 1989 as part of a ( at the time secret ) scheme to try and compensate for East Germanys desperate shortage of cash . Brandt promptly relocated to the Rhineland region of West Germany , employed by various universities and working , till 1977 , as an expert consultant to the government in Bonn . In the west he was prevented from resuming",
"title": "Freedom"
},
{
"text": "his political career with the CDU , but in 1977 joined its Bavarian sister party , the Christian Social Union ( Christlich-Soziale Union in Bayern / CSU ) .",
"title": "Freedom"
},
{
"text": " Following reunification Brandt devoted time and effort to researching the infamous . In 1998 he died after a long illness at Königswinter , across the river from Bonn .",
"title": "Freedom"
}
] |
/wiki/Ashley_Carew#P54#0
|
Which team did the player Ashley Carew belong to between Apr 2003 and Aug 2003?
|
Ashley Carew Ashley Wayne Carew ( born 17 December 1985 ) is a semi-professional footballer who plays for Beckenham Town as a midfielder . Career . A midfielder , Carew began his career with Gillingham , but was released in 2004 . He spent a year out of the game , returning with spells at Beckenham Town and Fisher Athletic . He was signed by Barnet in 2007 . In June 2008 he was called up to the Barbados squad to face the United States , however he turned this down because he was recovering from injury . He was a regular at right-back at the start of the 2008–09 season but soon lost his place . In January 2009 joined Eastleigh on loan , before being recalled by Barnet so they could cancel his contract . Two days later he rejoined Eastleigh on non-contract terms , before joining Bromley at the end of the season . In August 2010 he joined Conference South side Ebbsfleet United . On 1 July 2011 , he signed a one-year deal with Conference National side Cambridge United becoming manager Jez Georges eighth signing of the close season . Despite starting the 2011–12 season well and scoring regularly , the end of the season was curtailed by injury and Carews contract at The Abbey Stadium was not renewed . Carew signed for Isthmian League club Carshalton Athletic in the summer of 2012 and played nine times in the red of the Robins before being part of the cull that saw many players leave Colston Avenue two months into the season . On 12 October 2012 , Carew re-signed for Ebbsfleet United . Carew was released by Ebbsfleet United in May 2013 . Prior to the start of the 2013–14 season Carew signed with Dover Athletic of the Conference South , and despite starting the season in the first team , Carew quickly fell out of favour , spending a month on loan with Whitehawk in February 2014 . Following his release by Dover Athletic at the end of the 2013–14 season , Carew signed for Dulwich Hamlet of the Isthmian League Premier Division in June 2014 , finishing his first season at the club as top scorer with 12 goals , and top provider with 10 assists in all competitions , before going on to repeat the feat in his second season at the club , scoring 19 goals and providing 19 assists . His fine career with Dulwich continued in the 2016–17 season , during which he scored 14 goals and provided 15 assists , en route to winning the Supporters Player of the Year . Carew joined Egham Town on loan in February 2019 , where he also assumed the position of assistant manager . Carew re-joined Beckenham Town for the 2019–20 season , where he was appointed captain . External links . - Profile at Barnetfc.com - Profile at Dulwich Hamlet F.C . Official Website - Career statistics
|
[
"Gillingham"
] |
[
{
"text": " Ashley Wayne Carew ( born 17 December 1985 ) is a semi-professional footballer who plays for Beckenham Town as a midfielder .",
"title": "Ashley Carew"
},
{
"text": " A midfielder , Carew began his career with Gillingham , but was released in 2004 . He spent a year out of the game , returning with spells at Beckenham Town and Fisher Athletic .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "He was signed by Barnet in 2007 . In June 2008 he was called up to the Barbados squad to face the United States , however he turned this down because he was recovering from injury . He was a regular at right-back at the start of the 2008–09 season but soon lost his place . In January 2009 joined Eastleigh on loan , before being recalled by Barnet so they could cancel his contract . Two days later he rejoined Eastleigh on non-contract terms , before joining Bromley at the end of the season .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In August 2010 he joined Conference South side Ebbsfleet United . On 1 July 2011 , he signed a one-year deal with Conference National side Cambridge United becoming manager Jez Georges eighth signing of the close season . Despite starting the 2011–12 season well and scoring regularly , the end of the season was curtailed by injury and Carews contract at The Abbey Stadium was not renewed .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Carew signed for Isthmian League club Carshalton Athletic in the summer of 2012 and played nine times in the red of the Robins before being part of the cull that saw many players leave Colston Avenue two months into the season .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " On 12 October 2012 , Carew re-signed for Ebbsfleet United . Carew was released by Ebbsfleet United in May 2013 . Prior to the start of the 2013–14 season Carew signed with Dover Athletic of the Conference South , and despite starting the season in the first team , Carew quickly fell out of favour , spending a month on loan with Whitehawk in February 2014 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Following his release by Dover Athletic at the end of the 2013–14 season , Carew signed for Dulwich Hamlet of the Isthmian League Premier Division in June 2014 , finishing his first season at the club as top scorer with 12 goals , and top provider with 10 assists in all competitions , before going on to repeat the feat in his second season at the club , scoring 19 goals and providing 19 assists . His fine career with Dulwich continued in the 2016–17 season , during which he scored 14 goals and provided 15 assists , en route",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "to winning the Supporters Player of the Year . Carew joined Egham Town on loan in February 2019 , where he also assumed the position of assistant manager .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Carew re-joined Beckenham Town for the 2019–20 season , where he was appointed captain .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " - Profile at Barnetfc.com - Profile at Dulwich Hamlet F.C . Official Website - Career statistics",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Ashley_Carew#P54#1
|
Which team did the player Ashley Carew belong to between Feb 2005 and May 2005?
|
Ashley Carew Ashley Wayne Carew ( born 17 December 1985 ) is a semi-professional footballer who plays for Beckenham Town as a midfielder . Career . A midfielder , Carew began his career with Gillingham , but was released in 2004 . He spent a year out of the game , returning with spells at Beckenham Town and Fisher Athletic . He was signed by Barnet in 2007 . In June 2008 he was called up to the Barbados squad to face the United States , however he turned this down because he was recovering from injury . He was a regular at right-back at the start of the 2008–09 season but soon lost his place . In January 2009 joined Eastleigh on loan , before being recalled by Barnet so they could cancel his contract . Two days later he rejoined Eastleigh on non-contract terms , before joining Bromley at the end of the season . In August 2010 he joined Conference South side Ebbsfleet United . On 1 July 2011 , he signed a one-year deal with Conference National side Cambridge United becoming manager Jez Georges eighth signing of the close season . Despite starting the 2011–12 season well and scoring regularly , the end of the season was curtailed by injury and Carews contract at The Abbey Stadium was not renewed . Carew signed for Isthmian League club Carshalton Athletic in the summer of 2012 and played nine times in the red of the Robins before being part of the cull that saw many players leave Colston Avenue two months into the season . On 12 October 2012 , Carew re-signed for Ebbsfleet United . Carew was released by Ebbsfleet United in May 2013 . Prior to the start of the 2013–14 season Carew signed with Dover Athletic of the Conference South , and despite starting the season in the first team , Carew quickly fell out of favour , spending a month on loan with Whitehawk in February 2014 . Following his release by Dover Athletic at the end of the 2013–14 season , Carew signed for Dulwich Hamlet of the Isthmian League Premier Division in June 2014 , finishing his first season at the club as top scorer with 12 goals , and top provider with 10 assists in all competitions , before going on to repeat the feat in his second season at the club , scoring 19 goals and providing 19 assists . His fine career with Dulwich continued in the 2016–17 season , during which he scored 14 goals and provided 15 assists , en route to winning the Supporters Player of the Year . Carew joined Egham Town on loan in February 2019 , where he also assumed the position of assistant manager . Carew re-joined Beckenham Town for the 2019–20 season , where he was appointed captain . External links . - Profile at Barnetfc.com - Profile at Dulwich Hamlet F.C . Official Website - Career statistics
|
[
"Beckenham Town and Fisher Athletic"
] |
[
{
"text": " Ashley Wayne Carew ( born 17 December 1985 ) is a semi-professional footballer who plays for Beckenham Town as a midfielder .",
"title": "Ashley Carew"
},
{
"text": " A midfielder , Carew began his career with Gillingham , but was released in 2004 . He spent a year out of the game , returning with spells at Beckenham Town and Fisher Athletic .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "He was signed by Barnet in 2007 . In June 2008 he was called up to the Barbados squad to face the United States , however he turned this down because he was recovering from injury . He was a regular at right-back at the start of the 2008–09 season but soon lost his place . In January 2009 joined Eastleigh on loan , before being recalled by Barnet so they could cancel his contract . Two days later he rejoined Eastleigh on non-contract terms , before joining Bromley at the end of the season .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In August 2010 he joined Conference South side Ebbsfleet United . On 1 July 2011 , he signed a one-year deal with Conference National side Cambridge United becoming manager Jez Georges eighth signing of the close season . Despite starting the 2011–12 season well and scoring regularly , the end of the season was curtailed by injury and Carews contract at The Abbey Stadium was not renewed .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Carew signed for Isthmian League club Carshalton Athletic in the summer of 2012 and played nine times in the red of the Robins before being part of the cull that saw many players leave Colston Avenue two months into the season .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " On 12 October 2012 , Carew re-signed for Ebbsfleet United . Carew was released by Ebbsfleet United in May 2013 . Prior to the start of the 2013–14 season Carew signed with Dover Athletic of the Conference South , and despite starting the season in the first team , Carew quickly fell out of favour , spending a month on loan with Whitehawk in February 2014 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Following his release by Dover Athletic at the end of the 2013–14 season , Carew signed for Dulwich Hamlet of the Isthmian League Premier Division in June 2014 , finishing his first season at the club as top scorer with 12 goals , and top provider with 10 assists in all competitions , before going on to repeat the feat in his second season at the club , scoring 19 goals and providing 19 assists . His fine career with Dulwich continued in the 2016–17 season , during which he scored 14 goals and provided 15 assists , en route",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "to winning the Supporters Player of the Year . Carew joined Egham Town on loan in February 2019 , where he also assumed the position of assistant manager .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Carew re-joined Beckenham Town for the 2019–20 season , where he was appointed captain .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " - Profile at Barnetfc.com - Profile at Dulwich Hamlet F.C . Official Website - Career statistics",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Ashley_Carew#P54#2
|
Which team did the player Ashley Carew belong to in Jul 2008?
|
Ashley Carew Ashley Wayne Carew ( born 17 December 1985 ) is a semi-professional footballer who plays for Beckenham Town as a midfielder . Career . A midfielder , Carew began his career with Gillingham , but was released in 2004 . He spent a year out of the game , returning with spells at Beckenham Town and Fisher Athletic . He was signed by Barnet in 2007 . In June 2008 he was called up to the Barbados squad to face the United States , however he turned this down because he was recovering from injury . He was a regular at right-back at the start of the 2008–09 season but soon lost his place . In January 2009 joined Eastleigh on loan , before being recalled by Barnet so they could cancel his contract . Two days later he rejoined Eastleigh on non-contract terms , before joining Bromley at the end of the season . In August 2010 he joined Conference South side Ebbsfleet United . On 1 July 2011 , he signed a one-year deal with Conference National side Cambridge United becoming manager Jez Georges eighth signing of the close season . Despite starting the 2011–12 season well and scoring regularly , the end of the season was curtailed by injury and Carews contract at The Abbey Stadium was not renewed . Carew signed for Isthmian League club Carshalton Athletic in the summer of 2012 and played nine times in the red of the Robins before being part of the cull that saw many players leave Colston Avenue two months into the season . On 12 October 2012 , Carew re-signed for Ebbsfleet United . Carew was released by Ebbsfleet United in May 2013 . Prior to the start of the 2013–14 season Carew signed with Dover Athletic of the Conference South , and despite starting the season in the first team , Carew quickly fell out of favour , spending a month on loan with Whitehawk in February 2014 . Following his release by Dover Athletic at the end of the 2013–14 season , Carew signed for Dulwich Hamlet of the Isthmian League Premier Division in June 2014 , finishing his first season at the club as top scorer with 12 goals , and top provider with 10 assists in all competitions , before going on to repeat the feat in his second season at the club , scoring 19 goals and providing 19 assists . His fine career with Dulwich continued in the 2016–17 season , during which he scored 14 goals and provided 15 assists , en route to winning the Supporters Player of the Year . Carew joined Egham Town on loan in February 2019 , where he also assumed the position of assistant manager . Carew re-joined Beckenham Town for the 2019–20 season , where he was appointed captain . External links . - Profile at Barnetfc.com - Profile at Dulwich Hamlet F.C . Official Website - Career statistics
|
[
"Barnet"
] |
[
{
"text": " Ashley Wayne Carew ( born 17 December 1985 ) is a semi-professional footballer who plays for Beckenham Town as a midfielder .",
"title": "Ashley Carew"
},
{
"text": " A midfielder , Carew began his career with Gillingham , but was released in 2004 . He spent a year out of the game , returning with spells at Beckenham Town and Fisher Athletic .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "He was signed by Barnet in 2007 . In June 2008 he was called up to the Barbados squad to face the United States , however he turned this down because he was recovering from injury . He was a regular at right-back at the start of the 2008–09 season but soon lost his place . In January 2009 joined Eastleigh on loan , before being recalled by Barnet so they could cancel his contract . Two days later he rejoined Eastleigh on non-contract terms , before joining Bromley at the end of the season .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In August 2010 he joined Conference South side Ebbsfleet United . On 1 July 2011 , he signed a one-year deal with Conference National side Cambridge United becoming manager Jez Georges eighth signing of the close season . Despite starting the 2011–12 season well and scoring regularly , the end of the season was curtailed by injury and Carews contract at The Abbey Stadium was not renewed .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Carew signed for Isthmian League club Carshalton Athletic in the summer of 2012 and played nine times in the red of the Robins before being part of the cull that saw many players leave Colston Avenue two months into the season .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " On 12 October 2012 , Carew re-signed for Ebbsfleet United . Carew was released by Ebbsfleet United in May 2013 . Prior to the start of the 2013–14 season Carew signed with Dover Athletic of the Conference South , and despite starting the season in the first team , Carew quickly fell out of favour , spending a month on loan with Whitehawk in February 2014 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Following his release by Dover Athletic at the end of the 2013–14 season , Carew signed for Dulwich Hamlet of the Isthmian League Premier Division in June 2014 , finishing his first season at the club as top scorer with 12 goals , and top provider with 10 assists in all competitions , before going on to repeat the feat in his second season at the club , scoring 19 goals and providing 19 assists . His fine career with Dulwich continued in the 2016–17 season , during which he scored 14 goals and provided 15 assists , en route",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "to winning the Supporters Player of the Year . Carew joined Egham Town on loan in February 2019 , where he also assumed the position of assistant manager .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Carew re-joined Beckenham Town for the 2019–20 season , where he was appointed captain .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " - Profile at Barnetfc.com - Profile at Dulwich Hamlet F.C . Official Website - Career statistics",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Ashley_Carew#P54#3
|
Which team did the player Ashley Carew belong to in Jul 2010?
|
Ashley Carew Ashley Wayne Carew ( born 17 December 1985 ) is a semi-professional footballer who plays for Beckenham Town as a midfielder . Career . A midfielder , Carew began his career with Gillingham , but was released in 2004 . He spent a year out of the game , returning with spells at Beckenham Town and Fisher Athletic . He was signed by Barnet in 2007 . In June 2008 he was called up to the Barbados squad to face the United States , however he turned this down because he was recovering from injury . He was a regular at right-back at the start of the 2008–09 season but soon lost his place . In January 2009 joined Eastleigh on loan , before being recalled by Barnet so they could cancel his contract . Two days later he rejoined Eastleigh on non-contract terms , before joining Bromley at the end of the season . In August 2010 he joined Conference South side Ebbsfleet United . On 1 July 2011 , he signed a one-year deal with Conference National side Cambridge United becoming manager Jez Georges eighth signing of the close season . Despite starting the 2011–12 season well and scoring regularly , the end of the season was curtailed by injury and Carews contract at The Abbey Stadium was not renewed . Carew signed for Isthmian League club Carshalton Athletic in the summer of 2012 and played nine times in the red of the Robins before being part of the cull that saw many players leave Colston Avenue two months into the season . On 12 October 2012 , Carew re-signed for Ebbsfleet United . Carew was released by Ebbsfleet United in May 2013 . Prior to the start of the 2013–14 season Carew signed with Dover Athletic of the Conference South , and despite starting the season in the first team , Carew quickly fell out of favour , spending a month on loan with Whitehawk in February 2014 . Following his release by Dover Athletic at the end of the 2013–14 season , Carew signed for Dulwich Hamlet of the Isthmian League Premier Division in June 2014 , finishing his first season at the club as top scorer with 12 goals , and top provider with 10 assists in all competitions , before going on to repeat the feat in his second season at the club , scoring 19 goals and providing 19 assists . His fine career with Dulwich continued in the 2016–17 season , during which he scored 14 goals and provided 15 assists , en route to winning the Supporters Player of the Year . Carew joined Egham Town on loan in February 2019 , where he also assumed the position of assistant manager . Carew re-joined Beckenham Town for the 2019–20 season , where he was appointed captain . External links . - Profile at Barnetfc.com - Profile at Dulwich Hamlet F.C . Official Website - Career statistics
|
[
"Bromley",
"Eastleigh",
"Ebbsfleet United"
] |
[
{
"text": " Ashley Wayne Carew ( born 17 December 1985 ) is a semi-professional footballer who plays for Beckenham Town as a midfielder .",
"title": "Ashley Carew"
},
{
"text": " A midfielder , Carew began his career with Gillingham , but was released in 2004 . He spent a year out of the game , returning with spells at Beckenham Town and Fisher Athletic .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "He was signed by Barnet in 2007 . In June 2008 he was called up to the Barbados squad to face the United States , however he turned this down because he was recovering from injury . He was a regular at right-back at the start of the 2008–09 season but soon lost his place . In January 2009 joined Eastleigh on loan , before being recalled by Barnet so they could cancel his contract . Two days later he rejoined Eastleigh on non-contract terms , before joining Bromley at the end of the season .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In August 2010 he joined Conference South side Ebbsfleet United . On 1 July 2011 , he signed a one-year deal with Conference National side Cambridge United becoming manager Jez Georges eighth signing of the close season . Despite starting the 2011–12 season well and scoring regularly , the end of the season was curtailed by injury and Carews contract at The Abbey Stadium was not renewed .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Carew signed for Isthmian League club Carshalton Athletic in the summer of 2012 and played nine times in the red of the Robins before being part of the cull that saw many players leave Colston Avenue two months into the season .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " On 12 October 2012 , Carew re-signed for Ebbsfleet United . Carew was released by Ebbsfleet United in May 2013 . Prior to the start of the 2013–14 season Carew signed with Dover Athletic of the Conference South , and despite starting the season in the first team , Carew quickly fell out of favour , spending a month on loan with Whitehawk in February 2014 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Following his release by Dover Athletic at the end of the 2013–14 season , Carew signed for Dulwich Hamlet of the Isthmian League Premier Division in June 2014 , finishing his first season at the club as top scorer with 12 goals , and top provider with 10 assists in all competitions , before going on to repeat the feat in his second season at the club , scoring 19 goals and providing 19 assists . His fine career with Dulwich continued in the 2016–17 season , during which he scored 14 goals and provided 15 assists , en route",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "to winning the Supporters Player of the Year . Carew joined Egham Town on loan in February 2019 , where he also assumed the position of assistant manager .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Carew re-joined Beckenham Town for the 2019–20 season , where he was appointed captain .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " - Profile at Barnetfc.com - Profile at Dulwich Hamlet F.C . Official Website - Career statistics",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Ashley_Carew#P54#4
|
Which team did the player Ashley Carew belong to in Jun 2011?
|
Ashley Carew Ashley Wayne Carew ( born 17 December 1985 ) is a semi-professional footballer who plays for Beckenham Town as a midfielder . Career . A midfielder , Carew began his career with Gillingham , but was released in 2004 . He spent a year out of the game , returning with spells at Beckenham Town and Fisher Athletic . He was signed by Barnet in 2007 . In June 2008 he was called up to the Barbados squad to face the United States , however he turned this down because he was recovering from injury . He was a regular at right-back at the start of the 2008–09 season but soon lost his place . In January 2009 joined Eastleigh on loan , before being recalled by Barnet so they could cancel his contract . Two days later he rejoined Eastleigh on non-contract terms , before joining Bromley at the end of the season . In August 2010 he joined Conference South side Ebbsfleet United . On 1 July 2011 , he signed a one-year deal with Conference National side Cambridge United becoming manager Jez Georges eighth signing of the close season . Despite starting the 2011–12 season well and scoring regularly , the end of the season was curtailed by injury and Carews contract at The Abbey Stadium was not renewed . Carew signed for Isthmian League club Carshalton Athletic in the summer of 2012 and played nine times in the red of the Robins before being part of the cull that saw many players leave Colston Avenue two months into the season . On 12 October 2012 , Carew re-signed for Ebbsfleet United . Carew was released by Ebbsfleet United in May 2013 . Prior to the start of the 2013–14 season Carew signed with Dover Athletic of the Conference South , and despite starting the season in the first team , Carew quickly fell out of favour , spending a month on loan with Whitehawk in February 2014 . Following his release by Dover Athletic at the end of the 2013–14 season , Carew signed for Dulwich Hamlet of the Isthmian League Premier Division in June 2014 , finishing his first season at the club as top scorer with 12 goals , and top provider with 10 assists in all competitions , before going on to repeat the feat in his second season at the club , scoring 19 goals and providing 19 assists . His fine career with Dulwich continued in the 2016–17 season , during which he scored 14 goals and provided 15 assists , en route to winning the Supporters Player of the Year . Carew joined Egham Town on loan in February 2019 , where he also assumed the position of assistant manager . Carew re-joined Beckenham Town for the 2019–20 season , where he was appointed captain . External links . - Profile at Barnetfc.com - Profile at Dulwich Hamlet F.C . Official Website - Career statistics
|
[
"Cambridge United"
] |
[
{
"text": " Ashley Wayne Carew ( born 17 December 1985 ) is a semi-professional footballer who plays for Beckenham Town as a midfielder .",
"title": "Ashley Carew"
},
{
"text": " A midfielder , Carew began his career with Gillingham , but was released in 2004 . He spent a year out of the game , returning with spells at Beckenham Town and Fisher Athletic .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "He was signed by Barnet in 2007 . In June 2008 he was called up to the Barbados squad to face the United States , however he turned this down because he was recovering from injury . He was a regular at right-back at the start of the 2008–09 season but soon lost his place . In January 2009 joined Eastleigh on loan , before being recalled by Barnet so they could cancel his contract . Two days later he rejoined Eastleigh on non-contract terms , before joining Bromley at the end of the season .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In August 2010 he joined Conference South side Ebbsfleet United . On 1 July 2011 , he signed a one-year deal with Conference National side Cambridge United becoming manager Jez Georges eighth signing of the close season . Despite starting the 2011–12 season well and scoring regularly , the end of the season was curtailed by injury and Carews contract at The Abbey Stadium was not renewed .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Carew signed for Isthmian League club Carshalton Athletic in the summer of 2012 and played nine times in the red of the Robins before being part of the cull that saw many players leave Colston Avenue two months into the season .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " On 12 October 2012 , Carew re-signed for Ebbsfleet United . Carew was released by Ebbsfleet United in May 2013 . Prior to the start of the 2013–14 season Carew signed with Dover Athletic of the Conference South , and despite starting the season in the first team , Carew quickly fell out of favour , spending a month on loan with Whitehawk in February 2014 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Following his release by Dover Athletic at the end of the 2013–14 season , Carew signed for Dulwich Hamlet of the Isthmian League Premier Division in June 2014 , finishing his first season at the club as top scorer with 12 goals , and top provider with 10 assists in all competitions , before going on to repeat the feat in his second season at the club , scoring 19 goals and providing 19 assists . His fine career with Dulwich continued in the 2016–17 season , during which he scored 14 goals and provided 15 assists , en route",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "to winning the Supporters Player of the Year . Carew joined Egham Town on loan in February 2019 , where he also assumed the position of assistant manager .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Carew re-joined Beckenham Town for the 2019–20 season , where he was appointed captain .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " - Profile at Barnetfc.com - Profile at Dulwich Hamlet F.C . Official Website - Career statistics",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Timothée_Kolodziejczak#P54#0
|
Which team did Timothée Kolodziejczak play for between Sep 2007 and Oct 2007?
|
Timothée Kolodziejczak Timothée Christian Kolodziejczak ( ; born 1 October 1991 ) is a French professional footballer who plays for Saint-Étienne , as a defender . He can play as either a centre or left back . Kolodziejczak is a French youth international and has competed at all levels . He played on the under-19 team that won the 2010 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship . Due to the difficulty of pronouncing his surname , he is a commonly referred to as Kolo . Personal life . Kolodziejczak was born on 1 October 1991 in Arras , France , to a Polish father and a Martiniquais mother . Club career . Early career . Kolodziejczak began his career at the age of seven playing for local club US Saint-Maurice Loos-en-Gohelle . In July 1999 , he moved to hometown club CS Avion where he spent a year . In June 2000 , Kolodziejczak joined the professional club of RC Lens . While in the clubs youth academy , he trained alongside youth and international teammate Gaël Kakuta at the Centre de Préformation de Football in nearby Liévin , a training center exclusively for players brought up in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region . He spent two years at the center training there during the weekdays and playing with Lens on the weekends . One of his trainers at the facility was former Polish international Joachim Marx . After graduating from the clubs youth academy , he was offered a five-year professional contract as Lens were attempting to tie down the defender who was being scouted by several prominent European clubs , most notably Manchester United . Kolodziejczak turned down the offer with hopes of signing elsewhere stating he had no confidence in the club . Following negotiations , it was announced on 21 August 2008 that Kolodziejczak agreed to join seven-time Ligue 1 champions Olympique Lyonnais on a season-long loan with a view to a permanent deal with Lens demanding at least €3 million in compensation for the player . Lyon . Upon his arrival to the club , Kolodziejczak was given the number 12 shirt on the first-team . However , due to signing late in the transfer window , he missed Lyons entire pre-season campaign and was placed on the clubs Championnat de France amateur team in the fourth division by manager Claude Puel . He made his reserve debut on 13 September 2008 in the derby match against Saint-Étiennes reserve team . The match resulted in a 2–1 victory with Kolodziejczak playing the entire match picking up a yellow card . Two months later , Kolodziejczak was called up to the first team for a league match against Paris Saint-Germain on 23 November 2008 to serve as the backup left back . In the match , he made his professional debut coming on as a substitute for the severely injured Anthony Réveillère in the 11th minute . Lyon lost the match 1–0 with Kolodziejczak being penalized with a yellow card late in the second half . Following the season , Lyon signed Kolodziejczak on a permanent deal with the player agreeing to a four-year deal and the transfer fee being priced at €2.5 million . For the 2009–10 season , Kolodziejczaks playing time was limited . On 29 September 2009 , he made his UEFA Champions League debut in the teams 4–0 victory over Hungarian club Debrecen appearing as a substitute for starting left back Aly Cissokho . Four days later , Kolodziejczak made another substitute appearance in a 2–0 win against his former club Lens . On 21 November , he made his first professional start playing 76 minutes in a 1–1 draw against Grenoble . Nice . In the summer of 2012 , he moved to fellow Ligue 1 club Nice on a four-year contract . Sevilla . Kolodziejczak joined Sevilla FC on 27 August 2014 , signing a three-year contract on a transfer fee of €3 million . On 18 September he made his first appearance , as the club defeated Feyenoord 2–0 in the UEFA Europa League . He debuted in La Liga six days later , playing the entirety of a 1–0 home win against Real Sociedad . On 2 October , he was shown a straight red card in a Europa League match at HNK Rijeka for conceding a penalty on Andrej Kramarić . This was converted for the first equaliser in an eventual 2–2 draw . He scored his first goal on 29 October , opening a 6–1 win at CE Sabadell in the first leg of the Copa del Rey round of 32 . He made nine appearances as they won the Europa League in his first season , including the 3–2 win over FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk in the final in Warsaw . Borussia Mönchengladbach . On 4 January 2017 , Kolodziejczak signed for German club Borussia Mönchengladbach . Tigres UANL . On 4 September 2017 , Kolodziejczak joined Liga MX club Tigres UANL . International career . Kolodziejczak has featured for all of Frances national youth teams beginning with the under-16 team . He made his debut with the team in the teams last match against Germany at the Olympic Stadium in Berlin on 30 May 2006 . Germany won the match 1–0 with Felix Kroos scoring the lone goal . With the under-17 team , Kolodziejczak was a regular and made his debut in the teams opening match against Switzerland in a 4–0 victory . In qualification for the 2008 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship , he appeared in both rounds of qualification with the team finishing the Elite Round portion unbeaten , which led to qualification to the UEFA-sanctioned tournament . At the tournament , Kolodziejczak scored his first youth international goal against Turkey in the semi-finals . The goal came in the 69th minute with France trailing 1–0 . The team later won the match 4–3 on penalties . In the final , France were defeated 4–0 by Spain . On under-18 duty , Kolodziejczak made his debut in the teams opening match against the Ukraine . He only made six appearances with the team . With the under-19 team , Kolodziejczak was again called upon by coach Francis Smerecki making his first appearance with the team on 9 October 2009 in 4–2 defeat to the Netherlands . After consistently appearing with the team for the campaign , on 7 June 2010 , he was named to coach Smereckis 18-man squad to participate in the 2010 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship . Kolodziejczak played in all five of the teams matches including the final match against Spain , which France won 2–1 . The title is the countrys second UEFA Under-19 championship . Due to Frances victory at the UEFA Under-19 championship , the nation qualified for the 2011 FIFA U-20 World Cup , which merited under-20 team appearances for Kolodziejczak . He made his debut with the team on 7 October 2010 in a friendly match against Portugal , which ended 3–3 . Kolodziejczak , subsequently , appeared in four matches for the team during the 2010–11 campaign and , on 10 June 2011 , was named to the 21-man squad to participate in the U-20 World Cup . He made his debut in the competition on 30 July 2011 in the teams 4–1 defeat to the hosts Colombia . Due to his Polish descent , Kolodziejczak is also eligible to represent Poland at international level . At the age of 15 , he was issued a proposal by the Polish Football Association ( PZPN ) who sought for the player to play for the countrys youth international teams . However , due to not having Polish citizenship , Kolodziejczak would have been unable to play in an official match for Poland , which led to his father declining the opportunity and , instead , deciding that it would be better to wait a few years until coming to a decision . Honours . Club . Sevilla - UEFA Europa League : 2014–15 , 2015–16 UANL - Liga MX : Apertura 2017 Individual . - UEFA Europa League Squad of the Season : 2014–15 External links . - Timothée Kolodziejczak at Official Liga MX Profile
|
[
"the under-17 team"
] |
[
{
"text": " Timothée Christian Kolodziejczak ( ; born 1 October 1991 ) is a French professional footballer who plays for Saint-Étienne , as a defender . He can play as either a centre or left back . Kolodziejczak is a French youth international and has competed at all levels . He played on the under-19 team that won the 2010 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship . Due to the difficulty of pronouncing his surname , he is a commonly referred to as Kolo .",
"title": "Timothée Kolodziejczak"
},
{
"text": " Kolodziejczak was born on 1 October 1991 in Arras , France , to a Polish father and a Martiniquais mother .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Kolodziejczak began his career at the age of seven playing for local club US Saint-Maurice Loos-en-Gohelle . In July 1999 , he moved to hometown club CS Avion where he spent a year . In June 2000 , Kolodziejczak joined the professional club of RC Lens . While in the clubs youth academy , he trained alongside youth and international teammate Gaël Kakuta at the Centre de Préformation de Football in nearby Liévin , a training center exclusively for players brought up in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region . He spent two years at the center training there during the weekdays and",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "playing with Lens on the weekends . One of his trainers at the facility was former Polish international Joachim Marx .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "After graduating from the clubs youth academy , he was offered a five-year professional contract as Lens were attempting to tie down the defender who was being scouted by several prominent European clubs , most notably Manchester United . Kolodziejczak turned down the offer with hopes of signing elsewhere stating he had no confidence in the club . Following negotiations , it was announced on 21 August 2008 that Kolodziejczak agreed to join seven-time Ligue 1 champions Olympique Lyonnais on a season-long loan with a view to a permanent deal with Lens demanding at least €3 million in compensation for",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "the player .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Upon his arrival to the club , Kolodziejczak was given the number 12 shirt on the first-team . However , due to signing late in the transfer window , he missed Lyons entire pre-season campaign and was placed on the clubs Championnat de France amateur team in the fourth division by manager Claude Puel . He made his reserve debut on 13 September 2008 in the derby match against Saint-Étiennes reserve team . The match resulted in a 2–1 victory with Kolodziejczak playing the entire match picking up a yellow card . Two months later , Kolodziejczak was called up",
"title": "Lyon"
},
{
"text": "to the first team for a league match against Paris Saint-Germain on 23 November 2008 to serve as the backup left back . In the match , he made his professional debut coming on as a substitute for the severely injured Anthony Réveillère in the 11th minute . Lyon lost the match 1–0 with Kolodziejczak being penalized with a yellow card late in the second half . Following the season , Lyon signed Kolodziejczak on a permanent deal with the player agreeing to a four-year deal and the transfer fee being priced at €2.5 million .",
"title": "Lyon"
},
{
"text": " For the 2009–10 season , Kolodziejczaks playing time was limited . On 29 September 2009 , he made his UEFA Champions League debut in the teams 4–0 victory over Hungarian club Debrecen appearing as a substitute for starting left back Aly Cissokho . Four days later , Kolodziejczak made another substitute appearance in a 2–0 win against his former club Lens . On 21 November , he made his first professional start playing 76 minutes in a 1–1 draw against Grenoble .",
"title": "Lyon"
},
{
"text": " In the summer of 2012 , he moved to fellow Ligue 1 club Nice on a four-year contract .",
"title": "Nice"
},
{
"text": "Kolodziejczak joined Sevilla FC on 27 August 2014 , signing a three-year contract on a transfer fee of €3 million . On 18 September he made his first appearance , as the club defeated Feyenoord 2–0 in the UEFA Europa League . He debuted in La Liga six days later , playing the entirety of a 1–0 home win against Real Sociedad . On 2 October , he was shown a straight red card in a Europa League match at HNK Rijeka for conceding a penalty on Andrej Kramarić . This was converted for the first equaliser in an eventual",
"title": "Sevilla"
},
{
"text": "2–2 draw .",
"title": "Sevilla"
},
{
"text": " He scored his first goal on 29 October , opening a 6–1 win at CE Sabadell in the first leg of the Copa del Rey round of 32 . He made nine appearances as they won the Europa League in his first season , including the 3–2 win over FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk in the final in Warsaw .",
"title": "Sevilla"
},
{
"text": "Kolodziejczak has featured for all of Frances national youth teams beginning with the under-16 team . He made his debut with the team in the teams last match against Germany at the Olympic Stadium in Berlin on 30 May 2006 . Germany won the match 1–0 with Felix Kroos scoring the lone goal . With the under-17 team , Kolodziejczak was a regular and made his debut in the teams opening match against Switzerland in a 4–0 victory . In qualification for the 2008 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship , he appeared in both rounds of qualification with the team",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "finishing the Elite Round portion unbeaten , which led to qualification to the UEFA-sanctioned tournament . At the tournament , Kolodziejczak scored his first youth international goal against Turkey in the semi-finals . The goal came in the 69th minute with France trailing 1–0 . The team later won the match 4–3 on penalties . In the final , France were defeated 4–0 by Spain .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "On under-18 duty , Kolodziejczak made his debut in the teams opening match against the Ukraine . He only made six appearances with the team . With the under-19 team , Kolodziejczak was again called upon by coach Francis Smerecki making his first appearance with the team on 9 October 2009 in 4–2 defeat to the Netherlands . After consistently appearing with the team for the campaign , on 7 June 2010 , he was named to coach Smereckis 18-man squad to participate in the 2010 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship . Kolodziejczak played in all five of the teams",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "matches including the final match against Spain , which France won 2–1 . The title is the countrys second UEFA Under-19 championship .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Due to Frances victory at the UEFA Under-19 championship , the nation qualified for the 2011 FIFA U-20 World Cup , which merited under-20 team appearances for Kolodziejczak . He made his debut with the team on 7 October 2010 in a friendly match against Portugal , which ended 3–3 . Kolodziejczak , subsequently , appeared in four matches for the team during the 2010–11 campaign and , on 10 June 2011 , was named to the 21-man squad to participate in the U-20 World Cup . He made his debut in the competition on 30 July 2011 in the",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "teams 4–1 defeat to the hosts Colombia .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Due to his Polish descent , Kolodziejczak is also eligible to represent Poland at international level . At the age of 15 , he was issued a proposal by the Polish Football Association ( PZPN ) who sought for the player to play for the countrys youth international teams . However , due to not having Polish citizenship , Kolodziejczak would have been unable to play in an official match for Poland , which led to his father declining the opportunity and , instead , deciding that it would be better to wait a few years until coming to a",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "decision .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " - Timothée Kolodziejczak at Official Liga MX Profile",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Timothée_Kolodziejczak#P54#1
|
Which team did Timothée Kolodziejczak play for in Sep 2008?
|
Timothée Kolodziejczak Timothée Christian Kolodziejczak ( ; born 1 October 1991 ) is a French professional footballer who plays for Saint-Étienne , as a defender . He can play as either a centre or left back . Kolodziejczak is a French youth international and has competed at all levels . He played on the under-19 team that won the 2010 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship . Due to the difficulty of pronouncing his surname , he is a commonly referred to as Kolo . Personal life . Kolodziejczak was born on 1 October 1991 in Arras , France , to a Polish father and a Martiniquais mother . Club career . Early career . Kolodziejczak began his career at the age of seven playing for local club US Saint-Maurice Loos-en-Gohelle . In July 1999 , he moved to hometown club CS Avion where he spent a year . In June 2000 , Kolodziejczak joined the professional club of RC Lens . While in the clubs youth academy , he trained alongside youth and international teammate Gaël Kakuta at the Centre de Préformation de Football in nearby Liévin , a training center exclusively for players brought up in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region . He spent two years at the center training there during the weekdays and playing with Lens on the weekends . One of his trainers at the facility was former Polish international Joachim Marx . After graduating from the clubs youth academy , he was offered a five-year professional contract as Lens were attempting to tie down the defender who was being scouted by several prominent European clubs , most notably Manchester United . Kolodziejczak turned down the offer with hopes of signing elsewhere stating he had no confidence in the club . Following negotiations , it was announced on 21 August 2008 that Kolodziejczak agreed to join seven-time Ligue 1 champions Olympique Lyonnais on a season-long loan with a view to a permanent deal with Lens demanding at least €3 million in compensation for the player . Lyon . Upon his arrival to the club , Kolodziejczak was given the number 12 shirt on the first-team . However , due to signing late in the transfer window , he missed Lyons entire pre-season campaign and was placed on the clubs Championnat de France amateur team in the fourth division by manager Claude Puel . He made his reserve debut on 13 September 2008 in the derby match against Saint-Étiennes reserve team . The match resulted in a 2–1 victory with Kolodziejczak playing the entire match picking up a yellow card . Two months later , Kolodziejczak was called up to the first team for a league match against Paris Saint-Germain on 23 November 2008 to serve as the backup left back . In the match , he made his professional debut coming on as a substitute for the severely injured Anthony Réveillère in the 11th minute . Lyon lost the match 1–0 with Kolodziejczak being penalized with a yellow card late in the second half . Following the season , Lyon signed Kolodziejczak on a permanent deal with the player agreeing to a four-year deal and the transfer fee being priced at €2.5 million . For the 2009–10 season , Kolodziejczaks playing time was limited . On 29 September 2009 , he made his UEFA Champions League debut in the teams 4–0 victory over Hungarian club Debrecen appearing as a substitute for starting left back Aly Cissokho . Four days later , Kolodziejczak made another substitute appearance in a 2–0 win against his former club Lens . On 21 November , he made his first professional start playing 76 minutes in a 1–1 draw against Grenoble . Nice . In the summer of 2012 , he moved to fellow Ligue 1 club Nice on a four-year contract . Sevilla . Kolodziejczak joined Sevilla FC on 27 August 2014 , signing a three-year contract on a transfer fee of €3 million . On 18 September he made his first appearance , as the club defeated Feyenoord 2–0 in the UEFA Europa League . He debuted in La Liga six days later , playing the entirety of a 1–0 home win against Real Sociedad . On 2 October , he was shown a straight red card in a Europa League match at HNK Rijeka for conceding a penalty on Andrej Kramarić . This was converted for the first equaliser in an eventual 2–2 draw . He scored his first goal on 29 October , opening a 6–1 win at CE Sabadell in the first leg of the Copa del Rey round of 32 . He made nine appearances as they won the Europa League in his first season , including the 3–2 win over FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk in the final in Warsaw . Borussia Mönchengladbach . On 4 January 2017 , Kolodziejczak signed for German club Borussia Mönchengladbach . Tigres UANL . On 4 September 2017 , Kolodziejczak joined Liga MX club Tigres UANL . International career . Kolodziejczak has featured for all of Frances national youth teams beginning with the under-16 team . He made his debut with the team in the teams last match against Germany at the Olympic Stadium in Berlin on 30 May 2006 . Germany won the match 1–0 with Felix Kroos scoring the lone goal . With the under-17 team , Kolodziejczak was a regular and made his debut in the teams opening match against Switzerland in a 4–0 victory . In qualification for the 2008 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship , he appeared in both rounds of qualification with the team finishing the Elite Round portion unbeaten , which led to qualification to the UEFA-sanctioned tournament . At the tournament , Kolodziejczak scored his first youth international goal against Turkey in the semi-finals . The goal came in the 69th minute with France trailing 1–0 . The team later won the match 4–3 on penalties . In the final , France were defeated 4–0 by Spain . On under-18 duty , Kolodziejczak made his debut in the teams opening match against the Ukraine . He only made six appearances with the team . With the under-19 team , Kolodziejczak was again called upon by coach Francis Smerecki making his first appearance with the team on 9 October 2009 in 4–2 defeat to the Netherlands . After consistently appearing with the team for the campaign , on 7 June 2010 , he was named to coach Smereckis 18-man squad to participate in the 2010 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship . Kolodziejczak played in all five of the teams matches including the final match against Spain , which France won 2–1 . The title is the countrys second UEFA Under-19 championship . Due to Frances victory at the UEFA Under-19 championship , the nation qualified for the 2011 FIFA U-20 World Cup , which merited under-20 team appearances for Kolodziejczak . He made his debut with the team on 7 October 2010 in a friendly match against Portugal , which ended 3–3 . Kolodziejczak , subsequently , appeared in four matches for the team during the 2010–11 campaign and , on 10 June 2011 , was named to the 21-man squad to participate in the U-20 World Cup . He made his debut in the competition on 30 July 2011 in the teams 4–1 defeat to the hosts Colombia . Due to his Polish descent , Kolodziejczak is also eligible to represent Poland at international level . At the age of 15 , he was issued a proposal by the Polish Football Association ( PZPN ) who sought for the player to play for the countrys youth international teams . However , due to not having Polish citizenship , Kolodziejczak would have been unable to play in an official match for Poland , which led to his father declining the opportunity and , instead , deciding that it would be better to wait a few years until coming to a decision . Honours . Club . Sevilla - UEFA Europa League : 2014–15 , 2015–16 UANL - Liga MX : Apertura 2017 Individual . - UEFA Europa League Squad of the Season : 2014–15 External links . - Timothée Kolodziejczak at Official Liga MX Profile
|
[
"Olympique Lyonnais",
"under-18 duty"
] |
[
{
"text": " Timothée Christian Kolodziejczak ( ; born 1 October 1991 ) is a French professional footballer who plays for Saint-Étienne , as a defender . He can play as either a centre or left back . Kolodziejczak is a French youth international and has competed at all levels . He played on the under-19 team that won the 2010 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship . Due to the difficulty of pronouncing his surname , he is a commonly referred to as Kolo .",
"title": "Timothée Kolodziejczak"
},
{
"text": " Kolodziejczak was born on 1 October 1991 in Arras , France , to a Polish father and a Martiniquais mother .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Kolodziejczak began his career at the age of seven playing for local club US Saint-Maurice Loos-en-Gohelle . In July 1999 , he moved to hometown club CS Avion where he spent a year . In June 2000 , Kolodziejczak joined the professional club of RC Lens . While in the clubs youth academy , he trained alongside youth and international teammate Gaël Kakuta at the Centre de Préformation de Football in nearby Liévin , a training center exclusively for players brought up in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region . He spent two years at the center training there during the weekdays and",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "playing with Lens on the weekends . One of his trainers at the facility was former Polish international Joachim Marx .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "After graduating from the clubs youth academy , he was offered a five-year professional contract as Lens were attempting to tie down the defender who was being scouted by several prominent European clubs , most notably Manchester United . Kolodziejczak turned down the offer with hopes of signing elsewhere stating he had no confidence in the club . Following negotiations , it was announced on 21 August 2008 that Kolodziejczak agreed to join seven-time Ligue 1 champions Olympique Lyonnais on a season-long loan with a view to a permanent deal with Lens demanding at least €3 million in compensation for",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "the player .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Upon his arrival to the club , Kolodziejczak was given the number 12 shirt on the first-team . However , due to signing late in the transfer window , he missed Lyons entire pre-season campaign and was placed on the clubs Championnat de France amateur team in the fourth division by manager Claude Puel . He made his reserve debut on 13 September 2008 in the derby match against Saint-Étiennes reserve team . The match resulted in a 2–1 victory with Kolodziejczak playing the entire match picking up a yellow card . Two months later , Kolodziejczak was called up",
"title": "Lyon"
},
{
"text": "to the first team for a league match against Paris Saint-Germain on 23 November 2008 to serve as the backup left back . In the match , he made his professional debut coming on as a substitute for the severely injured Anthony Réveillère in the 11th minute . Lyon lost the match 1–0 with Kolodziejczak being penalized with a yellow card late in the second half . Following the season , Lyon signed Kolodziejczak on a permanent deal with the player agreeing to a four-year deal and the transfer fee being priced at €2.5 million .",
"title": "Lyon"
},
{
"text": " For the 2009–10 season , Kolodziejczaks playing time was limited . On 29 September 2009 , he made his UEFA Champions League debut in the teams 4–0 victory over Hungarian club Debrecen appearing as a substitute for starting left back Aly Cissokho . Four days later , Kolodziejczak made another substitute appearance in a 2–0 win against his former club Lens . On 21 November , he made his first professional start playing 76 minutes in a 1–1 draw against Grenoble .",
"title": "Lyon"
},
{
"text": " In the summer of 2012 , he moved to fellow Ligue 1 club Nice on a four-year contract .",
"title": "Nice"
},
{
"text": "Kolodziejczak joined Sevilla FC on 27 August 2014 , signing a three-year contract on a transfer fee of €3 million . On 18 September he made his first appearance , as the club defeated Feyenoord 2–0 in the UEFA Europa League . He debuted in La Liga six days later , playing the entirety of a 1–0 home win against Real Sociedad . On 2 October , he was shown a straight red card in a Europa League match at HNK Rijeka for conceding a penalty on Andrej Kramarić . This was converted for the first equaliser in an eventual",
"title": "Sevilla"
},
{
"text": "2–2 draw .",
"title": "Sevilla"
},
{
"text": " He scored his first goal on 29 October , opening a 6–1 win at CE Sabadell in the first leg of the Copa del Rey round of 32 . He made nine appearances as they won the Europa League in his first season , including the 3–2 win over FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk in the final in Warsaw .",
"title": "Sevilla"
},
{
"text": "Kolodziejczak has featured for all of Frances national youth teams beginning with the under-16 team . He made his debut with the team in the teams last match against Germany at the Olympic Stadium in Berlin on 30 May 2006 . Germany won the match 1–0 with Felix Kroos scoring the lone goal . With the under-17 team , Kolodziejczak was a regular and made his debut in the teams opening match against Switzerland in a 4–0 victory . In qualification for the 2008 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship , he appeared in both rounds of qualification with the team",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "finishing the Elite Round portion unbeaten , which led to qualification to the UEFA-sanctioned tournament . At the tournament , Kolodziejczak scored his first youth international goal against Turkey in the semi-finals . The goal came in the 69th minute with France trailing 1–0 . The team later won the match 4–3 on penalties . In the final , France were defeated 4–0 by Spain .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "On under-18 duty , Kolodziejczak made his debut in the teams opening match against the Ukraine . He only made six appearances with the team . With the under-19 team , Kolodziejczak was again called upon by coach Francis Smerecki making his first appearance with the team on 9 October 2009 in 4–2 defeat to the Netherlands . After consistently appearing with the team for the campaign , on 7 June 2010 , he was named to coach Smereckis 18-man squad to participate in the 2010 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship . Kolodziejczak played in all five of the teams",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "matches including the final match against Spain , which France won 2–1 . The title is the countrys second UEFA Under-19 championship .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Due to Frances victory at the UEFA Under-19 championship , the nation qualified for the 2011 FIFA U-20 World Cup , which merited under-20 team appearances for Kolodziejczak . He made his debut with the team on 7 October 2010 in a friendly match against Portugal , which ended 3–3 . Kolodziejczak , subsequently , appeared in four matches for the team during the 2010–11 campaign and , on 10 June 2011 , was named to the 21-man squad to participate in the U-20 World Cup . He made his debut in the competition on 30 July 2011 in the",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "teams 4–1 defeat to the hosts Colombia .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Due to his Polish descent , Kolodziejczak is also eligible to represent Poland at international level . At the age of 15 , he was issued a proposal by the Polish Football Association ( PZPN ) who sought for the player to play for the countrys youth international teams . However , due to not having Polish citizenship , Kolodziejczak would have been unable to play in an official match for Poland , which led to his father declining the opportunity and , instead , deciding that it would be better to wait a few years until coming to a",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "decision .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " - Timothée Kolodziejczak at Official Liga MX Profile",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Timothée_Kolodziejczak#P54#2
|
Which team did Timothée Kolodziejczak play for between Jun 2009 and Aug 2009?
|
Timothée Kolodziejczak Timothée Christian Kolodziejczak ( ; born 1 October 1991 ) is a French professional footballer who plays for Saint-Étienne , as a defender . He can play as either a centre or left back . Kolodziejczak is a French youth international and has competed at all levels . He played on the under-19 team that won the 2010 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship . Due to the difficulty of pronouncing his surname , he is a commonly referred to as Kolo . Personal life . Kolodziejczak was born on 1 October 1991 in Arras , France , to a Polish father and a Martiniquais mother . Club career . Early career . Kolodziejczak began his career at the age of seven playing for local club US Saint-Maurice Loos-en-Gohelle . In July 1999 , he moved to hometown club CS Avion where he spent a year . In June 2000 , Kolodziejczak joined the professional club of RC Lens . While in the clubs youth academy , he trained alongside youth and international teammate Gaël Kakuta at the Centre de Préformation de Football in nearby Liévin , a training center exclusively for players brought up in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region . He spent two years at the center training there during the weekdays and playing with Lens on the weekends . One of his trainers at the facility was former Polish international Joachim Marx . After graduating from the clubs youth academy , he was offered a five-year professional contract as Lens were attempting to tie down the defender who was being scouted by several prominent European clubs , most notably Manchester United . Kolodziejczak turned down the offer with hopes of signing elsewhere stating he had no confidence in the club . Following negotiations , it was announced on 21 August 2008 that Kolodziejczak agreed to join seven-time Ligue 1 champions Olympique Lyonnais on a season-long loan with a view to a permanent deal with Lens demanding at least €3 million in compensation for the player . Lyon . Upon his arrival to the club , Kolodziejczak was given the number 12 shirt on the first-team . However , due to signing late in the transfer window , he missed Lyons entire pre-season campaign and was placed on the clubs Championnat de France amateur team in the fourth division by manager Claude Puel . He made his reserve debut on 13 September 2008 in the derby match against Saint-Étiennes reserve team . The match resulted in a 2–1 victory with Kolodziejczak playing the entire match picking up a yellow card . Two months later , Kolodziejczak was called up to the first team for a league match against Paris Saint-Germain on 23 November 2008 to serve as the backup left back . In the match , he made his professional debut coming on as a substitute for the severely injured Anthony Réveillère in the 11th minute . Lyon lost the match 1–0 with Kolodziejczak being penalized with a yellow card late in the second half . Following the season , Lyon signed Kolodziejczak on a permanent deal with the player agreeing to a four-year deal and the transfer fee being priced at €2.5 million . For the 2009–10 season , Kolodziejczaks playing time was limited . On 29 September 2009 , he made his UEFA Champions League debut in the teams 4–0 victory over Hungarian club Debrecen appearing as a substitute for starting left back Aly Cissokho . Four days later , Kolodziejczak made another substitute appearance in a 2–0 win against his former club Lens . On 21 November , he made his first professional start playing 76 minutes in a 1–1 draw against Grenoble . Nice . In the summer of 2012 , he moved to fellow Ligue 1 club Nice on a four-year contract . Sevilla . Kolodziejczak joined Sevilla FC on 27 August 2014 , signing a three-year contract on a transfer fee of €3 million . On 18 September he made his first appearance , as the club defeated Feyenoord 2–0 in the UEFA Europa League . He debuted in La Liga six days later , playing the entirety of a 1–0 home win against Real Sociedad . On 2 October , he was shown a straight red card in a Europa League match at HNK Rijeka for conceding a penalty on Andrej Kramarić . This was converted for the first equaliser in an eventual 2–2 draw . He scored his first goal on 29 October , opening a 6–1 win at CE Sabadell in the first leg of the Copa del Rey round of 32 . He made nine appearances as they won the Europa League in his first season , including the 3–2 win over FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk in the final in Warsaw . Borussia Mönchengladbach . On 4 January 2017 , Kolodziejczak signed for German club Borussia Mönchengladbach . Tigres UANL . On 4 September 2017 , Kolodziejczak joined Liga MX club Tigres UANL . International career . Kolodziejczak has featured for all of Frances national youth teams beginning with the under-16 team . He made his debut with the team in the teams last match against Germany at the Olympic Stadium in Berlin on 30 May 2006 . Germany won the match 1–0 with Felix Kroos scoring the lone goal . With the under-17 team , Kolodziejczak was a regular and made his debut in the teams opening match against Switzerland in a 4–0 victory . In qualification for the 2008 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship , he appeared in both rounds of qualification with the team finishing the Elite Round portion unbeaten , which led to qualification to the UEFA-sanctioned tournament . At the tournament , Kolodziejczak scored his first youth international goal against Turkey in the semi-finals . The goal came in the 69th minute with France trailing 1–0 . The team later won the match 4–3 on penalties . In the final , France were defeated 4–0 by Spain . On under-18 duty , Kolodziejczak made his debut in the teams opening match against the Ukraine . He only made six appearances with the team . With the under-19 team , Kolodziejczak was again called upon by coach Francis Smerecki making his first appearance with the team on 9 October 2009 in 4–2 defeat to the Netherlands . After consistently appearing with the team for the campaign , on 7 June 2010 , he was named to coach Smereckis 18-man squad to participate in the 2010 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship . Kolodziejczak played in all five of the teams matches including the final match against Spain , which France won 2–1 . The title is the countrys second UEFA Under-19 championship . Due to Frances victory at the UEFA Under-19 championship , the nation qualified for the 2011 FIFA U-20 World Cup , which merited under-20 team appearances for Kolodziejczak . He made his debut with the team on 7 October 2010 in a friendly match against Portugal , which ended 3–3 . Kolodziejczak , subsequently , appeared in four matches for the team during the 2010–11 campaign and , on 10 June 2011 , was named to the 21-man squad to participate in the U-20 World Cup . He made his debut in the competition on 30 July 2011 in the teams 4–1 defeat to the hosts Colombia . Due to his Polish descent , Kolodziejczak is also eligible to represent Poland at international level . At the age of 15 , he was issued a proposal by the Polish Football Association ( PZPN ) who sought for the player to play for the countrys youth international teams . However , due to not having Polish citizenship , Kolodziejczak would have been unable to play in an official match for Poland , which led to his father declining the opportunity and , instead , deciding that it would be better to wait a few years until coming to a decision . Honours . Club . Sevilla - UEFA Europa League : 2014–15 , 2015–16 UANL - Liga MX : Apertura 2017 Individual . - UEFA Europa League Squad of the Season : 2014–15 External links . - Timothée Kolodziejczak at Official Liga MX Profile
|
[
"under-19 team"
] |
[
{
"text": " Timothée Christian Kolodziejczak ( ; born 1 October 1991 ) is a French professional footballer who plays for Saint-Étienne , as a defender . He can play as either a centre or left back . Kolodziejczak is a French youth international and has competed at all levels . He played on the under-19 team that won the 2010 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship . Due to the difficulty of pronouncing his surname , he is a commonly referred to as Kolo .",
"title": "Timothée Kolodziejczak"
},
{
"text": " Kolodziejczak was born on 1 October 1991 in Arras , France , to a Polish father and a Martiniquais mother .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Kolodziejczak began his career at the age of seven playing for local club US Saint-Maurice Loos-en-Gohelle . In July 1999 , he moved to hometown club CS Avion where he spent a year . In June 2000 , Kolodziejczak joined the professional club of RC Lens . While in the clubs youth academy , he trained alongside youth and international teammate Gaël Kakuta at the Centre de Préformation de Football in nearby Liévin , a training center exclusively for players brought up in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region . He spent two years at the center training there during the weekdays and",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "playing with Lens on the weekends . One of his trainers at the facility was former Polish international Joachim Marx .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "After graduating from the clubs youth academy , he was offered a five-year professional contract as Lens were attempting to tie down the defender who was being scouted by several prominent European clubs , most notably Manchester United . Kolodziejczak turned down the offer with hopes of signing elsewhere stating he had no confidence in the club . Following negotiations , it was announced on 21 August 2008 that Kolodziejczak agreed to join seven-time Ligue 1 champions Olympique Lyonnais on a season-long loan with a view to a permanent deal with Lens demanding at least €3 million in compensation for",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "the player .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Upon his arrival to the club , Kolodziejczak was given the number 12 shirt on the first-team . However , due to signing late in the transfer window , he missed Lyons entire pre-season campaign and was placed on the clubs Championnat de France amateur team in the fourth division by manager Claude Puel . He made his reserve debut on 13 September 2008 in the derby match against Saint-Étiennes reserve team . The match resulted in a 2–1 victory with Kolodziejczak playing the entire match picking up a yellow card . Two months later , Kolodziejczak was called up",
"title": "Lyon"
},
{
"text": "to the first team for a league match against Paris Saint-Germain on 23 November 2008 to serve as the backup left back . In the match , he made his professional debut coming on as a substitute for the severely injured Anthony Réveillère in the 11th minute . Lyon lost the match 1–0 with Kolodziejczak being penalized with a yellow card late in the second half . Following the season , Lyon signed Kolodziejczak on a permanent deal with the player agreeing to a four-year deal and the transfer fee being priced at €2.5 million .",
"title": "Lyon"
},
{
"text": " For the 2009–10 season , Kolodziejczaks playing time was limited . On 29 September 2009 , he made his UEFA Champions League debut in the teams 4–0 victory over Hungarian club Debrecen appearing as a substitute for starting left back Aly Cissokho . Four days later , Kolodziejczak made another substitute appearance in a 2–0 win against his former club Lens . On 21 November , he made his first professional start playing 76 minutes in a 1–1 draw against Grenoble .",
"title": "Lyon"
},
{
"text": " In the summer of 2012 , he moved to fellow Ligue 1 club Nice on a four-year contract .",
"title": "Nice"
},
{
"text": "Kolodziejczak joined Sevilla FC on 27 August 2014 , signing a three-year contract on a transfer fee of €3 million . On 18 September he made his first appearance , as the club defeated Feyenoord 2–0 in the UEFA Europa League . He debuted in La Liga six days later , playing the entirety of a 1–0 home win against Real Sociedad . On 2 October , he was shown a straight red card in a Europa League match at HNK Rijeka for conceding a penalty on Andrej Kramarić . This was converted for the first equaliser in an eventual",
"title": "Sevilla"
},
{
"text": "2–2 draw .",
"title": "Sevilla"
},
{
"text": " He scored his first goal on 29 October , opening a 6–1 win at CE Sabadell in the first leg of the Copa del Rey round of 32 . He made nine appearances as they won the Europa League in his first season , including the 3–2 win over FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk in the final in Warsaw .",
"title": "Sevilla"
},
{
"text": "Kolodziejczak has featured for all of Frances national youth teams beginning with the under-16 team . He made his debut with the team in the teams last match against Germany at the Olympic Stadium in Berlin on 30 May 2006 . Germany won the match 1–0 with Felix Kroos scoring the lone goal . With the under-17 team , Kolodziejczak was a regular and made his debut in the teams opening match against Switzerland in a 4–0 victory . In qualification for the 2008 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship , he appeared in both rounds of qualification with the team",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "finishing the Elite Round portion unbeaten , which led to qualification to the UEFA-sanctioned tournament . At the tournament , Kolodziejczak scored his first youth international goal against Turkey in the semi-finals . The goal came in the 69th minute with France trailing 1–0 . The team later won the match 4–3 on penalties . In the final , France were defeated 4–0 by Spain .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "On under-18 duty , Kolodziejczak made his debut in the teams opening match against the Ukraine . He only made six appearances with the team . With the under-19 team , Kolodziejczak was again called upon by coach Francis Smerecki making his first appearance with the team on 9 October 2009 in 4–2 defeat to the Netherlands . After consistently appearing with the team for the campaign , on 7 June 2010 , he was named to coach Smereckis 18-man squad to participate in the 2010 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship . Kolodziejczak played in all five of the teams",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "matches including the final match against Spain , which France won 2–1 . The title is the countrys second UEFA Under-19 championship .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Due to Frances victory at the UEFA Under-19 championship , the nation qualified for the 2011 FIFA U-20 World Cup , which merited under-20 team appearances for Kolodziejczak . He made his debut with the team on 7 October 2010 in a friendly match against Portugal , which ended 3–3 . Kolodziejczak , subsequently , appeared in four matches for the team during the 2010–11 campaign and , on 10 June 2011 , was named to the 21-man squad to participate in the U-20 World Cup . He made his debut in the competition on 30 July 2011 in the",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "teams 4–1 defeat to the hosts Colombia .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Due to his Polish descent , Kolodziejczak is also eligible to represent Poland at international level . At the age of 15 , he was issued a proposal by the Polish Football Association ( PZPN ) who sought for the player to play for the countrys youth international teams . However , due to not having Polish citizenship , Kolodziejczak would have been unable to play in an official match for Poland , which led to his father declining the opportunity and , instead , deciding that it would be better to wait a few years until coming to a",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "decision .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " - Timothée Kolodziejczak at Official Liga MX Profile",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Timothée_Kolodziejczak#P54#3
|
Which team did Timothée Kolodziejczak play for in Apr 2011?
|
Timothée Kolodziejczak Timothée Christian Kolodziejczak ( ; born 1 October 1991 ) is a French professional footballer who plays for Saint-Étienne , as a defender . He can play as either a centre or left back . Kolodziejczak is a French youth international and has competed at all levels . He played on the under-19 team that won the 2010 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship . Due to the difficulty of pronouncing his surname , he is a commonly referred to as Kolo . Personal life . Kolodziejczak was born on 1 October 1991 in Arras , France , to a Polish father and a Martiniquais mother . Club career . Early career . Kolodziejczak began his career at the age of seven playing for local club US Saint-Maurice Loos-en-Gohelle . In July 1999 , he moved to hometown club CS Avion where he spent a year . In June 2000 , Kolodziejczak joined the professional club of RC Lens . While in the clubs youth academy , he trained alongside youth and international teammate Gaël Kakuta at the Centre de Préformation de Football in nearby Liévin , a training center exclusively for players brought up in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region . He spent two years at the center training there during the weekdays and playing with Lens on the weekends . One of his trainers at the facility was former Polish international Joachim Marx . After graduating from the clubs youth academy , he was offered a five-year professional contract as Lens were attempting to tie down the defender who was being scouted by several prominent European clubs , most notably Manchester United . Kolodziejczak turned down the offer with hopes of signing elsewhere stating he had no confidence in the club . Following negotiations , it was announced on 21 August 2008 that Kolodziejczak agreed to join seven-time Ligue 1 champions Olympique Lyonnais on a season-long loan with a view to a permanent deal with Lens demanding at least €3 million in compensation for the player . Lyon . Upon his arrival to the club , Kolodziejczak was given the number 12 shirt on the first-team . However , due to signing late in the transfer window , he missed Lyons entire pre-season campaign and was placed on the clubs Championnat de France amateur team in the fourth division by manager Claude Puel . He made his reserve debut on 13 September 2008 in the derby match against Saint-Étiennes reserve team . The match resulted in a 2–1 victory with Kolodziejczak playing the entire match picking up a yellow card . Two months later , Kolodziejczak was called up to the first team for a league match against Paris Saint-Germain on 23 November 2008 to serve as the backup left back . In the match , he made his professional debut coming on as a substitute for the severely injured Anthony Réveillère in the 11th minute . Lyon lost the match 1–0 with Kolodziejczak being penalized with a yellow card late in the second half . Following the season , Lyon signed Kolodziejczak on a permanent deal with the player agreeing to a four-year deal and the transfer fee being priced at €2.5 million . For the 2009–10 season , Kolodziejczaks playing time was limited . On 29 September 2009 , he made his UEFA Champions League debut in the teams 4–0 victory over Hungarian club Debrecen appearing as a substitute for starting left back Aly Cissokho . Four days later , Kolodziejczak made another substitute appearance in a 2–0 win against his former club Lens . On 21 November , he made his first professional start playing 76 minutes in a 1–1 draw against Grenoble . Nice . In the summer of 2012 , he moved to fellow Ligue 1 club Nice on a four-year contract . Sevilla . Kolodziejczak joined Sevilla FC on 27 August 2014 , signing a three-year contract on a transfer fee of €3 million . On 18 September he made his first appearance , as the club defeated Feyenoord 2–0 in the UEFA Europa League . He debuted in La Liga six days later , playing the entirety of a 1–0 home win against Real Sociedad . On 2 October , he was shown a straight red card in a Europa League match at HNK Rijeka for conceding a penalty on Andrej Kramarić . This was converted for the first equaliser in an eventual 2–2 draw . He scored his first goal on 29 October , opening a 6–1 win at CE Sabadell in the first leg of the Copa del Rey round of 32 . He made nine appearances as they won the Europa League in his first season , including the 3–2 win over FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk in the final in Warsaw . Borussia Mönchengladbach . On 4 January 2017 , Kolodziejczak signed for German club Borussia Mönchengladbach . Tigres UANL . On 4 September 2017 , Kolodziejczak joined Liga MX club Tigres UANL . International career . Kolodziejczak has featured for all of Frances national youth teams beginning with the under-16 team . He made his debut with the team in the teams last match against Germany at the Olympic Stadium in Berlin on 30 May 2006 . Germany won the match 1–0 with Felix Kroos scoring the lone goal . With the under-17 team , Kolodziejczak was a regular and made his debut in the teams opening match against Switzerland in a 4–0 victory . In qualification for the 2008 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship , he appeared in both rounds of qualification with the team finishing the Elite Round portion unbeaten , which led to qualification to the UEFA-sanctioned tournament . At the tournament , Kolodziejczak scored his first youth international goal against Turkey in the semi-finals . The goal came in the 69th minute with France trailing 1–0 . The team later won the match 4–3 on penalties . In the final , France were defeated 4–0 by Spain . On under-18 duty , Kolodziejczak made his debut in the teams opening match against the Ukraine . He only made six appearances with the team . With the under-19 team , Kolodziejczak was again called upon by coach Francis Smerecki making his first appearance with the team on 9 October 2009 in 4–2 defeat to the Netherlands . After consistently appearing with the team for the campaign , on 7 June 2010 , he was named to coach Smereckis 18-man squad to participate in the 2010 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship . Kolodziejczak played in all five of the teams matches including the final match against Spain , which France won 2–1 . The title is the countrys second UEFA Under-19 championship . Due to Frances victory at the UEFA Under-19 championship , the nation qualified for the 2011 FIFA U-20 World Cup , which merited under-20 team appearances for Kolodziejczak . He made his debut with the team on 7 October 2010 in a friendly match against Portugal , which ended 3–3 . Kolodziejczak , subsequently , appeared in four matches for the team during the 2010–11 campaign and , on 10 June 2011 , was named to the 21-man squad to participate in the U-20 World Cup . He made his debut in the competition on 30 July 2011 in the teams 4–1 defeat to the hosts Colombia . Due to his Polish descent , Kolodziejczak is also eligible to represent Poland at international level . At the age of 15 , he was issued a proposal by the Polish Football Association ( PZPN ) who sought for the player to play for the countrys youth international teams . However , due to not having Polish citizenship , Kolodziejczak would have been unable to play in an official match for Poland , which led to his father declining the opportunity and , instead , deciding that it would be better to wait a few years until coming to a decision . Honours . Club . Sevilla - UEFA Europa League : 2014–15 , 2015–16 UANL - Liga MX : Apertura 2017 Individual . - UEFA Europa League Squad of the Season : 2014–15 External links . - Timothée Kolodziejczak at Official Liga MX Profile
|
[
"under-20 team"
] |
[
{
"text": " Timothée Christian Kolodziejczak ( ; born 1 October 1991 ) is a French professional footballer who plays for Saint-Étienne , as a defender . He can play as either a centre or left back . Kolodziejczak is a French youth international and has competed at all levels . He played on the under-19 team that won the 2010 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship . Due to the difficulty of pronouncing his surname , he is a commonly referred to as Kolo .",
"title": "Timothée Kolodziejczak"
},
{
"text": " Kolodziejczak was born on 1 October 1991 in Arras , France , to a Polish father and a Martiniquais mother .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Kolodziejczak began his career at the age of seven playing for local club US Saint-Maurice Loos-en-Gohelle . In July 1999 , he moved to hometown club CS Avion where he spent a year . In June 2000 , Kolodziejczak joined the professional club of RC Lens . While in the clubs youth academy , he trained alongside youth and international teammate Gaël Kakuta at the Centre de Préformation de Football in nearby Liévin , a training center exclusively for players brought up in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region . He spent two years at the center training there during the weekdays and",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "playing with Lens on the weekends . One of his trainers at the facility was former Polish international Joachim Marx .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "After graduating from the clubs youth academy , he was offered a five-year professional contract as Lens were attempting to tie down the defender who was being scouted by several prominent European clubs , most notably Manchester United . Kolodziejczak turned down the offer with hopes of signing elsewhere stating he had no confidence in the club . Following negotiations , it was announced on 21 August 2008 that Kolodziejczak agreed to join seven-time Ligue 1 champions Olympique Lyonnais on a season-long loan with a view to a permanent deal with Lens demanding at least €3 million in compensation for",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "the player .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Upon his arrival to the club , Kolodziejczak was given the number 12 shirt on the first-team . However , due to signing late in the transfer window , he missed Lyons entire pre-season campaign and was placed on the clubs Championnat de France amateur team in the fourth division by manager Claude Puel . He made his reserve debut on 13 September 2008 in the derby match against Saint-Étiennes reserve team . The match resulted in a 2–1 victory with Kolodziejczak playing the entire match picking up a yellow card . Two months later , Kolodziejczak was called up",
"title": "Lyon"
},
{
"text": "to the first team for a league match against Paris Saint-Germain on 23 November 2008 to serve as the backup left back . In the match , he made his professional debut coming on as a substitute for the severely injured Anthony Réveillère in the 11th minute . Lyon lost the match 1–0 with Kolodziejczak being penalized with a yellow card late in the second half . Following the season , Lyon signed Kolodziejczak on a permanent deal with the player agreeing to a four-year deal and the transfer fee being priced at €2.5 million .",
"title": "Lyon"
},
{
"text": " For the 2009–10 season , Kolodziejczaks playing time was limited . On 29 September 2009 , he made his UEFA Champions League debut in the teams 4–0 victory over Hungarian club Debrecen appearing as a substitute for starting left back Aly Cissokho . Four days later , Kolodziejczak made another substitute appearance in a 2–0 win against his former club Lens . On 21 November , he made his first professional start playing 76 minutes in a 1–1 draw against Grenoble .",
"title": "Lyon"
},
{
"text": " In the summer of 2012 , he moved to fellow Ligue 1 club Nice on a four-year contract .",
"title": "Nice"
},
{
"text": "Kolodziejczak joined Sevilla FC on 27 August 2014 , signing a three-year contract on a transfer fee of €3 million . On 18 September he made his first appearance , as the club defeated Feyenoord 2–0 in the UEFA Europa League . He debuted in La Liga six days later , playing the entirety of a 1–0 home win against Real Sociedad . On 2 October , he was shown a straight red card in a Europa League match at HNK Rijeka for conceding a penalty on Andrej Kramarić . This was converted for the first equaliser in an eventual",
"title": "Sevilla"
},
{
"text": "2–2 draw .",
"title": "Sevilla"
},
{
"text": " He scored his first goal on 29 October , opening a 6–1 win at CE Sabadell in the first leg of the Copa del Rey round of 32 . He made nine appearances as they won the Europa League in his first season , including the 3–2 win over FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk in the final in Warsaw .",
"title": "Sevilla"
},
{
"text": "Kolodziejczak has featured for all of Frances national youth teams beginning with the under-16 team . He made his debut with the team in the teams last match against Germany at the Olympic Stadium in Berlin on 30 May 2006 . Germany won the match 1–0 with Felix Kroos scoring the lone goal . With the under-17 team , Kolodziejczak was a regular and made his debut in the teams opening match against Switzerland in a 4–0 victory . In qualification for the 2008 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship , he appeared in both rounds of qualification with the team",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "finishing the Elite Round portion unbeaten , which led to qualification to the UEFA-sanctioned tournament . At the tournament , Kolodziejczak scored his first youth international goal against Turkey in the semi-finals . The goal came in the 69th minute with France trailing 1–0 . The team later won the match 4–3 on penalties . In the final , France were defeated 4–0 by Spain .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "On under-18 duty , Kolodziejczak made his debut in the teams opening match against the Ukraine . He only made six appearances with the team . With the under-19 team , Kolodziejczak was again called upon by coach Francis Smerecki making his first appearance with the team on 9 October 2009 in 4–2 defeat to the Netherlands . After consistently appearing with the team for the campaign , on 7 June 2010 , he was named to coach Smereckis 18-man squad to participate in the 2010 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship . Kolodziejczak played in all five of the teams",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "matches including the final match against Spain , which France won 2–1 . The title is the countrys second UEFA Under-19 championship .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Due to Frances victory at the UEFA Under-19 championship , the nation qualified for the 2011 FIFA U-20 World Cup , which merited under-20 team appearances for Kolodziejczak . He made his debut with the team on 7 October 2010 in a friendly match against Portugal , which ended 3–3 . Kolodziejczak , subsequently , appeared in four matches for the team during the 2010–11 campaign and , on 10 June 2011 , was named to the 21-man squad to participate in the U-20 World Cup . He made his debut in the competition on 30 July 2011 in the",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "teams 4–1 defeat to the hosts Colombia .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Due to his Polish descent , Kolodziejczak is also eligible to represent Poland at international level . At the age of 15 , he was issued a proposal by the Polish Football Association ( PZPN ) who sought for the player to play for the countrys youth international teams . However , due to not having Polish citizenship , Kolodziejczak would have been unable to play in an official match for Poland , which led to his father declining the opportunity and , instead , deciding that it would be better to wait a few years until coming to a",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "decision .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " - Timothée Kolodziejczak at Official Liga MX Profile",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Timothée_Kolodziejczak#P54#4
|
Which team did Timothée Kolodziejczak play for between Oct 2013 and Dec 2013?
|
Timothée Kolodziejczak Timothée Christian Kolodziejczak ( ; born 1 October 1991 ) is a French professional footballer who plays for Saint-Étienne , as a defender . He can play as either a centre or left back . Kolodziejczak is a French youth international and has competed at all levels . He played on the under-19 team that won the 2010 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship . Due to the difficulty of pronouncing his surname , he is a commonly referred to as Kolo . Personal life . Kolodziejczak was born on 1 October 1991 in Arras , France , to a Polish father and a Martiniquais mother . Club career . Early career . Kolodziejczak began his career at the age of seven playing for local club US Saint-Maurice Loos-en-Gohelle . In July 1999 , he moved to hometown club CS Avion where he spent a year . In June 2000 , Kolodziejczak joined the professional club of RC Lens . While in the clubs youth academy , he trained alongside youth and international teammate Gaël Kakuta at the Centre de Préformation de Football in nearby Liévin , a training center exclusively for players brought up in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region . He spent two years at the center training there during the weekdays and playing with Lens on the weekends . One of his trainers at the facility was former Polish international Joachim Marx . After graduating from the clubs youth academy , he was offered a five-year professional contract as Lens were attempting to tie down the defender who was being scouted by several prominent European clubs , most notably Manchester United . Kolodziejczak turned down the offer with hopes of signing elsewhere stating he had no confidence in the club . Following negotiations , it was announced on 21 August 2008 that Kolodziejczak agreed to join seven-time Ligue 1 champions Olympique Lyonnais on a season-long loan with a view to a permanent deal with Lens demanding at least €3 million in compensation for the player . Lyon . Upon his arrival to the club , Kolodziejczak was given the number 12 shirt on the first-team . However , due to signing late in the transfer window , he missed Lyons entire pre-season campaign and was placed on the clubs Championnat de France amateur team in the fourth division by manager Claude Puel . He made his reserve debut on 13 September 2008 in the derby match against Saint-Étiennes reserve team . The match resulted in a 2–1 victory with Kolodziejczak playing the entire match picking up a yellow card . Two months later , Kolodziejczak was called up to the first team for a league match against Paris Saint-Germain on 23 November 2008 to serve as the backup left back . In the match , he made his professional debut coming on as a substitute for the severely injured Anthony Réveillère in the 11th minute . Lyon lost the match 1–0 with Kolodziejczak being penalized with a yellow card late in the second half . Following the season , Lyon signed Kolodziejczak on a permanent deal with the player agreeing to a four-year deal and the transfer fee being priced at €2.5 million . For the 2009–10 season , Kolodziejczaks playing time was limited . On 29 September 2009 , he made his UEFA Champions League debut in the teams 4–0 victory over Hungarian club Debrecen appearing as a substitute for starting left back Aly Cissokho . Four days later , Kolodziejczak made another substitute appearance in a 2–0 win against his former club Lens . On 21 November , he made his first professional start playing 76 minutes in a 1–1 draw against Grenoble . Nice . In the summer of 2012 , he moved to fellow Ligue 1 club Nice on a four-year contract . Sevilla . Kolodziejczak joined Sevilla FC on 27 August 2014 , signing a three-year contract on a transfer fee of €3 million . On 18 September he made his first appearance , as the club defeated Feyenoord 2–0 in the UEFA Europa League . He debuted in La Liga six days later , playing the entirety of a 1–0 home win against Real Sociedad . On 2 October , he was shown a straight red card in a Europa League match at HNK Rijeka for conceding a penalty on Andrej Kramarić . This was converted for the first equaliser in an eventual 2–2 draw . He scored his first goal on 29 October , opening a 6–1 win at CE Sabadell in the first leg of the Copa del Rey round of 32 . He made nine appearances as they won the Europa League in his first season , including the 3–2 win over FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk in the final in Warsaw . Borussia Mönchengladbach . On 4 January 2017 , Kolodziejczak signed for German club Borussia Mönchengladbach . Tigres UANL . On 4 September 2017 , Kolodziejczak joined Liga MX club Tigres UANL . International career . Kolodziejczak has featured for all of Frances national youth teams beginning with the under-16 team . He made his debut with the team in the teams last match against Germany at the Olympic Stadium in Berlin on 30 May 2006 . Germany won the match 1–0 with Felix Kroos scoring the lone goal . With the under-17 team , Kolodziejczak was a regular and made his debut in the teams opening match against Switzerland in a 4–0 victory . In qualification for the 2008 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship , he appeared in both rounds of qualification with the team finishing the Elite Round portion unbeaten , which led to qualification to the UEFA-sanctioned tournament . At the tournament , Kolodziejczak scored his first youth international goal against Turkey in the semi-finals . The goal came in the 69th minute with France trailing 1–0 . The team later won the match 4–3 on penalties . In the final , France were defeated 4–0 by Spain . On under-18 duty , Kolodziejczak made his debut in the teams opening match against the Ukraine . He only made six appearances with the team . With the under-19 team , Kolodziejczak was again called upon by coach Francis Smerecki making his first appearance with the team on 9 October 2009 in 4–2 defeat to the Netherlands . After consistently appearing with the team for the campaign , on 7 June 2010 , he was named to coach Smereckis 18-man squad to participate in the 2010 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship . Kolodziejczak played in all five of the teams matches including the final match against Spain , which France won 2–1 . The title is the countrys second UEFA Under-19 championship . Due to Frances victory at the UEFA Under-19 championship , the nation qualified for the 2011 FIFA U-20 World Cup , which merited under-20 team appearances for Kolodziejczak . He made his debut with the team on 7 October 2010 in a friendly match against Portugal , which ended 3–3 . Kolodziejczak , subsequently , appeared in four matches for the team during the 2010–11 campaign and , on 10 June 2011 , was named to the 21-man squad to participate in the U-20 World Cup . He made his debut in the competition on 30 July 2011 in the teams 4–1 defeat to the hosts Colombia . Due to his Polish descent , Kolodziejczak is also eligible to represent Poland at international level . At the age of 15 , he was issued a proposal by the Polish Football Association ( PZPN ) who sought for the player to play for the countrys youth international teams . However , due to not having Polish citizenship , Kolodziejczak would have been unable to play in an official match for Poland , which led to his father declining the opportunity and , instead , deciding that it would be better to wait a few years until coming to a decision . Honours . Club . Sevilla - UEFA Europa League : 2014–15 , 2015–16 UANL - Liga MX : Apertura 2017 Individual . - UEFA Europa League Squad of the Season : 2014–15 External links . - Timothée Kolodziejczak at Official Liga MX Profile
|
[
"Nice"
] |
[
{
"text": " Timothée Christian Kolodziejczak ( ; born 1 October 1991 ) is a French professional footballer who plays for Saint-Étienne , as a defender . He can play as either a centre or left back . Kolodziejczak is a French youth international and has competed at all levels . He played on the under-19 team that won the 2010 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship . Due to the difficulty of pronouncing his surname , he is a commonly referred to as Kolo .",
"title": "Timothée Kolodziejczak"
},
{
"text": " Kolodziejczak was born on 1 October 1991 in Arras , France , to a Polish father and a Martiniquais mother .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Kolodziejczak began his career at the age of seven playing for local club US Saint-Maurice Loos-en-Gohelle . In July 1999 , he moved to hometown club CS Avion where he spent a year . In June 2000 , Kolodziejczak joined the professional club of RC Lens . While in the clubs youth academy , he trained alongside youth and international teammate Gaël Kakuta at the Centre de Préformation de Football in nearby Liévin , a training center exclusively for players brought up in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region . He spent two years at the center training there during the weekdays and",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "playing with Lens on the weekends . One of his trainers at the facility was former Polish international Joachim Marx .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "After graduating from the clubs youth academy , he was offered a five-year professional contract as Lens were attempting to tie down the defender who was being scouted by several prominent European clubs , most notably Manchester United . Kolodziejczak turned down the offer with hopes of signing elsewhere stating he had no confidence in the club . Following negotiations , it was announced on 21 August 2008 that Kolodziejczak agreed to join seven-time Ligue 1 champions Olympique Lyonnais on a season-long loan with a view to a permanent deal with Lens demanding at least €3 million in compensation for",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "the player .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Upon his arrival to the club , Kolodziejczak was given the number 12 shirt on the first-team . However , due to signing late in the transfer window , he missed Lyons entire pre-season campaign and was placed on the clubs Championnat de France amateur team in the fourth division by manager Claude Puel . He made his reserve debut on 13 September 2008 in the derby match against Saint-Étiennes reserve team . The match resulted in a 2–1 victory with Kolodziejczak playing the entire match picking up a yellow card . Two months later , Kolodziejczak was called up",
"title": "Lyon"
},
{
"text": "to the first team for a league match against Paris Saint-Germain on 23 November 2008 to serve as the backup left back . In the match , he made his professional debut coming on as a substitute for the severely injured Anthony Réveillère in the 11th minute . Lyon lost the match 1–0 with Kolodziejczak being penalized with a yellow card late in the second half . Following the season , Lyon signed Kolodziejczak on a permanent deal with the player agreeing to a four-year deal and the transfer fee being priced at €2.5 million .",
"title": "Lyon"
},
{
"text": " For the 2009–10 season , Kolodziejczaks playing time was limited . On 29 September 2009 , he made his UEFA Champions League debut in the teams 4–0 victory over Hungarian club Debrecen appearing as a substitute for starting left back Aly Cissokho . Four days later , Kolodziejczak made another substitute appearance in a 2–0 win against his former club Lens . On 21 November , he made his first professional start playing 76 minutes in a 1–1 draw against Grenoble .",
"title": "Lyon"
},
{
"text": " In the summer of 2012 , he moved to fellow Ligue 1 club Nice on a four-year contract .",
"title": "Nice"
},
{
"text": "Kolodziejczak joined Sevilla FC on 27 August 2014 , signing a three-year contract on a transfer fee of €3 million . On 18 September he made his first appearance , as the club defeated Feyenoord 2–0 in the UEFA Europa League . He debuted in La Liga six days later , playing the entirety of a 1–0 home win against Real Sociedad . On 2 October , he was shown a straight red card in a Europa League match at HNK Rijeka for conceding a penalty on Andrej Kramarić . This was converted for the first equaliser in an eventual",
"title": "Sevilla"
},
{
"text": "2–2 draw .",
"title": "Sevilla"
},
{
"text": " He scored his first goal on 29 October , opening a 6–1 win at CE Sabadell in the first leg of the Copa del Rey round of 32 . He made nine appearances as they won the Europa League in his first season , including the 3–2 win over FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk in the final in Warsaw .",
"title": "Sevilla"
},
{
"text": "Kolodziejczak has featured for all of Frances national youth teams beginning with the under-16 team . He made his debut with the team in the teams last match against Germany at the Olympic Stadium in Berlin on 30 May 2006 . Germany won the match 1–0 with Felix Kroos scoring the lone goal . With the under-17 team , Kolodziejczak was a regular and made his debut in the teams opening match against Switzerland in a 4–0 victory . In qualification for the 2008 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship , he appeared in both rounds of qualification with the team",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "finishing the Elite Round portion unbeaten , which led to qualification to the UEFA-sanctioned tournament . At the tournament , Kolodziejczak scored his first youth international goal against Turkey in the semi-finals . The goal came in the 69th minute with France trailing 1–0 . The team later won the match 4–3 on penalties . In the final , France were defeated 4–0 by Spain .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "On under-18 duty , Kolodziejczak made his debut in the teams opening match against the Ukraine . He only made six appearances with the team . With the under-19 team , Kolodziejczak was again called upon by coach Francis Smerecki making his first appearance with the team on 9 October 2009 in 4–2 defeat to the Netherlands . After consistently appearing with the team for the campaign , on 7 June 2010 , he was named to coach Smereckis 18-man squad to participate in the 2010 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship . Kolodziejczak played in all five of the teams",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "matches including the final match against Spain , which France won 2–1 . The title is the countrys second UEFA Under-19 championship .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Due to Frances victory at the UEFA Under-19 championship , the nation qualified for the 2011 FIFA U-20 World Cup , which merited under-20 team appearances for Kolodziejczak . He made his debut with the team on 7 October 2010 in a friendly match against Portugal , which ended 3–3 . Kolodziejczak , subsequently , appeared in four matches for the team during the 2010–11 campaign and , on 10 June 2011 , was named to the 21-man squad to participate in the U-20 World Cup . He made his debut in the competition on 30 July 2011 in the",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "teams 4–1 defeat to the hosts Colombia .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Due to his Polish descent , Kolodziejczak is also eligible to represent Poland at international level . At the age of 15 , he was issued a proposal by the Polish Football Association ( PZPN ) who sought for the player to play for the countrys youth international teams . However , due to not having Polish citizenship , Kolodziejczak would have been unable to play in an official match for Poland , which led to his father declining the opportunity and , instead , deciding that it would be better to wait a few years until coming to a",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "decision .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " - Timothée Kolodziejczak at Official Liga MX Profile",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Timothée_Kolodziejczak#P54#5
|
Which team did Timothée Kolodziejczak play for after Nov 2014?
|
Timothée Kolodziejczak Timothée Christian Kolodziejczak ( ; born 1 October 1991 ) is a French professional footballer who plays for Saint-Étienne , as a defender . He can play as either a centre or left back . Kolodziejczak is a French youth international and has competed at all levels . He played on the under-19 team that won the 2010 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship . Due to the difficulty of pronouncing his surname , he is a commonly referred to as Kolo . Personal life . Kolodziejczak was born on 1 October 1991 in Arras , France , to a Polish father and a Martiniquais mother . Club career . Early career . Kolodziejczak began his career at the age of seven playing for local club US Saint-Maurice Loos-en-Gohelle . In July 1999 , he moved to hometown club CS Avion where he spent a year . In June 2000 , Kolodziejczak joined the professional club of RC Lens . While in the clubs youth academy , he trained alongside youth and international teammate Gaël Kakuta at the Centre de Préformation de Football in nearby Liévin , a training center exclusively for players brought up in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region . He spent two years at the center training there during the weekdays and playing with Lens on the weekends . One of his trainers at the facility was former Polish international Joachim Marx . After graduating from the clubs youth academy , he was offered a five-year professional contract as Lens were attempting to tie down the defender who was being scouted by several prominent European clubs , most notably Manchester United . Kolodziejczak turned down the offer with hopes of signing elsewhere stating he had no confidence in the club . Following negotiations , it was announced on 21 August 2008 that Kolodziejczak agreed to join seven-time Ligue 1 champions Olympique Lyonnais on a season-long loan with a view to a permanent deal with Lens demanding at least €3 million in compensation for the player . Lyon . Upon his arrival to the club , Kolodziejczak was given the number 12 shirt on the first-team . However , due to signing late in the transfer window , he missed Lyons entire pre-season campaign and was placed on the clubs Championnat de France amateur team in the fourth division by manager Claude Puel . He made his reserve debut on 13 September 2008 in the derby match against Saint-Étiennes reserve team . The match resulted in a 2–1 victory with Kolodziejczak playing the entire match picking up a yellow card . Two months later , Kolodziejczak was called up to the first team for a league match against Paris Saint-Germain on 23 November 2008 to serve as the backup left back . In the match , he made his professional debut coming on as a substitute for the severely injured Anthony Réveillère in the 11th minute . Lyon lost the match 1–0 with Kolodziejczak being penalized with a yellow card late in the second half . Following the season , Lyon signed Kolodziejczak on a permanent deal with the player agreeing to a four-year deal and the transfer fee being priced at €2.5 million . For the 2009–10 season , Kolodziejczaks playing time was limited . On 29 September 2009 , he made his UEFA Champions League debut in the teams 4–0 victory over Hungarian club Debrecen appearing as a substitute for starting left back Aly Cissokho . Four days later , Kolodziejczak made another substitute appearance in a 2–0 win against his former club Lens . On 21 November , he made his first professional start playing 76 minutes in a 1–1 draw against Grenoble . Nice . In the summer of 2012 , he moved to fellow Ligue 1 club Nice on a four-year contract . Sevilla . Kolodziejczak joined Sevilla FC on 27 August 2014 , signing a three-year contract on a transfer fee of €3 million . On 18 September he made his first appearance , as the club defeated Feyenoord 2–0 in the UEFA Europa League . He debuted in La Liga six days later , playing the entirety of a 1–0 home win against Real Sociedad . On 2 October , he was shown a straight red card in a Europa League match at HNK Rijeka for conceding a penalty on Andrej Kramarić . This was converted for the first equaliser in an eventual 2–2 draw . He scored his first goal on 29 October , opening a 6–1 win at CE Sabadell in the first leg of the Copa del Rey round of 32 . He made nine appearances as they won the Europa League in his first season , including the 3–2 win over FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk in the final in Warsaw . Borussia Mönchengladbach . On 4 January 2017 , Kolodziejczak signed for German club Borussia Mönchengladbach . Tigres UANL . On 4 September 2017 , Kolodziejczak joined Liga MX club Tigres UANL . International career . Kolodziejczak has featured for all of Frances national youth teams beginning with the under-16 team . He made his debut with the team in the teams last match against Germany at the Olympic Stadium in Berlin on 30 May 2006 . Germany won the match 1–0 with Felix Kroos scoring the lone goal . With the under-17 team , Kolodziejczak was a regular and made his debut in the teams opening match against Switzerland in a 4–0 victory . In qualification for the 2008 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship , he appeared in both rounds of qualification with the team finishing the Elite Round portion unbeaten , which led to qualification to the UEFA-sanctioned tournament . At the tournament , Kolodziejczak scored his first youth international goal against Turkey in the semi-finals . The goal came in the 69th minute with France trailing 1–0 . The team later won the match 4–3 on penalties . In the final , France were defeated 4–0 by Spain . On under-18 duty , Kolodziejczak made his debut in the teams opening match against the Ukraine . He only made six appearances with the team . With the under-19 team , Kolodziejczak was again called upon by coach Francis Smerecki making his first appearance with the team on 9 October 2009 in 4–2 defeat to the Netherlands . After consistently appearing with the team for the campaign , on 7 June 2010 , he was named to coach Smereckis 18-man squad to participate in the 2010 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship . Kolodziejczak played in all five of the teams matches including the final match against Spain , which France won 2–1 . The title is the countrys second UEFA Under-19 championship . Due to Frances victory at the UEFA Under-19 championship , the nation qualified for the 2011 FIFA U-20 World Cup , which merited under-20 team appearances for Kolodziejczak . He made his debut with the team on 7 October 2010 in a friendly match against Portugal , which ended 3–3 . Kolodziejczak , subsequently , appeared in four matches for the team during the 2010–11 campaign and , on 10 June 2011 , was named to the 21-man squad to participate in the U-20 World Cup . He made his debut in the competition on 30 July 2011 in the teams 4–1 defeat to the hosts Colombia . Due to his Polish descent , Kolodziejczak is also eligible to represent Poland at international level . At the age of 15 , he was issued a proposal by the Polish Football Association ( PZPN ) who sought for the player to play for the countrys youth international teams . However , due to not having Polish citizenship , Kolodziejczak would have been unable to play in an official match for Poland , which led to his father declining the opportunity and , instead , deciding that it would be better to wait a few years until coming to a decision . Honours . Club . Sevilla - UEFA Europa League : 2014–15 , 2015–16 UANL - Liga MX : Apertura 2017 Individual . - UEFA Europa League Squad of the Season : 2014–15 External links . - Timothée Kolodziejczak at Official Liga MX Profile
|
[
"Sevilla"
] |
[
{
"text": " Timothée Christian Kolodziejczak ( ; born 1 October 1991 ) is a French professional footballer who plays for Saint-Étienne , as a defender . He can play as either a centre or left back . Kolodziejczak is a French youth international and has competed at all levels . He played on the under-19 team that won the 2010 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship . Due to the difficulty of pronouncing his surname , he is a commonly referred to as Kolo .",
"title": "Timothée Kolodziejczak"
},
{
"text": " Kolodziejczak was born on 1 October 1991 in Arras , France , to a Polish father and a Martiniquais mother .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Kolodziejczak began his career at the age of seven playing for local club US Saint-Maurice Loos-en-Gohelle . In July 1999 , he moved to hometown club CS Avion where he spent a year . In June 2000 , Kolodziejczak joined the professional club of RC Lens . While in the clubs youth academy , he trained alongside youth and international teammate Gaël Kakuta at the Centre de Préformation de Football in nearby Liévin , a training center exclusively for players brought up in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region . He spent two years at the center training there during the weekdays and",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "playing with Lens on the weekends . One of his trainers at the facility was former Polish international Joachim Marx .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "After graduating from the clubs youth academy , he was offered a five-year professional contract as Lens were attempting to tie down the defender who was being scouted by several prominent European clubs , most notably Manchester United . Kolodziejczak turned down the offer with hopes of signing elsewhere stating he had no confidence in the club . Following negotiations , it was announced on 21 August 2008 that Kolodziejczak agreed to join seven-time Ligue 1 champions Olympique Lyonnais on a season-long loan with a view to a permanent deal with Lens demanding at least €3 million in compensation for",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "the player .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "Upon his arrival to the club , Kolodziejczak was given the number 12 shirt on the first-team . However , due to signing late in the transfer window , he missed Lyons entire pre-season campaign and was placed on the clubs Championnat de France amateur team in the fourth division by manager Claude Puel . He made his reserve debut on 13 September 2008 in the derby match against Saint-Étiennes reserve team . The match resulted in a 2–1 victory with Kolodziejczak playing the entire match picking up a yellow card . Two months later , Kolodziejczak was called up",
"title": "Lyon"
},
{
"text": "to the first team for a league match against Paris Saint-Germain on 23 November 2008 to serve as the backup left back . In the match , he made his professional debut coming on as a substitute for the severely injured Anthony Réveillère in the 11th minute . Lyon lost the match 1–0 with Kolodziejczak being penalized with a yellow card late in the second half . Following the season , Lyon signed Kolodziejczak on a permanent deal with the player agreeing to a four-year deal and the transfer fee being priced at €2.5 million .",
"title": "Lyon"
},
{
"text": " For the 2009–10 season , Kolodziejczaks playing time was limited . On 29 September 2009 , he made his UEFA Champions League debut in the teams 4–0 victory over Hungarian club Debrecen appearing as a substitute for starting left back Aly Cissokho . Four days later , Kolodziejczak made another substitute appearance in a 2–0 win against his former club Lens . On 21 November , he made his first professional start playing 76 minutes in a 1–1 draw against Grenoble .",
"title": "Lyon"
},
{
"text": " In the summer of 2012 , he moved to fellow Ligue 1 club Nice on a four-year contract .",
"title": "Nice"
},
{
"text": "Kolodziejczak joined Sevilla FC on 27 August 2014 , signing a three-year contract on a transfer fee of €3 million . On 18 September he made his first appearance , as the club defeated Feyenoord 2–0 in the UEFA Europa League . He debuted in La Liga six days later , playing the entirety of a 1–0 home win against Real Sociedad . On 2 October , he was shown a straight red card in a Europa League match at HNK Rijeka for conceding a penalty on Andrej Kramarić . This was converted for the first equaliser in an eventual",
"title": "Sevilla"
},
{
"text": "2–2 draw .",
"title": "Sevilla"
},
{
"text": " He scored his first goal on 29 October , opening a 6–1 win at CE Sabadell in the first leg of the Copa del Rey round of 32 . He made nine appearances as they won the Europa League in his first season , including the 3–2 win over FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk in the final in Warsaw .",
"title": "Sevilla"
},
{
"text": "Kolodziejczak has featured for all of Frances national youth teams beginning with the under-16 team . He made his debut with the team in the teams last match against Germany at the Olympic Stadium in Berlin on 30 May 2006 . Germany won the match 1–0 with Felix Kroos scoring the lone goal . With the under-17 team , Kolodziejczak was a regular and made his debut in the teams opening match against Switzerland in a 4–0 victory . In qualification for the 2008 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship , he appeared in both rounds of qualification with the team",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "finishing the Elite Round portion unbeaten , which led to qualification to the UEFA-sanctioned tournament . At the tournament , Kolodziejczak scored his first youth international goal against Turkey in the semi-finals . The goal came in the 69th minute with France trailing 1–0 . The team later won the match 4–3 on penalties . In the final , France were defeated 4–0 by Spain .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "On under-18 duty , Kolodziejczak made his debut in the teams opening match against the Ukraine . He only made six appearances with the team . With the under-19 team , Kolodziejczak was again called upon by coach Francis Smerecki making his first appearance with the team on 9 October 2009 in 4–2 defeat to the Netherlands . After consistently appearing with the team for the campaign , on 7 June 2010 , he was named to coach Smereckis 18-man squad to participate in the 2010 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship . Kolodziejczak played in all five of the teams",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "matches including the final match against Spain , which France won 2–1 . The title is the countrys second UEFA Under-19 championship .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Due to Frances victory at the UEFA Under-19 championship , the nation qualified for the 2011 FIFA U-20 World Cup , which merited under-20 team appearances for Kolodziejczak . He made his debut with the team on 7 October 2010 in a friendly match against Portugal , which ended 3–3 . Kolodziejczak , subsequently , appeared in four matches for the team during the 2010–11 campaign and , on 10 June 2011 , was named to the 21-man squad to participate in the U-20 World Cup . He made his debut in the competition on 30 July 2011 in the",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "teams 4–1 defeat to the hosts Colombia .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Due to his Polish descent , Kolodziejczak is also eligible to represent Poland at international level . At the age of 15 , he was issued a proposal by the Polish Football Association ( PZPN ) who sought for the player to play for the countrys youth international teams . However , due to not having Polish citizenship , Kolodziejczak would have been unable to play in an official match for Poland , which led to his father declining the opportunity and , instead , deciding that it would be better to wait a few years until coming to a",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "decision .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " - Timothée Kolodziejczak at Official Liga MX Profile",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/LNWR_4ft_6in_Tank_Class#P137#0
|
What was the operator of LNWR 4ft 6in Tank Class before Feb 1897?
|
LNWR 4ft 6in Tank Class The LNWR 4 ft 6in Tank was a class of 220 passenger locomotives manufactured by the London and North Western Railway in their Crewe Works between 1879 and 1898 . The 4ft 6in in the title referred to the diameter of the driving wheels – although the stated dimension was for the wheel centres – the nominal diameter including the tyres was . The design was an extension of the earlier 2234 built from 1876 which became known as Chopper Tanks . Design . The design featured a boiler pressed to delivering saturated steam to two cylinders connected by Joy valve gear to the driving wheels . They were an extended version of the 2234 class 2-4-0T locomotives , sharing the same boiler and wheelbase . In 1905 five of the s were rebuilt as s , which may have led to the latter becoming known as Chopper Tanks . The twenty locomotives delivered in 1889–1890 were fitted with condensing apparatus from new . Service . They had been designed for working local passenger trains . From 1909 many locomotives of the class were fitted for Push-pull working , giving the nickname of Motor Tanks . Sales . Dublin , Wicklow and Wexford Railway . Six locomotives were sold to the Dublin , Wicklow and Wexford Railway in 1902 for £1500 each , converted from to and re-gauged to . They were numbered 59 to 64 and all were named after Irish Earls . All six were still in service when the DW&WR became the Dublin and South Eastern Railway in 1907 . They were generally used for suburban work and noted for used on the Harcourt to Bray line . Five were sold to the British Government in 1916 , regauged back to gauge ; two went to the Inland Waterways and Docks where they lasted until scrapped in 1919 . One went to the War Department site at Shoeburyness ; it was scrapped in the early 1920s . The other two went to the colliery at Cramlington until they scrapped in 1923 and 1929 . The locomotive remaining in Ireland , No . 64 , works number 2002 of 1877 , was at one point named Earl of Bessborough . It had been re-built at Crewe in 1914 receiving the works number 3605 . During the Irish Civil War it carried additional steel plating , carried the name Faugh a Ballagh ( Clear the way ) and was used to draw an armoured train . It passed to the Great Southern Railways in 1925 , and was withdrawn in 1936 . Wirral Railway . Four were sold to the Wirral Railway between 1913 and 1921 ; all passed to the London , Midland and Scottish Railway in 1923 , and were renumbered 6758–6761 , after the block of LNWR 5ft 6in Tanks . Cardiff Railway . One was sold to the Cardiff Railway in 1914 ; it passed to the Great Western Railway in 1922 , but was withdrawn in May of that year . Decline . Withdrawals started in 1905 : 118 were scrapped in the years up to 1923 grouping , leaving 90 to be passed to the London , Midland and Scottish Railway . They were allocated power class 1P , and assigned the numbers 6515–6600 and 6758–6761 ; although only 37 survived long enough to receive them : withdrawals restarted in 1924 , and when the last was withdrawn in June 1936 , the class became extinct . None were preserved .
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " The LNWR 4 ft 6in Tank was a class of 220 passenger locomotives manufactured by the London and North Western Railway in their Crewe Works between 1879 and 1898 . The 4ft 6in in the title referred to the diameter of the driving wheels – although the stated dimension was for the wheel centres – the nominal diameter including the tyres was . The design was an extension of the earlier 2234 built from 1876 which became known as Chopper Tanks .",
"title": "LNWR 4ft 6in Tank Class"
},
{
"text": " The design featured a boiler pressed to delivering saturated steam to two cylinders connected by Joy valve gear to the driving wheels . They were an extended version of the 2234 class 2-4-0T locomotives , sharing the same boiler and wheelbase . In 1905 five of the s were rebuilt as s , which may have led to the latter becoming known as Chopper Tanks . The twenty locomotives delivered in 1889–1890 were fitted with condensing apparatus from new .",
"title": "Design"
},
{
"text": " They had been designed for working local passenger trains . From 1909 many locomotives of the class were fitted for Push-pull working , giving the nickname of Motor Tanks .",
"title": "Service"
},
{
"text": "Six locomotives were sold to the Dublin , Wicklow and Wexford Railway in 1902 for £1500 each , converted from to and re-gauged to . They were numbered 59 to 64 and all were named after Irish Earls . All six were still in service when the DW&WR became the Dublin and South Eastern Railway in 1907 . They were generally used for suburban work and noted for used on the Harcourt to Bray line . Five were sold to the British Government in 1916 , regauged back to gauge ; two went to the Inland Waterways and Docks where",
"title": "Sales"
},
{
"text": "they lasted until scrapped in 1919 . One went to the War Department site at Shoeburyness ; it was scrapped in the early 1920s . The other two went to the colliery at Cramlington until they scrapped in 1923 and 1929 .",
"title": "Sales"
},
{
"text": " The locomotive remaining in Ireland , No . 64 , works number 2002 of 1877 , was at one point named Earl of Bessborough . It had been re-built at Crewe in 1914 receiving the works number 3605 . During the Irish Civil War it carried additional steel plating , carried the name Faugh a Ballagh ( Clear the way ) and was used to draw an armoured train . It passed to the Great Southern Railways in 1925 , and was withdrawn in 1936 .",
"title": "Sales"
},
{
"text": " Four were sold to the Wirral Railway between 1913 and 1921 ; all passed to the London , Midland and Scottish Railway in 1923 , and were renumbered 6758–6761 , after the block of LNWR 5ft 6in Tanks .",
"title": "Wirral Railway"
},
{
"text": " One was sold to the Cardiff Railway in 1914 ; it passed to the Great Western Railway in 1922 , but was withdrawn in May of that year .",
"title": "Cardiff Railway"
},
{
"text": " Withdrawals started in 1905 : 118 were scrapped in the years up to 1923 grouping , leaving 90 to be passed to the London , Midland and Scottish Railway . They were allocated power class 1P , and assigned the numbers 6515–6600 and 6758–6761 ; although only 37 survived long enough to receive them : withdrawals restarted in 1924 , and when the last was withdrawn in June 1936 , the class became extinct . None were preserved .",
"title": "Decline"
}
] |
/wiki/LNWR_4ft_6in_Tank_Class#P137#1
|
What was the operator of LNWR 4ft 6in Tank Class in late 1900s?
|
LNWR 4ft 6in Tank Class The LNWR 4 ft 6in Tank was a class of 220 passenger locomotives manufactured by the London and North Western Railway in their Crewe Works between 1879 and 1898 . The 4ft 6in in the title referred to the diameter of the driving wheels – although the stated dimension was for the wheel centres – the nominal diameter including the tyres was . The design was an extension of the earlier 2234 built from 1876 which became known as Chopper Tanks . Design . The design featured a boiler pressed to delivering saturated steam to two cylinders connected by Joy valve gear to the driving wheels . They were an extended version of the 2234 class 2-4-0T locomotives , sharing the same boiler and wheelbase . In 1905 five of the s were rebuilt as s , which may have led to the latter becoming known as Chopper Tanks . The twenty locomotives delivered in 1889–1890 were fitted with condensing apparatus from new . Service . They had been designed for working local passenger trains . From 1909 many locomotives of the class were fitted for Push-pull working , giving the nickname of Motor Tanks . Sales . Dublin , Wicklow and Wexford Railway . Six locomotives were sold to the Dublin , Wicklow and Wexford Railway in 1902 for £1500 each , converted from to and re-gauged to . They were numbered 59 to 64 and all were named after Irish Earls . All six were still in service when the DW&WR became the Dublin and South Eastern Railway in 1907 . They were generally used for suburban work and noted for used on the Harcourt to Bray line . Five were sold to the British Government in 1916 , regauged back to gauge ; two went to the Inland Waterways and Docks where they lasted until scrapped in 1919 . One went to the War Department site at Shoeburyness ; it was scrapped in the early 1920s . The other two went to the colliery at Cramlington until they scrapped in 1923 and 1929 . The locomotive remaining in Ireland , No . 64 , works number 2002 of 1877 , was at one point named Earl of Bessborough . It had been re-built at Crewe in 1914 receiving the works number 3605 . During the Irish Civil War it carried additional steel plating , carried the name Faugh a Ballagh ( Clear the way ) and was used to draw an armoured train . It passed to the Great Southern Railways in 1925 , and was withdrawn in 1936 . Wirral Railway . Four were sold to the Wirral Railway between 1913 and 1921 ; all passed to the London , Midland and Scottish Railway in 1923 , and were renumbered 6758–6761 , after the block of LNWR 5ft 6in Tanks . Cardiff Railway . One was sold to the Cardiff Railway in 1914 ; it passed to the Great Western Railway in 1922 , but was withdrawn in May of that year . Decline . Withdrawals started in 1905 : 118 were scrapped in the years up to 1923 grouping , leaving 90 to be passed to the London , Midland and Scottish Railway . They were allocated power class 1P , and assigned the numbers 6515–6600 and 6758–6761 ; although only 37 survived long enough to receive them : withdrawals restarted in 1924 , and when the last was withdrawn in June 1936 , the class became extinct . None were preserved .
|
[
"Dublin and South Eastern Railway"
] |
[
{
"text": " The LNWR 4 ft 6in Tank was a class of 220 passenger locomotives manufactured by the London and North Western Railway in their Crewe Works between 1879 and 1898 . The 4ft 6in in the title referred to the diameter of the driving wheels – although the stated dimension was for the wheel centres – the nominal diameter including the tyres was . The design was an extension of the earlier 2234 built from 1876 which became known as Chopper Tanks .",
"title": "LNWR 4ft 6in Tank Class"
},
{
"text": " The design featured a boiler pressed to delivering saturated steam to two cylinders connected by Joy valve gear to the driving wheels . They were an extended version of the 2234 class 2-4-0T locomotives , sharing the same boiler and wheelbase . In 1905 five of the s were rebuilt as s , which may have led to the latter becoming known as Chopper Tanks . The twenty locomotives delivered in 1889–1890 were fitted with condensing apparatus from new .",
"title": "Design"
},
{
"text": " They had been designed for working local passenger trains . From 1909 many locomotives of the class were fitted for Push-pull working , giving the nickname of Motor Tanks .",
"title": "Service"
},
{
"text": "Six locomotives were sold to the Dublin , Wicklow and Wexford Railway in 1902 for £1500 each , converted from to and re-gauged to . They were numbered 59 to 64 and all were named after Irish Earls . All six were still in service when the DW&WR became the Dublin and South Eastern Railway in 1907 . They were generally used for suburban work and noted for used on the Harcourt to Bray line . Five were sold to the British Government in 1916 , regauged back to gauge ; two went to the Inland Waterways and Docks where",
"title": "Sales"
},
{
"text": "they lasted until scrapped in 1919 . One went to the War Department site at Shoeburyness ; it was scrapped in the early 1920s . The other two went to the colliery at Cramlington until they scrapped in 1923 and 1929 .",
"title": "Sales"
},
{
"text": " The locomotive remaining in Ireland , No . 64 , works number 2002 of 1877 , was at one point named Earl of Bessborough . It had been re-built at Crewe in 1914 receiving the works number 3605 . During the Irish Civil War it carried additional steel plating , carried the name Faugh a Ballagh ( Clear the way ) and was used to draw an armoured train . It passed to the Great Southern Railways in 1925 , and was withdrawn in 1936 .",
"title": "Sales"
},
{
"text": " Four were sold to the Wirral Railway between 1913 and 1921 ; all passed to the London , Midland and Scottish Railway in 1923 , and were renumbered 6758–6761 , after the block of LNWR 5ft 6in Tanks .",
"title": "Wirral Railway"
},
{
"text": " One was sold to the Cardiff Railway in 1914 ; it passed to the Great Western Railway in 1922 , but was withdrawn in May of that year .",
"title": "Cardiff Railway"
},
{
"text": " Withdrawals started in 1905 : 118 were scrapped in the years up to 1923 grouping , leaving 90 to be passed to the London , Midland and Scottish Railway . They were allocated power class 1P , and assigned the numbers 6515–6600 and 6758–6761 ; although only 37 survived long enough to receive them : withdrawals restarted in 1924 , and when the last was withdrawn in June 1936 , the class became extinct . None were preserved .",
"title": "Decline"
}
] |
/wiki/LNWR_4ft_6in_Tank_Class#P137#2
|
What was the operator of LNWR 4ft 6in Tank Class in Nov 1913?
|
LNWR 4ft 6in Tank Class The LNWR 4 ft 6in Tank was a class of 220 passenger locomotives manufactured by the London and North Western Railway in their Crewe Works between 1879 and 1898 . The 4ft 6in in the title referred to the diameter of the driving wheels – although the stated dimension was for the wheel centres – the nominal diameter including the tyres was . The design was an extension of the earlier 2234 built from 1876 which became known as Chopper Tanks . Design . The design featured a boiler pressed to delivering saturated steam to two cylinders connected by Joy valve gear to the driving wheels . They were an extended version of the 2234 class 2-4-0T locomotives , sharing the same boiler and wheelbase . In 1905 five of the s were rebuilt as s , which may have led to the latter becoming known as Chopper Tanks . The twenty locomotives delivered in 1889–1890 were fitted with condensing apparatus from new . Service . They had been designed for working local passenger trains . From 1909 many locomotives of the class were fitted for Push-pull working , giving the nickname of Motor Tanks . Sales . Dublin , Wicklow and Wexford Railway . Six locomotives were sold to the Dublin , Wicklow and Wexford Railway in 1902 for £1500 each , converted from to and re-gauged to . They were numbered 59 to 64 and all were named after Irish Earls . All six were still in service when the DW&WR became the Dublin and South Eastern Railway in 1907 . They were generally used for suburban work and noted for used on the Harcourt to Bray line . Five were sold to the British Government in 1916 , regauged back to gauge ; two went to the Inland Waterways and Docks where they lasted until scrapped in 1919 . One went to the War Department site at Shoeburyness ; it was scrapped in the early 1920s . The other two went to the colliery at Cramlington until they scrapped in 1923 and 1929 . The locomotive remaining in Ireland , No . 64 , works number 2002 of 1877 , was at one point named Earl of Bessborough . It had been re-built at Crewe in 1914 receiving the works number 3605 . During the Irish Civil War it carried additional steel plating , carried the name Faugh a Ballagh ( Clear the way ) and was used to draw an armoured train . It passed to the Great Southern Railways in 1925 , and was withdrawn in 1936 . Wirral Railway . Four were sold to the Wirral Railway between 1913 and 1921 ; all passed to the London , Midland and Scottish Railway in 1923 , and were renumbered 6758–6761 , after the block of LNWR 5ft 6in Tanks . Cardiff Railway . One was sold to the Cardiff Railway in 1914 ; it passed to the Great Western Railway in 1922 , but was withdrawn in May of that year . Decline . Withdrawals started in 1905 : 118 were scrapped in the years up to 1923 grouping , leaving 90 to be passed to the London , Midland and Scottish Railway . They were allocated power class 1P , and assigned the numbers 6515–6600 and 6758–6761 ; although only 37 survived long enough to receive them : withdrawals restarted in 1924 , and when the last was withdrawn in June 1936 , the class became extinct . None were preserved .
|
[
"Wirral Railway",
"Dublin and South Eastern Railway"
] |
[
{
"text": " The LNWR 4 ft 6in Tank was a class of 220 passenger locomotives manufactured by the London and North Western Railway in their Crewe Works between 1879 and 1898 . The 4ft 6in in the title referred to the diameter of the driving wheels – although the stated dimension was for the wheel centres – the nominal diameter including the tyres was . The design was an extension of the earlier 2234 built from 1876 which became known as Chopper Tanks .",
"title": "LNWR 4ft 6in Tank Class"
},
{
"text": " The design featured a boiler pressed to delivering saturated steam to two cylinders connected by Joy valve gear to the driving wheels . They were an extended version of the 2234 class 2-4-0T locomotives , sharing the same boiler and wheelbase . In 1905 five of the s were rebuilt as s , which may have led to the latter becoming known as Chopper Tanks . The twenty locomotives delivered in 1889–1890 were fitted with condensing apparatus from new .",
"title": "Design"
},
{
"text": " They had been designed for working local passenger trains . From 1909 many locomotives of the class were fitted for Push-pull working , giving the nickname of Motor Tanks .",
"title": "Service"
},
{
"text": "Six locomotives were sold to the Dublin , Wicklow and Wexford Railway in 1902 for £1500 each , converted from to and re-gauged to . They were numbered 59 to 64 and all were named after Irish Earls . All six were still in service when the DW&WR became the Dublin and South Eastern Railway in 1907 . They were generally used for suburban work and noted for used on the Harcourt to Bray line . Five were sold to the British Government in 1916 , regauged back to gauge ; two went to the Inland Waterways and Docks where",
"title": "Sales"
},
{
"text": "they lasted until scrapped in 1919 . One went to the War Department site at Shoeburyness ; it was scrapped in the early 1920s . The other two went to the colliery at Cramlington until they scrapped in 1923 and 1929 .",
"title": "Sales"
},
{
"text": " The locomotive remaining in Ireland , No . 64 , works number 2002 of 1877 , was at one point named Earl of Bessborough . It had been re-built at Crewe in 1914 receiving the works number 3605 . During the Irish Civil War it carried additional steel plating , carried the name Faugh a Ballagh ( Clear the way ) and was used to draw an armoured train . It passed to the Great Southern Railways in 1925 , and was withdrawn in 1936 .",
"title": "Sales"
},
{
"text": " Four were sold to the Wirral Railway between 1913 and 1921 ; all passed to the London , Midland and Scottish Railway in 1923 , and were renumbered 6758–6761 , after the block of LNWR 5ft 6in Tanks .",
"title": "Wirral Railway"
},
{
"text": " One was sold to the Cardiff Railway in 1914 ; it passed to the Great Western Railway in 1922 , but was withdrawn in May of that year .",
"title": "Cardiff Railway"
},
{
"text": " Withdrawals started in 1905 : 118 were scrapped in the years up to 1923 grouping , leaving 90 to be passed to the London , Midland and Scottish Railway . They were allocated power class 1P , and assigned the numbers 6515–6600 and 6758–6761 ; although only 37 survived long enough to receive them : withdrawals restarted in 1924 , and when the last was withdrawn in June 1936 , the class became extinct . None were preserved .",
"title": "Decline"
}
] |
/wiki/LNWR_4ft_6in_Tank_Class#P137#3
|
What was the operator of LNWR 4ft 6in Tank Class in Feb 1914?
|
LNWR 4ft 6in Tank Class The LNWR 4 ft 6in Tank was a class of 220 passenger locomotives manufactured by the London and North Western Railway in their Crewe Works between 1879 and 1898 . The 4ft 6in in the title referred to the diameter of the driving wheels – although the stated dimension was for the wheel centres – the nominal diameter including the tyres was . The design was an extension of the earlier 2234 built from 1876 which became known as Chopper Tanks . Design . The design featured a boiler pressed to delivering saturated steam to two cylinders connected by Joy valve gear to the driving wheels . They were an extended version of the 2234 class 2-4-0T locomotives , sharing the same boiler and wheelbase . In 1905 five of the s were rebuilt as s , which may have led to the latter becoming known as Chopper Tanks . The twenty locomotives delivered in 1889–1890 were fitted with condensing apparatus from new . Service . They had been designed for working local passenger trains . From 1909 many locomotives of the class were fitted for Push-pull working , giving the nickname of Motor Tanks . Sales . Dublin , Wicklow and Wexford Railway . Six locomotives were sold to the Dublin , Wicklow and Wexford Railway in 1902 for £1500 each , converted from to and re-gauged to . They were numbered 59 to 64 and all were named after Irish Earls . All six were still in service when the DW&WR became the Dublin and South Eastern Railway in 1907 . They were generally used for suburban work and noted for used on the Harcourt to Bray line . Five were sold to the British Government in 1916 , regauged back to gauge ; two went to the Inland Waterways and Docks where they lasted until scrapped in 1919 . One went to the War Department site at Shoeburyness ; it was scrapped in the early 1920s . The other two went to the colliery at Cramlington until they scrapped in 1923 and 1929 . The locomotive remaining in Ireland , No . 64 , works number 2002 of 1877 , was at one point named Earl of Bessborough . It had been re-built at Crewe in 1914 receiving the works number 3605 . During the Irish Civil War it carried additional steel plating , carried the name Faugh a Ballagh ( Clear the way ) and was used to draw an armoured train . It passed to the Great Southern Railways in 1925 , and was withdrawn in 1936 . Wirral Railway . Four were sold to the Wirral Railway between 1913 and 1921 ; all passed to the London , Midland and Scottish Railway in 1923 , and were renumbered 6758–6761 , after the block of LNWR 5ft 6in Tanks . Cardiff Railway . One was sold to the Cardiff Railway in 1914 ; it passed to the Great Western Railway in 1922 , but was withdrawn in May of that year . Decline . Withdrawals started in 1905 : 118 were scrapped in the years up to 1923 grouping , leaving 90 to be passed to the London , Midland and Scottish Railway . They were allocated power class 1P , and assigned the numbers 6515–6600 and 6758–6761 ; although only 37 survived long enough to receive them : withdrawals restarted in 1924 , and when the last was withdrawn in June 1936 , the class became extinct . None were preserved .
|
[
"Cardiff Railway"
] |
[
{
"text": " The LNWR 4 ft 6in Tank was a class of 220 passenger locomotives manufactured by the London and North Western Railway in their Crewe Works between 1879 and 1898 . The 4ft 6in in the title referred to the diameter of the driving wheels – although the stated dimension was for the wheel centres – the nominal diameter including the tyres was . The design was an extension of the earlier 2234 built from 1876 which became known as Chopper Tanks .",
"title": "LNWR 4ft 6in Tank Class"
},
{
"text": " The design featured a boiler pressed to delivering saturated steam to two cylinders connected by Joy valve gear to the driving wheels . They were an extended version of the 2234 class 2-4-0T locomotives , sharing the same boiler and wheelbase . In 1905 five of the s were rebuilt as s , which may have led to the latter becoming known as Chopper Tanks . The twenty locomotives delivered in 1889–1890 were fitted with condensing apparatus from new .",
"title": "Design"
},
{
"text": " They had been designed for working local passenger trains . From 1909 many locomotives of the class were fitted for Push-pull working , giving the nickname of Motor Tanks .",
"title": "Service"
},
{
"text": "Six locomotives were sold to the Dublin , Wicklow and Wexford Railway in 1902 for £1500 each , converted from to and re-gauged to . They were numbered 59 to 64 and all were named after Irish Earls . All six were still in service when the DW&WR became the Dublin and South Eastern Railway in 1907 . They were generally used for suburban work and noted for used on the Harcourt to Bray line . Five were sold to the British Government in 1916 , regauged back to gauge ; two went to the Inland Waterways and Docks where",
"title": "Sales"
},
{
"text": "they lasted until scrapped in 1919 . One went to the War Department site at Shoeburyness ; it was scrapped in the early 1920s . The other two went to the colliery at Cramlington until they scrapped in 1923 and 1929 .",
"title": "Sales"
},
{
"text": " The locomotive remaining in Ireland , No . 64 , works number 2002 of 1877 , was at one point named Earl of Bessborough . It had been re-built at Crewe in 1914 receiving the works number 3605 . During the Irish Civil War it carried additional steel plating , carried the name Faugh a Ballagh ( Clear the way ) and was used to draw an armoured train . It passed to the Great Southern Railways in 1925 , and was withdrawn in 1936 .",
"title": "Sales"
},
{
"text": " Four were sold to the Wirral Railway between 1913 and 1921 ; all passed to the London , Midland and Scottish Railway in 1923 , and were renumbered 6758–6761 , after the block of LNWR 5ft 6in Tanks .",
"title": "Wirral Railway"
},
{
"text": " One was sold to the Cardiff Railway in 1914 ; it passed to the Great Western Railway in 1922 , but was withdrawn in May of that year .",
"title": "Cardiff Railway"
},
{
"text": " Withdrawals started in 1905 : 118 were scrapped in the years up to 1923 grouping , leaving 90 to be passed to the London , Midland and Scottish Railway . They were allocated power class 1P , and assigned the numbers 6515–6600 and 6758–6761 ; although only 37 survived long enough to receive them : withdrawals restarted in 1924 , and when the last was withdrawn in June 1936 , the class became extinct . None were preserved .",
"title": "Decline"
}
] |
/wiki/LNWR_4ft_6in_Tank_Class#P137#4
|
What was the operator of LNWR 4ft 6in Tank Class in late 1910s?
|
LNWR 4ft 6in Tank Class The LNWR 4 ft 6in Tank was a class of 220 passenger locomotives manufactured by the London and North Western Railway in their Crewe Works between 1879 and 1898 . The 4ft 6in in the title referred to the diameter of the driving wheels – although the stated dimension was for the wheel centres – the nominal diameter including the tyres was . The design was an extension of the earlier 2234 built from 1876 which became known as Chopper Tanks . Design . The design featured a boiler pressed to delivering saturated steam to two cylinders connected by Joy valve gear to the driving wheels . They were an extended version of the 2234 class 2-4-0T locomotives , sharing the same boiler and wheelbase . In 1905 five of the s were rebuilt as s , which may have led to the latter becoming known as Chopper Tanks . The twenty locomotives delivered in 1889–1890 were fitted with condensing apparatus from new . Service . They had been designed for working local passenger trains . From 1909 many locomotives of the class were fitted for Push-pull working , giving the nickname of Motor Tanks . Sales . Dublin , Wicklow and Wexford Railway . Six locomotives were sold to the Dublin , Wicklow and Wexford Railway in 1902 for £1500 each , converted from to and re-gauged to . They were numbered 59 to 64 and all were named after Irish Earls . All six were still in service when the DW&WR became the Dublin and South Eastern Railway in 1907 . They were generally used for suburban work and noted for used on the Harcourt to Bray line . Five were sold to the British Government in 1916 , regauged back to gauge ; two went to the Inland Waterways and Docks where they lasted until scrapped in 1919 . One went to the War Department site at Shoeburyness ; it was scrapped in the early 1920s . The other two went to the colliery at Cramlington until they scrapped in 1923 and 1929 . The locomotive remaining in Ireland , No . 64 , works number 2002 of 1877 , was at one point named Earl of Bessborough . It had been re-built at Crewe in 1914 receiving the works number 3605 . During the Irish Civil War it carried additional steel plating , carried the name Faugh a Ballagh ( Clear the way ) and was used to draw an armoured train . It passed to the Great Southern Railways in 1925 , and was withdrawn in 1936 . Wirral Railway . Four were sold to the Wirral Railway between 1913 and 1921 ; all passed to the London , Midland and Scottish Railway in 1923 , and were renumbered 6758–6761 , after the block of LNWR 5ft 6in Tanks . Cardiff Railway . One was sold to the Cardiff Railway in 1914 ; it passed to the Great Western Railway in 1922 , but was withdrawn in May of that year . Decline . Withdrawals started in 1905 : 118 were scrapped in the years up to 1923 grouping , leaving 90 to be passed to the London , Midland and Scottish Railway . They were allocated power class 1P , and assigned the numbers 6515–6600 and 6758–6761 ; although only 37 survived long enough to receive them : withdrawals restarted in 1924 , and when the last was withdrawn in June 1936 , the class became extinct . None were preserved .
|
[
"War Department"
] |
[
{
"text": " The LNWR 4 ft 6in Tank was a class of 220 passenger locomotives manufactured by the London and North Western Railway in their Crewe Works between 1879 and 1898 . The 4ft 6in in the title referred to the diameter of the driving wheels – although the stated dimension was for the wheel centres – the nominal diameter including the tyres was . The design was an extension of the earlier 2234 built from 1876 which became known as Chopper Tanks .",
"title": "LNWR 4ft 6in Tank Class"
},
{
"text": " The design featured a boiler pressed to delivering saturated steam to two cylinders connected by Joy valve gear to the driving wheels . They were an extended version of the 2234 class 2-4-0T locomotives , sharing the same boiler and wheelbase . In 1905 five of the s were rebuilt as s , which may have led to the latter becoming known as Chopper Tanks . The twenty locomotives delivered in 1889–1890 were fitted with condensing apparatus from new .",
"title": "Design"
},
{
"text": " They had been designed for working local passenger trains . From 1909 many locomotives of the class were fitted for Push-pull working , giving the nickname of Motor Tanks .",
"title": "Service"
},
{
"text": "Six locomotives were sold to the Dublin , Wicklow and Wexford Railway in 1902 for £1500 each , converted from to and re-gauged to . They were numbered 59 to 64 and all were named after Irish Earls . All six were still in service when the DW&WR became the Dublin and South Eastern Railway in 1907 . They were generally used for suburban work and noted for used on the Harcourt to Bray line . Five were sold to the British Government in 1916 , regauged back to gauge ; two went to the Inland Waterways and Docks where",
"title": "Sales"
},
{
"text": "they lasted until scrapped in 1919 . One went to the War Department site at Shoeburyness ; it was scrapped in the early 1920s . The other two went to the colliery at Cramlington until they scrapped in 1923 and 1929 .",
"title": "Sales"
},
{
"text": " The locomotive remaining in Ireland , No . 64 , works number 2002 of 1877 , was at one point named Earl of Bessborough . It had been re-built at Crewe in 1914 receiving the works number 3605 . During the Irish Civil War it carried additional steel plating , carried the name Faugh a Ballagh ( Clear the way ) and was used to draw an armoured train . It passed to the Great Southern Railways in 1925 , and was withdrawn in 1936 .",
"title": "Sales"
},
{
"text": " Four were sold to the Wirral Railway between 1913 and 1921 ; all passed to the London , Midland and Scottish Railway in 1923 , and were renumbered 6758–6761 , after the block of LNWR 5ft 6in Tanks .",
"title": "Wirral Railway"
},
{
"text": " One was sold to the Cardiff Railway in 1914 ; it passed to the Great Western Railway in 1922 , but was withdrawn in May of that year .",
"title": "Cardiff Railway"
},
{
"text": " Withdrawals started in 1905 : 118 were scrapped in the years up to 1923 grouping , leaving 90 to be passed to the London , Midland and Scottish Railway . They were allocated power class 1P , and assigned the numbers 6515–6600 and 6758–6761 ; although only 37 survived long enough to receive them : withdrawals restarted in 1924 , and when the last was withdrawn in June 1936 , the class became extinct . None were preserved .",
"title": "Decline"
}
] |
/wiki/LNWR_4ft_6in_Tank_Class#P137#5
|
What was the operator of LNWR 4ft 6in Tank Class in Jul 1922?
|
LNWR 4ft 6in Tank Class The LNWR 4 ft 6in Tank was a class of 220 passenger locomotives manufactured by the London and North Western Railway in their Crewe Works between 1879 and 1898 . The 4ft 6in in the title referred to the diameter of the driving wheels – although the stated dimension was for the wheel centres – the nominal diameter including the tyres was . The design was an extension of the earlier 2234 built from 1876 which became known as Chopper Tanks . Design . The design featured a boiler pressed to delivering saturated steam to two cylinders connected by Joy valve gear to the driving wheels . They were an extended version of the 2234 class 2-4-0T locomotives , sharing the same boiler and wheelbase . In 1905 five of the s were rebuilt as s , which may have led to the latter becoming known as Chopper Tanks . The twenty locomotives delivered in 1889–1890 were fitted with condensing apparatus from new . Service . They had been designed for working local passenger trains . From 1909 many locomotives of the class were fitted for Push-pull working , giving the nickname of Motor Tanks . Sales . Dublin , Wicklow and Wexford Railway . Six locomotives were sold to the Dublin , Wicklow and Wexford Railway in 1902 for £1500 each , converted from to and re-gauged to . They were numbered 59 to 64 and all were named after Irish Earls . All six were still in service when the DW&WR became the Dublin and South Eastern Railway in 1907 . They were generally used for suburban work and noted for used on the Harcourt to Bray line . Five were sold to the British Government in 1916 , regauged back to gauge ; two went to the Inland Waterways and Docks where they lasted until scrapped in 1919 . One went to the War Department site at Shoeburyness ; it was scrapped in the early 1920s . The other two went to the colliery at Cramlington until they scrapped in 1923 and 1929 . The locomotive remaining in Ireland , No . 64 , works number 2002 of 1877 , was at one point named Earl of Bessborough . It had been re-built at Crewe in 1914 receiving the works number 3605 . During the Irish Civil War it carried additional steel plating , carried the name Faugh a Ballagh ( Clear the way ) and was used to draw an armoured train . It passed to the Great Southern Railways in 1925 , and was withdrawn in 1936 . Wirral Railway . Four were sold to the Wirral Railway between 1913 and 1921 ; all passed to the London , Midland and Scottish Railway in 1923 , and were renumbered 6758–6761 , after the block of LNWR 5ft 6in Tanks . Cardiff Railway . One was sold to the Cardiff Railway in 1914 ; it passed to the Great Western Railway in 1922 , but was withdrawn in May of that year . Decline . Withdrawals started in 1905 : 118 were scrapped in the years up to 1923 grouping , leaving 90 to be passed to the London , Midland and Scottish Railway . They were allocated power class 1P , and assigned the numbers 6515–6600 and 6758–6761 ; although only 37 survived long enough to receive them : withdrawals restarted in 1924 , and when the last was withdrawn in June 1936 , the class became extinct . None were preserved .
|
[
"Great Western Railway"
] |
[
{
"text": " The LNWR 4 ft 6in Tank was a class of 220 passenger locomotives manufactured by the London and North Western Railway in their Crewe Works between 1879 and 1898 . The 4ft 6in in the title referred to the diameter of the driving wheels – although the stated dimension was for the wheel centres – the nominal diameter including the tyres was . The design was an extension of the earlier 2234 built from 1876 which became known as Chopper Tanks .",
"title": "LNWR 4ft 6in Tank Class"
},
{
"text": " The design featured a boiler pressed to delivering saturated steam to two cylinders connected by Joy valve gear to the driving wheels . They were an extended version of the 2234 class 2-4-0T locomotives , sharing the same boiler and wheelbase . In 1905 five of the s were rebuilt as s , which may have led to the latter becoming known as Chopper Tanks . The twenty locomotives delivered in 1889–1890 were fitted with condensing apparatus from new .",
"title": "Design"
},
{
"text": " They had been designed for working local passenger trains . From 1909 many locomotives of the class were fitted for Push-pull working , giving the nickname of Motor Tanks .",
"title": "Service"
},
{
"text": "Six locomotives were sold to the Dublin , Wicklow and Wexford Railway in 1902 for £1500 each , converted from to and re-gauged to . They were numbered 59 to 64 and all were named after Irish Earls . All six were still in service when the DW&WR became the Dublin and South Eastern Railway in 1907 . They were generally used for suburban work and noted for used on the Harcourt to Bray line . Five were sold to the British Government in 1916 , regauged back to gauge ; two went to the Inland Waterways and Docks where",
"title": "Sales"
},
{
"text": "they lasted until scrapped in 1919 . One went to the War Department site at Shoeburyness ; it was scrapped in the early 1920s . The other two went to the colliery at Cramlington until they scrapped in 1923 and 1929 .",
"title": "Sales"
},
{
"text": " The locomotive remaining in Ireland , No . 64 , works number 2002 of 1877 , was at one point named Earl of Bessborough . It had been re-built at Crewe in 1914 receiving the works number 3605 . During the Irish Civil War it carried additional steel plating , carried the name Faugh a Ballagh ( Clear the way ) and was used to draw an armoured train . It passed to the Great Southern Railways in 1925 , and was withdrawn in 1936 .",
"title": "Sales"
},
{
"text": " Four were sold to the Wirral Railway between 1913 and 1921 ; all passed to the London , Midland and Scottish Railway in 1923 , and were renumbered 6758–6761 , after the block of LNWR 5ft 6in Tanks .",
"title": "Wirral Railway"
},
{
"text": " One was sold to the Cardiff Railway in 1914 ; it passed to the Great Western Railway in 1922 , but was withdrawn in May of that year .",
"title": "Cardiff Railway"
},
{
"text": " Withdrawals started in 1905 : 118 were scrapped in the years up to 1923 grouping , leaving 90 to be passed to the London , Midland and Scottish Railway . They were allocated power class 1P , and assigned the numbers 6515–6600 and 6758–6761 ; although only 37 survived long enough to receive them : withdrawals restarted in 1924 , and when the last was withdrawn in June 1936 , the class became extinct . None were preserved .",
"title": "Decline"
}
] |
/wiki/LNWR_4ft_6in_Tank_Class#P137#6
|
What was the operator of LNWR 4ft 6in Tank Class in Dec 1922?
|
LNWR 4ft 6in Tank Class The LNWR 4 ft 6in Tank was a class of 220 passenger locomotives manufactured by the London and North Western Railway in their Crewe Works between 1879 and 1898 . The 4ft 6in in the title referred to the diameter of the driving wheels – although the stated dimension was for the wheel centres – the nominal diameter including the tyres was . The design was an extension of the earlier 2234 built from 1876 which became known as Chopper Tanks . Design . The design featured a boiler pressed to delivering saturated steam to two cylinders connected by Joy valve gear to the driving wheels . They were an extended version of the 2234 class 2-4-0T locomotives , sharing the same boiler and wheelbase . In 1905 five of the s were rebuilt as s , which may have led to the latter becoming known as Chopper Tanks . The twenty locomotives delivered in 1889–1890 were fitted with condensing apparatus from new . Service . They had been designed for working local passenger trains . From 1909 many locomotives of the class were fitted for Push-pull working , giving the nickname of Motor Tanks . Sales . Dublin , Wicklow and Wexford Railway . Six locomotives were sold to the Dublin , Wicklow and Wexford Railway in 1902 for £1500 each , converted from to and re-gauged to . They were numbered 59 to 64 and all were named after Irish Earls . All six were still in service when the DW&WR became the Dublin and South Eastern Railway in 1907 . They were generally used for suburban work and noted for used on the Harcourt to Bray line . Five were sold to the British Government in 1916 , regauged back to gauge ; two went to the Inland Waterways and Docks where they lasted until scrapped in 1919 . One went to the War Department site at Shoeburyness ; it was scrapped in the early 1920s . The other two went to the colliery at Cramlington until they scrapped in 1923 and 1929 . The locomotive remaining in Ireland , No . 64 , works number 2002 of 1877 , was at one point named Earl of Bessborough . It had been re-built at Crewe in 1914 receiving the works number 3605 . During the Irish Civil War it carried additional steel plating , carried the name Faugh a Ballagh ( Clear the way ) and was used to draw an armoured train . It passed to the Great Southern Railways in 1925 , and was withdrawn in 1936 . Wirral Railway . Four were sold to the Wirral Railway between 1913 and 1921 ; all passed to the London , Midland and Scottish Railway in 1923 , and were renumbered 6758–6761 , after the block of LNWR 5ft 6in Tanks . Cardiff Railway . One was sold to the Cardiff Railway in 1914 ; it passed to the Great Western Railway in 1922 , but was withdrawn in May of that year . Decline . Withdrawals started in 1905 : 118 were scrapped in the years up to 1923 grouping , leaving 90 to be passed to the London , Midland and Scottish Railway . They were allocated power class 1P , and assigned the numbers 6515–6600 and 6758–6761 ; although only 37 survived long enough to receive them : withdrawals restarted in 1924 , and when the last was withdrawn in June 1936 , the class became extinct . None were preserved .
|
[
"Dublin and South Eastern Railway",
"Great Western Railway"
] |
[
{
"text": " The LNWR 4 ft 6in Tank was a class of 220 passenger locomotives manufactured by the London and North Western Railway in their Crewe Works between 1879 and 1898 . The 4ft 6in in the title referred to the diameter of the driving wheels – although the stated dimension was for the wheel centres – the nominal diameter including the tyres was . The design was an extension of the earlier 2234 built from 1876 which became known as Chopper Tanks .",
"title": "LNWR 4ft 6in Tank Class"
},
{
"text": " The design featured a boiler pressed to delivering saturated steam to two cylinders connected by Joy valve gear to the driving wheels . They were an extended version of the 2234 class 2-4-0T locomotives , sharing the same boiler and wheelbase . In 1905 five of the s were rebuilt as s , which may have led to the latter becoming known as Chopper Tanks . The twenty locomotives delivered in 1889–1890 were fitted with condensing apparatus from new .",
"title": "Design"
},
{
"text": " They had been designed for working local passenger trains . From 1909 many locomotives of the class were fitted for Push-pull working , giving the nickname of Motor Tanks .",
"title": "Service"
},
{
"text": "Six locomotives were sold to the Dublin , Wicklow and Wexford Railway in 1902 for £1500 each , converted from to and re-gauged to . They were numbered 59 to 64 and all were named after Irish Earls . All six were still in service when the DW&WR became the Dublin and South Eastern Railway in 1907 . They were generally used for suburban work and noted for used on the Harcourt to Bray line . Five were sold to the British Government in 1916 , regauged back to gauge ; two went to the Inland Waterways and Docks where",
"title": "Sales"
},
{
"text": "they lasted until scrapped in 1919 . One went to the War Department site at Shoeburyness ; it was scrapped in the early 1920s . The other two went to the colliery at Cramlington until they scrapped in 1923 and 1929 .",
"title": "Sales"
},
{
"text": " The locomotive remaining in Ireland , No . 64 , works number 2002 of 1877 , was at one point named Earl of Bessborough . It had been re-built at Crewe in 1914 receiving the works number 3605 . During the Irish Civil War it carried additional steel plating , carried the name Faugh a Ballagh ( Clear the way ) and was used to draw an armoured train . It passed to the Great Southern Railways in 1925 , and was withdrawn in 1936 .",
"title": "Sales"
},
{
"text": " Four were sold to the Wirral Railway between 1913 and 1921 ; all passed to the London , Midland and Scottish Railway in 1923 , and were renumbered 6758–6761 , after the block of LNWR 5ft 6in Tanks .",
"title": "Wirral Railway"
},
{
"text": " One was sold to the Cardiff Railway in 1914 ; it passed to the Great Western Railway in 1922 , but was withdrawn in May of that year .",
"title": "Cardiff Railway"
},
{
"text": " Withdrawals started in 1905 : 118 were scrapped in the years up to 1923 grouping , leaving 90 to be passed to the London , Midland and Scottish Railway . They were allocated power class 1P , and assigned the numbers 6515–6600 and 6758–6761 ; although only 37 survived long enough to receive them : withdrawals restarted in 1924 , and when the last was withdrawn in June 1936 , the class became extinct . None were preserved .",
"title": "Decline"
}
] |
/wiki/LNWR_4ft_6in_Tank_Class#P137#7
|
What was the operator of LNWR 4ft 6in Tank Class after Nov 1924?
|
LNWR 4ft 6in Tank Class The LNWR 4 ft 6in Tank was a class of 220 passenger locomotives manufactured by the London and North Western Railway in their Crewe Works between 1879 and 1898 . The 4ft 6in in the title referred to the diameter of the driving wheels – although the stated dimension was for the wheel centres – the nominal diameter including the tyres was . The design was an extension of the earlier 2234 built from 1876 which became known as Chopper Tanks . Design . The design featured a boiler pressed to delivering saturated steam to two cylinders connected by Joy valve gear to the driving wheels . They were an extended version of the 2234 class 2-4-0T locomotives , sharing the same boiler and wheelbase . In 1905 five of the s were rebuilt as s , which may have led to the latter becoming known as Chopper Tanks . The twenty locomotives delivered in 1889–1890 were fitted with condensing apparatus from new . Service . They had been designed for working local passenger trains . From 1909 many locomotives of the class were fitted for Push-pull working , giving the nickname of Motor Tanks . Sales . Dublin , Wicklow and Wexford Railway . Six locomotives were sold to the Dublin , Wicklow and Wexford Railway in 1902 for £1500 each , converted from to and re-gauged to . They were numbered 59 to 64 and all were named after Irish Earls . All six were still in service when the DW&WR became the Dublin and South Eastern Railway in 1907 . They were generally used for suburban work and noted for used on the Harcourt to Bray line . Five were sold to the British Government in 1916 , regauged back to gauge ; two went to the Inland Waterways and Docks where they lasted until scrapped in 1919 . One went to the War Department site at Shoeburyness ; it was scrapped in the early 1920s . The other two went to the colliery at Cramlington until they scrapped in 1923 and 1929 . The locomotive remaining in Ireland , No . 64 , works number 2002 of 1877 , was at one point named Earl of Bessborough . It had been re-built at Crewe in 1914 receiving the works number 3605 . During the Irish Civil War it carried additional steel plating , carried the name Faugh a Ballagh ( Clear the way ) and was used to draw an armoured train . It passed to the Great Southern Railways in 1925 , and was withdrawn in 1936 . Wirral Railway . Four were sold to the Wirral Railway between 1913 and 1921 ; all passed to the London , Midland and Scottish Railway in 1923 , and were renumbered 6758–6761 , after the block of LNWR 5ft 6in Tanks . Cardiff Railway . One was sold to the Cardiff Railway in 1914 ; it passed to the Great Western Railway in 1922 , but was withdrawn in May of that year . Decline . Withdrawals started in 1905 : 118 were scrapped in the years up to 1923 grouping , leaving 90 to be passed to the London , Midland and Scottish Railway . They were allocated power class 1P , and assigned the numbers 6515–6600 and 6758–6761 ; although only 37 survived long enough to receive them : withdrawals restarted in 1924 , and when the last was withdrawn in June 1936 , the class became extinct . None were preserved .
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " The LNWR 4 ft 6in Tank was a class of 220 passenger locomotives manufactured by the London and North Western Railway in their Crewe Works between 1879 and 1898 . The 4ft 6in in the title referred to the diameter of the driving wheels – although the stated dimension was for the wheel centres – the nominal diameter including the tyres was . The design was an extension of the earlier 2234 built from 1876 which became known as Chopper Tanks .",
"title": "LNWR 4ft 6in Tank Class"
},
{
"text": " The design featured a boiler pressed to delivering saturated steam to two cylinders connected by Joy valve gear to the driving wheels . They were an extended version of the 2234 class 2-4-0T locomotives , sharing the same boiler and wheelbase . In 1905 five of the s were rebuilt as s , which may have led to the latter becoming known as Chopper Tanks . The twenty locomotives delivered in 1889–1890 were fitted with condensing apparatus from new .",
"title": "Design"
},
{
"text": " They had been designed for working local passenger trains . From 1909 many locomotives of the class were fitted for Push-pull working , giving the nickname of Motor Tanks .",
"title": "Service"
},
{
"text": "Six locomotives were sold to the Dublin , Wicklow and Wexford Railway in 1902 for £1500 each , converted from to and re-gauged to . They were numbered 59 to 64 and all were named after Irish Earls . All six were still in service when the DW&WR became the Dublin and South Eastern Railway in 1907 . They were generally used for suburban work and noted for used on the Harcourt to Bray line . Five were sold to the British Government in 1916 , regauged back to gauge ; two went to the Inland Waterways and Docks where",
"title": "Sales"
},
{
"text": "they lasted until scrapped in 1919 . One went to the War Department site at Shoeburyness ; it was scrapped in the early 1920s . The other two went to the colliery at Cramlington until they scrapped in 1923 and 1929 .",
"title": "Sales"
},
{
"text": " The locomotive remaining in Ireland , No . 64 , works number 2002 of 1877 , was at one point named Earl of Bessborough . It had been re-built at Crewe in 1914 receiving the works number 3605 . During the Irish Civil War it carried additional steel plating , carried the name Faugh a Ballagh ( Clear the way ) and was used to draw an armoured train . It passed to the Great Southern Railways in 1925 , and was withdrawn in 1936 .",
"title": "Sales"
},
{
"text": " Four were sold to the Wirral Railway between 1913 and 1921 ; all passed to the London , Midland and Scottish Railway in 1923 , and were renumbered 6758–6761 , after the block of LNWR 5ft 6in Tanks .",
"title": "Wirral Railway"
},
{
"text": " One was sold to the Cardiff Railway in 1914 ; it passed to the Great Western Railway in 1922 , but was withdrawn in May of that year .",
"title": "Cardiff Railway"
},
{
"text": " Withdrawals started in 1905 : 118 were scrapped in the years up to 1923 grouping , leaving 90 to be passed to the London , Midland and Scottish Railway . They were allocated power class 1P , and assigned the numbers 6515–6600 and 6758–6761 ; although only 37 survived long enough to receive them : withdrawals restarted in 1924 , and when the last was withdrawn in June 1936 , the class became extinct . None were preserved .",
"title": "Decline"
}
] |
/wiki/Arthur_Vandenberg#P39#0
|
Which position did Arthur Vandenberg hold before Mar 1934?
|
Arthur Vandenberg Arthur Hendrick Vandenberg ( March 22 , 1884April 18 , 1951 ) was an American politician who served as a United States Senator from Michigan from 1928 to 1951 . A member of the Republican Party , he participated in the creation of the United Nations . He is best known for leading the Republican Party from a foreign policy of isolationism to one of internationalism , and supporting the Cold War , the Truman Doctrine , the Marshall Plan , and NATO . He served as President pro tempore of the United States Senate from 1947 to 1949 . Born and raised in Grand Rapids , Michigan in a family of Dutch Americans , Vandenberg began his career as a newspaper editor and publisher . In 1928 , Republican Governor Fred W . Green appointed Vandenberg to the U.S . Senate to fill the vacancy that arose after the death of Woodbridge Nathan Ferris . Vandenberg won election to a full term later that year and remained in the Senate until his death in 1951 . He supported the early New Deal programs but came to oppose most of President Franklin D . Roosevelts domestic policies . During the late 1930s , Vandenberg also opposed the United States becoming involved in World War II and urged Roosevelt to reach an accommodation with Japan . Vandenberg abandoned his isolationism , however , after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor . He became chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee in 1947 and supported Democratic President Harry Trumans Cold War policies , asserting that politics stops at the waters edge . Vandenberg also served as the Chairman of the Republican Senate Conference from 1945 to 1947 and as the president pro tempore of the Senate from 1947 to 1949 . He unsuccessfully sought the Republican nomination for president in 1940 and 1948 . Early life and family . Vandenberg was born and raised in Grand Rapids , Michigan , the son of Alpha ( née Hendrick ) and Aaron Vandenberg , of mostly Dutch heritage . Vandenberg attended the public schools of Grand Rapids and graduated from Grand Rapids Central High School in June 1900 ranked first in his class . He then studied law at the University of Michigan ( 1900–1901 ) , where he was a member of the Delta Upsilon fraternity . After a brief stint working in New York at Colliers Weekly magazine , he returned home in 1906 to marry his childhood sweetheart , Elizabeth Watson . They had three children . She died in 1917 , and in 1918 Vandenberg married Hazel Whitaker . They had no children . From 1906 to 1928 , he worked as a newspaper editor and publisher at the Grand Rapids Herald . It was owned by William Alden Smith , who served as a Republican in the U.S . Senate from 1907 to 1919 . As publisher , Vandenberg made the paper highly profitable . He wrote most of the editorials , many of which called for more Progressivism in the spirit of his hero Theodore Roosevelt . However he supported incumbent President William Howard Taft over Roosevelt in the 1912 election . In 1915 Vandenberg coined the term loon ship for Henry Fords peace ship in reaction to Fords more outlandish ideas . A talented public speaker , during political campaigns Vandenberg often gave speeches on behalf of Republican candidates . He also attended numerous local , county and state Republican conventions as a delegate , and gave several convention keynote addresses . His work on behalf of the party gave Vandenberg a high public profile , and he was frequently mentioned as a candidate for governor or other offices . As a widower with three small children , Vandenberg was ineligible for active military service during World War I . To contribute to the war effort , Vandenberg gave speeches at hundreds of Liberty bond rallies in Michigan and Ohio , in which he urged listeners to demonstrate their patriotism by helping finance U.S . military preparedness and combat . In addition , he joined the Michigan State Troops , the volunteer organization that performed many of the National Guards duties after the Guard was federalized . Appointed a first lieutenant , Vandenberg commanded a company in Grand Rapids until the end of the war . After the war , Vandenberg aided in founding and organizing the Michigan branch of the American Legion . Vandenberg gained national attention for his 1921 biography The Greatest American : Alexander Hamilton . He followed this in 1923 with If Hamilton Were Here Today : American Fundamentals Applied to Modern Problems ; and , in 1926 , The Trail of a Tradition , a study of American nationalism and U.S . foreign policy . A civic activist , Vandenbergs fraternal memberships included Masons , Shriners , Elks , and Woodmen of the World . Senate career 1928–1935 . On March 31 , 1928 , Governor Fred W . Green appointed 44-year-old Vandenberg , a Republican , to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Senator Woodbridge Nathan Ferris , a Democrat . Green considered resigning so he could be appointed to the vacancy . He also considered several other candidates , including former governors Albert Sleeper and Chase Osborn . In addition , Green considered Representative Joseph W . Fordney , who would have been a placeholder until the election for the remainder of Ferris term . Green finally decided upon Vandenberg , who immediately declared his intention to stand for election to both the short , unexpired term and the full six-year term . He became the fifth former journalist then serving in the U.S . Senate . Governor Green stressed the advantage of youth as a qualification for the rough-and-tumble of life in Washington committee rooms which was deemed an explanation for appointing Vandenberg over the aged Fordney . Fellow Republican publishers to whom he can look from behind his horn-rimmed glasses for encouragement in his maiden speech are Cutting of New Mexico , Capper of Kansas , La Follette of Wisconsin . Senator-publisher Carter Glass of Virginia sits across the aisle among the Democrats . In November 1928 , Vandenberg was handily elected for a full term , defeating Democratic challenger John W . Bailey with over 70% of the vote . In the Senate , he piloted into law the Reapportionment Act of 1929 , which provided for the automatic redistricting of the House of Representatives after each national census . He was at first an ardent supporter of Republican President Herbert Hoover but he became discouraged by Hoovers intransigence , and failures in dealing with the Great Depression . After the election of Democrat Franklin D . Roosevelt to the presidency in 1932 , Vandenberg went along with most of the early New Deal measures , except for the NIRA and AAA . With the exception of his amendment to the 1933 Glass–Steagall Banking Act , that created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation , Vandenberg failed to secure enactment of any significant legislative proposals . By the 1934 election , though his own political position was precarious , he was still reelected over Democratic candidate Frank Albert Picard by 52,443 votes . Opposing the New Deal 1935–1939 . When the new Congress convened in 1935 , there were only twenty-five Republican senators , and Vandenberg was one of the most effective opponents of the second New Deal . He voted against most Roosevelt-sponsored measures , notable exceptions being the Banking Act of 1935 and the Social Security Act . He pursued a policy of what he called fiscal responsibility , a balanced budget , states rights , and reduced taxation . He felt that Franklin Roosevelt had usurped the powers of Congress , and he spoke of the dictatorship of Roosevelt . But at the 1936 Republican National Convention , Vandenberg refused to permit the party to nominate him for Vice President , anticipating Roosevelts victory that year . As part of the conservative coalition of Republicans and Democrats in the Senate , Vandenberg helped defeat Roosevelts plan to pack the Supreme Court . He helped defeat the Passamaquoddy Bay tidal power and Florida Canal projects , voted against the National Labor Relations Act , various New Deal tax measures , and the Hours and Wages Act . American foreign policy . Vandenberg became a member of the United States Senate Foreign Relations Committee in 1929 . Starting as an internationalist , he voted in favor of United States membership on the World Court . However , the war clouds gathering in Europe moved him towards isolationism . His experiences during the Nye Committee hearings on the munitions industry , of which he was the Senate co-sponsor , convinced him that entry into World War I had been a disastrous error . He supported the isolationist Neutrality Acts of the 1930s but wanted and sponsored more severe bills designed to renounce all traditional neutral rights and restrict and prevent any action by the President that might cause the United States to be drawn into war . He was one of the most effective of the diehard isolationists in the Senate . Except for advocating aid to Finland after the Soviet invasion of that country and urging a quid pro quo in the Far East to prevent a war with Japan over the Manchuria-China question , his position was consistently isolationist . In mid-1939 he introduced legislation nullifying the 1911 Treaty of Navigation and Commerce with Japan and urged that the administration negotiate a new treaty with Japan recognizing the status quo with regard to Japans occupation of Chinese territory . Instead , Roosevelt and Secretary of State Cordell Hull used the resolution as a pretext for giving Japan the required six months notice of intent to cancel the treaty , beginning the policy of putting pressure on Japan that led to the Attack on Pearl Harbor . On the day of the Pearl Harbor attack however his position changed radically . In his private papers he wrote that at Pearl Harbor , isolationism died for any realist . In the end , only one member of Congress , Republican Jeannette Rankin , voted against war with Japan . United Nations and internationalism 1940–1950 . In the election of 1940 , Vandenberg secured a third term in the Senate by defeating Democratic challenger Frank Fitzpatrick by over 100,000 votes . During World War II , Vandenbergs position on American foreign policy changed radically . Although he continued to vote with the conservative coalition against Roosevelts domestic proposals , Vandenberg gradually abandoned his isolationism to become an architect of a bipartisan foreign policy , which he defined as a consensus developed by consultation between the President , the State Department , and congressional leaders from both parties , especially those in the Senate . In 1943 British scholar Isaiah Berlin , working for the British embassy , prepared a confidential intelligence summary of the leaders of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee . He described Vandenberg as : On January 10 , 1945 , he delivered a celebrated speech heard round the world in the Senate Chamber , publicly announcing his conversion from isolationism to internationalism . Following the completion of the second World War , Vandenberg was elected to his fourth and final term in the U.S . Senate , defeating his Democratic challenger , James H . Lee , by earning over two-thirds of the vote in the 1946 election . In 1947 , at the start of the Cold War , Vandenberg became chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee . In that position , he cooperated with the Truman administration in forging bipartisan support for the Truman Doctrine , the Marshall Plan , and NATO , including presenting the critical Vandenberg resolution . As chairman of the Foreign Relations Committee , he asserted that politics stops at the waters edge , and cooperated with the Truman administration in forging bipartisan support . Francis O . Wilcox , first chief of staff of the Foreign Relations Committee , recalled Vandenbergs Senate career as an exemplar of bipartisanship in American foreign policy . In October 2000 , the Senate bestowed a rare honor on Vandenberg , voting to include his portrait in a very select collection in the United States Senate Reception Room . Last years . In 1940 and 1948 Vandenberg was a favorite son candidate for the Republican presidential nomination . In 1950 Vandenberg announced that he had developed cancer . He died on April 18 , 1951 , and was buried in Oak Hill Cemetery in Grand Rapids . Legacy . The former Vandenberg Creative Arts Academy of the Grand Rapids Public Schools was named after him . In September 2004 , a portrait of Vandenberg , along with one of Senator Robert F . Wagner , was unveiled in the Senate Reception Room . The two new portraits joined a group of highly distinguished senators including Henry Clay , Daniel Webster , John C . Calhoun , Robert M . La Follette , Sr. , and Robert A . Taft . Portraits of this group of senators , known as the Famous Five , had been unveiled in March 1959 . A statue dedicated to Vandenberg was unveiled in May 2005 in downtown Grand Rapids , on Monroe Street , north of Rosa Parks Circle . Senator Vandenberg is memorialized in a Michigan historical marker for the Arthur Hendrick Vandenberg/Vandenberg Center in Grand Rapids The Vandenberg Room ( formerly The Grand Rapids Room ) at The University of Michigan is named in his honor of Senator Vandenbergs second wife , Hazel . Vandenberg Hall at Oakland University is named in his honor . In southeast Michigan , three Arthur H . Vandenberg Elementary Schools were named after him - one in Redford , another in Southfield , and the third in Wayne which closed in 2016 . Noteworthy family members . Arthur H . Vandenberg Jr . ( 1907–1968 ) , the Senators son , worked for the Senator for more than a decade . In 1952 President Eisenhower appointed him Appointments Secretary , but he took a leave of absence before Eisenhower was inaugurated . Senator Vandenbergs nephew , U.S . Air Force General Hoyt S . Vandenberg , served as Air Force Chief of Staff and Director of Central Intelligence . Vandenberg Air Force Base was named in his honor . Senator Vandenbergs great nephew , Hoyt S . Vandenberg Jr. , served as a Major General in the Air Force . Committee assignments and diplomatic service . - President pro tempore of the Senate during the 80th Congress , 1947–1949 - Chairman , U.S . Senate Committee on Enrolled Bills , 1931–1933 - Chairman , Senate Republican Conference , 1945–1947 - Chairman , Committee on Foreign Relations , 1947–1949 - Delegate to the United Nations Conference on International Organization at San Francisco in 1945 - Delegate to the United Nations General Assembly at London and New York City in 1946 - United States adviser to the 2nd and 3rd Council of Foreign Ministers at Paris , and New York City in 1946 - Delegate to the Inter-American Conference for the Maintenance of Continental Peace and Security , at Rio de Janeiro , Brazil on August 15–September 2 , 1947 , which drafted the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance ( also known as the Rio Treaty )
|
[
"United States Senator"
] |
[
{
"text": "Arthur Hendrick Vandenberg ( March 22 , 1884April 18 , 1951 ) was an American politician who served as a United States Senator from Michigan from 1928 to 1951 . A member of the Republican Party , he participated in the creation of the United Nations . He is best known for leading the Republican Party from a foreign policy of isolationism to one of internationalism , and supporting the Cold War , the Truman Doctrine , the Marshall Plan , and NATO . He served as President pro tempore of the United States Senate from 1947 to 1949 .",
"title": "Arthur Vandenberg"
},
{
"text": "Born and raised in Grand Rapids , Michigan in a family of Dutch Americans , Vandenberg began his career as a newspaper editor and publisher . In 1928 , Republican Governor Fred W . Green appointed Vandenberg to the U.S . Senate to fill the vacancy that arose after the death of Woodbridge Nathan Ferris . Vandenberg won election to a full term later that year and remained in the Senate until his death in 1951 . He supported the early New Deal programs but came to oppose most of President Franklin D . Roosevelts domestic policies . During the",
"title": "Arthur Vandenberg"
},
{
"text": "late 1930s , Vandenberg also opposed the United States becoming involved in World War II and urged Roosevelt to reach an accommodation with Japan .",
"title": "Arthur Vandenberg"
},
{
"text": " Vandenberg abandoned his isolationism , however , after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor . He became chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee in 1947 and supported Democratic President Harry Trumans Cold War policies , asserting that politics stops at the waters edge . Vandenberg also served as the Chairman of the Republican Senate Conference from 1945 to 1947 and as the president pro tempore of the Senate from 1947 to 1949 . He unsuccessfully sought the Republican nomination for president in 1940 and 1948 . Early life and family .",
"title": "Arthur Vandenberg"
},
{
"text": "Vandenberg was born and raised in Grand Rapids , Michigan , the son of Alpha ( née Hendrick ) and Aaron Vandenberg , of mostly Dutch heritage . Vandenberg attended the public schools of Grand Rapids and graduated from Grand Rapids Central High School in June 1900 ranked first in his class . He then studied law at the University of Michigan ( 1900–1901 ) , where he was a member of the Delta Upsilon fraternity . After a brief stint working in New York at Colliers Weekly magazine , he returned home in 1906 to marry his childhood sweetheart",
"title": "Arthur Vandenberg"
},
{
"text": ", Elizabeth Watson . They had three children . She died in 1917 , and in 1918 Vandenberg married Hazel Whitaker . They had no children .",
"title": "Arthur Vandenberg"
},
{
"text": "From 1906 to 1928 , he worked as a newspaper editor and publisher at the Grand Rapids Herald . It was owned by William Alden Smith , who served as a Republican in the U.S . Senate from 1907 to 1919 . As publisher , Vandenberg made the paper highly profitable . He wrote most of the editorials , many of which called for more Progressivism in the spirit of his hero Theodore Roosevelt . However he supported incumbent President William Howard Taft over Roosevelt in the 1912 election . In 1915 Vandenberg coined the term loon ship for Henry",
"title": "Arthur Vandenberg"
},
{
"text": "Fords peace ship in reaction to Fords more outlandish ideas .",
"title": "Arthur Vandenberg"
},
{
"text": " A talented public speaker , during political campaigns Vandenberg often gave speeches on behalf of Republican candidates . He also attended numerous local , county and state Republican conventions as a delegate , and gave several convention keynote addresses . His work on behalf of the party gave Vandenberg a high public profile , and he was frequently mentioned as a candidate for governor or other offices .",
"title": "Arthur Vandenberg"
},
{
"text": "As a widower with three small children , Vandenberg was ineligible for active military service during World War I . To contribute to the war effort , Vandenberg gave speeches at hundreds of Liberty bond rallies in Michigan and Ohio , in which he urged listeners to demonstrate their patriotism by helping finance U.S . military preparedness and combat . In addition , he joined the Michigan State Troops , the volunteer organization that performed many of the National Guards duties after the Guard was federalized . Appointed a first lieutenant , Vandenberg commanded a company in Grand Rapids until",
"title": "Arthur Vandenberg"
},
{
"text": "the end of the war . After the war , Vandenberg aided in founding and organizing the Michigan branch of the American Legion .",
"title": "Arthur Vandenberg"
},
{
"text": " Vandenberg gained national attention for his 1921 biography The Greatest American : Alexander Hamilton . He followed this in 1923 with If Hamilton Were Here Today : American Fundamentals Applied to Modern Problems ; and , in 1926 , The Trail of a Tradition , a study of American nationalism and U.S . foreign policy . A civic activist , Vandenbergs fraternal memberships included Masons , Shriners , Elks , and Woodmen of the World .",
"title": "Arthur Vandenberg"
},
{
"text": "On March 31 , 1928 , Governor Fred W . Green appointed 44-year-old Vandenberg , a Republican , to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Senator Woodbridge Nathan Ferris , a Democrat . Green considered resigning so he could be appointed to the vacancy . He also considered several other candidates , including former governors Albert Sleeper and Chase Osborn . In addition , Green considered Representative Joseph W . Fordney , who would have been a placeholder until the election for the remainder of Ferris term . Green finally decided upon Vandenberg , who immediately declared his",
"title": "Senate career 1928–1935"
},
{
"text": "intention to stand for election to both the short , unexpired term and the full six-year term .",
"title": "Senate career 1928–1935"
},
{
"text": " He became the fifth former journalist then serving in the U.S . Senate . Governor Green stressed the advantage of youth as a qualification for the rough-and-tumble of life in Washington committee rooms which was deemed an explanation for appointing Vandenberg over the aged Fordney . Fellow Republican publishers to whom he can look from behind his horn-rimmed glasses for encouragement in his maiden speech are Cutting of New Mexico , Capper of Kansas , La Follette of Wisconsin . Senator-publisher Carter Glass of Virginia sits across the aisle among the Democrats .",
"title": "Senate career 1928–1935"
},
{
"text": "In November 1928 , Vandenberg was handily elected for a full term , defeating Democratic challenger John W . Bailey with over 70% of the vote . In the Senate , he piloted into law the Reapportionment Act of 1929 , which provided for the automatic redistricting of the House of Representatives after each national census . He was at first an ardent supporter of Republican President Herbert Hoover but he became discouraged by Hoovers intransigence , and failures in dealing with the Great Depression .",
"title": "Senate career 1928–1935"
},
{
"text": " After the election of Democrat Franklin D . Roosevelt to the presidency in 1932 , Vandenberg went along with most of the early New Deal measures , except for the NIRA and AAA . With the exception of his amendment to the 1933 Glass–Steagall Banking Act , that created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation , Vandenberg failed to secure enactment of any significant legislative proposals . By the 1934 election , though his own political position was precarious , he was still reelected over Democratic candidate Frank Albert Picard by 52,443 votes . Opposing the New Deal 1935–1939 .",
"title": "Senate career 1928–1935"
},
{
"text": "When the new Congress convened in 1935 , there were only twenty-five Republican senators , and Vandenberg was one of the most effective opponents of the second New Deal . He voted against most Roosevelt-sponsored measures , notable exceptions being the Banking Act of 1935 and the Social Security Act . He pursued a policy of what he called fiscal responsibility , a balanced budget , states rights , and reduced taxation . He felt that Franklin Roosevelt had usurped the powers of Congress , and he spoke of the dictatorship of Roosevelt . But at the 1936 Republican National",
"title": "Senate career 1928–1935"
},
{
"text": "Convention , Vandenberg refused to permit the party to nominate him for Vice President , anticipating Roosevelts victory that year .",
"title": "Senate career 1928–1935"
},
{
"text": " As part of the conservative coalition of Republicans and Democrats in the Senate , Vandenberg helped defeat Roosevelts plan to pack the Supreme Court . He helped defeat the Passamaquoddy Bay tidal power and Florida Canal projects , voted against the National Labor Relations Act , various New Deal tax measures , and the Hours and Wages Act .",
"title": "Senate career 1928–1935"
},
{
"text": " Vandenberg became a member of the United States Senate Foreign Relations Committee in 1929 . Starting as an internationalist , he voted in favor of United States membership on the World Court . However , the war clouds gathering in Europe moved him towards isolationism . His experiences during the Nye Committee hearings on the munitions industry , of which he was the Senate co-sponsor , convinced him that entry into World War I had been a disastrous error .",
"title": "American foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "He supported the isolationist Neutrality Acts of the 1930s but wanted and sponsored more severe bills designed to renounce all traditional neutral rights and restrict and prevent any action by the President that might cause the United States to be drawn into war . He was one of the most effective of the diehard isolationists in the Senate . Except for advocating aid to Finland after the Soviet invasion of that country and urging a quid pro quo in the Far East to prevent a war with Japan over the Manchuria-China question , his position was consistently isolationist .",
"title": "American foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "In mid-1939 he introduced legislation nullifying the 1911 Treaty of Navigation and Commerce with Japan and urged that the administration negotiate a new treaty with Japan recognizing the status quo with regard to Japans occupation of Chinese territory . Instead , Roosevelt and Secretary of State Cordell Hull used the resolution as a pretext for giving Japan the required six months notice of intent to cancel the treaty , beginning the policy of putting pressure on Japan that led to the Attack on Pearl Harbor . On the day of the Pearl Harbor attack however his position changed radically .",
"title": "American foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "In his private papers he wrote that at Pearl Harbor , isolationism died for any realist . In the end , only one member of Congress , Republican Jeannette Rankin , voted against war with Japan .",
"title": "American foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "In the election of 1940 , Vandenberg secured a third term in the Senate by defeating Democratic challenger Frank Fitzpatrick by over 100,000 votes . During World War II , Vandenbergs position on American foreign policy changed radically . Although he continued to vote with the conservative coalition against Roosevelts domestic proposals , Vandenberg gradually abandoned his isolationism to become an architect of a bipartisan foreign policy , which he defined as a consensus developed by consultation between the President , the State Department , and congressional leaders from both parties , especially those in the Senate .",
"title": "American foreign policy"
},
{
"text": " In 1943 British scholar Isaiah Berlin , working for the British embassy , prepared a confidential intelligence summary of the leaders of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee . He described Vandenberg as :",
"title": "American foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "On January 10 , 1945 , he delivered a celebrated speech heard round the world in the Senate Chamber , publicly announcing his conversion from isolationism to internationalism . Following the completion of the second World War , Vandenberg was elected to his fourth and final term in the U.S . Senate , defeating his Democratic challenger , James H . Lee , by earning over two-thirds of the vote in the 1946 election . In 1947 , at the start of the Cold War , Vandenberg became chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee . In that position ,",
"title": "American foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "he cooperated with the Truman administration in forging bipartisan support for the Truman Doctrine , the Marshall Plan , and NATO , including presenting the critical Vandenberg resolution .",
"title": "American foreign policy"
},
{
"text": " As chairman of the Foreign Relations Committee , he asserted that politics stops at the waters edge , and cooperated with the Truman administration in forging bipartisan support . Francis O . Wilcox , first chief of staff of the Foreign Relations Committee , recalled Vandenbergs Senate career as an exemplar of bipartisanship in American foreign policy . In October 2000 , the Senate bestowed a rare honor on Vandenberg , voting to include his portrait in a very select collection in the United States Senate Reception Room .",
"title": "American foreign policy"
},
{
"text": " In 1940 and 1948 Vandenberg was a favorite son candidate for the Republican presidential nomination . In 1950 Vandenberg announced that he had developed cancer . He died on April 18 , 1951 , and was buried in Oak Hill Cemetery in Grand Rapids .",
"title": "Last years"
},
{
"text": " The former Vandenberg Creative Arts Academy of the Grand Rapids Public Schools was named after him .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "In September 2004 , a portrait of Vandenberg , along with one of Senator Robert F . Wagner , was unveiled in the Senate Reception Room . The two new portraits joined a group of highly distinguished senators including Henry Clay , Daniel Webster , John C . Calhoun , Robert M . La Follette , Sr. , and Robert A . Taft . Portraits of this group of senators , known as the Famous Five , had been unveiled in March 1959 . A statue dedicated to Vandenberg was unveiled in May 2005 in downtown Grand Rapids , on",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "Monroe Street , north of Rosa Parks Circle .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " Senator Vandenberg is memorialized in a Michigan historical marker for the Arthur Hendrick Vandenberg/Vandenberg Center in Grand Rapids The Vandenberg Room ( formerly The Grand Rapids Room ) at The University of Michigan is named in his honor of Senator Vandenbergs second wife , Hazel . Vandenberg Hall at Oakland University is named in his honor . In southeast Michigan , three Arthur H . Vandenberg Elementary Schools were named after him - one in Redford , another in Southfield , and the third in Wayne which closed in 2016 .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " Arthur H . Vandenberg Jr . ( 1907–1968 ) , the Senators son , worked for the Senator for more than a decade . In 1952 President Eisenhower appointed him Appointments Secretary , but he took a leave of absence before Eisenhower was inaugurated . Senator Vandenbergs nephew , U.S . Air Force General Hoyt S . Vandenberg , served as Air Force Chief of Staff and Director of Central Intelligence . Vandenberg Air Force Base was named in his honor .",
"title": "Noteworthy family members"
},
{
"text": "Senator Vandenbergs great nephew , Hoyt S . Vandenberg Jr. , served as a Major General in the Air Force .",
"title": "Noteworthy family members"
},
{
"text": " Committee assignments and diplomatic service . - President pro tempore of the Senate during the 80th Congress , 1947–1949 - Chairman , U.S . Senate Committee on Enrolled Bills , 1931–1933 - Chairman , Senate Republican Conference , 1945–1947 - Chairman , Committee on Foreign Relations , 1947–1949 - Delegate to the United Nations Conference on International Organization at San Francisco in 1945 - Delegate to the United Nations General Assembly at London and New York City in 1946",
"title": "Noteworthy family members"
},
{
"text": "- United States adviser to the 2nd and 3rd Council of Foreign Ministers at Paris , and New York City in 1946",
"title": "Noteworthy family members"
},
{
"text": " - Delegate to the Inter-American Conference for the Maintenance of Continental Peace and Security , at Rio de Janeiro , Brazil on August 15–September 2 , 1947 , which drafted the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance ( also known as the Rio Treaty )",
"title": "Noteworthy family members"
}
] |
/wiki/Arthur_Vandenberg#P39#1
|
Which position did Arthur Vandenberg hold between Aug 1945 and Dec 1945?
|
Arthur Vandenberg Arthur Hendrick Vandenberg ( March 22 , 1884April 18 , 1951 ) was an American politician who served as a United States Senator from Michigan from 1928 to 1951 . A member of the Republican Party , he participated in the creation of the United Nations . He is best known for leading the Republican Party from a foreign policy of isolationism to one of internationalism , and supporting the Cold War , the Truman Doctrine , the Marshall Plan , and NATO . He served as President pro tempore of the United States Senate from 1947 to 1949 . Born and raised in Grand Rapids , Michigan in a family of Dutch Americans , Vandenberg began his career as a newspaper editor and publisher . In 1928 , Republican Governor Fred W . Green appointed Vandenberg to the U.S . Senate to fill the vacancy that arose after the death of Woodbridge Nathan Ferris . Vandenberg won election to a full term later that year and remained in the Senate until his death in 1951 . He supported the early New Deal programs but came to oppose most of President Franklin D . Roosevelts domestic policies . During the late 1930s , Vandenberg also opposed the United States becoming involved in World War II and urged Roosevelt to reach an accommodation with Japan . Vandenberg abandoned his isolationism , however , after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor . He became chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee in 1947 and supported Democratic President Harry Trumans Cold War policies , asserting that politics stops at the waters edge . Vandenberg also served as the Chairman of the Republican Senate Conference from 1945 to 1947 and as the president pro tempore of the Senate from 1947 to 1949 . He unsuccessfully sought the Republican nomination for president in 1940 and 1948 . Early life and family . Vandenberg was born and raised in Grand Rapids , Michigan , the son of Alpha ( née Hendrick ) and Aaron Vandenberg , of mostly Dutch heritage . Vandenberg attended the public schools of Grand Rapids and graduated from Grand Rapids Central High School in June 1900 ranked first in his class . He then studied law at the University of Michigan ( 1900–1901 ) , where he was a member of the Delta Upsilon fraternity . After a brief stint working in New York at Colliers Weekly magazine , he returned home in 1906 to marry his childhood sweetheart , Elizabeth Watson . They had three children . She died in 1917 , and in 1918 Vandenberg married Hazel Whitaker . They had no children . From 1906 to 1928 , he worked as a newspaper editor and publisher at the Grand Rapids Herald . It was owned by William Alden Smith , who served as a Republican in the U.S . Senate from 1907 to 1919 . As publisher , Vandenberg made the paper highly profitable . He wrote most of the editorials , many of which called for more Progressivism in the spirit of his hero Theodore Roosevelt . However he supported incumbent President William Howard Taft over Roosevelt in the 1912 election . In 1915 Vandenberg coined the term loon ship for Henry Fords peace ship in reaction to Fords more outlandish ideas . A talented public speaker , during political campaigns Vandenberg often gave speeches on behalf of Republican candidates . He also attended numerous local , county and state Republican conventions as a delegate , and gave several convention keynote addresses . His work on behalf of the party gave Vandenberg a high public profile , and he was frequently mentioned as a candidate for governor or other offices . As a widower with three small children , Vandenberg was ineligible for active military service during World War I . To contribute to the war effort , Vandenberg gave speeches at hundreds of Liberty bond rallies in Michigan and Ohio , in which he urged listeners to demonstrate their patriotism by helping finance U.S . military preparedness and combat . In addition , he joined the Michigan State Troops , the volunteer organization that performed many of the National Guards duties after the Guard was federalized . Appointed a first lieutenant , Vandenberg commanded a company in Grand Rapids until the end of the war . After the war , Vandenberg aided in founding and organizing the Michigan branch of the American Legion . Vandenberg gained national attention for his 1921 biography The Greatest American : Alexander Hamilton . He followed this in 1923 with If Hamilton Were Here Today : American Fundamentals Applied to Modern Problems ; and , in 1926 , The Trail of a Tradition , a study of American nationalism and U.S . foreign policy . A civic activist , Vandenbergs fraternal memberships included Masons , Shriners , Elks , and Woodmen of the World . Senate career 1928–1935 . On March 31 , 1928 , Governor Fred W . Green appointed 44-year-old Vandenberg , a Republican , to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Senator Woodbridge Nathan Ferris , a Democrat . Green considered resigning so he could be appointed to the vacancy . He also considered several other candidates , including former governors Albert Sleeper and Chase Osborn . In addition , Green considered Representative Joseph W . Fordney , who would have been a placeholder until the election for the remainder of Ferris term . Green finally decided upon Vandenberg , who immediately declared his intention to stand for election to both the short , unexpired term and the full six-year term . He became the fifth former journalist then serving in the U.S . Senate . Governor Green stressed the advantage of youth as a qualification for the rough-and-tumble of life in Washington committee rooms which was deemed an explanation for appointing Vandenberg over the aged Fordney . Fellow Republican publishers to whom he can look from behind his horn-rimmed glasses for encouragement in his maiden speech are Cutting of New Mexico , Capper of Kansas , La Follette of Wisconsin . Senator-publisher Carter Glass of Virginia sits across the aisle among the Democrats . In November 1928 , Vandenberg was handily elected for a full term , defeating Democratic challenger John W . Bailey with over 70% of the vote . In the Senate , he piloted into law the Reapportionment Act of 1929 , which provided for the automatic redistricting of the House of Representatives after each national census . He was at first an ardent supporter of Republican President Herbert Hoover but he became discouraged by Hoovers intransigence , and failures in dealing with the Great Depression . After the election of Democrat Franklin D . Roosevelt to the presidency in 1932 , Vandenberg went along with most of the early New Deal measures , except for the NIRA and AAA . With the exception of his amendment to the 1933 Glass–Steagall Banking Act , that created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation , Vandenberg failed to secure enactment of any significant legislative proposals . By the 1934 election , though his own political position was precarious , he was still reelected over Democratic candidate Frank Albert Picard by 52,443 votes . Opposing the New Deal 1935–1939 . When the new Congress convened in 1935 , there were only twenty-five Republican senators , and Vandenberg was one of the most effective opponents of the second New Deal . He voted against most Roosevelt-sponsored measures , notable exceptions being the Banking Act of 1935 and the Social Security Act . He pursued a policy of what he called fiscal responsibility , a balanced budget , states rights , and reduced taxation . He felt that Franklin Roosevelt had usurped the powers of Congress , and he spoke of the dictatorship of Roosevelt . But at the 1936 Republican National Convention , Vandenberg refused to permit the party to nominate him for Vice President , anticipating Roosevelts victory that year . As part of the conservative coalition of Republicans and Democrats in the Senate , Vandenberg helped defeat Roosevelts plan to pack the Supreme Court . He helped defeat the Passamaquoddy Bay tidal power and Florida Canal projects , voted against the National Labor Relations Act , various New Deal tax measures , and the Hours and Wages Act . American foreign policy . Vandenberg became a member of the United States Senate Foreign Relations Committee in 1929 . Starting as an internationalist , he voted in favor of United States membership on the World Court . However , the war clouds gathering in Europe moved him towards isolationism . His experiences during the Nye Committee hearings on the munitions industry , of which he was the Senate co-sponsor , convinced him that entry into World War I had been a disastrous error . He supported the isolationist Neutrality Acts of the 1930s but wanted and sponsored more severe bills designed to renounce all traditional neutral rights and restrict and prevent any action by the President that might cause the United States to be drawn into war . He was one of the most effective of the diehard isolationists in the Senate . Except for advocating aid to Finland after the Soviet invasion of that country and urging a quid pro quo in the Far East to prevent a war with Japan over the Manchuria-China question , his position was consistently isolationist . In mid-1939 he introduced legislation nullifying the 1911 Treaty of Navigation and Commerce with Japan and urged that the administration negotiate a new treaty with Japan recognizing the status quo with regard to Japans occupation of Chinese territory . Instead , Roosevelt and Secretary of State Cordell Hull used the resolution as a pretext for giving Japan the required six months notice of intent to cancel the treaty , beginning the policy of putting pressure on Japan that led to the Attack on Pearl Harbor . On the day of the Pearl Harbor attack however his position changed radically . In his private papers he wrote that at Pearl Harbor , isolationism died for any realist . In the end , only one member of Congress , Republican Jeannette Rankin , voted against war with Japan . United Nations and internationalism 1940–1950 . In the election of 1940 , Vandenberg secured a third term in the Senate by defeating Democratic challenger Frank Fitzpatrick by over 100,000 votes . During World War II , Vandenbergs position on American foreign policy changed radically . Although he continued to vote with the conservative coalition against Roosevelts domestic proposals , Vandenberg gradually abandoned his isolationism to become an architect of a bipartisan foreign policy , which he defined as a consensus developed by consultation between the President , the State Department , and congressional leaders from both parties , especially those in the Senate . In 1943 British scholar Isaiah Berlin , working for the British embassy , prepared a confidential intelligence summary of the leaders of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee . He described Vandenberg as : On January 10 , 1945 , he delivered a celebrated speech heard round the world in the Senate Chamber , publicly announcing his conversion from isolationism to internationalism . Following the completion of the second World War , Vandenberg was elected to his fourth and final term in the U.S . Senate , defeating his Democratic challenger , James H . Lee , by earning over two-thirds of the vote in the 1946 election . In 1947 , at the start of the Cold War , Vandenberg became chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee . In that position , he cooperated with the Truman administration in forging bipartisan support for the Truman Doctrine , the Marshall Plan , and NATO , including presenting the critical Vandenberg resolution . As chairman of the Foreign Relations Committee , he asserted that politics stops at the waters edge , and cooperated with the Truman administration in forging bipartisan support . Francis O . Wilcox , first chief of staff of the Foreign Relations Committee , recalled Vandenbergs Senate career as an exemplar of bipartisanship in American foreign policy . In October 2000 , the Senate bestowed a rare honor on Vandenberg , voting to include his portrait in a very select collection in the United States Senate Reception Room . Last years . In 1940 and 1948 Vandenberg was a favorite son candidate for the Republican presidential nomination . In 1950 Vandenberg announced that he had developed cancer . He died on April 18 , 1951 , and was buried in Oak Hill Cemetery in Grand Rapids . Legacy . The former Vandenberg Creative Arts Academy of the Grand Rapids Public Schools was named after him . In September 2004 , a portrait of Vandenberg , along with one of Senator Robert F . Wagner , was unveiled in the Senate Reception Room . The two new portraits joined a group of highly distinguished senators including Henry Clay , Daniel Webster , John C . Calhoun , Robert M . La Follette , Sr. , and Robert A . Taft . Portraits of this group of senators , known as the Famous Five , had been unveiled in March 1959 . A statue dedicated to Vandenberg was unveiled in May 2005 in downtown Grand Rapids , on Monroe Street , north of Rosa Parks Circle . Senator Vandenberg is memorialized in a Michigan historical marker for the Arthur Hendrick Vandenberg/Vandenberg Center in Grand Rapids The Vandenberg Room ( formerly The Grand Rapids Room ) at The University of Michigan is named in his honor of Senator Vandenbergs second wife , Hazel . Vandenberg Hall at Oakland University is named in his honor . In southeast Michigan , three Arthur H . Vandenberg Elementary Schools were named after him - one in Redford , another in Southfield , and the third in Wayne which closed in 2016 . Noteworthy family members . Arthur H . Vandenberg Jr . ( 1907–1968 ) , the Senators son , worked for the Senator for more than a decade . In 1952 President Eisenhower appointed him Appointments Secretary , but he took a leave of absence before Eisenhower was inaugurated . Senator Vandenbergs nephew , U.S . Air Force General Hoyt S . Vandenberg , served as Air Force Chief of Staff and Director of Central Intelligence . Vandenberg Air Force Base was named in his honor . Senator Vandenbergs great nephew , Hoyt S . Vandenberg Jr. , served as a Major General in the Air Force . Committee assignments and diplomatic service . - President pro tempore of the Senate during the 80th Congress , 1947–1949 - Chairman , U.S . Senate Committee on Enrolled Bills , 1931–1933 - Chairman , Senate Republican Conference , 1945–1947 - Chairman , Committee on Foreign Relations , 1947–1949 - Delegate to the United Nations Conference on International Organization at San Francisco in 1945 - Delegate to the United Nations General Assembly at London and New York City in 1946 - United States adviser to the 2nd and 3rd Council of Foreign Ministers at Paris , and New York City in 1946 - Delegate to the Inter-American Conference for the Maintenance of Continental Peace and Security , at Rio de Janeiro , Brazil on August 15–September 2 , 1947 , which drafted the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance ( also known as the Rio Treaty )
|
[
"Chairman , Senate Republican Conference"
] |
[
{
"text": "Arthur Hendrick Vandenberg ( March 22 , 1884April 18 , 1951 ) was an American politician who served as a United States Senator from Michigan from 1928 to 1951 . A member of the Republican Party , he participated in the creation of the United Nations . He is best known for leading the Republican Party from a foreign policy of isolationism to one of internationalism , and supporting the Cold War , the Truman Doctrine , the Marshall Plan , and NATO . He served as President pro tempore of the United States Senate from 1947 to 1949 .",
"title": "Arthur Vandenberg"
},
{
"text": "Born and raised in Grand Rapids , Michigan in a family of Dutch Americans , Vandenberg began his career as a newspaper editor and publisher . In 1928 , Republican Governor Fred W . Green appointed Vandenberg to the U.S . Senate to fill the vacancy that arose after the death of Woodbridge Nathan Ferris . Vandenberg won election to a full term later that year and remained in the Senate until his death in 1951 . He supported the early New Deal programs but came to oppose most of President Franklin D . Roosevelts domestic policies . During the",
"title": "Arthur Vandenberg"
},
{
"text": "late 1930s , Vandenberg also opposed the United States becoming involved in World War II and urged Roosevelt to reach an accommodation with Japan .",
"title": "Arthur Vandenberg"
},
{
"text": " Vandenberg abandoned his isolationism , however , after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor . He became chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee in 1947 and supported Democratic President Harry Trumans Cold War policies , asserting that politics stops at the waters edge . Vandenberg also served as the Chairman of the Republican Senate Conference from 1945 to 1947 and as the president pro tempore of the Senate from 1947 to 1949 . He unsuccessfully sought the Republican nomination for president in 1940 and 1948 . Early life and family .",
"title": "Arthur Vandenberg"
},
{
"text": "Vandenberg was born and raised in Grand Rapids , Michigan , the son of Alpha ( née Hendrick ) and Aaron Vandenberg , of mostly Dutch heritage . Vandenberg attended the public schools of Grand Rapids and graduated from Grand Rapids Central High School in June 1900 ranked first in his class . He then studied law at the University of Michigan ( 1900–1901 ) , where he was a member of the Delta Upsilon fraternity . After a brief stint working in New York at Colliers Weekly magazine , he returned home in 1906 to marry his childhood sweetheart",
"title": "Arthur Vandenberg"
},
{
"text": ", Elizabeth Watson . They had three children . She died in 1917 , and in 1918 Vandenberg married Hazel Whitaker . They had no children .",
"title": "Arthur Vandenberg"
},
{
"text": "From 1906 to 1928 , he worked as a newspaper editor and publisher at the Grand Rapids Herald . It was owned by William Alden Smith , who served as a Republican in the U.S . Senate from 1907 to 1919 . As publisher , Vandenberg made the paper highly profitable . He wrote most of the editorials , many of which called for more Progressivism in the spirit of his hero Theodore Roosevelt . However he supported incumbent President William Howard Taft over Roosevelt in the 1912 election . In 1915 Vandenberg coined the term loon ship for Henry",
"title": "Arthur Vandenberg"
},
{
"text": "Fords peace ship in reaction to Fords more outlandish ideas .",
"title": "Arthur Vandenberg"
},
{
"text": " A talented public speaker , during political campaigns Vandenberg often gave speeches on behalf of Republican candidates . He also attended numerous local , county and state Republican conventions as a delegate , and gave several convention keynote addresses . His work on behalf of the party gave Vandenberg a high public profile , and he was frequently mentioned as a candidate for governor or other offices .",
"title": "Arthur Vandenberg"
},
{
"text": "As a widower with three small children , Vandenberg was ineligible for active military service during World War I . To contribute to the war effort , Vandenberg gave speeches at hundreds of Liberty bond rallies in Michigan and Ohio , in which he urged listeners to demonstrate their patriotism by helping finance U.S . military preparedness and combat . In addition , he joined the Michigan State Troops , the volunteer organization that performed many of the National Guards duties after the Guard was federalized . Appointed a first lieutenant , Vandenberg commanded a company in Grand Rapids until",
"title": "Arthur Vandenberg"
},
{
"text": "the end of the war . After the war , Vandenberg aided in founding and organizing the Michigan branch of the American Legion .",
"title": "Arthur Vandenberg"
},
{
"text": " Vandenberg gained national attention for his 1921 biography The Greatest American : Alexander Hamilton . He followed this in 1923 with If Hamilton Were Here Today : American Fundamentals Applied to Modern Problems ; and , in 1926 , The Trail of a Tradition , a study of American nationalism and U.S . foreign policy . A civic activist , Vandenbergs fraternal memberships included Masons , Shriners , Elks , and Woodmen of the World .",
"title": "Arthur Vandenberg"
},
{
"text": "On March 31 , 1928 , Governor Fred W . Green appointed 44-year-old Vandenberg , a Republican , to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Senator Woodbridge Nathan Ferris , a Democrat . Green considered resigning so he could be appointed to the vacancy . He also considered several other candidates , including former governors Albert Sleeper and Chase Osborn . In addition , Green considered Representative Joseph W . Fordney , who would have been a placeholder until the election for the remainder of Ferris term . Green finally decided upon Vandenberg , who immediately declared his",
"title": "Senate career 1928–1935"
},
{
"text": "intention to stand for election to both the short , unexpired term and the full six-year term .",
"title": "Senate career 1928–1935"
},
{
"text": " He became the fifth former journalist then serving in the U.S . Senate . Governor Green stressed the advantage of youth as a qualification for the rough-and-tumble of life in Washington committee rooms which was deemed an explanation for appointing Vandenberg over the aged Fordney . Fellow Republican publishers to whom he can look from behind his horn-rimmed glasses for encouragement in his maiden speech are Cutting of New Mexico , Capper of Kansas , La Follette of Wisconsin . Senator-publisher Carter Glass of Virginia sits across the aisle among the Democrats .",
"title": "Senate career 1928–1935"
},
{
"text": "In November 1928 , Vandenberg was handily elected for a full term , defeating Democratic challenger John W . Bailey with over 70% of the vote . In the Senate , he piloted into law the Reapportionment Act of 1929 , which provided for the automatic redistricting of the House of Representatives after each national census . He was at first an ardent supporter of Republican President Herbert Hoover but he became discouraged by Hoovers intransigence , and failures in dealing with the Great Depression .",
"title": "Senate career 1928–1935"
},
{
"text": " After the election of Democrat Franklin D . Roosevelt to the presidency in 1932 , Vandenberg went along with most of the early New Deal measures , except for the NIRA and AAA . With the exception of his amendment to the 1933 Glass–Steagall Banking Act , that created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation , Vandenberg failed to secure enactment of any significant legislative proposals . By the 1934 election , though his own political position was precarious , he was still reelected over Democratic candidate Frank Albert Picard by 52,443 votes . Opposing the New Deal 1935–1939 .",
"title": "Senate career 1928–1935"
},
{
"text": "When the new Congress convened in 1935 , there were only twenty-five Republican senators , and Vandenberg was one of the most effective opponents of the second New Deal . He voted against most Roosevelt-sponsored measures , notable exceptions being the Banking Act of 1935 and the Social Security Act . He pursued a policy of what he called fiscal responsibility , a balanced budget , states rights , and reduced taxation . He felt that Franklin Roosevelt had usurped the powers of Congress , and he spoke of the dictatorship of Roosevelt . But at the 1936 Republican National",
"title": "Senate career 1928–1935"
},
{
"text": "Convention , Vandenberg refused to permit the party to nominate him for Vice President , anticipating Roosevelts victory that year .",
"title": "Senate career 1928–1935"
},
{
"text": " As part of the conservative coalition of Republicans and Democrats in the Senate , Vandenberg helped defeat Roosevelts plan to pack the Supreme Court . He helped defeat the Passamaquoddy Bay tidal power and Florida Canal projects , voted against the National Labor Relations Act , various New Deal tax measures , and the Hours and Wages Act .",
"title": "Senate career 1928–1935"
},
{
"text": " Vandenberg became a member of the United States Senate Foreign Relations Committee in 1929 . Starting as an internationalist , he voted in favor of United States membership on the World Court . However , the war clouds gathering in Europe moved him towards isolationism . His experiences during the Nye Committee hearings on the munitions industry , of which he was the Senate co-sponsor , convinced him that entry into World War I had been a disastrous error .",
"title": "American foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "He supported the isolationist Neutrality Acts of the 1930s but wanted and sponsored more severe bills designed to renounce all traditional neutral rights and restrict and prevent any action by the President that might cause the United States to be drawn into war . He was one of the most effective of the diehard isolationists in the Senate . Except for advocating aid to Finland after the Soviet invasion of that country and urging a quid pro quo in the Far East to prevent a war with Japan over the Manchuria-China question , his position was consistently isolationist .",
"title": "American foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "In mid-1939 he introduced legislation nullifying the 1911 Treaty of Navigation and Commerce with Japan and urged that the administration negotiate a new treaty with Japan recognizing the status quo with regard to Japans occupation of Chinese territory . Instead , Roosevelt and Secretary of State Cordell Hull used the resolution as a pretext for giving Japan the required six months notice of intent to cancel the treaty , beginning the policy of putting pressure on Japan that led to the Attack on Pearl Harbor . On the day of the Pearl Harbor attack however his position changed radically .",
"title": "American foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "In his private papers he wrote that at Pearl Harbor , isolationism died for any realist . In the end , only one member of Congress , Republican Jeannette Rankin , voted against war with Japan .",
"title": "American foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "In the election of 1940 , Vandenberg secured a third term in the Senate by defeating Democratic challenger Frank Fitzpatrick by over 100,000 votes . During World War II , Vandenbergs position on American foreign policy changed radically . Although he continued to vote with the conservative coalition against Roosevelts domestic proposals , Vandenberg gradually abandoned his isolationism to become an architect of a bipartisan foreign policy , which he defined as a consensus developed by consultation between the President , the State Department , and congressional leaders from both parties , especially those in the Senate .",
"title": "American foreign policy"
},
{
"text": " In 1943 British scholar Isaiah Berlin , working for the British embassy , prepared a confidential intelligence summary of the leaders of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee . He described Vandenberg as :",
"title": "American foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "On January 10 , 1945 , he delivered a celebrated speech heard round the world in the Senate Chamber , publicly announcing his conversion from isolationism to internationalism . Following the completion of the second World War , Vandenberg was elected to his fourth and final term in the U.S . Senate , defeating his Democratic challenger , James H . Lee , by earning over two-thirds of the vote in the 1946 election . In 1947 , at the start of the Cold War , Vandenberg became chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee . In that position ,",
"title": "American foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "he cooperated with the Truman administration in forging bipartisan support for the Truman Doctrine , the Marshall Plan , and NATO , including presenting the critical Vandenberg resolution .",
"title": "American foreign policy"
},
{
"text": " As chairman of the Foreign Relations Committee , he asserted that politics stops at the waters edge , and cooperated with the Truman administration in forging bipartisan support . Francis O . Wilcox , first chief of staff of the Foreign Relations Committee , recalled Vandenbergs Senate career as an exemplar of bipartisanship in American foreign policy . In October 2000 , the Senate bestowed a rare honor on Vandenberg , voting to include his portrait in a very select collection in the United States Senate Reception Room .",
"title": "American foreign policy"
},
{
"text": " In 1940 and 1948 Vandenberg was a favorite son candidate for the Republican presidential nomination . In 1950 Vandenberg announced that he had developed cancer . He died on April 18 , 1951 , and was buried in Oak Hill Cemetery in Grand Rapids .",
"title": "Last years"
},
{
"text": " The former Vandenberg Creative Arts Academy of the Grand Rapids Public Schools was named after him .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "In September 2004 , a portrait of Vandenberg , along with one of Senator Robert F . Wagner , was unveiled in the Senate Reception Room . The two new portraits joined a group of highly distinguished senators including Henry Clay , Daniel Webster , John C . Calhoun , Robert M . La Follette , Sr. , and Robert A . Taft . Portraits of this group of senators , known as the Famous Five , had been unveiled in March 1959 . A statue dedicated to Vandenberg was unveiled in May 2005 in downtown Grand Rapids , on",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "Monroe Street , north of Rosa Parks Circle .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " Senator Vandenberg is memorialized in a Michigan historical marker for the Arthur Hendrick Vandenberg/Vandenberg Center in Grand Rapids The Vandenberg Room ( formerly The Grand Rapids Room ) at The University of Michigan is named in his honor of Senator Vandenbergs second wife , Hazel . Vandenberg Hall at Oakland University is named in his honor . In southeast Michigan , three Arthur H . Vandenberg Elementary Schools were named after him - one in Redford , another in Southfield , and the third in Wayne which closed in 2016 .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " Arthur H . Vandenberg Jr . ( 1907–1968 ) , the Senators son , worked for the Senator for more than a decade . In 1952 President Eisenhower appointed him Appointments Secretary , but he took a leave of absence before Eisenhower was inaugurated . Senator Vandenbergs nephew , U.S . Air Force General Hoyt S . Vandenberg , served as Air Force Chief of Staff and Director of Central Intelligence . Vandenberg Air Force Base was named in his honor .",
"title": "Noteworthy family members"
},
{
"text": "Senator Vandenbergs great nephew , Hoyt S . Vandenberg Jr. , served as a Major General in the Air Force .",
"title": "Noteworthy family members"
},
{
"text": " Committee assignments and diplomatic service . - President pro tempore of the Senate during the 80th Congress , 1947–1949 - Chairman , U.S . Senate Committee on Enrolled Bills , 1931–1933 - Chairman , Senate Republican Conference , 1945–1947 - Chairman , Committee on Foreign Relations , 1947–1949 - Delegate to the United Nations Conference on International Organization at San Francisco in 1945 - Delegate to the United Nations General Assembly at London and New York City in 1946",
"title": "Noteworthy family members"
},
{
"text": "- United States adviser to the 2nd and 3rd Council of Foreign Ministers at Paris , and New York City in 1946",
"title": "Noteworthy family members"
},
{
"text": " - Delegate to the Inter-American Conference for the Maintenance of Continental Peace and Security , at Rio de Janeiro , Brazil on August 15–September 2 , 1947 , which drafted the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance ( also known as the Rio Treaty )",
"title": "Noteworthy family members"
}
] |
/wiki/Arthur_Vandenberg#P39#2
|
Which position did Arthur Vandenberg hold after Feb 1948?
|
Arthur Vandenberg Arthur Hendrick Vandenberg ( March 22 , 1884April 18 , 1951 ) was an American politician who served as a United States Senator from Michigan from 1928 to 1951 . A member of the Republican Party , he participated in the creation of the United Nations . He is best known for leading the Republican Party from a foreign policy of isolationism to one of internationalism , and supporting the Cold War , the Truman Doctrine , the Marshall Plan , and NATO . He served as President pro tempore of the United States Senate from 1947 to 1949 . Born and raised in Grand Rapids , Michigan in a family of Dutch Americans , Vandenberg began his career as a newspaper editor and publisher . In 1928 , Republican Governor Fred W . Green appointed Vandenberg to the U.S . Senate to fill the vacancy that arose after the death of Woodbridge Nathan Ferris . Vandenberg won election to a full term later that year and remained in the Senate until his death in 1951 . He supported the early New Deal programs but came to oppose most of President Franklin D . Roosevelts domestic policies . During the late 1930s , Vandenberg also opposed the United States becoming involved in World War II and urged Roosevelt to reach an accommodation with Japan . Vandenberg abandoned his isolationism , however , after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor . He became chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee in 1947 and supported Democratic President Harry Trumans Cold War policies , asserting that politics stops at the waters edge . Vandenberg also served as the Chairman of the Republican Senate Conference from 1945 to 1947 and as the president pro tempore of the Senate from 1947 to 1949 . He unsuccessfully sought the Republican nomination for president in 1940 and 1948 . Early life and family . Vandenberg was born and raised in Grand Rapids , Michigan , the son of Alpha ( née Hendrick ) and Aaron Vandenberg , of mostly Dutch heritage . Vandenberg attended the public schools of Grand Rapids and graduated from Grand Rapids Central High School in June 1900 ranked first in his class . He then studied law at the University of Michigan ( 1900–1901 ) , where he was a member of the Delta Upsilon fraternity . After a brief stint working in New York at Colliers Weekly magazine , he returned home in 1906 to marry his childhood sweetheart , Elizabeth Watson . They had three children . She died in 1917 , and in 1918 Vandenberg married Hazel Whitaker . They had no children . From 1906 to 1928 , he worked as a newspaper editor and publisher at the Grand Rapids Herald . It was owned by William Alden Smith , who served as a Republican in the U.S . Senate from 1907 to 1919 . As publisher , Vandenberg made the paper highly profitable . He wrote most of the editorials , many of which called for more Progressivism in the spirit of his hero Theodore Roosevelt . However he supported incumbent President William Howard Taft over Roosevelt in the 1912 election . In 1915 Vandenberg coined the term loon ship for Henry Fords peace ship in reaction to Fords more outlandish ideas . A talented public speaker , during political campaigns Vandenberg often gave speeches on behalf of Republican candidates . He also attended numerous local , county and state Republican conventions as a delegate , and gave several convention keynote addresses . His work on behalf of the party gave Vandenberg a high public profile , and he was frequently mentioned as a candidate for governor or other offices . As a widower with three small children , Vandenberg was ineligible for active military service during World War I . To contribute to the war effort , Vandenberg gave speeches at hundreds of Liberty bond rallies in Michigan and Ohio , in which he urged listeners to demonstrate their patriotism by helping finance U.S . military preparedness and combat . In addition , he joined the Michigan State Troops , the volunteer organization that performed many of the National Guards duties after the Guard was federalized . Appointed a first lieutenant , Vandenberg commanded a company in Grand Rapids until the end of the war . After the war , Vandenberg aided in founding and organizing the Michigan branch of the American Legion . Vandenberg gained national attention for his 1921 biography The Greatest American : Alexander Hamilton . He followed this in 1923 with If Hamilton Were Here Today : American Fundamentals Applied to Modern Problems ; and , in 1926 , The Trail of a Tradition , a study of American nationalism and U.S . foreign policy . A civic activist , Vandenbergs fraternal memberships included Masons , Shriners , Elks , and Woodmen of the World . Senate career 1928–1935 . On March 31 , 1928 , Governor Fred W . Green appointed 44-year-old Vandenberg , a Republican , to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Senator Woodbridge Nathan Ferris , a Democrat . Green considered resigning so he could be appointed to the vacancy . He also considered several other candidates , including former governors Albert Sleeper and Chase Osborn . In addition , Green considered Representative Joseph W . Fordney , who would have been a placeholder until the election for the remainder of Ferris term . Green finally decided upon Vandenberg , who immediately declared his intention to stand for election to both the short , unexpired term and the full six-year term . He became the fifth former journalist then serving in the U.S . Senate . Governor Green stressed the advantage of youth as a qualification for the rough-and-tumble of life in Washington committee rooms which was deemed an explanation for appointing Vandenberg over the aged Fordney . Fellow Republican publishers to whom he can look from behind his horn-rimmed glasses for encouragement in his maiden speech are Cutting of New Mexico , Capper of Kansas , La Follette of Wisconsin . Senator-publisher Carter Glass of Virginia sits across the aisle among the Democrats . In November 1928 , Vandenberg was handily elected for a full term , defeating Democratic challenger John W . Bailey with over 70% of the vote . In the Senate , he piloted into law the Reapportionment Act of 1929 , which provided for the automatic redistricting of the House of Representatives after each national census . He was at first an ardent supporter of Republican President Herbert Hoover but he became discouraged by Hoovers intransigence , and failures in dealing with the Great Depression . After the election of Democrat Franklin D . Roosevelt to the presidency in 1932 , Vandenberg went along with most of the early New Deal measures , except for the NIRA and AAA . With the exception of his amendment to the 1933 Glass–Steagall Banking Act , that created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation , Vandenberg failed to secure enactment of any significant legislative proposals . By the 1934 election , though his own political position was precarious , he was still reelected over Democratic candidate Frank Albert Picard by 52,443 votes . Opposing the New Deal 1935–1939 . When the new Congress convened in 1935 , there were only twenty-five Republican senators , and Vandenberg was one of the most effective opponents of the second New Deal . He voted against most Roosevelt-sponsored measures , notable exceptions being the Banking Act of 1935 and the Social Security Act . He pursued a policy of what he called fiscal responsibility , a balanced budget , states rights , and reduced taxation . He felt that Franklin Roosevelt had usurped the powers of Congress , and he spoke of the dictatorship of Roosevelt . But at the 1936 Republican National Convention , Vandenberg refused to permit the party to nominate him for Vice President , anticipating Roosevelts victory that year . As part of the conservative coalition of Republicans and Democrats in the Senate , Vandenberg helped defeat Roosevelts plan to pack the Supreme Court . He helped defeat the Passamaquoddy Bay tidal power and Florida Canal projects , voted against the National Labor Relations Act , various New Deal tax measures , and the Hours and Wages Act . American foreign policy . Vandenberg became a member of the United States Senate Foreign Relations Committee in 1929 . Starting as an internationalist , he voted in favor of United States membership on the World Court . However , the war clouds gathering in Europe moved him towards isolationism . His experiences during the Nye Committee hearings on the munitions industry , of which he was the Senate co-sponsor , convinced him that entry into World War I had been a disastrous error . He supported the isolationist Neutrality Acts of the 1930s but wanted and sponsored more severe bills designed to renounce all traditional neutral rights and restrict and prevent any action by the President that might cause the United States to be drawn into war . He was one of the most effective of the diehard isolationists in the Senate . Except for advocating aid to Finland after the Soviet invasion of that country and urging a quid pro quo in the Far East to prevent a war with Japan over the Manchuria-China question , his position was consistently isolationist . In mid-1939 he introduced legislation nullifying the 1911 Treaty of Navigation and Commerce with Japan and urged that the administration negotiate a new treaty with Japan recognizing the status quo with regard to Japans occupation of Chinese territory . Instead , Roosevelt and Secretary of State Cordell Hull used the resolution as a pretext for giving Japan the required six months notice of intent to cancel the treaty , beginning the policy of putting pressure on Japan that led to the Attack on Pearl Harbor . On the day of the Pearl Harbor attack however his position changed radically . In his private papers he wrote that at Pearl Harbor , isolationism died for any realist . In the end , only one member of Congress , Republican Jeannette Rankin , voted against war with Japan . United Nations and internationalism 1940–1950 . In the election of 1940 , Vandenberg secured a third term in the Senate by defeating Democratic challenger Frank Fitzpatrick by over 100,000 votes . During World War II , Vandenbergs position on American foreign policy changed radically . Although he continued to vote with the conservative coalition against Roosevelts domestic proposals , Vandenberg gradually abandoned his isolationism to become an architect of a bipartisan foreign policy , which he defined as a consensus developed by consultation between the President , the State Department , and congressional leaders from both parties , especially those in the Senate . In 1943 British scholar Isaiah Berlin , working for the British embassy , prepared a confidential intelligence summary of the leaders of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee . He described Vandenberg as : On January 10 , 1945 , he delivered a celebrated speech heard round the world in the Senate Chamber , publicly announcing his conversion from isolationism to internationalism . Following the completion of the second World War , Vandenberg was elected to his fourth and final term in the U.S . Senate , defeating his Democratic challenger , James H . Lee , by earning over two-thirds of the vote in the 1946 election . In 1947 , at the start of the Cold War , Vandenberg became chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee . In that position , he cooperated with the Truman administration in forging bipartisan support for the Truman Doctrine , the Marshall Plan , and NATO , including presenting the critical Vandenberg resolution . As chairman of the Foreign Relations Committee , he asserted that politics stops at the waters edge , and cooperated with the Truman administration in forging bipartisan support . Francis O . Wilcox , first chief of staff of the Foreign Relations Committee , recalled Vandenbergs Senate career as an exemplar of bipartisanship in American foreign policy . In October 2000 , the Senate bestowed a rare honor on Vandenberg , voting to include his portrait in a very select collection in the United States Senate Reception Room . Last years . In 1940 and 1948 Vandenberg was a favorite son candidate for the Republican presidential nomination . In 1950 Vandenberg announced that he had developed cancer . He died on April 18 , 1951 , and was buried in Oak Hill Cemetery in Grand Rapids . Legacy . The former Vandenberg Creative Arts Academy of the Grand Rapids Public Schools was named after him . In September 2004 , a portrait of Vandenberg , along with one of Senator Robert F . Wagner , was unveiled in the Senate Reception Room . The two new portraits joined a group of highly distinguished senators including Henry Clay , Daniel Webster , John C . Calhoun , Robert M . La Follette , Sr. , and Robert A . Taft . Portraits of this group of senators , known as the Famous Five , had been unveiled in March 1959 . A statue dedicated to Vandenberg was unveiled in May 2005 in downtown Grand Rapids , on Monroe Street , north of Rosa Parks Circle . Senator Vandenberg is memorialized in a Michigan historical marker for the Arthur Hendrick Vandenberg/Vandenberg Center in Grand Rapids The Vandenberg Room ( formerly The Grand Rapids Room ) at The University of Michigan is named in his honor of Senator Vandenbergs second wife , Hazel . Vandenberg Hall at Oakland University is named in his honor . In southeast Michigan , three Arthur H . Vandenberg Elementary Schools were named after him - one in Redford , another in Southfield , and the third in Wayne which closed in 2016 . Noteworthy family members . Arthur H . Vandenberg Jr . ( 1907–1968 ) , the Senators son , worked for the Senator for more than a decade . In 1952 President Eisenhower appointed him Appointments Secretary , but he took a leave of absence before Eisenhower was inaugurated . Senator Vandenbergs nephew , U.S . Air Force General Hoyt S . Vandenberg , served as Air Force Chief of Staff and Director of Central Intelligence . Vandenberg Air Force Base was named in his honor . Senator Vandenbergs great nephew , Hoyt S . Vandenberg Jr. , served as a Major General in the Air Force . Committee assignments and diplomatic service . - President pro tempore of the Senate during the 80th Congress , 1947–1949 - Chairman , U.S . Senate Committee on Enrolled Bills , 1931–1933 - Chairman , Senate Republican Conference , 1945–1947 - Chairman , Committee on Foreign Relations , 1947–1949 - Delegate to the United Nations Conference on International Organization at San Francisco in 1945 - Delegate to the United Nations General Assembly at London and New York City in 1946 - United States adviser to the 2nd and 3rd Council of Foreign Ministers at Paris , and New York City in 1946 - Delegate to the Inter-American Conference for the Maintenance of Continental Peace and Security , at Rio de Janeiro , Brazil on August 15–September 2 , 1947 , which drafted the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance ( also known as the Rio Treaty )
|
[
"pro tempore of the United States Senate"
] |
[
{
"text": "Arthur Hendrick Vandenberg ( March 22 , 1884April 18 , 1951 ) was an American politician who served as a United States Senator from Michigan from 1928 to 1951 . A member of the Republican Party , he participated in the creation of the United Nations . He is best known for leading the Republican Party from a foreign policy of isolationism to one of internationalism , and supporting the Cold War , the Truman Doctrine , the Marshall Plan , and NATO . He served as President pro tempore of the United States Senate from 1947 to 1949 .",
"title": "Arthur Vandenberg"
},
{
"text": "Born and raised in Grand Rapids , Michigan in a family of Dutch Americans , Vandenberg began his career as a newspaper editor and publisher . In 1928 , Republican Governor Fred W . Green appointed Vandenberg to the U.S . Senate to fill the vacancy that arose after the death of Woodbridge Nathan Ferris . Vandenberg won election to a full term later that year and remained in the Senate until his death in 1951 . He supported the early New Deal programs but came to oppose most of President Franklin D . Roosevelts domestic policies . During the",
"title": "Arthur Vandenberg"
},
{
"text": "late 1930s , Vandenberg also opposed the United States becoming involved in World War II and urged Roosevelt to reach an accommodation with Japan .",
"title": "Arthur Vandenberg"
},
{
"text": " Vandenberg abandoned his isolationism , however , after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor . He became chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee in 1947 and supported Democratic President Harry Trumans Cold War policies , asserting that politics stops at the waters edge . Vandenberg also served as the Chairman of the Republican Senate Conference from 1945 to 1947 and as the president pro tempore of the Senate from 1947 to 1949 . He unsuccessfully sought the Republican nomination for president in 1940 and 1948 . Early life and family .",
"title": "Arthur Vandenberg"
},
{
"text": "Vandenberg was born and raised in Grand Rapids , Michigan , the son of Alpha ( née Hendrick ) and Aaron Vandenberg , of mostly Dutch heritage . Vandenberg attended the public schools of Grand Rapids and graduated from Grand Rapids Central High School in June 1900 ranked first in his class . He then studied law at the University of Michigan ( 1900–1901 ) , where he was a member of the Delta Upsilon fraternity . After a brief stint working in New York at Colliers Weekly magazine , he returned home in 1906 to marry his childhood sweetheart",
"title": "Arthur Vandenberg"
},
{
"text": ", Elizabeth Watson . They had three children . She died in 1917 , and in 1918 Vandenberg married Hazel Whitaker . They had no children .",
"title": "Arthur Vandenberg"
},
{
"text": "From 1906 to 1928 , he worked as a newspaper editor and publisher at the Grand Rapids Herald . It was owned by William Alden Smith , who served as a Republican in the U.S . Senate from 1907 to 1919 . As publisher , Vandenberg made the paper highly profitable . He wrote most of the editorials , many of which called for more Progressivism in the spirit of his hero Theodore Roosevelt . However he supported incumbent President William Howard Taft over Roosevelt in the 1912 election . In 1915 Vandenberg coined the term loon ship for Henry",
"title": "Arthur Vandenberg"
},
{
"text": "Fords peace ship in reaction to Fords more outlandish ideas .",
"title": "Arthur Vandenberg"
},
{
"text": " A talented public speaker , during political campaigns Vandenberg often gave speeches on behalf of Republican candidates . He also attended numerous local , county and state Republican conventions as a delegate , and gave several convention keynote addresses . His work on behalf of the party gave Vandenberg a high public profile , and he was frequently mentioned as a candidate for governor or other offices .",
"title": "Arthur Vandenberg"
},
{
"text": "As a widower with three small children , Vandenberg was ineligible for active military service during World War I . To contribute to the war effort , Vandenberg gave speeches at hundreds of Liberty bond rallies in Michigan and Ohio , in which he urged listeners to demonstrate their patriotism by helping finance U.S . military preparedness and combat . In addition , he joined the Michigan State Troops , the volunteer organization that performed many of the National Guards duties after the Guard was federalized . Appointed a first lieutenant , Vandenberg commanded a company in Grand Rapids until",
"title": "Arthur Vandenberg"
},
{
"text": "the end of the war . After the war , Vandenberg aided in founding and organizing the Michigan branch of the American Legion .",
"title": "Arthur Vandenberg"
},
{
"text": " Vandenberg gained national attention for his 1921 biography The Greatest American : Alexander Hamilton . He followed this in 1923 with If Hamilton Were Here Today : American Fundamentals Applied to Modern Problems ; and , in 1926 , The Trail of a Tradition , a study of American nationalism and U.S . foreign policy . A civic activist , Vandenbergs fraternal memberships included Masons , Shriners , Elks , and Woodmen of the World .",
"title": "Arthur Vandenberg"
},
{
"text": "On March 31 , 1928 , Governor Fred W . Green appointed 44-year-old Vandenberg , a Republican , to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Senator Woodbridge Nathan Ferris , a Democrat . Green considered resigning so he could be appointed to the vacancy . He also considered several other candidates , including former governors Albert Sleeper and Chase Osborn . In addition , Green considered Representative Joseph W . Fordney , who would have been a placeholder until the election for the remainder of Ferris term . Green finally decided upon Vandenberg , who immediately declared his",
"title": "Senate career 1928–1935"
},
{
"text": "intention to stand for election to both the short , unexpired term and the full six-year term .",
"title": "Senate career 1928–1935"
},
{
"text": " He became the fifth former journalist then serving in the U.S . Senate . Governor Green stressed the advantage of youth as a qualification for the rough-and-tumble of life in Washington committee rooms which was deemed an explanation for appointing Vandenberg over the aged Fordney . Fellow Republican publishers to whom he can look from behind his horn-rimmed glasses for encouragement in his maiden speech are Cutting of New Mexico , Capper of Kansas , La Follette of Wisconsin . Senator-publisher Carter Glass of Virginia sits across the aisle among the Democrats .",
"title": "Senate career 1928–1935"
},
{
"text": "In November 1928 , Vandenberg was handily elected for a full term , defeating Democratic challenger John W . Bailey with over 70% of the vote . In the Senate , he piloted into law the Reapportionment Act of 1929 , which provided for the automatic redistricting of the House of Representatives after each national census . He was at first an ardent supporter of Republican President Herbert Hoover but he became discouraged by Hoovers intransigence , and failures in dealing with the Great Depression .",
"title": "Senate career 1928–1935"
},
{
"text": " After the election of Democrat Franklin D . Roosevelt to the presidency in 1932 , Vandenberg went along with most of the early New Deal measures , except for the NIRA and AAA . With the exception of his amendment to the 1933 Glass–Steagall Banking Act , that created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation , Vandenberg failed to secure enactment of any significant legislative proposals . By the 1934 election , though his own political position was precarious , he was still reelected over Democratic candidate Frank Albert Picard by 52,443 votes . Opposing the New Deal 1935–1939 .",
"title": "Senate career 1928–1935"
},
{
"text": "When the new Congress convened in 1935 , there were only twenty-five Republican senators , and Vandenberg was one of the most effective opponents of the second New Deal . He voted against most Roosevelt-sponsored measures , notable exceptions being the Banking Act of 1935 and the Social Security Act . He pursued a policy of what he called fiscal responsibility , a balanced budget , states rights , and reduced taxation . He felt that Franklin Roosevelt had usurped the powers of Congress , and he spoke of the dictatorship of Roosevelt . But at the 1936 Republican National",
"title": "Senate career 1928–1935"
},
{
"text": "Convention , Vandenberg refused to permit the party to nominate him for Vice President , anticipating Roosevelts victory that year .",
"title": "Senate career 1928–1935"
},
{
"text": " As part of the conservative coalition of Republicans and Democrats in the Senate , Vandenberg helped defeat Roosevelts plan to pack the Supreme Court . He helped defeat the Passamaquoddy Bay tidal power and Florida Canal projects , voted against the National Labor Relations Act , various New Deal tax measures , and the Hours and Wages Act .",
"title": "Senate career 1928–1935"
},
{
"text": " Vandenberg became a member of the United States Senate Foreign Relations Committee in 1929 . Starting as an internationalist , he voted in favor of United States membership on the World Court . However , the war clouds gathering in Europe moved him towards isolationism . His experiences during the Nye Committee hearings on the munitions industry , of which he was the Senate co-sponsor , convinced him that entry into World War I had been a disastrous error .",
"title": "American foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "He supported the isolationist Neutrality Acts of the 1930s but wanted and sponsored more severe bills designed to renounce all traditional neutral rights and restrict and prevent any action by the President that might cause the United States to be drawn into war . He was one of the most effective of the diehard isolationists in the Senate . Except for advocating aid to Finland after the Soviet invasion of that country and urging a quid pro quo in the Far East to prevent a war with Japan over the Manchuria-China question , his position was consistently isolationist .",
"title": "American foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "In mid-1939 he introduced legislation nullifying the 1911 Treaty of Navigation and Commerce with Japan and urged that the administration negotiate a new treaty with Japan recognizing the status quo with regard to Japans occupation of Chinese territory . Instead , Roosevelt and Secretary of State Cordell Hull used the resolution as a pretext for giving Japan the required six months notice of intent to cancel the treaty , beginning the policy of putting pressure on Japan that led to the Attack on Pearl Harbor . On the day of the Pearl Harbor attack however his position changed radically .",
"title": "American foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "In his private papers he wrote that at Pearl Harbor , isolationism died for any realist . In the end , only one member of Congress , Republican Jeannette Rankin , voted against war with Japan .",
"title": "American foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "In the election of 1940 , Vandenberg secured a third term in the Senate by defeating Democratic challenger Frank Fitzpatrick by over 100,000 votes . During World War II , Vandenbergs position on American foreign policy changed radically . Although he continued to vote with the conservative coalition against Roosevelts domestic proposals , Vandenberg gradually abandoned his isolationism to become an architect of a bipartisan foreign policy , which he defined as a consensus developed by consultation between the President , the State Department , and congressional leaders from both parties , especially those in the Senate .",
"title": "American foreign policy"
},
{
"text": " In 1943 British scholar Isaiah Berlin , working for the British embassy , prepared a confidential intelligence summary of the leaders of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee . He described Vandenberg as :",
"title": "American foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "On January 10 , 1945 , he delivered a celebrated speech heard round the world in the Senate Chamber , publicly announcing his conversion from isolationism to internationalism . Following the completion of the second World War , Vandenberg was elected to his fourth and final term in the U.S . Senate , defeating his Democratic challenger , James H . Lee , by earning over two-thirds of the vote in the 1946 election . In 1947 , at the start of the Cold War , Vandenberg became chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee . In that position ,",
"title": "American foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "he cooperated with the Truman administration in forging bipartisan support for the Truman Doctrine , the Marshall Plan , and NATO , including presenting the critical Vandenberg resolution .",
"title": "American foreign policy"
},
{
"text": " As chairman of the Foreign Relations Committee , he asserted that politics stops at the waters edge , and cooperated with the Truman administration in forging bipartisan support . Francis O . Wilcox , first chief of staff of the Foreign Relations Committee , recalled Vandenbergs Senate career as an exemplar of bipartisanship in American foreign policy . In October 2000 , the Senate bestowed a rare honor on Vandenberg , voting to include his portrait in a very select collection in the United States Senate Reception Room .",
"title": "American foreign policy"
},
{
"text": " In 1940 and 1948 Vandenberg was a favorite son candidate for the Republican presidential nomination . In 1950 Vandenberg announced that he had developed cancer . He died on April 18 , 1951 , and was buried in Oak Hill Cemetery in Grand Rapids .",
"title": "Last years"
},
{
"text": " The former Vandenberg Creative Arts Academy of the Grand Rapids Public Schools was named after him .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "In September 2004 , a portrait of Vandenberg , along with one of Senator Robert F . Wagner , was unveiled in the Senate Reception Room . The two new portraits joined a group of highly distinguished senators including Henry Clay , Daniel Webster , John C . Calhoun , Robert M . La Follette , Sr. , and Robert A . Taft . Portraits of this group of senators , known as the Famous Five , had been unveiled in March 1959 . A statue dedicated to Vandenberg was unveiled in May 2005 in downtown Grand Rapids , on",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "Monroe Street , north of Rosa Parks Circle .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " Senator Vandenberg is memorialized in a Michigan historical marker for the Arthur Hendrick Vandenberg/Vandenberg Center in Grand Rapids The Vandenberg Room ( formerly The Grand Rapids Room ) at The University of Michigan is named in his honor of Senator Vandenbergs second wife , Hazel . Vandenberg Hall at Oakland University is named in his honor . In southeast Michigan , three Arthur H . Vandenberg Elementary Schools were named after him - one in Redford , another in Southfield , and the third in Wayne which closed in 2016 .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " Arthur H . Vandenberg Jr . ( 1907–1968 ) , the Senators son , worked for the Senator for more than a decade . In 1952 President Eisenhower appointed him Appointments Secretary , but he took a leave of absence before Eisenhower was inaugurated . Senator Vandenbergs nephew , U.S . Air Force General Hoyt S . Vandenberg , served as Air Force Chief of Staff and Director of Central Intelligence . Vandenberg Air Force Base was named in his honor .",
"title": "Noteworthy family members"
},
{
"text": "Senator Vandenbergs great nephew , Hoyt S . Vandenberg Jr. , served as a Major General in the Air Force .",
"title": "Noteworthy family members"
},
{
"text": " Committee assignments and diplomatic service . - President pro tempore of the Senate during the 80th Congress , 1947–1949 - Chairman , U.S . Senate Committee on Enrolled Bills , 1931–1933 - Chairman , Senate Republican Conference , 1945–1947 - Chairman , Committee on Foreign Relations , 1947–1949 - Delegate to the United Nations Conference on International Organization at San Francisco in 1945 - Delegate to the United Nations General Assembly at London and New York City in 1946",
"title": "Noteworthy family members"
},
{
"text": "- United States adviser to the 2nd and 3rd Council of Foreign Ministers at Paris , and New York City in 1946",
"title": "Noteworthy family members"
},
{
"text": " - Delegate to the Inter-American Conference for the Maintenance of Continental Peace and Security , at Rio de Janeiro , Brazil on August 15–September 2 , 1947 , which drafted the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance ( also known as the Rio Treaty )",
"title": "Noteworthy family members"
}
] |
/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party#P488#0
|
Who was the chair of Italian Communist Party before Aug 1974?
|
Italian Communist Party The Italian Communist Party ( , PCI ) was a communist political party in Italy . The PCI was founded as the Communist Party of Italy on 21 January 1921 in Livorno by seceding from the Italian Socialist Party ( PSI ) . Amadeo Bordiga and Antonio Gramsci led the split . Outlawed during the Fascist regime , the party played a major role in the Italian resistance movement . It changed its name in 1943 to PCI and became the second largest political party of Italy after World War II , attracting the support of about a third of the vote share during the 1970s . At the time , it was the largest communist party in the West , with peak support reaching 2.3 million members , in 1947 , and peak share being 34.4% of the vote ( 12.6 million votes ) in the 1976 general election . The PCI transitioned from doctrinaire communism to democratic socialism by the 1970s or the 1980s . In 1991 , it was dissolved and re-launched as the Democratic Party of the Left ( PDS ) , which joined the Socialist International and the Party of European Socialists . The more radical members of the organization formally seceded to establish the Communist Refoundation Party ( PRC ) . History . Early years . The roots of the Italian Communist Party date back to 1921 , when the Communist Party of Italy ( Partito Comunista dItalia , PCdI ) was founded in Livorno on 21 January , following a split in the Italian Socialist Party ( PSI ) on their 17th Congress . The split occurred after the socialist Congress of Livorno refused to expel the reformist group as required by the Comintern . The main factions of the new party were LOrdine Nuovo , based in Turin and led by Antonio Gramsci , and the maximalist faction led by Nicola Bombacci . Amedeo Bordiga was elected Secretary of the new party . In the same year , PCdI participated to its first general election , obtaining 4.6% of the vote and 15 seats in the Chamber of Deputies . At the time , it was an active yet small faction within the Italian political left , which was strongly led by the Socialist Party , while on the international plane it was part of Soviet-led Comintern . In 1926 , the Fascist government of Benito Mussolini outlawed the Communist Party . Although forced underground , the PCdI maintained a clandestine presence within Italy during the years of the Fascist regime . Many of its leaders were also active in exile . During its first year as a banned party , Antonio Gramsci defeated the partys left-wing which was led by Amadeo Bordiga , becoming the new Secretary during the partys congress in Lyon and issued a manifesto expressing the programmatic basis of the party . However , Gramsci soon found himself jailed by Mussolinis regime and the leadership of the party passed to Palmiro Togliatti . In 1930 , Bordiga was expelled from the party on the charge of Trotskyism . The same fate had already occurred to members of the partys right-wing . On 15 May 1943 , the party changed its official name in Partito Comunista Italiano ( Italian Communist Party ) , often shortened PCI . World War II . After the fall of Mussolinis regime on 25 July 1943 , the Communist Party returned to a formally legal status , playing a major role during the national liberation , known in Italy as Resistenza ( Resistance ) and forming many partisan groups . In the April 1944 after the so-called svolta di Salerno ( Salernos turn ) , Togliatti agreed to cooperate with King Victor Emmanuel III and his Prime Minister , the Marshal Pietro Badoglio . After the turn , Communists took part in every government during the national liberation and constitutional period from June 1944 to May 1947 . The Communists contribution to the new Italian democratic constitution was decisive . The so-called Gullo decrees of 1944 , for instance , sought to improve social and economic conditions in the countryside . During Badoglio and Ferruccio Parris cabinets , Togliatti served as Deputy Prime Minister . During the Resistance , the PCI became increasingly popular , as the majority of partisans were communists . The Garibaldi Brigades , promoted by the PCI , were among the more numerous partisan forces . Post-war years . The PCI took part in the 1946 Italian general election and referendum , campaigning for the republic . In the election , the Communists arrived third , behind the Christian Democracy ( DC ) and the Socialist Party , gaining almost 19% of votes and electing 104 members of the Constituent Assembly . While the popular referendum resulted in the replacement of the monarchy with a republic , with the 54% of votes in favour and 46% against . In May 1947 , the PCI was excluded from the government . The Christian democratic Prime Minister , Alcide De Gasperi , was losing popularity , and feared that the leftist coalition would take power . While the PCI was growing particularly fast due to its organizing efforts supporting sharecroppers in Sicily , Tuscany and Umbria , movements which were also bolstered by the reforms of Fausto Gullo , the Communist Minister of Agriculture . On 1 May , the nation was thrown into crisis by the murder of eleven leftist peasants ( including four children ) at an International Workers Day parade in Palermo by Salvatore Giuliano and his gang . In the political chaos which ensued , the president engineered the expulsion of all left-wing ministers from the cabinet on 31 May . The PCI would not have a national position in government again . De Gasperi did this under pressure from US Secretary of State George Marshall , whod informed him that anti-communism was a pre-condition for receiving American aid , and Ambassador James C . Dunn who had directly asked de Gasperi to dissolve the parliament and remove the PCI . In the general election of 1948 , the party joined the PSI in the Popular Democratic Front ( FDP ) , but it was defeated by the Christian Democracy party . The United States spent over $10 million to support anti-PCI groups in the election . Fearful of the possible FDPs electoral victory , the British and American governments also undermined their campaign for legal justice by tolerating the efforts made by Italys top authorities to prevent any of the alleged Italian war criminals from being extradited and taken to court . The denial of Italian war crimes was backed up by the Italian state , academe , and media , re-inventing Italy as only a victim of the German Nazism and the post-war Foibe massacres . The party gained considerable electoral success during the following years and occasionally supplied external support to centre-left governments , although it never directly joined a government . It successfully lobbied Fiat to set up the AvtoVAZ ( Lada ) car factory in the Soviet Union ( 1966 ) . The party did best in Emilia-Romagna , Tuscany and Umbria , where it regularly won the local administrative elections ; and in some of the industrialized cities of Northern Italy . At the city government level during the course of the post-war period , the PCI demonstrated ( in cities like Bologna and Florence ) their capacity for uncorrupt , efficient and clean government . After the elections of 1975 , the PCI was the strongest force in nearly all of the municipal councils of the great cities . From the 1950s to 1960s . The Soviet Unions brutal suppression of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 created a split within the PCI . The party leadership , including Palmiro Togliatti and Giorgio Napolitano ( who in 2006 became President of the Italian Republic ) , regarded the Hungarian insurgents as counter-revolutionaries as reported at the time in lUnità , the official PCI newspaper . However , Giuseppe Di Vittorio , chief of the communist trade union Italian General Confederation of Labour ( CGIL ) , repudiated the leadership position as did prominent party member Antonio Giolitti and Italian Socialist Party national secretary Pietro Nenni , a close ally of the PCI . Napolitano later hinted at doubts over the propriety of his decision . He would eventually write in From the Communist Party to European Socialism . A Political Autobiography ( Dal Pci al socialismo europeo . Unautobiografia politica ) that he regretted his justification of the Soviet intervention , but quieted his concerns at the time for the sake of party unity and the international leadership of Soviet Communism . Giolitti and Nenni went on to split with the PCI over this issue . Napolitano became a leading member of the miglioristi faction within the PCI which promoted a social-democratic direction in party policy . In the mid-1960s , the United States State Department estimated the party membership to be approximately 1,350,000 ( 4.2% of the working age population , making it the largest communist party in per capita terms in the capitalist world at the time and the largest party at all in the whole of Western Europe with the German Social Democratic Party ) . United States government sources have claimed that the party was receiving $40–50 million per year from the Soviets while the United States investment in Italy was $5–6 million . However , declassified information shows this to be exaggerated , although the PCI relied on Soviet financial assistance more than any other communist party supported by Moscow . According to the former KGB archivist Vasili Mitrokhin , Longo and other PCI leaders became alarmed at the possibility of a coup in Italy after the Athens Colonel Coup in April 1967 . These fears were not completely unfounded as there had been two attempted coups in Italy , Piano Solo in 1964 and Golpe Borghese in 1970 , by military and neo-fascist groups . The PCI’s Giorgio Amendola formally requested Soviet assistance to prepare the party in case of such an event . The KGB drew up and implemented a plan to provide the PCI with its own intelligence and clandestine signal corps . From 1967 through 1973 , PCI members were sent to East Germany and Moscow to receive training in clandestine warfare and information gathering techniques by both the Stasi and the KGB . Shortly before the May 1972 elections , Longo personally wrote to Leonid Brezhnev asking for and receiving an additional $5.7 million in funding . This was on top of the $3.5 million that the Soviet Union gave the PCI in 1971 . The Soviets also provided additional funding through the use of front companies providing generous contracts to PCI members . Enrico Berlinguer . In 1969 , Enrico Berlinguer , PCI deputy national secretary and later secretary general , took part in the international conference of the Communist parties in Moscow , where his delegation disagreed with the official political line and refused to support the final report . Unexpectedly to his hosts , his speech challenged the Communist leadership in Moscow . He refused to excommunicate the Chinese Communists and directly told Leonid Brezhnev that the invasion of Czechoslovakia by the Warsaw Pact countries ( which he called the tragedy in Prague ) had made clear the considerable differences within the communist movement on fundamental questions such as national sovereignty , socialist democracy and the freedom of culture . At the time the PCI , which had absorbed the PSIs left-wing , the Italian Socialist Party of Proletarian Unity , so strengthening its leadership over the Italian left , was the largest communist party in a capitalist state , garnering 34.4% of the vote in the 1976 general election . Relationships between the PCI and the Soviet Union gradually fell apart as the party moved away from Soviet obedience and Marxist–Leninist orthodoxy in the 1970s and 1980s and toward Eurocommunism and the Socialist International . The PCI sought a collaboration with Socialist and Christian Democracy parties ( the Historic Compromise ) . However , Christian Democrat party leader Aldo Moros kidnapping and murder by the Red Brigades in May 1978 put an end to any hopes of such a compromise . The compromise was largely abandoned as a PCI policy in 1981 . The Proletarian Unity Party merged into the PCI in 1984 . During the Years of Lead , the PCI strongly opposed the terrorism and the Red Brigades , who in turn murdered or wounded many PCI members or trade unionists close to the PCI . According to Mitrokhin , the party asked the Soviets to pressure the Czechoslovakian State Security ( StB ) to withdraw their support to the group , which Moscow was unable or unwilling to do . This as well as the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan led to a complete break with Moscow in 1979 . In 1980 , the PCI refused to participate in the international conference of communist parties in Paris although cash payments to the PCI continued until 1984 . Dissolution . Achille Occhetto became general secretary of the PCI in 1988 . At a 1989 conference in a working-class section of Bologna , Occhetto stunned the party faithful with a speech heralding the end of Communism , a move now referred to in Italian politics as the svolta della Bolognina ( Bolognina turning point ) . The collapse of the Communist governments in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe led Occhetto to conclude that the era of Eurocommunism was over . Under his leadership , the PCI dissolved and refounded itself as the Democratic Party of the Left , which branded itself as a progressive left-wing and democratic socialist party . A third of the PCI membership , led by Armando Cossutta , refused to join the PDS and instead seceded to form the Communist Refoundation Party . Popular support . In all its history , the PCI was particularly strong in Central Italy , in the so-called Red Regions of Emilia-Romagna , Tuscany , Umbria and Marche , as well as in the industrialized cities of Northern Italy . However , Communists municipal showcase was Bologna , which was held continuously by the PCI from 1945 onwards . Amongst other measures , the local PCI administration tackled urban problems with successful programmes of health for the elderly , nursery education and traffic reform while also undertaking initiatives in housing and school meal provisions . From 1946 to 1956 , the Communist city council built 31 nursery schools , 896 flats and 9 schools . Health care improved substantially , street lighting was installed , new drains and municipal launderettes were built and 8,000 children received subsidised school meals . In 1972 , the then-mayor of Bologna , Renato Zangheri , introduced a new and innovative traffic plan with strict limitations for private vehicles and a renewed concentration on cheap public transport . Bolognas social services continued to expand throughout the early and mid-1970s . The city centre was restored , centres for the mentally sick were instituted to help those who had been released from recently closed psychiatric hospitals , handicapped persons were offered training and found suitable jobs , afternoon activities for schoolchildren were made less mindless than the traditional doposcuola ( after-school activities ) and school programming for the whole day helped working parents . Communists administrations at a local level also helped to aid new businesses while also introducing innovative social reforms . The electoral results of the PCI in general ( Chamber of Deputies ) and European Parliament elections since 1946 are shown in the chart below . Leadership . - Secretary : Antonio Gramsci ( 1926 ) , Camilla Ravera ( 1927–1930 ) , Palmiro Togliatti ( 1930–1934 ) , Ruggero Grieco ( 1934–1938 ) , Palmiro Togliatti ( 1938–1964 ) , Luigi Longo ( 1964–1972 ) , Enrico Berlinguer ( 1972–1984 ) , Alessandro Natta ( 1984–1988 ) , Achille Occhetto ( 1988–1991 ) - President : Luigi Longo ( 1972–1980 ) , Alessandro Natta ( 1989–1990 ) , Aldo Tortorella ( 1990–1991 ) - Leader in the Chamber of Deputies : Luigi Longo ( 1946–1947 ) , Palmiro Togliatti ( 1947–1964 ) , Pietro Ingrao ( 1964–1972 ) , Alessandro Natta ( 1972–1979 ) , Fernando Di Giulio ( 1979–1981 ) , Giorgio Napolitano ( 1981–1986 ) , Renato Zangheri ( 1986–1990 ) , Giulio Quercini ( 1990–1991 ) - Leader in the Senate : Mauro Scoccimarro ( 1948–1958 ) , Umberto Terracini ( 1958–1973 ) , Edoardo Pema ( 1973–1986 ) , Gerardo Chiaromonte ( 1983–1986 ) , Ugo Pecchioli ( 1986–1991 ) - Leader in the European Parliament : Giorgio Amendola ( 1979–1980 ) , Guido Fanti ( 1980–1984 ) , Giovanni Cervetti ( 1984–1989 ) , Luigi Alberto Colajanni ( 1989–1991 )
|
[
"Luigi Longo"
] |
[
{
"text": " The Italian Communist Party ( , PCI ) was a communist political party in Italy .",
"title": "Italian Communist Party"
},
{
"text": "The PCI was founded as the Communist Party of Italy on 21 January 1921 in Livorno by seceding from the Italian Socialist Party ( PSI ) . Amadeo Bordiga and Antonio Gramsci led the split . Outlawed during the Fascist regime , the party played a major role in the Italian resistance movement . It changed its name in 1943 to PCI and became the second largest political party of Italy after World War II , attracting the support of about a third of the vote share during the 1970s . At the time , it was the largest communist",
"title": "Italian Communist Party"
},
{
"text": "party in the West , with peak support reaching 2.3 million members , in 1947 , and peak share being 34.4% of the vote ( 12.6 million votes ) in the 1976 general election .",
"title": "Italian Communist Party"
},
{
"text": " The PCI transitioned from doctrinaire communism to democratic socialism by the 1970s or the 1980s . In 1991 , it was dissolved and re-launched as the Democratic Party of the Left ( PDS ) , which joined the Socialist International and the Party of European Socialists . The more radical members of the organization formally seceded to establish the Communist Refoundation Party ( PRC ) .",
"title": "Italian Communist Party"
},
{
"text": "The roots of the Italian Communist Party date back to 1921 , when the Communist Party of Italy ( Partito Comunista dItalia , PCdI ) was founded in Livorno on 21 January , following a split in the Italian Socialist Party ( PSI ) on their 17th Congress . The split occurred after the socialist Congress of Livorno refused to expel the reformist group as required by the Comintern . The main factions of the new party were LOrdine Nuovo , based in Turin and led by Antonio Gramsci , and the maximalist faction led by Nicola Bombacci . Amedeo",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "Bordiga was elected Secretary of the new party .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " In the same year , PCdI participated to its first general election , obtaining 4.6% of the vote and 15 seats in the Chamber of Deputies . At the time , it was an active yet small faction within the Italian political left , which was strongly led by the Socialist Party , while on the international plane it was part of Soviet-led Comintern .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "In 1926 , the Fascist government of Benito Mussolini outlawed the Communist Party . Although forced underground , the PCdI maintained a clandestine presence within Italy during the years of the Fascist regime . Many of its leaders were also active in exile . During its first year as a banned party , Antonio Gramsci defeated the partys left-wing which was led by Amadeo Bordiga , becoming the new Secretary during the partys congress in Lyon and issued a manifesto expressing the programmatic basis of the party . However , Gramsci soon found himself jailed by Mussolinis regime and the",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "leadership of the party passed to Palmiro Togliatti . In 1930 , Bordiga was expelled from the party on the charge of Trotskyism . The same fate had already occurred to members of the partys right-wing .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " On 15 May 1943 , the party changed its official name in Partito Comunista Italiano ( Italian Communist Party ) , often shortened PCI .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " After the fall of Mussolinis regime on 25 July 1943 , the Communist Party returned to a formally legal status , playing a major role during the national liberation , known in Italy as Resistenza ( Resistance ) and forming many partisan groups .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "In the April 1944 after the so-called svolta di Salerno ( Salernos turn ) , Togliatti agreed to cooperate with King Victor Emmanuel III and his Prime Minister , the Marshal Pietro Badoglio . After the turn , Communists took part in every government during the national liberation and constitutional period from June 1944 to May 1947 . The Communists contribution to the new Italian democratic constitution was decisive . The so-called Gullo decrees of 1944 , for instance , sought to improve social and economic conditions in the countryside . During Badoglio and Ferruccio Parris cabinets , Togliatti served",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "as Deputy Prime Minister .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": " During the Resistance , the PCI became increasingly popular , as the majority of partisans were communists . The Garibaldi Brigades , promoted by the PCI , were among the more numerous partisan forces .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": " The PCI took part in the 1946 Italian general election and referendum , campaigning for the republic . In the election , the Communists arrived third , behind the Christian Democracy ( DC ) and the Socialist Party , gaining almost 19% of votes and electing 104 members of the Constituent Assembly . While the popular referendum resulted in the replacement of the monarchy with a republic , with the 54% of votes in favour and 46% against .",
"title": "Post-war years"
},
{
"text": "In May 1947 , the PCI was excluded from the government . The Christian democratic Prime Minister , Alcide De Gasperi , was losing popularity , and feared that the leftist coalition would take power . While the PCI was growing particularly fast due to its organizing efforts supporting sharecroppers in Sicily , Tuscany and Umbria , movements which were also bolstered by the reforms of Fausto Gullo , the Communist Minister of Agriculture . On 1 May , the nation was thrown into crisis by the murder of eleven leftist peasants ( including four children ) at an International",
"title": "Post-war years"
},
{
"text": "Workers Day parade in Palermo by Salvatore Giuliano and his gang . In the political chaos which ensued , the president engineered the expulsion of all left-wing ministers from the cabinet on 31 May . The PCI would not have a national position in government again . De Gasperi did this under pressure from US Secretary of State George Marshall , whod informed him that anti-communism was a pre-condition for receiving American aid , and Ambassador James C . Dunn who had directly asked de Gasperi to dissolve the parliament and remove the PCI .",
"title": "Post-war years"
},
{
"text": "In the general election of 1948 , the party joined the PSI in the Popular Democratic Front ( FDP ) , but it was defeated by the Christian Democracy party . The United States spent over $10 million to support anti-PCI groups in the election . Fearful of the possible FDPs electoral victory , the British and American governments also undermined their campaign for legal justice by tolerating the efforts made by Italys top authorities to prevent any of the alleged Italian war criminals from being extradited and taken to court . The denial of Italian war crimes was backed",
"title": "Post-war years"
},
{
"text": "up by the Italian state , academe , and media , re-inventing Italy as only a victim of the German Nazism and the post-war Foibe massacres .",
"title": "Post-war years"
},
{
"text": "The party gained considerable electoral success during the following years and occasionally supplied external support to centre-left governments , although it never directly joined a government . It successfully lobbied Fiat to set up the AvtoVAZ ( Lada ) car factory in the Soviet Union ( 1966 ) . The party did best in Emilia-Romagna , Tuscany and Umbria , where it regularly won the local administrative elections ; and in some of the industrialized cities of Northern Italy . At the city government level during the course of the post-war period , the PCI demonstrated ( in cities like",
"title": "Post-war years"
},
{
"text": "Bologna and Florence ) their capacity for uncorrupt , efficient and clean government . After the elections of 1975 , the PCI was the strongest force in nearly all of the municipal councils of the great cities .",
"title": "Post-war years"
},
{
"text": "The Soviet Unions brutal suppression of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 created a split within the PCI . The party leadership , including Palmiro Togliatti and Giorgio Napolitano ( who in 2006 became President of the Italian Republic ) , regarded the Hungarian insurgents as counter-revolutionaries as reported at the time in lUnità , the official PCI newspaper . However , Giuseppe Di Vittorio , chief of the communist trade union Italian General Confederation of Labour ( CGIL ) , repudiated the leadership position as did prominent party member Antonio Giolitti and Italian Socialist Party national secretary Pietro Nenni ,",
"title": "Post-war years"
},
{
"text": "a close ally of the PCI . Napolitano later hinted at doubts over the propriety of his decision . He would eventually write in From the Communist Party to European Socialism . A Political Autobiography ( Dal Pci al socialismo europeo . Unautobiografia politica ) that he regretted his justification of the Soviet intervention , but quieted his concerns at the time for the sake of party unity and the international leadership of Soviet Communism . Giolitti and Nenni went on to split with the PCI over this issue . Napolitano became a leading member of the miglioristi faction within",
"title": "Post-war years"
},
{
"text": "the PCI which promoted a social-democratic direction in party policy .",
"title": "Post-war years"
},
{
"text": "In the mid-1960s , the United States State Department estimated the party membership to be approximately 1,350,000 ( 4.2% of the working age population , making it the largest communist party in per capita terms in the capitalist world at the time and the largest party at all in the whole of Western Europe with the German Social Democratic Party ) . United States government sources have claimed that the party was receiving $40–50 million per year from the Soviets while the United States investment in Italy was $5–6 million . However , declassified information shows this to be exaggerated",
"title": "Post-war years"
},
{
"text": ", although the PCI relied on Soviet financial assistance more than any other communist party supported by Moscow .",
"title": "Post-war years"
},
{
"text": "According to the former KGB archivist Vasili Mitrokhin , Longo and other PCI leaders became alarmed at the possibility of a coup in Italy after the Athens Colonel Coup in April 1967 . These fears were not completely unfounded as there had been two attempted coups in Italy , Piano Solo in 1964 and Golpe Borghese in 1970 , by military and neo-fascist groups . The PCI’s Giorgio Amendola formally requested Soviet assistance to prepare the party in case of such an event . The KGB drew up and implemented a plan to provide the PCI with its own intelligence",
"title": "Post-war years"
},
{
"text": "and clandestine signal corps . From 1967 through 1973 , PCI members were sent to East Germany and Moscow to receive training in clandestine warfare and information gathering techniques by both the Stasi and the KGB . Shortly before the May 1972 elections , Longo personally wrote to Leonid Brezhnev asking for and receiving an additional $5.7 million in funding . This was on top of the $3.5 million that the Soviet Union gave the PCI in 1971 . The Soviets also provided additional funding through the use of front companies providing generous contracts to PCI members .",
"title": "Post-war years"
},
{
"text": "In 1969 , Enrico Berlinguer , PCI deputy national secretary and later secretary general , took part in the international conference of the Communist parties in Moscow , where his delegation disagreed with the official political line and refused to support the final report . Unexpectedly to his hosts , his speech challenged the Communist leadership in Moscow . He refused to excommunicate the Chinese Communists and directly told Leonid Brezhnev that the invasion of Czechoslovakia by the Warsaw Pact countries ( which he called the tragedy in Prague ) had made clear the considerable differences within the communist movement",
"title": "Enrico Berlinguer"
},
{
"text": "on fundamental questions such as national sovereignty , socialist democracy and the freedom of culture . At the time the PCI , which had absorbed the PSIs left-wing , the Italian Socialist Party of Proletarian Unity , so strengthening its leadership over the Italian left , was the largest communist party in a capitalist state , garnering 34.4% of the vote in the 1976 general election .",
"title": "Enrico Berlinguer"
},
{
"text": "Relationships between the PCI and the Soviet Union gradually fell apart as the party moved away from Soviet obedience and Marxist–Leninist orthodoxy in the 1970s and 1980s and toward Eurocommunism and the Socialist International . The PCI sought a collaboration with Socialist and Christian Democracy parties ( the Historic Compromise ) . However , Christian Democrat party leader Aldo Moros kidnapping and murder by the Red Brigades in May 1978 put an end to any hopes of such a compromise . The compromise was largely abandoned as a PCI policy in 1981 . The Proletarian Unity Party merged into the",
"title": "Enrico Berlinguer"
},
{
"text": "PCI in 1984 .",
"title": "Enrico Berlinguer"
},
{
"text": "During the Years of Lead , the PCI strongly opposed the terrorism and the Red Brigades , who in turn murdered or wounded many PCI members or trade unionists close to the PCI . According to Mitrokhin , the party asked the Soviets to pressure the Czechoslovakian State Security ( StB ) to withdraw their support to the group , which Moscow was unable or unwilling to do . This as well as the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan led to a complete break with Moscow in 1979 . In 1980 , the PCI refused to participate in the international conference",
"title": "Enrico Berlinguer"
},
{
"text": "of communist parties in Paris although cash payments to the PCI continued until 1984 .",
"title": "Enrico Berlinguer"
},
{
"text": "Achille Occhetto became general secretary of the PCI in 1988 . At a 1989 conference in a working-class section of Bologna , Occhetto stunned the party faithful with a speech heralding the end of Communism , a move now referred to in Italian politics as the svolta della Bolognina ( Bolognina turning point ) . The collapse of the Communist governments in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe led Occhetto to conclude that the era of Eurocommunism was over . Under his leadership , the PCI dissolved and refounded itself as the Democratic Party of the Left , which branded",
"title": "Dissolution"
},
{
"text": "itself as a progressive left-wing and democratic socialist party . A third of the PCI membership , led by Armando Cossutta , refused to join the PDS and instead seceded to form the Communist Refoundation Party .",
"title": "Dissolution"
},
{
"text": "In all its history , the PCI was particularly strong in Central Italy , in the so-called Red Regions of Emilia-Romagna , Tuscany , Umbria and Marche , as well as in the industrialized cities of Northern Italy . However , Communists municipal showcase was Bologna , which was held continuously by the PCI from 1945 onwards . Amongst other measures , the local PCI administration tackled urban problems with successful programmes of health for the elderly , nursery education and traffic reform while also undertaking initiatives in housing and school meal provisions . From 1946 to 1956 , the",
"title": "Popular support"
},
{
"text": "Communist city council built 31 nursery schools , 896 flats and 9 schools . Health care improved substantially , street lighting was installed , new drains and municipal launderettes were built and 8,000 children received subsidised school meals . In 1972 , the then-mayor of Bologna , Renato Zangheri , introduced a new and innovative traffic plan with strict limitations for private vehicles and a renewed concentration on cheap public transport . Bolognas social services continued to expand throughout the early and mid-1970s . The city centre was restored , centres for the mentally sick were instituted to help those",
"title": "Popular support"
},
{
"text": "who had been released from recently closed psychiatric hospitals , handicapped persons were offered training and found suitable jobs , afternoon activities for schoolchildren were made less mindless than the traditional doposcuola ( after-school activities ) and school programming for the whole day helped working parents . Communists administrations at a local level also helped to aid new businesses while also introducing innovative social reforms .",
"title": "Popular support"
},
{
"text": " The electoral results of the PCI in general ( Chamber of Deputies ) and European Parliament elections since 1946 are shown in the chart below .",
"title": "Popular support"
},
{
"text": " - Secretary : Antonio Gramsci ( 1926 ) , Camilla Ravera ( 1927–1930 ) , Palmiro Togliatti ( 1930–1934 ) , Ruggero Grieco ( 1934–1938 ) , Palmiro Togliatti ( 1938–1964 ) , Luigi Longo ( 1964–1972 ) , Enrico Berlinguer ( 1972–1984 ) , Alessandro Natta ( 1984–1988 ) , Achille Occhetto ( 1988–1991 ) - President : Luigi Longo ( 1972–1980 ) , Alessandro Natta ( 1989–1990 ) , Aldo Tortorella ( 1990–1991 )",
"title": "Leadership"
},
{
"text": "- Leader in the Chamber of Deputies : Luigi Longo ( 1946–1947 ) , Palmiro Togliatti ( 1947–1964 ) , Pietro Ingrao ( 1964–1972 ) , Alessandro Natta ( 1972–1979 ) , Fernando Di Giulio ( 1979–1981 ) , Giorgio Napolitano ( 1981–1986 ) , Renato Zangheri ( 1986–1990 ) , Giulio Quercini ( 1990–1991 )",
"title": "Leadership"
},
{
"text": " - Leader in the Senate : Mauro Scoccimarro ( 1948–1958 ) , Umberto Terracini ( 1958–1973 ) , Edoardo Pema ( 1973–1986 ) , Gerardo Chiaromonte ( 1983–1986 ) , Ugo Pecchioli ( 1986–1991 ) - Leader in the European Parliament : Giorgio Amendola ( 1979–1980 ) , Guido Fanti ( 1980–1984 ) , Giovanni Cervetti ( 1984–1989 ) , Luigi Alberto Colajanni ( 1989–1991 )",
"title": "Leadership"
}
] |
/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party#P488#1
|
Who was the chair of Italian Communist Party in Apr 1989?
|
Italian Communist Party The Italian Communist Party ( , PCI ) was a communist political party in Italy . The PCI was founded as the Communist Party of Italy on 21 January 1921 in Livorno by seceding from the Italian Socialist Party ( PSI ) . Amadeo Bordiga and Antonio Gramsci led the split . Outlawed during the Fascist regime , the party played a major role in the Italian resistance movement . It changed its name in 1943 to PCI and became the second largest political party of Italy after World War II , attracting the support of about a third of the vote share during the 1970s . At the time , it was the largest communist party in the West , with peak support reaching 2.3 million members , in 1947 , and peak share being 34.4% of the vote ( 12.6 million votes ) in the 1976 general election . The PCI transitioned from doctrinaire communism to democratic socialism by the 1970s or the 1980s . In 1991 , it was dissolved and re-launched as the Democratic Party of the Left ( PDS ) , which joined the Socialist International and the Party of European Socialists . The more radical members of the organization formally seceded to establish the Communist Refoundation Party ( PRC ) . History . Early years . The roots of the Italian Communist Party date back to 1921 , when the Communist Party of Italy ( Partito Comunista dItalia , PCdI ) was founded in Livorno on 21 January , following a split in the Italian Socialist Party ( PSI ) on their 17th Congress . The split occurred after the socialist Congress of Livorno refused to expel the reformist group as required by the Comintern . The main factions of the new party were LOrdine Nuovo , based in Turin and led by Antonio Gramsci , and the maximalist faction led by Nicola Bombacci . Amedeo Bordiga was elected Secretary of the new party . In the same year , PCdI participated to its first general election , obtaining 4.6% of the vote and 15 seats in the Chamber of Deputies . At the time , it was an active yet small faction within the Italian political left , which was strongly led by the Socialist Party , while on the international plane it was part of Soviet-led Comintern . In 1926 , the Fascist government of Benito Mussolini outlawed the Communist Party . Although forced underground , the PCdI maintained a clandestine presence within Italy during the years of the Fascist regime . Many of its leaders were also active in exile . During its first year as a banned party , Antonio Gramsci defeated the partys left-wing which was led by Amadeo Bordiga , becoming the new Secretary during the partys congress in Lyon and issued a manifesto expressing the programmatic basis of the party . However , Gramsci soon found himself jailed by Mussolinis regime and the leadership of the party passed to Palmiro Togliatti . In 1930 , Bordiga was expelled from the party on the charge of Trotskyism . The same fate had already occurred to members of the partys right-wing . On 15 May 1943 , the party changed its official name in Partito Comunista Italiano ( Italian Communist Party ) , often shortened PCI . World War II . After the fall of Mussolinis regime on 25 July 1943 , the Communist Party returned to a formally legal status , playing a major role during the national liberation , known in Italy as Resistenza ( Resistance ) and forming many partisan groups . In the April 1944 after the so-called svolta di Salerno ( Salernos turn ) , Togliatti agreed to cooperate with King Victor Emmanuel III and his Prime Minister , the Marshal Pietro Badoglio . After the turn , Communists took part in every government during the national liberation and constitutional period from June 1944 to May 1947 . The Communists contribution to the new Italian democratic constitution was decisive . The so-called Gullo decrees of 1944 , for instance , sought to improve social and economic conditions in the countryside . During Badoglio and Ferruccio Parris cabinets , Togliatti served as Deputy Prime Minister . During the Resistance , the PCI became increasingly popular , as the majority of partisans were communists . The Garibaldi Brigades , promoted by the PCI , were among the more numerous partisan forces . Post-war years . The PCI took part in the 1946 Italian general election and referendum , campaigning for the republic . In the election , the Communists arrived third , behind the Christian Democracy ( DC ) and the Socialist Party , gaining almost 19% of votes and electing 104 members of the Constituent Assembly . While the popular referendum resulted in the replacement of the monarchy with a republic , with the 54% of votes in favour and 46% against . In May 1947 , the PCI was excluded from the government . The Christian democratic Prime Minister , Alcide De Gasperi , was losing popularity , and feared that the leftist coalition would take power . While the PCI was growing particularly fast due to its organizing efforts supporting sharecroppers in Sicily , Tuscany and Umbria , movements which were also bolstered by the reforms of Fausto Gullo , the Communist Minister of Agriculture . On 1 May , the nation was thrown into crisis by the murder of eleven leftist peasants ( including four children ) at an International Workers Day parade in Palermo by Salvatore Giuliano and his gang . In the political chaos which ensued , the president engineered the expulsion of all left-wing ministers from the cabinet on 31 May . The PCI would not have a national position in government again . De Gasperi did this under pressure from US Secretary of State George Marshall , whod informed him that anti-communism was a pre-condition for receiving American aid , and Ambassador James C . Dunn who had directly asked de Gasperi to dissolve the parliament and remove the PCI . In the general election of 1948 , the party joined the PSI in the Popular Democratic Front ( FDP ) , but it was defeated by the Christian Democracy party . The United States spent over $10 million to support anti-PCI groups in the election . Fearful of the possible FDPs electoral victory , the British and American governments also undermined their campaign for legal justice by tolerating the efforts made by Italys top authorities to prevent any of the alleged Italian war criminals from being extradited and taken to court . The denial of Italian war crimes was backed up by the Italian state , academe , and media , re-inventing Italy as only a victim of the German Nazism and the post-war Foibe massacres . The party gained considerable electoral success during the following years and occasionally supplied external support to centre-left governments , although it never directly joined a government . It successfully lobbied Fiat to set up the AvtoVAZ ( Lada ) car factory in the Soviet Union ( 1966 ) . The party did best in Emilia-Romagna , Tuscany and Umbria , where it regularly won the local administrative elections ; and in some of the industrialized cities of Northern Italy . At the city government level during the course of the post-war period , the PCI demonstrated ( in cities like Bologna and Florence ) their capacity for uncorrupt , efficient and clean government . After the elections of 1975 , the PCI was the strongest force in nearly all of the municipal councils of the great cities . From the 1950s to 1960s . The Soviet Unions brutal suppression of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 created a split within the PCI . The party leadership , including Palmiro Togliatti and Giorgio Napolitano ( who in 2006 became President of the Italian Republic ) , regarded the Hungarian insurgents as counter-revolutionaries as reported at the time in lUnità , the official PCI newspaper . However , Giuseppe Di Vittorio , chief of the communist trade union Italian General Confederation of Labour ( CGIL ) , repudiated the leadership position as did prominent party member Antonio Giolitti and Italian Socialist Party national secretary Pietro Nenni , a close ally of the PCI . Napolitano later hinted at doubts over the propriety of his decision . He would eventually write in From the Communist Party to European Socialism . A Political Autobiography ( Dal Pci al socialismo europeo . Unautobiografia politica ) that he regretted his justification of the Soviet intervention , but quieted his concerns at the time for the sake of party unity and the international leadership of Soviet Communism . Giolitti and Nenni went on to split with the PCI over this issue . Napolitano became a leading member of the miglioristi faction within the PCI which promoted a social-democratic direction in party policy . In the mid-1960s , the United States State Department estimated the party membership to be approximately 1,350,000 ( 4.2% of the working age population , making it the largest communist party in per capita terms in the capitalist world at the time and the largest party at all in the whole of Western Europe with the German Social Democratic Party ) . United States government sources have claimed that the party was receiving $40–50 million per year from the Soviets while the United States investment in Italy was $5–6 million . However , declassified information shows this to be exaggerated , although the PCI relied on Soviet financial assistance more than any other communist party supported by Moscow . According to the former KGB archivist Vasili Mitrokhin , Longo and other PCI leaders became alarmed at the possibility of a coup in Italy after the Athens Colonel Coup in April 1967 . These fears were not completely unfounded as there had been two attempted coups in Italy , Piano Solo in 1964 and Golpe Borghese in 1970 , by military and neo-fascist groups . The PCI’s Giorgio Amendola formally requested Soviet assistance to prepare the party in case of such an event . The KGB drew up and implemented a plan to provide the PCI with its own intelligence and clandestine signal corps . From 1967 through 1973 , PCI members were sent to East Germany and Moscow to receive training in clandestine warfare and information gathering techniques by both the Stasi and the KGB . Shortly before the May 1972 elections , Longo personally wrote to Leonid Brezhnev asking for and receiving an additional $5.7 million in funding . This was on top of the $3.5 million that the Soviet Union gave the PCI in 1971 . The Soviets also provided additional funding through the use of front companies providing generous contracts to PCI members . Enrico Berlinguer . In 1969 , Enrico Berlinguer , PCI deputy national secretary and later secretary general , took part in the international conference of the Communist parties in Moscow , where his delegation disagreed with the official political line and refused to support the final report . Unexpectedly to his hosts , his speech challenged the Communist leadership in Moscow . He refused to excommunicate the Chinese Communists and directly told Leonid Brezhnev that the invasion of Czechoslovakia by the Warsaw Pact countries ( which he called the tragedy in Prague ) had made clear the considerable differences within the communist movement on fundamental questions such as national sovereignty , socialist democracy and the freedom of culture . At the time the PCI , which had absorbed the PSIs left-wing , the Italian Socialist Party of Proletarian Unity , so strengthening its leadership over the Italian left , was the largest communist party in a capitalist state , garnering 34.4% of the vote in the 1976 general election . Relationships between the PCI and the Soviet Union gradually fell apart as the party moved away from Soviet obedience and Marxist–Leninist orthodoxy in the 1970s and 1980s and toward Eurocommunism and the Socialist International . The PCI sought a collaboration with Socialist and Christian Democracy parties ( the Historic Compromise ) . However , Christian Democrat party leader Aldo Moros kidnapping and murder by the Red Brigades in May 1978 put an end to any hopes of such a compromise . The compromise was largely abandoned as a PCI policy in 1981 . The Proletarian Unity Party merged into the PCI in 1984 . During the Years of Lead , the PCI strongly opposed the terrorism and the Red Brigades , who in turn murdered or wounded many PCI members or trade unionists close to the PCI . According to Mitrokhin , the party asked the Soviets to pressure the Czechoslovakian State Security ( StB ) to withdraw their support to the group , which Moscow was unable or unwilling to do . This as well as the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan led to a complete break with Moscow in 1979 . In 1980 , the PCI refused to participate in the international conference of communist parties in Paris although cash payments to the PCI continued until 1984 . Dissolution . Achille Occhetto became general secretary of the PCI in 1988 . At a 1989 conference in a working-class section of Bologna , Occhetto stunned the party faithful with a speech heralding the end of Communism , a move now referred to in Italian politics as the svolta della Bolognina ( Bolognina turning point ) . The collapse of the Communist governments in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe led Occhetto to conclude that the era of Eurocommunism was over . Under his leadership , the PCI dissolved and refounded itself as the Democratic Party of the Left , which branded itself as a progressive left-wing and democratic socialist party . A third of the PCI membership , led by Armando Cossutta , refused to join the PDS and instead seceded to form the Communist Refoundation Party . Popular support . In all its history , the PCI was particularly strong in Central Italy , in the so-called Red Regions of Emilia-Romagna , Tuscany , Umbria and Marche , as well as in the industrialized cities of Northern Italy . However , Communists municipal showcase was Bologna , which was held continuously by the PCI from 1945 onwards . Amongst other measures , the local PCI administration tackled urban problems with successful programmes of health for the elderly , nursery education and traffic reform while also undertaking initiatives in housing and school meal provisions . From 1946 to 1956 , the Communist city council built 31 nursery schools , 896 flats and 9 schools . Health care improved substantially , street lighting was installed , new drains and municipal launderettes were built and 8,000 children received subsidised school meals . In 1972 , the then-mayor of Bologna , Renato Zangheri , introduced a new and innovative traffic plan with strict limitations for private vehicles and a renewed concentration on cheap public transport . Bolognas social services continued to expand throughout the early and mid-1970s . The city centre was restored , centres for the mentally sick were instituted to help those who had been released from recently closed psychiatric hospitals , handicapped persons were offered training and found suitable jobs , afternoon activities for schoolchildren were made less mindless than the traditional doposcuola ( after-school activities ) and school programming for the whole day helped working parents . Communists administrations at a local level also helped to aid new businesses while also introducing innovative social reforms . The electoral results of the PCI in general ( Chamber of Deputies ) and European Parliament elections since 1946 are shown in the chart below . Leadership . - Secretary : Antonio Gramsci ( 1926 ) , Camilla Ravera ( 1927–1930 ) , Palmiro Togliatti ( 1930–1934 ) , Ruggero Grieco ( 1934–1938 ) , Palmiro Togliatti ( 1938–1964 ) , Luigi Longo ( 1964–1972 ) , Enrico Berlinguer ( 1972–1984 ) , Alessandro Natta ( 1984–1988 ) , Achille Occhetto ( 1988–1991 ) - President : Luigi Longo ( 1972–1980 ) , Alessandro Natta ( 1989–1990 ) , Aldo Tortorella ( 1990–1991 ) - Leader in the Chamber of Deputies : Luigi Longo ( 1946–1947 ) , Palmiro Togliatti ( 1947–1964 ) , Pietro Ingrao ( 1964–1972 ) , Alessandro Natta ( 1972–1979 ) , Fernando Di Giulio ( 1979–1981 ) , Giorgio Napolitano ( 1981–1986 ) , Renato Zangheri ( 1986–1990 ) , Giulio Quercini ( 1990–1991 ) - Leader in the Senate : Mauro Scoccimarro ( 1948–1958 ) , Umberto Terracini ( 1958–1973 ) , Edoardo Pema ( 1973–1986 ) , Gerardo Chiaromonte ( 1983–1986 ) , Ugo Pecchioli ( 1986–1991 ) - Leader in the European Parliament : Giorgio Amendola ( 1979–1980 ) , Guido Fanti ( 1980–1984 ) , Giovanni Cervetti ( 1984–1989 ) , Luigi Alberto Colajanni ( 1989–1991 )
|
[
"Alessandro Natta"
] |
[
{
"text": " The Italian Communist Party ( , PCI ) was a communist political party in Italy .",
"title": "Italian Communist Party"
},
{
"text": "The PCI was founded as the Communist Party of Italy on 21 January 1921 in Livorno by seceding from the Italian Socialist Party ( PSI ) . Amadeo Bordiga and Antonio Gramsci led the split . Outlawed during the Fascist regime , the party played a major role in the Italian resistance movement . It changed its name in 1943 to PCI and became the second largest political party of Italy after World War II , attracting the support of about a third of the vote share during the 1970s . At the time , it was the largest communist",
"title": "Italian Communist Party"
},
{
"text": "party in the West , with peak support reaching 2.3 million members , in 1947 , and peak share being 34.4% of the vote ( 12.6 million votes ) in the 1976 general election .",
"title": "Italian Communist Party"
},
{
"text": " The PCI transitioned from doctrinaire communism to democratic socialism by the 1970s or the 1980s . In 1991 , it was dissolved and re-launched as the Democratic Party of the Left ( PDS ) , which joined the Socialist International and the Party of European Socialists . The more radical members of the organization formally seceded to establish the Communist Refoundation Party ( PRC ) .",
"title": "Italian Communist Party"
},
{
"text": "The roots of the Italian Communist Party date back to 1921 , when the Communist Party of Italy ( Partito Comunista dItalia , PCdI ) was founded in Livorno on 21 January , following a split in the Italian Socialist Party ( PSI ) on their 17th Congress . The split occurred after the socialist Congress of Livorno refused to expel the reformist group as required by the Comintern . The main factions of the new party were LOrdine Nuovo , based in Turin and led by Antonio Gramsci , and the maximalist faction led by Nicola Bombacci . Amedeo",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "Bordiga was elected Secretary of the new party .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " In the same year , PCdI participated to its first general election , obtaining 4.6% of the vote and 15 seats in the Chamber of Deputies . At the time , it was an active yet small faction within the Italian political left , which was strongly led by the Socialist Party , while on the international plane it was part of Soviet-led Comintern .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "In 1926 , the Fascist government of Benito Mussolini outlawed the Communist Party . Although forced underground , the PCdI maintained a clandestine presence within Italy during the years of the Fascist regime . Many of its leaders were also active in exile . During its first year as a banned party , Antonio Gramsci defeated the partys left-wing which was led by Amadeo Bordiga , becoming the new Secretary during the partys congress in Lyon and issued a manifesto expressing the programmatic basis of the party . However , Gramsci soon found himself jailed by Mussolinis regime and the",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "leadership of the party passed to Palmiro Togliatti . In 1930 , Bordiga was expelled from the party on the charge of Trotskyism . The same fate had already occurred to members of the partys right-wing .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " On 15 May 1943 , the party changed its official name in Partito Comunista Italiano ( Italian Communist Party ) , often shortened PCI .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " After the fall of Mussolinis regime on 25 July 1943 , the Communist Party returned to a formally legal status , playing a major role during the national liberation , known in Italy as Resistenza ( Resistance ) and forming many partisan groups .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "In the April 1944 after the so-called svolta di Salerno ( Salernos turn ) , Togliatti agreed to cooperate with King Victor Emmanuel III and his Prime Minister , the Marshal Pietro Badoglio . After the turn , Communists took part in every government during the national liberation and constitutional period from June 1944 to May 1947 . The Communists contribution to the new Italian democratic constitution was decisive . The so-called Gullo decrees of 1944 , for instance , sought to improve social and economic conditions in the countryside . During Badoglio and Ferruccio Parris cabinets , Togliatti served",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "as Deputy Prime Minister .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": " During the Resistance , the PCI became increasingly popular , as the majority of partisans were communists . The Garibaldi Brigades , promoted by the PCI , were among the more numerous partisan forces .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": " The PCI took part in the 1946 Italian general election and referendum , campaigning for the republic . In the election , the Communists arrived third , behind the Christian Democracy ( DC ) and the Socialist Party , gaining almost 19% of votes and electing 104 members of the Constituent Assembly . While the popular referendum resulted in the replacement of the monarchy with a republic , with the 54% of votes in favour and 46% against .",
"title": "Post-war years"
},
{
"text": "In May 1947 , the PCI was excluded from the government . The Christian democratic Prime Minister , Alcide De Gasperi , was losing popularity , and feared that the leftist coalition would take power . While the PCI was growing particularly fast due to its organizing efforts supporting sharecroppers in Sicily , Tuscany and Umbria , movements which were also bolstered by the reforms of Fausto Gullo , the Communist Minister of Agriculture . On 1 May , the nation was thrown into crisis by the murder of eleven leftist peasants ( including four children ) at an International",
"title": "Post-war years"
},
{
"text": "Workers Day parade in Palermo by Salvatore Giuliano and his gang . In the political chaos which ensued , the president engineered the expulsion of all left-wing ministers from the cabinet on 31 May . The PCI would not have a national position in government again . De Gasperi did this under pressure from US Secretary of State George Marshall , whod informed him that anti-communism was a pre-condition for receiving American aid , and Ambassador James C . Dunn who had directly asked de Gasperi to dissolve the parliament and remove the PCI .",
"title": "Post-war years"
},
{
"text": "In the general election of 1948 , the party joined the PSI in the Popular Democratic Front ( FDP ) , but it was defeated by the Christian Democracy party . The United States spent over $10 million to support anti-PCI groups in the election . Fearful of the possible FDPs electoral victory , the British and American governments also undermined their campaign for legal justice by tolerating the efforts made by Italys top authorities to prevent any of the alleged Italian war criminals from being extradited and taken to court . The denial of Italian war crimes was backed",
"title": "Post-war years"
},
{
"text": "up by the Italian state , academe , and media , re-inventing Italy as only a victim of the German Nazism and the post-war Foibe massacres .",
"title": "Post-war years"
},
{
"text": "The party gained considerable electoral success during the following years and occasionally supplied external support to centre-left governments , although it never directly joined a government . It successfully lobbied Fiat to set up the AvtoVAZ ( Lada ) car factory in the Soviet Union ( 1966 ) . The party did best in Emilia-Romagna , Tuscany and Umbria , where it regularly won the local administrative elections ; and in some of the industrialized cities of Northern Italy . At the city government level during the course of the post-war period , the PCI demonstrated ( in cities like",
"title": "Post-war years"
},
{
"text": "Bologna and Florence ) their capacity for uncorrupt , efficient and clean government . After the elections of 1975 , the PCI was the strongest force in nearly all of the municipal councils of the great cities .",
"title": "Post-war years"
},
{
"text": "The Soviet Unions brutal suppression of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 created a split within the PCI . The party leadership , including Palmiro Togliatti and Giorgio Napolitano ( who in 2006 became President of the Italian Republic ) , regarded the Hungarian insurgents as counter-revolutionaries as reported at the time in lUnità , the official PCI newspaper . However , Giuseppe Di Vittorio , chief of the communist trade union Italian General Confederation of Labour ( CGIL ) , repudiated the leadership position as did prominent party member Antonio Giolitti and Italian Socialist Party national secretary Pietro Nenni ,",
"title": "Post-war years"
},
{
"text": "a close ally of the PCI . Napolitano later hinted at doubts over the propriety of his decision . He would eventually write in From the Communist Party to European Socialism . A Political Autobiography ( Dal Pci al socialismo europeo . Unautobiografia politica ) that he regretted his justification of the Soviet intervention , but quieted his concerns at the time for the sake of party unity and the international leadership of Soviet Communism . Giolitti and Nenni went on to split with the PCI over this issue . Napolitano became a leading member of the miglioristi faction within",
"title": "Post-war years"
},
{
"text": "the PCI which promoted a social-democratic direction in party policy .",
"title": "Post-war years"
},
{
"text": "In the mid-1960s , the United States State Department estimated the party membership to be approximately 1,350,000 ( 4.2% of the working age population , making it the largest communist party in per capita terms in the capitalist world at the time and the largest party at all in the whole of Western Europe with the German Social Democratic Party ) . United States government sources have claimed that the party was receiving $40–50 million per year from the Soviets while the United States investment in Italy was $5–6 million . However , declassified information shows this to be exaggerated",
"title": "Post-war years"
},
{
"text": ", although the PCI relied on Soviet financial assistance more than any other communist party supported by Moscow .",
"title": "Post-war years"
},
{
"text": "According to the former KGB archivist Vasili Mitrokhin , Longo and other PCI leaders became alarmed at the possibility of a coup in Italy after the Athens Colonel Coup in April 1967 . These fears were not completely unfounded as there had been two attempted coups in Italy , Piano Solo in 1964 and Golpe Borghese in 1970 , by military and neo-fascist groups . The PCI’s Giorgio Amendola formally requested Soviet assistance to prepare the party in case of such an event . The KGB drew up and implemented a plan to provide the PCI with its own intelligence",
"title": "Post-war years"
},
{
"text": "and clandestine signal corps . From 1967 through 1973 , PCI members were sent to East Germany and Moscow to receive training in clandestine warfare and information gathering techniques by both the Stasi and the KGB . Shortly before the May 1972 elections , Longo personally wrote to Leonid Brezhnev asking for and receiving an additional $5.7 million in funding . This was on top of the $3.5 million that the Soviet Union gave the PCI in 1971 . The Soviets also provided additional funding through the use of front companies providing generous contracts to PCI members .",
"title": "Post-war years"
},
{
"text": "In 1969 , Enrico Berlinguer , PCI deputy national secretary and later secretary general , took part in the international conference of the Communist parties in Moscow , where his delegation disagreed with the official political line and refused to support the final report . Unexpectedly to his hosts , his speech challenged the Communist leadership in Moscow . He refused to excommunicate the Chinese Communists and directly told Leonid Brezhnev that the invasion of Czechoslovakia by the Warsaw Pact countries ( which he called the tragedy in Prague ) had made clear the considerable differences within the communist movement",
"title": "Enrico Berlinguer"
},
{
"text": "on fundamental questions such as national sovereignty , socialist democracy and the freedom of culture . At the time the PCI , which had absorbed the PSIs left-wing , the Italian Socialist Party of Proletarian Unity , so strengthening its leadership over the Italian left , was the largest communist party in a capitalist state , garnering 34.4% of the vote in the 1976 general election .",
"title": "Enrico Berlinguer"
},
{
"text": "Relationships between the PCI and the Soviet Union gradually fell apart as the party moved away from Soviet obedience and Marxist–Leninist orthodoxy in the 1970s and 1980s and toward Eurocommunism and the Socialist International . The PCI sought a collaboration with Socialist and Christian Democracy parties ( the Historic Compromise ) . However , Christian Democrat party leader Aldo Moros kidnapping and murder by the Red Brigades in May 1978 put an end to any hopes of such a compromise . The compromise was largely abandoned as a PCI policy in 1981 . The Proletarian Unity Party merged into the",
"title": "Enrico Berlinguer"
},
{
"text": "PCI in 1984 .",
"title": "Enrico Berlinguer"
},
{
"text": "During the Years of Lead , the PCI strongly opposed the terrorism and the Red Brigades , who in turn murdered or wounded many PCI members or trade unionists close to the PCI . According to Mitrokhin , the party asked the Soviets to pressure the Czechoslovakian State Security ( StB ) to withdraw their support to the group , which Moscow was unable or unwilling to do . This as well as the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan led to a complete break with Moscow in 1979 . In 1980 , the PCI refused to participate in the international conference",
"title": "Enrico Berlinguer"
},
{
"text": "of communist parties in Paris although cash payments to the PCI continued until 1984 .",
"title": "Enrico Berlinguer"
},
{
"text": "Achille Occhetto became general secretary of the PCI in 1988 . At a 1989 conference in a working-class section of Bologna , Occhetto stunned the party faithful with a speech heralding the end of Communism , a move now referred to in Italian politics as the svolta della Bolognina ( Bolognina turning point ) . The collapse of the Communist governments in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe led Occhetto to conclude that the era of Eurocommunism was over . Under his leadership , the PCI dissolved and refounded itself as the Democratic Party of the Left , which branded",
"title": "Dissolution"
},
{
"text": "itself as a progressive left-wing and democratic socialist party . A third of the PCI membership , led by Armando Cossutta , refused to join the PDS and instead seceded to form the Communist Refoundation Party .",
"title": "Dissolution"
},
{
"text": "In all its history , the PCI was particularly strong in Central Italy , in the so-called Red Regions of Emilia-Romagna , Tuscany , Umbria and Marche , as well as in the industrialized cities of Northern Italy . However , Communists municipal showcase was Bologna , which was held continuously by the PCI from 1945 onwards . Amongst other measures , the local PCI administration tackled urban problems with successful programmes of health for the elderly , nursery education and traffic reform while also undertaking initiatives in housing and school meal provisions . From 1946 to 1956 , the",
"title": "Popular support"
},
{
"text": "Communist city council built 31 nursery schools , 896 flats and 9 schools . Health care improved substantially , street lighting was installed , new drains and municipal launderettes were built and 8,000 children received subsidised school meals . In 1972 , the then-mayor of Bologna , Renato Zangheri , introduced a new and innovative traffic plan with strict limitations for private vehicles and a renewed concentration on cheap public transport . Bolognas social services continued to expand throughout the early and mid-1970s . The city centre was restored , centres for the mentally sick were instituted to help those",
"title": "Popular support"
},
{
"text": "who had been released from recently closed psychiatric hospitals , handicapped persons were offered training and found suitable jobs , afternoon activities for schoolchildren were made less mindless than the traditional doposcuola ( after-school activities ) and school programming for the whole day helped working parents . Communists administrations at a local level also helped to aid new businesses while also introducing innovative social reforms .",
"title": "Popular support"
},
{
"text": " The electoral results of the PCI in general ( Chamber of Deputies ) and European Parliament elections since 1946 are shown in the chart below .",
"title": "Popular support"
},
{
"text": " - Secretary : Antonio Gramsci ( 1926 ) , Camilla Ravera ( 1927–1930 ) , Palmiro Togliatti ( 1930–1934 ) , Ruggero Grieco ( 1934–1938 ) , Palmiro Togliatti ( 1938–1964 ) , Luigi Longo ( 1964–1972 ) , Enrico Berlinguer ( 1972–1984 ) , Alessandro Natta ( 1984–1988 ) , Achille Occhetto ( 1988–1991 ) - President : Luigi Longo ( 1972–1980 ) , Alessandro Natta ( 1989–1990 ) , Aldo Tortorella ( 1990–1991 )",
"title": "Leadership"
},
{
"text": "- Leader in the Chamber of Deputies : Luigi Longo ( 1946–1947 ) , Palmiro Togliatti ( 1947–1964 ) , Pietro Ingrao ( 1964–1972 ) , Alessandro Natta ( 1972–1979 ) , Fernando Di Giulio ( 1979–1981 ) , Giorgio Napolitano ( 1981–1986 ) , Renato Zangheri ( 1986–1990 ) , Giulio Quercini ( 1990–1991 )",
"title": "Leadership"
},
{
"text": " - Leader in the Senate : Mauro Scoccimarro ( 1948–1958 ) , Umberto Terracini ( 1958–1973 ) , Edoardo Pema ( 1973–1986 ) , Gerardo Chiaromonte ( 1983–1986 ) , Ugo Pecchioli ( 1986–1991 ) - Leader in the European Parliament : Giorgio Amendola ( 1979–1980 ) , Guido Fanti ( 1980–1984 ) , Giovanni Cervetti ( 1984–1989 ) , Luigi Alberto Colajanni ( 1989–1991 )",
"title": "Leadership"
}
] |
/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party#P488#2
|
Who was the chair of Italian Communist Party after Aug 1990?
|
Italian Communist Party The Italian Communist Party ( , PCI ) was a communist political party in Italy . The PCI was founded as the Communist Party of Italy on 21 January 1921 in Livorno by seceding from the Italian Socialist Party ( PSI ) . Amadeo Bordiga and Antonio Gramsci led the split . Outlawed during the Fascist regime , the party played a major role in the Italian resistance movement . It changed its name in 1943 to PCI and became the second largest political party of Italy after World War II , attracting the support of about a third of the vote share during the 1970s . At the time , it was the largest communist party in the West , with peak support reaching 2.3 million members , in 1947 , and peak share being 34.4% of the vote ( 12.6 million votes ) in the 1976 general election . The PCI transitioned from doctrinaire communism to democratic socialism by the 1970s or the 1980s . In 1991 , it was dissolved and re-launched as the Democratic Party of the Left ( PDS ) , which joined the Socialist International and the Party of European Socialists . The more radical members of the organization formally seceded to establish the Communist Refoundation Party ( PRC ) . History . Early years . The roots of the Italian Communist Party date back to 1921 , when the Communist Party of Italy ( Partito Comunista dItalia , PCdI ) was founded in Livorno on 21 January , following a split in the Italian Socialist Party ( PSI ) on their 17th Congress . The split occurred after the socialist Congress of Livorno refused to expel the reformist group as required by the Comintern . The main factions of the new party were LOrdine Nuovo , based in Turin and led by Antonio Gramsci , and the maximalist faction led by Nicola Bombacci . Amedeo Bordiga was elected Secretary of the new party . In the same year , PCdI participated to its first general election , obtaining 4.6% of the vote and 15 seats in the Chamber of Deputies . At the time , it was an active yet small faction within the Italian political left , which was strongly led by the Socialist Party , while on the international plane it was part of Soviet-led Comintern . In 1926 , the Fascist government of Benito Mussolini outlawed the Communist Party . Although forced underground , the PCdI maintained a clandestine presence within Italy during the years of the Fascist regime . Many of its leaders were also active in exile . During its first year as a banned party , Antonio Gramsci defeated the partys left-wing which was led by Amadeo Bordiga , becoming the new Secretary during the partys congress in Lyon and issued a manifesto expressing the programmatic basis of the party . However , Gramsci soon found himself jailed by Mussolinis regime and the leadership of the party passed to Palmiro Togliatti . In 1930 , Bordiga was expelled from the party on the charge of Trotskyism . The same fate had already occurred to members of the partys right-wing . On 15 May 1943 , the party changed its official name in Partito Comunista Italiano ( Italian Communist Party ) , often shortened PCI . World War II . After the fall of Mussolinis regime on 25 July 1943 , the Communist Party returned to a formally legal status , playing a major role during the national liberation , known in Italy as Resistenza ( Resistance ) and forming many partisan groups . In the April 1944 after the so-called svolta di Salerno ( Salernos turn ) , Togliatti agreed to cooperate with King Victor Emmanuel III and his Prime Minister , the Marshal Pietro Badoglio . After the turn , Communists took part in every government during the national liberation and constitutional period from June 1944 to May 1947 . The Communists contribution to the new Italian democratic constitution was decisive . The so-called Gullo decrees of 1944 , for instance , sought to improve social and economic conditions in the countryside . During Badoglio and Ferruccio Parris cabinets , Togliatti served as Deputy Prime Minister . During the Resistance , the PCI became increasingly popular , as the majority of partisans were communists . The Garibaldi Brigades , promoted by the PCI , were among the more numerous partisan forces . Post-war years . The PCI took part in the 1946 Italian general election and referendum , campaigning for the republic . In the election , the Communists arrived third , behind the Christian Democracy ( DC ) and the Socialist Party , gaining almost 19% of votes and electing 104 members of the Constituent Assembly . While the popular referendum resulted in the replacement of the monarchy with a republic , with the 54% of votes in favour and 46% against . In May 1947 , the PCI was excluded from the government . The Christian democratic Prime Minister , Alcide De Gasperi , was losing popularity , and feared that the leftist coalition would take power . While the PCI was growing particularly fast due to its organizing efforts supporting sharecroppers in Sicily , Tuscany and Umbria , movements which were also bolstered by the reforms of Fausto Gullo , the Communist Minister of Agriculture . On 1 May , the nation was thrown into crisis by the murder of eleven leftist peasants ( including four children ) at an International Workers Day parade in Palermo by Salvatore Giuliano and his gang . In the political chaos which ensued , the president engineered the expulsion of all left-wing ministers from the cabinet on 31 May . The PCI would not have a national position in government again . De Gasperi did this under pressure from US Secretary of State George Marshall , whod informed him that anti-communism was a pre-condition for receiving American aid , and Ambassador James C . Dunn who had directly asked de Gasperi to dissolve the parliament and remove the PCI . In the general election of 1948 , the party joined the PSI in the Popular Democratic Front ( FDP ) , but it was defeated by the Christian Democracy party . The United States spent over $10 million to support anti-PCI groups in the election . Fearful of the possible FDPs electoral victory , the British and American governments also undermined their campaign for legal justice by tolerating the efforts made by Italys top authorities to prevent any of the alleged Italian war criminals from being extradited and taken to court . The denial of Italian war crimes was backed up by the Italian state , academe , and media , re-inventing Italy as only a victim of the German Nazism and the post-war Foibe massacres . The party gained considerable electoral success during the following years and occasionally supplied external support to centre-left governments , although it never directly joined a government . It successfully lobbied Fiat to set up the AvtoVAZ ( Lada ) car factory in the Soviet Union ( 1966 ) . The party did best in Emilia-Romagna , Tuscany and Umbria , where it regularly won the local administrative elections ; and in some of the industrialized cities of Northern Italy . At the city government level during the course of the post-war period , the PCI demonstrated ( in cities like Bologna and Florence ) their capacity for uncorrupt , efficient and clean government . After the elections of 1975 , the PCI was the strongest force in nearly all of the municipal councils of the great cities . From the 1950s to 1960s . The Soviet Unions brutal suppression of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 created a split within the PCI . The party leadership , including Palmiro Togliatti and Giorgio Napolitano ( who in 2006 became President of the Italian Republic ) , regarded the Hungarian insurgents as counter-revolutionaries as reported at the time in lUnità , the official PCI newspaper . However , Giuseppe Di Vittorio , chief of the communist trade union Italian General Confederation of Labour ( CGIL ) , repudiated the leadership position as did prominent party member Antonio Giolitti and Italian Socialist Party national secretary Pietro Nenni , a close ally of the PCI . Napolitano later hinted at doubts over the propriety of his decision . He would eventually write in From the Communist Party to European Socialism . A Political Autobiography ( Dal Pci al socialismo europeo . Unautobiografia politica ) that he regretted his justification of the Soviet intervention , but quieted his concerns at the time for the sake of party unity and the international leadership of Soviet Communism . Giolitti and Nenni went on to split with the PCI over this issue . Napolitano became a leading member of the miglioristi faction within the PCI which promoted a social-democratic direction in party policy . In the mid-1960s , the United States State Department estimated the party membership to be approximately 1,350,000 ( 4.2% of the working age population , making it the largest communist party in per capita terms in the capitalist world at the time and the largest party at all in the whole of Western Europe with the German Social Democratic Party ) . United States government sources have claimed that the party was receiving $40–50 million per year from the Soviets while the United States investment in Italy was $5–6 million . However , declassified information shows this to be exaggerated , although the PCI relied on Soviet financial assistance more than any other communist party supported by Moscow . According to the former KGB archivist Vasili Mitrokhin , Longo and other PCI leaders became alarmed at the possibility of a coup in Italy after the Athens Colonel Coup in April 1967 . These fears were not completely unfounded as there had been two attempted coups in Italy , Piano Solo in 1964 and Golpe Borghese in 1970 , by military and neo-fascist groups . The PCI’s Giorgio Amendola formally requested Soviet assistance to prepare the party in case of such an event . The KGB drew up and implemented a plan to provide the PCI with its own intelligence and clandestine signal corps . From 1967 through 1973 , PCI members were sent to East Germany and Moscow to receive training in clandestine warfare and information gathering techniques by both the Stasi and the KGB . Shortly before the May 1972 elections , Longo personally wrote to Leonid Brezhnev asking for and receiving an additional $5.7 million in funding . This was on top of the $3.5 million that the Soviet Union gave the PCI in 1971 . The Soviets also provided additional funding through the use of front companies providing generous contracts to PCI members . Enrico Berlinguer . In 1969 , Enrico Berlinguer , PCI deputy national secretary and later secretary general , took part in the international conference of the Communist parties in Moscow , where his delegation disagreed with the official political line and refused to support the final report . Unexpectedly to his hosts , his speech challenged the Communist leadership in Moscow . He refused to excommunicate the Chinese Communists and directly told Leonid Brezhnev that the invasion of Czechoslovakia by the Warsaw Pact countries ( which he called the tragedy in Prague ) had made clear the considerable differences within the communist movement on fundamental questions such as national sovereignty , socialist democracy and the freedom of culture . At the time the PCI , which had absorbed the PSIs left-wing , the Italian Socialist Party of Proletarian Unity , so strengthening its leadership over the Italian left , was the largest communist party in a capitalist state , garnering 34.4% of the vote in the 1976 general election . Relationships between the PCI and the Soviet Union gradually fell apart as the party moved away from Soviet obedience and Marxist–Leninist orthodoxy in the 1970s and 1980s and toward Eurocommunism and the Socialist International . The PCI sought a collaboration with Socialist and Christian Democracy parties ( the Historic Compromise ) . However , Christian Democrat party leader Aldo Moros kidnapping and murder by the Red Brigades in May 1978 put an end to any hopes of such a compromise . The compromise was largely abandoned as a PCI policy in 1981 . The Proletarian Unity Party merged into the PCI in 1984 . During the Years of Lead , the PCI strongly opposed the terrorism and the Red Brigades , who in turn murdered or wounded many PCI members or trade unionists close to the PCI . According to Mitrokhin , the party asked the Soviets to pressure the Czechoslovakian State Security ( StB ) to withdraw their support to the group , which Moscow was unable or unwilling to do . This as well as the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan led to a complete break with Moscow in 1979 . In 1980 , the PCI refused to participate in the international conference of communist parties in Paris although cash payments to the PCI continued until 1984 . Dissolution . Achille Occhetto became general secretary of the PCI in 1988 . At a 1989 conference in a working-class section of Bologna , Occhetto stunned the party faithful with a speech heralding the end of Communism , a move now referred to in Italian politics as the svolta della Bolognina ( Bolognina turning point ) . The collapse of the Communist governments in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe led Occhetto to conclude that the era of Eurocommunism was over . Under his leadership , the PCI dissolved and refounded itself as the Democratic Party of the Left , which branded itself as a progressive left-wing and democratic socialist party . A third of the PCI membership , led by Armando Cossutta , refused to join the PDS and instead seceded to form the Communist Refoundation Party . Popular support . In all its history , the PCI was particularly strong in Central Italy , in the so-called Red Regions of Emilia-Romagna , Tuscany , Umbria and Marche , as well as in the industrialized cities of Northern Italy . However , Communists municipal showcase was Bologna , which was held continuously by the PCI from 1945 onwards . Amongst other measures , the local PCI administration tackled urban problems with successful programmes of health for the elderly , nursery education and traffic reform while also undertaking initiatives in housing and school meal provisions . From 1946 to 1956 , the Communist city council built 31 nursery schools , 896 flats and 9 schools . Health care improved substantially , street lighting was installed , new drains and municipal launderettes were built and 8,000 children received subsidised school meals . In 1972 , the then-mayor of Bologna , Renato Zangheri , introduced a new and innovative traffic plan with strict limitations for private vehicles and a renewed concentration on cheap public transport . Bolognas social services continued to expand throughout the early and mid-1970s . The city centre was restored , centres for the mentally sick were instituted to help those who had been released from recently closed psychiatric hospitals , handicapped persons were offered training and found suitable jobs , afternoon activities for schoolchildren were made less mindless than the traditional doposcuola ( after-school activities ) and school programming for the whole day helped working parents . Communists administrations at a local level also helped to aid new businesses while also introducing innovative social reforms . The electoral results of the PCI in general ( Chamber of Deputies ) and European Parliament elections since 1946 are shown in the chart below . Leadership . - Secretary : Antonio Gramsci ( 1926 ) , Camilla Ravera ( 1927–1930 ) , Palmiro Togliatti ( 1930–1934 ) , Ruggero Grieco ( 1934–1938 ) , Palmiro Togliatti ( 1938–1964 ) , Luigi Longo ( 1964–1972 ) , Enrico Berlinguer ( 1972–1984 ) , Alessandro Natta ( 1984–1988 ) , Achille Occhetto ( 1988–1991 ) - President : Luigi Longo ( 1972–1980 ) , Alessandro Natta ( 1989–1990 ) , Aldo Tortorella ( 1990–1991 ) - Leader in the Chamber of Deputies : Luigi Longo ( 1946–1947 ) , Palmiro Togliatti ( 1947–1964 ) , Pietro Ingrao ( 1964–1972 ) , Alessandro Natta ( 1972–1979 ) , Fernando Di Giulio ( 1979–1981 ) , Giorgio Napolitano ( 1981–1986 ) , Renato Zangheri ( 1986–1990 ) , Giulio Quercini ( 1990–1991 ) - Leader in the Senate : Mauro Scoccimarro ( 1948–1958 ) , Umberto Terracini ( 1958–1973 ) , Edoardo Pema ( 1973–1986 ) , Gerardo Chiaromonte ( 1983–1986 ) , Ugo Pecchioli ( 1986–1991 ) - Leader in the European Parliament : Giorgio Amendola ( 1979–1980 ) , Guido Fanti ( 1980–1984 ) , Giovanni Cervetti ( 1984–1989 ) , Luigi Alberto Colajanni ( 1989–1991 )
|
[
"Aldo Tortorella"
] |
[
{
"text": " The Italian Communist Party ( , PCI ) was a communist political party in Italy .",
"title": "Italian Communist Party"
},
{
"text": "The PCI was founded as the Communist Party of Italy on 21 January 1921 in Livorno by seceding from the Italian Socialist Party ( PSI ) . Amadeo Bordiga and Antonio Gramsci led the split . Outlawed during the Fascist regime , the party played a major role in the Italian resistance movement . It changed its name in 1943 to PCI and became the second largest political party of Italy after World War II , attracting the support of about a third of the vote share during the 1970s . At the time , it was the largest communist",
"title": "Italian Communist Party"
},
{
"text": "party in the West , with peak support reaching 2.3 million members , in 1947 , and peak share being 34.4% of the vote ( 12.6 million votes ) in the 1976 general election .",
"title": "Italian Communist Party"
},
{
"text": " The PCI transitioned from doctrinaire communism to democratic socialism by the 1970s or the 1980s . In 1991 , it was dissolved and re-launched as the Democratic Party of the Left ( PDS ) , which joined the Socialist International and the Party of European Socialists . The more radical members of the organization formally seceded to establish the Communist Refoundation Party ( PRC ) .",
"title": "Italian Communist Party"
},
{
"text": "The roots of the Italian Communist Party date back to 1921 , when the Communist Party of Italy ( Partito Comunista dItalia , PCdI ) was founded in Livorno on 21 January , following a split in the Italian Socialist Party ( PSI ) on their 17th Congress . The split occurred after the socialist Congress of Livorno refused to expel the reformist group as required by the Comintern . The main factions of the new party were LOrdine Nuovo , based in Turin and led by Antonio Gramsci , and the maximalist faction led by Nicola Bombacci . Amedeo",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "Bordiga was elected Secretary of the new party .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " In the same year , PCdI participated to its first general election , obtaining 4.6% of the vote and 15 seats in the Chamber of Deputies . At the time , it was an active yet small faction within the Italian political left , which was strongly led by the Socialist Party , while on the international plane it was part of Soviet-led Comintern .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "In 1926 , the Fascist government of Benito Mussolini outlawed the Communist Party . Although forced underground , the PCdI maintained a clandestine presence within Italy during the years of the Fascist regime . Many of its leaders were also active in exile . During its first year as a banned party , Antonio Gramsci defeated the partys left-wing which was led by Amadeo Bordiga , becoming the new Secretary during the partys congress in Lyon and issued a manifesto expressing the programmatic basis of the party . However , Gramsci soon found himself jailed by Mussolinis regime and the",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "leadership of the party passed to Palmiro Togliatti . In 1930 , Bordiga was expelled from the party on the charge of Trotskyism . The same fate had already occurred to members of the partys right-wing .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " On 15 May 1943 , the party changed its official name in Partito Comunista Italiano ( Italian Communist Party ) , often shortened PCI .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " After the fall of Mussolinis regime on 25 July 1943 , the Communist Party returned to a formally legal status , playing a major role during the national liberation , known in Italy as Resistenza ( Resistance ) and forming many partisan groups .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "In the April 1944 after the so-called svolta di Salerno ( Salernos turn ) , Togliatti agreed to cooperate with King Victor Emmanuel III and his Prime Minister , the Marshal Pietro Badoglio . After the turn , Communists took part in every government during the national liberation and constitutional period from June 1944 to May 1947 . The Communists contribution to the new Italian democratic constitution was decisive . The so-called Gullo decrees of 1944 , for instance , sought to improve social and economic conditions in the countryside . During Badoglio and Ferruccio Parris cabinets , Togliatti served",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "as Deputy Prime Minister .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": " During the Resistance , the PCI became increasingly popular , as the majority of partisans were communists . The Garibaldi Brigades , promoted by the PCI , were among the more numerous partisan forces .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": " The PCI took part in the 1946 Italian general election and referendum , campaigning for the republic . In the election , the Communists arrived third , behind the Christian Democracy ( DC ) and the Socialist Party , gaining almost 19% of votes and electing 104 members of the Constituent Assembly . While the popular referendum resulted in the replacement of the monarchy with a republic , with the 54% of votes in favour and 46% against .",
"title": "Post-war years"
},
{
"text": "In May 1947 , the PCI was excluded from the government . The Christian democratic Prime Minister , Alcide De Gasperi , was losing popularity , and feared that the leftist coalition would take power . While the PCI was growing particularly fast due to its organizing efforts supporting sharecroppers in Sicily , Tuscany and Umbria , movements which were also bolstered by the reforms of Fausto Gullo , the Communist Minister of Agriculture . On 1 May , the nation was thrown into crisis by the murder of eleven leftist peasants ( including four children ) at an International",
"title": "Post-war years"
},
{
"text": "Workers Day parade in Palermo by Salvatore Giuliano and his gang . In the political chaos which ensued , the president engineered the expulsion of all left-wing ministers from the cabinet on 31 May . The PCI would not have a national position in government again . De Gasperi did this under pressure from US Secretary of State George Marshall , whod informed him that anti-communism was a pre-condition for receiving American aid , and Ambassador James C . Dunn who had directly asked de Gasperi to dissolve the parliament and remove the PCI .",
"title": "Post-war years"
},
{
"text": "In the general election of 1948 , the party joined the PSI in the Popular Democratic Front ( FDP ) , but it was defeated by the Christian Democracy party . The United States spent over $10 million to support anti-PCI groups in the election . Fearful of the possible FDPs electoral victory , the British and American governments also undermined their campaign for legal justice by tolerating the efforts made by Italys top authorities to prevent any of the alleged Italian war criminals from being extradited and taken to court . The denial of Italian war crimes was backed",
"title": "Post-war years"
},
{
"text": "up by the Italian state , academe , and media , re-inventing Italy as only a victim of the German Nazism and the post-war Foibe massacres .",
"title": "Post-war years"
},
{
"text": "The party gained considerable electoral success during the following years and occasionally supplied external support to centre-left governments , although it never directly joined a government . It successfully lobbied Fiat to set up the AvtoVAZ ( Lada ) car factory in the Soviet Union ( 1966 ) . The party did best in Emilia-Romagna , Tuscany and Umbria , where it regularly won the local administrative elections ; and in some of the industrialized cities of Northern Italy . At the city government level during the course of the post-war period , the PCI demonstrated ( in cities like",
"title": "Post-war years"
},
{
"text": "Bologna and Florence ) their capacity for uncorrupt , efficient and clean government . After the elections of 1975 , the PCI was the strongest force in nearly all of the municipal councils of the great cities .",
"title": "Post-war years"
},
{
"text": "The Soviet Unions brutal suppression of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 created a split within the PCI . The party leadership , including Palmiro Togliatti and Giorgio Napolitano ( who in 2006 became President of the Italian Republic ) , regarded the Hungarian insurgents as counter-revolutionaries as reported at the time in lUnità , the official PCI newspaper . However , Giuseppe Di Vittorio , chief of the communist trade union Italian General Confederation of Labour ( CGIL ) , repudiated the leadership position as did prominent party member Antonio Giolitti and Italian Socialist Party national secretary Pietro Nenni ,",
"title": "Post-war years"
},
{
"text": "a close ally of the PCI . Napolitano later hinted at doubts over the propriety of his decision . He would eventually write in From the Communist Party to European Socialism . A Political Autobiography ( Dal Pci al socialismo europeo . Unautobiografia politica ) that he regretted his justification of the Soviet intervention , but quieted his concerns at the time for the sake of party unity and the international leadership of Soviet Communism . Giolitti and Nenni went on to split with the PCI over this issue . Napolitano became a leading member of the miglioristi faction within",
"title": "Post-war years"
},
{
"text": "the PCI which promoted a social-democratic direction in party policy .",
"title": "Post-war years"
},
{
"text": "In the mid-1960s , the United States State Department estimated the party membership to be approximately 1,350,000 ( 4.2% of the working age population , making it the largest communist party in per capita terms in the capitalist world at the time and the largest party at all in the whole of Western Europe with the German Social Democratic Party ) . United States government sources have claimed that the party was receiving $40–50 million per year from the Soviets while the United States investment in Italy was $5–6 million . However , declassified information shows this to be exaggerated",
"title": "Post-war years"
},
{
"text": ", although the PCI relied on Soviet financial assistance more than any other communist party supported by Moscow .",
"title": "Post-war years"
},
{
"text": "According to the former KGB archivist Vasili Mitrokhin , Longo and other PCI leaders became alarmed at the possibility of a coup in Italy after the Athens Colonel Coup in April 1967 . These fears were not completely unfounded as there had been two attempted coups in Italy , Piano Solo in 1964 and Golpe Borghese in 1970 , by military and neo-fascist groups . The PCI’s Giorgio Amendola formally requested Soviet assistance to prepare the party in case of such an event . The KGB drew up and implemented a plan to provide the PCI with its own intelligence",
"title": "Post-war years"
},
{
"text": "and clandestine signal corps . From 1967 through 1973 , PCI members were sent to East Germany and Moscow to receive training in clandestine warfare and information gathering techniques by both the Stasi and the KGB . Shortly before the May 1972 elections , Longo personally wrote to Leonid Brezhnev asking for and receiving an additional $5.7 million in funding . This was on top of the $3.5 million that the Soviet Union gave the PCI in 1971 . The Soviets also provided additional funding through the use of front companies providing generous contracts to PCI members .",
"title": "Post-war years"
},
{
"text": "In 1969 , Enrico Berlinguer , PCI deputy national secretary and later secretary general , took part in the international conference of the Communist parties in Moscow , where his delegation disagreed with the official political line and refused to support the final report . Unexpectedly to his hosts , his speech challenged the Communist leadership in Moscow . He refused to excommunicate the Chinese Communists and directly told Leonid Brezhnev that the invasion of Czechoslovakia by the Warsaw Pact countries ( which he called the tragedy in Prague ) had made clear the considerable differences within the communist movement",
"title": "Enrico Berlinguer"
},
{
"text": "on fundamental questions such as national sovereignty , socialist democracy and the freedom of culture . At the time the PCI , which had absorbed the PSIs left-wing , the Italian Socialist Party of Proletarian Unity , so strengthening its leadership over the Italian left , was the largest communist party in a capitalist state , garnering 34.4% of the vote in the 1976 general election .",
"title": "Enrico Berlinguer"
},
{
"text": "Relationships between the PCI and the Soviet Union gradually fell apart as the party moved away from Soviet obedience and Marxist–Leninist orthodoxy in the 1970s and 1980s and toward Eurocommunism and the Socialist International . The PCI sought a collaboration with Socialist and Christian Democracy parties ( the Historic Compromise ) . However , Christian Democrat party leader Aldo Moros kidnapping and murder by the Red Brigades in May 1978 put an end to any hopes of such a compromise . The compromise was largely abandoned as a PCI policy in 1981 . The Proletarian Unity Party merged into the",
"title": "Enrico Berlinguer"
},
{
"text": "PCI in 1984 .",
"title": "Enrico Berlinguer"
},
{
"text": "During the Years of Lead , the PCI strongly opposed the terrorism and the Red Brigades , who in turn murdered or wounded many PCI members or trade unionists close to the PCI . According to Mitrokhin , the party asked the Soviets to pressure the Czechoslovakian State Security ( StB ) to withdraw their support to the group , which Moscow was unable or unwilling to do . This as well as the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan led to a complete break with Moscow in 1979 . In 1980 , the PCI refused to participate in the international conference",
"title": "Enrico Berlinguer"
},
{
"text": "of communist parties in Paris although cash payments to the PCI continued until 1984 .",
"title": "Enrico Berlinguer"
},
{
"text": "Achille Occhetto became general secretary of the PCI in 1988 . At a 1989 conference in a working-class section of Bologna , Occhetto stunned the party faithful with a speech heralding the end of Communism , a move now referred to in Italian politics as the svolta della Bolognina ( Bolognina turning point ) . The collapse of the Communist governments in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe led Occhetto to conclude that the era of Eurocommunism was over . Under his leadership , the PCI dissolved and refounded itself as the Democratic Party of the Left , which branded",
"title": "Dissolution"
},
{
"text": "itself as a progressive left-wing and democratic socialist party . A third of the PCI membership , led by Armando Cossutta , refused to join the PDS and instead seceded to form the Communist Refoundation Party .",
"title": "Dissolution"
},
{
"text": "In all its history , the PCI was particularly strong in Central Italy , in the so-called Red Regions of Emilia-Romagna , Tuscany , Umbria and Marche , as well as in the industrialized cities of Northern Italy . However , Communists municipal showcase was Bologna , which was held continuously by the PCI from 1945 onwards . Amongst other measures , the local PCI administration tackled urban problems with successful programmes of health for the elderly , nursery education and traffic reform while also undertaking initiatives in housing and school meal provisions . From 1946 to 1956 , the",
"title": "Popular support"
},
{
"text": "Communist city council built 31 nursery schools , 896 flats and 9 schools . Health care improved substantially , street lighting was installed , new drains and municipal launderettes were built and 8,000 children received subsidised school meals . In 1972 , the then-mayor of Bologna , Renato Zangheri , introduced a new and innovative traffic plan with strict limitations for private vehicles and a renewed concentration on cheap public transport . Bolognas social services continued to expand throughout the early and mid-1970s . The city centre was restored , centres for the mentally sick were instituted to help those",
"title": "Popular support"
},
{
"text": "who had been released from recently closed psychiatric hospitals , handicapped persons were offered training and found suitable jobs , afternoon activities for schoolchildren were made less mindless than the traditional doposcuola ( after-school activities ) and school programming for the whole day helped working parents . Communists administrations at a local level also helped to aid new businesses while also introducing innovative social reforms .",
"title": "Popular support"
},
{
"text": " The electoral results of the PCI in general ( Chamber of Deputies ) and European Parliament elections since 1946 are shown in the chart below .",
"title": "Popular support"
},
{
"text": " - Secretary : Antonio Gramsci ( 1926 ) , Camilla Ravera ( 1927–1930 ) , Palmiro Togliatti ( 1930–1934 ) , Ruggero Grieco ( 1934–1938 ) , Palmiro Togliatti ( 1938–1964 ) , Luigi Longo ( 1964–1972 ) , Enrico Berlinguer ( 1972–1984 ) , Alessandro Natta ( 1984–1988 ) , Achille Occhetto ( 1988–1991 ) - President : Luigi Longo ( 1972–1980 ) , Alessandro Natta ( 1989–1990 ) , Aldo Tortorella ( 1990–1991 )",
"title": "Leadership"
},
{
"text": "- Leader in the Chamber of Deputies : Luigi Longo ( 1946–1947 ) , Palmiro Togliatti ( 1947–1964 ) , Pietro Ingrao ( 1964–1972 ) , Alessandro Natta ( 1972–1979 ) , Fernando Di Giulio ( 1979–1981 ) , Giorgio Napolitano ( 1981–1986 ) , Renato Zangheri ( 1986–1990 ) , Giulio Quercini ( 1990–1991 )",
"title": "Leadership"
},
{
"text": " - Leader in the Senate : Mauro Scoccimarro ( 1948–1958 ) , Umberto Terracini ( 1958–1973 ) , Edoardo Pema ( 1973–1986 ) , Gerardo Chiaromonte ( 1983–1986 ) , Ugo Pecchioli ( 1986–1991 ) - Leader in the European Parliament : Giorgio Amendola ( 1979–1980 ) , Guido Fanti ( 1980–1984 ) , Giovanni Cervetti ( 1984–1989 ) , Luigi Alberto Colajanni ( 1989–1991 )",
"title": "Leadership"
}
] |
/wiki/Savvas_Poursaitidis#P108#0
|
Who did Savvas Poursaitidis work for in Oct 2016?
|
Savvas Poursaitidis Savvas Poursaitidis ( , born 23 June 1976 ) is a former professional footballer who was appointed manager of Cypriot First Division club APOEL in January 2021 . Poursaitidis played football , mainly as a right back , in his native Greece from 1994 to 2002 before moving to Cyprus where his playing career continued for a further ten years . In 2009 he received Cypriot citizenship and represented that country at international level . In 2016 , he began his senior managerial career , also in Cyprus . Early life . Savvas Poursaitidis was born in Eleftheroupoli , in the Kavala district of Greece . He has a twin brother , Sakis , and his parents kept a taverna in Orfani . Club career . Poursaitidis started his senior career at Doxa Drama . He also played for Veria , Olympiacos and Skoda Xanthi in Greece . Later , he moved to Cyprus to play for Digenis Morphou , Ethnikos Achna , Anorthosis and APOEL . APOEL . APOEL signed Poursaitidis in June 2008 , after the player was released from Anorthosis as a result from a failure in negotiations with his former club to renew his contract . In his first year with APOEL he continued to impress Cypriot football fans with his high level performances . In the end , he helped APOEL to be crowned champions after one unsuccessful season . The next season ( 2009–10 ) Poursaitidis helped APOEL to achieve the greatest success in its history and reach the UEFA Champions League group stage . He appeared in five group stage matches with APOEL . After he won the championship again in 2010–11 with APOEL , the Board of Directors renewed his contract , as they recognized that Poursaitidis was one of the key players that contributed greatly towards winning the Championship . In summer 2011 , he appeared in nine 2011–12 UEFA Champions League matches for APOEL , in the clubs surprising run to the quarter-finals of the competition . In May 2012 , Poursaitidis decided to retire from professional football , ending his four-year successful spell with the club . International career . In August 2009 he gained Cypriot nationality and made his debut with Cyprus national team in March 2010 in a friendly match against Iceland . He made 12 appearances with the national team . Scouting career . On 31 July 2012 , after retiring from his football career , Poursaitides became Chief Scout in APOELs newly created Scouting Department . On 7 June 2013 , APOEL announced that the club were not renewing his contract . Managerial career . Poursaitidis started his managerial career on 23 October 2016 , when he was appointed as the manager of the Cypriot First Division side Anagennisi Deryneia . On 25 January 2017 , after only three months in charge , he left the team to take over as the manager of Doxa Katokopias . On 30 April 2017 he left the team . He later became the manager of Nea Salamis Famagusta . He was appointed manager of APOEL in January 2021 . Honours . Olympiacos - Superleague Greece : 1998–99 , 1999–2000 - Greek Cup : 1998–99 Anorthosis Famagusta - Cypriot First Division : 2004–05 , 2007–08 - Cypriot Cup : 2006–07 - Cypriot Super Cup : 2007 APOEL - Cypriot First Division : 2008–09 , 2010–11 - Cypriot Super Cup : 2008 , 2009 , 2011
|
[
"Anagennisi Deryneia"
] |
[
{
"text": " Savvas Poursaitidis ( , born 23 June 1976 ) is a former professional footballer who was appointed manager of Cypriot First Division club APOEL in January 2021 . Poursaitidis played football , mainly as a right back , in his native Greece from 1994 to 2002 before moving to Cyprus where his playing career continued for a further ten years . In 2009 he received Cypriot citizenship and represented that country at international level . In 2016 , he began his senior managerial career , also in Cyprus .",
"title": "Savvas Poursaitidis"
},
{
"text": " Savvas Poursaitidis was born in Eleftheroupoli , in the Kavala district of Greece . He has a twin brother , Sakis , and his parents kept a taverna in Orfani .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Poursaitidis started his senior career at Doxa Drama . He also played for Veria , Olympiacos and Skoda Xanthi in Greece . Later , he moved to Cyprus to play for Digenis Morphou , Ethnikos Achna , Anorthosis and APOEL .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " APOEL signed Poursaitidis in June 2008 , after the player was released from Anorthosis as a result from a failure in negotiations with his former club to renew his contract . In his first year with APOEL he continued to impress Cypriot football fans with his high level performances . In the end , he helped APOEL to be crowned champions after one unsuccessful season .",
"title": "APOEL"
},
{
"text": "The next season ( 2009–10 ) Poursaitidis helped APOEL to achieve the greatest success in its history and reach the UEFA Champions League group stage . He appeared in five group stage matches with APOEL .",
"title": "APOEL"
},
{
"text": " After he won the championship again in 2010–11 with APOEL , the Board of Directors renewed his contract , as they recognized that Poursaitidis was one of the key players that contributed greatly towards winning the Championship . In summer 2011 , he appeared in nine 2011–12 UEFA Champions League matches for APOEL , in the clubs surprising run to the quarter-finals of the competition . In May 2012 , Poursaitidis decided to retire from professional football , ending his four-year successful spell with the club .",
"title": "APOEL"
},
{
"text": " In August 2009 he gained Cypriot nationality and made his debut with Cyprus national team in March 2010 in a friendly match against Iceland . He made 12 appearances with the national team .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " On 31 July 2012 , after retiring from his football career , Poursaitides became Chief Scout in APOELs newly created Scouting Department . On 7 June 2013 , APOEL announced that the club were not renewing his contract .",
"title": "Scouting career"
},
{
"text": " Poursaitidis started his managerial career on 23 October 2016 , when he was appointed as the manager of the Cypriot First Division side Anagennisi Deryneia . On 25 January 2017 , after only three months in charge , he left the team to take over as the manager of Doxa Katokopias . On 30 April 2017 he left the team . He later became the manager of Nea Salamis Famagusta . He was appointed manager of APOEL in January 2021 .",
"title": "Managerial career"
},
{
"text": " - Cypriot First Division : 2004–05 , 2007–08 - Cypriot Cup : 2006–07 - Cypriot Super Cup : 2007",
"title": "Anorthosis Famagusta"
},
{
"text": " - Cypriot First Division : 2008–09 , 2010–11 - Cypriot Super Cup : 2008 , 2009 , 2011",
"title": "APOEL"
}
] |
/wiki/Savvas_Poursaitidis#P108#1
|
Who did Savvas Poursaitidis work for between Jan 2017 and Feb 2017?
|
Savvas Poursaitidis Savvas Poursaitidis ( , born 23 June 1976 ) is a former professional footballer who was appointed manager of Cypriot First Division club APOEL in January 2021 . Poursaitidis played football , mainly as a right back , in his native Greece from 1994 to 2002 before moving to Cyprus where his playing career continued for a further ten years . In 2009 he received Cypriot citizenship and represented that country at international level . In 2016 , he began his senior managerial career , also in Cyprus . Early life . Savvas Poursaitidis was born in Eleftheroupoli , in the Kavala district of Greece . He has a twin brother , Sakis , and his parents kept a taverna in Orfani . Club career . Poursaitidis started his senior career at Doxa Drama . He also played for Veria , Olympiacos and Skoda Xanthi in Greece . Later , he moved to Cyprus to play for Digenis Morphou , Ethnikos Achna , Anorthosis and APOEL . APOEL . APOEL signed Poursaitidis in June 2008 , after the player was released from Anorthosis as a result from a failure in negotiations with his former club to renew his contract . In his first year with APOEL he continued to impress Cypriot football fans with his high level performances . In the end , he helped APOEL to be crowned champions after one unsuccessful season . The next season ( 2009–10 ) Poursaitidis helped APOEL to achieve the greatest success in its history and reach the UEFA Champions League group stage . He appeared in five group stage matches with APOEL . After he won the championship again in 2010–11 with APOEL , the Board of Directors renewed his contract , as they recognized that Poursaitidis was one of the key players that contributed greatly towards winning the Championship . In summer 2011 , he appeared in nine 2011–12 UEFA Champions League matches for APOEL , in the clubs surprising run to the quarter-finals of the competition . In May 2012 , Poursaitidis decided to retire from professional football , ending his four-year successful spell with the club . International career . In August 2009 he gained Cypriot nationality and made his debut with Cyprus national team in March 2010 in a friendly match against Iceland . He made 12 appearances with the national team . Scouting career . On 31 July 2012 , after retiring from his football career , Poursaitides became Chief Scout in APOELs newly created Scouting Department . On 7 June 2013 , APOEL announced that the club were not renewing his contract . Managerial career . Poursaitidis started his managerial career on 23 October 2016 , when he was appointed as the manager of the Cypriot First Division side Anagennisi Deryneia . On 25 January 2017 , after only three months in charge , he left the team to take over as the manager of Doxa Katokopias . On 30 April 2017 he left the team . He later became the manager of Nea Salamis Famagusta . He was appointed manager of APOEL in January 2021 . Honours . Olympiacos - Superleague Greece : 1998–99 , 1999–2000 - Greek Cup : 1998–99 Anorthosis Famagusta - Cypriot First Division : 2004–05 , 2007–08 - Cypriot Cup : 2006–07 - Cypriot Super Cup : 2007 APOEL - Cypriot First Division : 2008–09 , 2010–11 - Cypriot Super Cup : 2008 , 2009 , 2011
|
[
"Doxa Katokopias"
] |
[
{
"text": " Savvas Poursaitidis ( , born 23 June 1976 ) is a former professional footballer who was appointed manager of Cypriot First Division club APOEL in January 2021 . Poursaitidis played football , mainly as a right back , in his native Greece from 1994 to 2002 before moving to Cyprus where his playing career continued for a further ten years . In 2009 he received Cypriot citizenship and represented that country at international level . In 2016 , he began his senior managerial career , also in Cyprus .",
"title": "Savvas Poursaitidis"
},
{
"text": " Savvas Poursaitidis was born in Eleftheroupoli , in the Kavala district of Greece . He has a twin brother , Sakis , and his parents kept a taverna in Orfani .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Poursaitidis started his senior career at Doxa Drama . He also played for Veria , Olympiacos and Skoda Xanthi in Greece . Later , he moved to Cyprus to play for Digenis Morphou , Ethnikos Achna , Anorthosis and APOEL .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " APOEL signed Poursaitidis in June 2008 , after the player was released from Anorthosis as a result from a failure in negotiations with his former club to renew his contract . In his first year with APOEL he continued to impress Cypriot football fans with his high level performances . In the end , he helped APOEL to be crowned champions after one unsuccessful season .",
"title": "APOEL"
},
{
"text": "The next season ( 2009–10 ) Poursaitidis helped APOEL to achieve the greatest success in its history and reach the UEFA Champions League group stage . He appeared in five group stage matches with APOEL .",
"title": "APOEL"
},
{
"text": " After he won the championship again in 2010–11 with APOEL , the Board of Directors renewed his contract , as they recognized that Poursaitidis was one of the key players that contributed greatly towards winning the Championship . In summer 2011 , he appeared in nine 2011–12 UEFA Champions League matches for APOEL , in the clubs surprising run to the quarter-finals of the competition . In May 2012 , Poursaitidis decided to retire from professional football , ending his four-year successful spell with the club .",
"title": "APOEL"
},
{
"text": " In August 2009 he gained Cypriot nationality and made his debut with Cyprus national team in March 2010 in a friendly match against Iceland . He made 12 appearances with the national team .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " On 31 July 2012 , after retiring from his football career , Poursaitides became Chief Scout in APOELs newly created Scouting Department . On 7 June 2013 , APOEL announced that the club were not renewing his contract .",
"title": "Scouting career"
},
{
"text": " Poursaitidis started his managerial career on 23 October 2016 , when he was appointed as the manager of the Cypriot First Division side Anagennisi Deryneia . On 25 January 2017 , after only three months in charge , he left the team to take over as the manager of Doxa Katokopias . On 30 April 2017 he left the team . He later became the manager of Nea Salamis Famagusta . He was appointed manager of APOEL in January 2021 .",
"title": "Managerial career"
},
{
"text": " - Cypriot First Division : 2004–05 , 2007–08 - Cypriot Cup : 2006–07 - Cypriot Super Cup : 2007",
"title": "Anorthosis Famagusta"
},
{
"text": " - Cypriot First Division : 2008–09 , 2010–11 - Cypriot Super Cup : 2008 , 2009 , 2011",
"title": "APOEL"
}
] |
/wiki/Savvas_Poursaitidis#P108#2
|
Who did Savvas Poursaitidis work for in May 2018?
|
Savvas Poursaitidis Savvas Poursaitidis ( , born 23 June 1976 ) is a former professional footballer who was appointed manager of Cypriot First Division club APOEL in January 2021 . Poursaitidis played football , mainly as a right back , in his native Greece from 1994 to 2002 before moving to Cyprus where his playing career continued for a further ten years . In 2009 he received Cypriot citizenship and represented that country at international level . In 2016 , he began his senior managerial career , also in Cyprus . Early life . Savvas Poursaitidis was born in Eleftheroupoli , in the Kavala district of Greece . He has a twin brother , Sakis , and his parents kept a taverna in Orfani . Club career . Poursaitidis started his senior career at Doxa Drama . He also played for Veria , Olympiacos and Skoda Xanthi in Greece . Later , he moved to Cyprus to play for Digenis Morphou , Ethnikos Achna , Anorthosis and APOEL . APOEL . APOEL signed Poursaitidis in June 2008 , after the player was released from Anorthosis as a result from a failure in negotiations with his former club to renew his contract . In his first year with APOEL he continued to impress Cypriot football fans with his high level performances . In the end , he helped APOEL to be crowned champions after one unsuccessful season . The next season ( 2009–10 ) Poursaitidis helped APOEL to achieve the greatest success in its history and reach the UEFA Champions League group stage . He appeared in five group stage matches with APOEL . After he won the championship again in 2010–11 with APOEL , the Board of Directors renewed his contract , as they recognized that Poursaitidis was one of the key players that contributed greatly towards winning the Championship . In summer 2011 , he appeared in nine 2011–12 UEFA Champions League matches for APOEL , in the clubs surprising run to the quarter-finals of the competition . In May 2012 , Poursaitidis decided to retire from professional football , ending his four-year successful spell with the club . International career . In August 2009 he gained Cypriot nationality and made his debut with Cyprus national team in March 2010 in a friendly match against Iceland . He made 12 appearances with the national team . Scouting career . On 31 July 2012 , after retiring from his football career , Poursaitides became Chief Scout in APOELs newly created Scouting Department . On 7 June 2013 , APOEL announced that the club were not renewing his contract . Managerial career . Poursaitidis started his managerial career on 23 October 2016 , when he was appointed as the manager of the Cypriot First Division side Anagennisi Deryneia . On 25 January 2017 , after only three months in charge , he left the team to take over as the manager of Doxa Katokopias . On 30 April 2017 he left the team . He later became the manager of Nea Salamis Famagusta . He was appointed manager of APOEL in January 2021 . Honours . Olympiacos - Superleague Greece : 1998–99 , 1999–2000 - Greek Cup : 1998–99 Anorthosis Famagusta - Cypriot First Division : 2004–05 , 2007–08 - Cypriot Cup : 2006–07 - Cypriot Super Cup : 2007 APOEL - Cypriot First Division : 2008–09 , 2010–11 - Cypriot Super Cup : 2008 , 2009 , 2011
|
[
"Nea Salamis Famagusta"
] |
[
{
"text": " Savvas Poursaitidis ( , born 23 June 1976 ) is a former professional footballer who was appointed manager of Cypriot First Division club APOEL in January 2021 . Poursaitidis played football , mainly as a right back , in his native Greece from 1994 to 2002 before moving to Cyprus where his playing career continued for a further ten years . In 2009 he received Cypriot citizenship and represented that country at international level . In 2016 , he began his senior managerial career , also in Cyprus .",
"title": "Savvas Poursaitidis"
},
{
"text": " Savvas Poursaitidis was born in Eleftheroupoli , in the Kavala district of Greece . He has a twin brother , Sakis , and his parents kept a taverna in Orfani .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Poursaitidis started his senior career at Doxa Drama . He also played for Veria , Olympiacos and Skoda Xanthi in Greece . Later , he moved to Cyprus to play for Digenis Morphou , Ethnikos Achna , Anorthosis and APOEL .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " APOEL signed Poursaitidis in June 2008 , after the player was released from Anorthosis as a result from a failure in negotiations with his former club to renew his contract . In his first year with APOEL he continued to impress Cypriot football fans with his high level performances . In the end , he helped APOEL to be crowned champions after one unsuccessful season .",
"title": "APOEL"
},
{
"text": "The next season ( 2009–10 ) Poursaitidis helped APOEL to achieve the greatest success in its history and reach the UEFA Champions League group stage . He appeared in five group stage matches with APOEL .",
"title": "APOEL"
},
{
"text": " After he won the championship again in 2010–11 with APOEL , the Board of Directors renewed his contract , as they recognized that Poursaitidis was one of the key players that contributed greatly towards winning the Championship . In summer 2011 , he appeared in nine 2011–12 UEFA Champions League matches for APOEL , in the clubs surprising run to the quarter-finals of the competition . In May 2012 , Poursaitidis decided to retire from professional football , ending his four-year successful spell with the club .",
"title": "APOEL"
},
{
"text": " In August 2009 he gained Cypriot nationality and made his debut with Cyprus national team in March 2010 in a friendly match against Iceland . He made 12 appearances with the national team .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " On 31 July 2012 , after retiring from his football career , Poursaitides became Chief Scout in APOELs newly created Scouting Department . On 7 June 2013 , APOEL announced that the club were not renewing his contract .",
"title": "Scouting career"
},
{
"text": " Poursaitidis started his managerial career on 23 October 2016 , when he was appointed as the manager of the Cypriot First Division side Anagennisi Deryneia . On 25 January 2017 , after only three months in charge , he left the team to take over as the manager of Doxa Katokopias . On 30 April 2017 he left the team . He later became the manager of Nea Salamis Famagusta . He was appointed manager of APOEL in January 2021 .",
"title": "Managerial career"
},
{
"text": " - Cypriot First Division : 2004–05 , 2007–08 - Cypriot Cup : 2006–07 - Cypriot Super Cup : 2007",
"title": "Anorthosis Famagusta"
},
{
"text": " - Cypriot First Division : 2008–09 , 2010–11 - Cypriot Super Cup : 2008 , 2009 , 2011",
"title": "APOEL"
}
] |
/wiki/Rayson_Huang#P108#0
|
What was the name of the employer Rayson Huang work for between Apr 1947 and Nov 1947?
|
Rayson Huang Rayson Lisung Huang , ( ; 1 September 1920 − 8 April 2015 ) , was a Hong Kong chemist , who was an expert on radicals . He was the first Chinese Vice-Chancellor of The University of Hong Kong , a position in which he served from 1972 until 1986 . Early years . Huangs family came from Shantou , Guangdong . He completed his primary and secondary education at Munsang College , where his father was the founding principal . He later attended St . Johns University in Shanghai in 1937 , but his studies were interrupted by the Japanese invasion . After 1938 he continued his studies as a scholarship student at The University of Hong Kong . In Hong Kong Huang majored in chemistry at St . Johns Hall ( now called St . Johns College ) . In addition to his academic studies , Huang was an accomplished violinist . Following the Japanese invasion of Hong Kong in 1941 , Huang briefly worked with British auxiliary forces and was responsible for detecting chemical weapons . In 1942 his studies at the University were interrupted when the school was forced to close . Huang returned to China in 1942 and arrived in Guangxi . By 1945 Huang had followed other members of The University of Hong Kong chemistry department to Britain and received a scholarship to study at the University of Oxfords Institute of Chemistry . He received at doctorate in chemistry and subsequently pursued his post-doctoral research at the University of Chicago . During his study in Chicago , he met his future wife Grace Wei Huang . Academic career . In 1951 , Huang taught chemistry at the University of Malaya in Singapore ( now National University of Singapore ) and later he was transferred to University of Malayas Kuala Lumpur campus . He became a tenured professor of chemistry and then acting Vice-Chancellor and Dean of the Faculty of Science . University administrator . In 1969 Huang was appointed as Vice-Chancellor at Nanyang University in Singapore . In 1972 Huang became the first Chinese Vice-Chancellor of The University of Hong Kong and quelled a student demonstration during a royal visit to Hong Kong . In addition , he served in various capacities including becoming a member of the Hong Kong Basic Law Drafting Committee in drafting Hong Kongs post handover constitution . Rayson Huang and his wife retired in 1994 and lived with their son . Retirement and post-academic life . By 1999 the Huangs returned to Hong Kong . His wife Grace who was suffering from senile dementia then died in Hong Kong . To commemorate his wifes life , Rayson Huang established the Grace Wei Huang Memorial Fund . and authored a memoir , A Lifetime in Academia : An autobiography by Rayson Huang , the proceeds from which will be set aside for the fund . Huang had a wide range of hobbies , one of the most special having been the study of violin making . He returned to Hong Kong on a regular basis . Huang also established the Progress of Hong Kongs Rayson Huang and the Rayson Huang Foundation . in Malaysia . External links . - The oral history of Rayson Huang - Hong Kong Memory
|
[
"University of Chicago"
] |
[
{
"text": " Rayson Lisung Huang , ( ; 1 September 1920 − 8 April 2015 ) , was a Hong Kong chemist , who was an expert on radicals . He was the first Chinese Vice-Chancellor of The University of Hong Kong , a position in which he served from 1972 until 1986 .",
"title": "Rayson Huang"
},
{
"text": "Huangs family came from Shantou , Guangdong . He completed his primary and secondary education at Munsang College , where his father was the founding principal . He later attended St . Johns University in Shanghai in 1937 , but his studies were interrupted by the Japanese invasion . After 1938 he continued his studies as a scholarship student at The University of Hong Kong . In Hong Kong Huang majored in chemistry at St . Johns Hall ( now called St . Johns College ) . In addition to his academic studies , Huang was an accomplished violinist .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "Following the Japanese invasion of Hong Kong in 1941 , Huang briefly worked with British auxiliary forces and was responsible for detecting chemical weapons . In 1942 his studies at the University were interrupted when the school was forced to close . Huang returned to China in 1942 and arrived in Guangxi . By 1945 Huang had followed other members of The University of Hong Kong chemistry department to Britain and received a scholarship to study at the University of Oxfords Institute of Chemistry . He received at doctorate in chemistry and subsequently pursued his post-doctoral research at the University",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "of Chicago . During his study in Chicago , he met his future wife Grace Wei Huang .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " In 1951 , Huang taught chemistry at the University of Malaya in Singapore ( now National University of Singapore ) and later he was transferred to University of Malayas Kuala Lumpur campus . He became a tenured professor of chemistry and then acting Vice-Chancellor and Dean of the Faculty of Science .",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": " In 1969 Huang was appointed as Vice-Chancellor at Nanyang University in Singapore . In 1972 Huang became the first Chinese Vice-Chancellor of The University of Hong Kong and quelled a student demonstration during a royal visit to Hong Kong . In addition , he served in various capacities including becoming a member of the Hong Kong Basic Law Drafting Committee in drafting Hong Kongs post handover constitution . Rayson Huang and his wife retired in 1994 and lived with their son . Retirement and post-academic life .",
"title": "University administrator"
},
{
"text": "By 1999 the Huangs returned to Hong Kong . His wife Grace who was suffering from senile dementia then died in Hong Kong .",
"title": "University administrator"
},
{
"text": " To commemorate his wifes life , Rayson Huang established the Grace Wei Huang Memorial Fund . and authored a memoir , A Lifetime in Academia : An autobiography by Rayson Huang , the proceeds from which will be set aside for the fund . Huang had a wide range of hobbies , one of the most special having been the study of violin making . He returned to Hong Kong on a regular basis . Huang also established the Progress of Hong Kongs Rayson Huang and the Rayson Huang Foundation . in Malaysia .",
"title": "University administrator"
},
{
"text": " - The oral history of Rayson Huang - Hong Kong Memory",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Rayson_Huang#P108#1
|
What was the name of the employer Rayson Huang work for between May 1953 and Oct 1953?
|
Rayson Huang Rayson Lisung Huang , ( ; 1 September 1920 − 8 April 2015 ) , was a Hong Kong chemist , who was an expert on radicals . He was the first Chinese Vice-Chancellor of The University of Hong Kong , a position in which he served from 1972 until 1986 . Early years . Huangs family came from Shantou , Guangdong . He completed his primary and secondary education at Munsang College , where his father was the founding principal . He later attended St . Johns University in Shanghai in 1937 , but his studies were interrupted by the Japanese invasion . After 1938 he continued his studies as a scholarship student at The University of Hong Kong . In Hong Kong Huang majored in chemistry at St . Johns Hall ( now called St . Johns College ) . In addition to his academic studies , Huang was an accomplished violinist . Following the Japanese invasion of Hong Kong in 1941 , Huang briefly worked with British auxiliary forces and was responsible for detecting chemical weapons . In 1942 his studies at the University were interrupted when the school was forced to close . Huang returned to China in 1942 and arrived in Guangxi . By 1945 Huang had followed other members of The University of Hong Kong chemistry department to Britain and received a scholarship to study at the University of Oxfords Institute of Chemistry . He received at doctorate in chemistry and subsequently pursued his post-doctoral research at the University of Chicago . During his study in Chicago , he met his future wife Grace Wei Huang . Academic career . In 1951 , Huang taught chemistry at the University of Malaya in Singapore ( now National University of Singapore ) and later he was transferred to University of Malayas Kuala Lumpur campus . He became a tenured professor of chemistry and then acting Vice-Chancellor and Dean of the Faculty of Science . University administrator . In 1969 Huang was appointed as Vice-Chancellor at Nanyang University in Singapore . In 1972 Huang became the first Chinese Vice-Chancellor of The University of Hong Kong and quelled a student demonstration during a royal visit to Hong Kong . In addition , he served in various capacities including becoming a member of the Hong Kong Basic Law Drafting Committee in drafting Hong Kongs post handover constitution . Rayson Huang and his wife retired in 1994 and lived with their son . Retirement and post-academic life . By 1999 the Huangs returned to Hong Kong . His wife Grace who was suffering from senile dementia then died in Hong Kong . To commemorate his wifes life , Rayson Huang established the Grace Wei Huang Memorial Fund . and authored a memoir , A Lifetime in Academia : An autobiography by Rayson Huang , the proceeds from which will be set aside for the fund . Huang had a wide range of hobbies , one of the most special having been the study of violin making . He returned to Hong Kong on a regular basis . Huang also established the Progress of Hong Kongs Rayson Huang and the Rayson Huang Foundation . in Malaysia . External links . - The oral history of Rayson Huang - Hong Kong Memory
|
[
"Faculty of Science"
] |
[
{
"text": " Rayson Lisung Huang , ( ; 1 September 1920 − 8 April 2015 ) , was a Hong Kong chemist , who was an expert on radicals . He was the first Chinese Vice-Chancellor of The University of Hong Kong , a position in which he served from 1972 until 1986 .",
"title": "Rayson Huang"
},
{
"text": "Huangs family came from Shantou , Guangdong . He completed his primary and secondary education at Munsang College , where his father was the founding principal . He later attended St . Johns University in Shanghai in 1937 , but his studies were interrupted by the Japanese invasion . After 1938 he continued his studies as a scholarship student at The University of Hong Kong . In Hong Kong Huang majored in chemistry at St . Johns Hall ( now called St . Johns College ) . In addition to his academic studies , Huang was an accomplished violinist .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "Following the Japanese invasion of Hong Kong in 1941 , Huang briefly worked with British auxiliary forces and was responsible for detecting chemical weapons . In 1942 his studies at the University were interrupted when the school was forced to close . Huang returned to China in 1942 and arrived in Guangxi . By 1945 Huang had followed other members of The University of Hong Kong chemistry department to Britain and received a scholarship to study at the University of Oxfords Institute of Chemistry . He received at doctorate in chemistry and subsequently pursued his post-doctoral research at the University",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "of Chicago . During his study in Chicago , he met his future wife Grace Wei Huang .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " In 1951 , Huang taught chemistry at the University of Malaya in Singapore ( now National University of Singapore ) and later he was transferred to University of Malayas Kuala Lumpur campus . He became a tenured professor of chemistry and then acting Vice-Chancellor and Dean of the Faculty of Science .",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": " In 1969 Huang was appointed as Vice-Chancellor at Nanyang University in Singapore . In 1972 Huang became the first Chinese Vice-Chancellor of The University of Hong Kong and quelled a student demonstration during a royal visit to Hong Kong . In addition , he served in various capacities including becoming a member of the Hong Kong Basic Law Drafting Committee in drafting Hong Kongs post handover constitution . Rayson Huang and his wife retired in 1994 and lived with their son . Retirement and post-academic life .",
"title": "University administrator"
},
{
"text": "By 1999 the Huangs returned to Hong Kong . His wife Grace who was suffering from senile dementia then died in Hong Kong .",
"title": "University administrator"
},
{
"text": " To commemorate his wifes life , Rayson Huang established the Grace Wei Huang Memorial Fund . and authored a memoir , A Lifetime in Academia : An autobiography by Rayson Huang , the proceeds from which will be set aside for the fund . Huang had a wide range of hobbies , one of the most special having been the study of violin making . He returned to Hong Kong on a regular basis . Huang also established the Progress of Hong Kongs Rayson Huang and the Rayson Huang Foundation . in Malaysia .",
"title": "University administrator"
},
{
"text": " - The oral history of Rayson Huang - Hong Kong Memory",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Rayson_Huang#P108#2
|
What was the name of the employer Rayson Huang work for in Jul 1955?
|
Rayson Huang Rayson Lisung Huang , ( ; 1 September 1920 − 8 April 2015 ) , was a Hong Kong chemist , who was an expert on radicals . He was the first Chinese Vice-Chancellor of The University of Hong Kong , a position in which he served from 1972 until 1986 . Early years . Huangs family came from Shantou , Guangdong . He completed his primary and secondary education at Munsang College , where his father was the founding principal . He later attended St . Johns University in Shanghai in 1937 , but his studies were interrupted by the Japanese invasion . After 1938 he continued his studies as a scholarship student at The University of Hong Kong . In Hong Kong Huang majored in chemistry at St . Johns Hall ( now called St . Johns College ) . In addition to his academic studies , Huang was an accomplished violinist . Following the Japanese invasion of Hong Kong in 1941 , Huang briefly worked with British auxiliary forces and was responsible for detecting chemical weapons . In 1942 his studies at the University were interrupted when the school was forced to close . Huang returned to China in 1942 and arrived in Guangxi . By 1945 Huang had followed other members of The University of Hong Kong chemistry department to Britain and received a scholarship to study at the University of Oxfords Institute of Chemistry . He received at doctorate in chemistry and subsequently pursued his post-doctoral research at the University of Chicago . During his study in Chicago , he met his future wife Grace Wei Huang . Academic career . In 1951 , Huang taught chemistry at the University of Malaya in Singapore ( now National University of Singapore ) and later he was transferred to University of Malayas Kuala Lumpur campus . He became a tenured professor of chemistry and then acting Vice-Chancellor and Dean of the Faculty of Science . University administrator . In 1969 Huang was appointed as Vice-Chancellor at Nanyang University in Singapore . In 1972 Huang became the first Chinese Vice-Chancellor of The University of Hong Kong and quelled a student demonstration during a royal visit to Hong Kong . In addition , he served in various capacities including becoming a member of the Hong Kong Basic Law Drafting Committee in drafting Hong Kongs post handover constitution . Rayson Huang and his wife retired in 1994 and lived with their son . Retirement and post-academic life . By 1999 the Huangs returned to Hong Kong . His wife Grace who was suffering from senile dementia then died in Hong Kong . To commemorate his wifes life , Rayson Huang established the Grace Wei Huang Memorial Fund . and authored a memoir , A Lifetime in Academia : An autobiography by Rayson Huang , the proceeds from which will be set aside for the fund . Huang had a wide range of hobbies , one of the most special having been the study of violin making . He returned to Hong Kong on a regular basis . Huang also established the Progress of Hong Kongs Rayson Huang and the Rayson Huang Foundation . in Malaysia . External links . - The oral history of Rayson Huang - Hong Kong Memory
|
[
"Faculty of Science"
] |
[
{
"text": " Rayson Lisung Huang , ( ; 1 September 1920 − 8 April 2015 ) , was a Hong Kong chemist , who was an expert on radicals . He was the first Chinese Vice-Chancellor of The University of Hong Kong , a position in which he served from 1972 until 1986 .",
"title": "Rayson Huang"
},
{
"text": "Huangs family came from Shantou , Guangdong . He completed his primary and secondary education at Munsang College , where his father was the founding principal . He later attended St . Johns University in Shanghai in 1937 , but his studies were interrupted by the Japanese invasion . After 1938 he continued his studies as a scholarship student at The University of Hong Kong . In Hong Kong Huang majored in chemistry at St . Johns Hall ( now called St . Johns College ) . In addition to his academic studies , Huang was an accomplished violinist .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "Following the Japanese invasion of Hong Kong in 1941 , Huang briefly worked with British auxiliary forces and was responsible for detecting chemical weapons . In 1942 his studies at the University were interrupted when the school was forced to close . Huang returned to China in 1942 and arrived in Guangxi . By 1945 Huang had followed other members of The University of Hong Kong chemistry department to Britain and received a scholarship to study at the University of Oxfords Institute of Chemistry . He received at doctorate in chemistry and subsequently pursued his post-doctoral research at the University",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "of Chicago . During his study in Chicago , he met his future wife Grace Wei Huang .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " In 1951 , Huang taught chemistry at the University of Malaya in Singapore ( now National University of Singapore ) and later he was transferred to University of Malayas Kuala Lumpur campus . He became a tenured professor of chemistry and then acting Vice-Chancellor and Dean of the Faculty of Science .",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": " In 1969 Huang was appointed as Vice-Chancellor at Nanyang University in Singapore . In 1972 Huang became the first Chinese Vice-Chancellor of The University of Hong Kong and quelled a student demonstration during a royal visit to Hong Kong . In addition , he served in various capacities including becoming a member of the Hong Kong Basic Law Drafting Committee in drafting Hong Kongs post handover constitution . Rayson Huang and his wife retired in 1994 and lived with their son . Retirement and post-academic life .",
"title": "University administrator"
},
{
"text": "By 1999 the Huangs returned to Hong Kong . His wife Grace who was suffering from senile dementia then died in Hong Kong .",
"title": "University administrator"
},
{
"text": " To commemorate his wifes life , Rayson Huang established the Grace Wei Huang Memorial Fund . and authored a memoir , A Lifetime in Academia : An autobiography by Rayson Huang , the proceeds from which will be set aside for the fund . Huang had a wide range of hobbies , one of the most special having been the study of violin making . He returned to Hong Kong on a regular basis . Huang also established the Progress of Hong Kongs Rayson Huang and the Rayson Huang Foundation . in Malaysia .",
"title": "University administrator"
},
{
"text": " - The oral history of Rayson Huang - Hong Kong Memory",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Rayson_Huang#P108#3
|
What was the name of the employer Rayson Huang work for between Aug 1963 and Oct 1963?
|
Rayson Huang Rayson Lisung Huang , ( ; 1 September 1920 − 8 April 2015 ) , was a Hong Kong chemist , who was an expert on radicals . He was the first Chinese Vice-Chancellor of The University of Hong Kong , a position in which he served from 1972 until 1986 . Early years . Huangs family came from Shantou , Guangdong . He completed his primary and secondary education at Munsang College , where his father was the founding principal . He later attended St . Johns University in Shanghai in 1937 , but his studies were interrupted by the Japanese invasion . After 1938 he continued his studies as a scholarship student at The University of Hong Kong . In Hong Kong Huang majored in chemistry at St . Johns Hall ( now called St . Johns College ) . In addition to his academic studies , Huang was an accomplished violinist . Following the Japanese invasion of Hong Kong in 1941 , Huang briefly worked with British auxiliary forces and was responsible for detecting chemical weapons . In 1942 his studies at the University were interrupted when the school was forced to close . Huang returned to China in 1942 and arrived in Guangxi . By 1945 Huang had followed other members of The University of Hong Kong chemistry department to Britain and received a scholarship to study at the University of Oxfords Institute of Chemistry . He received at doctorate in chemistry and subsequently pursued his post-doctoral research at the University of Chicago . During his study in Chicago , he met his future wife Grace Wei Huang . Academic career . In 1951 , Huang taught chemistry at the University of Malaya in Singapore ( now National University of Singapore ) and later he was transferred to University of Malayas Kuala Lumpur campus . He became a tenured professor of chemistry and then acting Vice-Chancellor and Dean of the Faculty of Science . University administrator . In 1969 Huang was appointed as Vice-Chancellor at Nanyang University in Singapore . In 1972 Huang became the first Chinese Vice-Chancellor of The University of Hong Kong and quelled a student demonstration during a royal visit to Hong Kong . In addition , he served in various capacities including becoming a member of the Hong Kong Basic Law Drafting Committee in drafting Hong Kongs post handover constitution . Rayson Huang and his wife retired in 1994 and lived with their son . Retirement and post-academic life . By 1999 the Huangs returned to Hong Kong . His wife Grace who was suffering from senile dementia then died in Hong Kong . To commemorate his wifes life , Rayson Huang established the Grace Wei Huang Memorial Fund . and authored a memoir , A Lifetime in Academia : An autobiography by Rayson Huang , the proceeds from which will be set aside for the fund . Huang had a wide range of hobbies , one of the most special having been the study of violin making . He returned to Hong Kong on a regular basis . Huang also established the Progress of Hong Kongs Rayson Huang and the Rayson Huang Foundation . in Malaysia . External links . - The oral history of Rayson Huang - Hong Kong Memory
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Rayson Lisung Huang , ( ; 1 September 1920 − 8 April 2015 ) , was a Hong Kong chemist , who was an expert on radicals . He was the first Chinese Vice-Chancellor of The University of Hong Kong , a position in which he served from 1972 until 1986 .",
"title": "Rayson Huang"
},
{
"text": "Huangs family came from Shantou , Guangdong . He completed his primary and secondary education at Munsang College , where his father was the founding principal . He later attended St . Johns University in Shanghai in 1937 , but his studies were interrupted by the Japanese invasion . After 1938 he continued his studies as a scholarship student at The University of Hong Kong . In Hong Kong Huang majored in chemistry at St . Johns Hall ( now called St . Johns College ) . In addition to his academic studies , Huang was an accomplished violinist .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "Following the Japanese invasion of Hong Kong in 1941 , Huang briefly worked with British auxiliary forces and was responsible for detecting chemical weapons . In 1942 his studies at the University were interrupted when the school was forced to close . Huang returned to China in 1942 and arrived in Guangxi . By 1945 Huang had followed other members of The University of Hong Kong chemistry department to Britain and received a scholarship to study at the University of Oxfords Institute of Chemistry . He received at doctorate in chemistry and subsequently pursued his post-doctoral research at the University",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "of Chicago . During his study in Chicago , he met his future wife Grace Wei Huang .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " In 1951 , Huang taught chemistry at the University of Malaya in Singapore ( now National University of Singapore ) and later he was transferred to University of Malayas Kuala Lumpur campus . He became a tenured professor of chemistry and then acting Vice-Chancellor and Dean of the Faculty of Science .",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": " In 1969 Huang was appointed as Vice-Chancellor at Nanyang University in Singapore . In 1972 Huang became the first Chinese Vice-Chancellor of The University of Hong Kong and quelled a student demonstration during a royal visit to Hong Kong . In addition , he served in various capacities including becoming a member of the Hong Kong Basic Law Drafting Committee in drafting Hong Kongs post handover constitution . Rayson Huang and his wife retired in 1994 and lived with their son . Retirement and post-academic life .",
"title": "University administrator"
},
{
"text": "By 1999 the Huangs returned to Hong Kong . His wife Grace who was suffering from senile dementia then died in Hong Kong .",
"title": "University administrator"
},
{
"text": " To commemorate his wifes life , Rayson Huang established the Grace Wei Huang Memorial Fund . and authored a memoir , A Lifetime in Academia : An autobiography by Rayson Huang , the proceeds from which will be set aside for the fund . Huang had a wide range of hobbies , one of the most special having been the study of violin making . He returned to Hong Kong on a regular basis . Huang also established the Progress of Hong Kongs Rayson Huang and the Rayson Huang Foundation . in Malaysia .",
"title": "University administrator"
},
{
"text": " - The oral history of Rayson Huang - Hong Kong Memory",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Rayson_Huang#P108#4
|
What was the name of the employer Rayson Huang work for in Dec 1969?
|
Rayson Huang Rayson Lisung Huang , ( ; 1 September 1920 − 8 April 2015 ) , was a Hong Kong chemist , who was an expert on radicals . He was the first Chinese Vice-Chancellor of The University of Hong Kong , a position in which he served from 1972 until 1986 . Early years . Huangs family came from Shantou , Guangdong . He completed his primary and secondary education at Munsang College , where his father was the founding principal . He later attended St . Johns University in Shanghai in 1937 , but his studies were interrupted by the Japanese invasion . After 1938 he continued his studies as a scholarship student at The University of Hong Kong . In Hong Kong Huang majored in chemistry at St . Johns Hall ( now called St . Johns College ) . In addition to his academic studies , Huang was an accomplished violinist . Following the Japanese invasion of Hong Kong in 1941 , Huang briefly worked with British auxiliary forces and was responsible for detecting chemical weapons . In 1942 his studies at the University were interrupted when the school was forced to close . Huang returned to China in 1942 and arrived in Guangxi . By 1945 Huang had followed other members of The University of Hong Kong chemistry department to Britain and received a scholarship to study at the University of Oxfords Institute of Chemistry . He received at doctorate in chemistry and subsequently pursued his post-doctoral research at the University of Chicago . During his study in Chicago , he met his future wife Grace Wei Huang . Academic career . In 1951 , Huang taught chemistry at the University of Malaya in Singapore ( now National University of Singapore ) and later he was transferred to University of Malayas Kuala Lumpur campus . He became a tenured professor of chemistry and then acting Vice-Chancellor and Dean of the Faculty of Science . University administrator . In 1969 Huang was appointed as Vice-Chancellor at Nanyang University in Singapore . In 1972 Huang became the first Chinese Vice-Chancellor of The University of Hong Kong and quelled a student demonstration during a royal visit to Hong Kong . In addition , he served in various capacities including becoming a member of the Hong Kong Basic Law Drafting Committee in drafting Hong Kongs post handover constitution . Rayson Huang and his wife retired in 1994 and lived with their son . Retirement and post-academic life . By 1999 the Huangs returned to Hong Kong . His wife Grace who was suffering from senile dementia then died in Hong Kong . To commemorate his wifes life , Rayson Huang established the Grace Wei Huang Memorial Fund . and authored a memoir , A Lifetime in Academia : An autobiography by Rayson Huang , the proceeds from which will be set aside for the fund . Huang had a wide range of hobbies , one of the most special having been the study of violin making . He returned to Hong Kong on a regular basis . Huang also established the Progress of Hong Kongs Rayson Huang and the Rayson Huang Foundation . in Malaysia . External links . - The oral history of Rayson Huang - Hong Kong Memory
|
[
"Nanyang University"
] |
[
{
"text": " Rayson Lisung Huang , ( ; 1 September 1920 − 8 April 2015 ) , was a Hong Kong chemist , who was an expert on radicals . He was the first Chinese Vice-Chancellor of The University of Hong Kong , a position in which he served from 1972 until 1986 .",
"title": "Rayson Huang"
},
{
"text": "Huangs family came from Shantou , Guangdong . He completed his primary and secondary education at Munsang College , where his father was the founding principal . He later attended St . Johns University in Shanghai in 1937 , but his studies were interrupted by the Japanese invasion . After 1938 he continued his studies as a scholarship student at The University of Hong Kong . In Hong Kong Huang majored in chemistry at St . Johns Hall ( now called St . Johns College ) . In addition to his academic studies , Huang was an accomplished violinist .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "Following the Japanese invasion of Hong Kong in 1941 , Huang briefly worked with British auxiliary forces and was responsible for detecting chemical weapons . In 1942 his studies at the University were interrupted when the school was forced to close . Huang returned to China in 1942 and arrived in Guangxi . By 1945 Huang had followed other members of The University of Hong Kong chemistry department to Britain and received a scholarship to study at the University of Oxfords Institute of Chemistry . He received at doctorate in chemistry and subsequently pursued his post-doctoral research at the University",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "of Chicago . During his study in Chicago , he met his future wife Grace Wei Huang .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " In 1951 , Huang taught chemistry at the University of Malaya in Singapore ( now National University of Singapore ) and later he was transferred to University of Malayas Kuala Lumpur campus . He became a tenured professor of chemistry and then acting Vice-Chancellor and Dean of the Faculty of Science .",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": " In 1969 Huang was appointed as Vice-Chancellor at Nanyang University in Singapore . In 1972 Huang became the first Chinese Vice-Chancellor of The University of Hong Kong and quelled a student demonstration during a royal visit to Hong Kong . In addition , he served in various capacities including becoming a member of the Hong Kong Basic Law Drafting Committee in drafting Hong Kongs post handover constitution . Rayson Huang and his wife retired in 1994 and lived with their son . Retirement and post-academic life .",
"title": "University administrator"
},
{
"text": "By 1999 the Huangs returned to Hong Kong . His wife Grace who was suffering from senile dementia then died in Hong Kong .",
"title": "University administrator"
},
{
"text": " To commemorate his wifes life , Rayson Huang established the Grace Wei Huang Memorial Fund . and authored a memoir , A Lifetime in Academia : An autobiography by Rayson Huang , the proceeds from which will be set aside for the fund . Huang had a wide range of hobbies , one of the most special having been the study of violin making . He returned to Hong Kong on a regular basis . Huang also established the Progress of Hong Kongs Rayson Huang and the Rayson Huang Foundation . in Malaysia .",
"title": "University administrator"
},
{
"text": " - The oral history of Rayson Huang - Hong Kong Memory",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Álex_González_(shortstop,_born_1977)#P54#0
|
Which team did Álex González (shortstop, born 1977) play for before Jan 1995?
|
Álex González ( shortstop , born 1977 ) Alexander Luis González ( born February 15 , 1977 ) is a former professional baseball shortstop . González played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the Florida Marlins ( 1998–2005 ) , Boston Red Sox ( 2006 , 2009 ) , Cincinnati Reds ( 2007–2009 ) , Toronto Blue Jays ( 2010 ) , Atlanta Braves ( 2010–2011 ) , Milwaukee Brewers ( 2012–2013 ) and Detroit Tigers ( 2014 ) . He was given the nickname Sea-bass while playing in Florida . He bats and throws right-handed . Playing career . Florida Marlins . In 1999 , while with the Florida Marlins , González made the Major League Baseball All-Star Game . In 2001 , he led all Major League shortstops with 26 errors . González played an important role in the 2003 World Series against the Yankees . After going 1-for-13 in the first three games of the World Series , he hit a walk-off home run in the 12th inning of Game 4 to give the Marlins a 4–3 victory and a 2–2 tie in the Series . The extra innings happened because Floridas closer Ugueth Urbina blew a 3–1 lead in the ninth . In Game 5 , González hit a two-out game-tying double and later scored , helping the Marlins take a 3-2 series lead . González added an extra run in the sixth and final game , when he slid around catcher Jorge Posada , eluding him and brushing the plate with his left hand . Florida beat the odds with a 2–0 victory and won the World Series . One of his most productive seasons came in 2004 , when he posted career highs in at bats ( 561 ) and games played ( 159 ) , tied a career high in home runs ( 23 ) , yet also had a career high in strikeouts ( 126 ) . Boston Red Sox . Before the 2006 season , the Boston Red Sox signed González as a free agent to a one-year contract worth $3 million , plugging a hole in the starting lineup after the trade of shortstop Édgar Rentería to the Atlanta Braves . He reunited with former Marlins teammates Josh Beckett and Mike Lowell who were traded from Florida to Boston earlier . Gonzálezs signing with the Sox marked the second time he had replaced Rentería as the shortstop ; Renteria had just left the Marlins for the St . Louis Cardinals before González joined the team in 1998 . Cincinnati Reds . On November 18 , 2006 , he signed a three-year , $14 million contract with the Cincinnati Reds . In 2008 , an MRI showed that Gonzalez still had a fracture in his left knee . He was named Player of the Week for the week of April 29 , 2007 . When González was hurt in February , it looked like hed be back in the middle of April . Gonzalez had surgery on the knee in July , however , and ultimately missed the entire 2008 season . Boston Red Sox ( second stint ) . On August 14 , 2009 , González cleared waivers with the Cincinnati Reds and was traded back to the Boston Red Sox with $1.1 million for Single A shortstop Kristopher Negron . From August 15 through the end of the regular season , González appeared in 44 games for Boston , batting .284 with 5 home runs and 15 RBIs . Toronto Blue Jays . On November 26 , 2009 , González signed a one-year deal with the Toronto Blue Jays , with a club option for a second year . Atlanta Braves . On July 14 , 2010 , González was traded along with prospects Tim Collins and Tyler Pastornicky to the Atlanta Braves for shortstop Yunel Escobar and Jo-Jo Reyes . Milwaukee Brewers . On December 8 , 2011 , González was signed in free agency by the Milwaukee Brewers . He signed a one-year deal with a vesting option for 2013 if he has at least 525 plate appearances in 2012 . He will make $4.25 million in 2012 , and would make $4 million in 2013 . On May 5 , 2012 , Gonzalez was placed on the 15-day disabled list after suffering a right knee injury earlier in the day in a game at the San Francisco Giants . He was then placed on the disabled list after revealing that he had a torn ACL , and remained there for the rest of the season . During the offseason Gonzalez played in the Venezuelan Winter League for the Leones del Caracas . González filed for free agency after the World Series , but ultimately re-signed with the Brewers on a one-year , $1.5 million deal . He was released on June 3 , 2013 . Baltimore Orioles . On January 31 , 2014 , González signed a minor league contract with the Baltimore Orioles . He never appeared in a game with the Orioles . Detroit Tigers . On March 24 , 2014 , González was traded to the Detroit Tigers in exchange for Steve Lombardozzi , Jr. , who never played in Tigers uniform . In his Tigers debut Opening Day against the Kansas City Royals , Gonzalez hit an RBI-triple to tie the game in the seventh inning , and later hit a walkoff single in the ninth to give the Tigers a 4–3 victory . He was released on April 20 , 2014 .
|
[
"Florida Marlins"
] |
[
{
"text": " Alexander Luis González ( born February 15 , 1977 ) is a former professional baseball shortstop . González played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the Florida Marlins ( 1998–2005 ) , Boston Red Sox ( 2006 , 2009 ) , Cincinnati Reds ( 2007–2009 ) , Toronto Blue Jays ( 2010 ) , Atlanta Braves ( 2010–2011 ) , Milwaukee Brewers ( 2012–2013 ) and Detroit Tigers ( 2014 ) . He was given the nickname Sea-bass while playing in Florida . He bats and throws right-handed .",
"title": "Álex González ( shortstop , born 1977 )"
},
{
"text": " In 1999 , while with the Florida Marlins , González made the Major League Baseball All-Star Game . In 2001 , he led all Major League shortstops with 26 errors .",
"title": "Florida Marlins"
},
{
"text": "González played an important role in the 2003 World Series against the Yankees . After going 1-for-13 in the first three games of the World Series , he hit a walk-off home run in the 12th inning of Game 4 to give the Marlins a 4–3 victory and a 2–2 tie in the Series . The extra innings happened because Floridas closer Ugueth Urbina blew a 3–1 lead in the ninth . In Game 5 , González hit a two-out game-tying double and later scored , helping the Marlins take a 3-2 series lead . González added an extra run",
"title": "Florida Marlins"
},
{
"text": "in the sixth and final game , when he slid around catcher Jorge Posada , eluding him and brushing the plate with his left hand . Florida beat the odds with a 2–0 victory and won the World Series .",
"title": "Florida Marlins"
},
{
"text": " One of his most productive seasons came in 2004 , when he posted career highs in at bats ( 561 ) and games played ( 159 ) , tied a career high in home runs ( 23 ) , yet also had a career high in strikeouts ( 126 ) .",
"title": "Florida Marlins"
},
{
"text": " Before the 2006 season , the Boston Red Sox signed González as a free agent to a one-year contract worth $3 million , plugging a hole in the starting lineup after the trade of shortstop Édgar Rentería to the Atlanta Braves . He reunited with former Marlins teammates Josh Beckett and Mike Lowell who were traded from Florida to Boston earlier . Gonzálezs signing with the Sox marked the second time he had replaced Rentería as the shortstop ; Renteria had just left the Marlins for the St . Louis Cardinals before González joined the team in 1998 .",
"title": "Boston Red Sox"
},
{
"text": " On November 18 , 2006 , he signed a three-year , $14 million contract with the Cincinnati Reds . In 2008 , an MRI showed that Gonzalez still had a fracture in his left knee . He was named Player of the Week for the week of April 29 , 2007 . When González was hurt in February , it looked like hed be back in the middle of April . Gonzalez had surgery on the knee in July , however , and ultimately missed the entire 2008 season . Boston Red Sox ( second stint ) .",
"title": "Cincinnati Reds"
},
{
"text": "On August 14 , 2009 , González cleared waivers with the Cincinnati Reds and was traded back to the Boston Red Sox with $1.1 million for Single A shortstop Kristopher Negron . From August 15 through the end of the regular season , González appeared in 44 games for Boston , batting .284 with 5 home runs and 15 RBIs .",
"title": "Cincinnati Reds"
},
{
"text": " On November 26 , 2009 , González signed a one-year deal with the Toronto Blue Jays , with a club option for a second year .",
"title": "Toronto Blue Jays"
},
{
"text": " On July 14 , 2010 , González was traded along with prospects Tim Collins and Tyler Pastornicky to the Atlanta Braves for shortstop Yunel Escobar and Jo-Jo Reyes .",
"title": "Atlanta Braves"
},
{
"text": "On December 8 , 2011 , González was signed in free agency by the Milwaukee Brewers . He signed a one-year deal with a vesting option for 2013 if he has at least 525 plate appearances in 2012 . He will make $4.25 million in 2012 , and would make $4 million in 2013 . On May 5 , 2012 , Gonzalez was placed on the 15-day disabled list after suffering a right knee injury earlier in the day in a game at the San Francisco Giants . He was then placed on the disabled list after revealing that he",
"title": "Milwaukee Brewers"
},
{
"text": "had a torn ACL , and remained there for the rest of the season . During the offseason Gonzalez played in the Venezuelan Winter League for the Leones del Caracas . González filed for free agency after the World Series , but ultimately re-signed with the Brewers on a one-year , $1.5 million deal . He was released on June 3 , 2013 .",
"title": "Milwaukee Brewers"
},
{
"text": " On January 31 , 2014 , González signed a minor league contract with the Baltimore Orioles . He never appeared in a game with the Orioles .",
"title": "Baltimore Orioles"
},
{
"text": " On March 24 , 2014 , González was traded to the Detroit Tigers in exchange for Steve Lombardozzi , Jr. , who never played in Tigers uniform . In his Tigers debut Opening Day against the Kansas City Royals , Gonzalez hit an RBI-triple to tie the game in the seventh inning , and later hit a walkoff single in the ninth to give the Tigers a 4–3 victory . He was released on April 20 , 2014 .",
"title": "Detroit Tigers"
}
] |
/wiki/Álex_González_(shortstop,_born_1977)#P54#1
|
Which team did Álex González (shortstop, born 1977) play for between Jul 2006 and Aug 2006?
|
Álex González ( shortstop , born 1977 ) Alexander Luis González ( born February 15 , 1977 ) is a former professional baseball shortstop . González played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the Florida Marlins ( 1998–2005 ) , Boston Red Sox ( 2006 , 2009 ) , Cincinnati Reds ( 2007–2009 ) , Toronto Blue Jays ( 2010 ) , Atlanta Braves ( 2010–2011 ) , Milwaukee Brewers ( 2012–2013 ) and Detroit Tigers ( 2014 ) . He was given the nickname Sea-bass while playing in Florida . He bats and throws right-handed . Playing career . Florida Marlins . In 1999 , while with the Florida Marlins , González made the Major League Baseball All-Star Game . In 2001 , he led all Major League shortstops with 26 errors . González played an important role in the 2003 World Series against the Yankees . After going 1-for-13 in the first three games of the World Series , he hit a walk-off home run in the 12th inning of Game 4 to give the Marlins a 4–3 victory and a 2–2 tie in the Series . The extra innings happened because Floridas closer Ugueth Urbina blew a 3–1 lead in the ninth . In Game 5 , González hit a two-out game-tying double and later scored , helping the Marlins take a 3-2 series lead . González added an extra run in the sixth and final game , when he slid around catcher Jorge Posada , eluding him and brushing the plate with his left hand . Florida beat the odds with a 2–0 victory and won the World Series . One of his most productive seasons came in 2004 , when he posted career highs in at bats ( 561 ) and games played ( 159 ) , tied a career high in home runs ( 23 ) , yet also had a career high in strikeouts ( 126 ) . Boston Red Sox . Before the 2006 season , the Boston Red Sox signed González as a free agent to a one-year contract worth $3 million , plugging a hole in the starting lineup after the trade of shortstop Édgar Rentería to the Atlanta Braves . He reunited with former Marlins teammates Josh Beckett and Mike Lowell who were traded from Florida to Boston earlier . Gonzálezs signing with the Sox marked the second time he had replaced Rentería as the shortstop ; Renteria had just left the Marlins for the St . Louis Cardinals before González joined the team in 1998 . Cincinnati Reds . On November 18 , 2006 , he signed a three-year , $14 million contract with the Cincinnati Reds . In 2008 , an MRI showed that Gonzalez still had a fracture in his left knee . He was named Player of the Week for the week of April 29 , 2007 . When González was hurt in February , it looked like hed be back in the middle of April . Gonzalez had surgery on the knee in July , however , and ultimately missed the entire 2008 season . Boston Red Sox ( second stint ) . On August 14 , 2009 , González cleared waivers with the Cincinnati Reds and was traded back to the Boston Red Sox with $1.1 million for Single A shortstop Kristopher Negron . From August 15 through the end of the regular season , González appeared in 44 games for Boston , batting .284 with 5 home runs and 15 RBIs . Toronto Blue Jays . On November 26 , 2009 , González signed a one-year deal with the Toronto Blue Jays , with a club option for a second year . Atlanta Braves . On July 14 , 2010 , González was traded along with prospects Tim Collins and Tyler Pastornicky to the Atlanta Braves for shortstop Yunel Escobar and Jo-Jo Reyes . Milwaukee Brewers . On December 8 , 2011 , González was signed in free agency by the Milwaukee Brewers . He signed a one-year deal with a vesting option for 2013 if he has at least 525 plate appearances in 2012 . He will make $4.25 million in 2012 , and would make $4 million in 2013 . On May 5 , 2012 , Gonzalez was placed on the 15-day disabled list after suffering a right knee injury earlier in the day in a game at the San Francisco Giants . He was then placed on the disabled list after revealing that he had a torn ACL , and remained there for the rest of the season . During the offseason Gonzalez played in the Venezuelan Winter League for the Leones del Caracas . González filed for free agency after the World Series , but ultimately re-signed with the Brewers on a one-year , $1.5 million deal . He was released on June 3 , 2013 . Baltimore Orioles . On January 31 , 2014 , González signed a minor league contract with the Baltimore Orioles . He never appeared in a game with the Orioles . Detroit Tigers . On March 24 , 2014 , González was traded to the Detroit Tigers in exchange for Steve Lombardozzi , Jr. , who never played in Tigers uniform . In his Tigers debut Opening Day against the Kansas City Royals , Gonzalez hit an RBI-triple to tie the game in the seventh inning , and later hit a walkoff single in the ninth to give the Tigers a 4–3 victory . He was released on April 20 , 2014 .
|
[
"Boston Red Sox"
] |
[
{
"text": " Alexander Luis González ( born February 15 , 1977 ) is a former professional baseball shortstop . González played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the Florida Marlins ( 1998–2005 ) , Boston Red Sox ( 2006 , 2009 ) , Cincinnati Reds ( 2007–2009 ) , Toronto Blue Jays ( 2010 ) , Atlanta Braves ( 2010–2011 ) , Milwaukee Brewers ( 2012–2013 ) and Detroit Tigers ( 2014 ) . He was given the nickname Sea-bass while playing in Florida . He bats and throws right-handed .",
"title": "Álex González ( shortstop , born 1977 )"
},
{
"text": " In 1999 , while with the Florida Marlins , González made the Major League Baseball All-Star Game . In 2001 , he led all Major League shortstops with 26 errors .",
"title": "Florida Marlins"
},
{
"text": "González played an important role in the 2003 World Series against the Yankees . After going 1-for-13 in the first three games of the World Series , he hit a walk-off home run in the 12th inning of Game 4 to give the Marlins a 4–3 victory and a 2–2 tie in the Series . The extra innings happened because Floridas closer Ugueth Urbina blew a 3–1 lead in the ninth . In Game 5 , González hit a two-out game-tying double and later scored , helping the Marlins take a 3-2 series lead . González added an extra run",
"title": "Florida Marlins"
},
{
"text": "in the sixth and final game , when he slid around catcher Jorge Posada , eluding him and brushing the plate with his left hand . Florida beat the odds with a 2–0 victory and won the World Series .",
"title": "Florida Marlins"
},
{
"text": " One of his most productive seasons came in 2004 , when he posted career highs in at bats ( 561 ) and games played ( 159 ) , tied a career high in home runs ( 23 ) , yet also had a career high in strikeouts ( 126 ) .",
"title": "Florida Marlins"
},
{
"text": " Before the 2006 season , the Boston Red Sox signed González as a free agent to a one-year contract worth $3 million , plugging a hole in the starting lineup after the trade of shortstop Édgar Rentería to the Atlanta Braves . He reunited with former Marlins teammates Josh Beckett and Mike Lowell who were traded from Florida to Boston earlier . Gonzálezs signing with the Sox marked the second time he had replaced Rentería as the shortstop ; Renteria had just left the Marlins for the St . Louis Cardinals before González joined the team in 1998 .",
"title": "Boston Red Sox"
},
{
"text": " On November 18 , 2006 , he signed a three-year , $14 million contract with the Cincinnati Reds . In 2008 , an MRI showed that Gonzalez still had a fracture in his left knee . He was named Player of the Week for the week of April 29 , 2007 . When González was hurt in February , it looked like hed be back in the middle of April . Gonzalez had surgery on the knee in July , however , and ultimately missed the entire 2008 season . Boston Red Sox ( second stint ) .",
"title": "Cincinnati Reds"
},
{
"text": "On August 14 , 2009 , González cleared waivers with the Cincinnati Reds and was traded back to the Boston Red Sox with $1.1 million for Single A shortstop Kristopher Negron . From August 15 through the end of the regular season , González appeared in 44 games for Boston , batting .284 with 5 home runs and 15 RBIs .",
"title": "Cincinnati Reds"
},
{
"text": " On November 26 , 2009 , González signed a one-year deal with the Toronto Blue Jays , with a club option for a second year .",
"title": "Toronto Blue Jays"
},
{
"text": " On July 14 , 2010 , González was traded along with prospects Tim Collins and Tyler Pastornicky to the Atlanta Braves for shortstop Yunel Escobar and Jo-Jo Reyes .",
"title": "Atlanta Braves"
},
{
"text": "On December 8 , 2011 , González was signed in free agency by the Milwaukee Brewers . He signed a one-year deal with a vesting option for 2013 if he has at least 525 plate appearances in 2012 . He will make $4.25 million in 2012 , and would make $4 million in 2013 . On May 5 , 2012 , Gonzalez was placed on the 15-day disabled list after suffering a right knee injury earlier in the day in a game at the San Francisco Giants . He was then placed on the disabled list after revealing that he",
"title": "Milwaukee Brewers"
},
{
"text": "had a torn ACL , and remained there for the rest of the season . During the offseason Gonzalez played in the Venezuelan Winter League for the Leones del Caracas . González filed for free agency after the World Series , but ultimately re-signed with the Brewers on a one-year , $1.5 million deal . He was released on June 3 , 2013 .",
"title": "Milwaukee Brewers"
},
{
"text": " On January 31 , 2014 , González signed a minor league contract with the Baltimore Orioles . He never appeared in a game with the Orioles .",
"title": "Baltimore Orioles"
},
{
"text": " On March 24 , 2014 , González was traded to the Detroit Tigers in exchange for Steve Lombardozzi , Jr. , who never played in Tigers uniform . In his Tigers debut Opening Day against the Kansas City Royals , Gonzalez hit an RBI-triple to tie the game in the seventh inning , and later hit a walkoff single in the ninth to give the Tigers a 4–3 victory . He was released on April 20 , 2014 .",
"title": "Detroit Tigers"
}
] |
/wiki/Álex_González_(shortstop,_born_1977)#P54#2
|
Which team did Álex González (shortstop, born 1977) play for between Dec 2008 and Aug 2009?
|
Álex González ( shortstop , born 1977 ) Alexander Luis González ( born February 15 , 1977 ) is a former professional baseball shortstop . González played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the Florida Marlins ( 1998–2005 ) , Boston Red Sox ( 2006 , 2009 ) , Cincinnati Reds ( 2007–2009 ) , Toronto Blue Jays ( 2010 ) , Atlanta Braves ( 2010–2011 ) , Milwaukee Brewers ( 2012–2013 ) and Detroit Tigers ( 2014 ) . He was given the nickname Sea-bass while playing in Florida . He bats and throws right-handed . Playing career . Florida Marlins . In 1999 , while with the Florida Marlins , González made the Major League Baseball All-Star Game . In 2001 , he led all Major League shortstops with 26 errors . González played an important role in the 2003 World Series against the Yankees . After going 1-for-13 in the first three games of the World Series , he hit a walk-off home run in the 12th inning of Game 4 to give the Marlins a 4–3 victory and a 2–2 tie in the Series . The extra innings happened because Floridas closer Ugueth Urbina blew a 3–1 lead in the ninth . In Game 5 , González hit a two-out game-tying double and later scored , helping the Marlins take a 3-2 series lead . González added an extra run in the sixth and final game , when he slid around catcher Jorge Posada , eluding him and brushing the plate with his left hand . Florida beat the odds with a 2–0 victory and won the World Series . One of his most productive seasons came in 2004 , when he posted career highs in at bats ( 561 ) and games played ( 159 ) , tied a career high in home runs ( 23 ) , yet also had a career high in strikeouts ( 126 ) . Boston Red Sox . Before the 2006 season , the Boston Red Sox signed González as a free agent to a one-year contract worth $3 million , plugging a hole in the starting lineup after the trade of shortstop Édgar Rentería to the Atlanta Braves . He reunited with former Marlins teammates Josh Beckett and Mike Lowell who were traded from Florida to Boston earlier . Gonzálezs signing with the Sox marked the second time he had replaced Rentería as the shortstop ; Renteria had just left the Marlins for the St . Louis Cardinals before González joined the team in 1998 . Cincinnati Reds . On November 18 , 2006 , he signed a three-year , $14 million contract with the Cincinnati Reds . In 2008 , an MRI showed that Gonzalez still had a fracture in his left knee . He was named Player of the Week for the week of April 29 , 2007 . When González was hurt in February , it looked like hed be back in the middle of April . Gonzalez had surgery on the knee in July , however , and ultimately missed the entire 2008 season . Boston Red Sox ( second stint ) . On August 14 , 2009 , González cleared waivers with the Cincinnati Reds and was traded back to the Boston Red Sox with $1.1 million for Single A shortstop Kristopher Negron . From August 15 through the end of the regular season , González appeared in 44 games for Boston , batting .284 with 5 home runs and 15 RBIs . Toronto Blue Jays . On November 26 , 2009 , González signed a one-year deal with the Toronto Blue Jays , with a club option for a second year . Atlanta Braves . On July 14 , 2010 , González was traded along with prospects Tim Collins and Tyler Pastornicky to the Atlanta Braves for shortstop Yunel Escobar and Jo-Jo Reyes . Milwaukee Brewers . On December 8 , 2011 , González was signed in free agency by the Milwaukee Brewers . He signed a one-year deal with a vesting option for 2013 if he has at least 525 plate appearances in 2012 . He will make $4.25 million in 2012 , and would make $4 million in 2013 . On May 5 , 2012 , Gonzalez was placed on the 15-day disabled list after suffering a right knee injury earlier in the day in a game at the San Francisco Giants . He was then placed on the disabled list after revealing that he had a torn ACL , and remained there for the rest of the season . During the offseason Gonzalez played in the Venezuelan Winter League for the Leones del Caracas . González filed for free agency after the World Series , but ultimately re-signed with the Brewers on a one-year , $1.5 million deal . He was released on June 3 , 2013 . Baltimore Orioles . On January 31 , 2014 , González signed a minor league contract with the Baltimore Orioles . He never appeared in a game with the Orioles . Detroit Tigers . On March 24 , 2014 , González was traded to the Detroit Tigers in exchange for Steve Lombardozzi , Jr. , who never played in Tigers uniform . In his Tigers debut Opening Day against the Kansas City Royals , Gonzalez hit an RBI-triple to tie the game in the seventh inning , and later hit a walkoff single in the ninth to give the Tigers a 4–3 victory . He was released on April 20 , 2014 .
|
[
"Cincinnati Reds"
] |
[
{
"text": " Alexander Luis González ( born February 15 , 1977 ) is a former professional baseball shortstop . González played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the Florida Marlins ( 1998–2005 ) , Boston Red Sox ( 2006 , 2009 ) , Cincinnati Reds ( 2007–2009 ) , Toronto Blue Jays ( 2010 ) , Atlanta Braves ( 2010–2011 ) , Milwaukee Brewers ( 2012–2013 ) and Detroit Tigers ( 2014 ) . He was given the nickname Sea-bass while playing in Florida . He bats and throws right-handed .",
"title": "Álex González ( shortstop , born 1977 )"
},
{
"text": " In 1999 , while with the Florida Marlins , González made the Major League Baseball All-Star Game . In 2001 , he led all Major League shortstops with 26 errors .",
"title": "Florida Marlins"
},
{
"text": "González played an important role in the 2003 World Series against the Yankees . After going 1-for-13 in the first three games of the World Series , he hit a walk-off home run in the 12th inning of Game 4 to give the Marlins a 4–3 victory and a 2–2 tie in the Series . The extra innings happened because Floridas closer Ugueth Urbina blew a 3–1 lead in the ninth . In Game 5 , González hit a two-out game-tying double and later scored , helping the Marlins take a 3-2 series lead . González added an extra run",
"title": "Florida Marlins"
},
{
"text": "in the sixth and final game , when he slid around catcher Jorge Posada , eluding him and brushing the plate with his left hand . Florida beat the odds with a 2–0 victory and won the World Series .",
"title": "Florida Marlins"
},
{
"text": " One of his most productive seasons came in 2004 , when he posted career highs in at bats ( 561 ) and games played ( 159 ) , tied a career high in home runs ( 23 ) , yet also had a career high in strikeouts ( 126 ) .",
"title": "Florida Marlins"
},
{
"text": " Before the 2006 season , the Boston Red Sox signed González as a free agent to a one-year contract worth $3 million , plugging a hole in the starting lineup after the trade of shortstop Édgar Rentería to the Atlanta Braves . He reunited with former Marlins teammates Josh Beckett and Mike Lowell who were traded from Florida to Boston earlier . Gonzálezs signing with the Sox marked the second time he had replaced Rentería as the shortstop ; Renteria had just left the Marlins for the St . Louis Cardinals before González joined the team in 1998 .",
"title": "Boston Red Sox"
},
{
"text": " On November 18 , 2006 , he signed a three-year , $14 million contract with the Cincinnati Reds . In 2008 , an MRI showed that Gonzalez still had a fracture in his left knee . He was named Player of the Week for the week of April 29 , 2007 . When González was hurt in February , it looked like hed be back in the middle of April . Gonzalez had surgery on the knee in July , however , and ultimately missed the entire 2008 season . Boston Red Sox ( second stint ) .",
"title": "Cincinnati Reds"
},
{
"text": "On August 14 , 2009 , González cleared waivers with the Cincinnati Reds and was traded back to the Boston Red Sox with $1.1 million for Single A shortstop Kristopher Negron . From August 15 through the end of the regular season , González appeared in 44 games for Boston , batting .284 with 5 home runs and 15 RBIs .",
"title": "Cincinnati Reds"
},
{
"text": " On November 26 , 2009 , González signed a one-year deal with the Toronto Blue Jays , with a club option for a second year .",
"title": "Toronto Blue Jays"
},
{
"text": " On July 14 , 2010 , González was traded along with prospects Tim Collins and Tyler Pastornicky to the Atlanta Braves for shortstop Yunel Escobar and Jo-Jo Reyes .",
"title": "Atlanta Braves"
},
{
"text": "On December 8 , 2011 , González was signed in free agency by the Milwaukee Brewers . He signed a one-year deal with a vesting option for 2013 if he has at least 525 plate appearances in 2012 . He will make $4.25 million in 2012 , and would make $4 million in 2013 . On May 5 , 2012 , Gonzalez was placed on the 15-day disabled list after suffering a right knee injury earlier in the day in a game at the San Francisco Giants . He was then placed on the disabled list after revealing that he",
"title": "Milwaukee Brewers"
},
{
"text": "had a torn ACL , and remained there for the rest of the season . During the offseason Gonzalez played in the Venezuelan Winter League for the Leones del Caracas . González filed for free agency after the World Series , but ultimately re-signed with the Brewers on a one-year , $1.5 million deal . He was released on June 3 , 2013 .",
"title": "Milwaukee Brewers"
},
{
"text": " On January 31 , 2014 , González signed a minor league contract with the Baltimore Orioles . He never appeared in a game with the Orioles .",
"title": "Baltimore Orioles"
},
{
"text": " On March 24 , 2014 , González was traded to the Detroit Tigers in exchange for Steve Lombardozzi , Jr. , who never played in Tigers uniform . In his Tigers debut Opening Day against the Kansas City Royals , Gonzalez hit an RBI-triple to tie the game in the seventh inning , and later hit a walkoff single in the ninth to give the Tigers a 4–3 victory . He was released on April 20 , 2014 .",
"title": "Detroit Tigers"
}
] |
/wiki/Álex_González_(shortstop,_born_1977)#P54#3
|
Which team did Álex González (shortstop, born 1977) play for between Sep 2009 and Nov 2009?
|
Álex González ( shortstop , born 1977 ) Alexander Luis González ( born February 15 , 1977 ) is a former professional baseball shortstop . González played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the Florida Marlins ( 1998–2005 ) , Boston Red Sox ( 2006 , 2009 ) , Cincinnati Reds ( 2007–2009 ) , Toronto Blue Jays ( 2010 ) , Atlanta Braves ( 2010–2011 ) , Milwaukee Brewers ( 2012–2013 ) and Detroit Tigers ( 2014 ) . He was given the nickname Sea-bass while playing in Florida . He bats and throws right-handed . Playing career . Florida Marlins . In 1999 , while with the Florida Marlins , González made the Major League Baseball All-Star Game . In 2001 , he led all Major League shortstops with 26 errors . González played an important role in the 2003 World Series against the Yankees . After going 1-for-13 in the first three games of the World Series , he hit a walk-off home run in the 12th inning of Game 4 to give the Marlins a 4–3 victory and a 2–2 tie in the Series . The extra innings happened because Floridas closer Ugueth Urbina blew a 3–1 lead in the ninth . In Game 5 , González hit a two-out game-tying double and later scored , helping the Marlins take a 3-2 series lead . González added an extra run in the sixth and final game , when he slid around catcher Jorge Posada , eluding him and brushing the plate with his left hand . Florida beat the odds with a 2–0 victory and won the World Series . One of his most productive seasons came in 2004 , when he posted career highs in at bats ( 561 ) and games played ( 159 ) , tied a career high in home runs ( 23 ) , yet also had a career high in strikeouts ( 126 ) . Boston Red Sox . Before the 2006 season , the Boston Red Sox signed González as a free agent to a one-year contract worth $3 million , plugging a hole in the starting lineup after the trade of shortstop Édgar Rentería to the Atlanta Braves . He reunited with former Marlins teammates Josh Beckett and Mike Lowell who were traded from Florida to Boston earlier . Gonzálezs signing with the Sox marked the second time he had replaced Rentería as the shortstop ; Renteria had just left the Marlins for the St . Louis Cardinals before González joined the team in 1998 . Cincinnati Reds . On November 18 , 2006 , he signed a three-year , $14 million contract with the Cincinnati Reds . In 2008 , an MRI showed that Gonzalez still had a fracture in his left knee . He was named Player of the Week for the week of April 29 , 2007 . When González was hurt in February , it looked like hed be back in the middle of April . Gonzalez had surgery on the knee in July , however , and ultimately missed the entire 2008 season . Boston Red Sox ( second stint ) . On August 14 , 2009 , González cleared waivers with the Cincinnati Reds and was traded back to the Boston Red Sox with $1.1 million for Single A shortstop Kristopher Negron . From August 15 through the end of the regular season , González appeared in 44 games for Boston , batting .284 with 5 home runs and 15 RBIs . Toronto Blue Jays . On November 26 , 2009 , González signed a one-year deal with the Toronto Blue Jays , with a club option for a second year . Atlanta Braves . On July 14 , 2010 , González was traded along with prospects Tim Collins and Tyler Pastornicky to the Atlanta Braves for shortstop Yunel Escobar and Jo-Jo Reyes . Milwaukee Brewers . On December 8 , 2011 , González was signed in free agency by the Milwaukee Brewers . He signed a one-year deal with a vesting option for 2013 if he has at least 525 plate appearances in 2012 . He will make $4.25 million in 2012 , and would make $4 million in 2013 . On May 5 , 2012 , Gonzalez was placed on the 15-day disabled list after suffering a right knee injury earlier in the day in a game at the San Francisco Giants . He was then placed on the disabled list after revealing that he had a torn ACL , and remained there for the rest of the season . During the offseason Gonzalez played in the Venezuelan Winter League for the Leones del Caracas . González filed for free agency after the World Series , but ultimately re-signed with the Brewers on a one-year , $1.5 million deal . He was released on June 3 , 2013 . Baltimore Orioles . On January 31 , 2014 , González signed a minor league contract with the Baltimore Orioles . He never appeared in a game with the Orioles . Detroit Tigers . On March 24 , 2014 , González was traded to the Detroit Tigers in exchange for Steve Lombardozzi , Jr. , who never played in Tigers uniform . In his Tigers debut Opening Day against the Kansas City Royals , Gonzalez hit an RBI-triple to tie the game in the seventh inning , and later hit a walkoff single in the ninth to give the Tigers a 4–3 victory . He was released on April 20 , 2014 .
|
[
"Boston Red Sox"
] |
[
{
"text": " Alexander Luis González ( born February 15 , 1977 ) is a former professional baseball shortstop . González played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the Florida Marlins ( 1998–2005 ) , Boston Red Sox ( 2006 , 2009 ) , Cincinnati Reds ( 2007–2009 ) , Toronto Blue Jays ( 2010 ) , Atlanta Braves ( 2010–2011 ) , Milwaukee Brewers ( 2012–2013 ) and Detroit Tigers ( 2014 ) . He was given the nickname Sea-bass while playing in Florida . He bats and throws right-handed .",
"title": "Álex González ( shortstop , born 1977 )"
},
{
"text": " In 1999 , while with the Florida Marlins , González made the Major League Baseball All-Star Game . In 2001 , he led all Major League shortstops with 26 errors .",
"title": "Florida Marlins"
},
{
"text": "González played an important role in the 2003 World Series against the Yankees . After going 1-for-13 in the first three games of the World Series , he hit a walk-off home run in the 12th inning of Game 4 to give the Marlins a 4–3 victory and a 2–2 tie in the Series . The extra innings happened because Floridas closer Ugueth Urbina blew a 3–1 lead in the ninth . In Game 5 , González hit a two-out game-tying double and later scored , helping the Marlins take a 3-2 series lead . González added an extra run",
"title": "Florida Marlins"
},
{
"text": "in the sixth and final game , when he slid around catcher Jorge Posada , eluding him and brushing the plate with his left hand . Florida beat the odds with a 2–0 victory and won the World Series .",
"title": "Florida Marlins"
},
{
"text": " One of his most productive seasons came in 2004 , when he posted career highs in at bats ( 561 ) and games played ( 159 ) , tied a career high in home runs ( 23 ) , yet also had a career high in strikeouts ( 126 ) .",
"title": "Florida Marlins"
},
{
"text": " Before the 2006 season , the Boston Red Sox signed González as a free agent to a one-year contract worth $3 million , plugging a hole in the starting lineup after the trade of shortstop Édgar Rentería to the Atlanta Braves . He reunited with former Marlins teammates Josh Beckett and Mike Lowell who were traded from Florida to Boston earlier . Gonzálezs signing with the Sox marked the second time he had replaced Rentería as the shortstop ; Renteria had just left the Marlins for the St . Louis Cardinals before González joined the team in 1998 .",
"title": "Boston Red Sox"
},
{
"text": " On November 18 , 2006 , he signed a three-year , $14 million contract with the Cincinnati Reds . In 2008 , an MRI showed that Gonzalez still had a fracture in his left knee . He was named Player of the Week for the week of April 29 , 2007 . When González was hurt in February , it looked like hed be back in the middle of April . Gonzalez had surgery on the knee in July , however , and ultimately missed the entire 2008 season . Boston Red Sox ( second stint ) .",
"title": "Cincinnati Reds"
},
{
"text": "On August 14 , 2009 , González cleared waivers with the Cincinnati Reds and was traded back to the Boston Red Sox with $1.1 million for Single A shortstop Kristopher Negron . From August 15 through the end of the regular season , González appeared in 44 games for Boston , batting .284 with 5 home runs and 15 RBIs .",
"title": "Cincinnati Reds"
},
{
"text": " On November 26 , 2009 , González signed a one-year deal with the Toronto Blue Jays , with a club option for a second year .",
"title": "Toronto Blue Jays"
},
{
"text": " On July 14 , 2010 , González was traded along with prospects Tim Collins and Tyler Pastornicky to the Atlanta Braves for shortstop Yunel Escobar and Jo-Jo Reyes .",
"title": "Atlanta Braves"
},
{
"text": "On December 8 , 2011 , González was signed in free agency by the Milwaukee Brewers . He signed a one-year deal with a vesting option for 2013 if he has at least 525 plate appearances in 2012 . He will make $4.25 million in 2012 , and would make $4 million in 2013 . On May 5 , 2012 , Gonzalez was placed on the 15-day disabled list after suffering a right knee injury earlier in the day in a game at the San Francisco Giants . He was then placed on the disabled list after revealing that he",
"title": "Milwaukee Brewers"
},
{
"text": "had a torn ACL , and remained there for the rest of the season . During the offseason Gonzalez played in the Venezuelan Winter League for the Leones del Caracas . González filed for free agency after the World Series , but ultimately re-signed with the Brewers on a one-year , $1.5 million deal . He was released on June 3 , 2013 .",
"title": "Milwaukee Brewers"
},
{
"text": " On January 31 , 2014 , González signed a minor league contract with the Baltimore Orioles . He never appeared in a game with the Orioles .",
"title": "Baltimore Orioles"
},
{
"text": " On March 24 , 2014 , González was traded to the Detroit Tigers in exchange for Steve Lombardozzi , Jr. , who never played in Tigers uniform . In his Tigers debut Opening Day against the Kansas City Royals , Gonzalez hit an RBI-triple to tie the game in the seventh inning , and later hit a walkoff single in the ninth to give the Tigers a 4–3 victory . He was released on April 20 , 2014 .",
"title": "Detroit Tigers"
}
] |
/wiki/Álex_González_(shortstop,_born_1977)#P54#4
|
Which team did Álex González (shortstop, born 1977) play for in Jan 2010?
|
Álex González ( shortstop , born 1977 ) Alexander Luis González ( born February 15 , 1977 ) is a former professional baseball shortstop . González played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the Florida Marlins ( 1998–2005 ) , Boston Red Sox ( 2006 , 2009 ) , Cincinnati Reds ( 2007–2009 ) , Toronto Blue Jays ( 2010 ) , Atlanta Braves ( 2010–2011 ) , Milwaukee Brewers ( 2012–2013 ) and Detroit Tigers ( 2014 ) . He was given the nickname Sea-bass while playing in Florida . He bats and throws right-handed . Playing career . Florida Marlins . In 1999 , while with the Florida Marlins , González made the Major League Baseball All-Star Game . In 2001 , he led all Major League shortstops with 26 errors . González played an important role in the 2003 World Series against the Yankees . After going 1-for-13 in the first three games of the World Series , he hit a walk-off home run in the 12th inning of Game 4 to give the Marlins a 4–3 victory and a 2–2 tie in the Series . The extra innings happened because Floridas closer Ugueth Urbina blew a 3–1 lead in the ninth . In Game 5 , González hit a two-out game-tying double and later scored , helping the Marlins take a 3-2 series lead . González added an extra run in the sixth and final game , when he slid around catcher Jorge Posada , eluding him and brushing the plate with his left hand . Florida beat the odds with a 2–0 victory and won the World Series . One of his most productive seasons came in 2004 , when he posted career highs in at bats ( 561 ) and games played ( 159 ) , tied a career high in home runs ( 23 ) , yet also had a career high in strikeouts ( 126 ) . Boston Red Sox . Before the 2006 season , the Boston Red Sox signed González as a free agent to a one-year contract worth $3 million , plugging a hole in the starting lineup after the trade of shortstop Édgar Rentería to the Atlanta Braves . He reunited with former Marlins teammates Josh Beckett and Mike Lowell who were traded from Florida to Boston earlier . Gonzálezs signing with the Sox marked the second time he had replaced Rentería as the shortstop ; Renteria had just left the Marlins for the St . Louis Cardinals before González joined the team in 1998 . Cincinnati Reds . On November 18 , 2006 , he signed a three-year , $14 million contract with the Cincinnati Reds . In 2008 , an MRI showed that Gonzalez still had a fracture in his left knee . He was named Player of the Week for the week of April 29 , 2007 . When González was hurt in February , it looked like hed be back in the middle of April . Gonzalez had surgery on the knee in July , however , and ultimately missed the entire 2008 season . Boston Red Sox ( second stint ) . On August 14 , 2009 , González cleared waivers with the Cincinnati Reds and was traded back to the Boston Red Sox with $1.1 million for Single A shortstop Kristopher Negron . From August 15 through the end of the regular season , González appeared in 44 games for Boston , batting .284 with 5 home runs and 15 RBIs . Toronto Blue Jays . On November 26 , 2009 , González signed a one-year deal with the Toronto Blue Jays , with a club option for a second year . Atlanta Braves . On July 14 , 2010 , González was traded along with prospects Tim Collins and Tyler Pastornicky to the Atlanta Braves for shortstop Yunel Escobar and Jo-Jo Reyes . Milwaukee Brewers . On December 8 , 2011 , González was signed in free agency by the Milwaukee Brewers . He signed a one-year deal with a vesting option for 2013 if he has at least 525 plate appearances in 2012 . He will make $4.25 million in 2012 , and would make $4 million in 2013 . On May 5 , 2012 , Gonzalez was placed on the 15-day disabled list after suffering a right knee injury earlier in the day in a game at the San Francisco Giants . He was then placed on the disabled list after revealing that he had a torn ACL , and remained there for the rest of the season . During the offseason Gonzalez played in the Venezuelan Winter League for the Leones del Caracas . González filed for free agency after the World Series , but ultimately re-signed with the Brewers on a one-year , $1.5 million deal . He was released on June 3 , 2013 . Baltimore Orioles . On January 31 , 2014 , González signed a minor league contract with the Baltimore Orioles . He never appeared in a game with the Orioles . Detroit Tigers . On March 24 , 2014 , González was traded to the Detroit Tigers in exchange for Steve Lombardozzi , Jr. , who never played in Tigers uniform . In his Tigers debut Opening Day against the Kansas City Royals , Gonzalez hit an RBI-triple to tie the game in the seventh inning , and later hit a walkoff single in the ninth to give the Tigers a 4–3 victory . He was released on April 20 , 2014 .
|
[
"Toronto Blue Jays"
] |
[
{
"text": " Alexander Luis González ( born February 15 , 1977 ) is a former professional baseball shortstop . González played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the Florida Marlins ( 1998–2005 ) , Boston Red Sox ( 2006 , 2009 ) , Cincinnati Reds ( 2007–2009 ) , Toronto Blue Jays ( 2010 ) , Atlanta Braves ( 2010–2011 ) , Milwaukee Brewers ( 2012–2013 ) and Detroit Tigers ( 2014 ) . He was given the nickname Sea-bass while playing in Florida . He bats and throws right-handed .",
"title": "Álex González ( shortstop , born 1977 )"
},
{
"text": " In 1999 , while with the Florida Marlins , González made the Major League Baseball All-Star Game . In 2001 , he led all Major League shortstops with 26 errors .",
"title": "Florida Marlins"
},
{
"text": "González played an important role in the 2003 World Series against the Yankees . After going 1-for-13 in the first three games of the World Series , he hit a walk-off home run in the 12th inning of Game 4 to give the Marlins a 4–3 victory and a 2–2 tie in the Series . The extra innings happened because Floridas closer Ugueth Urbina blew a 3–1 lead in the ninth . In Game 5 , González hit a two-out game-tying double and later scored , helping the Marlins take a 3-2 series lead . González added an extra run",
"title": "Florida Marlins"
},
{
"text": "in the sixth and final game , when he slid around catcher Jorge Posada , eluding him and brushing the plate with his left hand . Florida beat the odds with a 2–0 victory and won the World Series .",
"title": "Florida Marlins"
},
{
"text": " One of his most productive seasons came in 2004 , when he posted career highs in at bats ( 561 ) and games played ( 159 ) , tied a career high in home runs ( 23 ) , yet also had a career high in strikeouts ( 126 ) .",
"title": "Florida Marlins"
},
{
"text": " Before the 2006 season , the Boston Red Sox signed González as a free agent to a one-year contract worth $3 million , plugging a hole in the starting lineup after the trade of shortstop Édgar Rentería to the Atlanta Braves . He reunited with former Marlins teammates Josh Beckett and Mike Lowell who were traded from Florida to Boston earlier . Gonzálezs signing with the Sox marked the second time he had replaced Rentería as the shortstop ; Renteria had just left the Marlins for the St . Louis Cardinals before González joined the team in 1998 .",
"title": "Boston Red Sox"
},
{
"text": " On November 18 , 2006 , he signed a three-year , $14 million contract with the Cincinnati Reds . In 2008 , an MRI showed that Gonzalez still had a fracture in his left knee . He was named Player of the Week for the week of April 29 , 2007 . When González was hurt in February , it looked like hed be back in the middle of April . Gonzalez had surgery on the knee in July , however , and ultimately missed the entire 2008 season . Boston Red Sox ( second stint ) .",
"title": "Cincinnati Reds"
},
{
"text": "On August 14 , 2009 , González cleared waivers with the Cincinnati Reds and was traded back to the Boston Red Sox with $1.1 million for Single A shortstop Kristopher Negron . From August 15 through the end of the regular season , González appeared in 44 games for Boston , batting .284 with 5 home runs and 15 RBIs .",
"title": "Cincinnati Reds"
},
{
"text": " On November 26 , 2009 , González signed a one-year deal with the Toronto Blue Jays , with a club option for a second year .",
"title": "Toronto Blue Jays"
},
{
"text": " On July 14 , 2010 , González was traded along with prospects Tim Collins and Tyler Pastornicky to the Atlanta Braves for shortstop Yunel Escobar and Jo-Jo Reyes .",
"title": "Atlanta Braves"
},
{
"text": "On December 8 , 2011 , González was signed in free agency by the Milwaukee Brewers . He signed a one-year deal with a vesting option for 2013 if he has at least 525 plate appearances in 2012 . He will make $4.25 million in 2012 , and would make $4 million in 2013 . On May 5 , 2012 , Gonzalez was placed on the 15-day disabled list after suffering a right knee injury earlier in the day in a game at the San Francisco Giants . He was then placed on the disabled list after revealing that he",
"title": "Milwaukee Brewers"
},
{
"text": "had a torn ACL , and remained there for the rest of the season . During the offseason Gonzalez played in the Venezuelan Winter League for the Leones del Caracas . González filed for free agency after the World Series , but ultimately re-signed with the Brewers on a one-year , $1.5 million deal . He was released on June 3 , 2013 .",
"title": "Milwaukee Brewers"
},
{
"text": " On January 31 , 2014 , González signed a minor league contract with the Baltimore Orioles . He never appeared in a game with the Orioles .",
"title": "Baltimore Orioles"
},
{
"text": " On March 24 , 2014 , González was traded to the Detroit Tigers in exchange for Steve Lombardozzi , Jr. , who never played in Tigers uniform . In his Tigers debut Opening Day against the Kansas City Royals , Gonzalez hit an RBI-triple to tie the game in the seventh inning , and later hit a walkoff single in the ninth to give the Tigers a 4–3 victory . He was released on April 20 , 2014 .",
"title": "Detroit Tigers"
}
] |
/wiki/Álex_González_(shortstop,_born_1977)#P54#5
|
Which team did Álex González (shortstop, born 1977) play for between Dec 2010 and Aug 2011?
|
Álex González ( shortstop , born 1977 ) Alexander Luis González ( born February 15 , 1977 ) is a former professional baseball shortstop . González played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the Florida Marlins ( 1998–2005 ) , Boston Red Sox ( 2006 , 2009 ) , Cincinnati Reds ( 2007–2009 ) , Toronto Blue Jays ( 2010 ) , Atlanta Braves ( 2010–2011 ) , Milwaukee Brewers ( 2012–2013 ) and Detroit Tigers ( 2014 ) . He was given the nickname Sea-bass while playing in Florida . He bats and throws right-handed . Playing career . Florida Marlins . In 1999 , while with the Florida Marlins , González made the Major League Baseball All-Star Game . In 2001 , he led all Major League shortstops with 26 errors . González played an important role in the 2003 World Series against the Yankees . After going 1-for-13 in the first three games of the World Series , he hit a walk-off home run in the 12th inning of Game 4 to give the Marlins a 4–3 victory and a 2–2 tie in the Series . The extra innings happened because Floridas closer Ugueth Urbina blew a 3–1 lead in the ninth . In Game 5 , González hit a two-out game-tying double and later scored , helping the Marlins take a 3-2 series lead . González added an extra run in the sixth and final game , when he slid around catcher Jorge Posada , eluding him and brushing the plate with his left hand . Florida beat the odds with a 2–0 victory and won the World Series . One of his most productive seasons came in 2004 , when he posted career highs in at bats ( 561 ) and games played ( 159 ) , tied a career high in home runs ( 23 ) , yet also had a career high in strikeouts ( 126 ) . Boston Red Sox . Before the 2006 season , the Boston Red Sox signed González as a free agent to a one-year contract worth $3 million , plugging a hole in the starting lineup after the trade of shortstop Édgar Rentería to the Atlanta Braves . He reunited with former Marlins teammates Josh Beckett and Mike Lowell who were traded from Florida to Boston earlier . Gonzálezs signing with the Sox marked the second time he had replaced Rentería as the shortstop ; Renteria had just left the Marlins for the St . Louis Cardinals before González joined the team in 1998 . Cincinnati Reds . On November 18 , 2006 , he signed a three-year , $14 million contract with the Cincinnati Reds . In 2008 , an MRI showed that Gonzalez still had a fracture in his left knee . He was named Player of the Week for the week of April 29 , 2007 . When González was hurt in February , it looked like hed be back in the middle of April . Gonzalez had surgery on the knee in July , however , and ultimately missed the entire 2008 season . Boston Red Sox ( second stint ) . On August 14 , 2009 , González cleared waivers with the Cincinnati Reds and was traded back to the Boston Red Sox with $1.1 million for Single A shortstop Kristopher Negron . From August 15 through the end of the regular season , González appeared in 44 games for Boston , batting .284 with 5 home runs and 15 RBIs . Toronto Blue Jays . On November 26 , 2009 , González signed a one-year deal with the Toronto Blue Jays , with a club option for a second year . Atlanta Braves . On July 14 , 2010 , González was traded along with prospects Tim Collins and Tyler Pastornicky to the Atlanta Braves for shortstop Yunel Escobar and Jo-Jo Reyes . Milwaukee Brewers . On December 8 , 2011 , González was signed in free agency by the Milwaukee Brewers . He signed a one-year deal with a vesting option for 2013 if he has at least 525 plate appearances in 2012 . He will make $4.25 million in 2012 , and would make $4 million in 2013 . On May 5 , 2012 , Gonzalez was placed on the 15-day disabled list after suffering a right knee injury earlier in the day in a game at the San Francisco Giants . He was then placed on the disabled list after revealing that he had a torn ACL , and remained there for the rest of the season . During the offseason Gonzalez played in the Venezuelan Winter League for the Leones del Caracas . González filed for free agency after the World Series , but ultimately re-signed with the Brewers on a one-year , $1.5 million deal . He was released on June 3 , 2013 . Baltimore Orioles . On January 31 , 2014 , González signed a minor league contract with the Baltimore Orioles . He never appeared in a game with the Orioles . Detroit Tigers . On March 24 , 2014 , González was traded to the Detroit Tigers in exchange for Steve Lombardozzi , Jr. , who never played in Tigers uniform . In his Tigers debut Opening Day against the Kansas City Royals , Gonzalez hit an RBI-triple to tie the game in the seventh inning , and later hit a walkoff single in the ninth to give the Tigers a 4–3 victory . He was released on April 20 , 2014 .
|
[
"Atlanta Braves"
] |
[
{
"text": " Alexander Luis González ( born February 15 , 1977 ) is a former professional baseball shortstop . González played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the Florida Marlins ( 1998–2005 ) , Boston Red Sox ( 2006 , 2009 ) , Cincinnati Reds ( 2007–2009 ) , Toronto Blue Jays ( 2010 ) , Atlanta Braves ( 2010–2011 ) , Milwaukee Brewers ( 2012–2013 ) and Detroit Tigers ( 2014 ) . He was given the nickname Sea-bass while playing in Florida . He bats and throws right-handed .",
"title": "Álex González ( shortstop , born 1977 )"
},
{
"text": " In 1999 , while with the Florida Marlins , González made the Major League Baseball All-Star Game . In 2001 , he led all Major League shortstops with 26 errors .",
"title": "Florida Marlins"
},
{
"text": "González played an important role in the 2003 World Series against the Yankees . After going 1-for-13 in the first three games of the World Series , he hit a walk-off home run in the 12th inning of Game 4 to give the Marlins a 4–3 victory and a 2–2 tie in the Series . The extra innings happened because Floridas closer Ugueth Urbina blew a 3–1 lead in the ninth . In Game 5 , González hit a two-out game-tying double and later scored , helping the Marlins take a 3-2 series lead . González added an extra run",
"title": "Florida Marlins"
},
{
"text": "in the sixth and final game , when he slid around catcher Jorge Posada , eluding him and brushing the plate with his left hand . Florida beat the odds with a 2–0 victory and won the World Series .",
"title": "Florida Marlins"
},
{
"text": " One of his most productive seasons came in 2004 , when he posted career highs in at bats ( 561 ) and games played ( 159 ) , tied a career high in home runs ( 23 ) , yet also had a career high in strikeouts ( 126 ) .",
"title": "Florida Marlins"
},
{
"text": " Before the 2006 season , the Boston Red Sox signed González as a free agent to a one-year contract worth $3 million , plugging a hole in the starting lineup after the trade of shortstop Édgar Rentería to the Atlanta Braves . He reunited with former Marlins teammates Josh Beckett and Mike Lowell who were traded from Florida to Boston earlier . Gonzálezs signing with the Sox marked the second time he had replaced Rentería as the shortstop ; Renteria had just left the Marlins for the St . Louis Cardinals before González joined the team in 1998 .",
"title": "Boston Red Sox"
},
{
"text": " On November 18 , 2006 , he signed a three-year , $14 million contract with the Cincinnati Reds . In 2008 , an MRI showed that Gonzalez still had a fracture in his left knee . He was named Player of the Week for the week of April 29 , 2007 . When González was hurt in February , it looked like hed be back in the middle of April . Gonzalez had surgery on the knee in July , however , and ultimately missed the entire 2008 season . Boston Red Sox ( second stint ) .",
"title": "Cincinnati Reds"
},
{
"text": "On August 14 , 2009 , González cleared waivers with the Cincinnati Reds and was traded back to the Boston Red Sox with $1.1 million for Single A shortstop Kristopher Negron . From August 15 through the end of the regular season , González appeared in 44 games for Boston , batting .284 with 5 home runs and 15 RBIs .",
"title": "Cincinnati Reds"
},
{
"text": " On November 26 , 2009 , González signed a one-year deal with the Toronto Blue Jays , with a club option for a second year .",
"title": "Toronto Blue Jays"
},
{
"text": " On July 14 , 2010 , González was traded along with prospects Tim Collins and Tyler Pastornicky to the Atlanta Braves for shortstop Yunel Escobar and Jo-Jo Reyes .",
"title": "Atlanta Braves"
},
{
"text": "On December 8 , 2011 , González was signed in free agency by the Milwaukee Brewers . He signed a one-year deal with a vesting option for 2013 if he has at least 525 plate appearances in 2012 . He will make $4.25 million in 2012 , and would make $4 million in 2013 . On May 5 , 2012 , Gonzalez was placed on the 15-day disabled list after suffering a right knee injury earlier in the day in a game at the San Francisco Giants . He was then placed on the disabled list after revealing that he",
"title": "Milwaukee Brewers"
},
{
"text": "had a torn ACL , and remained there for the rest of the season . During the offseason Gonzalez played in the Venezuelan Winter League for the Leones del Caracas . González filed for free agency after the World Series , but ultimately re-signed with the Brewers on a one-year , $1.5 million deal . He was released on June 3 , 2013 .",
"title": "Milwaukee Brewers"
},
{
"text": " On January 31 , 2014 , González signed a minor league contract with the Baltimore Orioles . He never appeared in a game with the Orioles .",
"title": "Baltimore Orioles"
},
{
"text": " On March 24 , 2014 , González was traded to the Detroit Tigers in exchange for Steve Lombardozzi , Jr. , who never played in Tigers uniform . In his Tigers debut Opening Day against the Kansas City Royals , Gonzalez hit an RBI-triple to tie the game in the seventh inning , and later hit a walkoff single in the ninth to give the Tigers a 4–3 victory . He was released on April 20 , 2014 .",
"title": "Detroit Tigers"
}
] |
/wiki/Álex_González_(shortstop,_born_1977)#P54#6
|
Which team did Álex González (shortstop, born 1977) play for between Jul 2012 and Aug 2012?
|
Álex González ( shortstop , born 1977 ) Alexander Luis González ( born February 15 , 1977 ) is a former professional baseball shortstop . González played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the Florida Marlins ( 1998–2005 ) , Boston Red Sox ( 2006 , 2009 ) , Cincinnati Reds ( 2007–2009 ) , Toronto Blue Jays ( 2010 ) , Atlanta Braves ( 2010–2011 ) , Milwaukee Brewers ( 2012–2013 ) and Detroit Tigers ( 2014 ) . He was given the nickname Sea-bass while playing in Florida . He bats and throws right-handed . Playing career . Florida Marlins . In 1999 , while with the Florida Marlins , González made the Major League Baseball All-Star Game . In 2001 , he led all Major League shortstops with 26 errors . González played an important role in the 2003 World Series against the Yankees . After going 1-for-13 in the first three games of the World Series , he hit a walk-off home run in the 12th inning of Game 4 to give the Marlins a 4–3 victory and a 2–2 tie in the Series . The extra innings happened because Floridas closer Ugueth Urbina blew a 3–1 lead in the ninth . In Game 5 , González hit a two-out game-tying double and later scored , helping the Marlins take a 3-2 series lead . González added an extra run in the sixth and final game , when he slid around catcher Jorge Posada , eluding him and brushing the plate with his left hand . Florida beat the odds with a 2–0 victory and won the World Series . One of his most productive seasons came in 2004 , when he posted career highs in at bats ( 561 ) and games played ( 159 ) , tied a career high in home runs ( 23 ) , yet also had a career high in strikeouts ( 126 ) . Boston Red Sox . Before the 2006 season , the Boston Red Sox signed González as a free agent to a one-year contract worth $3 million , plugging a hole in the starting lineup after the trade of shortstop Édgar Rentería to the Atlanta Braves . He reunited with former Marlins teammates Josh Beckett and Mike Lowell who were traded from Florida to Boston earlier . Gonzálezs signing with the Sox marked the second time he had replaced Rentería as the shortstop ; Renteria had just left the Marlins for the St . Louis Cardinals before González joined the team in 1998 . Cincinnati Reds . On November 18 , 2006 , he signed a three-year , $14 million contract with the Cincinnati Reds . In 2008 , an MRI showed that Gonzalez still had a fracture in his left knee . He was named Player of the Week for the week of April 29 , 2007 . When González was hurt in February , it looked like hed be back in the middle of April . Gonzalez had surgery on the knee in July , however , and ultimately missed the entire 2008 season . Boston Red Sox ( second stint ) . On August 14 , 2009 , González cleared waivers with the Cincinnati Reds and was traded back to the Boston Red Sox with $1.1 million for Single A shortstop Kristopher Negron . From August 15 through the end of the regular season , González appeared in 44 games for Boston , batting .284 with 5 home runs and 15 RBIs . Toronto Blue Jays . On November 26 , 2009 , González signed a one-year deal with the Toronto Blue Jays , with a club option for a second year . Atlanta Braves . On July 14 , 2010 , González was traded along with prospects Tim Collins and Tyler Pastornicky to the Atlanta Braves for shortstop Yunel Escobar and Jo-Jo Reyes . Milwaukee Brewers . On December 8 , 2011 , González was signed in free agency by the Milwaukee Brewers . He signed a one-year deal with a vesting option for 2013 if he has at least 525 plate appearances in 2012 . He will make $4.25 million in 2012 , and would make $4 million in 2013 . On May 5 , 2012 , Gonzalez was placed on the 15-day disabled list after suffering a right knee injury earlier in the day in a game at the San Francisco Giants . He was then placed on the disabled list after revealing that he had a torn ACL , and remained there for the rest of the season . During the offseason Gonzalez played in the Venezuelan Winter League for the Leones del Caracas . González filed for free agency after the World Series , but ultimately re-signed with the Brewers on a one-year , $1.5 million deal . He was released on June 3 , 2013 . Baltimore Orioles . On January 31 , 2014 , González signed a minor league contract with the Baltimore Orioles . He never appeared in a game with the Orioles . Detroit Tigers . On March 24 , 2014 , González was traded to the Detroit Tigers in exchange for Steve Lombardozzi , Jr. , who never played in Tigers uniform . In his Tigers debut Opening Day against the Kansas City Royals , Gonzalez hit an RBI-triple to tie the game in the seventh inning , and later hit a walkoff single in the ninth to give the Tigers a 4–3 victory . He was released on April 20 , 2014 .
|
[
"Milwaukee Brewers"
] |
[
{
"text": " Alexander Luis González ( born February 15 , 1977 ) is a former professional baseball shortstop . González played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the Florida Marlins ( 1998–2005 ) , Boston Red Sox ( 2006 , 2009 ) , Cincinnati Reds ( 2007–2009 ) , Toronto Blue Jays ( 2010 ) , Atlanta Braves ( 2010–2011 ) , Milwaukee Brewers ( 2012–2013 ) and Detroit Tigers ( 2014 ) . He was given the nickname Sea-bass while playing in Florida . He bats and throws right-handed .",
"title": "Álex González ( shortstop , born 1977 )"
},
{
"text": " In 1999 , while with the Florida Marlins , González made the Major League Baseball All-Star Game . In 2001 , he led all Major League shortstops with 26 errors .",
"title": "Florida Marlins"
},
{
"text": "González played an important role in the 2003 World Series against the Yankees . After going 1-for-13 in the first three games of the World Series , he hit a walk-off home run in the 12th inning of Game 4 to give the Marlins a 4–3 victory and a 2–2 tie in the Series . The extra innings happened because Floridas closer Ugueth Urbina blew a 3–1 lead in the ninth . In Game 5 , González hit a two-out game-tying double and later scored , helping the Marlins take a 3-2 series lead . González added an extra run",
"title": "Florida Marlins"
},
{
"text": "in the sixth and final game , when he slid around catcher Jorge Posada , eluding him and brushing the plate with his left hand . Florida beat the odds with a 2–0 victory and won the World Series .",
"title": "Florida Marlins"
},
{
"text": " One of his most productive seasons came in 2004 , when he posted career highs in at bats ( 561 ) and games played ( 159 ) , tied a career high in home runs ( 23 ) , yet also had a career high in strikeouts ( 126 ) .",
"title": "Florida Marlins"
},
{
"text": " Before the 2006 season , the Boston Red Sox signed González as a free agent to a one-year contract worth $3 million , plugging a hole in the starting lineup after the trade of shortstop Édgar Rentería to the Atlanta Braves . He reunited with former Marlins teammates Josh Beckett and Mike Lowell who were traded from Florida to Boston earlier . Gonzálezs signing with the Sox marked the second time he had replaced Rentería as the shortstop ; Renteria had just left the Marlins for the St . Louis Cardinals before González joined the team in 1998 .",
"title": "Boston Red Sox"
},
{
"text": " On November 18 , 2006 , he signed a three-year , $14 million contract with the Cincinnati Reds . In 2008 , an MRI showed that Gonzalez still had a fracture in his left knee . He was named Player of the Week for the week of April 29 , 2007 . When González was hurt in February , it looked like hed be back in the middle of April . Gonzalez had surgery on the knee in July , however , and ultimately missed the entire 2008 season . Boston Red Sox ( second stint ) .",
"title": "Cincinnati Reds"
},
{
"text": "On August 14 , 2009 , González cleared waivers with the Cincinnati Reds and was traded back to the Boston Red Sox with $1.1 million for Single A shortstop Kristopher Negron . From August 15 through the end of the regular season , González appeared in 44 games for Boston , batting .284 with 5 home runs and 15 RBIs .",
"title": "Cincinnati Reds"
},
{
"text": " On November 26 , 2009 , González signed a one-year deal with the Toronto Blue Jays , with a club option for a second year .",
"title": "Toronto Blue Jays"
},
{
"text": " On July 14 , 2010 , González was traded along with prospects Tim Collins and Tyler Pastornicky to the Atlanta Braves for shortstop Yunel Escobar and Jo-Jo Reyes .",
"title": "Atlanta Braves"
},
{
"text": "On December 8 , 2011 , González was signed in free agency by the Milwaukee Brewers . He signed a one-year deal with a vesting option for 2013 if he has at least 525 plate appearances in 2012 . He will make $4.25 million in 2012 , and would make $4 million in 2013 . On May 5 , 2012 , Gonzalez was placed on the 15-day disabled list after suffering a right knee injury earlier in the day in a game at the San Francisco Giants . He was then placed on the disabled list after revealing that he",
"title": "Milwaukee Brewers"
},
{
"text": "had a torn ACL , and remained there for the rest of the season . During the offseason Gonzalez played in the Venezuelan Winter League for the Leones del Caracas . González filed for free agency after the World Series , but ultimately re-signed with the Brewers on a one-year , $1.5 million deal . He was released on June 3 , 2013 .",
"title": "Milwaukee Brewers"
},
{
"text": " On January 31 , 2014 , González signed a minor league contract with the Baltimore Orioles . He never appeared in a game with the Orioles .",
"title": "Baltimore Orioles"
},
{
"text": " On March 24 , 2014 , González was traded to the Detroit Tigers in exchange for Steve Lombardozzi , Jr. , who never played in Tigers uniform . In his Tigers debut Opening Day against the Kansas City Royals , Gonzalez hit an RBI-triple to tie the game in the seventh inning , and later hit a walkoff single in the ninth to give the Tigers a 4–3 victory . He was released on April 20 , 2014 .",
"title": "Detroit Tigers"
}
] |
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