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/wiki/Konrad_Schumann#P27#2
What was the nationality of Konrad Schumann after Jan 1978?
Konrad Schumann Hans Konrad Schumann ( often anglicized to Hans Conrad Schumann in English-language sources ; March 28 , 1942 – June 20 , 1998 ) was an East German border guard who escaped to West Germany during the construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961 . Early life . Born in Zschochau ( now part of Ostrau , Saxony ) during World War II , Schumann enlisted in the East German Bereitschaftspolizei ( state police ) following his 18th birthday . After three months training in Dresden , he was posted to a non-commissioned officers college in Potsdam , after which he volunteered for service in Berlin . Escape to West Germany . On 15 August 1961 , the 19-year-old Schumann was sent to the corner of Ruppiner Strasse and Bernauer Strasse to guard the Berlin Wall on its third day of construction . He and his unit arrived at 4:30 AM , where an officer ordered them to take control and protect the border against the enemies of socialism . Schumann later recalled : We stood around looking pretty stupid at first . Nobody had told us how thats done : taking control of a border . At that time and place , the wall was only a single coil of concertina wire . Throughout the day , as Schumann paced ten steps up and down , West Berlin residents shouted catcalls . You pigs ! You traitors ! You concentration camp guards ! One scene particularly upset Schumann . A young lady in east Berlin passed a bouquet of flowers over the top of the wire to an older lady in west Berlin , obviously the younger ladys mother , and wished her a happy birthday . The young lady apologized for not being able to visit , then motioned to Schumann and added , Those [ people ] over there , they wont let me cross anymore . Schumann started to reconsider whether he really wanted to spend the rest of his working life keeping his fellow citizens imprisoned . Around noon , a west Berlin crowd of about 1,000 demonstrators approached the wire at Schumanns post . They shouted various slogans , including Freiheit ( Liberty ) . Schumann recalled : Suddenly the mass of people moved toward us like a living wall . I thought : theyre going to run over us right away . I was nervous and didnt know what to do . I didnt want to shoot and I wasnt supposed to . Before Schumann was forced to act , more soldiers arrived in armored cars and pushed the crowd back with rifles fixed with bayonets . Schumann started to think that he should leave , especially after trucks arrived with concrete posts and steel plates . Over the course of two hours , when no other soldier was watching , he pushed down the same section of wire . West Berlin bystanders started to take notice . One young man came close and Schumann yelled at him Get back at once , then whispered Im going to jump ! The young man alerted the West Berlin police , who showed up with a van . At roughly 4:00 PM , Schumann jumped over the barbed wire while dropping his PPSh-41 submachine gun , and was promptly driven away in the van by West Berlin police . West German photographer Peter Leibing photographed Schumanns escape . The photograph , entitled Leap into Freedom , has since become an iconic image of the Cold War era and featured at the beginning of the 1982 Disney film Night Crossing . The scene , including Schumanns preparations , was also filmed on 16-mm film from the same perspective by camera operator Dieter Hoffmann . Schumann went from West Berlin to West Germany , settling in Bavaria . In 1962 , he met and married Kunigunde Gunda in Günzburg . They had a son the following year . Schumann took up a new job at a winery and eventually at the Audi car assembly factory in Ingolstadt , where he worked for nearly 30 years . Later life and death . After the fall of the Berlin Wall Schumann said , Only since 9 November 1989 [ the date of the fall ] have I felt truly free . Even so , he continued to feel more at home in Bavaria than in his birthplace , citing old frictions with his former colleagues , and was even hesitant to visit his parents and siblings in Saxony . On 20 June 1998 , suffering from depression , he committed suicide , hanging himself in his orchard near the town of Kipfenberg in Upper Bavaria . His body was found by his wife a few hours later . In May 2011 , the photograph of Schumanns leap into freedom was inducted into the UNESCO Memory of the World programme as part of a collection of documents on the fall of the Berlin Wall . Monument . A sculpture called Mauerspringer ( Walljumper ) by Florian and Michael Brauer and Edward Anders can be seen close to the site of the defection , but has since been moved to the side of a building on Brunnenstraße , several meters south of Bernauer Straße . Literature . - Christoph Links : Schumann , Konrad . In : Wer war wer in der DDR ? 5 . Ausgabe . Band 2 , Ch . Links , Berlin 2010 , .
[ "German" ]
[ { "text": " Hans Konrad Schumann ( often anglicized to Hans Conrad Schumann in English-language sources ; March 28 , 1942 – June 20 , 1998 ) was an East German border guard who escaped to West Germany during the construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961 .", "title": "Konrad Schumann" }, { "text": " Born in Zschochau ( now part of Ostrau , Saxony ) during World War II , Schumann enlisted in the East German Bereitschaftspolizei ( state police ) following his 18th birthday . After three months training in Dresden , he was posted to a non-commissioned officers college in Potsdam , after which he volunteered for service in Berlin . Escape to West Germany .", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": "On 15 August 1961 , the 19-year-old Schumann was sent to the corner of Ruppiner Strasse and Bernauer Strasse to guard the Berlin Wall on its third day of construction . He and his unit arrived at 4:30 AM , where an officer ordered them to take control and protect the border against the enemies of socialism . Schumann later recalled : We stood around looking pretty stupid at first . Nobody had told us how thats done : taking control of a border .", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": " At that time and place , the wall was only a single coil of concertina wire . Throughout the day , as Schumann paced ten steps up and down , West Berlin residents shouted catcalls . You pigs ! You traitors ! You concentration camp guards !", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": "One scene particularly upset Schumann . A young lady in east Berlin passed a bouquet of flowers over the top of the wire to an older lady in west Berlin , obviously the younger ladys mother , and wished her a happy birthday . The young lady apologized for not being able to visit , then motioned to Schumann and added , Those [ people ] over there , they wont let me cross anymore . Schumann started to reconsider whether he really wanted to spend the rest of his working life keeping his fellow citizens imprisoned .", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": " Around noon , a west Berlin crowd of about 1,000 demonstrators approached the wire at Schumanns post . They shouted various slogans , including Freiheit ( Liberty ) . Schumann recalled : Suddenly the mass of people moved toward us like a living wall . I thought : theyre going to run over us right away . I was nervous and didnt know what to do . I didnt want to shoot and I wasnt supposed to .", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": "Before Schumann was forced to act , more soldiers arrived in armored cars and pushed the crowd back with rifles fixed with bayonets .", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": " Schumann started to think that he should leave , especially after trucks arrived with concrete posts and steel plates . Over the course of two hours , when no other soldier was watching , he pushed down the same section of wire . West Berlin bystanders started to take notice . One young man came close and Schumann yelled at him Get back at once , then whispered Im going to jump ! The young man alerted the West Berlin police , who showed up with a van .", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": "At roughly 4:00 PM , Schumann jumped over the barbed wire while dropping his PPSh-41 submachine gun , and was promptly driven away in the van by West Berlin police . West German photographer Peter Leibing photographed Schumanns escape . The photograph , entitled Leap into Freedom , has since become an iconic image of the Cold War era and featured at the beginning of the 1982 Disney film Night Crossing . The scene , including Schumanns preparations , was also filmed on 16-mm film from the same perspective by camera operator Dieter Hoffmann .", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": " Schumann went from West Berlin to West Germany , settling in Bavaria . In 1962 , he met and married Kunigunde Gunda in Günzburg . They had a son the following year . Schumann took up a new job at a winery and eventually at the Audi car assembly factory in Ingolstadt , where he worked for nearly 30 years . Later life and death .", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": "After the fall of the Berlin Wall Schumann said , Only since 9 November 1989 [ the date of the fall ] have I felt truly free . Even so , he continued to feel more at home in Bavaria than in his birthplace , citing old frictions with his former colleagues , and was even hesitant to visit his parents and siblings in Saxony .", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": " On 20 June 1998 , suffering from depression , he committed suicide , hanging himself in his orchard near the town of Kipfenberg in Upper Bavaria . His body was found by his wife a few hours later . In May 2011 , the photograph of Schumanns leap into freedom was inducted into the UNESCO Memory of the World programme as part of a collection of documents on the fall of the Berlin Wall .", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": " A sculpture called Mauerspringer ( Walljumper ) by Florian and Michael Brauer and Edward Anders can be seen close to the site of the defection , but has since been moved to the side of a building on Brunnenstraße , several meters south of Bernauer Straße .", "title": "Monument" }, { "text": " - Christoph Links : Schumann , Konrad . In : Wer war wer in der DDR ? 5 . Ausgabe . Band 2 , Ch . Links , Berlin 2010 , .", "title": "Literature" } ]
/wiki/John_Pople#P108#0
John Pople was an employee for whom in Jul 1954?
John Pople Sir John Anthony Pople ( 31 October 1925 – 15 March 2004 ) was a British theoretical chemist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Walter Kohn in 1998 for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry . Early life and education . Pople was born in Burnham-on-Sea , Somerset , and attended the Bristol Grammar School . He won a scholarship to Trinity College , Cambridge , in 1943 . He received his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1946 . Between 1945 and 1947 he worked at the Bristol Aeroplane Company . He then returned to the University of Cambridge and was awarded his PhD in mathematics in 1951 on lone pair electrons . Career . After obtaining his PhD , he was a research fellow at Trinity College , Cambridge and then from 1954 a lecturer in the mathematics faculty at Cambridge . In 1958 , he moved to the National Physical Laboratory , near London as head of the new basics physics division . He moved to the United States of America in 1964 , where he lived the rest of his life , though he retained British citizenship . Pople considered himself more of a mathematician than a chemist , but theoretical chemists consider him one of the most important of their number . In 1964 he moved to Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , where he had experienced a sabbatical in 1961 to 1962 . In 1993 he moved to Northwestern University in Evanston , Illinois where he was Trustees Professor of Chemistry until his death . Research . Poples major scientific contributions were in four different areas : Statistical mechanics of water . Poples early paper on the statistical mechanics of water , according to Michael J . Frisch , remained the standard for many years . This was his thesis topic for his PhD at Cambridge supervised by John Lennard-Jones . Nuclear magnetic resonance . In the early days of nuclear magnetic resonance he studied the underlying theory , and in 1959 he co-authored the textbook High Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance with W.G . Schneider and H.J . Bernstein . Semi-empirical theory . He made major contributions to the theory of approximate molecular orbital ( MO ) calculations , starting with one identical to the one developed by Rudolph Pariser and Robert G . Parr on pi electron systems , and now called the Pariser-Parr-Pople method . Subsequently , he developed the methods of Complete Neglect of Differential Overlap ( CNDO ) ( in 1965 ) and Intermediate Neglect of Differential Overlap ( INDO ) for approximate MO calculations on three-dimensional molecules , and other developments in computational chemistry . In 1970 he and David Beveridge coauthored the book Approximate Molecular Orbital Theory describing these methods . Ab initio electronic structure theory . Pople pioneered the development of more sophisticated computational methods , called ab initio quantum chemistry methods , that use basis sets of either Slater type orbitals or Gaussian orbitals to model the wave function . While in the early days these calculations were extremely expensive to perform , the advent of high speed microprocessors has made them much more feasible today . He was instrumental in the development of one of the most widely used computational chemistry packages , the Gaussian suite of programs , including coauthorship of the first version , Gaussian 70 . One of his most important original contributions is the concept of a model chemistry whereby a method is rigorously evaluated across a range of molecules . His research group developed the quantum chemistry composite methods such as Gaussian-1 ( G1 ) and Gaussian-2 ( G2 ) . In 1991 , Pople stopped working on Gaussian and several years later he developed ( with others ) the Q-Chem computational chemistry program . Prof . Poples departure from Gaussian , along with the subsequent banning of many prominent scientists , including himself , from using the software gave rise to considerable controversy among the quantum chemistry community . The Gaussian molecular orbital methods were described in the 1986 book Ab initio molecular orbital theory by Warren Hehre , Leo Radom , Paul v.R . Schleyer and Pople . Awards and honours . Pople received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1998 . He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society ( FRS ) in 1961 . He was made a Knight Commander ( KBE ) of the Order of the British Empire in 2003 . He was a founding member of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science . An IT room and a scholarship are named after him at Bristol Grammar School , as is a supercomputer at the Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center . Personal life . Pople married Joy Bowers in 1952 and was married until her death from cancer in 2002 . Pople died of liver cancer in Chicago in 2004 . He was survived by his daughter Hilary , and sons Adrian , Mark and Andrew . In accordance with his wishes , Poples Nobel Medal was given to Carnegie Mellon University by his family on 5 October 2009 .
[ "mathematics faculty at Cambridge" ]
[ { "text": " Sir John Anthony Pople ( 31 October 1925 – 15 March 2004 ) was a British theoretical chemist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Walter Kohn in 1998 for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry . Early life and education .", "title": "John Pople" }, { "text": "Pople was born in Burnham-on-Sea , Somerset , and attended the Bristol Grammar School . He won a scholarship to Trinity College , Cambridge , in 1943 . He received his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1946 . Between 1945 and 1947 he worked at the Bristol Aeroplane Company . He then returned to the University of Cambridge and was awarded his PhD in mathematics in 1951 on lone pair electrons .", "title": "John Pople" }, { "text": "After obtaining his PhD , he was a research fellow at Trinity College , Cambridge and then from 1954 a lecturer in the mathematics faculty at Cambridge . In 1958 , he moved to the National Physical Laboratory , near London as head of the new basics physics division . He moved to the United States of America in 1964 , where he lived the rest of his life , though he retained British citizenship . Pople considered himself more of a mathematician than a chemist , but theoretical chemists consider him one of the most important of their number", "title": "Career" }, { "text": ". In 1964 he moved to Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , where he had experienced a sabbatical in 1961 to 1962 . In 1993 he moved to Northwestern University in Evanston , Illinois where he was Trustees Professor of Chemistry until his death .", "title": "Career" }, { "text": " Poples major scientific contributions were in four different areas : Statistical mechanics of water . Poples early paper on the statistical mechanics of water , according to Michael J . Frisch , remained the standard for many years . This was his thesis topic for his PhD at Cambridge supervised by John Lennard-Jones .", "title": "Research" }, { "text": " In the early days of nuclear magnetic resonance he studied the underlying theory , and in 1959 he co-authored the textbook High Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance with W.G . Schneider and H.J . Bernstein .", "title": "Nuclear magnetic resonance" }, { "text": "He made major contributions to the theory of approximate molecular orbital ( MO ) calculations , starting with one identical to the one developed by Rudolph Pariser and Robert G . Parr on pi electron systems , and now called the Pariser-Parr-Pople method . Subsequently , he developed the methods of Complete Neglect of Differential Overlap ( CNDO ) ( in 1965 ) and Intermediate Neglect of Differential Overlap ( INDO ) for approximate MO calculations on three-dimensional molecules , and other developments in computational chemistry . In 1970 he and David Beveridge coauthored the book Approximate Molecular Orbital Theory", "title": "Semi-empirical theory" }, { "text": "describing these methods .", "title": "Semi-empirical theory" }, { "text": "Pople pioneered the development of more sophisticated computational methods , called ab initio quantum chemistry methods , that use basis sets of either Slater type orbitals or Gaussian orbitals to model the wave function . While in the early days these calculations were extremely expensive to perform , the advent of high speed microprocessors has made them much more feasible today . He was instrumental in the development of one of the most widely used computational chemistry packages , the Gaussian suite of programs , including coauthorship of the first version , Gaussian 70 . One of his most important", "title": "Semi-empirical theory" }, { "text": "original contributions is the concept of a model chemistry whereby a method is rigorously evaluated across a range of molecules . His research group developed the quantum chemistry composite methods such as Gaussian-1 ( G1 ) and Gaussian-2 ( G2 ) . In 1991 , Pople stopped working on Gaussian and several years later he developed ( with others ) the Q-Chem computational chemistry program . Prof . Poples departure from Gaussian , along with the subsequent banning of many prominent scientists , including himself , from using the software gave rise to considerable controversy among the quantum chemistry community", "title": "Semi-empirical theory" }, { "text": ".", "title": "Semi-empirical theory" }, { "text": " The Gaussian molecular orbital methods were described in the 1986 book Ab initio molecular orbital theory by Warren Hehre , Leo Radom , Paul v.R . Schleyer and Pople .", "title": "Semi-empirical theory" }, { "text": " Pople received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1998 . He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society ( FRS ) in 1961 . He was made a Knight Commander ( KBE ) of the Order of the British Empire in 2003 . He was a founding member of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science . An IT room and a scholarship are named after him at Bristol Grammar School , as is a supercomputer at the Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center .", "title": "Awards and honours" }, { "text": " Pople married Joy Bowers in 1952 and was married until her death from cancer in 2002 . Pople died of liver cancer in Chicago in 2004 . He was survived by his daughter Hilary , and sons Adrian , Mark and Andrew . In accordance with his wishes , Poples Nobel Medal was given to Carnegie Mellon University by his family on 5 October 2009 .", "title": "Personal life" } ]
/wiki/John_Pople#P108#1
John Pople was an employee for whom in Mar 1958?
John Pople Sir John Anthony Pople ( 31 October 1925 – 15 March 2004 ) was a British theoretical chemist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Walter Kohn in 1998 for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry . Early life and education . Pople was born in Burnham-on-Sea , Somerset , and attended the Bristol Grammar School . He won a scholarship to Trinity College , Cambridge , in 1943 . He received his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1946 . Between 1945 and 1947 he worked at the Bristol Aeroplane Company . He then returned to the University of Cambridge and was awarded his PhD in mathematics in 1951 on lone pair electrons . Career . After obtaining his PhD , he was a research fellow at Trinity College , Cambridge and then from 1954 a lecturer in the mathematics faculty at Cambridge . In 1958 , he moved to the National Physical Laboratory , near London as head of the new basics physics division . He moved to the United States of America in 1964 , where he lived the rest of his life , though he retained British citizenship . Pople considered himself more of a mathematician than a chemist , but theoretical chemists consider him one of the most important of their number . In 1964 he moved to Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , where he had experienced a sabbatical in 1961 to 1962 . In 1993 he moved to Northwestern University in Evanston , Illinois where he was Trustees Professor of Chemistry until his death . Research . Poples major scientific contributions were in four different areas : Statistical mechanics of water . Poples early paper on the statistical mechanics of water , according to Michael J . Frisch , remained the standard for many years . This was his thesis topic for his PhD at Cambridge supervised by John Lennard-Jones . Nuclear magnetic resonance . In the early days of nuclear magnetic resonance he studied the underlying theory , and in 1959 he co-authored the textbook High Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance with W.G . Schneider and H.J . Bernstein . Semi-empirical theory . He made major contributions to the theory of approximate molecular orbital ( MO ) calculations , starting with one identical to the one developed by Rudolph Pariser and Robert G . Parr on pi electron systems , and now called the Pariser-Parr-Pople method . Subsequently , he developed the methods of Complete Neglect of Differential Overlap ( CNDO ) ( in 1965 ) and Intermediate Neglect of Differential Overlap ( INDO ) for approximate MO calculations on three-dimensional molecules , and other developments in computational chemistry . In 1970 he and David Beveridge coauthored the book Approximate Molecular Orbital Theory describing these methods . Ab initio electronic structure theory . Pople pioneered the development of more sophisticated computational methods , called ab initio quantum chemistry methods , that use basis sets of either Slater type orbitals or Gaussian orbitals to model the wave function . While in the early days these calculations were extremely expensive to perform , the advent of high speed microprocessors has made them much more feasible today . He was instrumental in the development of one of the most widely used computational chemistry packages , the Gaussian suite of programs , including coauthorship of the first version , Gaussian 70 . One of his most important original contributions is the concept of a model chemistry whereby a method is rigorously evaluated across a range of molecules . His research group developed the quantum chemistry composite methods such as Gaussian-1 ( G1 ) and Gaussian-2 ( G2 ) . In 1991 , Pople stopped working on Gaussian and several years later he developed ( with others ) the Q-Chem computational chemistry program . Prof . Poples departure from Gaussian , along with the subsequent banning of many prominent scientists , including himself , from using the software gave rise to considerable controversy among the quantum chemistry community . The Gaussian molecular orbital methods were described in the 1986 book Ab initio molecular orbital theory by Warren Hehre , Leo Radom , Paul v.R . Schleyer and Pople . Awards and honours . Pople received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1998 . He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society ( FRS ) in 1961 . He was made a Knight Commander ( KBE ) of the Order of the British Empire in 2003 . He was a founding member of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science . An IT room and a scholarship are named after him at Bristol Grammar School , as is a supercomputer at the Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center . Personal life . Pople married Joy Bowers in 1952 and was married until her death from cancer in 2002 . Pople died of liver cancer in Chicago in 2004 . He was survived by his daughter Hilary , and sons Adrian , Mark and Andrew . In accordance with his wishes , Poples Nobel Medal was given to Carnegie Mellon University by his family on 5 October 2009 .
[ "National Physical Laboratory" ]
[ { "text": " Sir John Anthony Pople ( 31 October 1925 – 15 March 2004 ) was a British theoretical chemist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Walter Kohn in 1998 for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry . Early life and education .", "title": "John Pople" }, { "text": "Pople was born in Burnham-on-Sea , Somerset , and attended the Bristol Grammar School . He won a scholarship to Trinity College , Cambridge , in 1943 . He received his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1946 . Between 1945 and 1947 he worked at the Bristol Aeroplane Company . He then returned to the University of Cambridge and was awarded his PhD in mathematics in 1951 on lone pair electrons .", "title": "John Pople" }, { "text": "After obtaining his PhD , he was a research fellow at Trinity College , Cambridge and then from 1954 a lecturer in the mathematics faculty at Cambridge . In 1958 , he moved to the National Physical Laboratory , near London as head of the new basics physics division . He moved to the United States of America in 1964 , where he lived the rest of his life , though he retained British citizenship . Pople considered himself more of a mathematician than a chemist , but theoretical chemists consider him one of the most important of their number", "title": "Career" }, { "text": ". In 1964 he moved to Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , where he had experienced a sabbatical in 1961 to 1962 . In 1993 he moved to Northwestern University in Evanston , Illinois where he was Trustees Professor of Chemistry until his death .", "title": "Career" }, { "text": " Poples major scientific contributions were in four different areas : Statistical mechanics of water . Poples early paper on the statistical mechanics of water , according to Michael J . Frisch , remained the standard for many years . This was his thesis topic for his PhD at Cambridge supervised by John Lennard-Jones .", "title": "Research" }, { "text": " In the early days of nuclear magnetic resonance he studied the underlying theory , and in 1959 he co-authored the textbook High Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance with W.G . Schneider and H.J . Bernstein .", "title": "Nuclear magnetic resonance" }, { "text": "He made major contributions to the theory of approximate molecular orbital ( MO ) calculations , starting with one identical to the one developed by Rudolph Pariser and Robert G . Parr on pi electron systems , and now called the Pariser-Parr-Pople method . Subsequently , he developed the methods of Complete Neglect of Differential Overlap ( CNDO ) ( in 1965 ) and Intermediate Neglect of Differential Overlap ( INDO ) for approximate MO calculations on three-dimensional molecules , and other developments in computational chemistry . In 1970 he and David Beveridge coauthored the book Approximate Molecular Orbital Theory", "title": "Semi-empirical theory" }, { "text": "describing these methods .", "title": "Semi-empirical theory" }, { "text": "Pople pioneered the development of more sophisticated computational methods , called ab initio quantum chemistry methods , that use basis sets of either Slater type orbitals or Gaussian orbitals to model the wave function . While in the early days these calculations were extremely expensive to perform , the advent of high speed microprocessors has made them much more feasible today . He was instrumental in the development of one of the most widely used computational chemistry packages , the Gaussian suite of programs , including coauthorship of the first version , Gaussian 70 . One of his most important", "title": "Semi-empirical theory" }, { "text": "original contributions is the concept of a model chemistry whereby a method is rigorously evaluated across a range of molecules . His research group developed the quantum chemistry composite methods such as Gaussian-1 ( G1 ) and Gaussian-2 ( G2 ) . In 1991 , Pople stopped working on Gaussian and several years later he developed ( with others ) the Q-Chem computational chemistry program . Prof . Poples departure from Gaussian , along with the subsequent banning of many prominent scientists , including himself , from using the software gave rise to considerable controversy among the quantum chemistry community", "title": "Semi-empirical theory" }, { "text": ".", "title": "Semi-empirical theory" }, { "text": " The Gaussian molecular orbital methods were described in the 1986 book Ab initio molecular orbital theory by Warren Hehre , Leo Radom , Paul v.R . Schleyer and Pople .", "title": "Semi-empirical theory" }, { "text": " Pople received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1998 . He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society ( FRS ) in 1961 . He was made a Knight Commander ( KBE ) of the Order of the British Empire in 2003 . He was a founding member of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science . An IT room and a scholarship are named after him at Bristol Grammar School , as is a supercomputer at the Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center .", "title": "Awards and honours" }, { "text": " Pople married Joy Bowers in 1952 and was married until her death from cancer in 2002 . Pople died of liver cancer in Chicago in 2004 . He was survived by his daughter Hilary , and sons Adrian , Mark and Andrew . In accordance with his wishes , Poples Nobel Medal was given to Carnegie Mellon University by his family on 5 October 2009 .", "title": "Personal life" } ]
/wiki/John_Pople#P108#2
John Pople was an employee for whom between Jan 1983 and Aug 1991?
John Pople Sir John Anthony Pople ( 31 October 1925 – 15 March 2004 ) was a British theoretical chemist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Walter Kohn in 1998 for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry . Early life and education . Pople was born in Burnham-on-Sea , Somerset , and attended the Bristol Grammar School . He won a scholarship to Trinity College , Cambridge , in 1943 . He received his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1946 . Between 1945 and 1947 he worked at the Bristol Aeroplane Company . He then returned to the University of Cambridge and was awarded his PhD in mathematics in 1951 on lone pair electrons . Career . After obtaining his PhD , he was a research fellow at Trinity College , Cambridge and then from 1954 a lecturer in the mathematics faculty at Cambridge . In 1958 , he moved to the National Physical Laboratory , near London as head of the new basics physics division . He moved to the United States of America in 1964 , where he lived the rest of his life , though he retained British citizenship . Pople considered himself more of a mathematician than a chemist , but theoretical chemists consider him one of the most important of their number . In 1964 he moved to Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , where he had experienced a sabbatical in 1961 to 1962 . In 1993 he moved to Northwestern University in Evanston , Illinois where he was Trustees Professor of Chemistry until his death . Research . Poples major scientific contributions were in four different areas : Statistical mechanics of water . Poples early paper on the statistical mechanics of water , according to Michael J . Frisch , remained the standard for many years . This was his thesis topic for his PhD at Cambridge supervised by John Lennard-Jones . Nuclear magnetic resonance . In the early days of nuclear magnetic resonance he studied the underlying theory , and in 1959 he co-authored the textbook High Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance with W.G . Schneider and H.J . Bernstein . Semi-empirical theory . He made major contributions to the theory of approximate molecular orbital ( MO ) calculations , starting with one identical to the one developed by Rudolph Pariser and Robert G . Parr on pi electron systems , and now called the Pariser-Parr-Pople method . Subsequently , he developed the methods of Complete Neglect of Differential Overlap ( CNDO ) ( in 1965 ) and Intermediate Neglect of Differential Overlap ( INDO ) for approximate MO calculations on three-dimensional molecules , and other developments in computational chemistry . In 1970 he and David Beveridge coauthored the book Approximate Molecular Orbital Theory describing these methods . Ab initio electronic structure theory . Pople pioneered the development of more sophisticated computational methods , called ab initio quantum chemistry methods , that use basis sets of either Slater type orbitals or Gaussian orbitals to model the wave function . While in the early days these calculations were extremely expensive to perform , the advent of high speed microprocessors has made them much more feasible today . He was instrumental in the development of one of the most widely used computational chemistry packages , the Gaussian suite of programs , including coauthorship of the first version , Gaussian 70 . One of his most important original contributions is the concept of a model chemistry whereby a method is rigorously evaluated across a range of molecules . His research group developed the quantum chemistry composite methods such as Gaussian-1 ( G1 ) and Gaussian-2 ( G2 ) . In 1991 , Pople stopped working on Gaussian and several years later he developed ( with others ) the Q-Chem computational chemistry program . Prof . Poples departure from Gaussian , along with the subsequent banning of many prominent scientists , including himself , from using the software gave rise to considerable controversy among the quantum chemistry community . The Gaussian molecular orbital methods were described in the 1986 book Ab initio molecular orbital theory by Warren Hehre , Leo Radom , Paul v.R . Schleyer and Pople . Awards and honours . Pople received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1998 . He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society ( FRS ) in 1961 . He was made a Knight Commander ( KBE ) of the Order of the British Empire in 2003 . He was a founding member of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science . An IT room and a scholarship are named after him at Bristol Grammar School , as is a supercomputer at the Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center . Personal life . Pople married Joy Bowers in 1952 and was married until her death from cancer in 2002 . Pople died of liver cancer in Chicago in 2004 . He was survived by his daughter Hilary , and sons Adrian , Mark and Andrew . In accordance with his wishes , Poples Nobel Medal was given to Carnegie Mellon University by his family on 5 October 2009 .
[ "Carnegie Mellon University" ]
[ { "text": " Sir John Anthony Pople ( 31 October 1925 – 15 March 2004 ) was a British theoretical chemist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Walter Kohn in 1998 for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry . Early life and education .", "title": "John Pople" }, { "text": "Pople was born in Burnham-on-Sea , Somerset , and attended the Bristol Grammar School . He won a scholarship to Trinity College , Cambridge , in 1943 . He received his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1946 . Between 1945 and 1947 he worked at the Bristol Aeroplane Company . He then returned to the University of Cambridge and was awarded his PhD in mathematics in 1951 on lone pair electrons .", "title": "John Pople" }, { "text": "After obtaining his PhD , he was a research fellow at Trinity College , Cambridge and then from 1954 a lecturer in the mathematics faculty at Cambridge . In 1958 , he moved to the National Physical Laboratory , near London as head of the new basics physics division . He moved to the United States of America in 1964 , where he lived the rest of his life , though he retained British citizenship . Pople considered himself more of a mathematician than a chemist , but theoretical chemists consider him one of the most important of their number", "title": "Career" }, { "text": ". In 1964 he moved to Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , where he had experienced a sabbatical in 1961 to 1962 . In 1993 he moved to Northwestern University in Evanston , Illinois where he was Trustees Professor of Chemistry until his death .", "title": "Career" }, { "text": " Poples major scientific contributions were in four different areas : Statistical mechanics of water . Poples early paper on the statistical mechanics of water , according to Michael J . Frisch , remained the standard for many years . This was his thesis topic for his PhD at Cambridge supervised by John Lennard-Jones .", "title": "Research" }, { "text": " In the early days of nuclear magnetic resonance he studied the underlying theory , and in 1959 he co-authored the textbook High Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance with W.G . Schneider and H.J . Bernstein .", "title": "Nuclear magnetic resonance" }, { "text": "He made major contributions to the theory of approximate molecular orbital ( MO ) calculations , starting with one identical to the one developed by Rudolph Pariser and Robert G . Parr on pi electron systems , and now called the Pariser-Parr-Pople method . Subsequently , he developed the methods of Complete Neglect of Differential Overlap ( CNDO ) ( in 1965 ) and Intermediate Neglect of Differential Overlap ( INDO ) for approximate MO calculations on three-dimensional molecules , and other developments in computational chemistry . In 1970 he and David Beveridge coauthored the book Approximate Molecular Orbital Theory", "title": "Semi-empirical theory" }, { "text": "describing these methods .", "title": "Semi-empirical theory" }, { "text": "Pople pioneered the development of more sophisticated computational methods , called ab initio quantum chemistry methods , that use basis sets of either Slater type orbitals or Gaussian orbitals to model the wave function . While in the early days these calculations were extremely expensive to perform , the advent of high speed microprocessors has made them much more feasible today . He was instrumental in the development of one of the most widely used computational chemistry packages , the Gaussian suite of programs , including coauthorship of the first version , Gaussian 70 . One of his most important", "title": "Semi-empirical theory" }, { "text": "original contributions is the concept of a model chemistry whereby a method is rigorously evaluated across a range of molecules . His research group developed the quantum chemistry composite methods such as Gaussian-1 ( G1 ) and Gaussian-2 ( G2 ) . In 1991 , Pople stopped working on Gaussian and several years later he developed ( with others ) the Q-Chem computational chemistry program . Prof . Poples departure from Gaussian , along with the subsequent banning of many prominent scientists , including himself , from using the software gave rise to considerable controversy among the quantum chemistry community", "title": "Semi-empirical theory" }, { "text": ".", "title": "Semi-empirical theory" }, { "text": " The Gaussian molecular orbital methods were described in the 1986 book Ab initio molecular orbital theory by Warren Hehre , Leo Radom , Paul v.R . Schleyer and Pople .", "title": "Semi-empirical theory" }, { "text": " Pople received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1998 . He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society ( FRS ) in 1961 . He was made a Knight Commander ( KBE ) of the Order of the British Empire in 2003 . He was a founding member of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science . An IT room and a scholarship are named after him at Bristol Grammar School , as is a supercomputer at the Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center .", "title": "Awards and honours" }, { "text": " Pople married Joy Bowers in 1952 and was married until her death from cancer in 2002 . Pople died of liver cancer in Chicago in 2004 . He was survived by his daughter Hilary , and sons Adrian , Mark and Andrew . In accordance with his wishes , Poples Nobel Medal was given to Carnegie Mellon University by his family on 5 October 2009 .", "title": "Personal life" } ]
/wiki/John_Pople#P108#3
John Pople was an employee for whom between Mar 1993 and Jul 1995?
John Pople Sir John Anthony Pople ( 31 October 1925 – 15 March 2004 ) was a British theoretical chemist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Walter Kohn in 1998 for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry . Early life and education . Pople was born in Burnham-on-Sea , Somerset , and attended the Bristol Grammar School . He won a scholarship to Trinity College , Cambridge , in 1943 . He received his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1946 . Between 1945 and 1947 he worked at the Bristol Aeroplane Company . He then returned to the University of Cambridge and was awarded his PhD in mathematics in 1951 on lone pair electrons . Career . After obtaining his PhD , he was a research fellow at Trinity College , Cambridge and then from 1954 a lecturer in the mathematics faculty at Cambridge . In 1958 , he moved to the National Physical Laboratory , near London as head of the new basics physics division . He moved to the United States of America in 1964 , where he lived the rest of his life , though he retained British citizenship . Pople considered himself more of a mathematician than a chemist , but theoretical chemists consider him one of the most important of their number . In 1964 he moved to Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , where he had experienced a sabbatical in 1961 to 1962 . In 1993 he moved to Northwestern University in Evanston , Illinois where he was Trustees Professor of Chemistry until his death . Research . Poples major scientific contributions were in four different areas : Statistical mechanics of water . Poples early paper on the statistical mechanics of water , according to Michael J . Frisch , remained the standard for many years . This was his thesis topic for his PhD at Cambridge supervised by John Lennard-Jones . Nuclear magnetic resonance . In the early days of nuclear magnetic resonance he studied the underlying theory , and in 1959 he co-authored the textbook High Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance with W.G . Schneider and H.J . Bernstein . Semi-empirical theory . He made major contributions to the theory of approximate molecular orbital ( MO ) calculations , starting with one identical to the one developed by Rudolph Pariser and Robert G . Parr on pi electron systems , and now called the Pariser-Parr-Pople method . Subsequently , he developed the methods of Complete Neglect of Differential Overlap ( CNDO ) ( in 1965 ) and Intermediate Neglect of Differential Overlap ( INDO ) for approximate MO calculations on three-dimensional molecules , and other developments in computational chemistry . In 1970 he and David Beveridge coauthored the book Approximate Molecular Orbital Theory describing these methods . Ab initio electronic structure theory . Pople pioneered the development of more sophisticated computational methods , called ab initio quantum chemistry methods , that use basis sets of either Slater type orbitals or Gaussian orbitals to model the wave function . While in the early days these calculations were extremely expensive to perform , the advent of high speed microprocessors has made them much more feasible today . He was instrumental in the development of one of the most widely used computational chemistry packages , the Gaussian suite of programs , including coauthorship of the first version , Gaussian 70 . One of his most important original contributions is the concept of a model chemistry whereby a method is rigorously evaluated across a range of molecules . His research group developed the quantum chemistry composite methods such as Gaussian-1 ( G1 ) and Gaussian-2 ( G2 ) . In 1991 , Pople stopped working on Gaussian and several years later he developed ( with others ) the Q-Chem computational chemistry program . Prof . Poples departure from Gaussian , along with the subsequent banning of many prominent scientists , including himself , from using the software gave rise to considerable controversy among the quantum chemistry community . The Gaussian molecular orbital methods were described in the 1986 book Ab initio molecular orbital theory by Warren Hehre , Leo Radom , Paul v.R . Schleyer and Pople . Awards and honours . Pople received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1998 . He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society ( FRS ) in 1961 . He was made a Knight Commander ( KBE ) of the Order of the British Empire in 2003 . He was a founding member of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science . An IT room and a scholarship are named after him at Bristol Grammar School , as is a supercomputer at the Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center . Personal life . Pople married Joy Bowers in 1952 and was married until her death from cancer in 2002 . Pople died of liver cancer in Chicago in 2004 . He was survived by his daughter Hilary , and sons Adrian , Mark and Andrew . In accordance with his wishes , Poples Nobel Medal was given to Carnegie Mellon University by his family on 5 October 2009 .
[ "Northwestern University" ]
[ { "text": " Sir John Anthony Pople ( 31 October 1925 – 15 March 2004 ) was a British theoretical chemist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Walter Kohn in 1998 for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry . Early life and education .", "title": "John Pople" }, { "text": "Pople was born in Burnham-on-Sea , Somerset , and attended the Bristol Grammar School . He won a scholarship to Trinity College , Cambridge , in 1943 . He received his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1946 . Between 1945 and 1947 he worked at the Bristol Aeroplane Company . He then returned to the University of Cambridge and was awarded his PhD in mathematics in 1951 on lone pair electrons .", "title": "John Pople" }, { "text": "After obtaining his PhD , he was a research fellow at Trinity College , Cambridge and then from 1954 a lecturer in the mathematics faculty at Cambridge . In 1958 , he moved to the National Physical Laboratory , near London as head of the new basics physics division . He moved to the United States of America in 1964 , where he lived the rest of his life , though he retained British citizenship . Pople considered himself more of a mathematician than a chemist , but theoretical chemists consider him one of the most important of their number", "title": "Career" }, { "text": ". In 1964 he moved to Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , where he had experienced a sabbatical in 1961 to 1962 . In 1993 he moved to Northwestern University in Evanston , Illinois where he was Trustees Professor of Chemistry until his death .", "title": "Career" }, { "text": " Poples major scientific contributions were in four different areas : Statistical mechanics of water . Poples early paper on the statistical mechanics of water , according to Michael J . Frisch , remained the standard for many years . This was his thesis topic for his PhD at Cambridge supervised by John Lennard-Jones .", "title": "Research" }, { "text": " In the early days of nuclear magnetic resonance he studied the underlying theory , and in 1959 he co-authored the textbook High Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance with W.G . Schneider and H.J . Bernstein .", "title": "Nuclear magnetic resonance" }, { "text": "He made major contributions to the theory of approximate molecular orbital ( MO ) calculations , starting with one identical to the one developed by Rudolph Pariser and Robert G . Parr on pi electron systems , and now called the Pariser-Parr-Pople method . Subsequently , he developed the methods of Complete Neglect of Differential Overlap ( CNDO ) ( in 1965 ) and Intermediate Neglect of Differential Overlap ( INDO ) for approximate MO calculations on three-dimensional molecules , and other developments in computational chemistry . In 1970 he and David Beveridge coauthored the book Approximate Molecular Orbital Theory", "title": "Semi-empirical theory" }, { "text": "describing these methods .", "title": "Semi-empirical theory" }, { "text": "Pople pioneered the development of more sophisticated computational methods , called ab initio quantum chemistry methods , that use basis sets of either Slater type orbitals or Gaussian orbitals to model the wave function . While in the early days these calculations were extremely expensive to perform , the advent of high speed microprocessors has made them much more feasible today . He was instrumental in the development of one of the most widely used computational chemistry packages , the Gaussian suite of programs , including coauthorship of the first version , Gaussian 70 . One of his most important", "title": "Semi-empirical theory" }, { "text": "original contributions is the concept of a model chemistry whereby a method is rigorously evaluated across a range of molecules . His research group developed the quantum chemistry composite methods such as Gaussian-1 ( G1 ) and Gaussian-2 ( G2 ) . In 1991 , Pople stopped working on Gaussian and several years later he developed ( with others ) the Q-Chem computational chemistry program . Prof . Poples departure from Gaussian , along with the subsequent banning of many prominent scientists , including himself , from using the software gave rise to considerable controversy among the quantum chemistry community", "title": "Semi-empirical theory" }, { "text": ".", "title": "Semi-empirical theory" }, { "text": " The Gaussian molecular orbital methods were described in the 1986 book Ab initio molecular orbital theory by Warren Hehre , Leo Radom , Paul v.R . Schleyer and Pople .", "title": "Semi-empirical theory" }, { "text": " Pople received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1998 . He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society ( FRS ) in 1961 . He was made a Knight Commander ( KBE ) of the Order of the British Empire in 2003 . He was a founding member of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science . An IT room and a scholarship are named after him at Bristol Grammar School , as is a supercomputer at the Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center .", "title": "Awards and honours" }, { "text": " Pople married Joy Bowers in 1952 and was married until her death from cancer in 2002 . Pople died of liver cancer in Chicago in 2004 . He was survived by his daughter Hilary , and sons Adrian , Mark and Andrew . In accordance with his wishes , Poples Nobel Medal was given to Carnegie Mellon University by his family on 5 October 2009 .", "title": "Personal life" } ]
/wiki/Muriel_A._Howard#P108#0
What was the name of the employer Muriel A. Howard work for between Feb 1980 and Sep 1984?
Muriel A . Howard Muriel A . Howard ( b . 1947/1948 ) ( formerly Muriel A . Moore ) is the former president of the American Association of State Colleges and Universities ( AASCU ) in Washington , D.C. , and served as the seventh president of Buffalo State College in the State University of New York ( SUNY ) system from 1996 to 2009 . Prior to her presidency at Buffalo State College , she was the vice president for public service and urban affairs at the SUNY educational institution , the University at Buffalo , where she worked for 23 years . Howard was educated at public universities in New York State , as well as at Harvard University , where she graduated from the Universitys Institute of Management . Howard has been a leader and member of many corporate boards of directors ; and councils and committees in higher education and city government . Further , she has been the recipient of many awards and honors throughout her career . Early life . Howard was born in Wilson , North Carolina , but lived some of her later childhood , and youth , in Queens , New York . She moved to Buffalo , New York when she became a student at the University at Buffalo . Education and honorary degrees . She received her Bachelor of Arts in sociology from Richmond College , City University of New York ; and her masters of education and doctorate in educational organization , administration , and policy from the University at Buffalo , She also graduated from Harvard Universitys Institute of Management . Howard has received six honorary degrees , including , in part : - Doctor of Humane Letters , Keene State College , Keene , New Hampshire , August 2010 ; - Doctor of Humane Letters , College of Staten Island , Staten Island , New York , May 2010 ; - Doctor of Humane Letters , Grambling State University , Grambling , Louisiana , May 2010 ; and - Doctor of Humane Letters , New York City Technical College , City University of New York , May 2002 . Academic interests . Howards professional and scholarly interests include the support of education ; educational leadership ; and the representation of women and minorities in both the academy and public service . Vice Presidency at the University at Buffalo . Howard held the highest post at the University prior to becoming President of Buffalo State College . She was a member of UB President Bill Greiners administrative team . Upon being named to her position as vice president for Public Service and Urban Affairs at UB , Howard had much to share regarding the vision for UB . Presidency at Buffalo State College . As the leader of Buffalo State College , Howard headed a campus of more than 11,000 students ; approximately 1,700 faculty and staff ; and a financial operation of more than $214 million . She is also the first woman to have led the college . Appointment . Former New York State Assembly Member Sam Hoyt graduated from the College and the college was in his district ; he shared his perspective about Howards appointment . Howard ( then-Moore ) began her leadership at the college as Interim President . Leadership . Prior to coming to the college , Howard had little experience in interacting with faculty , however her organizational skills and ability to resolve conflicts were praised . Additionally , she was praised as a tough administrator who knows the system by former Buffalo Common Council President George K . Arthur ; and it was said that she had the respect of students . The college had a reputation as a tough place to manage , and was expected to have difficulty in attracting qualified candidates to the position of the presidency . In her Inaugural Address , Howard focused on the diversity of the college as a strength . Within one month of assuming her leadership position at the college , Howard shared three short-term goals for strengthening it in an address to faculty . Those three goals included increasing recruitment and retention of students ; developing strategies to address the 1996-97 budget ; [ and ] dealing with the institutional climate that has emerged . On the 125th anniversary of the college in 1996 , Howard oversaw many events that celebrated the quasquicentennial event . On that day , there were proclamations issued by Buffalo Mayor Anthony Masiello as well as Erie County Executive Dennis Gorski . Celebrations included a cake in the shape of Rockwell Hall , a champagne toast , a big band , a chorale ensemble and additional wind ensembles , fireworks , tours of campus arts centers , exhibits , and a play area for kids . Challenges . During her tenure as interim president , Howards main goal is dealing directly with allegations of racial and sexual discrimination at the college . Howard stated in February 1996 that the college had held 60 programs on racial and cultural diversity , and gender during the previous fall . The Institute for the Healing of Racism began a two-month forum in the Spring 1996 semester at the college ; and closed hearings on sexual harassment and gender bias were being held within the College Senates Committee on the Status of Women . Howard stated her belief of the College being a real role model for the community . In the period from 1996 to 1998 , there were a number of deans and administrators who had been on leave through an arrangement with the previous college president , F.C . Richardson , and SUNY , and/or who had resigned to take other posts or due to retirement . In 1996 , as a result of those on leave or because of the resignations , there was only one permanent academic post that had remained filled at the college . At that time , there were five top leaders at the College who were either on leave or who had resigned to take other posts . Howard was in the process of considering applicants in order to fill open and/or interim positions during that time . One dean who left to take another position stated that it was a time in the colleges history in which important leadership choices were to be made that would take the institution into the next century . Advanced telecommunications network . In 1997 , through Buffalo Mayor Anthony Masiellos office and under the direction of Buffalo State Colleges Center for Applied Research in Interactive Technologies , CityNet , an advanced telecommunications network that links 14 educational and community sites in Buffalo was launched . For more than two years , Masiello and his team worked with NYNEX and Bell Atlantic to lay the foundation for the network , which is funded by Bell Atlantic for $1.9 million . International distance learning partnership . In 1998 , Howard made a personal effort to expand the Nurturing Initiative and Achievements ( NIA ) in Students Mentor Program at the college by offering a distance learning program at San José , Costa Rica . Howard went to Costa Rica in order to inaugurate a network that connects San Joses Lincoln School with the college , as well as Clarence Central , Grover Cleveland , and City Honors high schools . Revitalization of historic landmarks . Reported in a 1998 Buffalo News article was that Howard envisioned in 1995 that the Carriage House on the property of the Presidents Residence could be transformed into a guest house . The House had been used as servants quarters after it was first built . The Junior League of Buffalo and Chase Pitkin contributed to the remodeling of the Carriage House , with the Junior League identifying it as its 1997 Decorator Show House . The Carriage House was built in 1912 ; and now serves as a guest house for visitors of the college , providing much lower rates for accommodation than hotels at which visitors would otherwise stay . Howard participated in talks with the Buffalo Psychiatric Center , the Buffalo Mayors Office , and others regarding usage expansion for the psychiatric center . Buffalo State College has occupied Buffalo Psychiatric Center lands since the 1960s ; and phases of expansion have occurred in recent years that have revitalized and refurbished parts of the facility , including the Richardson Olmsted Complex , for different uses . One of the interests of the college was to use lands for expansion , and to build a new Burchfield Penney Art Center , a desire that was eventually achieved . Campus bookstore controversy . During the Fall semester of 1998 , controversy surrounding the campus bookstore contract was made public . Traditionally , Follett College Stores - the largest college bookstore company in the country - held the bookstore contract at the college . Concern by college administration that many college textbooks were being sold beyond the list price prompted the submission of a new bookstore contract with Barnes & Noble by Howard to the state comptroller , Carl McCall . Barnes & Noble is the largest book retailer in the United States . As a result , - and due to the college already maintaining a contract with Follett - the executive board of the colleges Faculty Student Association ( FSA ) voted to withhold $25,000 in discretionary funds during that semester , funds that are traditionally issued to the college president for discretionary purposes . This move by the FSA was unprecedented ; however the aim of involvement by FSA was to obtain a judicious decision about the matter from the state comptroller . The bookstore contract for 1998 also included that a new building to house it would be constructed . Howard ended up contracting with Barnes & Noble amid appeals to the state comptroller by two of three bidders for the bookstore contract . In a 1998 article by FSA President Michael Paluch that appeared in The Buffalo News , Paluch stated that , as a result of the change , Textbook prices will be higher , student wages will be lower , and the college will get substantially less construction dollars for a new store from Barnes & Noble than from the Faculty-Student Association . Professional endeavors . In 1996 , Howard spoke at a businesswomens networking luncheon reception at the College that celebrated Womens History Month , and more specifically , Womens History Week . In 1998 , Howard attended the second conference of African-American college presidents , held in Washington , DC . The Washington Post article of June 14 , 1998 by Peter S . Goodman stated that only 26 college presidents in the United States at the time were African-American , this number being reflective of the more than 1,800 colleges in America that are majority-white . The main purpose of the conference was to create dialogue about race in higher education and to increase the numbers of African-Americans holding top leadership posts in American academia . Tenure culmination . When Howard announced that she was leaving the college to take on the national role of leading the AASCU , an organization that advocates for and promotes the interests of 430 public colleges and universities , Hoyt stated that her crowning achievement at the college was likely the Burchfield Penney Arts Center . Former New York State Assembly Member Sam Hoyt stated that Howard raised the colleges stature both in the state and the nation . He additionally stated that she would be difficult to replace , and that she would be sorely missed . Her leadership of the College provided increased stability for it , as well as increased student enrollment during her 13 years there . During her last year as president of the college , Howards salary was reported to be $220,000 . Presidency of the American Association of State Colleges and Universities . Leadership . In 2009 , it was announced that Howard would be leaving Buffalo State College to become the president of the AASCU in Washington , DC . From August 2009 to January 2018 , she served in that capacity . She is the first African-American and first woman to be president of the organization . In 2009 , Howard was interviewed for an article that appeared in The Chronicle of Higher Education in regard to her appointment as president of the AASCU . Support for comprehensive immigration reform . As AASCU president , Howard has shown support for comprehensive immigration reform . She has stated support for the Pass the Dream Act , for enhancing H1-B Visas , and for streamlining green cards . She states that all of these actions will support students in America who are undocumented , and will help maintain American competitiveness , as well as keeping talent...at home . Speeches . In 2013 , Howard gave the keynote address at the State University of New York ( SUNY ) at Brockports Annual Diversity Conference . The theme of the 2013 Conference was Building Community through Diversity : Championing Access and Equity ; and Howards speech was titled , Community and the 21st Century Student . The focus of Howards speech was on how public colleges and universities can achieve that objective . Retirement . Howard retired as president of AASCU in January 2018 , and Dr . Mildred García was appointed president of AASCU . Community involvement . As chair or member of organizational boards . Howards community involvement included membership on the executive committee for the Buffalo Niagara Partnership , Niagara University Board of Directors , Buffalo Public Schools Foundation Board of Directors , and the King Urban Life Center Board of Directors . She also served on the corporate board of directors for the Farm Credit of Western New York , and the Fleet Bank Community Advisory Board . She continues to serve on the Merchants Insurance Company Board . Active in the Buffalo Niagara Partnership , Howard advocated for improvement in the areas economy . Specifically , she stated that community projects such as building a new convention center may be completed , however the economy must improve in order for people to go to the convention center . Another concern of the group is that revitalization of the economy in the area must occur in addition to the completion of individual construction projects . Howard was also among leaders who supported the desire of younger leaders in having a stronger voice in community affairs , but was not successful in this regard due to the influence of the Old Guard . She was a member of the State University of New York ( SUNY ) Advisory Council on Teacher Education , and served on the SUNY Board of Directors of the Center for Russia . She co-chaired the State University of New York Provosts Advisory Task Force on General Education , establishing guidelines for the institution of a general education curricula throughout the SUNY system , and was a member of the New York State Blue Ribbon Commission on Youth Leadership . Howard was a member of the Erie Community College Board of Trustees search committee . She also served on the search committee for the Buffalo Public Schools Superintendent , and as co-chair for the City of Buffalo Mayoral Transition Team . Howard is a former chair of the AASCU Board of Directors . She serves on the National Survey on Student Engagement Advisory Board , the Coalition of Urban and Metropolitan Universities Board of Directors , where she chairs the Communications and Public Relations Committee and the American Council on Education ( ACE ) . Howard is also a member of Delta Sigma Theta sorority and The Links , Incorporated . The sorority includes college-educated women who are geared toward programs for the African-American community . The Links is a non-profit organization composed primarily of professional African-American women who are dedicated to the ideals of community service and friendship . As speaker at area events . Howard has been the keynote speaker at many events , including the 34th annual meeting of the fair housing agency , Housing Opportunities Made Equal , in 1997 . At the Buffalo Convention Center in 1998 , Howard spoke at the eighth annual Dr . Martin Luther King Jr . breakfast , sponsored by the New Hope Missionary Baptist Church . Howard , in part , encouraged the 600 attendees of the breakfast to work toward achieving the ideals of King , as well as to strive to make a racially harmonious world and a just society . In 1998 , Howard was the speaker for a meeting of the Womens Club of the University at Buffalo . In 1999 , she chaired the United Way campaign for Buffalo and Erie County . She served on the board of directors of that organization , including as chair . She has also chaired the subcommittee on Youth Services and Education for the Erie County Executives transition team . Awards and recognition . Howard received the Governors New York State Division of Women Award for Excellence in Education ; Citation Award from the National Conference for Community and Justice ; American Jewish Committee Institute of Human Relations Award ; and the University at Buffalo Graduate School of Education Distinguished Alumni Award . She also received the Staten Island College Distinguished Alumna Award ; the Black Educators Association of Western New York Educator of the Year Award ; and the Minority Bar Association of Western New York Award for Community Service . Further , Howard received the SUNY at Buffalo , Newman Center , Catholic Campus Ministry , Distinguished Alumnus Award . She is a recipient of the SUNY Chancellors Award for Excellence in Professional Service , and was a charter inductee in the Western New York Womens Hall of Fame . in 1997 at UB , she received the Bernice Poss Award from the Western New York Regional Committee of the American Council on Education/National Identification Program for the Advancement of Women in Higher Education . Howard was listed in the Buffalo News 2001 Leadership Survey as the Most Powerful Woman in Western New York . In April 2006 , she received the Outstanding Alumni Community Leadership Medal from the University at Buffalo Alumni Association . She was also the recipient of the 2006 Athena Award . This award , sponsored by the Western New York Womens Fund and the Buffalo Niagara Partnership , honors women professionals who have attained and personify the highest levels of professional excellence , demonstrate support for the goals of women professionals , and provide significant and selfless assistance on their behalf . Buffalo State College instituted the Muriel A . Howard All College Honors Program in 2013 in her honor . Personal life . Howard has lived near Washington , DC , in Inwood , West Virginia and Chevy Chase , Maryland , with her husband , Albert Mickey Howard . External links . - AASCU : Presidents bio : Muriel A . Howard , Ph.D . - Muriel Howard Biography at Buffalo State College
[ "University at Buffalo" ]
[ { "text": "Muriel A . Howard ( b . 1947/1948 ) ( formerly Muriel A . Moore ) is the former president of the American Association of State Colleges and Universities ( AASCU ) in Washington , D.C. , and served as the seventh president of Buffalo State College in the State University of New York ( SUNY ) system from 1996 to 2009 . Prior to her presidency at Buffalo State College , she was the vice president for public service and urban affairs at the SUNY educational institution , the University at Buffalo , where she worked for 23 years", "title": "Muriel A . Howard" }, { "text": ". Howard was educated at public universities in New York State , as well as at Harvard University , where she graduated from the Universitys Institute of Management . Howard has been a leader and member of many corporate boards of directors ; and councils and committees in higher education and city government . Further , she has been the recipient of many awards and honors throughout her career .", "title": "Muriel A . Howard" }, { "text": " Howard was born in Wilson , North Carolina , but lived some of her later childhood , and youth , in Queens , New York . She moved to Buffalo , New York when she became a student at the University at Buffalo . Education and honorary degrees . She received her Bachelor of Arts in sociology from Richmond College , City University of New York ; and her masters of education and doctorate in educational organization , administration , and policy from the University at Buffalo , She also graduated from Harvard Universitys Institute of Management .", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": "Howard has received six honorary degrees , including , in part :", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": " - Doctor of Humane Letters , Keene State College , Keene , New Hampshire , August 2010 ; - Doctor of Humane Letters , College of Staten Island , Staten Island , New York , May 2010 ; - Doctor of Humane Letters , Grambling State University , Grambling , Louisiana , May 2010 ; and - Doctor of Humane Letters , New York City Technical College , City University of New York , May 2002 .", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": " Howards professional and scholarly interests include the support of education ; educational leadership ; and the representation of women and minorities in both the academy and public service . Vice Presidency at the University at Buffalo . Howard held the highest post at the University prior to becoming President of Buffalo State College . She was a member of UB President Bill Greiners administrative team . Upon being named to her position as vice president for Public Service and Urban Affairs at UB , Howard had much to share regarding the vision for UB .", "title": "Academic interests" }, { "text": "Presidency at Buffalo State College .", "title": "Academic interests" }, { "text": " As the leader of Buffalo State College , Howard headed a campus of more than 11,000 students ; approximately 1,700 faculty and staff ; and a financial operation of more than $214 million . She is also the first woman to have led the college .", "title": "Academic interests" }, { "text": " Former New York State Assembly Member Sam Hoyt graduated from the College and the college was in his district ; he shared his perspective about Howards appointment . Howard ( then-Moore ) began her leadership at the college as Interim President .", "title": "Appointment" }, { "text": " Prior to coming to the college , Howard had little experience in interacting with faculty , however her organizational skills and ability to resolve conflicts were praised . Additionally , she was praised as a tough administrator who knows the system by former Buffalo Common Council President George K . Arthur ; and it was said that she had the respect of students . The college had a reputation as a tough place to manage , and was expected to have difficulty in attracting qualified candidates to the position of the presidency .", "title": "Leadership" }, { "text": "In her Inaugural Address , Howard focused on the diversity of the college as a strength .", "title": "Leadership" }, { "text": " Within one month of assuming her leadership position at the college , Howard shared three short-term goals for strengthening it in an address to faculty . Those three goals included increasing recruitment and retention of students ; developing strategies to address the 1996-97 budget ; [ and ] dealing with the institutional climate that has emerged .", "title": "Leadership" }, { "text": "On the 125th anniversary of the college in 1996 , Howard oversaw many events that celebrated the quasquicentennial event . On that day , there were proclamations issued by Buffalo Mayor Anthony Masiello as well as Erie County Executive Dennis Gorski . Celebrations included a cake in the shape of Rockwell Hall , a champagne toast , a big band , a chorale ensemble and additional wind ensembles , fireworks , tours of campus arts centers , exhibits , and a play area for kids .", "title": "Leadership" }, { "text": "During her tenure as interim president , Howards main goal is dealing directly with allegations of racial and sexual discrimination at the college . Howard stated in February 1996 that the college had held 60 programs on racial and cultural diversity , and gender during the previous fall . The Institute for the Healing of Racism began a two-month forum in the Spring 1996 semester at the college ; and closed hearings on sexual harassment and gender bias were being held within the College Senates Committee on the Status of Women . Howard stated her belief of the College being", "title": "Challenges" }, { "text": "a real role model for the community .", "title": "Challenges" }, { "text": "In the period from 1996 to 1998 , there were a number of deans and administrators who had been on leave through an arrangement with the previous college president , F.C . Richardson , and SUNY , and/or who had resigned to take other posts or due to retirement . In 1996 , as a result of those on leave or because of the resignations , there was only one permanent academic post that had remained filled at the college . At that time , there were five top leaders at the College who were either on leave or who", "title": "Challenges" }, { "text": "had resigned to take other posts . Howard was in the process of considering applicants in order to fill open and/or interim positions during that time . One dean who left to take another position stated that it was a time in the colleges history in which important leadership choices were to be made that would take the institution into the next century .", "title": "Challenges" }, { "text": " In 1997 , through Buffalo Mayor Anthony Masiellos office and under the direction of Buffalo State Colleges Center for Applied Research in Interactive Technologies , CityNet , an advanced telecommunications network that links 14 educational and community sites in Buffalo was launched . For more than two years , Masiello and his team worked with NYNEX and Bell Atlantic to lay the foundation for the network , which is funded by Bell Atlantic for $1.9 million . International distance learning partnership .", "title": "Advanced telecommunications network" }, { "text": "In 1998 , Howard made a personal effort to expand the Nurturing Initiative and Achievements ( NIA ) in Students Mentor Program at the college by offering a distance learning program at San José , Costa Rica . Howard went to Costa Rica in order to inaugurate a network that connects San Joses Lincoln School with the college , as well as Clarence Central , Grover Cleveland , and City Honors high schools .", "title": "Advanced telecommunications network" }, { "text": "Reported in a 1998 Buffalo News article was that Howard envisioned in 1995 that the Carriage House on the property of the Presidents Residence could be transformed into a guest house . The House had been used as servants quarters after it was first built . The Junior League of Buffalo and Chase Pitkin contributed to the remodeling of the Carriage House , with the Junior League identifying it as its 1997 Decorator Show House . The Carriage House was built in 1912 ; and now serves as a guest house for visitors of the college , providing much lower", "title": "Advanced telecommunications network" }, { "text": "rates for accommodation than hotels at which visitors would otherwise stay .", "title": "Advanced telecommunications network" }, { "text": " Howard participated in talks with the Buffalo Psychiatric Center , the Buffalo Mayors Office , and others regarding usage expansion for the psychiatric center . Buffalo State College has occupied Buffalo Psychiatric Center lands since the 1960s ; and phases of expansion have occurred in recent years that have revitalized and refurbished parts of the facility , including the Richardson Olmsted Complex , for different uses . One of the interests of the college was to use lands for expansion , and to build a new Burchfield Penney Art Center , a desire that was eventually achieved .", "title": "Advanced telecommunications network" }, { "text": "During the Fall semester of 1998 , controversy surrounding the campus bookstore contract was made public . Traditionally , Follett College Stores - the largest college bookstore company in the country - held the bookstore contract at the college . Concern by college administration that many college textbooks were being sold beyond the list price prompted the submission of a new bookstore contract with Barnes & Noble by Howard to the state comptroller , Carl McCall . Barnes & Noble is the largest book retailer in the United States . As a result , - and due to the college", "title": "Campus bookstore controversy" }, { "text": "already maintaining a contract with Follett - the executive board of the colleges Faculty Student Association ( FSA ) voted to withhold $25,000 in discretionary funds during that semester , funds that are traditionally issued to the college president for discretionary purposes . This move by the FSA was unprecedented ; however the aim of involvement by FSA was to obtain a judicious decision about the matter from the state comptroller . The bookstore contract for 1998 also included that a new building to house it would be constructed .", "title": "Campus bookstore controversy" }, { "text": " Howard ended up contracting with Barnes & Noble amid appeals to the state comptroller by two of three bidders for the bookstore contract . In a 1998 article by FSA President Michael Paluch that appeared in The Buffalo News , Paluch stated that , as a result of the change , Textbook prices will be higher , student wages will be lower , and the college will get substantially less construction dollars for a new store from Barnes & Noble than from the Faculty-Student Association .", "title": "Campus bookstore controversy" }, { "text": " In 1996 , Howard spoke at a businesswomens networking luncheon reception at the College that celebrated Womens History Month , and more specifically , Womens History Week .", "title": "Professional endeavors" }, { "text": "In 1998 , Howard attended the second conference of African-American college presidents , held in Washington , DC . The Washington Post article of June 14 , 1998 by Peter S . Goodman stated that only 26 college presidents in the United States at the time were African-American , this number being reflective of the more than 1,800 colleges in America that are majority-white . The main purpose of the conference was to create dialogue about race in higher education and to increase the numbers of African-Americans holding top leadership posts in American academia .", "title": "Professional endeavors" }, { "text": "When Howard announced that she was leaving the college to take on the national role of leading the AASCU , an organization that advocates for and promotes the interests of 430 public colleges and universities , Hoyt stated that her crowning achievement at the college was likely the Burchfield Penney Arts Center . Former New York State Assembly Member Sam Hoyt stated that Howard raised the colleges stature both in the state and the nation . He additionally stated that she would be difficult to replace , and that she would be sorely missed . Her leadership of the College", "title": "Tenure culmination" }, { "text": "provided increased stability for it , as well as increased student enrollment during her 13 years there . During her last year as president of the college , Howards salary was reported to be $220,000 .", "title": "Tenure culmination" }, { "text": " In 2009 , it was announced that Howard would be leaving Buffalo State College to become the president of the AASCU in Washington , DC . From August 2009 to January 2018 , she served in that capacity . She is the first African-American and first woman to be president of the organization . In 2009 , Howard was interviewed for an article that appeared in The Chronicle of Higher Education in regard to her appointment as president of the AASCU . Support for comprehensive immigration reform .", "title": "Leadership" }, { "text": "As AASCU president , Howard has shown support for comprehensive immigration reform . She has stated support for the Pass the Dream Act , for enhancing H1-B Visas , and for streamlining green cards . She states that all of these actions will support students in America who are undocumented , and will help maintain American competitiveness , as well as keeping talent...at home .", "title": "Leadership" }, { "text": " In 2013 , Howard gave the keynote address at the State University of New York ( SUNY ) at Brockports Annual Diversity Conference . The theme of the 2013 Conference was Building Community through Diversity : Championing Access and Equity ; and Howards speech was titled , Community and the 21st Century Student . The focus of Howards speech was on how public colleges and universities can achieve that objective .", "title": "Speeches" }, { "text": " Howard retired as president of AASCU in January 2018 , and Dr . Mildred García was appointed president of AASCU .", "title": "Retirement" }, { "text": " As chair or member of organizational boards . Howards community involvement included membership on the executive committee for the Buffalo Niagara Partnership , Niagara University Board of Directors , Buffalo Public Schools Foundation Board of Directors , and the King Urban Life Center Board of Directors . She also served on the corporate board of directors for the Farm Credit of Western New York , and the Fleet Bank Community Advisory Board . She continues to serve on the Merchants Insurance Company Board .", "title": "Community involvement" }, { "text": "Active in the Buffalo Niagara Partnership , Howard advocated for improvement in the areas economy . Specifically , she stated that community projects such as building a new convention center may be completed , however the economy must improve in order for people to go to the convention center . Another concern of the group is that revitalization of the economy in the area must occur in addition to the completion of individual construction projects . Howard was also among leaders who supported the desire of younger leaders in having a stronger voice in community affairs , but was not", "title": "Community involvement" }, { "text": "successful in this regard due to the influence of the Old Guard .", "title": "Community involvement" }, { "text": " She was a member of the State University of New York ( SUNY ) Advisory Council on Teacher Education , and served on the SUNY Board of Directors of the Center for Russia . She co-chaired the State University of New York Provosts Advisory Task Force on General Education , establishing guidelines for the institution of a general education curricula throughout the SUNY system , and was a member of the New York State Blue Ribbon Commission on Youth Leadership .", "title": "Community involvement" }, { "text": "Howard was a member of the Erie Community College Board of Trustees search committee . She also served on the search committee for the Buffalo Public Schools Superintendent , and as co-chair for the City of Buffalo Mayoral Transition Team .", "title": "Community involvement" }, { "text": " Howard is a former chair of the AASCU Board of Directors . She serves on the National Survey on Student Engagement Advisory Board , the Coalition of Urban and Metropolitan Universities Board of Directors , where she chairs the Communications and Public Relations Committee and the American Council on Education ( ACE ) .", "title": "Community involvement" }, { "text": "Howard is also a member of Delta Sigma Theta sorority and The Links , Incorporated . The sorority includes college-educated women who are geared toward programs for the African-American community . The Links is a non-profit organization composed primarily of professional African-American women who are dedicated to the ideals of community service and friendship .", "title": "Community involvement" }, { "text": " As speaker at area events . Howard has been the keynote speaker at many events , including the 34th annual meeting of the fair housing agency , Housing Opportunities Made Equal , in 1997 .", "title": "Community involvement" }, { "text": "At the Buffalo Convention Center in 1998 , Howard spoke at the eighth annual Dr . Martin Luther King Jr . breakfast , sponsored by the New Hope Missionary Baptist Church . Howard , in part , encouraged the 600 attendees of the breakfast to work toward achieving the ideals of King , as well as to strive to make a racially harmonious world and a just society .", "title": "Community involvement" }, { "text": " In 1998 , Howard was the speaker for a meeting of the Womens Club of the University at Buffalo . In 1999 , she chaired the United Way campaign for Buffalo and Erie County . She served on the board of directors of that organization , including as chair . She has also chaired the subcommittee on Youth Services and Education for the Erie County Executives transition team .", "title": "Community involvement" }, { "text": " Howard received the Governors New York State Division of Women Award for Excellence in Education ; Citation Award from the National Conference for Community and Justice ; American Jewish Committee Institute of Human Relations Award ; and the University at Buffalo Graduate School of Education Distinguished Alumni Award . She also received the Staten Island College Distinguished Alumna Award ; the Black Educators Association of Western New York Educator of the Year Award ; and the Minority Bar Association of Western New York Award for Community Service .", "title": "Awards and recognition" }, { "text": "Further , Howard received the SUNY at Buffalo , Newman Center , Catholic Campus Ministry , Distinguished Alumnus Award . She is a recipient of the SUNY Chancellors Award for Excellence in Professional Service , and was a charter inductee in the Western New York Womens Hall of Fame . in 1997 at UB , she received the Bernice Poss Award from the Western New York Regional Committee of the American Council on Education/National Identification Program for the Advancement of Women in Higher Education .", "title": "Awards and recognition" }, { "text": "Howard was listed in the Buffalo News 2001 Leadership Survey as the Most Powerful Woman in Western New York . In April 2006 , she received the Outstanding Alumni Community Leadership Medal from the University at Buffalo Alumni Association . She was also the recipient of the 2006 Athena Award . This award , sponsored by the Western New York Womens Fund and the Buffalo Niagara Partnership , honors women professionals who have attained and personify the highest levels of professional excellence , demonstrate support for the goals of women professionals , and provide significant and selfless assistance on their", "title": "Awards and recognition" }, { "text": "behalf .", "title": "Awards and recognition" }, { "text": " Buffalo State College instituted the Muriel A . Howard All College Honors Program in 2013 in her honor .", "title": "Awards and recognition" }, { "text": " Howard has lived near Washington , DC , in Inwood , West Virginia and Chevy Chase , Maryland , with her husband , Albert Mickey Howard .", "title": "Personal life" }, { "text": " - AASCU : Presidents bio : Muriel A . Howard , Ph.D . - Muriel Howard Biography at Buffalo State College", "title": "External links" } ]
/wiki/Muriel_A._Howard#P108#1
What was the name of the employer Muriel A. Howard work for in early 2000s?
Muriel A . Howard Muriel A . Howard ( b . 1947/1948 ) ( formerly Muriel A . Moore ) is the former president of the American Association of State Colleges and Universities ( AASCU ) in Washington , D.C. , and served as the seventh president of Buffalo State College in the State University of New York ( SUNY ) system from 1996 to 2009 . Prior to her presidency at Buffalo State College , she was the vice president for public service and urban affairs at the SUNY educational institution , the University at Buffalo , where she worked for 23 years . Howard was educated at public universities in New York State , as well as at Harvard University , where she graduated from the Universitys Institute of Management . Howard has been a leader and member of many corporate boards of directors ; and councils and committees in higher education and city government . Further , she has been the recipient of many awards and honors throughout her career . Early life . Howard was born in Wilson , North Carolina , but lived some of her later childhood , and youth , in Queens , New York . She moved to Buffalo , New York when she became a student at the University at Buffalo . Education and honorary degrees . She received her Bachelor of Arts in sociology from Richmond College , City University of New York ; and her masters of education and doctorate in educational organization , administration , and policy from the University at Buffalo , She also graduated from Harvard Universitys Institute of Management . Howard has received six honorary degrees , including , in part : - Doctor of Humane Letters , Keene State College , Keene , New Hampshire , August 2010 ; - Doctor of Humane Letters , College of Staten Island , Staten Island , New York , May 2010 ; - Doctor of Humane Letters , Grambling State University , Grambling , Louisiana , May 2010 ; and - Doctor of Humane Letters , New York City Technical College , City University of New York , May 2002 . Academic interests . Howards professional and scholarly interests include the support of education ; educational leadership ; and the representation of women and minorities in both the academy and public service . Vice Presidency at the University at Buffalo . Howard held the highest post at the University prior to becoming President of Buffalo State College . She was a member of UB President Bill Greiners administrative team . Upon being named to her position as vice president for Public Service and Urban Affairs at UB , Howard had much to share regarding the vision for UB . Presidency at Buffalo State College . As the leader of Buffalo State College , Howard headed a campus of more than 11,000 students ; approximately 1,700 faculty and staff ; and a financial operation of more than $214 million . She is also the first woman to have led the college . Appointment . Former New York State Assembly Member Sam Hoyt graduated from the College and the college was in his district ; he shared his perspective about Howards appointment . Howard ( then-Moore ) began her leadership at the college as Interim President . Leadership . Prior to coming to the college , Howard had little experience in interacting with faculty , however her organizational skills and ability to resolve conflicts were praised . Additionally , she was praised as a tough administrator who knows the system by former Buffalo Common Council President George K . Arthur ; and it was said that she had the respect of students . The college had a reputation as a tough place to manage , and was expected to have difficulty in attracting qualified candidates to the position of the presidency . In her Inaugural Address , Howard focused on the diversity of the college as a strength . Within one month of assuming her leadership position at the college , Howard shared three short-term goals for strengthening it in an address to faculty . Those three goals included increasing recruitment and retention of students ; developing strategies to address the 1996-97 budget ; [ and ] dealing with the institutional climate that has emerged . On the 125th anniversary of the college in 1996 , Howard oversaw many events that celebrated the quasquicentennial event . On that day , there were proclamations issued by Buffalo Mayor Anthony Masiello as well as Erie County Executive Dennis Gorski . Celebrations included a cake in the shape of Rockwell Hall , a champagne toast , a big band , a chorale ensemble and additional wind ensembles , fireworks , tours of campus arts centers , exhibits , and a play area for kids . Challenges . During her tenure as interim president , Howards main goal is dealing directly with allegations of racial and sexual discrimination at the college . Howard stated in February 1996 that the college had held 60 programs on racial and cultural diversity , and gender during the previous fall . The Institute for the Healing of Racism began a two-month forum in the Spring 1996 semester at the college ; and closed hearings on sexual harassment and gender bias were being held within the College Senates Committee on the Status of Women . Howard stated her belief of the College being a real role model for the community . In the period from 1996 to 1998 , there were a number of deans and administrators who had been on leave through an arrangement with the previous college president , F.C . Richardson , and SUNY , and/or who had resigned to take other posts or due to retirement . In 1996 , as a result of those on leave or because of the resignations , there was only one permanent academic post that had remained filled at the college . At that time , there were five top leaders at the College who were either on leave or who had resigned to take other posts . Howard was in the process of considering applicants in order to fill open and/or interim positions during that time . One dean who left to take another position stated that it was a time in the colleges history in which important leadership choices were to be made that would take the institution into the next century . Advanced telecommunications network . In 1997 , through Buffalo Mayor Anthony Masiellos office and under the direction of Buffalo State Colleges Center for Applied Research in Interactive Technologies , CityNet , an advanced telecommunications network that links 14 educational and community sites in Buffalo was launched . For more than two years , Masiello and his team worked with NYNEX and Bell Atlantic to lay the foundation for the network , which is funded by Bell Atlantic for $1.9 million . International distance learning partnership . In 1998 , Howard made a personal effort to expand the Nurturing Initiative and Achievements ( NIA ) in Students Mentor Program at the college by offering a distance learning program at San José , Costa Rica . Howard went to Costa Rica in order to inaugurate a network that connects San Joses Lincoln School with the college , as well as Clarence Central , Grover Cleveland , and City Honors high schools . Revitalization of historic landmarks . Reported in a 1998 Buffalo News article was that Howard envisioned in 1995 that the Carriage House on the property of the Presidents Residence could be transformed into a guest house . The House had been used as servants quarters after it was first built . The Junior League of Buffalo and Chase Pitkin contributed to the remodeling of the Carriage House , with the Junior League identifying it as its 1997 Decorator Show House . The Carriage House was built in 1912 ; and now serves as a guest house for visitors of the college , providing much lower rates for accommodation than hotels at which visitors would otherwise stay . Howard participated in talks with the Buffalo Psychiatric Center , the Buffalo Mayors Office , and others regarding usage expansion for the psychiatric center . Buffalo State College has occupied Buffalo Psychiatric Center lands since the 1960s ; and phases of expansion have occurred in recent years that have revitalized and refurbished parts of the facility , including the Richardson Olmsted Complex , for different uses . One of the interests of the college was to use lands for expansion , and to build a new Burchfield Penney Art Center , a desire that was eventually achieved . Campus bookstore controversy . During the Fall semester of 1998 , controversy surrounding the campus bookstore contract was made public . Traditionally , Follett College Stores - the largest college bookstore company in the country - held the bookstore contract at the college . Concern by college administration that many college textbooks were being sold beyond the list price prompted the submission of a new bookstore contract with Barnes & Noble by Howard to the state comptroller , Carl McCall . Barnes & Noble is the largest book retailer in the United States . As a result , - and due to the college already maintaining a contract with Follett - the executive board of the colleges Faculty Student Association ( FSA ) voted to withhold $25,000 in discretionary funds during that semester , funds that are traditionally issued to the college president for discretionary purposes . This move by the FSA was unprecedented ; however the aim of involvement by FSA was to obtain a judicious decision about the matter from the state comptroller . The bookstore contract for 1998 also included that a new building to house it would be constructed . Howard ended up contracting with Barnes & Noble amid appeals to the state comptroller by two of three bidders for the bookstore contract . In a 1998 article by FSA President Michael Paluch that appeared in The Buffalo News , Paluch stated that , as a result of the change , Textbook prices will be higher , student wages will be lower , and the college will get substantially less construction dollars for a new store from Barnes & Noble than from the Faculty-Student Association . Professional endeavors . In 1996 , Howard spoke at a businesswomens networking luncheon reception at the College that celebrated Womens History Month , and more specifically , Womens History Week . In 1998 , Howard attended the second conference of African-American college presidents , held in Washington , DC . The Washington Post article of June 14 , 1998 by Peter S . Goodman stated that only 26 college presidents in the United States at the time were African-American , this number being reflective of the more than 1,800 colleges in America that are majority-white . The main purpose of the conference was to create dialogue about race in higher education and to increase the numbers of African-Americans holding top leadership posts in American academia . Tenure culmination . When Howard announced that she was leaving the college to take on the national role of leading the AASCU , an organization that advocates for and promotes the interests of 430 public colleges and universities , Hoyt stated that her crowning achievement at the college was likely the Burchfield Penney Arts Center . Former New York State Assembly Member Sam Hoyt stated that Howard raised the colleges stature both in the state and the nation . He additionally stated that she would be difficult to replace , and that she would be sorely missed . Her leadership of the College provided increased stability for it , as well as increased student enrollment during her 13 years there . During her last year as president of the college , Howards salary was reported to be $220,000 . Presidency of the American Association of State Colleges and Universities . Leadership . In 2009 , it was announced that Howard would be leaving Buffalo State College to become the president of the AASCU in Washington , DC . From August 2009 to January 2018 , she served in that capacity . She is the first African-American and first woman to be president of the organization . In 2009 , Howard was interviewed for an article that appeared in The Chronicle of Higher Education in regard to her appointment as president of the AASCU . Support for comprehensive immigration reform . As AASCU president , Howard has shown support for comprehensive immigration reform . She has stated support for the Pass the Dream Act , for enhancing H1-B Visas , and for streamlining green cards . She states that all of these actions will support students in America who are undocumented , and will help maintain American competitiveness , as well as keeping talent...at home . Speeches . In 2013 , Howard gave the keynote address at the State University of New York ( SUNY ) at Brockports Annual Diversity Conference . The theme of the 2013 Conference was Building Community through Diversity : Championing Access and Equity ; and Howards speech was titled , Community and the 21st Century Student . The focus of Howards speech was on how public colleges and universities can achieve that objective . Retirement . Howard retired as president of AASCU in January 2018 , and Dr . Mildred García was appointed president of AASCU . Community involvement . As chair or member of organizational boards . Howards community involvement included membership on the executive committee for the Buffalo Niagara Partnership , Niagara University Board of Directors , Buffalo Public Schools Foundation Board of Directors , and the King Urban Life Center Board of Directors . She also served on the corporate board of directors for the Farm Credit of Western New York , and the Fleet Bank Community Advisory Board . She continues to serve on the Merchants Insurance Company Board . Active in the Buffalo Niagara Partnership , Howard advocated for improvement in the areas economy . Specifically , she stated that community projects such as building a new convention center may be completed , however the economy must improve in order for people to go to the convention center . Another concern of the group is that revitalization of the economy in the area must occur in addition to the completion of individual construction projects . Howard was also among leaders who supported the desire of younger leaders in having a stronger voice in community affairs , but was not successful in this regard due to the influence of the Old Guard . She was a member of the State University of New York ( SUNY ) Advisory Council on Teacher Education , and served on the SUNY Board of Directors of the Center for Russia . She co-chaired the State University of New York Provosts Advisory Task Force on General Education , establishing guidelines for the institution of a general education curricula throughout the SUNY system , and was a member of the New York State Blue Ribbon Commission on Youth Leadership . Howard was a member of the Erie Community College Board of Trustees search committee . She also served on the search committee for the Buffalo Public Schools Superintendent , and as co-chair for the City of Buffalo Mayoral Transition Team . Howard is a former chair of the AASCU Board of Directors . She serves on the National Survey on Student Engagement Advisory Board , the Coalition of Urban and Metropolitan Universities Board of Directors , where she chairs the Communications and Public Relations Committee and the American Council on Education ( ACE ) . Howard is also a member of Delta Sigma Theta sorority and The Links , Incorporated . The sorority includes college-educated women who are geared toward programs for the African-American community . The Links is a non-profit organization composed primarily of professional African-American women who are dedicated to the ideals of community service and friendship . As speaker at area events . Howard has been the keynote speaker at many events , including the 34th annual meeting of the fair housing agency , Housing Opportunities Made Equal , in 1997 . At the Buffalo Convention Center in 1998 , Howard spoke at the eighth annual Dr . Martin Luther King Jr . breakfast , sponsored by the New Hope Missionary Baptist Church . Howard , in part , encouraged the 600 attendees of the breakfast to work toward achieving the ideals of King , as well as to strive to make a racially harmonious world and a just society . In 1998 , Howard was the speaker for a meeting of the Womens Club of the University at Buffalo . In 1999 , she chaired the United Way campaign for Buffalo and Erie County . She served on the board of directors of that organization , including as chair . She has also chaired the subcommittee on Youth Services and Education for the Erie County Executives transition team . Awards and recognition . Howard received the Governors New York State Division of Women Award for Excellence in Education ; Citation Award from the National Conference for Community and Justice ; American Jewish Committee Institute of Human Relations Award ; and the University at Buffalo Graduate School of Education Distinguished Alumni Award . She also received the Staten Island College Distinguished Alumna Award ; the Black Educators Association of Western New York Educator of the Year Award ; and the Minority Bar Association of Western New York Award for Community Service . Further , Howard received the SUNY at Buffalo , Newman Center , Catholic Campus Ministry , Distinguished Alumnus Award . She is a recipient of the SUNY Chancellors Award for Excellence in Professional Service , and was a charter inductee in the Western New York Womens Hall of Fame . in 1997 at UB , she received the Bernice Poss Award from the Western New York Regional Committee of the American Council on Education/National Identification Program for the Advancement of Women in Higher Education . Howard was listed in the Buffalo News 2001 Leadership Survey as the Most Powerful Woman in Western New York . In April 2006 , she received the Outstanding Alumni Community Leadership Medal from the University at Buffalo Alumni Association . She was also the recipient of the 2006 Athena Award . This award , sponsored by the Western New York Womens Fund and the Buffalo Niagara Partnership , honors women professionals who have attained and personify the highest levels of professional excellence , demonstrate support for the goals of women professionals , and provide significant and selfless assistance on their behalf . Buffalo State College instituted the Muriel A . Howard All College Honors Program in 2013 in her honor . Personal life . Howard has lived near Washington , DC , in Inwood , West Virginia and Chevy Chase , Maryland , with her husband , Albert Mickey Howard . External links . - AASCU : Presidents bio : Muriel A . Howard , Ph.D . - Muriel Howard Biography at Buffalo State College
[ "Buffalo State College" ]
[ { "text": "Muriel A . Howard ( b . 1947/1948 ) ( formerly Muriel A . Moore ) is the former president of the American Association of State Colleges and Universities ( AASCU ) in Washington , D.C. , and served as the seventh president of Buffalo State College in the State University of New York ( SUNY ) system from 1996 to 2009 . Prior to her presidency at Buffalo State College , she was the vice president for public service and urban affairs at the SUNY educational institution , the University at Buffalo , where she worked for 23 years", "title": "Muriel A . Howard" }, { "text": ". Howard was educated at public universities in New York State , as well as at Harvard University , where she graduated from the Universitys Institute of Management . Howard has been a leader and member of many corporate boards of directors ; and councils and committees in higher education and city government . Further , she has been the recipient of many awards and honors throughout her career .", "title": "Muriel A . Howard" }, { "text": " Howard was born in Wilson , North Carolina , but lived some of her later childhood , and youth , in Queens , New York . She moved to Buffalo , New York when she became a student at the University at Buffalo . Education and honorary degrees . She received her Bachelor of Arts in sociology from Richmond College , City University of New York ; and her masters of education and doctorate in educational organization , administration , and policy from the University at Buffalo , She also graduated from Harvard Universitys Institute of Management .", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": "Howard has received six honorary degrees , including , in part :", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": " - Doctor of Humane Letters , Keene State College , Keene , New Hampshire , August 2010 ; - Doctor of Humane Letters , College of Staten Island , Staten Island , New York , May 2010 ; - Doctor of Humane Letters , Grambling State University , Grambling , Louisiana , May 2010 ; and - Doctor of Humane Letters , New York City Technical College , City University of New York , May 2002 .", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": " Howards professional and scholarly interests include the support of education ; educational leadership ; and the representation of women and minorities in both the academy and public service . Vice Presidency at the University at Buffalo . Howard held the highest post at the University prior to becoming President of Buffalo State College . She was a member of UB President Bill Greiners administrative team . Upon being named to her position as vice president for Public Service and Urban Affairs at UB , Howard had much to share regarding the vision for UB .", "title": "Academic interests" }, { "text": "Presidency at Buffalo State College .", "title": "Academic interests" }, { "text": " As the leader of Buffalo State College , Howard headed a campus of more than 11,000 students ; approximately 1,700 faculty and staff ; and a financial operation of more than $214 million . She is also the first woman to have led the college .", "title": "Academic interests" }, { "text": " Former New York State Assembly Member Sam Hoyt graduated from the College and the college was in his district ; he shared his perspective about Howards appointment . Howard ( then-Moore ) began her leadership at the college as Interim President .", "title": "Appointment" }, { "text": " Prior to coming to the college , Howard had little experience in interacting with faculty , however her organizational skills and ability to resolve conflicts were praised . Additionally , she was praised as a tough administrator who knows the system by former Buffalo Common Council President George K . Arthur ; and it was said that she had the respect of students . The college had a reputation as a tough place to manage , and was expected to have difficulty in attracting qualified candidates to the position of the presidency .", "title": "Leadership" }, { "text": "In her Inaugural Address , Howard focused on the diversity of the college as a strength .", "title": "Leadership" }, { "text": " Within one month of assuming her leadership position at the college , Howard shared three short-term goals for strengthening it in an address to faculty . Those three goals included increasing recruitment and retention of students ; developing strategies to address the 1996-97 budget ; [ and ] dealing with the institutional climate that has emerged .", "title": "Leadership" }, { "text": "On the 125th anniversary of the college in 1996 , Howard oversaw many events that celebrated the quasquicentennial event . On that day , there were proclamations issued by Buffalo Mayor Anthony Masiello as well as Erie County Executive Dennis Gorski . Celebrations included a cake in the shape of Rockwell Hall , a champagne toast , a big band , a chorale ensemble and additional wind ensembles , fireworks , tours of campus arts centers , exhibits , and a play area for kids .", "title": "Leadership" }, { "text": "During her tenure as interim president , Howards main goal is dealing directly with allegations of racial and sexual discrimination at the college . Howard stated in February 1996 that the college had held 60 programs on racial and cultural diversity , and gender during the previous fall . The Institute for the Healing of Racism began a two-month forum in the Spring 1996 semester at the college ; and closed hearings on sexual harassment and gender bias were being held within the College Senates Committee on the Status of Women . Howard stated her belief of the College being", "title": "Challenges" }, { "text": "a real role model for the community .", "title": "Challenges" }, { "text": "In the period from 1996 to 1998 , there were a number of deans and administrators who had been on leave through an arrangement with the previous college president , F.C . Richardson , and SUNY , and/or who had resigned to take other posts or due to retirement . In 1996 , as a result of those on leave or because of the resignations , there was only one permanent academic post that had remained filled at the college . At that time , there were five top leaders at the College who were either on leave or who", "title": "Challenges" }, { "text": "had resigned to take other posts . Howard was in the process of considering applicants in order to fill open and/or interim positions during that time . One dean who left to take another position stated that it was a time in the colleges history in which important leadership choices were to be made that would take the institution into the next century .", "title": "Challenges" }, { "text": " In 1997 , through Buffalo Mayor Anthony Masiellos office and under the direction of Buffalo State Colleges Center for Applied Research in Interactive Technologies , CityNet , an advanced telecommunications network that links 14 educational and community sites in Buffalo was launched . For more than two years , Masiello and his team worked with NYNEX and Bell Atlantic to lay the foundation for the network , which is funded by Bell Atlantic for $1.9 million . International distance learning partnership .", "title": "Advanced telecommunications network" }, { "text": "In 1998 , Howard made a personal effort to expand the Nurturing Initiative and Achievements ( NIA ) in Students Mentor Program at the college by offering a distance learning program at San José , Costa Rica . Howard went to Costa Rica in order to inaugurate a network that connects San Joses Lincoln School with the college , as well as Clarence Central , Grover Cleveland , and City Honors high schools .", "title": "Advanced telecommunications network" }, { "text": "Reported in a 1998 Buffalo News article was that Howard envisioned in 1995 that the Carriage House on the property of the Presidents Residence could be transformed into a guest house . The House had been used as servants quarters after it was first built . The Junior League of Buffalo and Chase Pitkin contributed to the remodeling of the Carriage House , with the Junior League identifying it as its 1997 Decorator Show House . The Carriage House was built in 1912 ; and now serves as a guest house for visitors of the college , providing much lower", "title": "Advanced telecommunications network" }, { "text": "rates for accommodation than hotels at which visitors would otherwise stay .", "title": "Advanced telecommunications network" }, { "text": " Howard participated in talks with the Buffalo Psychiatric Center , the Buffalo Mayors Office , and others regarding usage expansion for the psychiatric center . Buffalo State College has occupied Buffalo Psychiatric Center lands since the 1960s ; and phases of expansion have occurred in recent years that have revitalized and refurbished parts of the facility , including the Richardson Olmsted Complex , for different uses . One of the interests of the college was to use lands for expansion , and to build a new Burchfield Penney Art Center , a desire that was eventually achieved .", "title": "Advanced telecommunications network" }, { "text": "During the Fall semester of 1998 , controversy surrounding the campus bookstore contract was made public . Traditionally , Follett College Stores - the largest college bookstore company in the country - held the bookstore contract at the college . Concern by college administration that many college textbooks were being sold beyond the list price prompted the submission of a new bookstore contract with Barnes & Noble by Howard to the state comptroller , Carl McCall . Barnes & Noble is the largest book retailer in the United States . As a result , - and due to the college", "title": "Campus bookstore controversy" }, { "text": "already maintaining a contract with Follett - the executive board of the colleges Faculty Student Association ( FSA ) voted to withhold $25,000 in discretionary funds during that semester , funds that are traditionally issued to the college president for discretionary purposes . This move by the FSA was unprecedented ; however the aim of involvement by FSA was to obtain a judicious decision about the matter from the state comptroller . The bookstore contract for 1998 also included that a new building to house it would be constructed .", "title": "Campus bookstore controversy" }, { "text": " Howard ended up contracting with Barnes & Noble amid appeals to the state comptroller by two of three bidders for the bookstore contract . In a 1998 article by FSA President Michael Paluch that appeared in The Buffalo News , Paluch stated that , as a result of the change , Textbook prices will be higher , student wages will be lower , and the college will get substantially less construction dollars for a new store from Barnes & Noble than from the Faculty-Student Association .", "title": "Campus bookstore controversy" }, { "text": " In 1996 , Howard spoke at a businesswomens networking luncheon reception at the College that celebrated Womens History Month , and more specifically , Womens History Week .", "title": "Professional endeavors" }, { "text": "In 1998 , Howard attended the second conference of African-American college presidents , held in Washington , DC . The Washington Post article of June 14 , 1998 by Peter S . Goodman stated that only 26 college presidents in the United States at the time were African-American , this number being reflective of the more than 1,800 colleges in America that are majority-white . The main purpose of the conference was to create dialogue about race in higher education and to increase the numbers of African-Americans holding top leadership posts in American academia .", "title": "Professional endeavors" }, { "text": "When Howard announced that she was leaving the college to take on the national role of leading the AASCU , an organization that advocates for and promotes the interests of 430 public colleges and universities , Hoyt stated that her crowning achievement at the college was likely the Burchfield Penney Arts Center . Former New York State Assembly Member Sam Hoyt stated that Howard raised the colleges stature both in the state and the nation . He additionally stated that she would be difficult to replace , and that she would be sorely missed . Her leadership of the College", "title": "Tenure culmination" }, { "text": "provided increased stability for it , as well as increased student enrollment during her 13 years there . During her last year as president of the college , Howards salary was reported to be $220,000 .", "title": "Tenure culmination" }, { "text": " In 2009 , it was announced that Howard would be leaving Buffalo State College to become the president of the AASCU in Washington , DC . From August 2009 to January 2018 , she served in that capacity . She is the first African-American and first woman to be president of the organization . In 2009 , Howard was interviewed for an article that appeared in The Chronicle of Higher Education in regard to her appointment as president of the AASCU . Support for comprehensive immigration reform .", "title": "Leadership" }, { "text": "As AASCU president , Howard has shown support for comprehensive immigration reform . She has stated support for the Pass the Dream Act , for enhancing H1-B Visas , and for streamlining green cards . She states that all of these actions will support students in America who are undocumented , and will help maintain American competitiveness , as well as keeping talent...at home .", "title": "Leadership" }, { "text": " In 2013 , Howard gave the keynote address at the State University of New York ( SUNY ) at Brockports Annual Diversity Conference . The theme of the 2013 Conference was Building Community through Diversity : Championing Access and Equity ; and Howards speech was titled , Community and the 21st Century Student . The focus of Howards speech was on how public colleges and universities can achieve that objective .", "title": "Speeches" }, { "text": " Howard retired as president of AASCU in January 2018 , and Dr . Mildred García was appointed president of AASCU .", "title": "Retirement" }, { "text": " As chair or member of organizational boards . Howards community involvement included membership on the executive committee for the Buffalo Niagara Partnership , Niagara University Board of Directors , Buffalo Public Schools Foundation Board of Directors , and the King Urban Life Center Board of Directors . She also served on the corporate board of directors for the Farm Credit of Western New York , and the Fleet Bank Community Advisory Board . She continues to serve on the Merchants Insurance Company Board .", "title": "Community involvement" }, { "text": "Active in the Buffalo Niagara Partnership , Howard advocated for improvement in the areas economy . Specifically , she stated that community projects such as building a new convention center may be completed , however the economy must improve in order for people to go to the convention center . Another concern of the group is that revitalization of the economy in the area must occur in addition to the completion of individual construction projects . Howard was also among leaders who supported the desire of younger leaders in having a stronger voice in community affairs , but was not", "title": "Community involvement" }, { "text": "successful in this regard due to the influence of the Old Guard .", "title": "Community involvement" }, { "text": " She was a member of the State University of New York ( SUNY ) Advisory Council on Teacher Education , and served on the SUNY Board of Directors of the Center for Russia . She co-chaired the State University of New York Provosts Advisory Task Force on General Education , establishing guidelines for the institution of a general education curricula throughout the SUNY system , and was a member of the New York State Blue Ribbon Commission on Youth Leadership .", "title": "Community involvement" }, { "text": "Howard was a member of the Erie Community College Board of Trustees search committee . She also served on the search committee for the Buffalo Public Schools Superintendent , and as co-chair for the City of Buffalo Mayoral Transition Team .", "title": "Community involvement" }, { "text": " Howard is a former chair of the AASCU Board of Directors . She serves on the National Survey on Student Engagement Advisory Board , the Coalition of Urban and Metropolitan Universities Board of Directors , where she chairs the Communications and Public Relations Committee and the American Council on Education ( ACE ) .", "title": "Community involvement" }, { "text": "Howard is also a member of Delta Sigma Theta sorority and The Links , Incorporated . The sorority includes college-educated women who are geared toward programs for the African-American community . The Links is a non-profit organization composed primarily of professional African-American women who are dedicated to the ideals of community service and friendship .", "title": "Community involvement" }, { "text": " As speaker at area events . Howard has been the keynote speaker at many events , including the 34th annual meeting of the fair housing agency , Housing Opportunities Made Equal , in 1997 .", "title": "Community involvement" }, { "text": "At the Buffalo Convention Center in 1998 , Howard spoke at the eighth annual Dr . Martin Luther King Jr . breakfast , sponsored by the New Hope Missionary Baptist Church . Howard , in part , encouraged the 600 attendees of the breakfast to work toward achieving the ideals of King , as well as to strive to make a racially harmonious world and a just society .", "title": "Community involvement" }, { "text": " In 1998 , Howard was the speaker for a meeting of the Womens Club of the University at Buffalo . In 1999 , she chaired the United Way campaign for Buffalo and Erie County . She served on the board of directors of that organization , including as chair . She has also chaired the subcommittee on Youth Services and Education for the Erie County Executives transition team .", "title": "Community involvement" }, { "text": " Howard received the Governors New York State Division of Women Award for Excellence in Education ; Citation Award from the National Conference for Community and Justice ; American Jewish Committee Institute of Human Relations Award ; and the University at Buffalo Graduate School of Education Distinguished Alumni Award . She also received the Staten Island College Distinguished Alumna Award ; the Black Educators Association of Western New York Educator of the Year Award ; and the Minority Bar Association of Western New York Award for Community Service .", "title": "Awards and recognition" }, { "text": "Further , Howard received the SUNY at Buffalo , Newman Center , Catholic Campus Ministry , Distinguished Alumnus Award . She is a recipient of the SUNY Chancellors Award for Excellence in Professional Service , and was a charter inductee in the Western New York Womens Hall of Fame . in 1997 at UB , she received the Bernice Poss Award from the Western New York Regional Committee of the American Council on Education/National Identification Program for the Advancement of Women in Higher Education .", "title": "Awards and recognition" }, { "text": "Howard was listed in the Buffalo News 2001 Leadership Survey as the Most Powerful Woman in Western New York . In April 2006 , she received the Outstanding Alumni Community Leadership Medal from the University at Buffalo Alumni Association . She was also the recipient of the 2006 Athena Award . This award , sponsored by the Western New York Womens Fund and the Buffalo Niagara Partnership , honors women professionals who have attained and personify the highest levels of professional excellence , demonstrate support for the goals of women professionals , and provide significant and selfless assistance on their", "title": "Awards and recognition" }, { "text": "behalf .", "title": "Awards and recognition" }, { "text": " Buffalo State College instituted the Muriel A . Howard All College Honors Program in 2013 in her honor .", "title": "Awards and recognition" }, { "text": " Howard has lived near Washington , DC , in Inwood , West Virginia and Chevy Chase , Maryland , with her husband , Albert Mickey Howard .", "title": "Personal life" }, { "text": " - AASCU : Presidents bio : Muriel A . Howard , Ph.D . - Muriel Howard Biography at Buffalo State College", "title": "External links" } ]
/wiki/Muriel_A._Howard#P108#2
What was the name of the employer Muriel A. Howard work for between May 2013 and Jul 2014?
Muriel A . Howard Muriel A . Howard ( b . 1947/1948 ) ( formerly Muriel A . Moore ) is the former president of the American Association of State Colleges and Universities ( AASCU ) in Washington , D.C. , and served as the seventh president of Buffalo State College in the State University of New York ( SUNY ) system from 1996 to 2009 . Prior to her presidency at Buffalo State College , she was the vice president for public service and urban affairs at the SUNY educational institution , the University at Buffalo , where she worked for 23 years . Howard was educated at public universities in New York State , as well as at Harvard University , where she graduated from the Universitys Institute of Management . Howard has been a leader and member of many corporate boards of directors ; and councils and committees in higher education and city government . Further , she has been the recipient of many awards and honors throughout her career . Early life . Howard was born in Wilson , North Carolina , but lived some of her later childhood , and youth , in Queens , New York . She moved to Buffalo , New York when she became a student at the University at Buffalo . Education and honorary degrees . She received her Bachelor of Arts in sociology from Richmond College , City University of New York ; and her masters of education and doctorate in educational organization , administration , and policy from the University at Buffalo , She also graduated from Harvard Universitys Institute of Management . Howard has received six honorary degrees , including , in part : - Doctor of Humane Letters , Keene State College , Keene , New Hampshire , August 2010 ; - Doctor of Humane Letters , College of Staten Island , Staten Island , New York , May 2010 ; - Doctor of Humane Letters , Grambling State University , Grambling , Louisiana , May 2010 ; and - Doctor of Humane Letters , New York City Technical College , City University of New York , May 2002 . Academic interests . Howards professional and scholarly interests include the support of education ; educational leadership ; and the representation of women and minorities in both the academy and public service . Vice Presidency at the University at Buffalo . Howard held the highest post at the University prior to becoming President of Buffalo State College . She was a member of UB President Bill Greiners administrative team . Upon being named to her position as vice president for Public Service and Urban Affairs at UB , Howard had much to share regarding the vision for UB . Presidency at Buffalo State College . As the leader of Buffalo State College , Howard headed a campus of more than 11,000 students ; approximately 1,700 faculty and staff ; and a financial operation of more than $214 million . She is also the first woman to have led the college . Appointment . Former New York State Assembly Member Sam Hoyt graduated from the College and the college was in his district ; he shared his perspective about Howards appointment . Howard ( then-Moore ) began her leadership at the college as Interim President . Leadership . Prior to coming to the college , Howard had little experience in interacting with faculty , however her organizational skills and ability to resolve conflicts were praised . Additionally , she was praised as a tough administrator who knows the system by former Buffalo Common Council President George K . Arthur ; and it was said that she had the respect of students . The college had a reputation as a tough place to manage , and was expected to have difficulty in attracting qualified candidates to the position of the presidency . In her Inaugural Address , Howard focused on the diversity of the college as a strength . Within one month of assuming her leadership position at the college , Howard shared three short-term goals for strengthening it in an address to faculty . Those three goals included increasing recruitment and retention of students ; developing strategies to address the 1996-97 budget ; [ and ] dealing with the institutional climate that has emerged . On the 125th anniversary of the college in 1996 , Howard oversaw many events that celebrated the quasquicentennial event . On that day , there were proclamations issued by Buffalo Mayor Anthony Masiello as well as Erie County Executive Dennis Gorski . Celebrations included a cake in the shape of Rockwell Hall , a champagne toast , a big band , a chorale ensemble and additional wind ensembles , fireworks , tours of campus arts centers , exhibits , and a play area for kids . Challenges . During her tenure as interim president , Howards main goal is dealing directly with allegations of racial and sexual discrimination at the college . Howard stated in February 1996 that the college had held 60 programs on racial and cultural diversity , and gender during the previous fall . The Institute for the Healing of Racism began a two-month forum in the Spring 1996 semester at the college ; and closed hearings on sexual harassment and gender bias were being held within the College Senates Committee on the Status of Women . Howard stated her belief of the College being a real role model for the community . In the period from 1996 to 1998 , there were a number of deans and administrators who had been on leave through an arrangement with the previous college president , F.C . Richardson , and SUNY , and/or who had resigned to take other posts or due to retirement . In 1996 , as a result of those on leave or because of the resignations , there was only one permanent academic post that had remained filled at the college . At that time , there were five top leaders at the College who were either on leave or who had resigned to take other posts . Howard was in the process of considering applicants in order to fill open and/or interim positions during that time . One dean who left to take another position stated that it was a time in the colleges history in which important leadership choices were to be made that would take the institution into the next century . Advanced telecommunications network . In 1997 , through Buffalo Mayor Anthony Masiellos office and under the direction of Buffalo State Colleges Center for Applied Research in Interactive Technologies , CityNet , an advanced telecommunications network that links 14 educational and community sites in Buffalo was launched . For more than two years , Masiello and his team worked with NYNEX and Bell Atlantic to lay the foundation for the network , which is funded by Bell Atlantic for $1.9 million . International distance learning partnership . In 1998 , Howard made a personal effort to expand the Nurturing Initiative and Achievements ( NIA ) in Students Mentor Program at the college by offering a distance learning program at San José , Costa Rica . Howard went to Costa Rica in order to inaugurate a network that connects San Joses Lincoln School with the college , as well as Clarence Central , Grover Cleveland , and City Honors high schools . Revitalization of historic landmarks . Reported in a 1998 Buffalo News article was that Howard envisioned in 1995 that the Carriage House on the property of the Presidents Residence could be transformed into a guest house . The House had been used as servants quarters after it was first built . The Junior League of Buffalo and Chase Pitkin contributed to the remodeling of the Carriage House , with the Junior League identifying it as its 1997 Decorator Show House . The Carriage House was built in 1912 ; and now serves as a guest house for visitors of the college , providing much lower rates for accommodation than hotels at which visitors would otherwise stay . Howard participated in talks with the Buffalo Psychiatric Center , the Buffalo Mayors Office , and others regarding usage expansion for the psychiatric center . Buffalo State College has occupied Buffalo Psychiatric Center lands since the 1960s ; and phases of expansion have occurred in recent years that have revitalized and refurbished parts of the facility , including the Richardson Olmsted Complex , for different uses . One of the interests of the college was to use lands for expansion , and to build a new Burchfield Penney Art Center , a desire that was eventually achieved . Campus bookstore controversy . During the Fall semester of 1998 , controversy surrounding the campus bookstore contract was made public . Traditionally , Follett College Stores - the largest college bookstore company in the country - held the bookstore contract at the college . Concern by college administration that many college textbooks were being sold beyond the list price prompted the submission of a new bookstore contract with Barnes & Noble by Howard to the state comptroller , Carl McCall . Barnes & Noble is the largest book retailer in the United States . As a result , - and due to the college already maintaining a contract with Follett - the executive board of the colleges Faculty Student Association ( FSA ) voted to withhold $25,000 in discretionary funds during that semester , funds that are traditionally issued to the college president for discretionary purposes . This move by the FSA was unprecedented ; however the aim of involvement by FSA was to obtain a judicious decision about the matter from the state comptroller . The bookstore contract for 1998 also included that a new building to house it would be constructed . Howard ended up contracting with Barnes & Noble amid appeals to the state comptroller by two of three bidders for the bookstore contract . In a 1998 article by FSA President Michael Paluch that appeared in The Buffalo News , Paluch stated that , as a result of the change , Textbook prices will be higher , student wages will be lower , and the college will get substantially less construction dollars for a new store from Barnes & Noble than from the Faculty-Student Association . Professional endeavors . In 1996 , Howard spoke at a businesswomens networking luncheon reception at the College that celebrated Womens History Month , and more specifically , Womens History Week . In 1998 , Howard attended the second conference of African-American college presidents , held in Washington , DC . The Washington Post article of June 14 , 1998 by Peter S . Goodman stated that only 26 college presidents in the United States at the time were African-American , this number being reflective of the more than 1,800 colleges in America that are majority-white . The main purpose of the conference was to create dialogue about race in higher education and to increase the numbers of African-Americans holding top leadership posts in American academia . Tenure culmination . When Howard announced that she was leaving the college to take on the national role of leading the AASCU , an organization that advocates for and promotes the interests of 430 public colleges and universities , Hoyt stated that her crowning achievement at the college was likely the Burchfield Penney Arts Center . Former New York State Assembly Member Sam Hoyt stated that Howard raised the colleges stature both in the state and the nation . He additionally stated that she would be difficult to replace , and that she would be sorely missed . Her leadership of the College provided increased stability for it , as well as increased student enrollment during her 13 years there . During her last year as president of the college , Howards salary was reported to be $220,000 . Presidency of the American Association of State Colleges and Universities . Leadership . In 2009 , it was announced that Howard would be leaving Buffalo State College to become the president of the AASCU in Washington , DC . From August 2009 to January 2018 , she served in that capacity . She is the first African-American and first woman to be president of the organization . In 2009 , Howard was interviewed for an article that appeared in The Chronicle of Higher Education in regard to her appointment as president of the AASCU . Support for comprehensive immigration reform . As AASCU president , Howard has shown support for comprehensive immigration reform . She has stated support for the Pass the Dream Act , for enhancing H1-B Visas , and for streamlining green cards . She states that all of these actions will support students in America who are undocumented , and will help maintain American competitiveness , as well as keeping talent...at home . Speeches . In 2013 , Howard gave the keynote address at the State University of New York ( SUNY ) at Brockports Annual Diversity Conference . The theme of the 2013 Conference was Building Community through Diversity : Championing Access and Equity ; and Howards speech was titled , Community and the 21st Century Student . The focus of Howards speech was on how public colleges and universities can achieve that objective . Retirement . Howard retired as president of AASCU in January 2018 , and Dr . Mildred García was appointed president of AASCU . Community involvement . As chair or member of organizational boards . Howards community involvement included membership on the executive committee for the Buffalo Niagara Partnership , Niagara University Board of Directors , Buffalo Public Schools Foundation Board of Directors , and the King Urban Life Center Board of Directors . She also served on the corporate board of directors for the Farm Credit of Western New York , and the Fleet Bank Community Advisory Board . She continues to serve on the Merchants Insurance Company Board . Active in the Buffalo Niagara Partnership , Howard advocated for improvement in the areas economy . Specifically , she stated that community projects such as building a new convention center may be completed , however the economy must improve in order for people to go to the convention center . Another concern of the group is that revitalization of the economy in the area must occur in addition to the completion of individual construction projects . Howard was also among leaders who supported the desire of younger leaders in having a stronger voice in community affairs , but was not successful in this regard due to the influence of the Old Guard . She was a member of the State University of New York ( SUNY ) Advisory Council on Teacher Education , and served on the SUNY Board of Directors of the Center for Russia . She co-chaired the State University of New York Provosts Advisory Task Force on General Education , establishing guidelines for the institution of a general education curricula throughout the SUNY system , and was a member of the New York State Blue Ribbon Commission on Youth Leadership . Howard was a member of the Erie Community College Board of Trustees search committee . She also served on the search committee for the Buffalo Public Schools Superintendent , and as co-chair for the City of Buffalo Mayoral Transition Team . Howard is a former chair of the AASCU Board of Directors . She serves on the National Survey on Student Engagement Advisory Board , the Coalition of Urban and Metropolitan Universities Board of Directors , where she chairs the Communications and Public Relations Committee and the American Council on Education ( ACE ) . Howard is also a member of Delta Sigma Theta sorority and The Links , Incorporated . The sorority includes college-educated women who are geared toward programs for the African-American community . The Links is a non-profit organization composed primarily of professional African-American women who are dedicated to the ideals of community service and friendship . As speaker at area events . Howard has been the keynote speaker at many events , including the 34th annual meeting of the fair housing agency , Housing Opportunities Made Equal , in 1997 . At the Buffalo Convention Center in 1998 , Howard spoke at the eighth annual Dr . Martin Luther King Jr . breakfast , sponsored by the New Hope Missionary Baptist Church . Howard , in part , encouraged the 600 attendees of the breakfast to work toward achieving the ideals of King , as well as to strive to make a racially harmonious world and a just society . In 1998 , Howard was the speaker for a meeting of the Womens Club of the University at Buffalo . In 1999 , she chaired the United Way campaign for Buffalo and Erie County . She served on the board of directors of that organization , including as chair . She has also chaired the subcommittee on Youth Services and Education for the Erie County Executives transition team . Awards and recognition . Howard received the Governors New York State Division of Women Award for Excellence in Education ; Citation Award from the National Conference for Community and Justice ; American Jewish Committee Institute of Human Relations Award ; and the University at Buffalo Graduate School of Education Distinguished Alumni Award . She also received the Staten Island College Distinguished Alumna Award ; the Black Educators Association of Western New York Educator of the Year Award ; and the Minority Bar Association of Western New York Award for Community Service . Further , Howard received the SUNY at Buffalo , Newman Center , Catholic Campus Ministry , Distinguished Alumnus Award . She is a recipient of the SUNY Chancellors Award for Excellence in Professional Service , and was a charter inductee in the Western New York Womens Hall of Fame . in 1997 at UB , she received the Bernice Poss Award from the Western New York Regional Committee of the American Council on Education/National Identification Program for the Advancement of Women in Higher Education . Howard was listed in the Buffalo News 2001 Leadership Survey as the Most Powerful Woman in Western New York . In April 2006 , she received the Outstanding Alumni Community Leadership Medal from the University at Buffalo Alumni Association . She was also the recipient of the 2006 Athena Award . This award , sponsored by the Western New York Womens Fund and the Buffalo Niagara Partnership , honors women professionals who have attained and personify the highest levels of professional excellence , demonstrate support for the goals of women professionals , and provide significant and selfless assistance on their behalf . Buffalo State College instituted the Muriel A . Howard All College Honors Program in 2013 in her honor . Personal life . Howard has lived near Washington , DC , in Inwood , West Virginia and Chevy Chase , Maryland , with her husband , Albert Mickey Howard . External links . - AASCU : Presidents bio : Muriel A . Howard , Ph.D . - Muriel Howard Biography at Buffalo State College
[ "American Association of State Colleges and Universities ( AASCU )" ]
[ { "text": "Muriel A . Howard ( b . 1947/1948 ) ( formerly Muriel A . Moore ) is the former president of the American Association of State Colleges and Universities ( AASCU ) in Washington , D.C. , and served as the seventh president of Buffalo State College in the State University of New York ( SUNY ) system from 1996 to 2009 . Prior to her presidency at Buffalo State College , she was the vice president for public service and urban affairs at the SUNY educational institution , the University at Buffalo , where she worked for 23 years", "title": "Muriel A . Howard" }, { "text": ". Howard was educated at public universities in New York State , as well as at Harvard University , where she graduated from the Universitys Institute of Management . Howard has been a leader and member of many corporate boards of directors ; and councils and committees in higher education and city government . Further , she has been the recipient of many awards and honors throughout her career .", "title": "Muriel A . Howard" }, { "text": " Howard was born in Wilson , North Carolina , but lived some of her later childhood , and youth , in Queens , New York . She moved to Buffalo , New York when she became a student at the University at Buffalo . Education and honorary degrees . She received her Bachelor of Arts in sociology from Richmond College , City University of New York ; and her masters of education and doctorate in educational organization , administration , and policy from the University at Buffalo , She also graduated from Harvard Universitys Institute of Management .", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": "Howard has received six honorary degrees , including , in part :", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": " - Doctor of Humane Letters , Keene State College , Keene , New Hampshire , August 2010 ; - Doctor of Humane Letters , College of Staten Island , Staten Island , New York , May 2010 ; - Doctor of Humane Letters , Grambling State University , Grambling , Louisiana , May 2010 ; and - Doctor of Humane Letters , New York City Technical College , City University of New York , May 2002 .", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": " Howards professional and scholarly interests include the support of education ; educational leadership ; and the representation of women and minorities in both the academy and public service . Vice Presidency at the University at Buffalo . Howard held the highest post at the University prior to becoming President of Buffalo State College . She was a member of UB President Bill Greiners administrative team . Upon being named to her position as vice president for Public Service and Urban Affairs at UB , Howard had much to share regarding the vision for UB .", "title": "Academic interests" }, { "text": "Presidency at Buffalo State College .", "title": "Academic interests" }, { "text": " As the leader of Buffalo State College , Howard headed a campus of more than 11,000 students ; approximately 1,700 faculty and staff ; and a financial operation of more than $214 million . She is also the first woman to have led the college .", "title": "Academic interests" }, { "text": " Former New York State Assembly Member Sam Hoyt graduated from the College and the college was in his district ; he shared his perspective about Howards appointment . Howard ( then-Moore ) began her leadership at the college as Interim President .", "title": "Appointment" }, { "text": " Prior to coming to the college , Howard had little experience in interacting with faculty , however her organizational skills and ability to resolve conflicts were praised . Additionally , she was praised as a tough administrator who knows the system by former Buffalo Common Council President George K . Arthur ; and it was said that she had the respect of students . The college had a reputation as a tough place to manage , and was expected to have difficulty in attracting qualified candidates to the position of the presidency .", "title": "Leadership" }, { "text": "In her Inaugural Address , Howard focused on the diversity of the college as a strength .", "title": "Leadership" }, { "text": " Within one month of assuming her leadership position at the college , Howard shared three short-term goals for strengthening it in an address to faculty . Those three goals included increasing recruitment and retention of students ; developing strategies to address the 1996-97 budget ; [ and ] dealing with the institutional climate that has emerged .", "title": "Leadership" }, { "text": "On the 125th anniversary of the college in 1996 , Howard oversaw many events that celebrated the quasquicentennial event . On that day , there were proclamations issued by Buffalo Mayor Anthony Masiello as well as Erie County Executive Dennis Gorski . Celebrations included a cake in the shape of Rockwell Hall , a champagne toast , a big band , a chorale ensemble and additional wind ensembles , fireworks , tours of campus arts centers , exhibits , and a play area for kids .", "title": "Leadership" }, { "text": "During her tenure as interim president , Howards main goal is dealing directly with allegations of racial and sexual discrimination at the college . Howard stated in February 1996 that the college had held 60 programs on racial and cultural diversity , and gender during the previous fall . The Institute for the Healing of Racism began a two-month forum in the Spring 1996 semester at the college ; and closed hearings on sexual harassment and gender bias were being held within the College Senates Committee on the Status of Women . Howard stated her belief of the College being", "title": "Challenges" }, { "text": "a real role model for the community .", "title": "Challenges" }, { "text": "In the period from 1996 to 1998 , there were a number of deans and administrators who had been on leave through an arrangement with the previous college president , F.C . Richardson , and SUNY , and/or who had resigned to take other posts or due to retirement . In 1996 , as a result of those on leave or because of the resignations , there was only one permanent academic post that had remained filled at the college . At that time , there were five top leaders at the College who were either on leave or who", "title": "Challenges" }, { "text": "had resigned to take other posts . Howard was in the process of considering applicants in order to fill open and/or interim positions during that time . One dean who left to take another position stated that it was a time in the colleges history in which important leadership choices were to be made that would take the institution into the next century .", "title": "Challenges" }, { "text": " In 1997 , through Buffalo Mayor Anthony Masiellos office and under the direction of Buffalo State Colleges Center for Applied Research in Interactive Technologies , CityNet , an advanced telecommunications network that links 14 educational and community sites in Buffalo was launched . For more than two years , Masiello and his team worked with NYNEX and Bell Atlantic to lay the foundation for the network , which is funded by Bell Atlantic for $1.9 million . International distance learning partnership .", "title": "Advanced telecommunications network" }, { "text": "In 1998 , Howard made a personal effort to expand the Nurturing Initiative and Achievements ( NIA ) in Students Mentor Program at the college by offering a distance learning program at San José , Costa Rica . Howard went to Costa Rica in order to inaugurate a network that connects San Joses Lincoln School with the college , as well as Clarence Central , Grover Cleveland , and City Honors high schools .", "title": "Advanced telecommunications network" }, { "text": "Reported in a 1998 Buffalo News article was that Howard envisioned in 1995 that the Carriage House on the property of the Presidents Residence could be transformed into a guest house . The House had been used as servants quarters after it was first built . The Junior League of Buffalo and Chase Pitkin contributed to the remodeling of the Carriage House , with the Junior League identifying it as its 1997 Decorator Show House . The Carriage House was built in 1912 ; and now serves as a guest house for visitors of the college , providing much lower", "title": "Advanced telecommunications network" }, { "text": "rates for accommodation than hotels at which visitors would otherwise stay .", "title": "Advanced telecommunications network" }, { "text": " Howard participated in talks with the Buffalo Psychiatric Center , the Buffalo Mayors Office , and others regarding usage expansion for the psychiatric center . Buffalo State College has occupied Buffalo Psychiatric Center lands since the 1960s ; and phases of expansion have occurred in recent years that have revitalized and refurbished parts of the facility , including the Richardson Olmsted Complex , for different uses . One of the interests of the college was to use lands for expansion , and to build a new Burchfield Penney Art Center , a desire that was eventually achieved .", "title": "Advanced telecommunications network" }, { "text": "During the Fall semester of 1998 , controversy surrounding the campus bookstore contract was made public . Traditionally , Follett College Stores - the largest college bookstore company in the country - held the bookstore contract at the college . Concern by college administration that many college textbooks were being sold beyond the list price prompted the submission of a new bookstore contract with Barnes & Noble by Howard to the state comptroller , Carl McCall . Barnes & Noble is the largest book retailer in the United States . As a result , - and due to the college", "title": "Campus bookstore controversy" }, { "text": "already maintaining a contract with Follett - the executive board of the colleges Faculty Student Association ( FSA ) voted to withhold $25,000 in discretionary funds during that semester , funds that are traditionally issued to the college president for discretionary purposes . This move by the FSA was unprecedented ; however the aim of involvement by FSA was to obtain a judicious decision about the matter from the state comptroller . The bookstore contract for 1998 also included that a new building to house it would be constructed .", "title": "Campus bookstore controversy" }, { "text": " Howard ended up contracting with Barnes & Noble amid appeals to the state comptroller by two of three bidders for the bookstore contract . In a 1998 article by FSA President Michael Paluch that appeared in The Buffalo News , Paluch stated that , as a result of the change , Textbook prices will be higher , student wages will be lower , and the college will get substantially less construction dollars for a new store from Barnes & Noble than from the Faculty-Student Association .", "title": "Campus bookstore controversy" }, { "text": " In 1996 , Howard spoke at a businesswomens networking luncheon reception at the College that celebrated Womens History Month , and more specifically , Womens History Week .", "title": "Professional endeavors" }, { "text": "In 1998 , Howard attended the second conference of African-American college presidents , held in Washington , DC . The Washington Post article of June 14 , 1998 by Peter S . Goodman stated that only 26 college presidents in the United States at the time were African-American , this number being reflective of the more than 1,800 colleges in America that are majority-white . The main purpose of the conference was to create dialogue about race in higher education and to increase the numbers of African-Americans holding top leadership posts in American academia .", "title": "Professional endeavors" }, { "text": "When Howard announced that she was leaving the college to take on the national role of leading the AASCU , an organization that advocates for and promotes the interests of 430 public colleges and universities , Hoyt stated that her crowning achievement at the college was likely the Burchfield Penney Arts Center . Former New York State Assembly Member Sam Hoyt stated that Howard raised the colleges stature both in the state and the nation . He additionally stated that she would be difficult to replace , and that she would be sorely missed . Her leadership of the College", "title": "Tenure culmination" }, { "text": "provided increased stability for it , as well as increased student enrollment during her 13 years there . During her last year as president of the college , Howards salary was reported to be $220,000 .", "title": "Tenure culmination" }, { "text": " In 2009 , it was announced that Howard would be leaving Buffalo State College to become the president of the AASCU in Washington , DC . From August 2009 to January 2018 , she served in that capacity . She is the first African-American and first woman to be president of the organization . In 2009 , Howard was interviewed for an article that appeared in The Chronicle of Higher Education in regard to her appointment as president of the AASCU . Support for comprehensive immigration reform .", "title": "Leadership" }, { "text": "As AASCU president , Howard has shown support for comprehensive immigration reform . She has stated support for the Pass the Dream Act , for enhancing H1-B Visas , and for streamlining green cards . She states that all of these actions will support students in America who are undocumented , and will help maintain American competitiveness , as well as keeping talent...at home .", "title": "Leadership" }, { "text": " In 2013 , Howard gave the keynote address at the State University of New York ( SUNY ) at Brockports Annual Diversity Conference . The theme of the 2013 Conference was Building Community through Diversity : Championing Access and Equity ; and Howards speech was titled , Community and the 21st Century Student . The focus of Howards speech was on how public colleges and universities can achieve that objective .", "title": "Speeches" }, { "text": " Howard retired as president of AASCU in January 2018 , and Dr . Mildred García was appointed president of AASCU .", "title": "Retirement" }, { "text": " As chair or member of organizational boards . Howards community involvement included membership on the executive committee for the Buffalo Niagara Partnership , Niagara University Board of Directors , Buffalo Public Schools Foundation Board of Directors , and the King Urban Life Center Board of Directors . She also served on the corporate board of directors for the Farm Credit of Western New York , and the Fleet Bank Community Advisory Board . She continues to serve on the Merchants Insurance Company Board .", "title": "Community involvement" }, { "text": "Active in the Buffalo Niagara Partnership , Howard advocated for improvement in the areas economy . Specifically , she stated that community projects such as building a new convention center may be completed , however the economy must improve in order for people to go to the convention center . Another concern of the group is that revitalization of the economy in the area must occur in addition to the completion of individual construction projects . Howard was also among leaders who supported the desire of younger leaders in having a stronger voice in community affairs , but was not", "title": "Community involvement" }, { "text": "successful in this regard due to the influence of the Old Guard .", "title": "Community involvement" }, { "text": " She was a member of the State University of New York ( SUNY ) Advisory Council on Teacher Education , and served on the SUNY Board of Directors of the Center for Russia . She co-chaired the State University of New York Provosts Advisory Task Force on General Education , establishing guidelines for the institution of a general education curricula throughout the SUNY system , and was a member of the New York State Blue Ribbon Commission on Youth Leadership .", "title": "Community involvement" }, { "text": "Howard was a member of the Erie Community College Board of Trustees search committee . She also served on the search committee for the Buffalo Public Schools Superintendent , and as co-chair for the City of Buffalo Mayoral Transition Team .", "title": "Community involvement" }, { "text": " Howard is a former chair of the AASCU Board of Directors . She serves on the National Survey on Student Engagement Advisory Board , the Coalition of Urban and Metropolitan Universities Board of Directors , where she chairs the Communications and Public Relations Committee and the American Council on Education ( ACE ) .", "title": "Community involvement" }, { "text": "Howard is also a member of Delta Sigma Theta sorority and The Links , Incorporated . The sorority includes college-educated women who are geared toward programs for the African-American community . The Links is a non-profit organization composed primarily of professional African-American women who are dedicated to the ideals of community service and friendship .", "title": "Community involvement" }, { "text": " As speaker at area events . Howard has been the keynote speaker at many events , including the 34th annual meeting of the fair housing agency , Housing Opportunities Made Equal , in 1997 .", "title": "Community involvement" }, { "text": "At the Buffalo Convention Center in 1998 , Howard spoke at the eighth annual Dr . Martin Luther King Jr . breakfast , sponsored by the New Hope Missionary Baptist Church . Howard , in part , encouraged the 600 attendees of the breakfast to work toward achieving the ideals of King , as well as to strive to make a racially harmonious world and a just society .", "title": "Community involvement" }, { "text": " In 1998 , Howard was the speaker for a meeting of the Womens Club of the University at Buffalo . In 1999 , she chaired the United Way campaign for Buffalo and Erie County . She served on the board of directors of that organization , including as chair . She has also chaired the subcommittee on Youth Services and Education for the Erie County Executives transition team .", "title": "Community involvement" }, { "text": " Howard received the Governors New York State Division of Women Award for Excellence in Education ; Citation Award from the National Conference for Community and Justice ; American Jewish Committee Institute of Human Relations Award ; and the University at Buffalo Graduate School of Education Distinguished Alumni Award . She also received the Staten Island College Distinguished Alumna Award ; the Black Educators Association of Western New York Educator of the Year Award ; and the Minority Bar Association of Western New York Award for Community Service .", "title": "Awards and recognition" }, { "text": "Further , Howard received the SUNY at Buffalo , Newman Center , Catholic Campus Ministry , Distinguished Alumnus Award . She is a recipient of the SUNY Chancellors Award for Excellence in Professional Service , and was a charter inductee in the Western New York Womens Hall of Fame . in 1997 at UB , she received the Bernice Poss Award from the Western New York Regional Committee of the American Council on Education/National Identification Program for the Advancement of Women in Higher Education .", "title": "Awards and recognition" }, { "text": "Howard was listed in the Buffalo News 2001 Leadership Survey as the Most Powerful Woman in Western New York . In April 2006 , she received the Outstanding Alumni Community Leadership Medal from the University at Buffalo Alumni Association . She was also the recipient of the 2006 Athena Award . This award , sponsored by the Western New York Womens Fund and the Buffalo Niagara Partnership , honors women professionals who have attained and personify the highest levels of professional excellence , demonstrate support for the goals of women professionals , and provide significant and selfless assistance on their", "title": "Awards and recognition" }, { "text": "behalf .", "title": "Awards and recognition" }, { "text": " Buffalo State College instituted the Muriel A . Howard All College Honors Program in 2013 in her honor .", "title": "Awards and recognition" }, { "text": " Howard has lived near Washington , DC , in Inwood , West Virginia and Chevy Chase , Maryland , with her husband , Albert Mickey Howard .", "title": "Personal life" }, { "text": " - AASCU : Presidents bio : Muriel A . Howard , Ph.D . - Muriel Howard Biography at Buffalo State College", "title": "External links" } ]
/wiki/John_Cockburn_(Australian_politician)#P39#0
What position did John Cockburn (Australian politician) take in May 1886?
John Cockburn ( Australian politician ) Sir John Alexander Cockburn ( 23 August 185026 November 1929 ) was Premier of South Australia from 27 June 1889 to 18 August 1890 . Early life . Cockburn was born in Corsbie , Berwickshire , Scotland , in 1850 to Thomas Cockburn , farmer , and his wife Isabella , née Wright . His father died in France in 1855 , and his mother migrated to South Australia in 1867 with three of the four children . Cockburn remained in the UK and was educated at Highgate School , and Kings College London , he obtained the degree of M.D . London , with first class honours and gold medal . In 1875 , he married Sarah Holdway ( the daughter of Forbes Scott Brown ) and they had one son and one daughter . In 1879 he emigrated to South Australia and set up practice at Jamestown in the mid North . Political career . In 1878 , Cockburn was elected as the first mayor of the Corporate Town of Jamestown . In that role he lobbied the Government of South Australia to construct a railway line to the New South Wales border to tap the newly developed silver mining fields of the Barrier Ranges . Between 1884 and 1888 , during Cockburns parliamentary career , the South Australian Railways line through Jamestown to Petersburg was extended to the border to meet the tramway built by the Silverton Tramway Company , which linked the growing mines of Broken Hill to the South Australian coast at Port Pirie , where a smelter was built in 1889 , effectively capturing the economic benefits of the Broken Hill mining field for South Australia . The town surveyed at the colonial border in 1886 was named Cockburn in his honour . Cockburn stood for Burra in the South Australian House of Assembly in 1884 , serving as Minister of Education from 1885 to 1887 ( under premier John Downer ) before losing that seat and returning as member for Mount Barker , elected in April 1887 and holding that seat for 11 years . In 1884 Cockburn was able to pass progressive legislation including succession duties and land tax , and in 1886 was involved in introducing payment for members of the South Australian parliament . On 27 June 1889 , Cockburn became the first doctor to become premier , a role he held for fourteen months before he lost a no-confidence motion and handing back to Thomas Playford . He was Minister for Education again and Minister for Agriculture in the Kingston ministry from 1893 until April 1898 . He was active in the planning of Federation , including representing South Australia at the Melbourne conference in 1890 , in Sydney in 1891 and at the Adelaide conference in 1896 . Womens Suffrage . Cockburn supported the Womens Suffrage League throughout their campaign and frequently spoke at its meetings , and that of womens suffrage organisations in the United Kingdom . He chaired the leagues final meeting as well as its celebration event when suffrage was granted . Cockburn and Frederick Holder convinced the reluctant Premier Charles Kingston that by giving the vote to women they would be so grateful that they would vote for him . He continued to play a part in womens suffrage upon his return to London and , along with his wife , was active in the suffragette movement in England . Later life . After resigning from parliament , he went to England to serve as Agent-General for South Australia . He resigned in 1901 when the position was downgraded ( due to federation ) , but remained in London and unofficially represented South Australia and Australia in many things . He had a long career in Freemasonry that began with his initiation in 1876 . He would go on to help establish the Grand Lodge of South Australia and to serve in several high offices within it . After his return to England , he founded a new lodge in London and served as president of the International Masonic Club . As a Masonic Rosicrucian he was attracted to esoteric and philosophical subjects , and published several dozen articles exploring such themes in various Masonic periodicals . He was created Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George ( KCMG ) in the 1900 New Year Honours list on 1 January 1900 , and received the order from Queen Victoria during an investiture at Windsor Castle on 1 March 1900 . He was appointed a Knight of Grace of the Order of the Hospital of St . John of Jerusalem in England ( KGStJ ) in August 1901 . He died in London in 1929 without ever returning to Australia . His wife , son and daughter survived him . External links . - Parliament Profile - Electric Scotland - Australian Dictionary of Biography
[ "South Australian House of Assembly", "Minister of Education" ]
[ { "text": " Sir John Alexander Cockburn ( 23 August 185026 November 1929 ) was Premier of South Australia from 27 June 1889 to 18 August 1890 .", "title": "John Cockburn ( Australian politician )" }, { "text": "Cockburn was born in Corsbie , Berwickshire , Scotland , in 1850 to Thomas Cockburn , farmer , and his wife Isabella , née Wright . His father died in France in 1855 , and his mother migrated to South Australia in 1867 with three of the four children . Cockburn remained in the UK and was educated at Highgate School , and Kings College London , he obtained the degree of M.D . London , with first class honours and gold medal . In 1875 , he married Sarah Holdway ( the daughter of Forbes Scott Brown ) and", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": "they had one son and one daughter .", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": " In 1879 he emigrated to South Australia and set up practice at Jamestown in the mid North .", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": "In 1878 , Cockburn was elected as the first mayor of the Corporate Town of Jamestown . In that role he lobbied the Government of South Australia to construct a railway line to the New South Wales border to tap the newly developed silver mining fields of the Barrier Ranges . Between 1884 and 1888 , during Cockburns parliamentary career , the South Australian Railways line through Jamestown to Petersburg was extended to the border to meet the tramway built by the Silverton Tramway Company , which linked the growing mines of Broken Hill to the South Australian coast at", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "Port Pirie , where a smelter was built in 1889 , effectively capturing the economic benefits of the Broken Hill mining field for South Australia . The town surveyed at the colonial border in 1886 was named Cockburn in his honour .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": " Cockburn stood for Burra in the South Australian House of Assembly in 1884 , serving as Minister of Education from 1885 to 1887 ( under premier John Downer ) before losing that seat and returning as member for Mount Barker , elected in April 1887 and holding that seat for 11 years . In 1884 Cockburn was able to pass progressive legislation including succession duties and land tax , and in 1886 was involved in introducing payment for members of the South Australian parliament .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "On 27 June 1889 , Cockburn became the first doctor to become premier , a role he held for fourteen months before he lost a no-confidence motion and handing back to Thomas Playford .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": " He was Minister for Education again and Minister for Agriculture in the Kingston ministry from 1893 until April 1898 . He was active in the planning of Federation , including representing South Australia at the Melbourne conference in 1890 , in Sydney in 1891 and at the Adelaide conference in 1896 .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": " Cockburn supported the Womens Suffrage League throughout their campaign and frequently spoke at its meetings , and that of womens suffrage organisations in the United Kingdom . He chaired the leagues final meeting as well as its celebration event when suffrage was granted . Cockburn and Frederick Holder convinced the reluctant Premier Charles Kingston that by giving the vote to women they would be so grateful that they would vote for him .", "title": "Womens Suffrage" }, { "text": "He continued to play a part in womens suffrage upon his return to London and , along with his wife , was active in the suffragette movement in England .", "title": "Womens Suffrage" }, { "text": " After resigning from parliament , he went to England to serve as Agent-General for South Australia . He resigned in 1901 when the position was downgraded ( due to federation ) , but remained in London and unofficially represented South Australia and Australia in many things .", "title": "Later life" }, { "text": "He had a long career in Freemasonry that began with his initiation in 1876 . He would go on to help establish the Grand Lodge of South Australia and to serve in several high offices within it . After his return to England , he founded a new lodge in London and served as president of the International Masonic Club . As a Masonic Rosicrucian he was attracted to esoteric and philosophical subjects , and published several dozen articles exploring such themes in various Masonic periodicals .", "title": "Later life" }, { "text": " He was created Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George ( KCMG ) in the 1900 New Year Honours list on 1 January 1900 , and received the order from Queen Victoria during an investiture at Windsor Castle on 1 March 1900 . He was appointed a Knight of Grace of the Order of the Hospital of St . John of Jerusalem in England ( KGStJ ) in August 1901 . He died in London in 1929 without ever returning to Australia . His wife , son and daughter survived him .", "title": "Later life" }, { "text": " - Parliament Profile - Electric Scotland - Australian Dictionary of Biography", "title": "External links" } ]
/wiki/John_Cockburn_(Australian_politician)#P39#1
What position did John Cockburn (Australian politician) take in Feb 1889?
John Cockburn ( Australian politician ) Sir John Alexander Cockburn ( 23 August 185026 November 1929 ) was Premier of South Australia from 27 June 1889 to 18 August 1890 . Early life . Cockburn was born in Corsbie , Berwickshire , Scotland , in 1850 to Thomas Cockburn , farmer , and his wife Isabella , née Wright . His father died in France in 1855 , and his mother migrated to South Australia in 1867 with three of the four children . Cockburn remained in the UK and was educated at Highgate School , and Kings College London , he obtained the degree of M.D . London , with first class honours and gold medal . In 1875 , he married Sarah Holdway ( the daughter of Forbes Scott Brown ) and they had one son and one daughter . In 1879 he emigrated to South Australia and set up practice at Jamestown in the mid North . Political career . In 1878 , Cockburn was elected as the first mayor of the Corporate Town of Jamestown . In that role he lobbied the Government of South Australia to construct a railway line to the New South Wales border to tap the newly developed silver mining fields of the Barrier Ranges . Between 1884 and 1888 , during Cockburns parliamentary career , the South Australian Railways line through Jamestown to Petersburg was extended to the border to meet the tramway built by the Silverton Tramway Company , which linked the growing mines of Broken Hill to the South Australian coast at Port Pirie , where a smelter was built in 1889 , effectively capturing the economic benefits of the Broken Hill mining field for South Australia . The town surveyed at the colonial border in 1886 was named Cockburn in his honour . Cockburn stood for Burra in the South Australian House of Assembly in 1884 , serving as Minister of Education from 1885 to 1887 ( under premier John Downer ) before losing that seat and returning as member for Mount Barker , elected in April 1887 and holding that seat for 11 years . In 1884 Cockburn was able to pass progressive legislation including succession duties and land tax , and in 1886 was involved in introducing payment for members of the South Australian parliament . On 27 June 1889 , Cockburn became the first doctor to become premier , a role he held for fourteen months before he lost a no-confidence motion and handing back to Thomas Playford . He was Minister for Education again and Minister for Agriculture in the Kingston ministry from 1893 until April 1898 . He was active in the planning of Federation , including representing South Australia at the Melbourne conference in 1890 , in Sydney in 1891 and at the Adelaide conference in 1896 . Womens Suffrage . Cockburn supported the Womens Suffrage League throughout their campaign and frequently spoke at its meetings , and that of womens suffrage organisations in the United Kingdom . He chaired the leagues final meeting as well as its celebration event when suffrage was granted . Cockburn and Frederick Holder convinced the reluctant Premier Charles Kingston that by giving the vote to women they would be so grateful that they would vote for him . He continued to play a part in womens suffrage upon his return to London and , along with his wife , was active in the suffragette movement in England . Later life . After resigning from parliament , he went to England to serve as Agent-General for South Australia . He resigned in 1901 when the position was downgraded ( due to federation ) , but remained in London and unofficially represented South Australia and Australia in many things . He had a long career in Freemasonry that began with his initiation in 1876 . He would go on to help establish the Grand Lodge of South Australia and to serve in several high offices within it . After his return to England , he founded a new lodge in London and served as president of the International Masonic Club . As a Masonic Rosicrucian he was attracted to esoteric and philosophical subjects , and published several dozen articles exploring such themes in various Masonic periodicals . He was created Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George ( KCMG ) in the 1900 New Year Honours list on 1 January 1900 , and received the order from Queen Victoria during an investiture at Windsor Castle on 1 March 1900 . He was appointed a Knight of Grace of the Order of the Hospital of St . John of Jerusalem in England ( KGStJ ) in August 1901 . He died in London in 1929 without ever returning to Australia . His wife , son and daughter survived him . External links . - Parliament Profile - Electric Scotland - Australian Dictionary of Biography
[ "member for Mount Barker" ]
[ { "text": " Sir John Alexander Cockburn ( 23 August 185026 November 1929 ) was Premier of South Australia from 27 June 1889 to 18 August 1890 .", "title": "John Cockburn ( Australian politician )" }, { "text": "Cockburn was born in Corsbie , Berwickshire , Scotland , in 1850 to Thomas Cockburn , farmer , and his wife Isabella , née Wright . His father died in France in 1855 , and his mother migrated to South Australia in 1867 with three of the four children . Cockburn remained in the UK and was educated at Highgate School , and Kings College London , he obtained the degree of M.D . London , with first class honours and gold medal . In 1875 , he married Sarah Holdway ( the daughter of Forbes Scott Brown ) and", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": "they had one son and one daughter .", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": " In 1879 he emigrated to South Australia and set up practice at Jamestown in the mid North .", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": "In 1878 , Cockburn was elected as the first mayor of the Corporate Town of Jamestown . In that role he lobbied the Government of South Australia to construct a railway line to the New South Wales border to tap the newly developed silver mining fields of the Barrier Ranges . Between 1884 and 1888 , during Cockburns parliamentary career , the South Australian Railways line through Jamestown to Petersburg was extended to the border to meet the tramway built by the Silverton Tramway Company , which linked the growing mines of Broken Hill to the South Australian coast at", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "Port Pirie , where a smelter was built in 1889 , effectively capturing the economic benefits of the Broken Hill mining field for South Australia . The town surveyed at the colonial border in 1886 was named Cockburn in his honour .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": " Cockburn stood for Burra in the South Australian House of Assembly in 1884 , serving as Minister of Education from 1885 to 1887 ( under premier John Downer ) before losing that seat and returning as member for Mount Barker , elected in April 1887 and holding that seat for 11 years . In 1884 Cockburn was able to pass progressive legislation including succession duties and land tax , and in 1886 was involved in introducing payment for members of the South Australian parliament .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "On 27 June 1889 , Cockburn became the first doctor to become premier , a role he held for fourteen months before he lost a no-confidence motion and handing back to Thomas Playford .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": " He was Minister for Education again and Minister for Agriculture in the Kingston ministry from 1893 until April 1898 . He was active in the planning of Federation , including representing South Australia at the Melbourne conference in 1890 , in Sydney in 1891 and at the Adelaide conference in 1896 .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": " Cockburn supported the Womens Suffrage League throughout their campaign and frequently spoke at its meetings , and that of womens suffrage organisations in the United Kingdom . He chaired the leagues final meeting as well as its celebration event when suffrage was granted . Cockburn and Frederick Holder convinced the reluctant Premier Charles Kingston that by giving the vote to women they would be so grateful that they would vote for him .", "title": "Womens Suffrage" }, { "text": "He continued to play a part in womens suffrage upon his return to London and , along with his wife , was active in the suffragette movement in England .", "title": "Womens Suffrage" }, { "text": " After resigning from parliament , he went to England to serve as Agent-General for South Australia . He resigned in 1901 when the position was downgraded ( due to federation ) , but remained in London and unofficially represented South Australia and Australia in many things .", "title": "Later life" }, { "text": "He had a long career in Freemasonry that began with his initiation in 1876 . He would go on to help establish the Grand Lodge of South Australia and to serve in several high offices within it . After his return to England , he founded a new lodge in London and served as president of the International Masonic Club . As a Masonic Rosicrucian he was attracted to esoteric and philosophical subjects , and published several dozen articles exploring such themes in various Masonic periodicals .", "title": "Later life" }, { "text": " He was created Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George ( KCMG ) in the 1900 New Year Honours list on 1 January 1900 , and received the order from Queen Victoria during an investiture at Windsor Castle on 1 March 1900 . He was appointed a Knight of Grace of the Order of the Hospital of St . John of Jerusalem in England ( KGStJ ) in August 1901 . He died in London in 1929 without ever returning to Australia . His wife , son and daughter survived him .", "title": "Later life" }, { "text": " - Parliament Profile - Electric Scotland - Australian Dictionary of Biography", "title": "External links" } ]
/wiki/John_Cockburn_(Australian_politician)#P39#2
What position did John Cockburn (Australian politician) take between Nov 1889 and Mar 1890?
John Cockburn ( Australian politician ) Sir John Alexander Cockburn ( 23 August 185026 November 1929 ) was Premier of South Australia from 27 June 1889 to 18 August 1890 . Early life . Cockburn was born in Corsbie , Berwickshire , Scotland , in 1850 to Thomas Cockburn , farmer , and his wife Isabella , née Wright . His father died in France in 1855 , and his mother migrated to South Australia in 1867 with three of the four children . Cockburn remained in the UK and was educated at Highgate School , and Kings College London , he obtained the degree of M.D . London , with first class honours and gold medal . In 1875 , he married Sarah Holdway ( the daughter of Forbes Scott Brown ) and they had one son and one daughter . In 1879 he emigrated to South Australia and set up practice at Jamestown in the mid North . Political career . In 1878 , Cockburn was elected as the first mayor of the Corporate Town of Jamestown . In that role he lobbied the Government of South Australia to construct a railway line to the New South Wales border to tap the newly developed silver mining fields of the Barrier Ranges . Between 1884 and 1888 , during Cockburns parliamentary career , the South Australian Railways line through Jamestown to Petersburg was extended to the border to meet the tramway built by the Silverton Tramway Company , which linked the growing mines of Broken Hill to the South Australian coast at Port Pirie , where a smelter was built in 1889 , effectively capturing the economic benefits of the Broken Hill mining field for South Australia . The town surveyed at the colonial border in 1886 was named Cockburn in his honour . Cockburn stood for Burra in the South Australian House of Assembly in 1884 , serving as Minister of Education from 1885 to 1887 ( under premier John Downer ) before losing that seat and returning as member for Mount Barker , elected in April 1887 and holding that seat for 11 years . In 1884 Cockburn was able to pass progressive legislation including succession duties and land tax , and in 1886 was involved in introducing payment for members of the South Australian parliament . On 27 June 1889 , Cockburn became the first doctor to become premier , a role he held for fourteen months before he lost a no-confidence motion and handing back to Thomas Playford . He was Minister for Education again and Minister for Agriculture in the Kingston ministry from 1893 until April 1898 . He was active in the planning of Federation , including representing South Australia at the Melbourne conference in 1890 , in Sydney in 1891 and at the Adelaide conference in 1896 . Womens Suffrage . Cockburn supported the Womens Suffrage League throughout their campaign and frequently spoke at its meetings , and that of womens suffrage organisations in the United Kingdom . He chaired the leagues final meeting as well as its celebration event when suffrage was granted . Cockburn and Frederick Holder convinced the reluctant Premier Charles Kingston that by giving the vote to women they would be so grateful that they would vote for him . He continued to play a part in womens suffrage upon his return to London and , along with his wife , was active in the suffragette movement in England . Later life . After resigning from parliament , he went to England to serve as Agent-General for South Australia . He resigned in 1901 when the position was downgraded ( due to federation ) , but remained in London and unofficially represented South Australia and Australia in many things . He had a long career in Freemasonry that began with his initiation in 1876 . He would go on to help establish the Grand Lodge of South Australia and to serve in several high offices within it . After his return to England , he founded a new lodge in London and served as president of the International Masonic Club . As a Masonic Rosicrucian he was attracted to esoteric and philosophical subjects , and published several dozen articles exploring such themes in various Masonic periodicals . He was created Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George ( KCMG ) in the 1900 New Year Honours list on 1 January 1900 , and received the order from Queen Victoria during an investiture at Windsor Castle on 1 March 1900 . He was appointed a Knight of Grace of the Order of the Hospital of St . John of Jerusalem in England ( KGStJ ) in August 1901 . He died in London in 1929 without ever returning to Australia . His wife , son and daughter survived him . External links . - Parliament Profile - Electric Scotland - Australian Dictionary of Biography
[ "Premier of South Australia" ]
[ { "text": " Sir John Alexander Cockburn ( 23 August 185026 November 1929 ) was Premier of South Australia from 27 June 1889 to 18 August 1890 .", "title": "John Cockburn ( Australian politician )" }, { "text": "Cockburn was born in Corsbie , Berwickshire , Scotland , in 1850 to Thomas Cockburn , farmer , and his wife Isabella , née Wright . His father died in France in 1855 , and his mother migrated to South Australia in 1867 with three of the four children . Cockburn remained in the UK and was educated at Highgate School , and Kings College London , he obtained the degree of M.D . London , with first class honours and gold medal . In 1875 , he married Sarah Holdway ( the daughter of Forbes Scott Brown ) and", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": "they had one son and one daughter .", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": " In 1879 he emigrated to South Australia and set up practice at Jamestown in the mid North .", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": "In 1878 , Cockburn was elected as the first mayor of the Corporate Town of Jamestown . In that role he lobbied the Government of South Australia to construct a railway line to the New South Wales border to tap the newly developed silver mining fields of the Barrier Ranges . Between 1884 and 1888 , during Cockburns parliamentary career , the South Australian Railways line through Jamestown to Petersburg was extended to the border to meet the tramway built by the Silverton Tramway Company , which linked the growing mines of Broken Hill to the South Australian coast at", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "Port Pirie , where a smelter was built in 1889 , effectively capturing the economic benefits of the Broken Hill mining field for South Australia . The town surveyed at the colonial border in 1886 was named Cockburn in his honour .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": " Cockburn stood for Burra in the South Australian House of Assembly in 1884 , serving as Minister of Education from 1885 to 1887 ( under premier John Downer ) before losing that seat and returning as member for Mount Barker , elected in April 1887 and holding that seat for 11 years . In 1884 Cockburn was able to pass progressive legislation including succession duties and land tax , and in 1886 was involved in introducing payment for members of the South Australian parliament .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "On 27 June 1889 , Cockburn became the first doctor to become premier , a role he held for fourteen months before he lost a no-confidence motion and handing back to Thomas Playford .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": " He was Minister for Education again and Minister for Agriculture in the Kingston ministry from 1893 until April 1898 . He was active in the planning of Federation , including representing South Australia at the Melbourne conference in 1890 , in Sydney in 1891 and at the Adelaide conference in 1896 .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": " Cockburn supported the Womens Suffrage League throughout their campaign and frequently spoke at its meetings , and that of womens suffrage organisations in the United Kingdom . He chaired the leagues final meeting as well as its celebration event when suffrage was granted . Cockburn and Frederick Holder convinced the reluctant Premier Charles Kingston that by giving the vote to women they would be so grateful that they would vote for him .", "title": "Womens Suffrage" }, { "text": "He continued to play a part in womens suffrage upon his return to London and , along with his wife , was active in the suffragette movement in England .", "title": "Womens Suffrage" }, { "text": " After resigning from parliament , he went to England to serve as Agent-General for South Australia . He resigned in 1901 when the position was downgraded ( due to federation ) , but remained in London and unofficially represented South Australia and Australia in many things .", "title": "Later life" }, { "text": "He had a long career in Freemasonry that began with his initiation in 1876 . He would go on to help establish the Grand Lodge of South Australia and to serve in several high offices within it . After his return to England , he founded a new lodge in London and served as president of the International Masonic Club . As a Masonic Rosicrucian he was attracted to esoteric and philosophical subjects , and published several dozen articles exploring such themes in various Masonic periodicals .", "title": "Later life" }, { "text": " He was created Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George ( KCMG ) in the 1900 New Year Honours list on 1 January 1900 , and received the order from Queen Victoria during an investiture at Windsor Castle on 1 March 1900 . He was appointed a Knight of Grace of the Order of the Hospital of St . John of Jerusalem in England ( KGStJ ) in August 1901 . He died in London in 1929 without ever returning to Australia . His wife , son and daughter survived him .", "title": "Later life" }, { "text": " - Parliament Profile - Electric Scotland - Australian Dictionary of Biography", "title": "External links" } ]
/wiki/John_Cockburn_(Australian_politician)#P39#3
What position did John Cockburn (Australian politician) take in Oct 1891?
John Cockburn ( Australian politician ) Sir John Alexander Cockburn ( 23 August 185026 November 1929 ) was Premier of South Australia from 27 June 1889 to 18 August 1890 . Early life . Cockburn was born in Corsbie , Berwickshire , Scotland , in 1850 to Thomas Cockburn , farmer , and his wife Isabella , née Wright . His father died in France in 1855 , and his mother migrated to South Australia in 1867 with three of the four children . Cockburn remained in the UK and was educated at Highgate School , and Kings College London , he obtained the degree of M.D . London , with first class honours and gold medal . In 1875 , he married Sarah Holdway ( the daughter of Forbes Scott Brown ) and they had one son and one daughter . In 1879 he emigrated to South Australia and set up practice at Jamestown in the mid North . Political career . In 1878 , Cockburn was elected as the first mayor of the Corporate Town of Jamestown . In that role he lobbied the Government of South Australia to construct a railway line to the New South Wales border to tap the newly developed silver mining fields of the Barrier Ranges . Between 1884 and 1888 , during Cockburns parliamentary career , the South Australian Railways line through Jamestown to Petersburg was extended to the border to meet the tramway built by the Silverton Tramway Company , which linked the growing mines of Broken Hill to the South Australian coast at Port Pirie , where a smelter was built in 1889 , effectively capturing the economic benefits of the Broken Hill mining field for South Australia . The town surveyed at the colonial border in 1886 was named Cockburn in his honour . Cockburn stood for Burra in the South Australian House of Assembly in 1884 , serving as Minister of Education from 1885 to 1887 ( under premier John Downer ) before losing that seat and returning as member for Mount Barker , elected in April 1887 and holding that seat for 11 years . In 1884 Cockburn was able to pass progressive legislation including succession duties and land tax , and in 1886 was involved in introducing payment for members of the South Australian parliament . On 27 June 1889 , Cockburn became the first doctor to become premier , a role he held for fourteen months before he lost a no-confidence motion and handing back to Thomas Playford . He was Minister for Education again and Minister for Agriculture in the Kingston ministry from 1893 until April 1898 . He was active in the planning of Federation , including representing South Australia at the Melbourne conference in 1890 , in Sydney in 1891 and at the Adelaide conference in 1896 . Womens Suffrage . Cockburn supported the Womens Suffrage League throughout their campaign and frequently spoke at its meetings , and that of womens suffrage organisations in the United Kingdom . He chaired the leagues final meeting as well as its celebration event when suffrage was granted . Cockburn and Frederick Holder convinced the reluctant Premier Charles Kingston that by giving the vote to women they would be so grateful that they would vote for him . He continued to play a part in womens suffrage upon his return to London and , along with his wife , was active in the suffragette movement in England . Later life . After resigning from parliament , he went to England to serve as Agent-General for South Australia . He resigned in 1901 when the position was downgraded ( due to federation ) , but remained in London and unofficially represented South Australia and Australia in many things . He had a long career in Freemasonry that began with his initiation in 1876 . He would go on to help establish the Grand Lodge of South Australia and to serve in several high offices within it . After his return to England , he founded a new lodge in London and served as president of the International Masonic Club . As a Masonic Rosicrucian he was attracted to esoteric and philosophical subjects , and published several dozen articles exploring such themes in various Masonic periodicals . He was created Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George ( KCMG ) in the 1900 New Year Honours list on 1 January 1900 , and received the order from Queen Victoria during an investiture at Windsor Castle on 1 March 1900 . He was appointed a Knight of Grace of the Order of the Hospital of St . John of Jerusalem in England ( KGStJ ) in August 1901 . He died in London in 1929 without ever returning to Australia . His wife , son and daughter survived him . External links . - Parliament Profile - Electric Scotland - Australian Dictionary of Biography
[ "Premier of South Australia", "Minister for Education", "Minister for Agriculture in the Kingston ministry" ]
[ { "text": " Sir John Alexander Cockburn ( 23 August 185026 November 1929 ) was Premier of South Australia from 27 June 1889 to 18 August 1890 .", "title": "John Cockburn ( Australian politician )" }, { "text": "Cockburn was born in Corsbie , Berwickshire , Scotland , in 1850 to Thomas Cockburn , farmer , and his wife Isabella , née Wright . His father died in France in 1855 , and his mother migrated to South Australia in 1867 with three of the four children . Cockburn remained in the UK and was educated at Highgate School , and Kings College London , he obtained the degree of M.D . London , with first class honours and gold medal . In 1875 , he married Sarah Holdway ( the daughter of Forbes Scott Brown ) and", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": "they had one son and one daughter .", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": " In 1879 he emigrated to South Australia and set up practice at Jamestown in the mid North .", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": "In 1878 , Cockburn was elected as the first mayor of the Corporate Town of Jamestown . In that role he lobbied the Government of South Australia to construct a railway line to the New South Wales border to tap the newly developed silver mining fields of the Barrier Ranges . Between 1884 and 1888 , during Cockburns parliamentary career , the South Australian Railways line through Jamestown to Petersburg was extended to the border to meet the tramway built by the Silverton Tramway Company , which linked the growing mines of Broken Hill to the South Australian coast at", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "Port Pirie , where a smelter was built in 1889 , effectively capturing the economic benefits of the Broken Hill mining field for South Australia . The town surveyed at the colonial border in 1886 was named Cockburn in his honour .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": " Cockburn stood for Burra in the South Australian House of Assembly in 1884 , serving as Minister of Education from 1885 to 1887 ( under premier John Downer ) before losing that seat and returning as member for Mount Barker , elected in April 1887 and holding that seat for 11 years . In 1884 Cockburn was able to pass progressive legislation including succession duties and land tax , and in 1886 was involved in introducing payment for members of the South Australian parliament .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "On 27 June 1889 , Cockburn became the first doctor to become premier , a role he held for fourteen months before he lost a no-confidence motion and handing back to Thomas Playford .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": " He was Minister for Education again and Minister for Agriculture in the Kingston ministry from 1893 until April 1898 . He was active in the planning of Federation , including representing South Australia at the Melbourne conference in 1890 , in Sydney in 1891 and at the Adelaide conference in 1896 .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": " Cockburn supported the Womens Suffrage League throughout their campaign and frequently spoke at its meetings , and that of womens suffrage organisations in the United Kingdom . He chaired the leagues final meeting as well as its celebration event when suffrage was granted . Cockburn and Frederick Holder convinced the reluctant Premier Charles Kingston that by giving the vote to women they would be so grateful that they would vote for him .", "title": "Womens Suffrage" }, { "text": "He continued to play a part in womens suffrage upon his return to London and , along with his wife , was active in the suffragette movement in England .", "title": "Womens Suffrage" }, { "text": " After resigning from parliament , he went to England to serve as Agent-General for South Australia . He resigned in 1901 when the position was downgraded ( due to federation ) , but remained in London and unofficially represented South Australia and Australia in many things .", "title": "Later life" }, { "text": "He had a long career in Freemasonry that began with his initiation in 1876 . He would go on to help establish the Grand Lodge of South Australia and to serve in several high offices within it . After his return to England , he founded a new lodge in London and served as president of the International Masonic Club . As a Masonic Rosicrucian he was attracted to esoteric and philosophical subjects , and published several dozen articles exploring such themes in various Masonic periodicals .", "title": "Later life" }, { "text": " He was created Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George ( KCMG ) in the 1900 New Year Honours list on 1 January 1900 , and received the order from Queen Victoria during an investiture at Windsor Castle on 1 March 1900 . He was appointed a Knight of Grace of the Order of the Hospital of St . John of Jerusalem in England ( KGStJ ) in August 1901 . He died in London in 1929 without ever returning to Australia . His wife , son and daughter survived him .", "title": "Later life" }, { "text": " - Parliament Profile - Electric Scotland - Australian Dictionary of Biography", "title": "External links" } ]
/wiki/Bengt_Gustafsson_(general)#P39#0
Bengt Gustafsson (general) took which position between Apr 1981 and Dec 1981?
Bengt Gustafsson ( general ) General Sten Bengt Gustaf Gustafsson ( 2 December 1933 – 15 March 2019 ) was a Swedish Army officer . He served as the Supreme Commander of the Swedish Armed Forces from 1986 to 1994 . Biography . Early life . Gustafsson was born on 2 December 1933 in Hästveda , Sweden , the son of Gustav Svensson , a radio technician , and his wife Frida ( née Lundell ) . Gustafssons early interests included football , handball , chess and bridge , running and high jump . In the primary school ( folkskola ) , he did not like the teacher very well , but in the secondary school ( realskola ) it went better , but the adaptation was not quite good , as there was some teachers he found it hard to get along with . Gustafsson also had difficulty in being quiet at the lessons . Gustafsson graduated without any detention in the spring of 1950 with passed grades . Then he worked at a gas station until Christmas 1950 , after which he quit there because it was too cold and badly paid . Gustafsson then worked at a social insurance agency with registers and such but thought it was monotonous . For many years , he had thought to become a pilot , preferably officer , otherwise in the commercial aviation . Hed otherwise thought of a possible engineering education . Gustafsson studied at the education company Hermods AB , courses in practical mathematics , aerodynamics , aeronautics , airplane engines and materials . Military career . The characteristic statements made about Gustafsson dated 7 March 1951 read ; his general intelligence as a whole , barely above average , as well as technical understanding and flight orientation , while the engine test gives a score above average . The review in social and psychological issues about normal for the age . Also maturation is about average , medium energy resources and reasonably able to organize them . Emotional life a little immature and not very nuanced , largely stable . Initiative mediocre , the ability to moderate endurance . Reliability and responsibility are not yet fully mature , but probably acceptable . Deficiencies in any adaptation , has little difficulty with self-discipline . Gustafsson started his military career as a sergeant pilot . Gustafsson was admitted to the training but did not quite manage the flight itself . Gustafssons assessment in the air dated 27 July 1951 read ; Poor sense of speed . Immature , forgetful , sloppy . Poor attention distribution . Poor mental activity in the air . and on the ground Good ability , initiative and energetic . Calm and sensible . Reliable . Intelligent . 40 years later , as general and Supreme Commander , Gustafsson commented the characteristic statement which shows , which eventually becomes a life experience , that it takes a long time , individually different long time , to be reasonably complete as an adult . In a jokeful manner you might say that it soon turned out that I fitted best on the ground when comparing ratings from air and ground teachers . He attended the Royal Swedish Army Staff College in 1959 and became an officer in Boden Engineer Corps ( Ing 3 ) . Gustafsson was promoted to lieutenant in 1961 and attended the Military Academy in 1966 and was promoted to captain the following year . He was the General Staff Officer in the Army Staff and the Defence Staff from 1966 to 1979 and was Director at the Swedish Civil Defence Board from 1970 to 1973 . Gustafsson attended the National Defence College in 1971 and 1982 . He was promoted to major in 1972 , to lieutenant colonel in 1974 and to lieutenant colonel with special position held in 1975 . Gustafsson was appointed battalion commander at Älvsborg Regiment ( I 15 ) in 1979 and was promoted to colonel and was appointed regimental commander of Svea Engineer Regiment ( Ing 1 ) in 1981 . He was promoted to senior colonel in 1982 and was appointed Permanent Secretary in the Ministry of Defence , a position he stayed in until 1984 . Gustafsson was promoted to lieutenant general and was military commander of the Upper Norrland Military District ( Milo ÖN ) from 1984 to 1986 . He was promoted to general and assumed the post of Supreme Commander in 1986 . Gustafssons term as Supreme Commander was marked initially by continued submarine hunts , but came increasingly to be about the fall of the Berlin Wall and the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact . Although the effects both for the world and for the Swedish defense policy became even clearer for the next Supreme Commander . In 1992 , his appointment as Supreme Commander was extended to 1 July 1994 , when he retired . Other work . Gustafsson became a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of War Sciences in 1979 . In 1990 , Gustafsson became an honorary member of the Royal Swedish Society of Naval Sciences , but he left in 2004 . Gustafsson became a board member of the General Defense Association ( Allmänna försvarsföreningen ) in 1982 , of Swedair in 1983 and the National Swedish Board of Voluntary Military Training ( Överstyrelsen för frivillig befälsutbildning ) in 1984 . Personal life . In 1957 he married Inger Gustafsson . They had three children , one son and two daughters . Gustafsson died in his home on 15 March 2019 . The funeral is held at Hedvig Eleonora Church in Stockholm on 5 April 2019 . Awards and decorations . Swedish . - H . M . The Kings Medal , 12th size gold medal with chain ( 1992 ) - Swedish Air Force Volunteers Association Medal of Merit in gold ( 1994 ) Foreign . - 1st Class of the Order of the Cross of the Eagle ( 2 February 2005 )
[ "Svea Engineer Regiment" ]
[ { "text": " General Sten Bengt Gustaf Gustafsson ( 2 December 1933 – 15 March 2019 ) was a Swedish Army officer . He served as the Supreme Commander of the Swedish Armed Forces from 1986 to 1994 .", "title": "Bengt Gustafsson ( general )" }, { "text": "Gustafsson was born on 2 December 1933 in Hästveda , Sweden , the son of Gustav Svensson , a radio technician , and his wife Frida ( née Lundell ) . Gustafssons early interests included football , handball , chess and bridge , running and high jump . In the primary school ( folkskola ) , he did not like the teacher very well , but in the secondary school ( realskola ) it went better , but the adaptation was not quite good , as there was some teachers he found it hard to get along with . Gustafsson", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": "also had difficulty in being quiet at the lessons .", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": "Gustafsson graduated without any detention in the spring of 1950 with passed grades . Then he worked at a gas station until Christmas 1950 , after which he quit there because it was too cold and badly paid . Gustafsson then worked at a social insurance agency with registers and such but thought it was monotonous . For many years , he had thought to become a pilot , preferably officer , otherwise in the commercial aviation . Hed otherwise thought of a possible engineering education . Gustafsson studied at the education company Hermods AB , courses in practical mathematics", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": ", aerodynamics , aeronautics , airplane engines and materials .", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": "The characteristic statements made about Gustafsson dated 7 March 1951 read ; his general intelligence as a whole , barely above average , as well as technical understanding and flight orientation , while the engine test gives a score above average . The review in social and psychological issues about normal for the age . Also maturation is about average , medium energy resources and reasonably able to organize them . Emotional life a little immature and not very nuanced , largely stable . Initiative mediocre , the ability to moderate endurance . Reliability and responsibility are not yet fully", "title": "Military career" }, { "text": "mature , but probably acceptable . Deficiencies in any adaptation , has little difficulty with self-discipline .", "title": "Military career" }, { "text": "Gustafsson started his military career as a sergeant pilot . Gustafsson was admitted to the training but did not quite manage the flight itself . Gustafssons assessment in the air dated 27 July 1951 read ; Poor sense of speed . Immature , forgetful , sloppy . Poor attention distribution . Poor mental activity in the air . and on the ground Good ability , initiative and energetic . Calm and sensible . Reliable . Intelligent . 40 years later , as general and Supreme Commander , Gustafsson commented the characteristic statement which shows , which eventually becomes a life", "title": "Military career" }, { "text": "experience , that it takes a long time , individually different long time , to be reasonably complete as an adult . In a jokeful manner you might say that it soon turned out that I fitted best on the ground when comparing ratings from air and ground teachers . He attended the Royal Swedish Army Staff College in 1959 and became an officer in Boden Engineer Corps ( Ing 3 ) . Gustafsson was promoted to lieutenant in 1961 and attended the Military Academy in 1966 and was promoted to captain the following year . He was the General", "title": "Military career" }, { "text": "Staff Officer in the Army Staff and the Defence Staff from 1966 to 1979 and was Director at the Swedish Civil Defence Board from 1970 to 1973 .", "title": "Military career" }, { "text": "Gustafsson attended the National Defence College in 1971 and 1982 . He was promoted to major in 1972 , to lieutenant colonel in 1974 and to lieutenant colonel with special position held in 1975 . Gustafsson was appointed battalion commander at Älvsborg Regiment ( I 15 ) in 1979 and was promoted to colonel and was appointed regimental commander of Svea Engineer Regiment ( Ing 1 ) in 1981 . He was promoted to senior colonel in 1982 and was appointed Permanent Secretary in the Ministry of Defence , a position he stayed in until 1984 . Gustafsson was promoted", "title": "Military career" }, { "text": "to lieutenant general and was military commander of the Upper Norrland Military District ( Milo ÖN ) from 1984 to 1986 . He was promoted to general and assumed the post of Supreme Commander in 1986 . Gustafssons term as Supreme Commander was marked initially by continued submarine hunts , but came increasingly to be about the fall of the Berlin Wall and the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact . Although the effects both for the world and for the Swedish defense policy became even clearer for the next Supreme Commander . In 1992 , his appointment as Supreme Commander", "title": "Military career" }, { "text": "was extended to 1 July 1994 , when he retired .", "title": "Military career" }, { "text": " Gustafsson became a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of War Sciences in 1979 . In 1990 , Gustafsson became an honorary member of the Royal Swedish Society of Naval Sciences , but he left in 2004 . Gustafsson became a board member of the General Defense Association ( Allmänna försvarsföreningen ) in 1982 , of Swedair in 1983 and the National Swedish Board of Voluntary Military Training ( Överstyrelsen för frivillig befälsutbildning ) in 1984 .", "title": "Other work" }, { "text": " In 1957 he married Inger Gustafsson . They had three children , one son and two daughters . Gustafsson died in his home on 15 March 2019 . The funeral is held at Hedvig Eleonora Church in Stockholm on 5 April 2019 .", "title": "Personal life" }, { "text": " - H . M . The Kings Medal , 12th size gold medal with chain ( 1992 ) - Swedish Air Force Volunteers Association Medal of Merit in gold ( 1994 )", "title": "Swedish" }, { "text": " - 1st Class of the Order of the Cross of the Eagle ( 2 February 2005 )", "title": "Foreign" } ]
/wiki/Bengt_Gustafsson_(general)#P39#1
Bengt Gustafsson (general) took which position in Aug 1983?
Bengt Gustafsson ( general ) General Sten Bengt Gustaf Gustafsson ( 2 December 1933 – 15 March 2019 ) was a Swedish Army officer . He served as the Supreme Commander of the Swedish Armed Forces from 1986 to 1994 . Biography . Early life . Gustafsson was born on 2 December 1933 in Hästveda , Sweden , the son of Gustav Svensson , a radio technician , and his wife Frida ( née Lundell ) . Gustafssons early interests included football , handball , chess and bridge , running and high jump . In the primary school ( folkskola ) , he did not like the teacher very well , but in the secondary school ( realskola ) it went better , but the adaptation was not quite good , as there was some teachers he found it hard to get along with . Gustafsson also had difficulty in being quiet at the lessons . Gustafsson graduated without any detention in the spring of 1950 with passed grades . Then he worked at a gas station until Christmas 1950 , after which he quit there because it was too cold and badly paid . Gustafsson then worked at a social insurance agency with registers and such but thought it was monotonous . For many years , he had thought to become a pilot , preferably officer , otherwise in the commercial aviation . Hed otherwise thought of a possible engineering education . Gustafsson studied at the education company Hermods AB , courses in practical mathematics , aerodynamics , aeronautics , airplane engines and materials . Military career . The characteristic statements made about Gustafsson dated 7 March 1951 read ; his general intelligence as a whole , barely above average , as well as technical understanding and flight orientation , while the engine test gives a score above average . The review in social and psychological issues about normal for the age . Also maturation is about average , medium energy resources and reasonably able to organize them . Emotional life a little immature and not very nuanced , largely stable . Initiative mediocre , the ability to moderate endurance . Reliability and responsibility are not yet fully mature , but probably acceptable . Deficiencies in any adaptation , has little difficulty with self-discipline . Gustafsson started his military career as a sergeant pilot . Gustafsson was admitted to the training but did not quite manage the flight itself . Gustafssons assessment in the air dated 27 July 1951 read ; Poor sense of speed . Immature , forgetful , sloppy . Poor attention distribution . Poor mental activity in the air . and on the ground Good ability , initiative and energetic . Calm and sensible . Reliable . Intelligent . 40 years later , as general and Supreme Commander , Gustafsson commented the characteristic statement which shows , which eventually becomes a life experience , that it takes a long time , individually different long time , to be reasonably complete as an adult . In a jokeful manner you might say that it soon turned out that I fitted best on the ground when comparing ratings from air and ground teachers . He attended the Royal Swedish Army Staff College in 1959 and became an officer in Boden Engineer Corps ( Ing 3 ) . Gustafsson was promoted to lieutenant in 1961 and attended the Military Academy in 1966 and was promoted to captain the following year . He was the General Staff Officer in the Army Staff and the Defence Staff from 1966 to 1979 and was Director at the Swedish Civil Defence Board from 1970 to 1973 . Gustafsson attended the National Defence College in 1971 and 1982 . He was promoted to major in 1972 , to lieutenant colonel in 1974 and to lieutenant colonel with special position held in 1975 . Gustafsson was appointed battalion commander at Älvsborg Regiment ( I 15 ) in 1979 and was promoted to colonel and was appointed regimental commander of Svea Engineer Regiment ( Ing 1 ) in 1981 . He was promoted to senior colonel in 1982 and was appointed Permanent Secretary in the Ministry of Defence , a position he stayed in until 1984 . Gustafsson was promoted to lieutenant general and was military commander of the Upper Norrland Military District ( Milo ÖN ) from 1984 to 1986 . He was promoted to general and assumed the post of Supreme Commander in 1986 . Gustafssons term as Supreme Commander was marked initially by continued submarine hunts , but came increasingly to be about the fall of the Berlin Wall and the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact . Although the effects both for the world and for the Swedish defense policy became even clearer for the next Supreme Commander . In 1992 , his appointment as Supreme Commander was extended to 1 July 1994 , when he retired . Other work . Gustafsson became a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of War Sciences in 1979 . In 1990 , Gustafsson became an honorary member of the Royal Swedish Society of Naval Sciences , but he left in 2004 . Gustafsson became a board member of the General Defense Association ( Allmänna försvarsföreningen ) in 1982 , of Swedair in 1983 and the National Swedish Board of Voluntary Military Training ( Överstyrelsen för frivillig befälsutbildning ) in 1984 . Personal life . In 1957 he married Inger Gustafsson . They had three children , one son and two daughters . Gustafsson died in his home on 15 March 2019 . The funeral is held at Hedvig Eleonora Church in Stockholm on 5 April 2019 . Awards and decorations . Swedish . - H . M . The Kings Medal , 12th size gold medal with chain ( 1992 ) - Swedish Air Force Volunteers Association Medal of Merit in gold ( 1994 ) Foreign . - 1st Class of the Order of the Cross of the Eagle ( 2 February 2005 )
[ "Permanent Secretary in the Ministry of Defence" ]
[ { "text": " General Sten Bengt Gustaf Gustafsson ( 2 December 1933 – 15 March 2019 ) was a Swedish Army officer . He served as the Supreme Commander of the Swedish Armed Forces from 1986 to 1994 .", "title": "Bengt Gustafsson ( general )" }, { "text": "Gustafsson was born on 2 December 1933 in Hästveda , Sweden , the son of Gustav Svensson , a radio technician , and his wife Frida ( née Lundell ) . Gustafssons early interests included football , handball , chess and bridge , running and high jump . In the primary school ( folkskola ) , he did not like the teacher very well , but in the secondary school ( realskola ) it went better , but the adaptation was not quite good , as there was some teachers he found it hard to get along with . Gustafsson", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": "also had difficulty in being quiet at the lessons .", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": "Gustafsson graduated without any detention in the spring of 1950 with passed grades . Then he worked at a gas station until Christmas 1950 , after which he quit there because it was too cold and badly paid . Gustafsson then worked at a social insurance agency with registers and such but thought it was monotonous . For many years , he had thought to become a pilot , preferably officer , otherwise in the commercial aviation . Hed otherwise thought of a possible engineering education . Gustafsson studied at the education company Hermods AB , courses in practical mathematics", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": ", aerodynamics , aeronautics , airplane engines and materials .", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": "The characteristic statements made about Gustafsson dated 7 March 1951 read ; his general intelligence as a whole , barely above average , as well as technical understanding and flight orientation , while the engine test gives a score above average . The review in social and psychological issues about normal for the age . Also maturation is about average , medium energy resources and reasonably able to organize them . Emotional life a little immature and not very nuanced , largely stable . Initiative mediocre , the ability to moderate endurance . Reliability and responsibility are not yet fully", "title": "Military career" }, { "text": "mature , but probably acceptable . Deficiencies in any adaptation , has little difficulty with self-discipline .", "title": "Military career" }, { "text": "Gustafsson started his military career as a sergeant pilot . Gustafsson was admitted to the training but did not quite manage the flight itself . Gustafssons assessment in the air dated 27 July 1951 read ; Poor sense of speed . Immature , forgetful , sloppy . Poor attention distribution . Poor mental activity in the air . and on the ground Good ability , initiative and energetic . Calm and sensible . Reliable . Intelligent . 40 years later , as general and Supreme Commander , Gustafsson commented the characteristic statement which shows , which eventually becomes a life", "title": "Military career" }, { "text": "experience , that it takes a long time , individually different long time , to be reasonably complete as an adult . In a jokeful manner you might say that it soon turned out that I fitted best on the ground when comparing ratings from air and ground teachers . He attended the Royal Swedish Army Staff College in 1959 and became an officer in Boden Engineer Corps ( Ing 3 ) . Gustafsson was promoted to lieutenant in 1961 and attended the Military Academy in 1966 and was promoted to captain the following year . He was the General", "title": "Military career" }, { "text": "Staff Officer in the Army Staff and the Defence Staff from 1966 to 1979 and was Director at the Swedish Civil Defence Board from 1970 to 1973 .", "title": "Military career" }, { "text": "Gustafsson attended the National Defence College in 1971 and 1982 . He was promoted to major in 1972 , to lieutenant colonel in 1974 and to lieutenant colonel with special position held in 1975 . Gustafsson was appointed battalion commander at Älvsborg Regiment ( I 15 ) in 1979 and was promoted to colonel and was appointed regimental commander of Svea Engineer Regiment ( Ing 1 ) in 1981 . He was promoted to senior colonel in 1982 and was appointed Permanent Secretary in the Ministry of Defence , a position he stayed in until 1984 . Gustafsson was promoted", "title": "Military career" }, { "text": "to lieutenant general and was military commander of the Upper Norrland Military District ( Milo ÖN ) from 1984 to 1986 . He was promoted to general and assumed the post of Supreme Commander in 1986 . Gustafssons term as Supreme Commander was marked initially by continued submarine hunts , but came increasingly to be about the fall of the Berlin Wall and the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact . Although the effects both for the world and for the Swedish defense policy became even clearer for the next Supreme Commander . In 1992 , his appointment as Supreme Commander", "title": "Military career" }, { "text": "was extended to 1 July 1994 , when he retired .", "title": "Military career" }, { "text": " Gustafsson became a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of War Sciences in 1979 . In 1990 , Gustafsson became an honorary member of the Royal Swedish Society of Naval Sciences , but he left in 2004 . Gustafsson became a board member of the General Defense Association ( Allmänna försvarsföreningen ) in 1982 , of Swedair in 1983 and the National Swedish Board of Voluntary Military Training ( Överstyrelsen för frivillig befälsutbildning ) in 1984 .", "title": "Other work" }, { "text": " In 1957 he married Inger Gustafsson . They had three children , one son and two daughters . Gustafsson died in his home on 15 March 2019 . The funeral is held at Hedvig Eleonora Church in Stockholm on 5 April 2019 .", "title": "Personal life" }, { "text": " - H . M . The Kings Medal , 12th size gold medal with chain ( 1992 ) - Swedish Air Force Volunteers Association Medal of Merit in gold ( 1994 )", "title": "Swedish" }, { "text": " - 1st Class of the Order of the Cross of the Eagle ( 2 February 2005 )", "title": "Foreign" } ]
/wiki/Bengt_Gustafsson_(general)#P39#2
Bengt Gustafsson (general) took which position between Jul 1985 and Dec 1985?
Bengt Gustafsson ( general ) General Sten Bengt Gustaf Gustafsson ( 2 December 1933 – 15 March 2019 ) was a Swedish Army officer . He served as the Supreme Commander of the Swedish Armed Forces from 1986 to 1994 . Biography . Early life . Gustafsson was born on 2 December 1933 in Hästveda , Sweden , the son of Gustav Svensson , a radio technician , and his wife Frida ( née Lundell ) . Gustafssons early interests included football , handball , chess and bridge , running and high jump . In the primary school ( folkskola ) , he did not like the teacher very well , but in the secondary school ( realskola ) it went better , but the adaptation was not quite good , as there was some teachers he found it hard to get along with . Gustafsson also had difficulty in being quiet at the lessons . Gustafsson graduated without any detention in the spring of 1950 with passed grades . Then he worked at a gas station until Christmas 1950 , after which he quit there because it was too cold and badly paid . Gustafsson then worked at a social insurance agency with registers and such but thought it was monotonous . For many years , he had thought to become a pilot , preferably officer , otherwise in the commercial aviation . Hed otherwise thought of a possible engineering education . Gustafsson studied at the education company Hermods AB , courses in practical mathematics , aerodynamics , aeronautics , airplane engines and materials . Military career . The characteristic statements made about Gustafsson dated 7 March 1951 read ; his general intelligence as a whole , barely above average , as well as technical understanding and flight orientation , while the engine test gives a score above average . The review in social and psychological issues about normal for the age . Also maturation is about average , medium energy resources and reasonably able to organize them . Emotional life a little immature and not very nuanced , largely stable . Initiative mediocre , the ability to moderate endurance . Reliability and responsibility are not yet fully mature , but probably acceptable . Deficiencies in any adaptation , has little difficulty with self-discipline . Gustafsson started his military career as a sergeant pilot . Gustafsson was admitted to the training but did not quite manage the flight itself . Gustafssons assessment in the air dated 27 July 1951 read ; Poor sense of speed . Immature , forgetful , sloppy . Poor attention distribution . Poor mental activity in the air . and on the ground Good ability , initiative and energetic . Calm and sensible . Reliable . Intelligent . 40 years later , as general and Supreme Commander , Gustafsson commented the characteristic statement which shows , which eventually becomes a life experience , that it takes a long time , individually different long time , to be reasonably complete as an adult . In a jokeful manner you might say that it soon turned out that I fitted best on the ground when comparing ratings from air and ground teachers . He attended the Royal Swedish Army Staff College in 1959 and became an officer in Boden Engineer Corps ( Ing 3 ) . Gustafsson was promoted to lieutenant in 1961 and attended the Military Academy in 1966 and was promoted to captain the following year . He was the General Staff Officer in the Army Staff and the Defence Staff from 1966 to 1979 and was Director at the Swedish Civil Defence Board from 1970 to 1973 . Gustafsson attended the National Defence College in 1971 and 1982 . He was promoted to major in 1972 , to lieutenant colonel in 1974 and to lieutenant colonel with special position held in 1975 . Gustafsson was appointed battalion commander at Älvsborg Regiment ( I 15 ) in 1979 and was promoted to colonel and was appointed regimental commander of Svea Engineer Regiment ( Ing 1 ) in 1981 . He was promoted to senior colonel in 1982 and was appointed Permanent Secretary in the Ministry of Defence , a position he stayed in until 1984 . Gustafsson was promoted to lieutenant general and was military commander of the Upper Norrland Military District ( Milo ÖN ) from 1984 to 1986 . He was promoted to general and assumed the post of Supreme Commander in 1986 . Gustafssons term as Supreme Commander was marked initially by continued submarine hunts , but came increasingly to be about the fall of the Berlin Wall and the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact . Although the effects both for the world and for the Swedish defense policy became even clearer for the next Supreme Commander . In 1992 , his appointment as Supreme Commander was extended to 1 July 1994 , when he retired . Other work . Gustafsson became a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of War Sciences in 1979 . In 1990 , Gustafsson became an honorary member of the Royal Swedish Society of Naval Sciences , but he left in 2004 . Gustafsson became a board member of the General Defense Association ( Allmänna försvarsföreningen ) in 1982 , of Swedair in 1983 and the National Swedish Board of Voluntary Military Training ( Överstyrelsen för frivillig befälsutbildning ) in 1984 . Personal life . In 1957 he married Inger Gustafsson . They had three children , one son and two daughters . Gustafsson died in his home on 15 March 2019 . The funeral is held at Hedvig Eleonora Church in Stockholm on 5 April 2019 . Awards and decorations . Swedish . - H . M . The Kings Medal , 12th size gold medal with chain ( 1992 ) - Swedish Air Force Volunteers Association Medal of Merit in gold ( 1994 ) Foreign . - 1st Class of the Order of the Cross of the Eagle ( 2 February 2005 )
[ "lieutenant general and was military commander of the Upper Norrland Military District" ]
[ { "text": " General Sten Bengt Gustaf Gustafsson ( 2 December 1933 – 15 March 2019 ) was a Swedish Army officer . He served as the Supreme Commander of the Swedish Armed Forces from 1986 to 1994 .", "title": "Bengt Gustafsson ( general )" }, { "text": "Gustafsson was born on 2 December 1933 in Hästveda , Sweden , the son of Gustav Svensson , a radio technician , and his wife Frida ( née Lundell ) . Gustafssons early interests included football , handball , chess and bridge , running and high jump . In the primary school ( folkskola ) , he did not like the teacher very well , but in the secondary school ( realskola ) it went better , but the adaptation was not quite good , as there was some teachers he found it hard to get along with . Gustafsson", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": "also had difficulty in being quiet at the lessons .", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": "Gustafsson graduated without any detention in the spring of 1950 with passed grades . Then he worked at a gas station until Christmas 1950 , after which he quit there because it was too cold and badly paid . Gustafsson then worked at a social insurance agency with registers and such but thought it was monotonous . For many years , he had thought to become a pilot , preferably officer , otherwise in the commercial aviation . Hed otherwise thought of a possible engineering education . Gustafsson studied at the education company Hermods AB , courses in practical mathematics", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": ", aerodynamics , aeronautics , airplane engines and materials .", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": "The characteristic statements made about Gustafsson dated 7 March 1951 read ; his general intelligence as a whole , barely above average , as well as technical understanding and flight orientation , while the engine test gives a score above average . The review in social and psychological issues about normal for the age . Also maturation is about average , medium energy resources and reasonably able to organize them . Emotional life a little immature and not very nuanced , largely stable . Initiative mediocre , the ability to moderate endurance . Reliability and responsibility are not yet fully", "title": "Military career" }, { "text": "mature , but probably acceptable . Deficiencies in any adaptation , has little difficulty with self-discipline .", "title": "Military career" }, { "text": "Gustafsson started his military career as a sergeant pilot . Gustafsson was admitted to the training but did not quite manage the flight itself . Gustafssons assessment in the air dated 27 July 1951 read ; Poor sense of speed . Immature , forgetful , sloppy . Poor attention distribution . Poor mental activity in the air . and on the ground Good ability , initiative and energetic . Calm and sensible . Reliable . Intelligent . 40 years later , as general and Supreme Commander , Gustafsson commented the characteristic statement which shows , which eventually becomes a life", "title": "Military career" }, { "text": "experience , that it takes a long time , individually different long time , to be reasonably complete as an adult . In a jokeful manner you might say that it soon turned out that I fitted best on the ground when comparing ratings from air and ground teachers . He attended the Royal Swedish Army Staff College in 1959 and became an officer in Boden Engineer Corps ( Ing 3 ) . Gustafsson was promoted to lieutenant in 1961 and attended the Military Academy in 1966 and was promoted to captain the following year . He was the General", "title": "Military career" }, { "text": "Staff Officer in the Army Staff and the Defence Staff from 1966 to 1979 and was Director at the Swedish Civil Defence Board from 1970 to 1973 .", "title": "Military career" }, { "text": "Gustafsson attended the National Defence College in 1971 and 1982 . He was promoted to major in 1972 , to lieutenant colonel in 1974 and to lieutenant colonel with special position held in 1975 . Gustafsson was appointed battalion commander at Älvsborg Regiment ( I 15 ) in 1979 and was promoted to colonel and was appointed regimental commander of Svea Engineer Regiment ( Ing 1 ) in 1981 . He was promoted to senior colonel in 1982 and was appointed Permanent Secretary in the Ministry of Defence , a position he stayed in until 1984 . Gustafsson was promoted", "title": "Military career" }, { "text": "to lieutenant general and was military commander of the Upper Norrland Military District ( Milo ÖN ) from 1984 to 1986 . He was promoted to general and assumed the post of Supreme Commander in 1986 . Gustafssons term as Supreme Commander was marked initially by continued submarine hunts , but came increasingly to be about the fall of the Berlin Wall and the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact . Although the effects both for the world and for the Swedish defense policy became even clearer for the next Supreme Commander . In 1992 , his appointment as Supreme Commander", "title": "Military career" }, { "text": "was extended to 1 July 1994 , when he retired .", "title": "Military career" }, { "text": " Gustafsson became a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of War Sciences in 1979 . In 1990 , Gustafsson became an honorary member of the Royal Swedish Society of Naval Sciences , but he left in 2004 . Gustafsson became a board member of the General Defense Association ( Allmänna försvarsföreningen ) in 1982 , of Swedair in 1983 and the National Swedish Board of Voluntary Military Training ( Överstyrelsen för frivillig befälsutbildning ) in 1984 .", "title": "Other work" }, { "text": " In 1957 he married Inger Gustafsson . They had three children , one son and two daughters . Gustafsson died in his home on 15 March 2019 . The funeral is held at Hedvig Eleonora Church in Stockholm on 5 April 2019 .", "title": "Personal life" }, { "text": " - H . M . The Kings Medal , 12th size gold medal with chain ( 1992 ) - Swedish Air Force Volunteers Association Medal of Merit in gold ( 1994 )", "title": "Swedish" }, { "text": " - 1st Class of the Order of the Cross of the Eagle ( 2 February 2005 )", "title": "Foreign" } ]
/wiki/Bengt_Gustafsson_(general)#P39#3
Bengt Gustafsson (general) took which position between Jul 1993 and Jan 1994?
Bengt Gustafsson ( general ) General Sten Bengt Gustaf Gustafsson ( 2 December 1933 – 15 March 2019 ) was a Swedish Army officer . He served as the Supreme Commander of the Swedish Armed Forces from 1986 to 1994 . Biography . Early life . Gustafsson was born on 2 December 1933 in Hästveda , Sweden , the son of Gustav Svensson , a radio technician , and his wife Frida ( née Lundell ) . Gustafssons early interests included football , handball , chess and bridge , running and high jump . In the primary school ( folkskola ) , he did not like the teacher very well , but in the secondary school ( realskola ) it went better , but the adaptation was not quite good , as there was some teachers he found it hard to get along with . Gustafsson also had difficulty in being quiet at the lessons . Gustafsson graduated without any detention in the spring of 1950 with passed grades . Then he worked at a gas station until Christmas 1950 , after which he quit there because it was too cold and badly paid . Gustafsson then worked at a social insurance agency with registers and such but thought it was monotonous . For many years , he had thought to become a pilot , preferably officer , otherwise in the commercial aviation . Hed otherwise thought of a possible engineering education . Gustafsson studied at the education company Hermods AB , courses in practical mathematics , aerodynamics , aeronautics , airplane engines and materials . Military career . The characteristic statements made about Gustafsson dated 7 March 1951 read ; his general intelligence as a whole , barely above average , as well as technical understanding and flight orientation , while the engine test gives a score above average . The review in social and psychological issues about normal for the age . Also maturation is about average , medium energy resources and reasonably able to organize them . Emotional life a little immature and not very nuanced , largely stable . Initiative mediocre , the ability to moderate endurance . Reliability and responsibility are not yet fully mature , but probably acceptable . Deficiencies in any adaptation , has little difficulty with self-discipline . Gustafsson started his military career as a sergeant pilot . Gustafsson was admitted to the training but did not quite manage the flight itself . Gustafssons assessment in the air dated 27 July 1951 read ; Poor sense of speed . Immature , forgetful , sloppy . Poor attention distribution . Poor mental activity in the air . and on the ground Good ability , initiative and energetic . Calm and sensible . Reliable . Intelligent . 40 years later , as general and Supreme Commander , Gustafsson commented the characteristic statement which shows , which eventually becomes a life experience , that it takes a long time , individually different long time , to be reasonably complete as an adult . In a jokeful manner you might say that it soon turned out that I fitted best on the ground when comparing ratings from air and ground teachers . He attended the Royal Swedish Army Staff College in 1959 and became an officer in Boden Engineer Corps ( Ing 3 ) . Gustafsson was promoted to lieutenant in 1961 and attended the Military Academy in 1966 and was promoted to captain the following year . He was the General Staff Officer in the Army Staff and the Defence Staff from 1966 to 1979 and was Director at the Swedish Civil Defence Board from 1970 to 1973 . Gustafsson attended the National Defence College in 1971 and 1982 . He was promoted to major in 1972 , to lieutenant colonel in 1974 and to lieutenant colonel with special position held in 1975 . Gustafsson was appointed battalion commander at Älvsborg Regiment ( I 15 ) in 1979 and was promoted to colonel and was appointed regimental commander of Svea Engineer Regiment ( Ing 1 ) in 1981 . He was promoted to senior colonel in 1982 and was appointed Permanent Secretary in the Ministry of Defence , a position he stayed in until 1984 . Gustafsson was promoted to lieutenant general and was military commander of the Upper Norrland Military District ( Milo ÖN ) from 1984 to 1986 . He was promoted to general and assumed the post of Supreme Commander in 1986 . Gustafssons term as Supreme Commander was marked initially by continued submarine hunts , but came increasingly to be about the fall of the Berlin Wall and the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact . Although the effects both for the world and for the Swedish defense policy became even clearer for the next Supreme Commander . In 1992 , his appointment as Supreme Commander was extended to 1 July 1994 , when he retired . Other work . Gustafsson became a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of War Sciences in 1979 . In 1990 , Gustafsson became an honorary member of the Royal Swedish Society of Naval Sciences , but he left in 2004 . Gustafsson became a board member of the General Defense Association ( Allmänna försvarsföreningen ) in 1982 , of Swedair in 1983 and the National Swedish Board of Voluntary Military Training ( Överstyrelsen för frivillig befälsutbildning ) in 1984 . Personal life . In 1957 he married Inger Gustafsson . They had three children , one son and two daughters . Gustafsson died in his home on 15 March 2019 . The funeral is held at Hedvig Eleonora Church in Stockholm on 5 April 2019 . Awards and decorations . Swedish . - H . M . The Kings Medal , 12th size gold medal with chain ( 1992 ) - Swedish Air Force Volunteers Association Medal of Merit in gold ( 1994 ) Foreign . - 1st Class of the Order of the Cross of the Eagle ( 2 February 2005 )
[ "Supreme Commander" ]
[ { "text": " General Sten Bengt Gustaf Gustafsson ( 2 December 1933 – 15 March 2019 ) was a Swedish Army officer . He served as the Supreme Commander of the Swedish Armed Forces from 1986 to 1994 .", "title": "Bengt Gustafsson ( general )" }, { "text": "Gustafsson was born on 2 December 1933 in Hästveda , Sweden , the son of Gustav Svensson , a radio technician , and his wife Frida ( née Lundell ) . Gustafssons early interests included football , handball , chess and bridge , running and high jump . In the primary school ( folkskola ) , he did not like the teacher very well , but in the secondary school ( realskola ) it went better , but the adaptation was not quite good , as there was some teachers he found it hard to get along with . Gustafsson", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": "also had difficulty in being quiet at the lessons .", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": "Gustafsson graduated without any detention in the spring of 1950 with passed grades . Then he worked at a gas station until Christmas 1950 , after which he quit there because it was too cold and badly paid . Gustafsson then worked at a social insurance agency with registers and such but thought it was monotonous . For many years , he had thought to become a pilot , preferably officer , otherwise in the commercial aviation . Hed otherwise thought of a possible engineering education . Gustafsson studied at the education company Hermods AB , courses in practical mathematics", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": ", aerodynamics , aeronautics , airplane engines and materials .", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": "The characteristic statements made about Gustafsson dated 7 March 1951 read ; his general intelligence as a whole , barely above average , as well as technical understanding and flight orientation , while the engine test gives a score above average . The review in social and psychological issues about normal for the age . Also maturation is about average , medium energy resources and reasonably able to organize them . Emotional life a little immature and not very nuanced , largely stable . Initiative mediocre , the ability to moderate endurance . Reliability and responsibility are not yet fully", "title": "Military career" }, { "text": "mature , but probably acceptable . Deficiencies in any adaptation , has little difficulty with self-discipline .", "title": "Military career" }, { "text": "Gustafsson started his military career as a sergeant pilot . Gustafsson was admitted to the training but did not quite manage the flight itself . Gustafssons assessment in the air dated 27 July 1951 read ; Poor sense of speed . Immature , forgetful , sloppy . Poor attention distribution . Poor mental activity in the air . and on the ground Good ability , initiative and energetic . Calm and sensible . Reliable . Intelligent . 40 years later , as general and Supreme Commander , Gustafsson commented the characteristic statement which shows , which eventually becomes a life", "title": "Military career" }, { "text": "experience , that it takes a long time , individually different long time , to be reasonably complete as an adult . In a jokeful manner you might say that it soon turned out that I fitted best on the ground when comparing ratings from air and ground teachers . He attended the Royal Swedish Army Staff College in 1959 and became an officer in Boden Engineer Corps ( Ing 3 ) . Gustafsson was promoted to lieutenant in 1961 and attended the Military Academy in 1966 and was promoted to captain the following year . He was the General", "title": "Military career" }, { "text": "Staff Officer in the Army Staff and the Defence Staff from 1966 to 1979 and was Director at the Swedish Civil Defence Board from 1970 to 1973 .", "title": "Military career" }, { "text": "Gustafsson attended the National Defence College in 1971 and 1982 . He was promoted to major in 1972 , to lieutenant colonel in 1974 and to lieutenant colonel with special position held in 1975 . Gustafsson was appointed battalion commander at Älvsborg Regiment ( I 15 ) in 1979 and was promoted to colonel and was appointed regimental commander of Svea Engineer Regiment ( Ing 1 ) in 1981 . He was promoted to senior colonel in 1982 and was appointed Permanent Secretary in the Ministry of Defence , a position he stayed in until 1984 . Gustafsson was promoted", "title": "Military career" }, { "text": "to lieutenant general and was military commander of the Upper Norrland Military District ( Milo ÖN ) from 1984 to 1986 . He was promoted to general and assumed the post of Supreme Commander in 1986 . Gustafssons term as Supreme Commander was marked initially by continued submarine hunts , but came increasingly to be about the fall of the Berlin Wall and the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact . Although the effects both for the world and for the Swedish defense policy became even clearer for the next Supreme Commander . In 1992 , his appointment as Supreme Commander", "title": "Military career" }, { "text": "was extended to 1 July 1994 , when he retired .", "title": "Military career" }, { "text": " Gustafsson became a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of War Sciences in 1979 . In 1990 , Gustafsson became an honorary member of the Royal Swedish Society of Naval Sciences , but he left in 2004 . Gustafsson became a board member of the General Defense Association ( Allmänna försvarsföreningen ) in 1982 , of Swedair in 1983 and the National Swedish Board of Voluntary Military Training ( Överstyrelsen för frivillig befälsutbildning ) in 1984 .", "title": "Other work" }, { "text": " In 1957 he married Inger Gustafsson . They had three children , one son and two daughters . Gustafsson died in his home on 15 March 2019 . The funeral is held at Hedvig Eleonora Church in Stockholm on 5 April 2019 .", "title": "Personal life" }, { "text": " - H . M . The Kings Medal , 12th size gold medal with chain ( 1992 ) - Swedish Air Force Volunteers Association Medal of Merit in gold ( 1994 )", "title": "Swedish" }, { "text": " - 1st Class of the Order of the Cross of the Eagle ( 2 February 2005 )", "title": "Foreign" } ]
/wiki/Jacques_Rueff#P463#0
Jacques Rueff became a member of what organization or association in Apr 1964?
Jacques Rueff Jacques Léon Rueff ( 23 August 1896 – 23 April 1978 ) was a French economist and adviser to the French government . Life . An influential French conservative and free market thinker , Rueff was born the son of a well known Parisian physician and studied economics and mathematics at the École Polytechnique . An important economic advisor to President Charles de Gaulle , Rueff was also a major figure in the management of the French economy during the Great Depression . In the early 1930s , he was as a financial attache in London , in charge of the Bank of Frances sterling reserves . He was a member of the Société d’Économie Politique and was linked to the Éditions de Médicis . In 1941 , Rueff was dismissed from his office as the deputy governor of the Bank of France , as a result of Vichy Frances new anti-Semitic laws . Rueff published several works of political economy and philosophy during his lifetime , including LOrdre Social , which appeared shortly after the Liberation of Paris After the war Rueff became one of the leading French members of the classical liberal Mont Pelerin Society , the president of the Inter-Allied Reparations Agency ( IARA ) , and the minister of state of Monaco . He was strongly in favour of European integration and served from 1952 to 1962 as a judge on the European Court of Justice . He advised President Charles de Gaulle from 1958 . That year , the Rueff Plan , also known as the Rueff-Pinay Plan , balanced the budget and secured the convertibility of the franc , which had been endangered by the strains of decolonisation . In the 1960s , Rueff became a major proponent of a return to the gold standard and criticised of the use of the dollar as a unit of reserve , which he warned would cause a worldwide inflation . A member of the Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques , Rueff was elected to the Académie française in 1964 . Foreseeing the emerging European Communitys Common Market , Rueff recommended cutting barriers to competition in his second report . Along with co-writer Louis Armand and helped by an ad hoc committee of experts , the plan Rueff-Armand , as the press called it , was published in 1960 . The full title of the report is Rapport du Comité pour la suppression des obstacles à lexpansion économique ( Report on suppressing barriers to economic growth ) . Rueff always remained a firm opponent of John Maynard Keynes . His first critique appeared in the Economics Journal , on the issue of transfers ; specifically , German war reparations . Rueff was against such transfers in the late 1930s . In 1947 , he critiqued Keynes magnum opus , The General Theory of Employment , Interest and Money . In 1958 , US economist James Tobin became his main critic in the Quarterly Journal of Economics . Almost 30 years later , Rueff , repeated his beliefs in The End of the Keynesian Era , which was first published in Le Monde .
[ "Académie française" ]
[ { "text": " Jacques Léon Rueff ( 23 August 1896 – 23 April 1978 ) was a French economist and adviser to the French government .", "title": "Jacques Rueff" }, { "text": " An influential French conservative and free market thinker , Rueff was born the son of a well known Parisian physician and studied economics and mathematics at the École Polytechnique . An important economic advisor to President Charles de Gaulle , Rueff was also a major figure in the management of the French economy during the Great Depression . In the early 1930s , he was as a financial attache in London , in charge of the Bank of Frances sterling reserves .", "title": "Life" }, { "text": "He was a member of the Société d’Économie Politique and was linked to the Éditions de Médicis .", "title": "Life" }, { "text": " In 1941 , Rueff was dismissed from his office as the deputy governor of the Bank of France , as a result of Vichy Frances new anti-Semitic laws . Rueff published several works of political economy and philosophy during his lifetime , including LOrdre Social , which appeared shortly after the Liberation of Paris", "title": "Life" }, { "text": "After the war Rueff became one of the leading French members of the classical liberal Mont Pelerin Society , the president of the Inter-Allied Reparations Agency ( IARA ) , and the minister of state of Monaco . He was strongly in favour of European integration and served from 1952 to 1962 as a judge on the European Court of Justice .", "title": "Life" }, { "text": " He advised President Charles de Gaulle from 1958 . That year , the Rueff Plan , also known as the Rueff-Pinay Plan , balanced the budget and secured the convertibility of the franc , which had been endangered by the strains of decolonisation .", "title": "Life" }, { "text": "In the 1960s , Rueff became a major proponent of a return to the gold standard and criticised of the use of the dollar as a unit of reserve , which he warned would cause a worldwide inflation . A member of the Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques , Rueff was elected to the Académie française in 1964 . Foreseeing the emerging European Communitys Common Market , Rueff recommended cutting barriers to competition in his second report . Along with co-writer Louis Armand and helped by an ad hoc committee of experts , the plan Rueff-Armand , as the", "title": "Life" }, { "text": "press called it , was published in 1960 . The full title of the report is Rapport du Comité pour la suppression des obstacles à lexpansion économique ( Report on suppressing barriers to economic growth ) .", "title": "Life" }, { "text": " Rueff always remained a firm opponent of John Maynard Keynes . His first critique appeared in the Economics Journal , on the issue of transfers ; specifically , German war reparations . Rueff was against such transfers in the late 1930s .", "title": "Life" }, { "text": "In 1947 , he critiqued Keynes magnum opus , The General Theory of Employment , Interest and Money . In 1958 , US economist James Tobin became his main critic in the Quarterly Journal of Economics . Almost 30 years later , Rueff , repeated his beliefs in The End of the Keynesian Era , which was first published in Le Monde .", "title": "Life" } ]
/wiki/Jacques_Rueff#P463#1
Jacques Rueff became a member of what organization or association in 1944?
Jacques Rueff Jacques Léon Rueff ( 23 August 1896 – 23 April 1978 ) was a French economist and adviser to the French government . Life . An influential French conservative and free market thinker , Rueff was born the son of a well known Parisian physician and studied economics and mathematics at the École Polytechnique . An important economic advisor to President Charles de Gaulle , Rueff was also a major figure in the management of the French economy during the Great Depression . In the early 1930s , he was as a financial attache in London , in charge of the Bank of Frances sterling reserves . He was a member of the Société d’Économie Politique and was linked to the Éditions de Médicis . In 1941 , Rueff was dismissed from his office as the deputy governor of the Bank of France , as a result of Vichy Frances new anti-Semitic laws . Rueff published several works of political economy and philosophy during his lifetime , including LOrdre Social , which appeared shortly after the Liberation of Paris After the war Rueff became one of the leading French members of the classical liberal Mont Pelerin Society , the president of the Inter-Allied Reparations Agency ( IARA ) , and the minister of state of Monaco . He was strongly in favour of European integration and served from 1952 to 1962 as a judge on the European Court of Justice . He advised President Charles de Gaulle from 1958 . That year , the Rueff Plan , also known as the Rueff-Pinay Plan , balanced the budget and secured the convertibility of the franc , which had been endangered by the strains of decolonisation . In the 1960s , Rueff became a major proponent of a return to the gold standard and criticised of the use of the dollar as a unit of reserve , which he warned would cause a worldwide inflation . A member of the Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques , Rueff was elected to the Académie française in 1964 . Foreseeing the emerging European Communitys Common Market , Rueff recommended cutting barriers to competition in his second report . Along with co-writer Louis Armand and helped by an ad hoc committee of experts , the plan Rueff-Armand , as the press called it , was published in 1960 . The full title of the report is Rapport du Comité pour la suppression des obstacles à lexpansion économique ( Report on suppressing barriers to economic growth ) . Rueff always remained a firm opponent of John Maynard Keynes . His first critique appeared in the Economics Journal , on the issue of transfers ; specifically , German war reparations . Rueff was against such transfers in the late 1930s . In 1947 , he critiqued Keynes magnum opus , The General Theory of Employment , Interest and Money . In 1958 , US economist James Tobin became his main critic in the Quarterly Journal of Economics . Almost 30 years later , Rueff , repeated his beliefs in The End of the Keynesian Era , which was first published in Le Monde .
[ "Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques" ]
[ { "text": " Jacques Léon Rueff ( 23 August 1896 – 23 April 1978 ) was a French economist and adviser to the French government .", "title": "Jacques Rueff" }, { "text": " An influential French conservative and free market thinker , Rueff was born the son of a well known Parisian physician and studied economics and mathematics at the École Polytechnique . An important economic advisor to President Charles de Gaulle , Rueff was also a major figure in the management of the French economy during the Great Depression . In the early 1930s , he was as a financial attache in London , in charge of the Bank of Frances sterling reserves .", "title": "Life" }, { "text": "He was a member of the Société d’Économie Politique and was linked to the Éditions de Médicis .", "title": "Life" }, { "text": " In 1941 , Rueff was dismissed from his office as the deputy governor of the Bank of France , as a result of Vichy Frances new anti-Semitic laws . Rueff published several works of political economy and philosophy during his lifetime , including LOrdre Social , which appeared shortly after the Liberation of Paris", "title": "Life" }, { "text": "After the war Rueff became one of the leading French members of the classical liberal Mont Pelerin Society , the president of the Inter-Allied Reparations Agency ( IARA ) , and the minister of state of Monaco . He was strongly in favour of European integration and served from 1952 to 1962 as a judge on the European Court of Justice .", "title": "Life" }, { "text": " He advised President Charles de Gaulle from 1958 . That year , the Rueff Plan , also known as the Rueff-Pinay Plan , balanced the budget and secured the convertibility of the franc , which had been endangered by the strains of decolonisation .", "title": "Life" }, { "text": "In the 1960s , Rueff became a major proponent of a return to the gold standard and criticised of the use of the dollar as a unit of reserve , which he warned would cause a worldwide inflation . A member of the Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques , Rueff was elected to the Académie française in 1964 . Foreseeing the emerging European Communitys Common Market , Rueff recommended cutting barriers to competition in his second report . Along with co-writer Louis Armand and helped by an ad hoc committee of experts , the plan Rueff-Armand , as the", "title": "Life" }, { "text": "press called it , was published in 1960 . The full title of the report is Rapport du Comité pour la suppression des obstacles à lexpansion économique ( Report on suppressing barriers to economic growth ) .", "title": "Life" }, { "text": " Rueff always remained a firm opponent of John Maynard Keynes . His first critique appeared in the Economics Journal , on the issue of transfers ; specifically , German war reparations . Rueff was against such transfers in the late 1930s .", "title": "Life" }, { "text": "In 1947 , he critiqued Keynes magnum opus , The General Theory of Employment , Interest and Money . In 1958 , US economist James Tobin became his main critic in the Quarterly Journal of Economics . Almost 30 years later , Rueff , repeated his beliefs in The End of the Keynesian Era , which was first published in Le Monde .", "title": "Life" } ]
/wiki/Jacques_Rueff#P463#2
Jacques Rueff became a member of what organization or association in 1948?
Jacques Rueff Jacques Léon Rueff ( 23 August 1896 – 23 April 1978 ) was a French economist and adviser to the French government . Life . An influential French conservative and free market thinker , Rueff was born the son of a well known Parisian physician and studied economics and mathematics at the École Polytechnique . An important economic advisor to President Charles de Gaulle , Rueff was also a major figure in the management of the French economy during the Great Depression . In the early 1930s , he was as a financial attache in London , in charge of the Bank of Frances sterling reserves . He was a member of the Société d’Économie Politique and was linked to the Éditions de Médicis . In 1941 , Rueff was dismissed from his office as the deputy governor of the Bank of France , as a result of Vichy Frances new anti-Semitic laws . Rueff published several works of political economy and philosophy during his lifetime , including LOrdre Social , which appeared shortly after the Liberation of Paris After the war Rueff became one of the leading French members of the classical liberal Mont Pelerin Society , the president of the Inter-Allied Reparations Agency ( IARA ) , and the minister of state of Monaco . He was strongly in favour of European integration and served from 1952 to 1962 as a judge on the European Court of Justice . He advised President Charles de Gaulle from 1958 . That year , the Rueff Plan , also known as the Rueff-Pinay Plan , balanced the budget and secured the convertibility of the franc , which had been endangered by the strains of decolonisation . In the 1960s , Rueff became a major proponent of a return to the gold standard and criticised of the use of the dollar as a unit of reserve , which he warned would cause a worldwide inflation . A member of the Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques , Rueff was elected to the Académie française in 1964 . Foreseeing the emerging European Communitys Common Market , Rueff recommended cutting barriers to competition in his second report . Along with co-writer Louis Armand and helped by an ad hoc committee of experts , the plan Rueff-Armand , as the press called it , was published in 1960 . The full title of the report is Rapport du Comité pour la suppression des obstacles à lexpansion économique ( Report on suppressing barriers to economic growth ) . Rueff always remained a firm opponent of John Maynard Keynes . His first critique appeared in the Economics Journal , on the issue of transfers ; specifically , German war reparations . Rueff was against such transfers in the late 1930s . In 1947 , he critiqued Keynes magnum opus , The General Theory of Employment , Interest and Money . In 1958 , US economist James Tobin became his main critic in the Quarterly Journal of Economics . Almost 30 years later , Rueff , repeated his beliefs in The End of the Keynesian Era , which was first published in Le Monde .
[ "Mont Pelerin Society" ]
[ { "text": " Jacques Léon Rueff ( 23 August 1896 – 23 April 1978 ) was a French economist and adviser to the French government .", "title": "Jacques Rueff" }, { "text": " An influential French conservative and free market thinker , Rueff was born the son of a well known Parisian physician and studied economics and mathematics at the École Polytechnique . An important economic advisor to President Charles de Gaulle , Rueff was also a major figure in the management of the French economy during the Great Depression . In the early 1930s , he was as a financial attache in London , in charge of the Bank of Frances sterling reserves .", "title": "Life" }, { "text": "He was a member of the Société d’Économie Politique and was linked to the Éditions de Médicis .", "title": "Life" }, { "text": " In 1941 , Rueff was dismissed from his office as the deputy governor of the Bank of France , as a result of Vichy Frances new anti-Semitic laws . Rueff published several works of political economy and philosophy during his lifetime , including LOrdre Social , which appeared shortly after the Liberation of Paris", "title": "Life" }, { "text": "After the war Rueff became one of the leading French members of the classical liberal Mont Pelerin Society , the president of the Inter-Allied Reparations Agency ( IARA ) , and the minister of state of Monaco . He was strongly in favour of European integration and served from 1952 to 1962 as a judge on the European Court of Justice .", "title": "Life" }, { "text": " He advised President Charles de Gaulle from 1958 . That year , the Rueff Plan , also known as the Rueff-Pinay Plan , balanced the budget and secured the convertibility of the franc , which had been endangered by the strains of decolonisation .", "title": "Life" }, { "text": "In the 1960s , Rueff became a major proponent of a return to the gold standard and criticised of the use of the dollar as a unit of reserve , which he warned would cause a worldwide inflation . A member of the Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques , Rueff was elected to the Académie française in 1964 . Foreseeing the emerging European Communitys Common Market , Rueff recommended cutting barriers to competition in his second report . Along with co-writer Louis Armand and helped by an ad hoc committee of experts , the plan Rueff-Armand , as the", "title": "Life" }, { "text": "press called it , was published in 1960 . The full title of the report is Rapport du Comité pour la suppression des obstacles à lexpansion économique ( Report on suppressing barriers to economic growth ) .", "title": "Life" }, { "text": " Rueff always remained a firm opponent of John Maynard Keynes . His first critique appeared in the Economics Journal , on the issue of transfers ; specifically , German war reparations . Rueff was against such transfers in the late 1930s .", "title": "Life" }, { "text": "In 1947 , he critiqued Keynes magnum opus , The General Theory of Employment , Interest and Money . In 1958 , US economist James Tobin became his main critic in the Quarterly Journal of Economics . Almost 30 years later , Rueff , repeated his beliefs in The End of the Keynesian Era , which was first published in Le Monde .", "title": "Life" } ]
/wiki/Jacques_Rueff#P463#3
Jacques Rueff became a member of what organization or association in 1950?
Jacques Rueff Jacques Léon Rueff ( 23 August 1896 – 23 April 1978 ) was a French economist and adviser to the French government . Life . An influential French conservative and free market thinker , Rueff was born the son of a well known Parisian physician and studied economics and mathematics at the École Polytechnique . An important economic advisor to President Charles de Gaulle , Rueff was also a major figure in the management of the French economy during the Great Depression . In the early 1930s , he was as a financial attache in London , in charge of the Bank of Frances sterling reserves . He was a member of the Société d’Économie Politique and was linked to the Éditions de Médicis . In 1941 , Rueff was dismissed from his office as the deputy governor of the Bank of France , as a result of Vichy Frances new anti-Semitic laws . Rueff published several works of political economy and philosophy during his lifetime , including LOrdre Social , which appeared shortly after the Liberation of Paris After the war Rueff became one of the leading French members of the classical liberal Mont Pelerin Society , the president of the Inter-Allied Reparations Agency ( IARA ) , and the minister of state of Monaco . He was strongly in favour of European integration and served from 1952 to 1962 as a judge on the European Court of Justice . He advised President Charles de Gaulle from 1958 . That year , the Rueff Plan , also known as the Rueff-Pinay Plan , balanced the budget and secured the convertibility of the franc , which had been endangered by the strains of decolonisation . In the 1960s , Rueff became a major proponent of a return to the gold standard and criticised of the use of the dollar as a unit of reserve , which he warned would cause a worldwide inflation . A member of the Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques , Rueff was elected to the Académie française in 1964 . Foreseeing the emerging European Communitys Common Market , Rueff recommended cutting barriers to competition in his second report . Along with co-writer Louis Armand and helped by an ad hoc committee of experts , the plan Rueff-Armand , as the press called it , was published in 1960 . The full title of the report is Rapport du Comité pour la suppression des obstacles à lexpansion économique ( Report on suppressing barriers to economic growth ) . Rueff always remained a firm opponent of John Maynard Keynes . His first critique appeared in the Economics Journal , on the issue of transfers ; specifically , German war reparations . Rueff was against such transfers in the late 1930s . In 1947 , he critiqued Keynes magnum opus , The General Theory of Employment , Interest and Money . In 1958 , US economist James Tobin became his main critic in the Quarterly Journal of Economics . Almost 30 years later , Rueff , repeated his beliefs in The End of the Keynesian Era , which was first published in Le Monde .
[ "" ]
[ { "text": " Jacques Léon Rueff ( 23 August 1896 – 23 April 1978 ) was a French economist and adviser to the French government .", "title": "Jacques Rueff" }, { "text": " An influential French conservative and free market thinker , Rueff was born the son of a well known Parisian physician and studied economics and mathematics at the École Polytechnique . An important economic advisor to President Charles de Gaulle , Rueff was also a major figure in the management of the French economy during the Great Depression . In the early 1930s , he was as a financial attache in London , in charge of the Bank of Frances sterling reserves .", "title": "Life" }, { "text": "He was a member of the Société d’Économie Politique and was linked to the Éditions de Médicis .", "title": "Life" }, { "text": " In 1941 , Rueff was dismissed from his office as the deputy governor of the Bank of France , as a result of Vichy Frances new anti-Semitic laws . Rueff published several works of political economy and philosophy during his lifetime , including LOrdre Social , which appeared shortly after the Liberation of Paris", "title": "Life" }, { "text": "After the war Rueff became one of the leading French members of the classical liberal Mont Pelerin Society , the president of the Inter-Allied Reparations Agency ( IARA ) , and the minister of state of Monaco . He was strongly in favour of European integration and served from 1952 to 1962 as a judge on the European Court of Justice .", "title": "Life" }, { "text": " He advised President Charles de Gaulle from 1958 . That year , the Rueff Plan , also known as the Rueff-Pinay Plan , balanced the budget and secured the convertibility of the franc , which had been endangered by the strains of decolonisation .", "title": "Life" }, { "text": "In the 1960s , Rueff became a major proponent of a return to the gold standard and criticised of the use of the dollar as a unit of reserve , which he warned would cause a worldwide inflation . A member of the Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques , Rueff was elected to the Académie française in 1964 . Foreseeing the emerging European Communitys Common Market , Rueff recommended cutting barriers to competition in his second report . Along with co-writer Louis Armand and helped by an ad hoc committee of experts , the plan Rueff-Armand , as the", "title": "Life" }, { "text": "press called it , was published in 1960 . The full title of the report is Rapport du Comité pour la suppression des obstacles à lexpansion économique ( Report on suppressing barriers to economic growth ) .", "title": "Life" }, { "text": " Rueff always remained a firm opponent of John Maynard Keynes . His first critique appeared in the Economics Journal , on the issue of transfers ; specifically , German war reparations . Rueff was against such transfers in the late 1930s .", "title": "Life" }, { "text": "In 1947 , he critiqued Keynes magnum opus , The General Theory of Employment , Interest and Money . In 1958 , US economist James Tobin became his main critic in the Quarterly Journal of Economics . Almost 30 years later , Rueff , repeated his beliefs in The End of the Keynesian Era , which was first published in Le Monde .", "title": "Life" } ]
/wiki/Shafie_Apdal#P102#0
Which party was Shafie Apdal a member of in Apr 1993?
Shafie Apdal Datuk Seri Panglima Shafie bin Apdal ( Jawi : محمد شافعي بن أفضل ; born 20 October 1956 ) is a Malaysian politician who served as the 15th Chief Minister and the State Minister of Finance of Sabah from May 2018 to September 2020 following defeat of his coalition , Sabah Heritage Party + ( WARISAN + ) in the 2020 state election . He has served as the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Semporna since April 1995 and Member of the Sabah State Legislative Assembly ( MLA ) for Senallang since May 2018 . He was the Minister of Rural and Regional Development and Vice-President of the United Malays National Organisation ( UMNO ) , the leading party in the then-ruling Barisan Nasional ( BN ) coalition . He is the founding President of WARISAN , the opposition party of Sabah that is allied with the Pakatan Harapan ( PH ) opposition coalition . Personal life . Shafie Apdal was born in 1956 in Semporna , Sabah , Malaysia . He is the nephew of Sakaran Dandai , who was the eighth Chief Minister of Sabah and its former governor as well . He is married to Shuryani Shuaib and has six children . Education . Shafie completed his secondary education in Victoria Institution , Kuala Lumpur ( but attended Sabah College , Kota Kinabalu for his middle school ) . He has a Diploma in Shipping Management from the London Business College ( not to be confused with the London Business School ) . In 1992 , he received his Bachelor in Economics ( Hons ) from North Staffordshire Polytechnic , England . Political career . Shafie started his political career with the United Sabah National Organisation ( USNO ) . The party dissolved in 1994 , and Shafie joined UMNO , which was then only starting to gain a presence in the state . In 1995 he was elected to federal Parliament as an UMNO member , for the seat of Semporna . He was appointed a parliamentary secretary before becoming Deputy Minister of Housing and Local Government in 1999 . From 1999 to 2004 , he was Deputy Minister for Defence . After the 2004 election , he was appointed Minister of Domestic , Trade and Consumer Affairs in Prime Minister Abdullah Ahmad Badawis Cabinet and was later given the Ministry of Unity , Culture , Arts and Heritage . On 10 April 2009 , he became the Minister of Rural and Regional Development in the first Cabinet of Prime Minister Najib Razak . This coincided with his election to one of the partys three vice-presidential posts , polling in third place behind Ahmad Zahid Hamidi and Hishammuddin Hussein . He was re-elected as an UMNO vice-president in 2013 , this time polling in second place , behind Ahmad Zahid and ahead of Hishammuddin . He is the first Sabahan to hold a vice-presidency of UMNO . On 28 July 2015 , Shafie was removed in the Cabinet reshuffle by Najib thus losing his rural and regional development portfolio . Following this , he formed a new Sabah-based opposition party known as WARISAN that was approved by Registrar of Societies ( RoS ) on 17 October 2016 . Appointment as a Chief Minister . In the 2018 general election , Shafies party of WARISAN together with the coalition of Pakatan Harapan ( PH ) are tied up with 29-29 seats with BN in the 2018 Sabah state election . Jeffrey Kitingan with his party of Homeland Solidarity Party ( STAR ) under the United Sabah Alliance ( USA ) which are not aligned from either the two sides , has won two seats in the election and subsequently emerged as the decision maker for the formation of a state government from the two sides . Jeffrey then decide to team up with the BN to form coalition state government with him appointed as a Deputy Chief Minister while Musa Aman from BN to become the Chief Minister for another 5 years under the new coalition government . However , situation change when six seats assemblymen from the BN allied parties of United Pasokmomogun Kadazandusun Murut Organisation ( UPKO ) and United Sabah Peoples Party ( PBRS ) switched their allegiance to WARISAN , giving Shafie an advantage with 35 seats which is sufficient to establish a valid state government . Earlier , Musa Aman had already sworn in as Chief Minister following the help of two seats from STAR . This situation left Sabah with two ruling Chief Ministers , the second in its history since the dispute between PBS and USNO in 1980s . The results of this events sparks a constitutional crisis in Sabah , and the need to review and change the current constitution so as to curb the allegiance switching of assemblymen , after the swearing-in ceremony of the chief minister . Another four seats assemblymen from BN allied parties of UMNO and UPKO switching their allegiance to WARISAN on 13 May 2018 . The Yang di-Pertua Negeri Juhar Mahiruddin also had requested for Musa to step down , despite Musa still stressing that he still the rightful Chief Minister . Musa was then issued a letter from the TYT that he is no longer the Chief Minister effective from 12 May 2018 that was delivered into his residence on 14 May 2018 . On 7 November , the high court in Kota Kinabalu decided that Shafie remained the legitimate Chief Minister of Sabah and dismissed a suit made by Musa who claimed his dismissal as chief minister was illegal and against the state constitution . On 30 July 2020 , upon the political manoeuvring in Sabah , he announced that the Yang di-Pertua Negeri Juhar Mahiruddin had agreed to dissolve the Sabah State Legislative Assembly to hold a state election in his audience with Juhar . Honours . - Companion Class I of the Order of Malacca ( DMSM ) - Datuk ( 2002 ) - Knight Companion of the Order of the Crown of Pahang ( DIMP ) - Dato ( 2010 ) - Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Crown of Perlis ( SPMP ) - Dato Seri ( 2008 ) - Commander of the Order of Kinabalu ( PGDK ) - Datuk ( 1994 ) - Grand Commander of the Order of Kinabalu ( SPDK ) - Datuk Seri Panglima ( 2011 ) - Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of Sarawak ( PNBS ) - Dato Sri ( 2014 )
[ "United Sabah National Organisation" ]
[ { "text": "Datuk Seri Panglima Shafie bin Apdal ( Jawi : محمد شافعي بن أفضل ; born 20 October 1956 ) is a Malaysian politician who served as the 15th Chief Minister and the State Minister of Finance of Sabah from May 2018 to September 2020 following defeat of his coalition , Sabah Heritage Party + ( WARISAN + ) in the 2020 state election . He has served as the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Semporna since April 1995 and Member of the Sabah State Legislative Assembly ( MLA ) for Senallang since May 2018 . He was the", "title": "Shafie Apdal" }, { "text": "Minister of Rural and Regional Development and Vice-President of the United Malays National Organisation ( UMNO ) , the leading party in the then-ruling Barisan Nasional ( BN ) coalition . He is the founding President of WARISAN , the opposition party of Sabah that is allied with the Pakatan Harapan ( PH ) opposition coalition .", "title": "Shafie Apdal" }, { "text": " Shafie Apdal was born in 1956 in Semporna , Sabah , Malaysia . He is the nephew of Sakaran Dandai , who was the eighth Chief Minister of Sabah and its former governor as well . He is married to Shuryani Shuaib and has six children .", "title": "Personal life" }, { "text": " Shafie completed his secondary education in Victoria Institution , Kuala Lumpur ( but attended Sabah College , Kota Kinabalu for his middle school ) . He has a Diploma in Shipping Management from the London Business College ( not to be confused with the London Business School ) . In 1992 , he received his Bachelor in Economics ( Hons ) from North Staffordshire Polytechnic , England .", "title": "Education" }, { "text": " Shafie started his political career with the United Sabah National Organisation ( USNO ) . The party dissolved in 1994 , and Shafie joined UMNO , which was then only starting to gain a presence in the state . In 1995 he was elected to federal Parliament as an UMNO member , for the seat of Semporna . He was appointed a parliamentary secretary before becoming Deputy Minister of Housing and Local Government in 1999 . From 1999 to 2004 , he was Deputy Minister for Defence .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "After the 2004 election , he was appointed Minister of Domestic , Trade and Consumer Affairs in Prime Minister Abdullah Ahmad Badawis Cabinet and was later given the Ministry of Unity , Culture , Arts and Heritage . On 10 April 2009 , he became the Minister of Rural and Regional Development in the first Cabinet of Prime Minister Najib Razak . This coincided with his election to one of the partys three vice-presidential posts , polling in third place behind Ahmad Zahid Hamidi and Hishammuddin Hussein . He was re-elected as an UMNO vice-president in 2013 , this time", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "polling in second place , behind Ahmad Zahid and ahead of Hishammuddin . He is the first Sabahan to hold a vice-presidency of UMNO .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": " On 28 July 2015 , Shafie was removed in the Cabinet reshuffle by Najib thus losing his rural and regional development portfolio . Following this , he formed a new Sabah-based opposition party known as WARISAN that was approved by Registrar of Societies ( RoS ) on 17 October 2016 . Appointment as a Chief Minister .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "In the 2018 general election , Shafies party of WARISAN together with the coalition of Pakatan Harapan ( PH ) are tied up with 29-29 seats with BN in the 2018 Sabah state election . Jeffrey Kitingan with his party of Homeland Solidarity Party ( STAR ) under the United Sabah Alliance ( USA ) which are not aligned from either the two sides , has won two seats in the election and subsequently emerged as the decision maker for the formation of a state government from the two sides . Jeffrey then decide to team up with the BN", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "to form coalition state government with him appointed as a Deputy Chief Minister while Musa Aman from BN to become the Chief Minister for another 5 years under the new coalition government . However , situation change when six seats assemblymen from the BN allied parties of United Pasokmomogun Kadazandusun Murut Organisation ( UPKO ) and United Sabah Peoples Party ( PBRS ) switched their allegiance to WARISAN , giving Shafie an advantage with 35 seats which is sufficient to establish a valid state government . Earlier , Musa Aman had already sworn in as Chief Minister following the help", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "of two seats from STAR . This situation left Sabah with two ruling Chief Ministers , the second in its history since the dispute between PBS and USNO in 1980s . The results of this events sparks a constitutional crisis in Sabah , and the need to review and change the current constitution so as to curb the allegiance switching of assemblymen , after the swearing-in ceremony of the chief minister . Another four seats assemblymen from BN allied parties of UMNO and UPKO switching their allegiance to WARISAN on 13 May 2018 . The Yang di-Pertua Negeri Juhar Mahiruddin", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "also had requested for Musa to step down , despite Musa still stressing that he still the rightful Chief Minister . Musa was then issued a letter from the TYT that he is no longer the Chief Minister effective from 12 May 2018 that was delivered into his residence on 14 May 2018 . On 7 November , the high court in Kota Kinabalu decided that Shafie remained the legitimate Chief Minister of Sabah and dismissed a suit made by Musa who claimed his dismissal as chief minister was illegal and against the state constitution .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": " On 30 July 2020 , upon the political manoeuvring in Sabah , he announced that the Yang di-Pertua Negeri Juhar Mahiruddin had agreed to dissolve the Sabah State Legislative Assembly to hold a state election in his audience with Juhar .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": " - Companion Class I of the Order of Malacca ( DMSM ) - Datuk ( 2002 ) - Knight Companion of the Order of the Crown of Pahang ( DIMP ) - Dato ( 2010 ) - Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Crown of Perlis ( SPMP ) - Dato Seri ( 2008 ) - Commander of the Order of Kinabalu ( PGDK ) - Datuk ( 1994 ) - Grand Commander of the Order of Kinabalu ( SPDK ) - Datuk Seri Panglima ( 2011 )", "title": "Honours" }, { "text": "- Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of Sarawak ( PNBS ) - Dato Sri ( 2014 )", "title": "Honours" } ]
/wiki/Shafie_Apdal#P102#1
Which party was Shafie Apdal a member of between Aug 2001 and Sep 2013?
Shafie Apdal Datuk Seri Panglima Shafie bin Apdal ( Jawi : محمد شافعي بن أفضل ; born 20 October 1956 ) is a Malaysian politician who served as the 15th Chief Minister and the State Minister of Finance of Sabah from May 2018 to September 2020 following defeat of his coalition , Sabah Heritage Party + ( WARISAN + ) in the 2020 state election . He has served as the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Semporna since April 1995 and Member of the Sabah State Legislative Assembly ( MLA ) for Senallang since May 2018 . He was the Minister of Rural and Regional Development and Vice-President of the United Malays National Organisation ( UMNO ) , the leading party in the then-ruling Barisan Nasional ( BN ) coalition . He is the founding President of WARISAN , the opposition party of Sabah that is allied with the Pakatan Harapan ( PH ) opposition coalition . Personal life . Shafie Apdal was born in 1956 in Semporna , Sabah , Malaysia . He is the nephew of Sakaran Dandai , who was the eighth Chief Minister of Sabah and its former governor as well . He is married to Shuryani Shuaib and has six children . Education . Shafie completed his secondary education in Victoria Institution , Kuala Lumpur ( but attended Sabah College , Kota Kinabalu for his middle school ) . He has a Diploma in Shipping Management from the London Business College ( not to be confused with the London Business School ) . In 1992 , he received his Bachelor in Economics ( Hons ) from North Staffordshire Polytechnic , England . Political career . Shafie started his political career with the United Sabah National Organisation ( USNO ) . The party dissolved in 1994 , and Shafie joined UMNO , which was then only starting to gain a presence in the state . In 1995 he was elected to federal Parliament as an UMNO member , for the seat of Semporna . He was appointed a parliamentary secretary before becoming Deputy Minister of Housing and Local Government in 1999 . From 1999 to 2004 , he was Deputy Minister for Defence . After the 2004 election , he was appointed Minister of Domestic , Trade and Consumer Affairs in Prime Minister Abdullah Ahmad Badawis Cabinet and was later given the Ministry of Unity , Culture , Arts and Heritage . On 10 April 2009 , he became the Minister of Rural and Regional Development in the first Cabinet of Prime Minister Najib Razak . This coincided with his election to one of the partys three vice-presidential posts , polling in third place behind Ahmad Zahid Hamidi and Hishammuddin Hussein . He was re-elected as an UMNO vice-president in 2013 , this time polling in second place , behind Ahmad Zahid and ahead of Hishammuddin . He is the first Sabahan to hold a vice-presidency of UMNO . On 28 July 2015 , Shafie was removed in the Cabinet reshuffle by Najib thus losing his rural and regional development portfolio . Following this , he formed a new Sabah-based opposition party known as WARISAN that was approved by Registrar of Societies ( RoS ) on 17 October 2016 . Appointment as a Chief Minister . In the 2018 general election , Shafies party of WARISAN together with the coalition of Pakatan Harapan ( PH ) are tied up with 29-29 seats with BN in the 2018 Sabah state election . Jeffrey Kitingan with his party of Homeland Solidarity Party ( STAR ) under the United Sabah Alliance ( USA ) which are not aligned from either the two sides , has won two seats in the election and subsequently emerged as the decision maker for the formation of a state government from the two sides . Jeffrey then decide to team up with the BN to form coalition state government with him appointed as a Deputy Chief Minister while Musa Aman from BN to become the Chief Minister for another 5 years under the new coalition government . However , situation change when six seats assemblymen from the BN allied parties of United Pasokmomogun Kadazandusun Murut Organisation ( UPKO ) and United Sabah Peoples Party ( PBRS ) switched their allegiance to WARISAN , giving Shafie an advantage with 35 seats which is sufficient to establish a valid state government . Earlier , Musa Aman had already sworn in as Chief Minister following the help of two seats from STAR . This situation left Sabah with two ruling Chief Ministers , the second in its history since the dispute between PBS and USNO in 1980s . The results of this events sparks a constitutional crisis in Sabah , and the need to review and change the current constitution so as to curb the allegiance switching of assemblymen , after the swearing-in ceremony of the chief minister . Another four seats assemblymen from BN allied parties of UMNO and UPKO switching their allegiance to WARISAN on 13 May 2018 . The Yang di-Pertua Negeri Juhar Mahiruddin also had requested for Musa to step down , despite Musa still stressing that he still the rightful Chief Minister . Musa was then issued a letter from the TYT that he is no longer the Chief Minister effective from 12 May 2018 that was delivered into his residence on 14 May 2018 . On 7 November , the high court in Kota Kinabalu decided that Shafie remained the legitimate Chief Minister of Sabah and dismissed a suit made by Musa who claimed his dismissal as chief minister was illegal and against the state constitution . On 30 July 2020 , upon the political manoeuvring in Sabah , he announced that the Yang di-Pertua Negeri Juhar Mahiruddin had agreed to dissolve the Sabah State Legislative Assembly to hold a state election in his audience with Juhar . Honours . - Companion Class I of the Order of Malacca ( DMSM ) - Datuk ( 2002 ) - Knight Companion of the Order of the Crown of Pahang ( DIMP ) - Dato ( 2010 ) - Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Crown of Perlis ( SPMP ) - Dato Seri ( 2008 ) - Commander of the Order of Kinabalu ( PGDK ) - Datuk ( 1994 ) - Grand Commander of the Order of Kinabalu ( SPDK ) - Datuk Seri Panglima ( 2011 ) - Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of Sarawak ( PNBS ) - Dato Sri ( 2014 )
[ "United Malays National Organisation", "WARISAN" ]
[ { "text": "Datuk Seri Panglima Shafie bin Apdal ( Jawi : محمد شافعي بن أفضل ; born 20 October 1956 ) is a Malaysian politician who served as the 15th Chief Minister and the State Minister of Finance of Sabah from May 2018 to September 2020 following defeat of his coalition , Sabah Heritage Party + ( WARISAN + ) in the 2020 state election . He has served as the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Semporna since April 1995 and Member of the Sabah State Legislative Assembly ( MLA ) for Senallang since May 2018 . He was the", "title": "Shafie Apdal" }, { "text": "Minister of Rural and Regional Development and Vice-President of the United Malays National Organisation ( UMNO ) , the leading party in the then-ruling Barisan Nasional ( BN ) coalition . He is the founding President of WARISAN , the opposition party of Sabah that is allied with the Pakatan Harapan ( PH ) opposition coalition .", "title": "Shafie Apdal" }, { "text": " Shafie Apdal was born in 1956 in Semporna , Sabah , Malaysia . He is the nephew of Sakaran Dandai , who was the eighth Chief Minister of Sabah and its former governor as well . He is married to Shuryani Shuaib and has six children .", "title": "Personal life" }, { "text": " Shafie completed his secondary education in Victoria Institution , Kuala Lumpur ( but attended Sabah College , Kota Kinabalu for his middle school ) . He has a Diploma in Shipping Management from the London Business College ( not to be confused with the London Business School ) . In 1992 , he received his Bachelor in Economics ( Hons ) from North Staffordshire Polytechnic , England .", "title": "Education" }, { "text": " Shafie started his political career with the United Sabah National Organisation ( USNO ) . The party dissolved in 1994 , and Shafie joined UMNO , which was then only starting to gain a presence in the state . In 1995 he was elected to federal Parliament as an UMNO member , for the seat of Semporna . He was appointed a parliamentary secretary before becoming Deputy Minister of Housing and Local Government in 1999 . From 1999 to 2004 , he was Deputy Minister for Defence .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "After the 2004 election , he was appointed Minister of Domestic , Trade and Consumer Affairs in Prime Minister Abdullah Ahmad Badawis Cabinet and was later given the Ministry of Unity , Culture , Arts and Heritage . On 10 April 2009 , he became the Minister of Rural and Regional Development in the first Cabinet of Prime Minister Najib Razak . This coincided with his election to one of the partys three vice-presidential posts , polling in third place behind Ahmad Zahid Hamidi and Hishammuddin Hussein . He was re-elected as an UMNO vice-president in 2013 , this time", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "polling in second place , behind Ahmad Zahid and ahead of Hishammuddin . He is the first Sabahan to hold a vice-presidency of UMNO .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": " On 28 July 2015 , Shafie was removed in the Cabinet reshuffle by Najib thus losing his rural and regional development portfolio . Following this , he formed a new Sabah-based opposition party known as WARISAN that was approved by Registrar of Societies ( RoS ) on 17 October 2016 . Appointment as a Chief Minister .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "In the 2018 general election , Shafies party of WARISAN together with the coalition of Pakatan Harapan ( PH ) are tied up with 29-29 seats with BN in the 2018 Sabah state election . Jeffrey Kitingan with his party of Homeland Solidarity Party ( STAR ) under the United Sabah Alliance ( USA ) which are not aligned from either the two sides , has won two seats in the election and subsequently emerged as the decision maker for the formation of a state government from the two sides . Jeffrey then decide to team up with the BN", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "to form coalition state government with him appointed as a Deputy Chief Minister while Musa Aman from BN to become the Chief Minister for another 5 years under the new coalition government . However , situation change when six seats assemblymen from the BN allied parties of United Pasokmomogun Kadazandusun Murut Organisation ( UPKO ) and United Sabah Peoples Party ( PBRS ) switched their allegiance to WARISAN , giving Shafie an advantage with 35 seats which is sufficient to establish a valid state government . Earlier , Musa Aman had already sworn in as Chief Minister following the help", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "of two seats from STAR . This situation left Sabah with two ruling Chief Ministers , the second in its history since the dispute between PBS and USNO in 1980s . The results of this events sparks a constitutional crisis in Sabah , and the need to review and change the current constitution so as to curb the allegiance switching of assemblymen , after the swearing-in ceremony of the chief minister . Another four seats assemblymen from BN allied parties of UMNO and UPKO switching their allegiance to WARISAN on 13 May 2018 . The Yang di-Pertua Negeri Juhar Mahiruddin", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "also had requested for Musa to step down , despite Musa still stressing that he still the rightful Chief Minister . Musa was then issued a letter from the TYT that he is no longer the Chief Minister effective from 12 May 2018 that was delivered into his residence on 14 May 2018 . On 7 November , the high court in Kota Kinabalu decided that Shafie remained the legitimate Chief Minister of Sabah and dismissed a suit made by Musa who claimed his dismissal as chief minister was illegal and against the state constitution .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": " On 30 July 2020 , upon the political manoeuvring in Sabah , he announced that the Yang di-Pertua Negeri Juhar Mahiruddin had agreed to dissolve the Sabah State Legislative Assembly to hold a state election in his audience with Juhar .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": " - Companion Class I of the Order of Malacca ( DMSM ) - Datuk ( 2002 ) - Knight Companion of the Order of the Crown of Pahang ( DIMP ) - Dato ( 2010 ) - Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Crown of Perlis ( SPMP ) - Dato Seri ( 2008 ) - Commander of the Order of Kinabalu ( PGDK ) - Datuk ( 1994 ) - Grand Commander of the Order of Kinabalu ( SPDK ) - Datuk Seri Panglima ( 2011 )", "title": "Honours" }, { "text": "- Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of Sarawak ( PNBS ) - Dato Sri ( 2014 )", "title": "Honours" } ]
/wiki/Shafie_Apdal#P102#2
Which party was Shafie Apdal a member of after Dec 2016?
Shafie Apdal Datuk Seri Panglima Shafie bin Apdal ( Jawi : محمد شافعي بن أفضل ; born 20 October 1956 ) is a Malaysian politician who served as the 15th Chief Minister and the State Minister of Finance of Sabah from May 2018 to September 2020 following defeat of his coalition , Sabah Heritage Party + ( WARISAN + ) in the 2020 state election . He has served as the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Semporna since April 1995 and Member of the Sabah State Legislative Assembly ( MLA ) for Senallang since May 2018 . He was the Minister of Rural and Regional Development and Vice-President of the United Malays National Organisation ( UMNO ) , the leading party in the then-ruling Barisan Nasional ( BN ) coalition . He is the founding President of WARISAN , the opposition party of Sabah that is allied with the Pakatan Harapan ( PH ) opposition coalition . Personal life . Shafie Apdal was born in 1956 in Semporna , Sabah , Malaysia . He is the nephew of Sakaran Dandai , who was the eighth Chief Minister of Sabah and its former governor as well . He is married to Shuryani Shuaib and has six children . Education . Shafie completed his secondary education in Victoria Institution , Kuala Lumpur ( but attended Sabah College , Kota Kinabalu for his middle school ) . He has a Diploma in Shipping Management from the London Business College ( not to be confused with the London Business School ) . In 1992 , he received his Bachelor in Economics ( Hons ) from North Staffordshire Polytechnic , England . Political career . Shafie started his political career with the United Sabah National Organisation ( USNO ) . The party dissolved in 1994 , and Shafie joined UMNO , which was then only starting to gain a presence in the state . In 1995 he was elected to federal Parliament as an UMNO member , for the seat of Semporna . He was appointed a parliamentary secretary before becoming Deputy Minister of Housing and Local Government in 1999 . From 1999 to 2004 , he was Deputy Minister for Defence . After the 2004 election , he was appointed Minister of Domestic , Trade and Consumer Affairs in Prime Minister Abdullah Ahmad Badawis Cabinet and was later given the Ministry of Unity , Culture , Arts and Heritage . On 10 April 2009 , he became the Minister of Rural and Regional Development in the first Cabinet of Prime Minister Najib Razak . This coincided with his election to one of the partys three vice-presidential posts , polling in third place behind Ahmad Zahid Hamidi and Hishammuddin Hussein . He was re-elected as an UMNO vice-president in 2013 , this time polling in second place , behind Ahmad Zahid and ahead of Hishammuddin . He is the first Sabahan to hold a vice-presidency of UMNO . On 28 July 2015 , Shafie was removed in the Cabinet reshuffle by Najib thus losing his rural and regional development portfolio . Following this , he formed a new Sabah-based opposition party known as WARISAN that was approved by Registrar of Societies ( RoS ) on 17 October 2016 . Appointment as a Chief Minister . In the 2018 general election , Shafies party of WARISAN together with the coalition of Pakatan Harapan ( PH ) are tied up with 29-29 seats with BN in the 2018 Sabah state election . Jeffrey Kitingan with his party of Homeland Solidarity Party ( STAR ) under the United Sabah Alliance ( USA ) which are not aligned from either the two sides , has won two seats in the election and subsequently emerged as the decision maker for the formation of a state government from the two sides . Jeffrey then decide to team up with the BN to form coalition state government with him appointed as a Deputy Chief Minister while Musa Aman from BN to become the Chief Minister for another 5 years under the new coalition government . However , situation change when six seats assemblymen from the BN allied parties of United Pasokmomogun Kadazandusun Murut Organisation ( UPKO ) and United Sabah Peoples Party ( PBRS ) switched their allegiance to WARISAN , giving Shafie an advantage with 35 seats which is sufficient to establish a valid state government . Earlier , Musa Aman had already sworn in as Chief Minister following the help of two seats from STAR . This situation left Sabah with two ruling Chief Ministers , the second in its history since the dispute between PBS and USNO in 1980s . The results of this events sparks a constitutional crisis in Sabah , and the need to review and change the current constitution so as to curb the allegiance switching of assemblymen , after the swearing-in ceremony of the chief minister . Another four seats assemblymen from BN allied parties of UMNO and UPKO switching their allegiance to WARISAN on 13 May 2018 . The Yang di-Pertua Negeri Juhar Mahiruddin also had requested for Musa to step down , despite Musa still stressing that he still the rightful Chief Minister . Musa was then issued a letter from the TYT that he is no longer the Chief Minister effective from 12 May 2018 that was delivered into his residence on 14 May 2018 . On 7 November , the high court in Kota Kinabalu decided that Shafie remained the legitimate Chief Minister of Sabah and dismissed a suit made by Musa who claimed his dismissal as chief minister was illegal and against the state constitution . On 30 July 2020 , upon the political manoeuvring in Sabah , he announced that the Yang di-Pertua Negeri Juhar Mahiruddin had agreed to dissolve the Sabah State Legislative Assembly to hold a state election in his audience with Juhar . Honours . - Companion Class I of the Order of Malacca ( DMSM ) - Datuk ( 2002 ) - Knight Companion of the Order of the Crown of Pahang ( DIMP ) - Dato ( 2010 ) - Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Crown of Perlis ( SPMP ) - Dato Seri ( 2008 ) - Commander of the Order of Kinabalu ( PGDK ) - Datuk ( 1994 ) - Grand Commander of the Order of Kinabalu ( SPDK ) - Datuk Seri Panglima ( 2011 ) - Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of Sarawak ( PNBS ) - Dato Sri ( 2014 )
[ "WARISAN" ]
[ { "text": "Datuk Seri Panglima Shafie bin Apdal ( Jawi : محمد شافعي بن أفضل ; born 20 October 1956 ) is a Malaysian politician who served as the 15th Chief Minister and the State Minister of Finance of Sabah from May 2018 to September 2020 following defeat of his coalition , Sabah Heritage Party + ( WARISAN + ) in the 2020 state election . He has served as the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Semporna since April 1995 and Member of the Sabah State Legislative Assembly ( MLA ) for Senallang since May 2018 . He was the", "title": "Shafie Apdal" }, { "text": "Minister of Rural and Regional Development and Vice-President of the United Malays National Organisation ( UMNO ) , the leading party in the then-ruling Barisan Nasional ( BN ) coalition . He is the founding President of WARISAN , the opposition party of Sabah that is allied with the Pakatan Harapan ( PH ) opposition coalition .", "title": "Shafie Apdal" }, { "text": " Shafie Apdal was born in 1956 in Semporna , Sabah , Malaysia . He is the nephew of Sakaran Dandai , who was the eighth Chief Minister of Sabah and its former governor as well . He is married to Shuryani Shuaib and has six children .", "title": "Personal life" }, { "text": " Shafie completed his secondary education in Victoria Institution , Kuala Lumpur ( but attended Sabah College , Kota Kinabalu for his middle school ) . He has a Diploma in Shipping Management from the London Business College ( not to be confused with the London Business School ) . In 1992 , he received his Bachelor in Economics ( Hons ) from North Staffordshire Polytechnic , England .", "title": "Education" }, { "text": " Shafie started his political career with the United Sabah National Organisation ( USNO ) . The party dissolved in 1994 , and Shafie joined UMNO , which was then only starting to gain a presence in the state . In 1995 he was elected to federal Parliament as an UMNO member , for the seat of Semporna . He was appointed a parliamentary secretary before becoming Deputy Minister of Housing and Local Government in 1999 . From 1999 to 2004 , he was Deputy Minister for Defence .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "After the 2004 election , he was appointed Minister of Domestic , Trade and Consumer Affairs in Prime Minister Abdullah Ahmad Badawis Cabinet and was later given the Ministry of Unity , Culture , Arts and Heritage . On 10 April 2009 , he became the Minister of Rural and Regional Development in the first Cabinet of Prime Minister Najib Razak . This coincided with his election to one of the partys three vice-presidential posts , polling in third place behind Ahmad Zahid Hamidi and Hishammuddin Hussein . He was re-elected as an UMNO vice-president in 2013 , this time", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "polling in second place , behind Ahmad Zahid and ahead of Hishammuddin . He is the first Sabahan to hold a vice-presidency of UMNO .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": " On 28 July 2015 , Shafie was removed in the Cabinet reshuffle by Najib thus losing his rural and regional development portfolio . Following this , he formed a new Sabah-based opposition party known as WARISAN that was approved by Registrar of Societies ( RoS ) on 17 October 2016 . Appointment as a Chief Minister .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "In the 2018 general election , Shafies party of WARISAN together with the coalition of Pakatan Harapan ( PH ) are tied up with 29-29 seats with BN in the 2018 Sabah state election . Jeffrey Kitingan with his party of Homeland Solidarity Party ( STAR ) under the United Sabah Alliance ( USA ) which are not aligned from either the two sides , has won two seats in the election and subsequently emerged as the decision maker for the formation of a state government from the two sides . Jeffrey then decide to team up with the BN", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "to form coalition state government with him appointed as a Deputy Chief Minister while Musa Aman from BN to become the Chief Minister for another 5 years under the new coalition government . However , situation change when six seats assemblymen from the BN allied parties of United Pasokmomogun Kadazandusun Murut Organisation ( UPKO ) and United Sabah Peoples Party ( PBRS ) switched their allegiance to WARISAN , giving Shafie an advantage with 35 seats which is sufficient to establish a valid state government . Earlier , Musa Aman had already sworn in as Chief Minister following the help", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "of two seats from STAR . This situation left Sabah with two ruling Chief Ministers , the second in its history since the dispute between PBS and USNO in 1980s . The results of this events sparks a constitutional crisis in Sabah , and the need to review and change the current constitution so as to curb the allegiance switching of assemblymen , after the swearing-in ceremony of the chief minister . Another four seats assemblymen from BN allied parties of UMNO and UPKO switching their allegiance to WARISAN on 13 May 2018 . The Yang di-Pertua Negeri Juhar Mahiruddin", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "also had requested for Musa to step down , despite Musa still stressing that he still the rightful Chief Minister . Musa was then issued a letter from the TYT that he is no longer the Chief Minister effective from 12 May 2018 that was delivered into his residence on 14 May 2018 . On 7 November , the high court in Kota Kinabalu decided that Shafie remained the legitimate Chief Minister of Sabah and dismissed a suit made by Musa who claimed his dismissal as chief minister was illegal and against the state constitution .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": " On 30 July 2020 , upon the political manoeuvring in Sabah , he announced that the Yang di-Pertua Negeri Juhar Mahiruddin had agreed to dissolve the Sabah State Legislative Assembly to hold a state election in his audience with Juhar .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": " - Companion Class I of the Order of Malacca ( DMSM ) - Datuk ( 2002 ) - Knight Companion of the Order of the Crown of Pahang ( DIMP ) - Dato ( 2010 ) - Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Crown of Perlis ( SPMP ) - Dato Seri ( 2008 ) - Commander of the Order of Kinabalu ( PGDK ) - Datuk ( 1994 ) - Grand Commander of the Order of Kinabalu ( SPDK ) - Datuk Seri Panglima ( 2011 )", "title": "Honours" }, { "text": "- Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of Sarawak ( PNBS ) - Dato Sri ( 2014 )", "title": "Honours" } ]
/wiki/Rudolf_von_Bennigsen#P69#0
Which school did Rudolf von Bennigsen go to before Jun 1842?
Rudolf von Bennigsen Karl Wilhelm Rudolf von Bennigsen ( 10 July 1824 , Lüneburg – 7 August 1902 , Bennigsen near Springe ) was a German politician descended from an old Hanoverian family . Biography . Bennigsen was born at Lüneburg on 10 of July 1824 . He was descended from an old Hanoverian family , his father , Karl von Bennigsen , was an officer in the Hanoverian army who rose to the rank of general and also held diplomatic appointments . The anthropologist Moritz von Leonhardi was his nephew . After studying at the University of Göttingen , where he became a member of the Corps Hannovera , Bennigsen entered the Hanoverian civil service . In 1855 , he was elected a member of the second chamber , and because the government refused to allow him leave of absence from his official duties , he resigned his post in the public service . He at once became the recognized leader of the Liberal opposition to the reactionary government , but should be distinguished from Alexander Levin , Count of Bennigsen , a member of the same family and son of the distinguished Russian General Bennigsen , who was also one of the parliamentary leaders at the time , serving as Hanovers minister-president between 1848 and 1850 and afterwards as president first of the first chamber , then of the second chamber of the Estates Assembly of the Kingdom of Hanover ( parliament ) . What gave Bennigsen his importance not only in Hanover , but throughout the whole of Germany , was the foundation of the German National Association , which was due to him , and of which he was president . This society , which arose out of the public excitement created by the Austro-Sardinian War , had for its object the formation of a national party which should strive for the unity and the constitutional liberty of the whole Fatherland . It united the moderate Liberals throughout Germany , and at once became a great political power , notwithstanding all the efforts of the governments , and especially of King George V of Hanover to suppress it . Bennigsen was also one of the founders of the Protestantenverein in 1863 . In 1866 Bennigsen , then leader of the liberal opposition in the second chamber of the Estates Assembly , used all his influence to keep Hanover neutral in the Austro-Prussian War , but in vain . He took no part in the war , but his brother , who was an officer in the Prussian army , was killed in Bohemia . In May of this year he had an important interview with Bismarck , who wished to secure his support for the reform of the German Confederation , and after the war was over at once accepted the position of a Prussian subject , taking his seat in the diet ( parliament ) of the North German Confederation and in the Prussian House of Representatives . He used his influence to procure as much autonomy as possible for the province of Hanover , but was a strong opponent of the Guelph Party . He was one of the three Hanoverians , Ludwig Windthorst and Johann von Miquel being the other two , who at once won for the representatives of the conquered province the lead in both the Prussian and North German parliaments . The Nationalverein , its work being done , was now dissolved ; but Bennigsen was chiefly instrumental in founding a new political party , the National Liberals , who , while they supported Bismarcks national policy , hoped to secure the constitutional development of the country . For the next thirty years Bennigsen was president of the party , and was the most influential of the parliamentary leaders . It was chiefly owing to him that the building up of the internal institutions of the empire was carried on without the open breach between Bismarck and the parliament , which was often imminent . Many amendments suggested by him were introduced in the debates on the constitution ; in 1870 he undertook a mission to Southern Germany to strengthen the national party there , and was consulted by Bismarck while at Versailles . It was he who brought about the compromise on the military bill in 1874 . In 1877 he was offered the post of vice-chancellor with a seat in the Prussian ministry , but refused it because Bismarck or the king would not agree to his conditions . From this time his relations with the government were less friendly , and in 1878 he brought about the rejection of the first Socialist Bill . In 1883 he resigned his seat in parliament owing to the reactionary measures of the government , which made it impossible for him to continue his former co-operation with Bismarck , but returned in 1887 to support the coalition of national parties . One of the first acts of the Emperor Wilhelm II was to appoint him upper president of the Province of Hanover . In 1897 he resigned this post and retired from public life . He died on 7 August 1902 .
[ "University of Göttingen" ]
[ { "text": " Karl Wilhelm Rudolf von Bennigsen ( 10 July 1824 , Lüneburg – 7 August 1902 , Bennigsen near Springe ) was a German politician descended from an old Hanoverian family .", "title": "Rudolf von Bennigsen" }, { "text": " Bennigsen was born at Lüneburg on 10 of July 1824 . He was descended from an old Hanoverian family , his father , Karl von Bennigsen , was an officer in the Hanoverian army who rose to the rank of general and also held diplomatic appointments . The anthropologist Moritz von Leonhardi was his nephew .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "After studying at the University of Göttingen , where he became a member of the Corps Hannovera , Bennigsen entered the Hanoverian civil service . In 1855 , he was elected a member of the second chamber , and because the government refused to allow him leave of absence from his official duties , he resigned his post in the public service . He at once became the recognized leader of the Liberal opposition to the reactionary government , but should be distinguished from Alexander Levin , Count of Bennigsen , a member of the same family and son of", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "the distinguished Russian General Bennigsen , who was also one of the parliamentary leaders at the time , serving as Hanovers minister-president between 1848 and 1850 and afterwards as president first of the first chamber , then of the second chamber of the Estates Assembly of the Kingdom of Hanover ( parliament ) .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "What gave Bennigsen his importance not only in Hanover , but throughout the whole of Germany , was the foundation of the German National Association , which was due to him , and of which he was president . This society , which arose out of the public excitement created by the Austro-Sardinian War , had for its object the formation of a national party which should strive for the unity and the constitutional liberty of the whole Fatherland . It united the moderate Liberals throughout Germany , and at once became a great political power , notwithstanding all the", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "efforts of the governments , and especially of King George V of Hanover to suppress it . Bennigsen was also one of the founders of the Protestantenverein in 1863 .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "In 1866 Bennigsen , then leader of the liberal opposition in the second chamber of the Estates Assembly , used all his influence to keep Hanover neutral in the Austro-Prussian War , but in vain . He took no part in the war , but his brother , who was an officer in the Prussian army , was killed in Bohemia . In May of this year he had an important interview with Bismarck , who wished to secure his support for the reform of the German Confederation , and after the war was over at once accepted the position", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "of a Prussian subject , taking his seat in the diet ( parliament ) of the North German Confederation and in the Prussian House of Representatives . He used his influence to procure as much autonomy as possible for the province of Hanover , but was a strong opponent of the Guelph Party . He was one of the three Hanoverians , Ludwig Windthorst and Johann von Miquel being the other two , who at once won for the representatives of the conquered province the lead in both the Prussian and North German parliaments . The Nationalverein , its work", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "being done , was now dissolved ; but Bennigsen was chiefly instrumental in founding a new political party , the National Liberals , who , while they supported Bismarcks national policy , hoped to secure the constitutional development of the country .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "For the next thirty years Bennigsen was president of the party , and was the most influential of the parliamentary leaders . It was chiefly owing to him that the building up of the internal institutions of the empire was carried on without the open breach between Bismarck and the parliament , which was often imminent . Many amendments suggested by him were introduced in the debates on the constitution ; in 1870 he undertook a mission to Southern Germany to strengthen the national party there , and was consulted by Bismarck while at Versailles . It was he who", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "brought about the compromise on the military bill in 1874 . In 1877 he was offered the post of vice-chancellor with a seat in the Prussian ministry , but refused it because Bismarck or the king would not agree to his conditions . From this time his relations with the government were less friendly , and in 1878 he brought about the rejection of the first Socialist Bill .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": " In 1883 he resigned his seat in parliament owing to the reactionary measures of the government , which made it impossible for him to continue his former co-operation with Bismarck , but returned in 1887 to support the coalition of national parties . One of the first acts of the Emperor Wilhelm II was to appoint him upper president of the Province of Hanover . In 1897 he resigned this post and retired from public life . He died on 7 August 1902 .", "title": "Biography" } ]
/wiki/Rudolf_von_Bennigsen#P69#1
Which school did Rudolf von Bennigsen go to between Aug 1843 and Nov 1843?
Rudolf von Bennigsen Karl Wilhelm Rudolf von Bennigsen ( 10 July 1824 , Lüneburg – 7 August 1902 , Bennigsen near Springe ) was a German politician descended from an old Hanoverian family . Biography . Bennigsen was born at Lüneburg on 10 of July 1824 . He was descended from an old Hanoverian family , his father , Karl von Bennigsen , was an officer in the Hanoverian army who rose to the rank of general and also held diplomatic appointments . The anthropologist Moritz von Leonhardi was his nephew . After studying at the University of Göttingen , where he became a member of the Corps Hannovera , Bennigsen entered the Hanoverian civil service . In 1855 , he was elected a member of the second chamber , and because the government refused to allow him leave of absence from his official duties , he resigned his post in the public service . He at once became the recognized leader of the Liberal opposition to the reactionary government , but should be distinguished from Alexander Levin , Count of Bennigsen , a member of the same family and son of the distinguished Russian General Bennigsen , who was also one of the parliamentary leaders at the time , serving as Hanovers minister-president between 1848 and 1850 and afterwards as president first of the first chamber , then of the second chamber of the Estates Assembly of the Kingdom of Hanover ( parliament ) . What gave Bennigsen his importance not only in Hanover , but throughout the whole of Germany , was the foundation of the German National Association , which was due to him , and of which he was president . This society , which arose out of the public excitement created by the Austro-Sardinian War , had for its object the formation of a national party which should strive for the unity and the constitutional liberty of the whole Fatherland . It united the moderate Liberals throughout Germany , and at once became a great political power , notwithstanding all the efforts of the governments , and especially of King George V of Hanover to suppress it . Bennigsen was also one of the founders of the Protestantenverein in 1863 . In 1866 Bennigsen , then leader of the liberal opposition in the second chamber of the Estates Assembly , used all his influence to keep Hanover neutral in the Austro-Prussian War , but in vain . He took no part in the war , but his brother , who was an officer in the Prussian army , was killed in Bohemia . In May of this year he had an important interview with Bismarck , who wished to secure his support for the reform of the German Confederation , and after the war was over at once accepted the position of a Prussian subject , taking his seat in the diet ( parliament ) of the North German Confederation and in the Prussian House of Representatives . He used his influence to procure as much autonomy as possible for the province of Hanover , but was a strong opponent of the Guelph Party . He was one of the three Hanoverians , Ludwig Windthorst and Johann von Miquel being the other two , who at once won for the representatives of the conquered province the lead in both the Prussian and North German parliaments . The Nationalverein , its work being done , was now dissolved ; but Bennigsen was chiefly instrumental in founding a new political party , the National Liberals , who , while they supported Bismarcks national policy , hoped to secure the constitutional development of the country . For the next thirty years Bennigsen was president of the party , and was the most influential of the parliamentary leaders . It was chiefly owing to him that the building up of the internal institutions of the empire was carried on without the open breach between Bismarck and the parliament , which was often imminent . Many amendments suggested by him were introduced in the debates on the constitution ; in 1870 he undertook a mission to Southern Germany to strengthen the national party there , and was consulted by Bismarck while at Versailles . It was he who brought about the compromise on the military bill in 1874 . In 1877 he was offered the post of vice-chancellor with a seat in the Prussian ministry , but refused it because Bismarck or the king would not agree to his conditions . From this time his relations with the government were less friendly , and in 1878 he brought about the rejection of the first Socialist Bill . In 1883 he resigned his seat in parliament owing to the reactionary measures of the government , which made it impossible for him to continue his former co-operation with Bismarck , but returned in 1887 to support the coalition of national parties . One of the first acts of the Emperor Wilhelm II was to appoint him upper president of the Province of Hanover . In 1897 he resigned this post and retired from public life . He died on 7 August 1902 .
[ "" ]
[ { "text": " Karl Wilhelm Rudolf von Bennigsen ( 10 July 1824 , Lüneburg – 7 August 1902 , Bennigsen near Springe ) was a German politician descended from an old Hanoverian family .", "title": "Rudolf von Bennigsen" }, { "text": " Bennigsen was born at Lüneburg on 10 of July 1824 . He was descended from an old Hanoverian family , his father , Karl von Bennigsen , was an officer in the Hanoverian army who rose to the rank of general and also held diplomatic appointments . The anthropologist Moritz von Leonhardi was his nephew .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "After studying at the University of Göttingen , where he became a member of the Corps Hannovera , Bennigsen entered the Hanoverian civil service . In 1855 , he was elected a member of the second chamber , and because the government refused to allow him leave of absence from his official duties , he resigned his post in the public service . He at once became the recognized leader of the Liberal opposition to the reactionary government , but should be distinguished from Alexander Levin , Count of Bennigsen , a member of the same family and son of", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "the distinguished Russian General Bennigsen , who was also one of the parliamentary leaders at the time , serving as Hanovers minister-president between 1848 and 1850 and afterwards as president first of the first chamber , then of the second chamber of the Estates Assembly of the Kingdom of Hanover ( parliament ) .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "What gave Bennigsen his importance not only in Hanover , but throughout the whole of Germany , was the foundation of the German National Association , which was due to him , and of which he was president . This society , which arose out of the public excitement created by the Austro-Sardinian War , had for its object the formation of a national party which should strive for the unity and the constitutional liberty of the whole Fatherland . It united the moderate Liberals throughout Germany , and at once became a great political power , notwithstanding all the", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "efforts of the governments , and especially of King George V of Hanover to suppress it . Bennigsen was also one of the founders of the Protestantenverein in 1863 .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "In 1866 Bennigsen , then leader of the liberal opposition in the second chamber of the Estates Assembly , used all his influence to keep Hanover neutral in the Austro-Prussian War , but in vain . He took no part in the war , but his brother , who was an officer in the Prussian army , was killed in Bohemia . In May of this year he had an important interview with Bismarck , who wished to secure his support for the reform of the German Confederation , and after the war was over at once accepted the position", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "of a Prussian subject , taking his seat in the diet ( parliament ) of the North German Confederation and in the Prussian House of Representatives . He used his influence to procure as much autonomy as possible for the province of Hanover , but was a strong opponent of the Guelph Party . He was one of the three Hanoverians , Ludwig Windthorst and Johann von Miquel being the other two , who at once won for the representatives of the conquered province the lead in both the Prussian and North German parliaments . The Nationalverein , its work", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "being done , was now dissolved ; but Bennigsen was chiefly instrumental in founding a new political party , the National Liberals , who , while they supported Bismarcks national policy , hoped to secure the constitutional development of the country .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "For the next thirty years Bennigsen was president of the party , and was the most influential of the parliamentary leaders . It was chiefly owing to him that the building up of the internal institutions of the empire was carried on without the open breach between Bismarck and the parliament , which was often imminent . Many amendments suggested by him were introduced in the debates on the constitution ; in 1870 he undertook a mission to Southern Germany to strengthen the national party there , and was consulted by Bismarck while at Versailles . It was he who", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "brought about the compromise on the military bill in 1874 . In 1877 he was offered the post of vice-chancellor with a seat in the Prussian ministry , but refused it because Bismarck or the king would not agree to his conditions . From this time his relations with the government were less friendly , and in 1878 he brought about the rejection of the first Socialist Bill .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": " In 1883 he resigned his seat in parliament owing to the reactionary measures of the government , which made it impossible for him to continue his former co-operation with Bismarck , but returned in 1887 to support the coalition of national parties . One of the first acts of the Emperor Wilhelm II was to appoint him upper president of the Province of Hanover . In 1897 he resigned this post and retired from public life . He died on 7 August 1902 .", "title": "Biography" } ]
/wiki/Rudolf_von_Bennigsen#P69#2
Which school did Rudolf von Bennigsen go to in Jun 1845?
Rudolf von Bennigsen Karl Wilhelm Rudolf von Bennigsen ( 10 July 1824 , Lüneburg – 7 August 1902 , Bennigsen near Springe ) was a German politician descended from an old Hanoverian family . Biography . Bennigsen was born at Lüneburg on 10 of July 1824 . He was descended from an old Hanoverian family , his father , Karl von Bennigsen , was an officer in the Hanoverian army who rose to the rank of general and also held diplomatic appointments . The anthropologist Moritz von Leonhardi was his nephew . After studying at the University of Göttingen , where he became a member of the Corps Hannovera , Bennigsen entered the Hanoverian civil service . In 1855 , he was elected a member of the second chamber , and because the government refused to allow him leave of absence from his official duties , he resigned his post in the public service . He at once became the recognized leader of the Liberal opposition to the reactionary government , but should be distinguished from Alexander Levin , Count of Bennigsen , a member of the same family and son of the distinguished Russian General Bennigsen , who was also one of the parliamentary leaders at the time , serving as Hanovers minister-president between 1848 and 1850 and afterwards as president first of the first chamber , then of the second chamber of the Estates Assembly of the Kingdom of Hanover ( parliament ) . What gave Bennigsen his importance not only in Hanover , but throughout the whole of Germany , was the foundation of the German National Association , which was due to him , and of which he was president . This society , which arose out of the public excitement created by the Austro-Sardinian War , had for its object the formation of a national party which should strive for the unity and the constitutional liberty of the whole Fatherland . It united the moderate Liberals throughout Germany , and at once became a great political power , notwithstanding all the efforts of the governments , and especially of King George V of Hanover to suppress it . Bennigsen was also one of the founders of the Protestantenverein in 1863 . In 1866 Bennigsen , then leader of the liberal opposition in the second chamber of the Estates Assembly , used all his influence to keep Hanover neutral in the Austro-Prussian War , but in vain . He took no part in the war , but his brother , who was an officer in the Prussian army , was killed in Bohemia . In May of this year he had an important interview with Bismarck , who wished to secure his support for the reform of the German Confederation , and after the war was over at once accepted the position of a Prussian subject , taking his seat in the diet ( parliament ) of the North German Confederation and in the Prussian House of Representatives . He used his influence to procure as much autonomy as possible for the province of Hanover , but was a strong opponent of the Guelph Party . He was one of the three Hanoverians , Ludwig Windthorst and Johann von Miquel being the other two , who at once won for the representatives of the conquered province the lead in both the Prussian and North German parliaments . The Nationalverein , its work being done , was now dissolved ; but Bennigsen was chiefly instrumental in founding a new political party , the National Liberals , who , while they supported Bismarcks national policy , hoped to secure the constitutional development of the country . For the next thirty years Bennigsen was president of the party , and was the most influential of the parliamentary leaders . It was chiefly owing to him that the building up of the internal institutions of the empire was carried on without the open breach between Bismarck and the parliament , which was often imminent . Many amendments suggested by him were introduced in the debates on the constitution ; in 1870 he undertook a mission to Southern Germany to strengthen the national party there , and was consulted by Bismarck while at Versailles . It was he who brought about the compromise on the military bill in 1874 . In 1877 he was offered the post of vice-chancellor with a seat in the Prussian ministry , but refused it because Bismarck or the king would not agree to his conditions . From this time his relations with the government were less friendly , and in 1878 he brought about the rejection of the first Socialist Bill . In 1883 he resigned his seat in parliament owing to the reactionary measures of the government , which made it impossible for him to continue his former co-operation with Bismarck , but returned in 1887 to support the coalition of national parties . One of the first acts of the Emperor Wilhelm II was to appoint him upper president of the Province of Hanover . In 1897 he resigned this post and retired from public life . He died on 7 August 1902 .
[ "University of Göttingen" ]
[ { "text": " Karl Wilhelm Rudolf von Bennigsen ( 10 July 1824 , Lüneburg – 7 August 1902 , Bennigsen near Springe ) was a German politician descended from an old Hanoverian family .", "title": "Rudolf von Bennigsen" }, { "text": " Bennigsen was born at Lüneburg on 10 of July 1824 . He was descended from an old Hanoverian family , his father , Karl von Bennigsen , was an officer in the Hanoverian army who rose to the rank of general and also held diplomatic appointments . The anthropologist Moritz von Leonhardi was his nephew .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "After studying at the University of Göttingen , where he became a member of the Corps Hannovera , Bennigsen entered the Hanoverian civil service . In 1855 , he was elected a member of the second chamber , and because the government refused to allow him leave of absence from his official duties , he resigned his post in the public service . He at once became the recognized leader of the Liberal opposition to the reactionary government , but should be distinguished from Alexander Levin , Count of Bennigsen , a member of the same family and son of", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "the distinguished Russian General Bennigsen , who was also one of the parliamentary leaders at the time , serving as Hanovers minister-president between 1848 and 1850 and afterwards as president first of the first chamber , then of the second chamber of the Estates Assembly of the Kingdom of Hanover ( parliament ) .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "What gave Bennigsen his importance not only in Hanover , but throughout the whole of Germany , was the foundation of the German National Association , which was due to him , and of which he was president . This society , which arose out of the public excitement created by the Austro-Sardinian War , had for its object the formation of a national party which should strive for the unity and the constitutional liberty of the whole Fatherland . It united the moderate Liberals throughout Germany , and at once became a great political power , notwithstanding all the", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "efforts of the governments , and especially of King George V of Hanover to suppress it . Bennigsen was also one of the founders of the Protestantenverein in 1863 .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "In 1866 Bennigsen , then leader of the liberal opposition in the second chamber of the Estates Assembly , used all his influence to keep Hanover neutral in the Austro-Prussian War , but in vain . He took no part in the war , but his brother , who was an officer in the Prussian army , was killed in Bohemia . In May of this year he had an important interview with Bismarck , who wished to secure his support for the reform of the German Confederation , and after the war was over at once accepted the position", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "of a Prussian subject , taking his seat in the diet ( parliament ) of the North German Confederation and in the Prussian House of Representatives . He used his influence to procure as much autonomy as possible for the province of Hanover , but was a strong opponent of the Guelph Party . He was one of the three Hanoverians , Ludwig Windthorst and Johann von Miquel being the other two , who at once won for the representatives of the conquered province the lead in both the Prussian and North German parliaments . The Nationalverein , its work", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "being done , was now dissolved ; but Bennigsen was chiefly instrumental in founding a new political party , the National Liberals , who , while they supported Bismarcks national policy , hoped to secure the constitutional development of the country .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "For the next thirty years Bennigsen was president of the party , and was the most influential of the parliamentary leaders . It was chiefly owing to him that the building up of the internal institutions of the empire was carried on without the open breach between Bismarck and the parliament , which was often imminent . Many amendments suggested by him were introduced in the debates on the constitution ; in 1870 he undertook a mission to Southern Germany to strengthen the national party there , and was consulted by Bismarck while at Versailles . It was he who", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "brought about the compromise on the military bill in 1874 . In 1877 he was offered the post of vice-chancellor with a seat in the Prussian ministry , but refused it because Bismarck or the king would not agree to his conditions . From this time his relations with the government were less friendly , and in 1878 he brought about the rejection of the first Socialist Bill .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": " In 1883 he resigned his seat in parliament owing to the reactionary measures of the government , which made it impossible for him to continue his former co-operation with Bismarck , but returned in 1887 to support the coalition of national parties . One of the first acts of the Emperor Wilhelm II was to appoint him upper president of the Province of Hanover . In 1897 he resigned this post and retired from public life . He died on 7 August 1902 .", "title": "Biography" } ]
/wiki/Tatxo_Benet#P108#0
Who did Tatxo Benet work for before Jul 1978?
Tatxo Benet Josep Maria Benet Ferran ( born June 14 , 1957 ) , better known as Tatxo Benet , is a journalist and Catalan businessman . Biography . He studied Law ( University of Barcelona in Lleida ) and Information Sciences ( Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona ) , although he never graduate from either degree , combining his university studies with a budding career in journalism . Benet began his professional career in 1975 in El Diario de Lérida as a staff writer for local news and sports . In December 1976 , he moved to Barcelona to participate in the launch of the newspaper Catalunya Express as a reporter for the Sports section . In June 1977 he returned to Lleida as a correspondent for the national daily El País and from November 1978 , working as a delegate for El Periódico de Catalunya . In September 1980 , Tatxo made what was to be his definitive move to Barcelona to work at El Periódico as editor of Las Cosas de la Vida , being appointed chief-editor of the section in the spring of 1982 . In September 1983 , he joined the founding team of TV3-Televisió de Catalunya with the position of head of the News Department’s Catalonia section . It was here that Tatxo first met Jaume Roures and Gerard Romy . In January 1984 , as TV3 began regular broadcasting , Tatxo was appointed Head of News Assignments . Since then , and for the next fifteen years until 1997 , Tatxo Benet was responsible for a variety of areas and held several managerial positions at Televisió de Catalunya . He presented and directed news section in several newscasts , and directed and presented Tothom per tothom magazine . In June 1987 , Tatxo was appointed Head of the Sports Department , a position he held for almost ten years , until September 1996 . During the period he was Head of Sports , and along with Jaume Roures , TV3 acquired the rights and exclusive broadcasting in Catalonia for the Spanish La Liga and the Copa del Rey , UEFA Champions League , Wimbledon and US Open tennis tournaments , the four Grand Slam golf tournaments : British Open , US Open , Augusta Masters and USPGA , as well as many other top-level Spanish and international competitions , breaking the monopoly held by Spanish Televisión Española up to this point . During this period , the appearance and content of sports programming underwent significant modernization , as well as the way networks utilized different sporting footage and images . In fact , TV3’s Channel 33 was soon transformed into a sports channel given the quality and volume of broadcasts and sports programs the channel featured , especially at weekends . During the 1992 Barcelona Olympic Games Tatxo was appointed director and Head of Canal Olímpic , broadcasting the games in Catalan 24 hours a day . With the creation of FORTA , the Federación de Organismos de Radio y Televisión Autonómica , which brings together all the regional autonomous TV and radio networks in Spain , Tatxo was appointed Coordinator and Head of the Sports Division . In January 1997 , Tatxo moved to Madrid and was appointed General Director of Audiovisual Sport , a company participated by Sogecable ( 40% ) , Antonio Asensio ( 40% ) and Televisió de Catalunya ( 20% ) , which was set up to commercialize the media rights to the Spanish Football League . In the summer of 1997 , Antonio Asensio sold their stake in Audiovisual Sport to Telefónica , who had just launched its Via Digital platform . This operation brought about a standoff in the company , given that the two majority shareholders ( Sogecable and Telefonica ) held conflicting positions . Faced with this situation , in September 1997 , Tatxo resigned from his position and returned to Barcelona . Once there , Benet decided to set up his own company to produce and distribute rights , a company that was to merge with Mediapro , which had been set up some years earlier by Jaume Roures and Gerard Romy . Contemporary art collection and patronage . In February 2018 he started his contemporary art collection , which he has titled Censored . It consists of more than seventy artworks that were censored at some point in history . The collection includes works by Abel Azcona , Ai Weiwei , Francisco de Goya , Robert Mapplethorpe and Andres Serrano . In February 2018 , shortly before it was withdrawn from Arco , Tatxo Benet acquired the piece Presos Políticos en la España contemporánea ( Political Prisoners in Modern-day Spain ) by Santiago Sierra . Outraged by what he considers “an act of intolerable censorship,” he made the piece available to anyone who wishes to exhibit it , with the Museum in Lleida being its first destination , and from where the works of the Sixena Monastery had recently been removed . The work has been shown in more than thirty cities in Catalonia and Spain , and in several European countries . One of the most important pieces in Tatxo Benets Contemporary Art collection is Amen or The Pederasty by Abel Azcona , which was censored and persecuted by the Catholic Church , as well as Piss Christ by Andres Serrano and photographs by Ai Weiwei , which are considered to be some of the most recognized censored artworks in art history . In January 2020 , Benet bought a nude , feminized painting of Mexican Revolutionary General Emiliano Zapata , La Revolución by Fabián Chairez . Descendents of Zapata sued Cháirez for defamation after the painting was exhibited at the Palacio de Bellas Artes in Mexico City . The painting will be taken to Cataluña to be exhibited alongside 25 other controversial paintings in Benets collection . In 2019 , Tatxo acquired the bookshop llibreria Ona from Montse Úbeda . The bookstore had dedicated over half a century to literature in Catalan and is scheduled to reopen its doors to customers in the center of Barcelona in time for Sant Jordi 2020 .
[ "El Periódico de Catalunya" ]
[ { "text": " Josep Maria Benet Ferran ( born June 14 , 1957 ) , better known as Tatxo Benet , is a journalist and Catalan businessman .", "title": "Tatxo Benet" }, { "text": " He studied Law ( University of Barcelona in Lleida ) and Information Sciences ( Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona ) , although he never graduate from either degree , combining his university studies with a budding career in journalism .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "Benet began his professional career in 1975 in El Diario de Lérida as a staff writer for local news and sports . In December 1976 , he moved to Barcelona to participate in the launch of the newspaper Catalunya Express as a reporter for the Sports section . In June 1977 he returned to Lleida as a correspondent for the national daily El País and from November 1978 , working as a delegate for El Periódico de Catalunya .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": " In September 1980 , Tatxo made what was to be his definitive move to Barcelona to work at El Periódico as editor of Las Cosas de la Vida , being appointed chief-editor of the section in the spring of 1982 .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "In September 1983 , he joined the founding team of TV3-Televisió de Catalunya with the position of head of the News Department’s Catalonia section . It was here that Tatxo first met Jaume Roures and Gerard Romy . In January 1984 , as TV3 began regular broadcasting , Tatxo was appointed Head of News Assignments . Since then , and for the next fifteen years until 1997 , Tatxo Benet was responsible for a variety of areas and held several managerial positions at Televisió de Catalunya .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": " He presented and directed news section in several newscasts , and directed and presented Tothom per tothom magazine .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "In June 1987 , Tatxo was appointed Head of the Sports Department , a position he held for almost ten years , until September 1996 . During the period he was Head of Sports , and along with Jaume Roures , TV3 acquired the rights and exclusive broadcasting in Catalonia for the Spanish La Liga and the Copa del Rey , UEFA Champions League , Wimbledon and US Open tennis tournaments , the four Grand Slam golf tournaments : British Open , US Open , Augusta Masters and USPGA , as well as many other top-level Spanish and international competitions", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": ", breaking the monopoly held by Spanish Televisión Española up to this point . During this period , the appearance and content of sports programming underwent significant modernization , as well as the way networks utilized different sporting footage and images . In fact , TV3’s Channel 33 was soon transformed into a sports channel given the quality and volume of broadcasts and sports programs the channel featured , especially at weekends . During the 1992 Barcelona Olympic Games Tatxo was appointed director and Head of Canal Olímpic , broadcasting the games in Catalan 24 hours a day .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": " With the creation of FORTA , the Federación de Organismos de Radio y Televisión Autonómica , which brings together all the regional autonomous TV and radio networks in Spain , Tatxo was appointed Coordinator and Head of the Sports Division . In January 1997 , Tatxo moved to Madrid and was appointed General Director of Audiovisual Sport , a company participated by Sogecable ( 40% ) , Antonio Asensio ( 40% ) and Televisió de Catalunya ( 20% ) , which was set up to commercialize the media rights to the Spanish Football League .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "In the summer of 1997 , Antonio Asensio sold their stake in Audiovisual Sport to Telefónica , who had just launched its Via Digital platform . This operation brought about a standoff in the company , given that the two majority shareholders ( Sogecable and Telefonica ) held conflicting positions .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": " Faced with this situation , in September 1997 , Tatxo resigned from his position and returned to Barcelona . Once there , Benet decided to set up his own company to produce and distribute rights , a company that was to merge with Mediapro , which had been set up some years earlier by Jaume Roures and Gerard Romy . Contemporary art collection and patronage .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "In February 2018 he started his contemporary art collection , which he has titled Censored . It consists of more than seventy artworks that were censored at some point in history . The collection includes works by Abel Azcona , Ai Weiwei , Francisco de Goya , Robert Mapplethorpe and Andres Serrano .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "In February 2018 , shortly before it was withdrawn from Arco , Tatxo Benet acquired the piece Presos Políticos en la España contemporánea ( Political Prisoners in Modern-day Spain ) by Santiago Sierra . Outraged by what he considers “an act of intolerable censorship,” he made the piece available to anyone who wishes to exhibit it , with the Museum in Lleida being its first destination , and from where the works of the Sixena Monastery had recently been removed . The work has been shown in more than thirty cities in Catalonia and Spain , and in several European", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "countries .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": " One of the most important pieces in Tatxo Benets Contemporary Art collection is Amen or The Pederasty by Abel Azcona , which was censored and persecuted by the Catholic Church , as well as Piss Christ by Andres Serrano and photographs by Ai Weiwei , which are considered to be some of the most recognized censored artworks in art history .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "In January 2020 , Benet bought a nude , feminized painting of Mexican Revolutionary General Emiliano Zapata , La Revolución by Fabián Chairez . Descendents of Zapata sued Cháirez for defamation after the painting was exhibited at the Palacio de Bellas Artes in Mexico City . The painting will be taken to Cataluña to be exhibited alongside 25 other controversial paintings in Benets collection .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": " In 2019 , Tatxo acquired the bookshop llibreria Ona from Montse Úbeda . The bookstore had dedicated over half a century to literature in Catalan and is scheduled to reopen its doors to customers in the center of Barcelona in time for Sant Jordi 2020 .", "title": "Biography" } ]
/wiki/Tatxo_Benet#P108#1
Who did Tatxo Benet work for between Jan 1987 and Apr 1988?
Tatxo Benet Josep Maria Benet Ferran ( born June 14 , 1957 ) , better known as Tatxo Benet , is a journalist and Catalan businessman . Biography . He studied Law ( University of Barcelona in Lleida ) and Information Sciences ( Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona ) , although he never graduate from either degree , combining his university studies with a budding career in journalism . Benet began his professional career in 1975 in El Diario de Lérida as a staff writer for local news and sports . In December 1976 , he moved to Barcelona to participate in the launch of the newspaper Catalunya Express as a reporter for the Sports section . In June 1977 he returned to Lleida as a correspondent for the national daily El País and from November 1978 , working as a delegate for El Periódico de Catalunya . In September 1980 , Tatxo made what was to be his definitive move to Barcelona to work at El Periódico as editor of Las Cosas de la Vida , being appointed chief-editor of the section in the spring of 1982 . In September 1983 , he joined the founding team of TV3-Televisió de Catalunya with the position of head of the News Department’s Catalonia section . It was here that Tatxo first met Jaume Roures and Gerard Romy . In January 1984 , as TV3 began regular broadcasting , Tatxo was appointed Head of News Assignments . Since then , and for the next fifteen years until 1997 , Tatxo Benet was responsible for a variety of areas and held several managerial positions at Televisió de Catalunya . He presented and directed news section in several newscasts , and directed and presented Tothom per tothom magazine . In June 1987 , Tatxo was appointed Head of the Sports Department , a position he held for almost ten years , until September 1996 . During the period he was Head of Sports , and along with Jaume Roures , TV3 acquired the rights and exclusive broadcasting in Catalonia for the Spanish La Liga and the Copa del Rey , UEFA Champions League , Wimbledon and US Open tennis tournaments , the four Grand Slam golf tournaments : British Open , US Open , Augusta Masters and USPGA , as well as many other top-level Spanish and international competitions , breaking the monopoly held by Spanish Televisión Española up to this point . During this period , the appearance and content of sports programming underwent significant modernization , as well as the way networks utilized different sporting footage and images . In fact , TV3’s Channel 33 was soon transformed into a sports channel given the quality and volume of broadcasts and sports programs the channel featured , especially at weekends . During the 1992 Barcelona Olympic Games Tatxo was appointed director and Head of Canal Olímpic , broadcasting the games in Catalan 24 hours a day . With the creation of FORTA , the Federación de Organismos de Radio y Televisión Autonómica , which brings together all the regional autonomous TV and radio networks in Spain , Tatxo was appointed Coordinator and Head of the Sports Division . In January 1997 , Tatxo moved to Madrid and was appointed General Director of Audiovisual Sport , a company participated by Sogecable ( 40% ) , Antonio Asensio ( 40% ) and Televisió de Catalunya ( 20% ) , which was set up to commercialize the media rights to the Spanish Football League . In the summer of 1997 , Antonio Asensio sold their stake in Audiovisual Sport to Telefónica , who had just launched its Via Digital platform . This operation brought about a standoff in the company , given that the two majority shareholders ( Sogecable and Telefonica ) held conflicting positions . Faced with this situation , in September 1997 , Tatxo resigned from his position and returned to Barcelona . Once there , Benet decided to set up his own company to produce and distribute rights , a company that was to merge with Mediapro , which had been set up some years earlier by Jaume Roures and Gerard Romy . Contemporary art collection and patronage . In February 2018 he started his contemporary art collection , which he has titled Censored . It consists of more than seventy artworks that were censored at some point in history . The collection includes works by Abel Azcona , Ai Weiwei , Francisco de Goya , Robert Mapplethorpe and Andres Serrano . In February 2018 , shortly before it was withdrawn from Arco , Tatxo Benet acquired the piece Presos Políticos en la España contemporánea ( Political Prisoners in Modern-day Spain ) by Santiago Sierra . Outraged by what he considers “an act of intolerable censorship,” he made the piece available to anyone who wishes to exhibit it , with the Museum in Lleida being its first destination , and from where the works of the Sixena Monastery had recently been removed . The work has been shown in more than thirty cities in Catalonia and Spain , and in several European countries . One of the most important pieces in Tatxo Benets Contemporary Art collection is Amen or The Pederasty by Abel Azcona , which was censored and persecuted by the Catholic Church , as well as Piss Christ by Andres Serrano and photographs by Ai Weiwei , which are considered to be some of the most recognized censored artworks in art history . In January 2020 , Benet bought a nude , feminized painting of Mexican Revolutionary General Emiliano Zapata , La Revolución by Fabián Chairez . Descendents of Zapata sued Cháirez for defamation after the painting was exhibited at the Palacio de Bellas Artes in Mexico City . The painting will be taken to Cataluña to be exhibited alongside 25 other controversial paintings in Benets collection . In 2019 , Tatxo acquired the bookshop llibreria Ona from Montse Úbeda . The bookstore had dedicated over half a century to literature in Catalan and is scheduled to reopen its doors to customers in the center of Barcelona in time for Sant Jordi 2020 .
[ "Televisió de Catalunya" ]
[ { "text": " Josep Maria Benet Ferran ( born June 14 , 1957 ) , better known as Tatxo Benet , is a journalist and Catalan businessman .", "title": "Tatxo Benet" }, { "text": " He studied Law ( University of Barcelona in Lleida ) and Information Sciences ( Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona ) , although he never graduate from either degree , combining his university studies with a budding career in journalism .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "Benet began his professional career in 1975 in El Diario de Lérida as a staff writer for local news and sports . In December 1976 , he moved to Barcelona to participate in the launch of the newspaper Catalunya Express as a reporter for the Sports section . In June 1977 he returned to Lleida as a correspondent for the national daily El País and from November 1978 , working as a delegate for El Periódico de Catalunya .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": " In September 1980 , Tatxo made what was to be his definitive move to Barcelona to work at El Periódico as editor of Las Cosas de la Vida , being appointed chief-editor of the section in the spring of 1982 .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "In September 1983 , he joined the founding team of TV3-Televisió de Catalunya with the position of head of the News Department’s Catalonia section . It was here that Tatxo first met Jaume Roures and Gerard Romy . In January 1984 , as TV3 began regular broadcasting , Tatxo was appointed Head of News Assignments . Since then , and for the next fifteen years until 1997 , Tatxo Benet was responsible for a variety of areas and held several managerial positions at Televisió de Catalunya .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": " He presented and directed news section in several newscasts , and directed and presented Tothom per tothom magazine .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "In June 1987 , Tatxo was appointed Head of the Sports Department , a position he held for almost ten years , until September 1996 . During the period he was Head of Sports , and along with Jaume Roures , TV3 acquired the rights and exclusive broadcasting in Catalonia for the Spanish La Liga and the Copa del Rey , UEFA Champions League , Wimbledon and US Open tennis tournaments , the four Grand Slam golf tournaments : British Open , US Open , Augusta Masters and USPGA , as well as many other top-level Spanish and international competitions", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": ", breaking the monopoly held by Spanish Televisión Española up to this point . During this period , the appearance and content of sports programming underwent significant modernization , as well as the way networks utilized different sporting footage and images . In fact , TV3’s Channel 33 was soon transformed into a sports channel given the quality and volume of broadcasts and sports programs the channel featured , especially at weekends . During the 1992 Barcelona Olympic Games Tatxo was appointed director and Head of Canal Olímpic , broadcasting the games in Catalan 24 hours a day .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": " With the creation of FORTA , the Federación de Organismos de Radio y Televisión Autonómica , which brings together all the regional autonomous TV and radio networks in Spain , Tatxo was appointed Coordinator and Head of the Sports Division . In January 1997 , Tatxo moved to Madrid and was appointed General Director of Audiovisual Sport , a company participated by Sogecable ( 40% ) , Antonio Asensio ( 40% ) and Televisió de Catalunya ( 20% ) , which was set up to commercialize the media rights to the Spanish Football League .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "In the summer of 1997 , Antonio Asensio sold their stake in Audiovisual Sport to Telefónica , who had just launched its Via Digital platform . This operation brought about a standoff in the company , given that the two majority shareholders ( Sogecable and Telefonica ) held conflicting positions .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": " Faced with this situation , in September 1997 , Tatxo resigned from his position and returned to Barcelona . Once there , Benet decided to set up his own company to produce and distribute rights , a company that was to merge with Mediapro , which had been set up some years earlier by Jaume Roures and Gerard Romy . Contemporary art collection and patronage .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "In February 2018 he started his contemporary art collection , which he has titled Censored . It consists of more than seventy artworks that were censored at some point in history . The collection includes works by Abel Azcona , Ai Weiwei , Francisco de Goya , Robert Mapplethorpe and Andres Serrano .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "In February 2018 , shortly before it was withdrawn from Arco , Tatxo Benet acquired the piece Presos Políticos en la España contemporánea ( Political Prisoners in Modern-day Spain ) by Santiago Sierra . Outraged by what he considers “an act of intolerable censorship,” he made the piece available to anyone who wishes to exhibit it , with the Museum in Lleida being its first destination , and from where the works of the Sixena Monastery had recently been removed . The work has been shown in more than thirty cities in Catalonia and Spain , and in several European", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "countries .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": " One of the most important pieces in Tatxo Benets Contemporary Art collection is Amen or The Pederasty by Abel Azcona , which was censored and persecuted by the Catholic Church , as well as Piss Christ by Andres Serrano and photographs by Ai Weiwei , which are considered to be some of the most recognized censored artworks in art history .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "In January 2020 , Benet bought a nude , feminized painting of Mexican Revolutionary General Emiliano Zapata , La Revolución by Fabián Chairez . Descendents of Zapata sued Cháirez for defamation after the painting was exhibited at the Palacio de Bellas Artes in Mexico City . The painting will be taken to Cataluña to be exhibited alongside 25 other controversial paintings in Benets collection .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": " In 2019 , Tatxo acquired the bookshop llibreria Ona from Montse Úbeda . The bookstore had dedicated over half a century to literature in Catalan and is scheduled to reopen its doors to customers in the center of Barcelona in time for Sant Jordi 2020 .", "title": "Biography" } ]
/wiki/Tatxo_Benet#P108#2
Who did Tatxo Benet work for between Feb 1997 and Mar 1999?
Tatxo Benet Josep Maria Benet Ferran ( born June 14 , 1957 ) , better known as Tatxo Benet , is a journalist and Catalan businessman . Biography . He studied Law ( University of Barcelona in Lleida ) and Information Sciences ( Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona ) , although he never graduate from either degree , combining his university studies with a budding career in journalism . Benet began his professional career in 1975 in El Diario de Lérida as a staff writer for local news and sports . In December 1976 , he moved to Barcelona to participate in the launch of the newspaper Catalunya Express as a reporter for the Sports section . In June 1977 he returned to Lleida as a correspondent for the national daily El País and from November 1978 , working as a delegate for El Periódico de Catalunya . In September 1980 , Tatxo made what was to be his definitive move to Barcelona to work at El Periódico as editor of Las Cosas de la Vida , being appointed chief-editor of the section in the spring of 1982 . In September 1983 , he joined the founding team of TV3-Televisió de Catalunya with the position of head of the News Department’s Catalonia section . It was here that Tatxo first met Jaume Roures and Gerard Romy . In January 1984 , as TV3 began regular broadcasting , Tatxo was appointed Head of News Assignments . Since then , and for the next fifteen years until 1997 , Tatxo Benet was responsible for a variety of areas and held several managerial positions at Televisió de Catalunya . He presented and directed news section in several newscasts , and directed and presented Tothom per tothom magazine . In June 1987 , Tatxo was appointed Head of the Sports Department , a position he held for almost ten years , until September 1996 . During the period he was Head of Sports , and along with Jaume Roures , TV3 acquired the rights and exclusive broadcasting in Catalonia for the Spanish La Liga and the Copa del Rey , UEFA Champions League , Wimbledon and US Open tennis tournaments , the four Grand Slam golf tournaments : British Open , US Open , Augusta Masters and USPGA , as well as many other top-level Spanish and international competitions , breaking the monopoly held by Spanish Televisión Española up to this point . During this period , the appearance and content of sports programming underwent significant modernization , as well as the way networks utilized different sporting footage and images . In fact , TV3’s Channel 33 was soon transformed into a sports channel given the quality and volume of broadcasts and sports programs the channel featured , especially at weekends . During the 1992 Barcelona Olympic Games Tatxo was appointed director and Head of Canal Olímpic , broadcasting the games in Catalan 24 hours a day . With the creation of FORTA , the Federación de Organismos de Radio y Televisión Autonómica , which brings together all the regional autonomous TV and radio networks in Spain , Tatxo was appointed Coordinator and Head of the Sports Division . In January 1997 , Tatxo moved to Madrid and was appointed General Director of Audiovisual Sport , a company participated by Sogecable ( 40% ) , Antonio Asensio ( 40% ) and Televisió de Catalunya ( 20% ) , which was set up to commercialize the media rights to the Spanish Football League . In the summer of 1997 , Antonio Asensio sold their stake in Audiovisual Sport to Telefónica , who had just launched its Via Digital platform . This operation brought about a standoff in the company , given that the two majority shareholders ( Sogecable and Telefonica ) held conflicting positions . Faced with this situation , in September 1997 , Tatxo resigned from his position and returned to Barcelona . Once there , Benet decided to set up his own company to produce and distribute rights , a company that was to merge with Mediapro , which had been set up some years earlier by Jaume Roures and Gerard Romy . Contemporary art collection and patronage . In February 2018 he started his contemporary art collection , which he has titled Censored . It consists of more than seventy artworks that were censored at some point in history . The collection includes works by Abel Azcona , Ai Weiwei , Francisco de Goya , Robert Mapplethorpe and Andres Serrano . In February 2018 , shortly before it was withdrawn from Arco , Tatxo Benet acquired the piece Presos Políticos en la España contemporánea ( Political Prisoners in Modern-day Spain ) by Santiago Sierra . Outraged by what he considers “an act of intolerable censorship,” he made the piece available to anyone who wishes to exhibit it , with the Museum in Lleida being its first destination , and from where the works of the Sixena Monastery had recently been removed . The work has been shown in more than thirty cities in Catalonia and Spain , and in several European countries . One of the most important pieces in Tatxo Benets Contemporary Art collection is Amen or The Pederasty by Abel Azcona , which was censored and persecuted by the Catholic Church , as well as Piss Christ by Andres Serrano and photographs by Ai Weiwei , which are considered to be some of the most recognized censored artworks in art history . In January 2020 , Benet bought a nude , feminized painting of Mexican Revolutionary General Emiliano Zapata , La Revolución by Fabián Chairez . Descendents of Zapata sued Cháirez for defamation after the painting was exhibited at the Palacio de Bellas Artes in Mexico City . The painting will be taken to Cataluña to be exhibited alongside 25 other controversial paintings in Benets collection . In 2019 , Tatxo acquired the bookshop llibreria Ona from Montse Úbeda . The bookstore had dedicated over half a century to literature in Catalan and is scheduled to reopen its doors to customers in the center of Barcelona in time for Sant Jordi 2020 .
[ "Audiovisual Sport" ]
[ { "text": " Josep Maria Benet Ferran ( born June 14 , 1957 ) , better known as Tatxo Benet , is a journalist and Catalan businessman .", "title": "Tatxo Benet" }, { "text": " He studied Law ( University of Barcelona in Lleida ) and Information Sciences ( Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona ) , although he never graduate from either degree , combining his university studies with a budding career in journalism .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "Benet began his professional career in 1975 in El Diario de Lérida as a staff writer for local news and sports . In December 1976 , he moved to Barcelona to participate in the launch of the newspaper Catalunya Express as a reporter for the Sports section . In June 1977 he returned to Lleida as a correspondent for the national daily El País and from November 1978 , working as a delegate for El Periódico de Catalunya .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": " In September 1980 , Tatxo made what was to be his definitive move to Barcelona to work at El Periódico as editor of Las Cosas de la Vida , being appointed chief-editor of the section in the spring of 1982 .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "In September 1983 , he joined the founding team of TV3-Televisió de Catalunya with the position of head of the News Department’s Catalonia section . It was here that Tatxo first met Jaume Roures and Gerard Romy . In January 1984 , as TV3 began regular broadcasting , Tatxo was appointed Head of News Assignments . Since then , and for the next fifteen years until 1997 , Tatxo Benet was responsible for a variety of areas and held several managerial positions at Televisió de Catalunya .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": " He presented and directed news section in several newscasts , and directed and presented Tothom per tothom magazine .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "In June 1987 , Tatxo was appointed Head of the Sports Department , a position he held for almost ten years , until September 1996 . During the period he was Head of Sports , and along with Jaume Roures , TV3 acquired the rights and exclusive broadcasting in Catalonia for the Spanish La Liga and the Copa del Rey , UEFA Champions League , Wimbledon and US Open tennis tournaments , the four Grand Slam golf tournaments : British Open , US Open , Augusta Masters and USPGA , as well as many other top-level Spanish and international competitions", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": ", breaking the monopoly held by Spanish Televisión Española up to this point . During this period , the appearance and content of sports programming underwent significant modernization , as well as the way networks utilized different sporting footage and images . In fact , TV3’s Channel 33 was soon transformed into a sports channel given the quality and volume of broadcasts and sports programs the channel featured , especially at weekends . During the 1992 Barcelona Olympic Games Tatxo was appointed director and Head of Canal Olímpic , broadcasting the games in Catalan 24 hours a day .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": " With the creation of FORTA , the Federación de Organismos de Radio y Televisión Autonómica , which brings together all the regional autonomous TV and radio networks in Spain , Tatxo was appointed Coordinator and Head of the Sports Division . In January 1997 , Tatxo moved to Madrid and was appointed General Director of Audiovisual Sport , a company participated by Sogecable ( 40% ) , Antonio Asensio ( 40% ) and Televisió de Catalunya ( 20% ) , which was set up to commercialize the media rights to the Spanish Football League .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "In the summer of 1997 , Antonio Asensio sold their stake in Audiovisual Sport to Telefónica , who had just launched its Via Digital platform . This operation brought about a standoff in the company , given that the two majority shareholders ( Sogecable and Telefonica ) held conflicting positions .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": " Faced with this situation , in September 1997 , Tatxo resigned from his position and returned to Barcelona . Once there , Benet decided to set up his own company to produce and distribute rights , a company that was to merge with Mediapro , which had been set up some years earlier by Jaume Roures and Gerard Romy . Contemporary art collection and patronage .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "In February 2018 he started his contemporary art collection , which he has titled Censored . It consists of more than seventy artworks that were censored at some point in history . The collection includes works by Abel Azcona , Ai Weiwei , Francisco de Goya , Robert Mapplethorpe and Andres Serrano .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "In February 2018 , shortly before it was withdrawn from Arco , Tatxo Benet acquired the piece Presos Políticos en la España contemporánea ( Political Prisoners in Modern-day Spain ) by Santiago Sierra . Outraged by what he considers “an act of intolerable censorship,” he made the piece available to anyone who wishes to exhibit it , with the Museum in Lleida being its first destination , and from where the works of the Sixena Monastery had recently been removed . The work has been shown in more than thirty cities in Catalonia and Spain , and in several European", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "countries .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": " One of the most important pieces in Tatxo Benets Contemporary Art collection is Amen or The Pederasty by Abel Azcona , which was censored and persecuted by the Catholic Church , as well as Piss Christ by Andres Serrano and photographs by Ai Weiwei , which are considered to be some of the most recognized censored artworks in art history .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "In January 2020 , Benet bought a nude , feminized painting of Mexican Revolutionary General Emiliano Zapata , La Revolución by Fabián Chairez . Descendents of Zapata sued Cháirez for defamation after the painting was exhibited at the Palacio de Bellas Artes in Mexico City . The painting will be taken to Cataluña to be exhibited alongside 25 other controversial paintings in Benets collection .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": " In 2019 , Tatxo acquired the bookshop llibreria Ona from Montse Úbeda . The bookstore had dedicated over half a century to literature in Catalan and is scheduled to reopen its doors to customers in the center of Barcelona in time for Sant Jordi 2020 .", "title": "Biography" } ]
/wiki/Tatxo_Benet#P108#3
Who did Tatxo Benet work for after Nov 2000?
Tatxo Benet Josep Maria Benet Ferran ( born June 14 , 1957 ) , better known as Tatxo Benet , is a journalist and Catalan businessman . Biography . He studied Law ( University of Barcelona in Lleida ) and Information Sciences ( Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona ) , although he never graduate from either degree , combining his university studies with a budding career in journalism . Benet began his professional career in 1975 in El Diario de Lérida as a staff writer for local news and sports . In December 1976 , he moved to Barcelona to participate in the launch of the newspaper Catalunya Express as a reporter for the Sports section . In June 1977 he returned to Lleida as a correspondent for the national daily El País and from November 1978 , working as a delegate for El Periódico de Catalunya . In September 1980 , Tatxo made what was to be his definitive move to Barcelona to work at El Periódico as editor of Las Cosas de la Vida , being appointed chief-editor of the section in the spring of 1982 . In September 1983 , he joined the founding team of TV3-Televisió de Catalunya with the position of head of the News Department’s Catalonia section . It was here that Tatxo first met Jaume Roures and Gerard Romy . In January 1984 , as TV3 began regular broadcasting , Tatxo was appointed Head of News Assignments . Since then , and for the next fifteen years until 1997 , Tatxo Benet was responsible for a variety of areas and held several managerial positions at Televisió de Catalunya . He presented and directed news section in several newscasts , and directed and presented Tothom per tothom magazine . In June 1987 , Tatxo was appointed Head of the Sports Department , a position he held for almost ten years , until September 1996 . During the period he was Head of Sports , and along with Jaume Roures , TV3 acquired the rights and exclusive broadcasting in Catalonia for the Spanish La Liga and the Copa del Rey , UEFA Champions League , Wimbledon and US Open tennis tournaments , the four Grand Slam golf tournaments : British Open , US Open , Augusta Masters and USPGA , as well as many other top-level Spanish and international competitions , breaking the monopoly held by Spanish Televisión Española up to this point . During this period , the appearance and content of sports programming underwent significant modernization , as well as the way networks utilized different sporting footage and images . In fact , TV3’s Channel 33 was soon transformed into a sports channel given the quality and volume of broadcasts and sports programs the channel featured , especially at weekends . During the 1992 Barcelona Olympic Games Tatxo was appointed director and Head of Canal Olímpic , broadcasting the games in Catalan 24 hours a day . With the creation of FORTA , the Federación de Organismos de Radio y Televisión Autonómica , which brings together all the regional autonomous TV and radio networks in Spain , Tatxo was appointed Coordinator and Head of the Sports Division . In January 1997 , Tatxo moved to Madrid and was appointed General Director of Audiovisual Sport , a company participated by Sogecable ( 40% ) , Antonio Asensio ( 40% ) and Televisió de Catalunya ( 20% ) , which was set up to commercialize the media rights to the Spanish Football League . In the summer of 1997 , Antonio Asensio sold their stake in Audiovisual Sport to Telefónica , who had just launched its Via Digital platform . This operation brought about a standoff in the company , given that the two majority shareholders ( Sogecable and Telefonica ) held conflicting positions . Faced with this situation , in September 1997 , Tatxo resigned from his position and returned to Barcelona . Once there , Benet decided to set up his own company to produce and distribute rights , a company that was to merge with Mediapro , which had been set up some years earlier by Jaume Roures and Gerard Romy . Contemporary art collection and patronage . In February 2018 he started his contemporary art collection , which he has titled Censored . It consists of more than seventy artworks that were censored at some point in history . The collection includes works by Abel Azcona , Ai Weiwei , Francisco de Goya , Robert Mapplethorpe and Andres Serrano . In February 2018 , shortly before it was withdrawn from Arco , Tatxo Benet acquired the piece Presos Políticos en la España contemporánea ( Political Prisoners in Modern-day Spain ) by Santiago Sierra . Outraged by what he considers “an act of intolerable censorship,” he made the piece available to anyone who wishes to exhibit it , with the Museum in Lleida being its first destination , and from where the works of the Sixena Monastery had recently been removed . The work has been shown in more than thirty cities in Catalonia and Spain , and in several European countries . One of the most important pieces in Tatxo Benets Contemporary Art collection is Amen or The Pederasty by Abel Azcona , which was censored and persecuted by the Catholic Church , as well as Piss Christ by Andres Serrano and photographs by Ai Weiwei , which are considered to be some of the most recognized censored artworks in art history . In January 2020 , Benet bought a nude , feminized painting of Mexican Revolutionary General Emiliano Zapata , La Revolución by Fabián Chairez . Descendents of Zapata sued Cháirez for defamation after the painting was exhibited at the Palacio de Bellas Artes in Mexico City . The painting will be taken to Cataluña to be exhibited alongside 25 other controversial paintings in Benets collection . In 2019 , Tatxo acquired the bookshop llibreria Ona from Montse Úbeda . The bookstore had dedicated over half a century to literature in Catalan and is scheduled to reopen its doors to customers in the center of Barcelona in time for Sant Jordi 2020 .
[ "Mediapro", "Audiovisual Sport" ]
[ { "text": " Josep Maria Benet Ferran ( born June 14 , 1957 ) , better known as Tatxo Benet , is a journalist and Catalan businessman .", "title": "Tatxo Benet" }, { "text": " He studied Law ( University of Barcelona in Lleida ) and Information Sciences ( Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona ) , although he never graduate from either degree , combining his university studies with a budding career in journalism .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "Benet began his professional career in 1975 in El Diario de Lérida as a staff writer for local news and sports . In December 1976 , he moved to Barcelona to participate in the launch of the newspaper Catalunya Express as a reporter for the Sports section . In June 1977 he returned to Lleida as a correspondent for the national daily El País and from November 1978 , working as a delegate for El Periódico de Catalunya .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": " In September 1980 , Tatxo made what was to be his definitive move to Barcelona to work at El Periódico as editor of Las Cosas de la Vida , being appointed chief-editor of the section in the spring of 1982 .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "In September 1983 , he joined the founding team of TV3-Televisió de Catalunya with the position of head of the News Department’s Catalonia section . It was here that Tatxo first met Jaume Roures and Gerard Romy . In January 1984 , as TV3 began regular broadcasting , Tatxo was appointed Head of News Assignments . Since then , and for the next fifteen years until 1997 , Tatxo Benet was responsible for a variety of areas and held several managerial positions at Televisió de Catalunya .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": " He presented and directed news section in several newscasts , and directed and presented Tothom per tothom magazine .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "In June 1987 , Tatxo was appointed Head of the Sports Department , a position he held for almost ten years , until September 1996 . During the period he was Head of Sports , and along with Jaume Roures , TV3 acquired the rights and exclusive broadcasting in Catalonia for the Spanish La Liga and the Copa del Rey , UEFA Champions League , Wimbledon and US Open tennis tournaments , the four Grand Slam golf tournaments : British Open , US Open , Augusta Masters and USPGA , as well as many other top-level Spanish and international competitions", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": ", breaking the monopoly held by Spanish Televisión Española up to this point . During this period , the appearance and content of sports programming underwent significant modernization , as well as the way networks utilized different sporting footage and images . In fact , TV3’s Channel 33 was soon transformed into a sports channel given the quality and volume of broadcasts and sports programs the channel featured , especially at weekends . During the 1992 Barcelona Olympic Games Tatxo was appointed director and Head of Canal Olímpic , broadcasting the games in Catalan 24 hours a day .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": " With the creation of FORTA , the Federación de Organismos de Radio y Televisión Autonómica , which brings together all the regional autonomous TV and radio networks in Spain , Tatxo was appointed Coordinator and Head of the Sports Division . In January 1997 , Tatxo moved to Madrid and was appointed General Director of Audiovisual Sport , a company participated by Sogecable ( 40% ) , Antonio Asensio ( 40% ) and Televisió de Catalunya ( 20% ) , which was set up to commercialize the media rights to the Spanish Football League .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "In the summer of 1997 , Antonio Asensio sold their stake in Audiovisual Sport to Telefónica , who had just launched its Via Digital platform . This operation brought about a standoff in the company , given that the two majority shareholders ( Sogecable and Telefonica ) held conflicting positions .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": " Faced with this situation , in September 1997 , Tatxo resigned from his position and returned to Barcelona . Once there , Benet decided to set up his own company to produce and distribute rights , a company that was to merge with Mediapro , which had been set up some years earlier by Jaume Roures and Gerard Romy . Contemporary art collection and patronage .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "In February 2018 he started his contemporary art collection , which he has titled Censored . It consists of more than seventy artworks that were censored at some point in history . The collection includes works by Abel Azcona , Ai Weiwei , Francisco de Goya , Robert Mapplethorpe and Andres Serrano .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "In February 2018 , shortly before it was withdrawn from Arco , Tatxo Benet acquired the piece Presos Políticos en la España contemporánea ( Political Prisoners in Modern-day Spain ) by Santiago Sierra . Outraged by what he considers “an act of intolerable censorship,” he made the piece available to anyone who wishes to exhibit it , with the Museum in Lleida being its first destination , and from where the works of the Sixena Monastery had recently been removed . The work has been shown in more than thirty cities in Catalonia and Spain , and in several European", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "countries .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": " One of the most important pieces in Tatxo Benets Contemporary Art collection is Amen or The Pederasty by Abel Azcona , which was censored and persecuted by the Catholic Church , as well as Piss Christ by Andres Serrano and photographs by Ai Weiwei , which are considered to be some of the most recognized censored artworks in art history .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "In January 2020 , Benet bought a nude , feminized painting of Mexican Revolutionary General Emiliano Zapata , La Revolución by Fabián Chairez . Descendents of Zapata sued Cháirez for defamation after the painting was exhibited at the Palacio de Bellas Artes in Mexico City . The painting will be taken to Cataluña to be exhibited alongside 25 other controversial paintings in Benets collection .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": " In 2019 , Tatxo acquired the bookshop llibreria Ona from Montse Úbeda . The bookstore had dedicated over half a century to literature in Catalan and is scheduled to reopen its doors to customers in the center of Barcelona in time for Sant Jordi 2020 .", "title": "Biography" } ]
/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Small_Business_and_Entrepreneurship#P1448#0
United States Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship was officially named what before Jan 1946?
United States Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship The U.S . Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship is a standing committee of the United States Senate . It has jurisdiction over the Small Business Administration and is also charged with researching and investigating all problems of American small business enterprises . History . On October 8 , 1940 , the Senate established the Special Committee to Study and Survey Problems of Small Business Enterprises ( also known as the Special Committee to Study Problems of American Small Business ) . On January 31 , 1949 , this special committee was terminated , but on February 20 , 1950 , the Select Committee on Small Business was created with approval of Senate Resolution 58 during the 81st Congress . That first committee had just nine members . It was the first select committee created by the Senate that still operates today . The select committee was terminated on March 25 , 1981 , when it became the Committee on Small Business , a standing committee . On June 29 , 2001 , Sen . John F . Kerry ( D-Mass. ) changed the name of the committee to the Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship . The committees jurisdiction has been changed several times since it was first created , through additional powers or by changing the manner in which committee members are appointed . While first established as a select committee with limited responsibilities , it now possesses virtually all the characteristics of a standing committee , as outlined under Senate Rule 25 . During the 96th Congress , the committee acted on legislation to reauthorize the Small Business Administration that expanded the agency to include loan programs for employee ownership , Small Business Development Centers , and increased export development assistance for small businesses . Since its creation , the committee has held hearings on paperwork reduction and elimination ( which eventually led to the Paperwork Reduction Act ) , capital formation , tax and securities law reform for small business , steel plant shutdowns , and the impact of inflation on governmental actions on the housing industry . The committee was changed from small business to Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship beginning in 1981 . Jurisdiction . Initially , the Small Business Committee only had limited oversight over the Small Business Administration . The committee was directed to report to the Senate from time to time with its recommendations regarding small business matters . With the adoption of S . Res . 272 during the 82nd Congress , the committee was granted subpoena power , and the ability to sit and act at such times during the sessions , recesses , and adjourned periods of the Senate . These abilities are common to the other standing committees in the Senate . S . Res . 272 also provided for a more structured committee , with specific requirements on a quorum of members needed for the committee to conduct its business , and its own committee staff . S . Res . 58 stipulated that beginning with the 95th Congress , the Small Business Committee would be granted jurisdiction over all legislation relating to the Small Business Administration . This ability was granted S . Res . 104 , agreed to on April 29 , 1976 , provided for this new jurisdiction , granting not only authority over small business legislation but additional oversight over the agency as well . The committee has also been granted the right of re-referral of legislation from other standing committees , where appropriate . Today , the jurisdiction of the committee is roughly the same as it was when it was first established , chiefly the Small Business Administration and the Small Investment Act . However , by tradition , the committee reviews all matters that apply to small business that are not by themselves subject to the jurisdiction over another standing committee . The committee continues to study and survey by means of research and investigation all problems of American small business enterprises , with the intent to provide advice to Congress in enacting appropriate legislation . The committee also is responsible for reviewing nominations for positions within the Small Business Administration , including its Administrator , Chief Council for Advocacy , and Inspector General . Historical committee rosters . 115th Congress . Source
[ "Special Committee to Study and Survey Problems of Small Business Enterprises" ]
[ { "text": " The U.S . Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship is a standing committee of the United States Senate . It has jurisdiction over the Small Business Administration and is also charged with researching and investigating all problems of American small business enterprises .", "title": "United States Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship" }, { "text": " On October 8 , 1940 , the Senate established the Special Committee to Study and Survey Problems of Small Business Enterprises ( also known as the Special Committee to Study Problems of American Small Business ) . On January 31 , 1949 , this special committee was terminated , but on February 20 , 1950 , the Select Committee on Small Business was created with approval of Senate Resolution 58 during the 81st Congress . That first committee had just nine members . It was the first select committee created by the Senate that still operates today .", "title": "History" }, { "text": "The select committee was terminated on March 25 , 1981 , when it became the Committee on Small Business , a standing committee . On June 29 , 2001 , Sen . John F . Kerry ( D-Mass. ) changed the name of the committee to the Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship .", "title": "History" }, { "text": " The committees jurisdiction has been changed several times since it was first created , through additional powers or by changing the manner in which committee members are appointed . While first established as a select committee with limited responsibilities , it now possesses virtually all the characteristics of a standing committee , as outlined under Senate Rule 25 .", "title": "History" }, { "text": "During the 96th Congress , the committee acted on legislation to reauthorize the Small Business Administration that expanded the agency to include loan programs for employee ownership , Small Business Development Centers , and increased export development assistance for small businesses .", "title": "History" }, { "text": " Since its creation , the committee has held hearings on paperwork reduction and elimination ( which eventually led to the Paperwork Reduction Act ) , capital formation , tax and securities law reform for small business , steel plant shutdowns , and the impact of inflation on governmental actions on the housing industry . The committee was changed from small business to Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship beginning in 1981 .", "title": "History" }, { "text": " Initially , the Small Business Committee only had limited oversight over the Small Business Administration . The committee was directed to report to the Senate from time to time with its recommendations regarding small business matters .", "title": "Jurisdiction" }, { "text": "With the adoption of S . Res . 272 during the 82nd Congress , the committee was granted subpoena power , and the ability to sit and act at such times during the sessions , recesses , and adjourned periods of the Senate . These abilities are common to the other standing committees in the Senate . S . Res . 272 also provided for a more structured committee , with specific requirements on a quorum of members needed for the committee to conduct its business , and its own committee staff .", "title": "Jurisdiction" }, { "text": " S . Res . 58 stipulated that beginning with the 95th Congress , the Small Business Committee would be granted jurisdiction over all legislation relating to the Small Business Administration . This ability was granted S . Res . 104 , agreed to on April 29 , 1976 , provided for this new jurisdiction , granting not only authority over small business legislation but additional oversight over the agency as well . The committee has also been granted the right of re-referral of legislation from other standing committees , where appropriate .", "title": "Jurisdiction" }, { "text": "Today , the jurisdiction of the committee is roughly the same as it was when it was first established , chiefly the Small Business Administration and the Small Investment Act . However , by tradition , the committee reviews all matters that apply to small business that are not by themselves subject to the jurisdiction over another standing committee . The committee continues to study and survey by means of research and investigation all problems of American small business enterprises , with the intent to provide advice to Congress in enacting appropriate legislation . The committee also is responsible for", "title": "Jurisdiction" }, { "text": "reviewing nominations for positions within the Small Business Administration , including its Administrator , Chief Council for Advocacy , and Inspector General .", "title": "Jurisdiction" } ]
/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Small_Business_and_Entrepreneurship#P1448#1
United States Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship was officially named what in Feb 1966?
United States Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship The U.S . Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship is a standing committee of the United States Senate . It has jurisdiction over the Small Business Administration and is also charged with researching and investigating all problems of American small business enterprises . History . On October 8 , 1940 , the Senate established the Special Committee to Study and Survey Problems of Small Business Enterprises ( also known as the Special Committee to Study Problems of American Small Business ) . On January 31 , 1949 , this special committee was terminated , but on February 20 , 1950 , the Select Committee on Small Business was created with approval of Senate Resolution 58 during the 81st Congress . That first committee had just nine members . It was the first select committee created by the Senate that still operates today . The select committee was terminated on March 25 , 1981 , when it became the Committee on Small Business , a standing committee . On June 29 , 2001 , Sen . John F . Kerry ( D-Mass. ) changed the name of the committee to the Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship . The committees jurisdiction has been changed several times since it was first created , through additional powers or by changing the manner in which committee members are appointed . While first established as a select committee with limited responsibilities , it now possesses virtually all the characteristics of a standing committee , as outlined under Senate Rule 25 . During the 96th Congress , the committee acted on legislation to reauthorize the Small Business Administration that expanded the agency to include loan programs for employee ownership , Small Business Development Centers , and increased export development assistance for small businesses . Since its creation , the committee has held hearings on paperwork reduction and elimination ( which eventually led to the Paperwork Reduction Act ) , capital formation , tax and securities law reform for small business , steel plant shutdowns , and the impact of inflation on governmental actions on the housing industry . The committee was changed from small business to Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship beginning in 1981 . Jurisdiction . Initially , the Small Business Committee only had limited oversight over the Small Business Administration . The committee was directed to report to the Senate from time to time with its recommendations regarding small business matters . With the adoption of S . Res . 272 during the 82nd Congress , the committee was granted subpoena power , and the ability to sit and act at such times during the sessions , recesses , and adjourned periods of the Senate . These abilities are common to the other standing committees in the Senate . S . Res . 272 also provided for a more structured committee , with specific requirements on a quorum of members needed for the committee to conduct its business , and its own committee staff . S . Res . 58 stipulated that beginning with the 95th Congress , the Small Business Committee would be granted jurisdiction over all legislation relating to the Small Business Administration . This ability was granted S . Res . 104 , agreed to on April 29 , 1976 , provided for this new jurisdiction , granting not only authority over small business legislation but additional oversight over the agency as well . The committee has also been granted the right of re-referral of legislation from other standing committees , where appropriate . Today , the jurisdiction of the committee is roughly the same as it was when it was first established , chiefly the Small Business Administration and the Small Investment Act . However , by tradition , the committee reviews all matters that apply to small business that are not by themselves subject to the jurisdiction over another standing committee . The committee continues to study and survey by means of research and investigation all problems of American small business enterprises , with the intent to provide advice to Congress in enacting appropriate legislation . The committee also is responsible for reviewing nominations for positions within the Small Business Administration , including its Administrator , Chief Council for Advocacy , and Inspector General . Historical committee rosters . 115th Congress . Source
[ "Select Committee on Small Business" ]
[ { "text": " The U.S . Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship is a standing committee of the United States Senate . It has jurisdiction over the Small Business Administration and is also charged with researching and investigating all problems of American small business enterprises .", "title": "United States Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship" }, { "text": " On October 8 , 1940 , the Senate established the Special Committee to Study and Survey Problems of Small Business Enterprises ( also known as the Special Committee to Study Problems of American Small Business ) . On January 31 , 1949 , this special committee was terminated , but on February 20 , 1950 , the Select Committee on Small Business was created with approval of Senate Resolution 58 during the 81st Congress . That first committee had just nine members . It was the first select committee created by the Senate that still operates today .", "title": "History" }, { "text": "The select committee was terminated on March 25 , 1981 , when it became the Committee on Small Business , a standing committee . On June 29 , 2001 , Sen . John F . Kerry ( D-Mass. ) changed the name of the committee to the Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship .", "title": "History" }, { "text": " The committees jurisdiction has been changed several times since it was first created , through additional powers or by changing the manner in which committee members are appointed . While first established as a select committee with limited responsibilities , it now possesses virtually all the characteristics of a standing committee , as outlined under Senate Rule 25 .", "title": "History" }, { "text": "During the 96th Congress , the committee acted on legislation to reauthorize the Small Business Administration that expanded the agency to include loan programs for employee ownership , Small Business Development Centers , and increased export development assistance for small businesses .", "title": "History" }, { "text": " Since its creation , the committee has held hearings on paperwork reduction and elimination ( which eventually led to the Paperwork Reduction Act ) , capital formation , tax and securities law reform for small business , steel plant shutdowns , and the impact of inflation on governmental actions on the housing industry . The committee was changed from small business to Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship beginning in 1981 .", "title": "History" }, { "text": " Initially , the Small Business Committee only had limited oversight over the Small Business Administration . The committee was directed to report to the Senate from time to time with its recommendations regarding small business matters .", "title": "Jurisdiction" }, { "text": "With the adoption of S . Res . 272 during the 82nd Congress , the committee was granted subpoena power , and the ability to sit and act at such times during the sessions , recesses , and adjourned periods of the Senate . These abilities are common to the other standing committees in the Senate . S . Res . 272 also provided for a more structured committee , with specific requirements on a quorum of members needed for the committee to conduct its business , and its own committee staff .", "title": "Jurisdiction" }, { "text": " S . Res . 58 stipulated that beginning with the 95th Congress , the Small Business Committee would be granted jurisdiction over all legislation relating to the Small Business Administration . This ability was granted S . Res . 104 , agreed to on April 29 , 1976 , provided for this new jurisdiction , granting not only authority over small business legislation but additional oversight over the agency as well . The committee has also been granted the right of re-referral of legislation from other standing committees , where appropriate .", "title": "Jurisdiction" }, { "text": "Today , the jurisdiction of the committee is roughly the same as it was when it was first established , chiefly the Small Business Administration and the Small Investment Act . However , by tradition , the committee reviews all matters that apply to small business that are not by themselves subject to the jurisdiction over another standing committee . The committee continues to study and survey by means of research and investigation all problems of American small business enterprises , with the intent to provide advice to Congress in enacting appropriate legislation . The committee also is responsible for", "title": "Jurisdiction" }, { "text": "reviewing nominations for positions within the Small Business Administration , including its Administrator , Chief Council for Advocacy , and Inspector General .", "title": "Jurisdiction" } ]
/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Small_Business_and_Entrepreneurship#P1448#2
United States Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship was officially named what between Jan 1999 and May 2000?
United States Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship The U.S . Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship is a standing committee of the United States Senate . It has jurisdiction over the Small Business Administration and is also charged with researching and investigating all problems of American small business enterprises . History . On October 8 , 1940 , the Senate established the Special Committee to Study and Survey Problems of Small Business Enterprises ( also known as the Special Committee to Study Problems of American Small Business ) . On January 31 , 1949 , this special committee was terminated , but on February 20 , 1950 , the Select Committee on Small Business was created with approval of Senate Resolution 58 during the 81st Congress . That first committee had just nine members . It was the first select committee created by the Senate that still operates today . The select committee was terminated on March 25 , 1981 , when it became the Committee on Small Business , a standing committee . On June 29 , 2001 , Sen . John F . Kerry ( D-Mass. ) changed the name of the committee to the Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship . The committees jurisdiction has been changed several times since it was first created , through additional powers or by changing the manner in which committee members are appointed . While first established as a select committee with limited responsibilities , it now possesses virtually all the characteristics of a standing committee , as outlined under Senate Rule 25 . During the 96th Congress , the committee acted on legislation to reauthorize the Small Business Administration that expanded the agency to include loan programs for employee ownership , Small Business Development Centers , and increased export development assistance for small businesses . Since its creation , the committee has held hearings on paperwork reduction and elimination ( which eventually led to the Paperwork Reduction Act ) , capital formation , tax and securities law reform for small business , steel plant shutdowns , and the impact of inflation on governmental actions on the housing industry . The committee was changed from small business to Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship beginning in 1981 . Jurisdiction . Initially , the Small Business Committee only had limited oversight over the Small Business Administration . The committee was directed to report to the Senate from time to time with its recommendations regarding small business matters . With the adoption of S . Res . 272 during the 82nd Congress , the committee was granted subpoena power , and the ability to sit and act at such times during the sessions , recesses , and adjourned periods of the Senate . These abilities are common to the other standing committees in the Senate . S . Res . 272 also provided for a more structured committee , with specific requirements on a quorum of members needed for the committee to conduct its business , and its own committee staff . S . Res . 58 stipulated that beginning with the 95th Congress , the Small Business Committee would be granted jurisdiction over all legislation relating to the Small Business Administration . This ability was granted S . Res . 104 , agreed to on April 29 , 1976 , provided for this new jurisdiction , granting not only authority over small business legislation but additional oversight over the agency as well . The committee has also been granted the right of re-referral of legislation from other standing committees , where appropriate . Today , the jurisdiction of the committee is roughly the same as it was when it was first established , chiefly the Small Business Administration and the Small Investment Act . However , by tradition , the committee reviews all matters that apply to small business that are not by themselves subject to the jurisdiction over another standing committee . The committee continues to study and survey by means of research and investigation all problems of American small business enterprises , with the intent to provide advice to Congress in enacting appropriate legislation . The committee also is responsible for reviewing nominations for positions within the Small Business Administration , including its Administrator , Chief Council for Advocacy , and Inspector General . Historical committee rosters . 115th Congress . Source
[ "Committee on Small Business" ]
[ { "text": " The U.S . Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship is a standing committee of the United States Senate . It has jurisdiction over the Small Business Administration and is also charged with researching and investigating all problems of American small business enterprises .", "title": "United States Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship" }, { "text": " On October 8 , 1940 , the Senate established the Special Committee to Study and Survey Problems of Small Business Enterprises ( also known as the Special Committee to Study Problems of American Small Business ) . On January 31 , 1949 , this special committee was terminated , but on February 20 , 1950 , the Select Committee on Small Business was created with approval of Senate Resolution 58 during the 81st Congress . That first committee had just nine members . It was the first select committee created by the Senate that still operates today .", "title": "History" }, { "text": "The select committee was terminated on March 25 , 1981 , when it became the Committee on Small Business , a standing committee . On June 29 , 2001 , Sen . John F . Kerry ( D-Mass. ) changed the name of the committee to the Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship .", "title": "History" }, { "text": " The committees jurisdiction has been changed several times since it was first created , through additional powers or by changing the manner in which committee members are appointed . While first established as a select committee with limited responsibilities , it now possesses virtually all the characteristics of a standing committee , as outlined under Senate Rule 25 .", "title": "History" }, { "text": "During the 96th Congress , the committee acted on legislation to reauthorize the Small Business Administration that expanded the agency to include loan programs for employee ownership , Small Business Development Centers , and increased export development assistance for small businesses .", "title": "History" }, { "text": " Since its creation , the committee has held hearings on paperwork reduction and elimination ( which eventually led to the Paperwork Reduction Act ) , capital formation , tax and securities law reform for small business , steel plant shutdowns , and the impact of inflation on governmental actions on the housing industry . The committee was changed from small business to Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship beginning in 1981 .", "title": "History" }, { "text": " Initially , the Small Business Committee only had limited oversight over the Small Business Administration . The committee was directed to report to the Senate from time to time with its recommendations regarding small business matters .", "title": "Jurisdiction" }, { "text": "With the adoption of S . Res . 272 during the 82nd Congress , the committee was granted subpoena power , and the ability to sit and act at such times during the sessions , recesses , and adjourned periods of the Senate . These abilities are common to the other standing committees in the Senate . S . Res . 272 also provided for a more structured committee , with specific requirements on a quorum of members needed for the committee to conduct its business , and its own committee staff .", "title": "Jurisdiction" }, { "text": " S . Res . 58 stipulated that beginning with the 95th Congress , the Small Business Committee would be granted jurisdiction over all legislation relating to the Small Business Administration . This ability was granted S . Res . 104 , agreed to on April 29 , 1976 , provided for this new jurisdiction , granting not only authority over small business legislation but additional oversight over the agency as well . The committee has also been granted the right of re-referral of legislation from other standing committees , where appropriate .", "title": "Jurisdiction" }, { "text": "Today , the jurisdiction of the committee is roughly the same as it was when it was first established , chiefly the Small Business Administration and the Small Investment Act . However , by tradition , the committee reviews all matters that apply to small business that are not by themselves subject to the jurisdiction over another standing committee . The committee continues to study and survey by means of research and investigation all problems of American small business enterprises , with the intent to provide advice to Congress in enacting appropriate legislation . The committee also is responsible for", "title": "Jurisdiction" }, { "text": "reviewing nominations for positions within the Small Business Administration , including its Administrator , Chief Council for Advocacy , and Inspector General .", "title": "Jurisdiction" } ]
/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Small_Business_and_Entrepreneurship#P1448#3
United States Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship was officially named what between Aug 2001 and May 2002?
United States Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship The U.S . Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship is a standing committee of the United States Senate . It has jurisdiction over the Small Business Administration and is also charged with researching and investigating all problems of American small business enterprises . History . On October 8 , 1940 , the Senate established the Special Committee to Study and Survey Problems of Small Business Enterprises ( also known as the Special Committee to Study Problems of American Small Business ) . On January 31 , 1949 , this special committee was terminated , but on February 20 , 1950 , the Select Committee on Small Business was created with approval of Senate Resolution 58 during the 81st Congress . That first committee had just nine members . It was the first select committee created by the Senate that still operates today . The select committee was terminated on March 25 , 1981 , when it became the Committee on Small Business , a standing committee . On June 29 , 2001 , Sen . John F . Kerry ( D-Mass. ) changed the name of the committee to the Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship . The committees jurisdiction has been changed several times since it was first created , through additional powers or by changing the manner in which committee members are appointed . While first established as a select committee with limited responsibilities , it now possesses virtually all the characteristics of a standing committee , as outlined under Senate Rule 25 . During the 96th Congress , the committee acted on legislation to reauthorize the Small Business Administration that expanded the agency to include loan programs for employee ownership , Small Business Development Centers , and increased export development assistance for small businesses . Since its creation , the committee has held hearings on paperwork reduction and elimination ( which eventually led to the Paperwork Reduction Act ) , capital formation , tax and securities law reform for small business , steel plant shutdowns , and the impact of inflation on governmental actions on the housing industry . The committee was changed from small business to Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship beginning in 1981 . Jurisdiction . Initially , the Small Business Committee only had limited oversight over the Small Business Administration . The committee was directed to report to the Senate from time to time with its recommendations regarding small business matters . With the adoption of S . Res . 272 during the 82nd Congress , the committee was granted subpoena power , and the ability to sit and act at such times during the sessions , recesses , and adjourned periods of the Senate . These abilities are common to the other standing committees in the Senate . S . Res . 272 also provided for a more structured committee , with specific requirements on a quorum of members needed for the committee to conduct its business , and its own committee staff . S . Res . 58 stipulated that beginning with the 95th Congress , the Small Business Committee would be granted jurisdiction over all legislation relating to the Small Business Administration . This ability was granted S . Res . 104 , agreed to on April 29 , 1976 , provided for this new jurisdiction , granting not only authority over small business legislation but additional oversight over the agency as well . The committee has also been granted the right of re-referral of legislation from other standing committees , where appropriate . Today , the jurisdiction of the committee is roughly the same as it was when it was first established , chiefly the Small Business Administration and the Small Investment Act . However , by tradition , the committee reviews all matters that apply to small business that are not by themselves subject to the jurisdiction over another standing committee . The committee continues to study and survey by means of research and investigation all problems of American small business enterprises , with the intent to provide advice to Congress in enacting appropriate legislation . The committee also is responsible for reviewing nominations for positions within the Small Business Administration , including its Administrator , Chief Council for Advocacy , and Inspector General . Historical committee rosters . 115th Congress . Source
[ "Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship" ]
[ { "text": " The U.S . Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship is a standing committee of the United States Senate . It has jurisdiction over the Small Business Administration and is also charged with researching and investigating all problems of American small business enterprises .", "title": "United States Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship" }, { "text": " On October 8 , 1940 , the Senate established the Special Committee to Study and Survey Problems of Small Business Enterprises ( also known as the Special Committee to Study Problems of American Small Business ) . On January 31 , 1949 , this special committee was terminated , but on February 20 , 1950 , the Select Committee on Small Business was created with approval of Senate Resolution 58 during the 81st Congress . That first committee had just nine members . It was the first select committee created by the Senate that still operates today .", "title": "History" }, { "text": "The select committee was terminated on March 25 , 1981 , when it became the Committee on Small Business , a standing committee . On June 29 , 2001 , Sen . John F . Kerry ( D-Mass. ) changed the name of the committee to the Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship .", "title": "History" }, { "text": " The committees jurisdiction has been changed several times since it was first created , through additional powers or by changing the manner in which committee members are appointed . While first established as a select committee with limited responsibilities , it now possesses virtually all the characteristics of a standing committee , as outlined under Senate Rule 25 .", "title": "History" }, { "text": "During the 96th Congress , the committee acted on legislation to reauthorize the Small Business Administration that expanded the agency to include loan programs for employee ownership , Small Business Development Centers , and increased export development assistance for small businesses .", "title": "History" }, { "text": " Since its creation , the committee has held hearings on paperwork reduction and elimination ( which eventually led to the Paperwork Reduction Act ) , capital formation , tax and securities law reform for small business , steel plant shutdowns , and the impact of inflation on governmental actions on the housing industry . The committee was changed from small business to Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship beginning in 1981 .", "title": "History" }, { "text": " Initially , the Small Business Committee only had limited oversight over the Small Business Administration . The committee was directed to report to the Senate from time to time with its recommendations regarding small business matters .", "title": "Jurisdiction" }, { "text": "With the adoption of S . Res . 272 during the 82nd Congress , the committee was granted subpoena power , and the ability to sit and act at such times during the sessions , recesses , and adjourned periods of the Senate . These abilities are common to the other standing committees in the Senate . S . Res . 272 also provided for a more structured committee , with specific requirements on a quorum of members needed for the committee to conduct its business , and its own committee staff .", "title": "Jurisdiction" }, { "text": " S . Res . 58 stipulated that beginning with the 95th Congress , the Small Business Committee would be granted jurisdiction over all legislation relating to the Small Business Administration . This ability was granted S . Res . 104 , agreed to on April 29 , 1976 , provided for this new jurisdiction , granting not only authority over small business legislation but additional oversight over the agency as well . The committee has also been granted the right of re-referral of legislation from other standing committees , where appropriate .", "title": "Jurisdiction" }, { "text": "Today , the jurisdiction of the committee is roughly the same as it was when it was first established , chiefly the Small Business Administration and the Small Investment Act . However , by tradition , the committee reviews all matters that apply to small business that are not by themselves subject to the jurisdiction over another standing committee . The committee continues to study and survey by means of research and investigation all problems of American small business enterprises , with the intent to provide advice to Congress in enacting appropriate legislation . The committee also is responsible for", "title": "Jurisdiction" }, { "text": "reviewing nominations for positions within the Small Business Administration , including its Administrator , Chief Council for Advocacy , and Inspector General .", "title": "Jurisdiction" } ]
/wiki/Koca_Hüsrev_Mehmed_Pasha#P39#0
What was the position of Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha between Feb 1802 and Aug 1802?
Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha ( also known as Koca Hüsrev Pasha ; sometimes known in Western sources as just Husrev Pasha or Khosrew Pasha ; 1769–1855 ) was an Ottoman admiral , reformer and statesman , who was Kapudan Pasha ( Grand Admiral ) of the Ottoman Navy . He reached the position of Grand Vizier rather late in his career , between 2 July 1839 and 8 June 1840 during the reign of Abdulmejid I . However , during the 1820s , he occupied key administrative roles in the fight against regional warlords , the reformation of the army , and the reformation of Turkish attire . He was one of the main statesmen who predicted a war with the Russian Empire , which would eventually be the case with the outbreak of the Crimean War . In Egypt . He was a protégé of Küçük Hüseyin Pasha , a reformer who became Kapudan Pasha in 1792 . In 1801 , Hüsrev Pasha commanded the 6,000 Ottoman troops who assisted the British in removing the French from Rashid ( Rosetta ) . For this , he was made governor of Egypt Eyalet ( province ) , in which position he was charged with assisting Hüseyin Pasha in the killing or imprisoning the surviving leaders of the Mamluks . Many of these were freed by or fled with the British , while others held Minia between Upper and Lower Egypt . Amid these disturbances , Husrev Pasha attempted to disband his Albanian bashi-bazouks without pay . This led to rioting that drove him from Cairo to Damietta , where he was ultimately captured by a combined Mamluk-Albanian army ( see Muhammad Alis seizure of power ) . He was later made governor again by Muhammad Ali for 2 days , although he held no real power ; he was released later . Provincial governor and Kapudan Pasha . Before leaving Egypt , he was appointed as governor of the Diyarbekir Eyalet . A year later , he was appointed governor of Salonica . In 1806 he was governor of Bosnia Eyalet ( as which he features in Ivo Andrićs novel Travnička hronika ) , before being reappointed as governor of Salonica in 1808 . Hüsrev Pasha held the rank of Kapudan Pasha of the Ottoman Navy from 1811 to 1818 . He was then appointed governor of the Eyalet of Trabzon twice , during which time he conducted for the Black Sea region of Turkey the struggle the central Ottoman state was waging against local feudal rulers ( Derebeys ) . On 19 January 1815 , Hüsrev Pasha summoned Dr . Lorenzo Noccrola , the long-serving chief physician to the Seraglio , to attend him at the Arsenal , explaining that his own physician was absent . The next morning , Noccrolas body was found lying on a road close to the Arsenal . On examination , he was found to have been strangled . Greek War of Independence . During the Greek War of Independence , he was appointed Kapudan Pasha again in the end of 1822 . In this role , he captured and destroyed the island of Psara in June 1824 and then moved against Samos , where he was joined by the Egyptian fleet . During the months of July and August , several skirmishes and constant maneuvers followed between the Ottoman and Greek fleets , culminating in the Battle of Gerontas , a Greek victory . Moderniser of the army . In 1826 , Husrev Pasha played vital roles both in the Auspicious Incident ( the annihilation of the Janissary Corps in 1826 ) and in the formation of the new Mansure Army modeled after those of the European Powers . Appointed as serasker ( commander the army ) of the Mansure in May 1827 , Husrev reformed and disciplined the corps . Himself ignorant of modern military methods , he assembled a staff of foreign experts and other personnel to assist him , the Seraskeriye , which constituted the first staff in Ottoman history . Due to his early championing of military reform and virtual control over the new Ottoman army , Husrev was able to install many of his protégés in senior military positions . In total , Husrevs household produced more than 30 generals . Adoption of children raised to become high-ranking officers . Hüsrev Pasha adopted at early ages up to one hundred children , sometimes including slaves bought at market , who , after an attentive education , later became his protégés and rose to important positions in the state structure , the most notable of these being Ibrahim Edhem Pasha , a child from Chios bought in an İzmir slave market in 1822 after the horrific Chios massacre . Levy mentions that in the 27,000-strong initial Mansure Army of 1827 , the direct ancestor to todays Turkish Army , the officer corps included a core group of 70–80 of Husrev Pashas children . Adoption of the fez to replace the turban . Hüsrev Pasha was also instrumental for the near-abandonment of the turban and the adoption of the fez as a universal headgear for Muslim men of the Ottoman Empire ( excluding the religious classes ) under Sultan Mahmud II . He had seen the fez as worn occasionally by Tunisians and Algerians during a Mediterranean journey and introduced it to the Ottoman capital , from which the custom spread to all Ottoman lands including the nominal dependency of Egypt . Dress and headgear often signified symbol-laden and politically charged statements in Turkish lands . External links . - Gökçek Papers - Macedonia : Henry Noel Brailsford
[ "governor of Egypt Eyalet ( province )" ]
[ { "text": "Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha ( also known as Koca Hüsrev Pasha ; sometimes known in Western sources as just Husrev Pasha or Khosrew Pasha ; 1769–1855 ) was an Ottoman admiral , reformer and statesman , who was Kapudan Pasha ( Grand Admiral ) of the Ottoman Navy . He reached the position of Grand Vizier rather late in his career , between 2 July 1839 and 8 June 1840 during the reign of Abdulmejid I . However , during the 1820s , he occupied key administrative roles in the fight against regional warlords , the reformation of the army", "title": "Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha" }, { "text": ", and the reformation of Turkish attire . He was one of the main statesmen who predicted a war with the Russian Empire , which would eventually be the case with the outbreak of the Crimean War .", "title": "Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha" }, { "text": "He was a protégé of Küçük Hüseyin Pasha , a reformer who became Kapudan Pasha in 1792 . In 1801 , Hüsrev Pasha commanded the 6,000 Ottoman troops who assisted the British in removing the French from Rashid ( Rosetta ) . For this , he was made governor of Egypt Eyalet ( province ) , in which position he was charged with assisting Hüseyin Pasha in the killing or imprisoning the surviving leaders of the Mamluks . Many of these were freed by or fled with the British , while others held Minia between Upper and Lower Egypt .", "title": "In Egypt" }, { "text": " Amid these disturbances , Husrev Pasha attempted to disband his Albanian bashi-bazouks without pay . This led to rioting that drove him from Cairo to Damietta , where he was ultimately captured by a combined Mamluk-Albanian army ( see Muhammad Alis seizure of power ) . He was later made governor again by Muhammad Ali for 2 days , although he held no real power ; he was released later . Provincial governor and Kapudan Pasha .", "title": "In Egypt" }, { "text": "Before leaving Egypt , he was appointed as governor of the Diyarbekir Eyalet . A year later , he was appointed governor of Salonica . In 1806 he was governor of Bosnia Eyalet ( as which he features in Ivo Andrićs novel Travnička hronika ) , before being reappointed as governor of Salonica in 1808 .", "title": "In Egypt" }, { "text": " Hüsrev Pasha held the rank of Kapudan Pasha of the Ottoman Navy from 1811 to 1818 . He was then appointed governor of the Eyalet of Trabzon twice , during which time he conducted for the Black Sea region of Turkey the struggle the central Ottoman state was waging against local feudal rulers ( Derebeys ) .", "title": "In Egypt" }, { "text": "On 19 January 1815 , Hüsrev Pasha summoned Dr . Lorenzo Noccrola , the long-serving chief physician to the Seraglio , to attend him at the Arsenal , explaining that his own physician was absent . The next morning , Noccrolas body was found lying on a road close to the Arsenal . On examination , he was found to have been strangled .", "title": "In Egypt" }, { "text": " Greek War of Independence . During the Greek War of Independence , he was appointed Kapudan Pasha again in the end of 1822 . In this role , he captured and destroyed the island of Psara in June 1824 and then moved against Samos , where he was joined by the Egyptian fleet . During the months of July and August , several skirmishes and constant maneuvers followed between the Ottoman and Greek fleets , culminating in the Battle of Gerontas , a Greek victory . Moderniser of the army .", "title": "In Egypt" }, { "text": "In 1826 , Husrev Pasha played vital roles both in the Auspicious Incident ( the annihilation of the Janissary Corps in 1826 ) and in the formation of the new Mansure Army modeled after those of the European Powers . Appointed as serasker ( commander the army ) of the Mansure in May 1827 , Husrev reformed and disciplined the corps . Himself ignorant of modern military methods , he assembled a staff of foreign experts and other personnel to assist him , the Seraskeriye , which constituted the first staff in Ottoman history . Due to his early championing", "title": "In Egypt" }, { "text": "of military reform and virtual control over the new Ottoman army , Husrev was able to install many of his protégés in senior military positions . In total , Husrevs household produced more than 30 generals .", "title": "In Egypt" }, { "text": "Hüsrev Pasha adopted at early ages up to one hundred children , sometimes including slaves bought at market , who , after an attentive education , later became his protégés and rose to important positions in the state structure , the most notable of these being Ibrahim Edhem Pasha , a child from Chios bought in an İzmir slave market in 1822 after the horrific Chios massacre . Levy mentions that in the 27,000-strong initial Mansure Army of 1827 , the direct ancestor to todays Turkish Army , the officer corps included a core group of 70–80 of Husrev Pashas", "title": "In Egypt" }, { "text": "children .", "title": "In Egypt" }, { "text": "Hüsrev Pasha was also instrumental for the near-abandonment of the turban and the adoption of the fez as a universal headgear for Muslim men of the Ottoman Empire ( excluding the religious classes ) under Sultan Mahmud II . He had seen the fez as worn occasionally by Tunisians and Algerians during a Mediterranean journey and introduced it to the Ottoman capital , from which the custom spread to all Ottoman lands including the nominal dependency of Egypt . Dress and headgear often signified symbol-laden and politically charged statements in Turkish lands .", "title": "In Egypt" }, { "text": " - Gökçek Papers - Macedonia : Henry Noel Brailsford", "title": "External links" } ]
/wiki/Koca_Hüsrev_Mehmed_Pasha#P39#1
What was the position of Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha in Jan 1813?
Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha ( also known as Koca Hüsrev Pasha ; sometimes known in Western sources as just Husrev Pasha or Khosrew Pasha ; 1769–1855 ) was an Ottoman admiral , reformer and statesman , who was Kapudan Pasha ( Grand Admiral ) of the Ottoman Navy . He reached the position of Grand Vizier rather late in his career , between 2 July 1839 and 8 June 1840 during the reign of Abdulmejid I . However , during the 1820s , he occupied key administrative roles in the fight against regional warlords , the reformation of the army , and the reformation of Turkish attire . He was one of the main statesmen who predicted a war with the Russian Empire , which would eventually be the case with the outbreak of the Crimean War . In Egypt . He was a protégé of Küçük Hüseyin Pasha , a reformer who became Kapudan Pasha in 1792 . In 1801 , Hüsrev Pasha commanded the 6,000 Ottoman troops who assisted the British in removing the French from Rashid ( Rosetta ) . For this , he was made governor of Egypt Eyalet ( province ) , in which position he was charged with assisting Hüseyin Pasha in the killing or imprisoning the surviving leaders of the Mamluks . Many of these were freed by or fled with the British , while others held Minia between Upper and Lower Egypt . Amid these disturbances , Husrev Pasha attempted to disband his Albanian bashi-bazouks without pay . This led to rioting that drove him from Cairo to Damietta , where he was ultimately captured by a combined Mamluk-Albanian army ( see Muhammad Alis seizure of power ) . He was later made governor again by Muhammad Ali for 2 days , although he held no real power ; he was released later . Provincial governor and Kapudan Pasha . Before leaving Egypt , he was appointed as governor of the Diyarbekir Eyalet . A year later , he was appointed governor of Salonica . In 1806 he was governor of Bosnia Eyalet ( as which he features in Ivo Andrićs novel Travnička hronika ) , before being reappointed as governor of Salonica in 1808 . Hüsrev Pasha held the rank of Kapudan Pasha of the Ottoman Navy from 1811 to 1818 . He was then appointed governor of the Eyalet of Trabzon twice , during which time he conducted for the Black Sea region of Turkey the struggle the central Ottoman state was waging against local feudal rulers ( Derebeys ) . On 19 January 1815 , Hüsrev Pasha summoned Dr . Lorenzo Noccrola , the long-serving chief physician to the Seraglio , to attend him at the Arsenal , explaining that his own physician was absent . The next morning , Noccrolas body was found lying on a road close to the Arsenal . On examination , he was found to have been strangled . Greek War of Independence . During the Greek War of Independence , he was appointed Kapudan Pasha again in the end of 1822 . In this role , he captured and destroyed the island of Psara in June 1824 and then moved against Samos , where he was joined by the Egyptian fleet . During the months of July and August , several skirmishes and constant maneuvers followed between the Ottoman and Greek fleets , culminating in the Battle of Gerontas , a Greek victory . Moderniser of the army . In 1826 , Husrev Pasha played vital roles both in the Auspicious Incident ( the annihilation of the Janissary Corps in 1826 ) and in the formation of the new Mansure Army modeled after those of the European Powers . Appointed as serasker ( commander the army ) of the Mansure in May 1827 , Husrev reformed and disciplined the corps . Himself ignorant of modern military methods , he assembled a staff of foreign experts and other personnel to assist him , the Seraskeriye , which constituted the first staff in Ottoman history . Due to his early championing of military reform and virtual control over the new Ottoman army , Husrev was able to install many of his protégés in senior military positions . In total , Husrevs household produced more than 30 generals . Adoption of children raised to become high-ranking officers . Hüsrev Pasha adopted at early ages up to one hundred children , sometimes including slaves bought at market , who , after an attentive education , later became his protégés and rose to important positions in the state structure , the most notable of these being Ibrahim Edhem Pasha , a child from Chios bought in an İzmir slave market in 1822 after the horrific Chios massacre . Levy mentions that in the 27,000-strong initial Mansure Army of 1827 , the direct ancestor to todays Turkish Army , the officer corps included a core group of 70–80 of Husrev Pashas children . Adoption of the fez to replace the turban . Hüsrev Pasha was also instrumental for the near-abandonment of the turban and the adoption of the fez as a universal headgear for Muslim men of the Ottoman Empire ( excluding the religious classes ) under Sultan Mahmud II . He had seen the fez as worn occasionally by Tunisians and Algerians during a Mediterranean journey and introduced it to the Ottoman capital , from which the custom spread to all Ottoman lands including the nominal dependency of Egypt . Dress and headgear often signified symbol-laden and politically charged statements in Turkish lands . External links . - Gökçek Papers - Macedonia : Henry Noel Brailsford
[ "Kapudan Pasha of the Ottoman Navy" ]
[ { "text": "Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha ( also known as Koca Hüsrev Pasha ; sometimes known in Western sources as just Husrev Pasha or Khosrew Pasha ; 1769–1855 ) was an Ottoman admiral , reformer and statesman , who was Kapudan Pasha ( Grand Admiral ) of the Ottoman Navy . He reached the position of Grand Vizier rather late in his career , between 2 July 1839 and 8 June 1840 during the reign of Abdulmejid I . However , during the 1820s , he occupied key administrative roles in the fight against regional warlords , the reformation of the army", "title": "Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha" }, { "text": ", and the reformation of Turkish attire . He was one of the main statesmen who predicted a war with the Russian Empire , which would eventually be the case with the outbreak of the Crimean War .", "title": "Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha" }, { "text": "He was a protégé of Küçük Hüseyin Pasha , a reformer who became Kapudan Pasha in 1792 . In 1801 , Hüsrev Pasha commanded the 6,000 Ottoman troops who assisted the British in removing the French from Rashid ( Rosetta ) . For this , he was made governor of Egypt Eyalet ( province ) , in which position he was charged with assisting Hüseyin Pasha in the killing or imprisoning the surviving leaders of the Mamluks . Many of these were freed by or fled with the British , while others held Minia between Upper and Lower Egypt .", "title": "In Egypt" }, { "text": " Amid these disturbances , Husrev Pasha attempted to disband his Albanian bashi-bazouks without pay . This led to rioting that drove him from Cairo to Damietta , where he was ultimately captured by a combined Mamluk-Albanian army ( see Muhammad Alis seizure of power ) . He was later made governor again by Muhammad Ali for 2 days , although he held no real power ; he was released later . Provincial governor and Kapudan Pasha .", "title": "In Egypt" }, { "text": "Before leaving Egypt , he was appointed as governor of the Diyarbekir Eyalet . A year later , he was appointed governor of Salonica . In 1806 he was governor of Bosnia Eyalet ( as which he features in Ivo Andrićs novel Travnička hronika ) , before being reappointed as governor of Salonica in 1808 .", "title": "In Egypt" }, { "text": " Hüsrev Pasha held the rank of Kapudan Pasha of the Ottoman Navy from 1811 to 1818 . He was then appointed governor of the Eyalet of Trabzon twice , during which time he conducted for the Black Sea region of Turkey the struggle the central Ottoman state was waging against local feudal rulers ( Derebeys ) .", "title": "In Egypt" }, { "text": "On 19 January 1815 , Hüsrev Pasha summoned Dr . Lorenzo Noccrola , the long-serving chief physician to the Seraglio , to attend him at the Arsenal , explaining that his own physician was absent . The next morning , Noccrolas body was found lying on a road close to the Arsenal . On examination , he was found to have been strangled .", "title": "In Egypt" }, { "text": " Greek War of Independence . During the Greek War of Independence , he was appointed Kapudan Pasha again in the end of 1822 . In this role , he captured and destroyed the island of Psara in June 1824 and then moved against Samos , where he was joined by the Egyptian fleet . During the months of July and August , several skirmishes and constant maneuvers followed between the Ottoman and Greek fleets , culminating in the Battle of Gerontas , a Greek victory . Moderniser of the army .", "title": "In Egypt" }, { "text": "In 1826 , Husrev Pasha played vital roles both in the Auspicious Incident ( the annihilation of the Janissary Corps in 1826 ) and in the formation of the new Mansure Army modeled after those of the European Powers . Appointed as serasker ( commander the army ) of the Mansure in May 1827 , Husrev reformed and disciplined the corps . Himself ignorant of modern military methods , he assembled a staff of foreign experts and other personnel to assist him , the Seraskeriye , which constituted the first staff in Ottoman history . Due to his early championing", "title": "In Egypt" }, { "text": "of military reform and virtual control over the new Ottoman army , Husrev was able to install many of his protégés in senior military positions . In total , Husrevs household produced more than 30 generals .", "title": "In Egypt" }, { "text": "Hüsrev Pasha adopted at early ages up to one hundred children , sometimes including slaves bought at market , who , after an attentive education , later became his protégés and rose to important positions in the state structure , the most notable of these being Ibrahim Edhem Pasha , a child from Chios bought in an İzmir slave market in 1822 after the horrific Chios massacre . Levy mentions that in the 27,000-strong initial Mansure Army of 1827 , the direct ancestor to todays Turkish Army , the officer corps included a core group of 70–80 of Husrev Pashas", "title": "In Egypt" }, { "text": "children .", "title": "In Egypt" }, { "text": "Hüsrev Pasha was also instrumental for the near-abandonment of the turban and the adoption of the fez as a universal headgear for Muslim men of the Ottoman Empire ( excluding the religious classes ) under Sultan Mahmud II . He had seen the fez as worn occasionally by Tunisians and Algerians during a Mediterranean journey and introduced it to the Ottoman capital , from which the custom spread to all Ottoman lands including the nominal dependency of Egypt . Dress and headgear often signified symbol-laden and politically charged statements in Turkish lands .", "title": "In Egypt" }, { "text": " - Gökçek Papers - Macedonia : Henry Noel Brailsford", "title": "External links" } ]
/wiki/Koca_Hüsrev_Mehmed_Pasha#P39#2
What was the position of Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha in Apr 1826?
Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha ( also known as Koca Hüsrev Pasha ; sometimes known in Western sources as just Husrev Pasha or Khosrew Pasha ; 1769–1855 ) was an Ottoman admiral , reformer and statesman , who was Kapudan Pasha ( Grand Admiral ) of the Ottoman Navy . He reached the position of Grand Vizier rather late in his career , between 2 July 1839 and 8 June 1840 during the reign of Abdulmejid I . However , during the 1820s , he occupied key administrative roles in the fight against regional warlords , the reformation of the army , and the reformation of Turkish attire . He was one of the main statesmen who predicted a war with the Russian Empire , which would eventually be the case with the outbreak of the Crimean War . In Egypt . He was a protégé of Küçük Hüseyin Pasha , a reformer who became Kapudan Pasha in 1792 . In 1801 , Hüsrev Pasha commanded the 6,000 Ottoman troops who assisted the British in removing the French from Rashid ( Rosetta ) . For this , he was made governor of Egypt Eyalet ( province ) , in which position he was charged with assisting Hüseyin Pasha in the killing or imprisoning the surviving leaders of the Mamluks . Many of these were freed by or fled with the British , while others held Minia between Upper and Lower Egypt . Amid these disturbances , Husrev Pasha attempted to disband his Albanian bashi-bazouks without pay . This led to rioting that drove him from Cairo to Damietta , where he was ultimately captured by a combined Mamluk-Albanian army ( see Muhammad Alis seizure of power ) . He was later made governor again by Muhammad Ali for 2 days , although he held no real power ; he was released later . Provincial governor and Kapudan Pasha . Before leaving Egypt , he was appointed as governor of the Diyarbekir Eyalet . A year later , he was appointed governor of Salonica . In 1806 he was governor of Bosnia Eyalet ( as which he features in Ivo Andrićs novel Travnička hronika ) , before being reappointed as governor of Salonica in 1808 . Hüsrev Pasha held the rank of Kapudan Pasha of the Ottoman Navy from 1811 to 1818 . He was then appointed governor of the Eyalet of Trabzon twice , during which time he conducted for the Black Sea region of Turkey the struggle the central Ottoman state was waging against local feudal rulers ( Derebeys ) . On 19 January 1815 , Hüsrev Pasha summoned Dr . Lorenzo Noccrola , the long-serving chief physician to the Seraglio , to attend him at the Arsenal , explaining that his own physician was absent . The next morning , Noccrolas body was found lying on a road close to the Arsenal . On examination , he was found to have been strangled . Greek War of Independence . During the Greek War of Independence , he was appointed Kapudan Pasha again in the end of 1822 . In this role , he captured and destroyed the island of Psara in June 1824 and then moved against Samos , where he was joined by the Egyptian fleet . During the months of July and August , several skirmishes and constant maneuvers followed between the Ottoman and Greek fleets , culminating in the Battle of Gerontas , a Greek victory . Moderniser of the army . In 1826 , Husrev Pasha played vital roles both in the Auspicious Incident ( the annihilation of the Janissary Corps in 1826 ) and in the formation of the new Mansure Army modeled after those of the European Powers . Appointed as serasker ( commander the army ) of the Mansure in May 1827 , Husrev reformed and disciplined the corps . Himself ignorant of modern military methods , he assembled a staff of foreign experts and other personnel to assist him , the Seraskeriye , which constituted the first staff in Ottoman history . Due to his early championing of military reform and virtual control over the new Ottoman army , Husrev was able to install many of his protégés in senior military positions . In total , Husrevs household produced more than 30 generals . Adoption of children raised to become high-ranking officers . Hüsrev Pasha adopted at early ages up to one hundred children , sometimes including slaves bought at market , who , after an attentive education , later became his protégés and rose to important positions in the state structure , the most notable of these being Ibrahim Edhem Pasha , a child from Chios bought in an İzmir slave market in 1822 after the horrific Chios massacre . Levy mentions that in the 27,000-strong initial Mansure Army of 1827 , the direct ancestor to todays Turkish Army , the officer corps included a core group of 70–80 of Husrev Pashas children . Adoption of the fez to replace the turban . Hüsrev Pasha was also instrumental for the near-abandonment of the turban and the adoption of the fez as a universal headgear for Muslim men of the Ottoman Empire ( excluding the religious classes ) under Sultan Mahmud II . He had seen the fez as worn occasionally by Tunisians and Algerians during a Mediterranean journey and introduced it to the Ottoman capital , from which the custom spread to all Ottoman lands including the nominal dependency of Egypt . Dress and headgear often signified symbol-laden and politically charged statements in Turkish lands . External links . - Gökçek Papers - Macedonia : Henry Noel Brailsford
[ "Kapudan Pasha" ]
[ { "text": "Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha ( also known as Koca Hüsrev Pasha ; sometimes known in Western sources as just Husrev Pasha or Khosrew Pasha ; 1769–1855 ) was an Ottoman admiral , reformer and statesman , who was Kapudan Pasha ( Grand Admiral ) of the Ottoman Navy . He reached the position of Grand Vizier rather late in his career , between 2 July 1839 and 8 June 1840 during the reign of Abdulmejid I . However , during the 1820s , he occupied key administrative roles in the fight against regional warlords , the reformation of the army", "title": "Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha" }, { "text": ", and the reformation of Turkish attire . He was one of the main statesmen who predicted a war with the Russian Empire , which would eventually be the case with the outbreak of the Crimean War .", "title": "Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha" }, { "text": "He was a protégé of Küçük Hüseyin Pasha , a reformer who became Kapudan Pasha in 1792 . In 1801 , Hüsrev Pasha commanded the 6,000 Ottoman troops who assisted the British in removing the French from Rashid ( Rosetta ) . For this , he was made governor of Egypt Eyalet ( province ) , in which position he was charged with assisting Hüseyin Pasha in the killing or imprisoning the surviving leaders of the Mamluks . Many of these were freed by or fled with the British , while others held Minia between Upper and Lower Egypt .", "title": "In Egypt" }, { "text": " Amid these disturbances , Husrev Pasha attempted to disband his Albanian bashi-bazouks without pay . This led to rioting that drove him from Cairo to Damietta , where he was ultimately captured by a combined Mamluk-Albanian army ( see Muhammad Alis seizure of power ) . He was later made governor again by Muhammad Ali for 2 days , although he held no real power ; he was released later . Provincial governor and Kapudan Pasha .", "title": "In Egypt" }, { "text": "Before leaving Egypt , he was appointed as governor of the Diyarbekir Eyalet . A year later , he was appointed governor of Salonica . In 1806 he was governor of Bosnia Eyalet ( as which he features in Ivo Andrićs novel Travnička hronika ) , before being reappointed as governor of Salonica in 1808 .", "title": "In Egypt" }, { "text": " Hüsrev Pasha held the rank of Kapudan Pasha of the Ottoman Navy from 1811 to 1818 . He was then appointed governor of the Eyalet of Trabzon twice , during which time he conducted for the Black Sea region of Turkey the struggle the central Ottoman state was waging against local feudal rulers ( Derebeys ) .", "title": "In Egypt" }, { "text": "On 19 January 1815 , Hüsrev Pasha summoned Dr . Lorenzo Noccrola , the long-serving chief physician to the Seraglio , to attend him at the Arsenal , explaining that his own physician was absent . The next morning , Noccrolas body was found lying on a road close to the Arsenal . On examination , he was found to have been strangled .", "title": "In Egypt" }, { "text": " Greek War of Independence . During the Greek War of Independence , he was appointed Kapudan Pasha again in the end of 1822 . In this role , he captured and destroyed the island of Psara in June 1824 and then moved against Samos , where he was joined by the Egyptian fleet . During the months of July and August , several skirmishes and constant maneuvers followed between the Ottoman and Greek fleets , culminating in the Battle of Gerontas , a Greek victory . Moderniser of the army .", "title": "In Egypt" }, { "text": "In 1826 , Husrev Pasha played vital roles both in the Auspicious Incident ( the annihilation of the Janissary Corps in 1826 ) and in the formation of the new Mansure Army modeled after those of the European Powers . Appointed as serasker ( commander the army ) of the Mansure in May 1827 , Husrev reformed and disciplined the corps . Himself ignorant of modern military methods , he assembled a staff of foreign experts and other personnel to assist him , the Seraskeriye , which constituted the first staff in Ottoman history . Due to his early championing", "title": "In Egypt" }, { "text": "of military reform and virtual control over the new Ottoman army , Husrev was able to install many of his protégés in senior military positions . In total , Husrevs household produced more than 30 generals .", "title": "In Egypt" }, { "text": "Hüsrev Pasha adopted at early ages up to one hundred children , sometimes including slaves bought at market , who , after an attentive education , later became his protégés and rose to important positions in the state structure , the most notable of these being Ibrahim Edhem Pasha , a child from Chios bought in an İzmir slave market in 1822 after the horrific Chios massacre . Levy mentions that in the 27,000-strong initial Mansure Army of 1827 , the direct ancestor to todays Turkish Army , the officer corps included a core group of 70–80 of Husrev Pashas", "title": "In Egypt" }, { "text": "children .", "title": "In Egypt" }, { "text": "Hüsrev Pasha was also instrumental for the near-abandonment of the turban and the adoption of the fez as a universal headgear for Muslim men of the Ottoman Empire ( excluding the religious classes ) under Sultan Mahmud II . He had seen the fez as worn occasionally by Tunisians and Algerians during a Mediterranean journey and introduced it to the Ottoman capital , from which the custom spread to all Ottoman lands including the nominal dependency of Egypt . Dress and headgear often signified symbol-laden and politically charged statements in Turkish lands .", "title": "In Egypt" }, { "text": " - Gökçek Papers - Macedonia : Henry Noel Brailsford", "title": "External links" } ]
/wiki/Koca_Hüsrev_Mehmed_Pasha#P39#3
What was the position of Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha between May 1831 and Feb 1833?
Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha ( also known as Koca Hüsrev Pasha ; sometimes known in Western sources as just Husrev Pasha or Khosrew Pasha ; 1769–1855 ) was an Ottoman admiral , reformer and statesman , who was Kapudan Pasha ( Grand Admiral ) of the Ottoman Navy . He reached the position of Grand Vizier rather late in his career , between 2 July 1839 and 8 June 1840 during the reign of Abdulmejid I . However , during the 1820s , he occupied key administrative roles in the fight against regional warlords , the reformation of the army , and the reformation of Turkish attire . He was one of the main statesmen who predicted a war with the Russian Empire , which would eventually be the case with the outbreak of the Crimean War . In Egypt . He was a protégé of Küçük Hüseyin Pasha , a reformer who became Kapudan Pasha in 1792 . In 1801 , Hüsrev Pasha commanded the 6,000 Ottoman troops who assisted the British in removing the French from Rashid ( Rosetta ) . For this , he was made governor of Egypt Eyalet ( province ) , in which position he was charged with assisting Hüseyin Pasha in the killing or imprisoning the surviving leaders of the Mamluks . Many of these were freed by or fled with the British , while others held Minia between Upper and Lower Egypt . Amid these disturbances , Husrev Pasha attempted to disband his Albanian bashi-bazouks without pay . This led to rioting that drove him from Cairo to Damietta , where he was ultimately captured by a combined Mamluk-Albanian army ( see Muhammad Alis seizure of power ) . He was later made governor again by Muhammad Ali for 2 days , although he held no real power ; he was released later . Provincial governor and Kapudan Pasha . Before leaving Egypt , he was appointed as governor of the Diyarbekir Eyalet . A year later , he was appointed governor of Salonica . In 1806 he was governor of Bosnia Eyalet ( as which he features in Ivo Andrićs novel Travnička hronika ) , before being reappointed as governor of Salonica in 1808 . Hüsrev Pasha held the rank of Kapudan Pasha of the Ottoman Navy from 1811 to 1818 . He was then appointed governor of the Eyalet of Trabzon twice , during which time he conducted for the Black Sea region of Turkey the struggle the central Ottoman state was waging against local feudal rulers ( Derebeys ) . On 19 January 1815 , Hüsrev Pasha summoned Dr . Lorenzo Noccrola , the long-serving chief physician to the Seraglio , to attend him at the Arsenal , explaining that his own physician was absent . The next morning , Noccrolas body was found lying on a road close to the Arsenal . On examination , he was found to have been strangled . Greek War of Independence . During the Greek War of Independence , he was appointed Kapudan Pasha again in the end of 1822 . In this role , he captured and destroyed the island of Psara in June 1824 and then moved against Samos , where he was joined by the Egyptian fleet . During the months of July and August , several skirmishes and constant maneuvers followed between the Ottoman and Greek fleets , culminating in the Battle of Gerontas , a Greek victory . Moderniser of the army . In 1826 , Husrev Pasha played vital roles both in the Auspicious Incident ( the annihilation of the Janissary Corps in 1826 ) and in the formation of the new Mansure Army modeled after those of the European Powers . Appointed as serasker ( commander the army ) of the Mansure in May 1827 , Husrev reformed and disciplined the corps . Himself ignorant of modern military methods , he assembled a staff of foreign experts and other personnel to assist him , the Seraskeriye , which constituted the first staff in Ottoman history . Due to his early championing of military reform and virtual control over the new Ottoman army , Husrev was able to install many of his protégés in senior military positions . In total , Husrevs household produced more than 30 generals . Adoption of children raised to become high-ranking officers . Hüsrev Pasha adopted at early ages up to one hundred children , sometimes including slaves bought at market , who , after an attentive education , later became his protégés and rose to important positions in the state structure , the most notable of these being Ibrahim Edhem Pasha , a child from Chios bought in an İzmir slave market in 1822 after the horrific Chios massacre . Levy mentions that in the 27,000-strong initial Mansure Army of 1827 , the direct ancestor to todays Turkish Army , the officer corps included a core group of 70–80 of Husrev Pashas children . Adoption of the fez to replace the turban . Hüsrev Pasha was also instrumental for the near-abandonment of the turban and the adoption of the fez as a universal headgear for Muslim men of the Ottoman Empire ( excluding the religious classes ) under Sultan Mahmud II . He had seen the fez as worn occasionally by Tunisians and Algerians during a Mediterranean journey and introduced it to the Ottoman capital , from which the custom spread to all Ottoman lands including the nominal dependency of Egypt . Dress and headgear often signified symbol-laden and politically charged statements in Turkish lands . External links . - Gökçek Papers - Macedonia : Henry Noel Brailsford
[ "serasker" ]
[ { "text": "Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha ( also known as Koca Hüsrev Pasha ; sometimes known in Western sources as just Husrev Pasha or Khosrew Pasha ; 1769–1855 ) was an Ottoman admiral , reformer and statesman , who was Kapudan Pasha ( Grand Admiral ) of the Ottoman Navy . He reached the position of Grand Vizier rather late in his career , between 2 July 1839 and 8 June 1840 during the reign of Abdulmejid I . However , during the 1820s , he occupied key administrative roles in the fight against regional warlords , the reformation of the army", "title": "Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha" }, { "text": ", and the reformation of Turkish attire . He was one of the main statesmen who predicted a war with the Russian Empire , which would eventually be the case with the outbreak of the Crimean War .", "title": "Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha" }, { "text": "He was a protégé of Küçük Hüseyin Pasha , a reformer who became Kapudan Pasha in 1792 . In 1801 , Hüsrev Pasha commanded the 6,000 Ottoman troops who assisted the British in removing the French from Rashid ( Rosetta ) . For this , he was made governor of Egypt Eyalet ( province ) , in which position he was charged with assisting Hüseyin Pasha in the killing or imprisoning the surviving leaders of the Mamluks . Many of these were freed by or fled with the British , while others held Minia between Upper and Lower Egypt .", "title": "In Egypt" }, { "text": " Amid these disturbances , Husrev Pasha attempted to disband his Albanian bashi-bazouks without pay . This led to rioting that drove him from Cairo to Damietta , where he was ultimately captured by a combined Mamluk-Albanian army ( see Muhammad Alis seizure of power ) . He was later made governor again by Muhammad Ali for 2 days , although he held no real power ; he was released later . Provincial governor and Kapudan Pasha .", "title": "In Egypt" }, { "text": "Before leaving Egypt , he was appointed as governor of the Diyarbekir Eyalet . A year later , he was appointed governor of Salonica . In 1806 he was governor of Bosnia Eyalet ( as which he features in Ivo Andrićs novel Travnička hronika ) , before being reappointed as governor of Salonica in 1808 .", "title": "In Egypt" }, { "text": " Hüsrev Pasha held the rank of Kapudan Pasha of the Ottoman Navy from 1811 to 1818 . He was then appointed governor of the Eyalet of Trabzon twice , during which time he conducted for the Black Sea region of Turkey the struggle the central Ottoman state was waging against local feudal rulers ( Derebeys ) .", "title": "In Egypt" }, { "text": "On 19 January 1815 , Hüsrev Pasha summoned Dr . Lorenzo Noccrola , the long-serving chief physician to the Seraglio , to attend him at the Arsenal , explaining that his own physician was absent . The next morning , Noccrolas body was found lying on a road close to the Arsenal . On examination , he was found to have been strangled .", "title": "In Egypt" }, { "text": " Greek War of Independence . During the Greek War of Independence , he was appointed Kapudan Pasha again in the end of 1822 . In this role , he captured and destroyed the island of Psara in June 1824 and then moved against Samos , where he was joined by the Egyptian fleet . During the months of July and August , several skirmishes and constant maneuvers followed between the Ottoman and Greek fleets , culminating in the Battle of Gerontas , a Greek victory . Moderniser of the army .", "title": "In Egypt" }, { "text": "In 1826 , Husrev Pasha played vital roles both in the Auspicious Incident ( the annihilation of the Janissary Corps in 1826 ) and in the formation of the new Mansure Army modeled after those of the European Powers . Appointed as serasker ( commander the army ) of the Mansure in May 1827 , Husrev reformed and disciplined the corps . Himself ignorant of modern military methods , he assembled a staff of foreign experts and other personnel to assist him , the Seraskeriye , which constituted the first staff in Ottoman history . Due to his early championing", "title": "In Egypt" }, { "text": "of military reform and virtual control over the new Ottoman army , Husrev was able to install many of his protégés in senior military positions . In total , Husrevs household produced more than 30 generals .", "title": "In Egypt" }, { "text": "Hüsrev Pasha adopted at early ages up to one hundred children , sometimes including slaves bought at market , who , after an attentive education , later became his protégés and rose to important positions in the state structure , the most notable of these being Ibrahim Edhem Pasha , a child from Chios bought in an İzmir slave market in 1822 after the horrific Chios massacre . Levy mentions that in the 27,000-strong initial Mansure Army of 1827 , the direct ancestor to todays Turkish Army , the officer corps included a core group of 70–80 of Husrev Pashas", "title": "In Egypt" }, { "text": "children .", "title": "In Egypt" }, { "text": "Hüsrev Pasha was also instrumental for the near-abandonment of the turban and the adoption of the fez as a universal headgear for Muslim men of the Ottoman Empire ( excluding the religious classes ) under Sultan Mahmud II . He had seen the fez as worn occasionally by Tunisians and Algerians during a Mediterranean journey and introduced it to the Ottoman capital , from which the custom spread to all Ottoman lands including the nominal dependency of Egypt . Dress and headgear often signified symbol-laden and politically charged statements in Turkish lands .", "title": "In Egypt" }, { "text": " - Gökçek Papers - Macedonia : Henry Noel Brailsford", "title": "External links" } ]
/wiki/Koca_Hüsrev_Mehmed_Pasha#P39#4
What was the position of Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha in Feb 1841?
Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha ( also known as Koca Hüsrev Pasha ; sometimes known in Western sources as just Husrev Pasha or Khosrew Pasha ; 1769–1855 ) was an Ottoman admiral , reformer and statesman , who was Kapudan Pasha ( Grand Admiral ) of the Ottoman Navy . He reached the position of Grand Vizier rather late in his career , between 2 July 1839 and 8 June 1840 during the reign of Abdulmejid I . However , during the 1820s , he occupied key administrative roles in the fight against regional warlords , the reformation of the army , and the reformation of Turkish attire . He was one of the main statesmen who predicted a war with the Russian Empire , which would eventually be the case with the outbreak of the Crimean War . In Egypt . He was a protégé of Küçük Hüseyin Pasha , a reformer who became Kapudan Pasha in 1792 . In 1801 , Hüsrev Pasha commanded the 6,000 Ottoman troops who assisted the British in removing the French from Rashid ( Rosetta ) . For this , he was made governor of Egypt Eyalet ( province ) , in which position he was charged with assisting Hüseyin Pasha in the killing or imprisoning the surviving leaders of the Mamluks . Many of these were freed by or fled with the British , while others held Minia between Upper and Lower Egypt . Amid these disturbances , Husrev Pasha attempted to disband his Albanian bashi-bazouks without pay . This led to rioting that drove him from Cairo to Damietta , where he was ultimately captured by a combined Mamluk-Albanian army ( see Muhammad Alis seizure of power ) . He was later made governor again by Muhammad Ali for 2 days , although he held no real power ; he was released later . Provincial governor and Kapudan Pasha . Before leaving Egypt , he was appointed as governor of the Diyarbekir Eyalet . A year later , he was appointed governor of Salonica . In 1806 he was governor of Bosnia Eyalet ( as which he features in Ivo Andrićs novel Travnička hronika ) , before being reappointed as governor of Salonica in 1808 . Hüsrev Pasha held the rank of Kapudan Pasha of the Ottoman Navy from 1811 to 1818 . He was then appointed governor of the Eyalet of Trabzon twice , during which time he conducted for the Black Sea region of Turkey the struggle the central Ottoman state was waging against local feudal rulers ( Derebeys ) . On 19 January 1815 , Hüsrev Pasha summoned Dr . Lorenzo Noccrola , the long-serving chief physician to the Seraglio , to attend him at the Arsenal , explaining that his own physician was absent . The next morning , Noccrolas body was found lying on a road close to the Arsenal . On examination , he was found to have been strangled . Greek War of Independence . During the Greek War of Independence , he was appointed Kapudan Pasha again in the end of 1822 . In this role , he captured and destroyed the island of Psara in June 1824 and then moved against Samos , where he was joined by the Egyptian fleet . During the months of July and August , several skirmishes and constant maneuvers followed between the Ottoman and Greek fleets , culminating in the Battle of Gerontas , a Greek victory . Moderniser of the army . In 1826 , Husrev Pasha played vital roles both in the Auspicious Incident ( the annihilation of the Janissary Corps in 1826 ) and in the formation of the new Mansure Army modeled after those of the European Powers . Appointed as serasker ( commander the army ) of the Mansure in May 1827 , Husrev reformed and disciplined the corps . Himself ignorant of modern military methods , he assembled a staff of foreign experts and other personnel to assist him , the Seraskeriye , which constituted the first staff in Ottoman history . Due to his early championing of military reform and virtual control over the new Ottoman army , Husrev was able to install many of his protégés in senior military positions . In total , Husrevs household produced more than 30 generals . Adoption of children raised to become high-ranking officers . Hüsrev Pasha adopted at early ages up to one hundred children , sometimes including slaves bought at market , who , after an attentive education , later became his protégés and rose to important positions in the state structure , the most notable of these being Ibrahim Edhem Pasha , a child from Chios bought in an İzmir slave market in 1822 after the horrific Chios massacre . Levy mentions that in the 27,000-strong initial Mansure Army of 1827 , the direct ancestor to todays Turkish Army , the officer corps included a core group of 70–80 of Husrev Pashas children . Adoption of the fez to replace the turban . Hüsrev Pasha was also instrumental for the near-abandonment of the turban and the adoption of the fez as a universal headgear for Muslim men of the Ottoman Empire ( excluding the religious classes ) under Sultan Mahmud II . He had seen the fez as worn occasionally by Tunisians and Algerians during a Mediterranean journey and introduced it to the Ottoman capital , from which the custom spread to all Ottoman lands including the nominal dependency of Egypt . Dress and headgear often signified symbol-laden and politically charged statements in Turkish lands . External links . - Gökçek Papers - Macedonia : Henry Noel Brailsford
[ "Grand Vizier" ]
[ { "text": "Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha ( also known as Koca Hüsrev Pasha ; sometimes known in Western sources as just Husrev Pasha or Khosrew Pasha ; 1769–1855 ) was an Ottoman admiral , reformer and statesman , who was Kapudan Pasha ( Grand Admiral ) of the Ottoman Navy . He reached the position of Grand Vizier rather late in his career , between 2 July 1839 and 8 June 1840 during the reign of Abdulmejid I . However , during the 1820s , he occupied key administrative roles in the fight against regional warlords , the reformation of the army", "title": "Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha" }, { "text": ", and the reformation of Turkish attire . He was one of the main statesmen who predicted a war with the Russian Empire , which would eventually be the case with the outbreak of the Crimean War .", "title": "Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha" }, { "text": "He was a protégé of Küçük Hüseyin Pasha , a reformer who became Kapudan Pasha in 1792 . In 1801 , Hüsrev Pasha commanded the 6,000 Ottoman troops who assisted the British in removing the French from Rashid ( Rosetta ) . For this , he was made governor of Egypt Eyalet ( province ) , in which position he was charged with assisting Hüseyin Pasha in the killing or imprisoning the surviving leaders of the Mamluks . Many of these were freed by or fled with the British , while others held Minia between Upper and Lower Egypt .", "title": "In Egypt" }, { "text": " Amid these disturbances , Husrev Pasha attempted to disband his Albanian bashi-bazouks without pay . This led to rioting that drove him from Cairo to Damietta , where he was ultimately captured by a combined Mamluk-Albanian army ( see Muhammad Alis seizure of power ) . He was later made governor again by Muhammad Ali for 2 days , although he held no real power ; he was released later . Provincial governor and Kapudan Pasha .", "title": "In Egypt" }, { "text": "Before leaving Egypt , he was appointed as governor of the Diyarbekir Eyalet . A year later , he was appointed governor of Salonica . In 1806 he was governor of Bosnia Eyalet ( as which he features in Ivo Andrićs novel Travnička hronika ) , before being reappointed as governor of Salonica in 1808 .", "title": "In Egypt" }, { "text": " Hüsrev Pasha held the rank of Kapudan Pasha of the Ottoman Navy from 1811 to 1818 . He was then appointed governor of the Eyalet of Trabzon twice , during which time he conducted for the Black Sea region of Turkey the struggle the central Ottoman state was waging against local feudal rulers ( Derebeys ) .", "title": "In Egypt" }, { "text": "On 19 January 1815 , Hüsrev Pasha summoned Dr . Lorenzo Noccrola , the long-serving chief physician to the Seraglio , to attend him at the Arsenal , explaining that his own physician was absent . The next morning , Noccrolas body was found lying on a road close to the Arsenal . On examination , he was found to have been strangled .", "title": "In Egypt" }, { "text": " Greek War of Independence . During the Greek War of Independence , he was appointed Kapudan Pasha again in the end of 1822 . In this role , he captured and destroyed the island of Psara in June 1824 and then moved against Samos , where he was joined by the Egyptian fleet . During the months of July and August , several skirmishes and constant maneuvers followed between the Ottoman and Greek fleets , culminating in the Battle of Gerontas , a Greek victory . Moderniser of the army .", "title": "In Egypt" }, { "text": "In 1826 , Husrev Pasha played vital roles both in the Auspicious Incident ( the annihilation of the Janissary Corps in 1826 ) and in the formation of the new Mansure Army modeled after those of the European Powers . Appointed as serasker ( commander the army ) of the Mansure in May 1827 , Husrev reformed and disciplined the corps . Himself ignorant of modern military methods , he assembled a staff of foreign experts and other personnel to assist him , the Seraskeriye , which constituted the first staff in Ottoman history . Due to his early championing", "title": "In Egypt" }, { "text": "of military reform and virtual control over the new Ottoman army , Husrev was able to install many of his protégés in senior military positions . In total , Husrevs household produced more than 30 generals .", "title": "In Egypt" }, { "text": "Hüsrev Pasha adopted at early ages up to one hundred children , sometimes including slaves bought at market , who , after an attentive education , later became his protégés and rose to important positions in the state structure , the most notable of these being Ibrahim Edhem Pasha , a child from Chios bought in an İzmir slave market in 1822 after the horrific Chios massacre . Levy mentions that in the 27,000-strong initial Mansure Army of 1827 , the direct ancestor to todays Turkish Army , the officer corps included a core group of 70–80 of Husrev Pashas", "title": "In Egypt" }, { "text": "children .", "title": "In Egypt" }, { "text": "Hüsrev Pasha was also instrumental for the near-abandonment of the turban and the adoption of the fez as a universal headgear for Muslim men of the Ottoman Empire ( excluding the religious classes ) under Sultan Mahmud II . He had seen the fez as worn occasionally by Tunisians and Algerians during a Mediterranean journey and introduced it to the Ottoman capital , from which the custom spread to all Ottoman lands including the nominal dependency of Egypt . Dress and headgear often signified symbol-laden and politically charged statements in Turkish lands .", "title": "In Egypt" }, { "text": " - Gökçek Papers - Macedonia : Henry Noel Brailsford", "title": "External links" } ]
/wiki/Jan_Jansson_(footballer)#P54#0
Jan Jansson (footballer) played for which team in Dec 1985?
Jan Jansson ( footballer ) Anders Jan Ove Jansson ( born 26 January 1968 ) is a former Swedish professional footballer who played as a midfielder . At the club level he represented Kalmar FF , Östers IF , IFK Norrköping , and Port Vale between 1985 and 2001 . He won seven caps for the Sweden national team between 1991 and 1994 , and was a squad member for his country at UEFA Euro 1992 . Club career . Kalmar FF . Jansson began his senior career at Kalmar FF , and played 11 games in the Allsvenskan in 1985 , as the Red brothers finished second , just two points behind champions Malmö . He then featured 17 times in 1986 , as the club slipped down the table and ended the season in the relegation zone . They suffered a second successive relegation zone in 1987 , and dropped out of Division 1 Södra , despite Jansson scoring three goals in 16 games . Östers IF . Jansson moved back to the top-flight with Östers , and scored two goals in 20 league games in 1988 as the club was relegated into Division 1 . New manager Hans Backe then led Östers to the Division 1 Södra title in 1989 , with Jansson scoring 14 goals in 26 appearances . He then scored five goals in 22 games in 1990 , as the team secured European football with a fourth-place finish . He then scored 13 goals in 31 appearances in 1991 , and also scored a goal against Olympique Lyonnais in the UEFA Cup . He went on to score eight goals in 28 games in 1992 , as Östers finished second in the league , seven points behind champions Norrköping . IFK Norrköping . He moved on to league champions Norrköping , and scored eight goals in 23 games as they finished second in the league in 1993 , some five points behind champions Göteborg . He played 19 games without finding the net in 1994 , as Norrköping finished in fourth place . He featured 25 times in 1995 , as they had to beat GAIS over two legs after finishing in the relegation play-off zone . He scored one goal in six games in 1996 , as Norrköping finished in eighth place . Loan to Port Vale . He moved to England with First Division side Port Vale on a three-month loan in November 1996 , during the Swedish winter break . He played 11 league games in the 1996–97 season , and scored his first goal in the Football League at Vale Park on 19 January , in a 4–4 draw with Queens Park Rangers . Back with Norrköping , he scored two goals in nine games in the 1997 season . Port Vale . Port Vale manager John Rudge signed him permanently during the summer of 1997 for a £200,000 fee . He scored five goals in 32 league and two League Cup appearances in the 1997–98 season , the last two of which helped to secure a 4–0 win over Huddersfield Town at the Alfred McAlpine Stadium on the final day of the season – the victory kept the Valiants out of the relegation zone . Jansson said that That’s the first time in my career that I haven’t been able to sleep before a game . In Sweden you play almost for fun , but here this is my work and it was important we stayed up . However , he featured just eight times in the 1998–99 season before being released by new manager Brian Horton in February . Return to IFK Norrköping . Jansson returned to Sweden and to former club Norrkoping to make four appearances in 1999 . He then played five games in 2000 and six games in 2001 , before retiring from Nya Parken . International career . Jansson was a part of the Sweden U21 team that reached the semi-finals of the 1990 UEFA European Under-21 Championship . He won seven caps for the senior Sweden team between 1991 and 1994 and represented his country at UEFA Euro 1992 and the Joe Robbie Cup . Style of play . Jansson was a cultured midfielder and a dead ball specialist . Honours . - Kalmar - Allsvenskan runner-up : 1985 - Östers - Swedish Football Division 1 Södra champion : 1989 - Allsvenskan runner-up : 1992 - Norrköping - Allsvenskan runner-up : 1993
[ "Kalmar FF" ]
[ { "text": " Anders Jan Ove Jansson ( born 26 January 1968 ) is a former Swedish professional footballer who played as a midfielder . At the club level he represented Kalmar FF , Östers IF , IFK Norrköping , and Port Vale between 1985 and 2001 . He won seven caps for the Sweden national team between 1991 and 1994 , and was a squad member for his country at UEFA Euro 1992 .", "title": "Jan Jansson ( footballer )" }, { "text": " Jansson began his senior career at Kalmar FF , and played 11 games in the Allsvenskan in 1985 , as the Red brothers finished second , just two points behind champions Malmö . He then featured 17 times in 1986 , as the club slipped down the table and ended the season in the relegation zone . They suffered a second successive relegation zone in 1987 , and dropped out of Division 1 Södra , despite Jansson scoring three goals in 16 games .", "title": "Kalmar FF" }, { "text": "Jansson moved back to the top-flight with Östers , and scored two goals in 20 league games in 1988 as the club was relegated into Division 1 . New manager Hans Backe then led Östers to the Division 1 Södra title in 1989 , with Jansson scoring 14 goals in 26 appearances . He then scored five goals in 22 games in 1990 , as the team secured European football with a fourth-place finish . He then scored 13 goals in 31 appearances in 1991 , and also scored a goal against Olympique Lyonnais in the UEFA Cup . He", "title": "Östers IF" }, { "text": "went on to score eight goals in 28 games in 1992 , as Östers finished second in the league , seven points behind champions Norrköping .", "title": "Östers IF" }, { "text": " He moved on to league champions Norrköping , and scored eight goals in 23 games as they finished second in the league in 1993 , some five points behind champions Göteborg . He played 19 games without finding the net in 1994 , as Norrköping finished in fourth place . He featured 25 times in 1995 , as they had to beat GAIS over two legs after finishing in the relegation play-off zone . He scored one goal in six games in 1996 , as Norrköping finished in eighth place . Loan to Port Vale .", "title": "IFK Norrköping" }, { "text": "He moved to England with First Division side Port Vale on a three-month loan in November 1996 , during the Swedish winter break . He played 11 league games in the 1996–97 season , and scored his first goal in the Football League at Vale Park on 19 January , in a 4–4 draw with Queens Park Rangers . Back with Norrköping , he scored two goals in nine games in the 1997 season .", "title": "IFK Norrköping" }, { "text": "Port Vale manager John Rudge signed him permanently during the summer of 1997 for a £200,000 fee . He scored five goals in 32 league and two League Cup appearances in the 1997–98 season , the last two of which helped to secure a 4–0 win over Huddersfield Town at the Alfred McAlpine Stadium on the final day of the season – the victory kept the Valiants out of the relegation zone . Jansson said that That’s the first time in my career that I haven’t been able to sleep before a game . In Sweden you play almost for", "title": "Port Vale" }, { "text": "fun , but here this is my work and it was important we stayed up . However , he featured just eight times in the 1998–99 season before being released by new manager Brian Horton in February .", "title": "Port Vale" }, { "text": " Return to IFK Norrköping . Jansson returned to Sweden and to former club Norrkoping to make four appearances in 1999 . He then played five games in 2000 and six games in 2001 , before retiring from Nya Parken .", "title": "Port Vale" }, { "text": " Jansson was a part of the Sweden U21 team that reached the semi-finals of the 1990 UEFA European Under-21 Championship . He won seven caps for the senior Sweden team between 1991 and 1994 and represented his country at UEFA Euro 1992 and the Joe Robbie Cup .", "title": "International career" }, { "text": " - Kalmar - Allsvenskan runner-up : 1985 - Östers - Swedish Football Division 1 Södra champion : 1989 - Allsvenskan runner-up : 1992 - Norrköping - Allsvenskan runner-up : 1993", "title": "Honours" } ]
/wiki/Jan_Jansson_(footballer)#P54#1
Jan Jansson (footballer) played for which team in Nov 1989?
Jan Jansson ( footballer ) Anders Jan Ove Jansson ( born 26 January 1968 ) is a former Swedish professional footballer who played as a midfielder . At the club level he represented Kalmar FF , Östers IF , IFK Norrköping , and Port Vale between 1985 and 2001 . He won seven caps for the Sweden national team between 1991 and 1994 , and was a squad member for his country at UEFA Euro 1992 . Club career . Kalmar FF . Jansson began his senior career at Kalmar FF , and played 11 games in the Allsvenskan in 1985 , as the Red brothers finished second , just two points behind champions Malmö . He then featured 17 times in 1986 , as the club slipped down the table and ended the season in the relegation zone . They suffered a second successive relegation zone in 1987 , and dropped out of Division 1 Södra , despite Jansson scoring three goals in 16 games . Östers IF . Jansson moved back to the top-flight with Östers , and scored two goals in 20 league games in 1988 as the club was relegated into Division 1 . New manager Hans Backe then led Östers to the Division 1 Södra title in 1989 , with Jansson scoring 14 goals in 26 appearances . He then scored five goals in 22 games in 1990 , as the team secured European football with a fourth-place finish . He then scored 13 goals in 31 appearances in 1991 , and also scored a goal against Olympique Lyonnais in the UEFA Cup . He went on to score eight goals in 28 games in 1992 , as Östers finished second in the league , seven points behind champions Norrköping . IFK Norrköping . He moved on to league champions Norrköping , and scored eight goals in 23 games as they finished second in the league in 1993 , some five points behind champions Göteborg . He played 19 games without finding the net in 1994 , as Norrköping finished in fourth place . He featured 25 times in 1995 , as they had to beat GAIS over two legs after finishing in the relegation play-off zone . He scored one goal in six games in 1996 , as Norrköping finished in eighth place . Loan to Port Vale . He moved to England with First Division side Port Vale on a three-month loan in November 1996 , during the Swedish winter break . He played 11 league games in the 1996–97 season , and scored his first goal in the Football League at Vale Park on 19 January , in a 4–4 draw with Queens Park Rangers . Back with Norrköping , he scored two goals in nine games in the 1997 season . Port Vale . Port Vale manager John Rudge signed him permanently during the summer of 1997 for a £200,000 fee . He scored five goals in 32 league and two League Cup appearances in the 1997–98 season , the last two of which helped to secure a 4–0 win over Huddersfield Town at the Alfred McAlpine Stadium on the final day of the season – the victory kept the Valiants out of the relegation zone . Jansson said that That’s the first time in my career that I haven’t been able to sleep before a game . In Sweden you play almost for fun , but here this is my work and it was important we stayed up . However , he featured just eight times in the 1998–99 season before being released by new manager Brian Horton in February . Return to IFK Norrköping . Jansson returned to Sweden and to former club Norrkoping to make four appearances in 1999 . He then played five games in 2000 and six games in 2001 , before retiring from Nya Parken . International career . Jansson was a part of the Sweden U21 team that reached the semi-finals of the 1990 UEFA European Under-21 Championship . He won seven caps for the senior Sweden team between 1991 and 1994 and represented his country at UEFA Euro 1992 and the Joe Robbie Cup . Style of play . Jansson was a cultured midfielder and a dead ball specialist . Honours . - Kalmar - Allsvenskan runner-up : 1985 - Östers - Swedish Football Division 1 Södra champion : 1989 - Allsvenskan runner-up : 1992 - Norrköping - Allsvenskan runner-up : 1993
[ "Östers IF" ]
[ { "text": " Anders Jan Ove Jansson ( born 26 January 1968 ) is a former Swedish professional footballer who played as a midfielder . At the club level he represented Kalmar FF , Östers IF , IFK Norrköping , and Port Vale between 1985 and 2001 . He won seven caps for the Sweden national team between 1991 and 1994 , and was a squad member for his country at UEFA Euro 1992 .", "title": "Jan Jansson ( footballer )" }, { "text": " Jansson began his senior career at Kalmar FF , and played 11 games in the Allsvenskan in 1985 , as the Red brothers finished second , just two points behind champions Malmö . He then featured 17 times in 1986 , as the club slipped down the table and ended the season in the relegation zone . They suffered a second successive relegation zone in 1987 , and dropped out of Division 1 Södra , despite Jansson scoring three goals in 16 games .", "title": "Kalmar FF" }, { "text": "Jansson moved back to the top-flight with Östers , and scored two goals in 20 league games in 1988 as the club was relegated into Division 1 . New manager Hans Backe then led Östers to the Division 1 Södra title in 1989 , with Jansson scoring 14 goals in 26 appearances . He then scored five goals in 22 games in 1990 , as the team secured European football with a fourth-place finish . He then scored 13 goals in 31 appearances in 1991 , and also scored a goal against Olympique Lyonnais in the UEFA Cup . He", "title": "Östers IF" }, { "text": "went on to score eight goals in 28 games in 1992 , as Östers finished second in the league , seven points behind champions Norrköping .", "title": "Östers IF" }, { "text": " He moved on to league champions Norrköping , and scored eight goals in 23 games as they finished second in the league in 1993 , some five points behind champions Göteborg . He played 19 games without finding the net in 1994 , as Norrköping finished in fourth place . He featured 25 times in 1995 , as they had to beat GAIS over two legs after finishing in the relegation play-off zone . He scored one goal in six games in 1996 , as Norrköping finished in eighth place . Loan to Port Vale .", "title": "IFK Norrköping" }, { "text": "He moved to England with First Division side Port Vale on a three-month loan in November 1996 , during the Swedish winter break . He played 11 league games in the 1996–97 season , and scored his first goal in the Football League at Vale Park on 19 January , in a 4–4 draw with Queens Park Rangers . Back with Norrköping , he scored two goals in nine games in the 1997 season .", "title": "IFK Norrköping" }, { "text": "Port Vale manager John Rudge signed him permanently during the summer of 1997 for a £200,000 fee . He scored five goals in 32 league and two League Cup appearances in the 1997–98 season , the last two of which helped to secure a 4–0 win over Huddersfield Town at the Alfred McAlpine Stadium on the final day of the season – the victory kept the Valiants out of the relegation zone . Jansson said that That’s the first time in my career that I haven’t been able to sleep before a game . In Sweden you play almost for", "title": "Port Vale" }, { "text": "fun , but here this is my work and it was important we stayed up . However , he featured just eight times in the 1998–99 season before being released by new manager Brian Horton in February .", "title": "Port Vale" }, { "text": " Return to IFK Norrköping . Jansson returned to Sweden and to former club Norrkoping to make four appearances in 1999 . He then played five games in 2000 and six games in 2001 , before retiring from Nya Parken .", "title": "Port Vale" }, { "text": " Jansson was a part of the Sweden U21 team that reached the semi-finals of the 1990 UEFA European Under-21 Championship . He won seven caps for the senior Sweden team between 1991 and 1994 and represented his country at UEFA Euro 1992 and the Joe Robbie Cup .", "title": "International career" }, { "text": " - Kalmar - Allsvenskan runner-up : 1985 - Östers - Swedish Football Division 1 Södra champion : 1989 - Allsvenskan runner-up : 1992 - Norrköping - Allsvenskan runner-up : 1993", "title": "Honours" } ]
/wiki/Jan_Jansson_(footballer)#P54#2
Jan Jansson (footballer) played for which team between Feb 1994 and Aug 1994?
Jan Jansson ( footballer ) Anders Jan Ove Jansson ( born 26 January 1968 ) is a former Swedish professional footballer who played as a midfielder . At the club level he represented Kalmar FF , Östers IF , IFK Norrköping , and Port Vale between 1985 and 2001 . He won seven caps for the Sweden national team between 1991 and 1994 , and was a squad member for his country at UEFA Euro 1992 . Club career . Kalmar FF . Jansson began his senior career at Kalmar FF , and played 11 games in the Allsvenskan in 1985 , as the Red brothers finished second , just two points behind champions Malmö . He then featured 17 times in 1986 , as the club slipped down the table and ended the season in the relegation zone . They suffered a second successive relegation zone in 1987 , and dropped out of Division 1 Södra , despite Jansson scoring three goals in 16 games . Östers IF . Jansson moved back to the top-flight with Östers , and scored two goals in 20 league games in 1988 as the club was relegated into Division 1 . New manager Hans Backe then led Östers to the Division 1 Södra title in 1989 , with Jansson scoring 14 goals in 26 appearances . He then scored five goals in 22 games in 1990 , as the team secured European football with a fourth-place finish . He then scored 13 goals in 31 appearances in 1991 , and also scored a goal against Olympique Lyonnais in the UEFA Cup . He went on to score eight goals in 28 games in 1992 , as Östers finished second in the league , seven points behind champions Norrköping . IFK Norrköping . He moved on to league champions Norrköping , and scored eight goals in 23 games as they finished second in the league in 1993 , some five points behind champions Göteborg . He played 19 games without finding the net in 1994 , as Norrköping finished in fourth place . He featured 25 times in 1995 , as they had to beat GAIS over two legs after finishing in the relegation play-off zone . He scored one goal in six games in 1996 , as Norrköping finished in eighth place . Loan to Port Vale . He moved to England with First Division side Port Vale on a three-month loan in November 1996 , during the Swedish winter break . He played 11 league games in the 1996–97 season , and scored his first goal in the Football League at Vale Park on 19 January , in a 4–4 draw with Queens Park Rangers . Back with Norrköping , he scored two goals in nine games in the 1997 season . Port Vale . Port Vale manager John Rudge signed him permanently during the summer of 1997 for a £200,000 fee . He scored five goals in 32 league and two League Cup appearances in the 1997–98 season , the last two of which helped to secure a 4–0 win over Huddersfield Town at the Alfred McAlpine Stadium on the final day of the season – the victory kept the Valiants out of the relegation zone . Jansson said that That’s the first time in my career that I haven’t been able to sleep before a game . In Sweden you play almost for fun , but here this is my work and it was important we stayed up . However , he featured just eight times in the 1998–99 season before being released by new manager Brian Horton in February . Return to IFK Norrköping . Jansson returned to Sweden and to former club Norrkoping to make four appearances in 1999 . He then played five games in 2000 and six games in 2001 , before retiring from Nya Parken . International career . Jansson was a part of the Sweden U21 team that reached the semi-finals of the 1990 UEFA European Under-21 Championship . He won seven caps for the senior Sweden team between 1991 and 1994 and represented his country at UEFA Euro 1992 and the Joe Robbie Cup . Style of play . Jansson was a cultured midfielder and a dead ball specialist . Honours . - Kalmar - Allsvenskan runner-up : 1985 - Östers - Swedish Football Division 1 Södra champion : 1989 - Allsvenskan runner-up : 1992 - Norrköping - Allsvenskan runner-up : 1993
[ "IFK Norrköping" ]
[ { "text": " Anders Jan Ove Jansson ( born 26 January 1968 ) is a former Swedish professional footballer who played as a midfielder . At the club level he represented Kalmar FF , Östers IF , IFK Norrköping , and Port Vale between 1985 and 2001 . He won seven caps for the Sweden national team between 1991 and 1994 , and was a squad member for his country at UEFA Euro 1992 .", "title": "Jan Jansson ( footballer )" }, { "text": " Jansson began his senior career at Kalmar FF , and played 11 games in the Allsvenskan in 1985 , as the Red brothers finished second , just two points behind champions Malmö . He then featured 17 times in 1986 , as the club slipped down the table and ended the season in the relegation zone . They suffered a second successive relegation zone in 1987 , and dropped out of Division 1 Södra , despite Jansson scoring three goals in 16 games .", "title": "Kalmar FF" }, { "text": "Jansson moved back to the top-flight with Östers , and scored two goals in 20 league games in 1988 as the club was relegated into Division 1 . New manager Hans Backe then led Östers to the Division 1 Södra title in 1989 , with Jansson scoring 14 goals in 26 appearances . He then scored five goals in 22 games in 1990 , as the team secured European football with a fourth-place finish . He then scored 13 goals in 31 appearances in 1991 , and also scored a goal against Olympique Lyonnais in the UEFA Cup . He", "title": "Östers IF" }, { "text": "went on to score eight goals in 28 games in 1992 , as Östers finished second in the league , seven points behind champions Norrköping .", "title": "Östers IF" }, { "text": " He moved on to league champions Norrköping , and scored eight goals in 23 games as they finished second in the league in 1993 , some five points behind champions Göteborg . He played 19 games without finding the net in 1994 , as Norrköping finished in fourth place . He featured 25 times in 1995 , as they had to beat GAIS over two legs after finishing in the relegation play-off zone . He scored one goal in six games in 1996 , as Norrköping finished in eighth place . Loan to Port Vale .", "title": "IFK Norrköping" }, { "text": "He moved to England with First Division side Port Vale on a three-month loan in November 1996 , during the Swedish winter break . He played 11 league games in the 1996–97 season , and scored his first goal in the Football League at Vale Park on 19 January , in a 4–4 draw with Queens Park Rangers . Back with Norrköping , he scored two goals in nine games in the 1997 season .", "title": "IFK Norrköping" }, { "text": "Port Vale manager John Rudge signed him permanently during the summer of 1997 for a £200,000 fee . He scored five goals in 32 league and two League Cup appearances in the 1997–98 season , the last two of which helped to secure a 4–0 win over Huddersfield Town at the Alfred McAlpine Stadium on the final day of the season – the victory kept the Valiants out of the relegation zone . Jansson said that That’s the first time in my career that I haven’t been able to sleep before a game . In Sweden you play almost for", "title": "Port Vale" }, { "text": "fun , but here this is my work and it was important we stayed up . However , he featured just eight times in the 1998–99 season before being released by new manager Brian Horton in February .", "title": "Port Vale" }, { "text": " Return to IFK Norrköping . Jansson returned to Sweden and to former club Norrkoping to make four appearances in 1999 . He then played five games in 2000 and six games in 2001 , before retiring from Nya Parken .", "title": "Port Vale" }, { "text": " Jansson was a part of the Sweden U21 team that reached the semi-finals of the 1990 UEFA European Under-21 Championship . He won seven caps for the senior Sweden team between 1991 and 1994 and represented his country at UEFA Euro 1992 and the Joe Robbie Cup .", "title": "International career" }, { "text": " - Kalmar - Allsvenskan runner-up : 1985 - Östers - Swedish Football Division 1 Södra champion : 1989 - Allsvenskan runner-up : 1992 - Norrköping - Allsvenskan runner-up : 1993", "title": "Honours" } ]
/wiki/Jan_Jansson_(footballer)#P54#3
Jan Jansson (footballer) played for which team between Mar 1996 and Aug 1996?
Jan Jansson ( footballer ) Anders Jan Ove Jansson ( born 26 January 1968 ) is a former Swedish professional footballer who played as a midfielder . At the club level he represented Kalmar FF , Östers IF , IFK Norrköping , and Port Vale between 1985 and 2001 . He won seven caps for the Sweden national team between 1991 and 1994 , and was a squad member for his country at UEFA Euro 1992 . Club career . Kalmar FF . Jansson began his senior career at Kalmar FF , and played 11 games in the Allsvenskan in 1985 , as the Red brothers finished second , just two points behind champions Malmö . He then featured 17 times in 1986 , as the club slipped down the table and ended the season in the relegation zone . They suffered a second successive relegation zone in 1987 , and dropped out of Division 1 Södra , despite Jansson scoring three goals in 16 games . Östers IF . Jansson moved back to the top-flight with Östers , and scored two goals in 20 league games in 1988 as the club was relegated into Division 1 . New manager Hans Backe then led Östers to the Division 1 Södra title in 1989 , with Jansson scoring 14 goals in 26 appearances . He then scored five goals in 22 games in 1990 , as the team secured European football with a fourth-place finish . He then scored 13 goals in 31 appearances in 1991 , and also scored a goal against Olympique Lyonnais in the UEFA Cup . He went on to score eight goals in 28 games in 1992 , as Östers finished second in the league , seven points behind champions Norrköping . IFK Norrköping . He moved on to league champions Norrköping , and scored eight goals in 23 games as they finished second in the league in 1993 , some five points behind champions Göteborg . He played 19 games without finding the net in 1994 , as Norrköping finished in fourth place . He featured 25 times in 1995 , as they had to beat GAIS over two legs after finishing in the relegation play-off zone . He scored one goal in six games in 1996 , as Norrköping finished in eighth place . Loan to Port Vale . He moved to England with First Division side Port Vale on a three-month loan in November 1996 , during the Swedish winter break . He played 11 league games in the 1996–97 season , and scored his first goal in the Football League at Vale Park on 19 January , in a 4–4 draw with Queens Park Rangers . Back with Norrköping , he scored two goals in nine games in the 1997 season . Port Vale . Port Vale manager John Rudge signed him permanently during the summer of 1997 for a £200,000 fee . He scored five goals in 32 league and two League Cup appearances in the 1997–98 season , the last two of which helped to secure a 4–0 win over Huddersfield Town at the Alfred McAlpine Stadium on the final day of the season – the victory kept the Valiants out of the relegation zone . Jansson said that That’s the first time in my career that I haven’t been able to sleep before a game . In Sweden you play almost for fun , but here this is my work and it was important we stayed up . However , he featured just eight times in the 1998–99 season before being released by new manager Brian Horton in February . Return to IFK Norrköping . Jansson returned to Sweden and to former club Norrkoping to make four appearances in 1999 . He then played five games in 2000 and six games in 2001 , before retiring from Nya Parken . International career . Jansson was a part of the Sweden U21 team that reached the semi-finals of the 1990 UEFA European Under-21 Championship . He won seven caps for the senior Sweden team between 1991 and 1994 and represented his country at UEFA Euro 1992 and the Joe Robbie Cup . Style of play . Jansson was a cultured midfielder and a dead ball specialist . Honours . - Kalmar - Allsvenskan runner-up : 1985 - Östers - Swedish Football Division 1 Södra champion : 1989 - Allsvenskan runner-up : 1992 - Norrköping - Allsvenskan runner-up : 1993
[ "Port Vale", "IFK Norrköping" ]
[ { "text": " Anders Jan Ove Jansson ( born 26 January 1968 ) is a former Swedish professional footballer who played as a midfielder . At the club level he represented Kalmar FF , Östers IF , IFK Norrköping , and Port Vale between 1985 and 2001 . He won seven caps for the Sweden national team between 1991 and 1994 , and was a squad member for his country at UEFA Euro 1992 .", "title": "Jan Jansson ( footballer )" }, { "text": " Jansson began his senior career at Kalmar FF , and played 11 games in the Allsvenskan in 1985 , as the Red brothers finished second , just two points behind champions Malmö . He then featured 17 times in 1986 , as the club slipped down the table and ended the season in the relegation zone . They suffered a second successive relegation zone in 1987 , and dropped out of Division 1 Södra , despite Jansson scoring three goals in 16 games .", "title": "Kalmar FF" }, { "text": "Jansson moved back to the top-flight with Östers , and scored two goals in 20 league games in 1988 as the club was relegated into Division 1 . New manager Hans Backe then led Östers to the Division 1 Södra title in 1989 , with Jansson scoring 14 goals in 26 appearances . He then scored five goals in 22 games in 1990 , as the team secured European football with a fourth-place finish . He then scored 13 goals in 31 appearances in 1991 , and also scored a goal against Olympique Lyonnais in the UEFA Cup . He", "title": "Östers IF" }, { "text": "went on to score eight goals in 28 games in 1992 , as Östers finished second in the league , seven points behind champions Norrköping .", "title": "Östers IF" }, { "text": " He moved on to league champions Norrköping , and scored eight goals in 23 games as they finished second in the league in 1993 , some five points behind champions Göteborg . He played 19 games without finding the net in 1994 , as Norrköping finished in fourth place . He featured 25 times in 1995 , as they had to beat GAIS over two legs after finishing in the relegation play-off zone . He scored one goal in six games in 1996 , as Norrköping finished in eighth place . Loan to Port Vale .", "title": "IFK Norrköping" }, { "text": "He moved to England with First Division side Port Vale on a three-month loan in November 1996 , during the Swedish winter break . He played 11 league games in the 1996–97 season , and scored his first goal in the Football League at Vale Park on 19 January , in a 4–4 draw with Queens Park Rangers . Back with Norrköping , he scored two goals in nine games in the 1997 season .", "title": "IFK Norrköping" }, { "text": "Port Vale manager John Rudge signed him permanently during the summer of 1997 for a £200,000 fee . He scored five goals in 32 league and two League Cup appearances in the 1997–98 season , the last two of which helped to secure a 4–0 win over Huddersfield Town at the Alfred McAlpine Stadium on the final day of the season – the victory kept the Valiants out of the relegation zone . Jansson said that That’s the first time in my career that I haven’t been able to sleep before a game . In Sweden you play almost for", "title": "Port Vale" }, { "text": "fun , but here this is my work and it was important we stayed up . However , he featured just eight times in the 1998–99 season before being released by new manager Brian Horton in February .", "title": "Port Vale" }, { "text": " Return to IFK Norrköping . Jansson returned to Sweden and to former club Norrkoping to make four appearances in 1999 . He then played five games in 2000 and six games in 2001 , before retiring from Nya Parken .", "title": "Port Vale" }, { "text": " Jansson was a part of the Sweden U21 team that reached the semi-finals of the 1990 UEFA European Under-21 Championship . He won seven caps for the senior Sweden team between 1991 and 1994 and represented his country at UEFA Euro 1992 and the Joe Robbie Cup .", "title": "International career" }, { "text": " - Kalmar - Allsvenskan runner-up : 1985 - Östers - Swedish Football Division 1 Södra champion : 1989 - Allsvenskan runner-up : 1992 - Norrköping - Allsvenskan runner-up : 1993", "title": "Honours" } ]
/wiki/Jan_Jansson_(footballer)#P54#4
Jan Jansson (footballer) played for which team in Oct 1997?
Jan Jansson ( footballer ) Anders Jan Ove Jansson ( born 26 January 1968 ) is a former Swedish professional footballer who played as a midfielder . At the club level he represented Kalmar FF , Östers IF , IFK Norrköping , and Port Vale between 1985 and 2001 . He won seven caps for the Sweden national team between 1991 and 1994 , and was a squad member for his country at UEFA Euro 1992 . Club career . Kalmar FF . Jansson began his senior career at Kalmar FF , and played 11 games in the Allsvenskan in 1985 , as the Red brothers finished second , just two points behind champions Malmö . He then featured 17 times in 1986 , as the club slipped down the table and ended the season in the relegation zone . They suffered a second successive relegation zone in 1987 , and dropped out of Division 1 Södra , despite Jansson scoring three goals in 16 games . Östers IF . Jansson moved back to the top-flight with Östers , and scored two goals in 20 league games in 1988 as the club was relegated into Division 1 . New manager Hans Backe then led Östers to the Division 1 Södra title in 1989 , with Jansson scoring 14 goals in 26 appearances . He then scored five goals in 22 games in 1990 , as the team secured European football with a fourth-place finish . He then scored 13 goals in 31 appearances in 1991 , and also scored a goal against Olympique Lyonnais in the UEFA Cup . He went on to score eight goals in 28 games in 1992 , as Östers finished second in the league , seven points behind champions Norrköping . IFK Norrköping . He moved on to league champions Norrköping , and scored eight goals in 23 games as they finished second in the league in 1993 , some five points behind champions Göteborg . He played 19 games without finding the net in 1994 , as Norrköping finished in fourth place . He featured 25 times in 1995 , as they had to beat GAIS over two legs after finishing in the relegation play-off zone . He scored one goal in six games in 1996 , as Norrköping finished in eighth place . Loan to Port Vale . He moved to England with First Division side Port Vale on a three-month loan in November 1996 , during the Swedish winter break . He played 11 league games in the 1996–97 season , and scored his first goal in the Football League at Vale Park on 19 January , in a 4–4 draw with Queens Park Rangers . Back with Norrköping , he scored two goals in nine games in the 1997 season . Port Vale . Port Vale manager John Rudge signed him permanently during the summer of 1997 for a £200,000 fee . He scored five goals in 32 league and two League Cup appearances in the 1997–98 season , the last two of which helped to secure a 4–0 win over Huddersfield Town at the Alfred McAlpine Stadium on the final day of the season – the victory kept the Valiants out of the relegation zone . Jansson said that That’s the first time in my career that I haven’t been able to sleep before a game . In Sweden you play almost for fun , but here this is my work and it was important we stayed up . However , he featured just eight times in the 1998–99 season before being released by new manager Brian Horton in February . Return to IFK Norrköping . Jansson returned to Sweden and to former club Norrkoping to make four appearances in 1999 . He then played five games in 2000 and six games in 2001 , before retiring from Nya Parken . International career . Jansson was a part of the Sweden U21 team that reached the semi-finals of the 1990 UEFA European Under-21 Championship . He won seven caps for the senior Sweden team between 1991 and 1994 and represented his country at UEFA Euro 1992 and the Joe Robbie Cup . Style of play . Jansson was a cultured midfielder and a dead ball specialist . Honours . - Kalmar - Allsvenskan runner-up : 1985 - Östers - Swedish Football Division 1 Södra champion : 1989 - Allsvenskan runner-up : 1992 - Norrköping - Allsvenskan runner-up : 1993
[ "Port Vale", "IFK Norrköping" ]
[ { "text": " Anders Jan Ove Jansson ( born 26 January 1968 ) is a former Swedish professional footballer who played as a midfielder . At the club level he represented Kalmar FF , Östers IF , IFK Norrköping , and Port Vale between 1985 and 2001 . He won seven caps for the Sweden national team between 1991 and 1994 , and was a squad member for his country at UEFA Euro 1992 .", "title": "Jan Jansson ( footballer )" }, { "text": " Jansson began his senior career at Kalmar FF , and played 11 games in the Allsvenskan in 1985 , as the Red brothers finished second , just two points behind champions Malmö . He then featured 17 times in 1986 , as the club slipped down the table and ended the season in the relegation zone . They suffered a second successive relegation zone in 1987 , and dropped out of Division 1 Södra , despite Jansson scoring three goals in 16 games .", "title": "Kalmar FF" }, { "text": "Jansson moved back to the top-flight with Östers , and scored two goals in 20 league games in 1988 as the club was relegated into Division 1 . New manager Hans Backe then led Östers to the Division 1 Södra title in 1989 , with Jansson scoring 14 goals in 26 appearances . He then scored five goals in 22 games in 1990 , as the team secured European football with a fourth-place finish . He then scored 13 goals in 31 appearances in 1991 , and also scored a goal against Olympique Lyonnais in the UEFA Cup . He", "title": "Östers IF" }, { "text": "went on to score eight goals in 28 games in 1992 , as Östers finished second in the league , seven points behind champions Norrköping .", "title": "Östers IF" }, { "text": " He moved on to league champions Norrköping , and scored eight goals in 23 games as they finished second in the league in 1993 , some five points behind champions Göteborg . He played 19 games without finding the net in 1994 , as Norrköping finished in fourth place . He featured 25 times in 1995 , as they had to beat GAIS over two legs after finishing in the relegation play-off zone . He scored one goal in six games in 1996 , as Norrköping finished in eighth place . Loan to Port Vale .", "title": "IFK Norrköping" }, { "text": "He moved to England with First Division side Port Vale on a three-month loan in November 1996 , during the Swedish winter break . He played 11 league games in the 1996–97 season , and scored his first goal in the Football League at Vale Park on 19 January , in a 4–4 draw with Queens Park Rangers . Back with Norrköping , he scored two goals in nine games in the 1997 season .", "title": "IFK Norrköping" }, { "text": "Port Vale manager John Rudge signed him permanently during the summer of 1997 for a £200,000 fee . He scored five goals in 32 league and two League Cup appearances in the 1997–98 season , the last two of which helped to secure a 4–0 win over Huddersfield Town at the Alfred McAlpine Stadium on the final day of the season – the victory kept the Valiants out of the relegation zone . Jansson said that That’s the first time in my career that I haven’t been able to sleep before a game . In Sweden you play almost for", "title": "Port Vale" }, { "text": "fun , but here this is my work and it was important we stayed up . However , he featured just eight times in the 1998–99 season before being released by new manager Brian Horton in February .", "title": "Port Vale" }, { "text": " Return to IFK Norrköping . Jansson returned to Sweden and to former club Norrkoping to make four appearances in 1999 . He then played five games in 2000 and six games in 2001 , before retiring from Nya Parken .", "title": "Port Vale" }, { "text": " Jansson was a part of the Sweden U21 team that reached the semi-finals of the 1990 UEFA European Under-21 Championship . He won seven caps for the senior Sweden team between 1991 and 1994 and represented his country at UEFA Euro 1992 and the Joe Robbie Cup .", "title": "International career" }, { "text": " - Kalmar - Allsvenskan runner-up : 1985 - Östers - Swedish Football Division 1 Södra champion : 1989 - Allsvenskan runner-up : 1992 - Norrköping - Allsvenskan runner-up : 1993", "title": "Honours" } ]
/wiki/Jan_Jansson_(footballer)#P54#5
Jan Jansson (footballer) played for which team in Jan 2000?
Jan Jansson ( footballer ) Anders Jan Ove Jansson ( born 26 January 1968 ) is a former Swedish professional footballer who played as a midfielder . At the club level he represented Kalmar FF , Östers IF , IFK Norrköping , and Port Vale between 1985 and 2001 . He won seven caps for the Sweden national team between 1991 and 1994 , and was a squad member for his country at UEFA Euro 1992 . Club career . Kalmar FF . Jansson began his senior career at Kalmar FF , and played 11 games in the Allsvenskan in 1985 , as the Red brothers finished second , just two points behind champions Malmö . He then featured 17 times in 1986 , as the club slipped down the table and ended the season in the relegation zone . They suffered a second successive relegation zone in 1987 , and dropped out of Division 1 Södra , despite Jansson scoring three goals in 16 games . Östers IF . Jansson moved back to the top-flight with Östers , and scored two goals in 20 league games in 1988 as the club was relegated into Division 1 . New manager Hans Backe then led Östers to the Division 1 Södra title in 1989 , with Jansson scoring 14 goals in 26 appearances . He then scored five goals in 22 games in 1990 , as the team secured European football with a fourth-place finish . He then scored 13 goals in 31 appearances in 1991 , and also scored a goal against Olympique Lyonnais in the UEFA Cup . He went on to score eight goals in 28 games in 1992 , as Östers finished second in the league , seven points behind champions Norrköping . IFK Norrköping . He moved on to league champions Norrköping , and scored eight goals in 23 games as they finished second in the league in 1993 , some five points behind champions Göteborg . He played 19 games without finding the net in 1994 , as Norrköping finished in fourth place . He featured 25 times in 1995 , as they had to beat GAIS over two legs after finishing in the relegation play-off zone . He scored one goal in six games in 1996 , as Norrköping finished in eighth place . Loan to Port Vale . He moved to England with First Division side Port Vale on a three-month loan in November 1996 , during the Swedish winter break . He played 11 league games in the 1996–97 season , and scored his first goal in the Football League at Vale Park on 19 January , in a 4–4 draw with Queens Park Rangers . Back with Norrköping , he scored two goals in nine games in the 1997 season . Port Vale . Port Vale manager John Rudge signed him permanently during the summer of 1997 for a £200,000 fee . He scored five goals in 32 league and two League Cup appearances in the 1997–98 season , the last two of which helped to secure a 4–0 win over Huddersfield Town at the Alfred McAlpine Stadium on the final day of the season – the victory kept the Valiants out of the relegation zone . Jansson said that That’s the first time in my career that I haven’t been able to sleep before a game . In Sweden you play almost for fun , but here this is my work and it was important we stayed up . However , he featured just eight times in the 1998–99 season before being released by new manager Brian Horton in February . Return to IFK Norrköping . Jansson returned to Sweden and to former club Norrkoping to make four appearances in 1999 . He then played five games in 2000 and six games in 2001 , before retiring from Nya Parken . International career . Jansson was a part of the Sweden U21 team that reached the semi-finals of the 1990 UEFA European Under-21 Championship . He won seven caps for the senior Sweden team between 1991 and 1994 and represented his country at UEFA Euro 1992 and the Joe Robbie Cup . Style of play . Jansson was a cultured midfielder and a dead ball specialist . Honours . - Kalmar - Allsvenskan runner-up : 1985 - Östers - Swedish Football Division 1 Södra champion : 1989 - Allsvenskan runner-up : 1992 - Norrköping - Allsvenskan runner-up : 1993
[ "IFK Norrköping" ]
[ { "text": " Anders Jan Ove Jansson ( born 26 January 1968 ) is a former Swedish professional footballer who played as a midfielder . At the club level he represented Kalmar FF , Östers IF , IFK Norrköping , and Port Vale between 1985 and 2001 . He won seven caps for the Sweden national team between 1991 and 1994 , and was a squad member for his country at UEFA Euro 1992 .", "title": "Jan Jansson ( footballer )" }, { "text": " Jansson began his senior career at Kalmar FF , and played 11 games in the Allsvenskan in 1985 , as the Red brothers finished second , just two points behind champions Malmö . He then featured 17 times in 1986 , as the club slipped down the table and ended the season in the relegation zone . They suffered a second successive relegation zone in 1987 , and dropped out of Division 1 Södra , despite Jansson scoring three goals in 16 games .", "title": "Kalmar FF" }, { "text": "Jansson moved back to the top-flight with Östers , and scored two goals in 20 league games in 1988 as the club was relegated into Division 1 . New manager Hans Backe then led Östers to the Division 1 Södra title in 1989 , with Jansson scoring 14 goals in 26 appearances . He then scored five goals in 22 games in 1990 , as the team secured European football with a fourth-place finish . He then scored 13 goals in 31 appearances in 1991 , and also scored a goal against Olympique Lyonnais in the UEFA Cup . He", "title": "Östers IF" }, { "text": "went on to score eight goals in 28 games in 1992 , as Östers finished second in the league , seven points behind champions Norrköping .", "title": "Östers IF" }, { "text": " He moved on to league champions Norrköping , and scored eight goals in 23 games as they finished second in the league in 1993 , some five points behind champions Göteborg . He played 19 games without finding the net in 1994 , as Norrköping finished in fourth place . He featured 25 times in 1995 , as they had to beat GAIS over two legs after finishing in the relegation play-off zone . He scored one goal in six games in 1996 , as Norrköping finished in eighth place . Loan to Port Vale .", "title": "IFK Norrköping" }, { "text": "He moved to England with First Division side Port Vale on a three-month loan in November 1996 , during the Swedish winter break . He played 11 league games in the 1996–97 season , and scored his first goal in the Football League at Vale Park on 19 January , in a 4–4 draw with Queens Park Rangers . Back with Norrköping , he scored two goals in nine games in the 1997 season .", "title": "IFK Norrköping" }, { "text": "Port Vale manager John Rudge signed him permanently during the summer of 1997 for a £200,000 fee . He scored five goals in 32 league and two League Cup appearances in the 1997–98 season , the last two of which helped to secure a 4–0 win over Huddersfield Town at the Alfred McAlpine Stadium on the final day of the season – the victory kept the Valiants out of the relegation zone . Jansson said that That’s the first time in my career that I haven’t been able to sleep before a game . In Sweden you play almost for", "title": "Port Vale" }, { "text": "fun , but here this is my work and it was important we stayed up . However , he featured just eight times in the 1998–99 season before being released by new manager Brian Horton in February .", "title": "Port Vale" }, { "text": " Return to IFK Norrköping . Jansson returned to Sweden and to former club Norrkoping to make four appearances in 1999 . He then played five games in 2000 and six games in 2001 , before retiring from Nya Parken .", "title": "Port Vale" }, { "text": " Jansson was a part of the Sweden U21 team that reached the semi-finals of the 1990 UEFA European Under-21 Championship . He won seven caps for the senior Sweden team between 1991 and 1994 and represented his country at UEFA Euro 1992 and the Joe Robbie Cup .", "title": "International career" }, { "text": " - Kalmar - Allsvenskan runner-up : 1985 - Östers - Swedish Football Division 1 Södra champion : 1989 - Allsvenskan runner-up : 1992 - Norrköping - Allsvenskan runner-up : 1993", "title": "Honours" } ]
/wiki/Flekkefjord_Line#P127#0
Who owned Flekkefjord Line between Jun 1995 and Oct 1995?
Flekkefjord Line The Flekkefjord Line ( ) is a abandoned branch line to the Sørland Line . It ran between Sira and Flekkefjord in Agder , Norway . The only current activity on the line is tourist draisines . The station buildings along the line were designed by the architect Paul Armin Due—these have all been demolished . The line opened in 1904 as a extension of the narrow gauge Jæren Line . It was planned as the first step of a main line along the South Coast . At Flekkefjord , there was steam ship connection , onwards to Oslo . In 1941 , the line was converted to standard gauge , and in 1944 the Sørland Line was completed . The western part of the Flekkefjord Line was integrated into it , while the remaining section became the branch line that kept the name Flekkefjord Line . During the 1940s , steam locomotive-hauled trains were replaced by railcars . Following the declining traffic , in part due to the slow speeds caused by the lines narrow profile , the line was closed , with the last trains running in 1990 . History . Construction . The first committee that looked into the possibility of a railway to Flekkefjord was created in 1875 . After the completion of Jæren Line from Stavanger to Egersund , in 1878 , proposals were made to build an extension westwards along the coast , that eventually would reach Oslo . The first part of what was named the Vestland Line was passed by Parliament in 1894 , and would run from Egersund , via Sira , to Flekkefjord . The initial proposal proposed that the line would eventually continue onwards via Mandal to Kristiansand . The decision to build the line was taken by the Parliament of Norway in 1894 . Construction started in 1896 , and was originally planned to be completed by 1902 . However , delays prevented the line from being be brought into use before 1 November 1904 . The line was built by the Norwegian State Railways ( NSB ) and was long . The coast between Egersund and Flekkefjord would give a very difficult route to build , so it was decided to build a more inland line . Like the Jæren Line , and most railways being built at the time , the Flekkefjord Line was built in narrow gauge . Both telephone and telegraph cables were laid along the line . Along the section from Sirnes to Flekkefjord , there were many vertical cliffs straight into the fjord , forcing , or 38 percent , of the line to be built in tunnels . Of the whole length from Egersund to Flekkefjord , there are 46 tunnels , totaling . The most prominent was Ravnejuret Tunnel which is long . Just before Flekkefjord , a bridge was built that crosses Selurelva ; it was a reused bridge from the Voss Line . In total , about 12% of the line consisted of tunnels . Francis Hagerup , when delivering the lines opening speech , remarked that no other railway had until then been more difficult to construct . All the stations along the line were designed by Paul Armin Due , with all but the terminal station built in wood . Flekkefjord Station was built as a three-story brick building in Art Nouveau . In addition , there was construction a depot and a wharf at Flekkefjord . Passengers could transfer to steam ship services that operated eastwards along the south coast towards Oslo . Pre-war operations . The first part of the line to open for temporary operation was between Flekkefjord and Moi on 1 October 1904 . For the official opening , the town of Flekkefjord was adorned with Norwegian flags . A train departed to Egersund on 31 October 1904 with several notable passengers : Prime Minister Francis Hagerup , State Railways director Elias Sunde and board member Sven Aarrestad , director of traffic Jens Christian Mellbye , Flekkefjords mayor and city council as well as other mayors of the district . Festivities continued on the next day , when the train returned from Egersund to Flekkefjord . Initially there were four services in each direction each day , with three services on holy days . The train that connected with the steam ship would wait up to 45 minutes in case of delays , to allow connection . Until 1927 , the routes remained the same . That year , the Kragerø Line opened , and it became possible to take a night train from Oslo to Kragerø , continue by bus to Flekkefjord , and be in Stavanger the following afternoon . Travel time was further reduced when the Sørland Line was extended to Arendal in 1935 . The initial rolling stock was from the Voss Line , and some of the bridges and track was from that line too . The Voss Line was being upgraded to rail tracks , and of track was used on the Flekkefjord Line . Until 1927 , all trains were operated with steam locomotives . NSB introduced the first diesel multiple unit with the introduction of lightning trains that corresponded with coach services that connected with the Kragerø Line . The first were Class 14 railcars . These reduced travel time from Flekkefjord to Stavanger by 50 minutes to 3 hours 15 minutes . In addition to passengers , major cargo were herring and lumber . Connecting the coast . In 1923 , it was decided by parliament that the Sørland Line , that would connect Oslo , Kristiansand and Stavanger , would follow an inner route . The section of the Flekkefjord Line from Egersund to Sira would become part of that line , while the eastern from Sira to Flekkefjord would become a branch line , retaining the Flekkefjord Line name . Since the Sørland Line needed to be built from the east , construction along the Flekkefjord Line did not start until 1940 . After the German occupation of Norway during World War II , the German occupation forces were rebuilding the narrow gauge railways to standard gauge . In 1940–41 , the Flekkefjord and Jæren Lines were rebuilt to dual gauge . Not until 1944 was the Flekkefjord Line only standard gauge . Due to limited funds , and unlike the rest of the Jæren Line , the profile of the Flekkefjord Line was not changed during the conversion of gauge . This gave a speed limit of , and creative solutions such as lowering height of the ballast by . The route from Egersund to Sira received a better upgrade , since it was to become part of the main line through Southern Norway . The route between Sira and Sirnes was completely rebuilt . This gave severe limits to the use of the section between Flekkefjord and Sirnes ; most classes of trains could not run on the line , as were freight trains . Post-war operations . After the line had been relegated to a branch line , traffic fell considerably . Another factor was car traffic , which did not exist in Flekkefjord until 1918 , but thereafter became widespread . After the war , Class 20 steam locomotives were used on the line . During the 1940 , several railcars of Class 87 were taken into use , and soon all passenger trains were operated using such units . From 1956 to 1966 , also Class 86 units were used on the line , but the narrow profile of the tunnels made operations problematic . Class 87 remained in service until 1981 , when used Class 89 units were bought from Sweden . At first , two Y7 units were brought to Norway on 23 January and taken into service on 24 February . After they proved to work well , NSB bought them for 95,000 Swedish kronor plus freight . Two more units were bought in 1986 . Closing . The line had major limitations on speed , and also served the wrong direction , heading westwards into less populated areas instead of the populated parts of Agder in the east . Major investments would be needed to upgrade the line to a suitable speed , and through the 1970s this became an important issue of debate . On the other hand , the line had among the highest ridership of the branch lines , with 120,000 passengers per year , which was for instance 50% higher than the Arendal Line , which was not closed . However , parliament decided to close the line , along with several other branch lines , in 1988 , with effect from 1990 . The last scheduled train ran on 31 December 1990 . There were plans to establish private operations along the line . Continental Railway Systems was established by Rasmus Surdal . The company would be allowed to use the rolling stock and infrastructure , and two of the trains were painted white . However , it was not possible for the company to get the necessary bank surety demanded by NSB , and nothing came of the plans . The line has been suggested preserved as a cultural heritage , since it represents one of very few railways with the original narrow gauge profile intact . However , all stations have been demolished ; Flekkefjord in 1970 , Sirnes in 1977 and Flikkeid in 1988 . The organization Friends of the Flekkefjord Line offer rental of draisines for tourists since the closure of the line , and a round trip from Flekkefjord to Bakkekleivi just outside Sira takes about three hours . However , the Norwegian National Rail Administration have since banned the operation of draisines until the line is fully fenced in .
[ "Norwegian State Railways" ]
[ { "text": " The Flekkefjord Line ( ) is a abandoned branch line to the Sørland Line . It ran between Sira and Flekkefjord in Agder , Norway . The only current activity on the line is tourist draisines . The station buildings along the line were designed by the architect Paul Armin Due—these have all been demolished .", "title": "Flekkefjord Line" }, { "text": "The line opened in 1904 as a extension of the narrow gauge Jæren Line . It was planned as the first step of a main line along the South Coast . At Flekkefjord , there was steam ship connection , onwards to Oslo . In 1941 , the line was converted to standard gauge , and in 1944 the Sørland Line was completed . The western part of the Flekkefjord Line was integrated into it , while the remaining section became the branch line that kept the name Flekkefjord Line . During the 1940s , steam locomotive-hauled trains were replaced", "title": "Flekkefjord Line" }, { "text": "by railcars . Following the declining traffic , in part due to the slow speeds caused by the lines narrow profile , the line was closed , with the last trains running in 1990 .", "title": "Flekkefjord Line" }, { "text": "The first committee that looked into the possibility of a railway to Flekkefjord was created in 1875 . After the completion of Jæren Line from Stavanger to Egersund , in 1878 , proposals were made to build an extension westwards along the coast , that eventually would reach Oslo . The first part of what was named the Vestland Line was passed by Parliament in 1894 , and would run from Egersund , via Sira , to Flekkefjord . The initial proposal proposed that the line would eventually continue onwards via Mandal to Kristiansand . The decision to build the", "title": "Construction" }, { "text": "line was taken by the Parliament of Norway in 1894 . Construction started in 1896 , and was originally planned to be completed by 1902 . However , delays prevented the line from being be brought into use before 1 November 1904 . The line was built by the Norwegian State Railways ( NSB ) and was long .", "title": "Construction" }, { "text": "The coast between Egersund and Flekkefjord would give a very difficult route to build , so it was decided to build a more inland line . Like the Jæren Line , and most railways being built at the time , the Flekkefjord Line was built in narrow gauge . Both telephone and telegraph cables were laid along the line . Along the section from Sirnes to Flekkefjord , there were many vertical cliffs straight into the fjord , forcing , or 38 percent , of the line to be built in tunnels . Of the whole length from Egersund to", "title": "Construction" }, { "text": "Flekkefjord , there are 46 tunnels , totaling . The most prominent was Ravnejuret Tunnel which is long . Just before Flekkefjord , a bridge was built that crosses Selurelva ; it was a reused bridge from the Voss Line . In total , about 12% of the line consisted of tunnels . Francis Hagerup , when delivering the lines opening speech , remarked that no other railway had until then been more difficult to construct .", "title": "Construction" }, { "text": " All the stations along the line were designed by Paul Armin Due , with all but the terminal station built in wood . Flekkefjord Station was built as a three-story brick building in Art Nouveau . In addition , there was construction a depot and a wharf at Flekkefjord . Passengers could transfer to steam ship services that operated eastwards along the south coast towards Oslo .", "title": "Construction" }, { "text": "The first part of the line to open for temporary operation was between Flekkefjord and Moi on 1 October 1904 . For the official opening , the town of Flekkefjord was adorned with Norwegian flags . A train departed to Egersund on 31 October 1904 with several notable passengers : Prime Minister Francis Hagerup , State Railways director Elias Sunde and board member Sven Aarrestad , director of traffic Jens Christian Mellbye , Flekkefjords mayor and city council as well as other mayors of the district . Festivities continued on the next day , when the train returned from Egersund", "title": "Pre-war operations" }, { "text": "to Flekkefjord .", "title": "Pre-war operations" }, { "text": "Initially there were four services in each direction each day , with three services on holy days . The train that connected with the steam ship would wait up to 45 minutes in case of delays , to allow connection . Until 1927 , the routes remained the same . That year , the Kragerø Line opened , and it became possible to take a night train from Oslo to Kragerø , continue by bus to Flekkefjord , and be in Stavanger the following afternoon . Travel time was further reduced when the Sørland Line was extended to Arendal in", "title": "Pre-war operations" }, { "text": "1935 . The initial rolling stock was from the Voss Line , and some of the bridges and track was from that line too . The Voss Line was being upgraded to rail tracks , and of track was used on the Flekkefjord Line .", "title": "Pre-war operations" }, { "text": " Until 1927 , all trains were operated with steam locomotives . NSB introduced the first diesel multiple unit with the introduction of lightning trains that corresponded with coach services that connected with the Kragerø Line . The first were Class 14 railcars . These reduced travel time from Flekkefjord to Stavanger by 50 minutes to 3 hours 15 minutes . In addition to passengers , major cargo were herring and lumber .", "title": "Pre-war operations" }, { "text": "In 1923 , it was decided by parliament that the Sørland Line , that would connect Oslo , Kristiansand and Stavanger , would follow an inner route . The section of the Flekkefjord Line from Egersund to Sira would become part of that line , while the eastern from Sira to Flekkefjord would become a branch line , retaining the Flekkefjord Line name . Since the Sørland Line needed to be built from the east , construction along the Flekkefjord Line did not start until 1940 . After the German occupation of Norway during World War II , the German", "title": "Connecting the coast" }, { "text": "occupation forces were rebuilding the narrow gauge railways to standard gauge . In 1940–41 , the Flekkefjord and Jæren Lines were rebuilt to dual gauge . Not until 1944 was the Flekkefjord Line only standard gauge .", "title": "Connecting the coast" }, { "text": "Due to limited funds , and unlike the rest of the Jæren Line , the profile of the Flekkefjord Line was not changed during the conversion of gauge . This gave a speed limit of , and creative solutions such as lowering height of the ballast by . The route from Egersund to Sira received a better upgrade , since it was to become part of the main line through Southern Norway . The route between Sira and Sirnes was completely rebuilt . This gave severe limits to the use of the section between Flekkefjord and Sirnes ; most classes", "title": "Connecting the coast" }, { "text": "of trains could not run on the line , as were freight trains .", "title": "Connecting the coast" }, { "text": "After the line had been relegated to a branch line , traffic fell considerably . Another factor was car traffic , which did not exist in Flekkefjord until 1918 , but thereafter became widespread . After the war , Class 20 steam locomotives were used on the line . During the 1940 , several railcars of Class 87 were taken into use , and soon all passenger trains were operated using such units . From 1956 to 1966 , also Class 86 units were used on the line , but the narrow profile of the tunnels made operations problematic .", "title": "Post-war operations" }, { "text": "Class 87 remained in service until 1981 , when used Class 89 units were bought from Sweden . At first , two Y7 units were brought to Norway on 23 January and taken into service on 24 February . After they proved to work well , NSB bought them for 95,000 Swedish kronor plus freight . Two more units were bought in 1986 .", "title": "Post-war operations" }, { "text": "The line had major limitations on speed , and also served the wrong direction , heading westwards into less populated areas instead of the populated parts of Agder in the east . Major investments would be needed to upgrade the line to a suitable speed , and through the 1970s this became an important issue of debate . On the other hand , the line had among the highest ridership of the branch lines , with 120,000 passengers per year , which was for instance 50% higher than the Arendal Line , which was not closed . However , parliament", "title": "Closing" }, { "text": "decided to close the line , along with several other branch lines , in 1988 , with effect from 1990 . The last scheduled train ran on 31 December 1990 .", "title": "Closing" }, { "text": " There were plans to establish private operations along the line . Continental Railway Systems was established by Rasmus Surdal . The company would be allowed to use the rolling stock and infrastructure , and two of the trains were painted white . However , it was not possible for the company to get the necessary bank surety demanded by NSB , and nothing came of the plans .", "title": "Closing" }, { "text": "The line has been suggested preserved as a cultural heritage , since it represents one of very few railways with the original narrow gauge profile intact . However , all stations have been demolished ; Flekkefjord in 1970 , Sirnes in 1977 and Flikkeid in 1988 . The organization Friends of the Flekkefjord Line offer rental of draisines for tourists since the closure of the line , and a round trip from Flekkefjord to Bakkekleivi just outside Sira takes about three hours . However , the Norwegian National Rail Administration have since banned the operation of draisines until the line", "title": "Closing" }, { "text": "is fully fenced in .", "title": "Closing" } ]
/wiki/Flekkefjord_Line#P127#1
Who owned Flekkefjord Line in late 1990s?
Flekkefjord Line The Flekkefjord Line ( ) is a abandoned branch line to the Sørland Line . It ran between Sira and Flekkefjord in Agder , Norway . The only current activity on the line is tourist draisines . The station buildings along the line were designed by the architect Paul Armin Due—these have all been demolished . The line opened in 1904 as a extension of the narrow gauge Jæren Line . It was planned as the first step of a main line along the South Coast . At Flekkefjord , there was steam ship connection , onwards to Oslo . In 1941 , the line was converted to standard gauge , and in 1944 the Sørland Line was completed . The western part of the Flekkefjord Line was integrated into it , while the remaining section became the branch line that kept the name Flekkefjord Line . During the 1940s , steam locomotive-hauled trains were replaced by railcars . Following the declining traffic , in part due to the slow speeds caused by the lines narrow profile , the line was closed , with the last trains running in 1990 . History . Construction . The first committee that looked into the possibility of a railway to Flekkefjord was created in 1875 . After the completion of Jæren Line from Stavanger to Egersund , in 1878 , proposals were made to build an extension westwards along the coast , that eventually would reach Oslo . The first part of what was named the Vestland Line was passed by Parliament in 1894 , and would run from Egersund , via Sira , to Flekkefjord . The initial proposal proposed that the line would eventually continue onwards via Mandal to Kristiansand . The decision to build the line was taken by the Parliament of Norway in 1894 . Construction started in 1896 , and was originally planned to be completed by 1902 . However , delays prevented the line from being be brought into use before 1 November 1904 . The line was built by the Norwegian State Railways ( NSB ) and was long . The coast between Egersund and Flekkefjord would give a very difficult route to build , so it was decided to build a more inland line . Like the Jæren Line , and most railways being built at the time , the Flekkefjord Line was built in narrow gauge . Both telephone and telegraph cables were laid along the line . Along the section from Sirnes to Flekkefjord , there were many vertical cliffs straight into the fjord , forcing , or 38 percent , of the line to be built in tunnels . Of the whole length from Egersund to Flekkefjord , there are 46 tunnels , totaling . The most prominent was Ravnejuret Tunnel which is long . Just before Flekkefjord , a bridge was built that crosses Selurelva ; it was a reused bridge from the Voss Line . In total , about 12% of the line consisted of tunnels . Francis Hagerup , when delivering the lines opening speech , remarked that no other railway had until then been more difficult to construct . All the stations along the line were designed by Paul Armin Due , with all but the terminal station built in wood . Flekkefjord Station was built as a three-story brick building in Art Nouveau . In addition , there was construction a depot and a wharf at Flekkefjord . Passengers could transfer to steam ship services that operated eastwards along the south coast towards Oslo . Pre-war operations . The first part of the line to open for temporary operation was between Flekkefjord and Moi on 1 October 1904 . For the official opening , the town of Flekkefjord was adorned with Norwegian flags . A train departed to Egersund on 31 October 1904 with several notable passengers : Prime Minister Francis Hagerup , State Railways director Elias Sunde and board member Sven Aarrestad , director of traffic Jens Christian Mellbye , Flekkefjords mayor and city council as well as other mayors of the district . Festivities continued on the next day , when the train returned from Egersund to Flekkefjord . Initially there were four services in each direction each day , with three services on holy days . The train that connected with the steam ship would wait up to 45 minutes in case of delays , to allow connection . Until 1927 , the routes remained the same . That year , the Kragerø Line opened , and it became possible to take a night train from Oslo to Kragerø , continue by bus to Flekkefjord , and be in Stavanger the following afternoon . Travel time was further reduced when the Sørland Line was extended to Arendal in 1935 . The initial rolling stock was from the Voss Line , and some of the bridges and track was from that line too . The Voss Line was being upgraded to rail tracks , and of track was used on the Flekkefjord Line . Until 1927 , all trains were operated with steam locomotives . NSB introduced the first diesel multiple unit with the introduction of lightning trains that corresponded with coach services that connected with the Kragerø Line . The first were Class 14 railcars . These reduced travel time from Flekkefjord to Stavanger by 50 minutes to 3 hours 15 minutes . In addition to passengers , major cargo were herring and lumber . Connecting the coast . In 1923 , it was decided by parliament that the Sørland Line , that would connect Oslo , Kristiansand and Stavanger , would follow an inner route . The section of the Flekkefjord Line from Egersund to Sira would become part of that line , while the eastern from Sira to Flekkefjord would become a branch line , retaining the Flekkefjord Line name . Since the Sørland Line needed to be built from the east , construction along the Flekkefjord Line did not start until 1940 . After the German occupation of Norway during World War II , the German occupation forces were rebuilding the narrow gauge railways to standard gauge . In 1940–41 , the Flekkefjord and Jæren Lines were rebuilt to dual gauge . Not until 1944 was the Flekkefjord Line only standard gauge . Due to limited funds , and unlike the rest of the Jæren Line , the profile of the Flekkefjord Line was not changed during the conversion of gauge . This gave a speed limit of , and creative solutions such as lowering height of the ballast by . The route from Egersund to Sira received a better upgrade , since it was to become part of the main line through Southern Norway . The route between Sira and Sirnes was completely rebuilt . This gave severe limits to the use of the section between Flekkefjord and Sirnes ; most classes of trains could not run on the line , as were freight trains . Post-war operations . After the line had been relegated to a branch line , traffic fell considerably . Another factor was car traffic , which did not exist in Flekkefjord until 1918 , but thereafter became widespread . After the war , Class 20 steam locomotives were used on the line . During the 1940 , several railcars of Class 87 were taken into use , and soon all passenger trains were operated using such units . From 1956 to 1966 , also Class 86 units were used on the line , but the narrow profile of the tunnels made operations problematic . Class 87 remained in service until 1981 , when used Class 89 units were bought from Sweden . At first , two Y7 units were brought to Norway on 23 January and taken into service on 24 February . After they proved to work well , NSB bought them for 95,000 Swedish kronor plus freight . Two more units were bought in 1986 . Closing . The line had major limitations on speed , and also served the wrong direction , heading westwards into less populated areas instead of the populated parts of Agder in the east . Major investments would be needed to upgrade the line to a suitable speed , and through the 1970s this became an important issue of debate . On the other hand , the line had among the highest ridership of the branch lines , with 120,000 passengers per year , which was for instance 50% higher than the Arendal Line , which was not closed . However , parliament decided to close the line , along with several other branch lines , in 1988 , with effect from 1990 . The last scheduled train ran on 31 December 1990 . There were plans to establish private operations along the line . Continental Railway Systems was established by Rasmus Surdal . The company would be allowed to use the rolling stock and infrastructure , and two of the trains were painted white . However , it was not possible for the company to get the necessary bank surety demanded by NSB , and nothing came of the plans . The line has been suggested preserved as a cultural heritage , since it represents one of very few railways with the original narrow gauge profile intact . However , all stations have been demolished ; Flekkefjord in 1970 , Sirnes in 1977 and Flikkeid in 1988 . The organization Friends of the Flekkefjord Line offer rental of draisines for tourists since the closure of the line , and a round trip from Flekkefjord to Bakkekleivi just outside Sira takes about three hours . However , the Norwegian National Rail Administration have since banned the operation of draisines until the line is fully fenced in .
[ "Norwegian National Rail Administration" ]
[ { "text": " The Flekkefjord Line ( ) is a abandoned branch line to the Sørland Line . It ran between Sira and Flekkefjord in Agder , Norway . The only current activity on the line is tourist draisines . The station buildings along the line were designed by the architect Paul Armin Due—these have all been demolished .", "title": "Flekkefjord Line" }, { "text": "The line opened in 1904 as a extension of the narrow gauge Jæren Line . It was planned as the first step of a main line along the South Coast . At Flekkefjord , there was steam ship connection , onwards to Oslo . In 1941 , the line was converted to standard gauge , and in 1944 the Sørland Line was completed . The western part of the Flekkefjord Line was integrated into it , while the remaining section became the branch line that kept the name Flekkefjord Line . During the 1940s , steam locomotive-hauled trains were replaced", "title": "Flekkefjord Line" }, { "text": "by railcars . Following the declining traffic , in part due to the slow speeds caused by the lines narrow profile , the line was closed , with the last trains running in 1990 .", "title": "Flekkefjord Line" }, { "text": "The first committee that looked into the possibility of a railway to Flekkefjord was created in 1875 . After the completion of Jæren Line from Stavanger to Egersund , in 1878 , proposals were made to build an extension westwards along the coast , that eventually would reach Oslo . The first part of what was named the Vestland Line was passed by Parliament in 1894 , and would run from Egersund , via Sira , to Flekkefjord . The initial proposal proposed that the line would eventually continue onwards via Mandal to Kristiansand . The decision to build the", "title": "Construction" }, { "text": "line was taken by the Parliament of Norway in 1894 . Construction started in 1896 , and was originally planned to be completed by 1902 . However , delays prevented the line from being be brought into use before 1 November 1904 . The line was built by the Norwegian State Railways ( NSB ) and was long .", "title": "Construction" }, { "text": "The coast between Egersund and Flekkefjord would give a very difficult route to build , so it was decided to build a more inland line . Like the Jæren Line , and most railways being built at the time , the Flekkefjord Line was built in narrow gauge . Both telephone and telegraph cables were laid along the line . Along the section from Sirnes to Flekkefjord , there were many vertical cliffs straight into the fjord , forcing , or 38 percent , of the line to be built in tunnels . Of the whole length from Egersund to", "title": "Construction" }, { "text": "Flekkefjord , there are 46 tunnels , totaling . The most prominent was Ravnejuret Tunnel which is long . Just before Flekkefjord , a bridge was built that crosses Selurelva ; it was a reused bridge from the Voss Line . In total , about 12% of the line consisted of tunnels . Francis Hagerup , when delivering the lines opening speech , remarked that no other railway had until then been more difficult to construct .", "title": "Construction" }, { "text": " All the stations along the line were designed by Paul Armin Due , with all but the terminal station built in wood . Flekkefjord Station was built as a three-story brick building in Art Nouveau . In addition , there was construction a depot and a wharf at Flekkefjord . Passengers could transfer to steam ship services that operated eastwards along the south coast towards Oslo .", "title": "Construction" }, { "text": "The first part of the line to open for temporary operation was between Flekkefjord and Moi on 1 October 1904 . For the official opening , the town of Flekkefjord was adorned with Norwegian flags . A train departed to Egersund on 31 October 1904 with several notable passengers : Prime Minister Francis Hagerup , State Railways director Elias Sunde and board member Sven Aarrestad , director of traffic Jens Christian Mellbye , Flekkefjords mayor and city council as well as other mayors of the district . Festivities continued on the next day , when the train returned from Egersund", "title": "Pre-war operations" }, { "text": "to Flekkefjord .", "title": "Pre-war operations" }, { "text": "Initially there were four services in each direction each day , with three services on holy days . The train that connected with the steam ship would wait up to 45 minutes in case of delays , to allow connection . Until 1927 , the routes remained the same . That year , the Kragerø Line opened , and it became possible to take a night train from Oslo to Kragerø , continue by bus to Flekkefjord , and be in Stavanger the following afternoon . Travel time was further reduced when the Sørland Line was extended to Arendal in", "title": "Pre-war operations" }, { "text": "1935 . The initial rolling stock was from the Voss Line , and some of the bridges and track was from that line too . The Voss Line was being upgraded to rail tracks , and of track was used on the Flekkefjord Line .", "title": "Pre-war operations" }, { "text": " Until 1927 , all trains were operated with steam locomotives . NSB introduced the first diesel multiple unit with the introduction of lightning trains that corresponded with coach services that connected with the Kragerø Line . The first were Class 14 railcars . These reduced travel time from Flekkefjord to Stavanger by 50 minutes to 3 hours 15 minutes . In addition to passengers , major cargo were herring and lumber .", "title": "Pre-war operations" }, { "text": "In 1923 , it was decided by parliament that the Sørland Line , that would connect Oslo , Kristiansand and Stavanger , would follow an inner route . The section of the Flekkefjord Line from Egersund to Sira would become part of that line , while the eastern from Sira to Flekkefjord would become a branch line , retaining the Flekkefjord Line name . Since the Sørland Line needed to be built from the east , construction along the Flekkefjord Line did not start until 1940 . After the German occupation of Norway during World War II , the German", "title": "Connecting the coast" }, { "text": "occupation forces were rebuilding the narrow gauge railways to standard gauge . In 1940–41 , the Flekkefjord and Jæren Lines were rebuilt to dual gauge . Not until 1944 was the Flekkefjord Line only standard gauge .", "title": "Connecting the coast" }, { "text": "Due to limited funds , and unlike the rest of the Jæren Line , the profile of the Flekkefjord Line was not changed during the conversion of gauge . This gave a speed limit of , and creative solutions such as lowering height of the ballast by . The route from Egersund to Sira received a better upgrade , since it was to become part of the main line through Southern Norway . The route between Sira and Sirnes was completely rebuilt . This gave severe limits to the use of the section between Flekkefjord and Sirnes ; most classes", "title": "Connecting the coast" }, { "text": "of trains could not run on the line , as were freight trains .", "title": "Connecting the coast" }, { "text": "After the line had been relegated to a branch line , traffic fell considerably . Another factor was car traffic , which did not exist in Flekkefjord until 1918 , but thereafter became widespread . After the war , Class 20 steam locomotives were used on the line . During the 1940 , several railcars of Class 87 were taken into use , and soon all passenger trains were operated using such units . From 1956 to 1966 , also Class 86 units were used on the line , but the narrow profile of the tunnels made operations problematic .", "title": "Post-war operations" }, { "text": "Class 87 remained in service until 1981 , when used Class 89 units were bought from Sweden . At first , two Y7 units were brought to Norway on 23 January and taken into service on 24 February . After they proved to work well , NSB bought them for 95,000 Swedish kronor plus freight . Two more units were bought in 1986 .", "title": "Post-war operations" }, { "text": "The line had major limitations on speed , and also served the wrong direction , heading westwards into less populated areas instead of the populated parts of Agder in the east . Major investments would be needed to upgrade the line to a suitable speed , and through the 1970s this became an important issue of debate . On the other hand , the line had among the highest ridership of the branch lines , with 120,000 passengers per year , which was for instance 50% higher than the Arendal Line , which was not closed . However , parliament", "title": "Closing" }, { "text": "decided to close the line , along with several other branch lines , in 1988 , with effect from 1990 . The last scheduled train ran on 31 December 1990 .", "title": "Closing" }, { "text": " There were plans to establish private operations along the line . Continental Railway Systems was established by Rasmus Surdal . The company would be allowed to use the rolling stock and infrastructure , and two of the trains were painted white . However , it was not possible for the company to get the necessary bank surety demanded by NSB , and nothing came of the plans .", "title": "Closing" }, { "text": "The line has been suggested preserved as a cultural heritage , since it represents one of very few railways with the original narrow gauge profile intact . However , all stations have been demolished ; Flekkefjord in 1970 , Sirnes in 1977 and Flikkeid in 1988 . The organization Friends of the Flekkefjord Line offer rental of draisines for tourists since the closure of the line , and a round trip from Flekkefjord to Bakkekleivi just outside Sira takes about three hours . However , the Norwegian National Rail Administration have since banned the operation of draisines until the line", "title": "Closing" }, { "text": "is fully fenced in .", "title": "Closing" } ]
/wiki/Flekkefjord_Line#P127#2
Who owned Flekkefjord Line after Mar 2017?
Flekkefjord Line The Flekkefjord Line ( ) is a abandoned branch line to the Sørland Line . It ran between Sira and Flekkefjord in Agder , Norway . The only current activity on the line is tourist draisines . The station buildings along the line were designed by the architect Paul Armin Due—these have all been demolished . The line opened in 1904 as a extension of the narrow gauge Jæren Line . It was planned as the first step of a main line along the South Coast . At Flekkefjord , there was steam ship connection , onwards to Oslo . In 1941 , the line was converted to standard gauge , and in 1944 the Sørland Line was completed . The western part of the Flekkefjord Line was integrated into it , while the remaining section became the branch line that kept the name Flekkefjord Line . During the 1940s , steam locomotive-hauled trains were replaced by railcars . Following the declining traffic , in part due to the slow speeds caused by the lines narrow profile , the line was closed , with the last trains running in 1990 . History . Construction . The first committee that looked into the possibility of a railway to Flekkefjord was created in 1875 . After the completion of Jæren Line from Stavanger to Egersund , in 1878 , proposals were made to build an extension westwards along the coast , that eventually would reach Oslo . The first part of what was named the Vestland Line was passed by Parliament in 1894 , and would run from Egersund , via Sira , to Flekkefjord . The initial proposal proposed that the line would eventually continue onwards via Mandal to Kristiansand . The decision to build the line was taken by the Parliament of Norway in 1894 . Construction started in 1896 , and was originally planned to be completed by 1902 . However , delays prevented the line from being be brought into use before 1 November 1904 . The line was built by the Norwegian State Railways ( NSB ) and was long . The coast between Egersund and Flekkefjord would give a very difficult route to build , so it was decided to build a more inland line . Like the Jæren Line , and most railways being built at the time , the Flekkefjord Line was built in narrow gauge . Both telephone and telegraph cables were laid along the line . Along the section from Sirnes to Flekkefjord , there were many vertical cliffs straight into the fjord , forcing , or 38 percent , of the line to be built in tunnels . Of the whole length from Egersund to Flekkefjord , there are 46 tunnels , totaling . The most prominent was Ravnejuret Tunnel which is long . Just before Flekkefjord , a bridge was built that crosses Selurelva ; it was a reused bridge from the Voss Line . In total , about 12% of the line consisted of tunnels . Francis Hagerup , when delivering the lines opening speech , remarked that no other railway had until then been more difficult to construct . All the stations along the line were designed by Paul Armin Due , with all but the terminal station built in wood . Flekkefjord Station was built as a three-story brick building in Art Nouveau . In addition , there was construction a depot and a wharf at Flekkefjord . Passengers could transfer to steam ship services that operated eastwards along the south coast towards Oslo . Pre-war operations . The first part of the line to open for temporary operation was between Flekkefjord and Moi on 1 October 1904 . For the official opening , the town of Flekkefjord was adorned with Norwegian flags . A train departed to Egersund on 31 October 1904 with several notable passengers : Prime Minister Francis Hagerup , State Railways director Elias Sunde and board member Sven Aarrestad , director of traffic Jens Christian Mellbye , Flekkefjords mayor and city council as well as other mayors of the district . Festivities continued on the next day , when the train returned from Egersund to Flekkefjord . Initially there were four services in each direction each day , with three services on holy days . The train that connected with the steam ship would wait up to 45 minutes in case of delays , to allow connection . Until 1927 , the routes remained the same . That year , the Kragerø Line opened , and it became possible to take a night train from Oslo to Kragerø , continue by bus to Flekkefjord , and be in Stavanger the following afternoon . Travel time was further reduced when the Sørland Line was extended to Arendal in 1935 . The initial rolling stock was from the Voss Line , and some of the bridges and track was from that line too . The Voss Line was being upgraded to rail tracks , and of track was used on the Flekkefjord Line . Until 1927 , all trains were operated with steam locomotives . NSB introduced the first diesel multiple unit with the introduction of lightning trains that corresponded with coach services that connected with the Kragerø Line . The first were Class 14 railcars . These reduced travel time from Flekkefjord to Stavanger by 50 minutes to 3 hours 15 minutes . In addition to passengers , major cargo were herring and lumber . Connecting the coast . In 1923 , it was decided by parliament that the Sørland Line , that would connect Oslo , Kristiansand and Stavanger , would follow an inner route . The section of the Flekkefjord Line from Egersund to Sira would become part of that line , while the eastern from Sira to Flekkefjord would become a branch line , retaining the Flekkefjord Line name . Since the Sørland Line needed to be built from the east , construction along the Flekkefjord Line did not start until 1940 . After the German occupation of Norway during World War II , the German occupation forces were rebuilding the narrow gauge railways to standard gauge . In 1940–41 , the Flekkefjord and Jæren Lines were rebuilt to dual gauge . Not until 1944 was the Flekkefjord Line only standard gauge . Due to limited funds , and unlike the rest of the Jæren Line , the profile of the Flekkefjord Line was not changed during the conversion of gauge . This gave a speed limit of , and creative solutions such as lowering height of the ballast by . The route from Egersund to Sira received a better upgrade , since it was to become part of the main line through Southern Norway . The route between Sira and Sirnes was completely rebuilt . This gave severe limits to the use of the section between Flekkefjord and Sirnes ; most classes of trains could not run on the line , as were freight trains . Post-war operations . After the line had been relegated to a branch line , traffic fell considerably . Another factor was car traffic , which did not exist in Flekkefjord until 1918 , but thereafter became widespread . After the war , Class 20 steam locomotives were used on the line . During the 1940 , several railcars of Class 87 were taken into use , and soon all passenger trains were operated using such units . From 1956 to 1966 , also Class 86 units were used on the line , but the narrow profile of the tunnels made operations problematic . Class 87 remained in service until 1981 , when used Class 89 units were bought from Sweden . At first , two Y7 units were brought to Norway on 23 January and taken into service on 24 February . After they proved to work well , NSB bought them for 95,000 Swedish kronor plus freight . Two more units were bought in 1986 . Closing . The line had major limitations on speed , and also served the wrong direction , heading westwards into less populated areas instead of the populated parts of Agder in the east . Major investments would be needed to upgrade the line to a suitable speed , and through the 1970s this became an important issue of debate . On the other hand , the line had among the highest ridership of the branch lines , with 120,000 passengers per year , which was for instance 50% higher than the Arendal Line , which was not closed . However , parliament decided to close the line , along with several other branch lines , in 1988 , with effect from 1990 . The last scheduled train ran on 31 December 1990 . There were plans to establish private operations along the line . Continental Railway Systems was established by Rasmus Surdal . The company would be allowed to use the rolling stock and infrastructure , and two of the trains were painted white . However , it was not possible for the company to get the necessary bank surety demanded by NSB , and nothing came of the plans . The line has been suggested preserved as a cultural heritage , since it represents one of very few railways with the original narrow gauge profile intact . However , all stations have been demolished ; Flekkefjord in 1970 , Sirnes in 1977 and Flikkeid in 1988 . The organization Friends of the Flekkefjord Line offer rental of draisines for tourists since the closure of the line , and a round trip from Flekkefjord to Bakkekleivi just outside Sira takes about three hours . However , the Norwegian National Rail Administration have since banned the operation of draisines until the line is fully fenced in .
[ "" ]
[ { "text": " The Flekkefjord Line ( ) is a abandoned branch line to the Sørland Line . It ran between Sira and Flekkefjord in Agder , Norway . The only current activity on the line is tourist draisines . The station buildings along the line were designed by the architect Paul Armin Due—these have all been demolished .", "title": "Flekkefjord Line" }, { "text": "The line opened in 1904 as a extension of the narrow gauge Jæren Line . It was planned as the first step of a main line along the South Coast . At Flekkefjord , there was steam ship connection , onwards to Oslo . In 1941 , the line was converted to standard gauge , and in 1944 the Sørland Line was completed . The western part of the Flekkefjord Line was integrated into it , while the remaining section became the branch line that kept the name Flekkefjord Line . During the 1940s , steam locomotive-hauled trains were replaced", "title": "Flekkefjord Line" }, { "text": "by railcars . Following the declining traffic , in part due to the slow speeds caused by the lines narrow profile , the line was closed , with the last trains running in 1990 .", "title": "Flekkefjord Line" }, { "text": "The first committee that looked into the possibility of a railway to Flekkefjord was created in 1875 . After the completion of Jæren Line from Stavanger to Egersund , in 1878 , proposals were made to build an extension westwards along the coast , that eventually would reach Oslo . The first part of what was named the Vestland Line was passed by Parliament in 1894 , and would run from Egersund , via Sira , to Flekkefjord . The initial proposal proposed that the line would eventually continue onwards via Mandal to Kristiansand . The decision to build the", "title": "Construction" }, { "text": "line was taken by the Parliament of Norway in 1894 . Construction started in 1896 , and was originally planned to be completed by 1902 . However , delays prevented the line from being be brought into use before 1 November 1904 . The line was built by the Norwegian State Railways ( NSB ) and was long .", "title": "Construction" }, { "text": "The coast between Egersund and Flekkefjord would give a very difficult route to build , so it was decided to build a more inland line . Like the Jæren Line , and most railways being built at the time , the Flekkefjord Line was built in narrow gauge . Both telephone and telegraph cables were laid along the line . Along the section from Sirnes to Flekkefjord , there were many vertical cliffs straight into the fjord , forcing , or 38 percent , of the line to be built in tunnels . Of the whole length from Egersund to", "title": "Construction" }, { "text": "Flekkefjord , there are 46 tunnels , totaling . The most prominent was Ravnejuret Tunnel which is long . Just before Flekkefjord , a bridge was built that crosses Selurelva ; it was a reused bridge from the Voss Line . In total , about 12% of the line consisted of tunnels . Francis Hagerup , when delivering the lines opening speech , remarked that no other railway had until then been more difficult to construct .", "title": "Construction" }, { "text": " All the stations along the line were designed by Paul Armin Due , with all but the terminal station built in wood . Flekkefjord Station was built as a three-story brick building in Art Nouveau . In addition , there was construction a depot and a wharf at Flekkefjord . Passengers could transfer to steam ship services that operated eastwards along the south coast towards Oslo .", "title": "Construction" }, { "text": "The first part of the line to open for temporary operation was between Flekkefjord and Moi on 1 October 1904 . For the official opening , the town of Flekkefjord was adorned with Norwegian flags . A train departed to Egersund on 31 October 1904 with several notable passengers : Prime Minister Francis Hagerup , State Railways director Elias Sunde and board member Sven Aarrestad , director of traffic Jens Christian Mellbye , Flekkefjords mayor and city council as well as other mayors of the district . Festivities continued on the next day , when the train returned from Egersund", "title": "Pre-war operations" }, { "text": "to Flekkefjord .", "title": "Pre-war operations" }, { "text": "Initially there were four services in each direction each day , with three services on holy days . The train that connected with the steam ship would wait up to 45 minutes in case of delays , to allow connection . Until 1927 , the routes remained the same . That year , the Kragerø Line opened , and it became possible to take a night train from Oslo to Kragerø , continue by bus to Flekkefjord , and be in Stavanger the following afternoon . Travel time was further reduced when the Sørland Line was extended to Arendal in", "title": "Pre-war operations" }, { "text": "1935 . The initial rolling stock was from the Voss Line , and some of the bridges and track was from that line too . The Voss Line was being upgraded to rail tracks , and of track was used on the Flekkefjord Line .", "title": "Pre-war operations" }, { "text": " Until 1927 , all trains were operated with steam locomotives . NSB introduced the first diesel multiple unit with the introduction of lightning trains that corresponded with coach services that connected with the Kragerø Line . The first were Class 14 railcars . These reduced travel time from Flekkefjord to Stavanger by 50 minutes to 3 hours 15 minutes . In addition to passengers , major cargo were herring and lumber .", "title": "Pre-war operations" }, { "text": "In 1923 , it was decided by parliament that the Sørland Line , that would connect Oslo , Kristiansand and Stavanger , would follow an inner route . The section of the Flekkefjord Line from Egersund to Sira would become part of that line , while the eastern from Sira to Flekkefjord would become a branch line , retaining the Flekkefjord Line name . Since the Sørland Line needed to be built from the east , construction along the Flekkefjord Line did not start until 1940 . After the German occupation of Norway during World War II , the German", "title": "Connecting the coast" }, { "text": "occupation forces were rebuilding the narrow gauge railways to standard gauge . In 1940–41 , the Flekkefjord and Jæren Lines were rebuilt to dual gauge . Not until 1944 was the Flekkefjord Line only standard gauge .", "title": "Connecting the coast" }, { "text": "Due to limited funds , and unlike the rest of the Jæren Line , the profile of the Flekkefjord Line was not changed during the conversion of gauge . This gave a speed limit of , and creative solutions such as lowering height of the ballast by . The route from Egersund to Sira received a better upgrade , since it was to become part of the main line through Southern Norway . The route between Sira and Sirnes was completely rebuilt . This gave severe limits to the use of the section between Flekkefjord and Sirnes ; most classes", "title": "Connecting the coast" }, { "text": "of trains could not run on the line , as were freight trains .", "title": "Connecting the coast" }, { "text": "After the line had been relegated to a branch line , traffic fell considerably . Another factor was car traffic , which did not exist in Flekkefjord until 1918 , but thereafter became widespread . After the war , Class 20 steam locomotives were used on the line . During the 1940 , several railcars of Class 87 were taken into use , and soon all passenger trains were operated using such units . From 1956 to 1966 , also Class 86 units were used on the line , but the narrow profile of the tunnels made operations problematic .", "title": "Post-war operations" }, { "text": "Class 87 remained in service until 1981 , when used Class 89 units were bought from Sweden . At first , two Y7 units were brought to Norway on 23 January and taken into service on 24 February . After they proved to work well , NSB bought them for 95,000 Swedish kronor plus freight . Two more units were bought in 1986 .", "title": "Post-war operations" }, { "text": "The line had major limitations on speed , and also served the wrong direction , heading westwards into less populated areas instead of the populated parts of Agder in the east . Major investments would be needed to upgrade the line to a suitable speed , and through the 1970s this became an important issue of debate . On the other hand , the line had among the highest ridership of the branch lines , with 120,000 passengers per year , which was for instance 50% higher than the Arendal Line , which was not closed . However , parliament", "title": "Closing" }, { "text": "decided to close the line , along with several other branch lines , in 1988 , with effect from 1990 . The last scheduled train ran on 31 December 1990 .", "title": "Closing" }, { "text": " There were plans to establish private operations along the line . Continental Railway Systems was established by Rasmus Surdal . The company would be allowed to use the rolling stock and infrastructure , and two of the trains were painted white . However , it was not possible for the company to get the necessary bank surety demanded by NSB , and nothing came of the plans .", "title": "Closing" }, { "text": "The line has been suggested preserved as a cultural heritage , since it represents one of very few railways with the original narrow gauge profile intact . However , all stations have been demolished ; Flekkefjord in 1970 , Sirnes in 1977 and Flikkeid in 1988 . The organization Friends of the Flekkefjord Line offer rental of draisines for tourists since the closure of the line , and a round trip from Flekkefjord to Bakkekleivi just outside Sira takes about three hours . However , the Norwegian National Rail Administration have since banned the operation of draisines until the line", "title": "Closing" }, { "text": "is fully fenced in .", "title": "Closing" } ]
/wiki/Fremantle_Oval#P466#0
Who was the occupant of Fremantle Oval before Mar 1898?
Fremantle Oval Fremantle Oval , also known by naming rights sponsorship as Fremantle Community Bank Oval , is a stadium in the centre of Fremantle , Western Australia , located on Parry Street . It currently has a capacity of 17,500 with terracing and a members area holding 750 , though capacity was capped at 10,000 for Fremantle AFLW games . Fremantle Oval was originally used for cricket , but in 1895 hosted its first game of Australian rules football and Australian Football quickly became the main attraction leading to the development of the ground . It is located between the Fremantle Hospital , Fremantle Markets and the Fremantle Prison . South Fremantle Football Club train and play their home WAFL matches at the ground and are one of the few sporting organisations in Western Australia to own their club rooms freehold , rather than on a long-term lease . Additionally , the oval is the primary home ground of the Fremantle Dockers womens team . The ground was also the training and administrative home of the Fremantle Football Club until February 2017 , and has also hosted pre-season matches featuring Fremantle . History . Originally known as Barracks Green Field , the area was used by the Pensioner Guards who were used primarily as guards for Fremantle Prison which house convict and ticket of leave prisoners . In 1861 Manning raised a Volunteer defence force , who used the ground for manoeuvers , parades with volunteer bands providing entertainment . As Australian Rules Football developed in the late 19th century the ground became the base for the Fremantle Football Club and hosted many early WAFL as well as interstate games . Facilities remained relatively basic until 1897 when the Victoria Pavilion was built . The large stately structure provided seating for 500 people as well as club rooms located in the basement . By 1901 South Fremantle Football Club and East Fremantle Football Club were established as regular cotenants of Fremantle Oval . The oval also hosted Fremantle Cricket Club and a cycling track that was in regular use throughout the year . In March 1907 Western Australia hosted New South Wales in the ovals only recorded first-class cricket match . New South Wales had three players ( Warren Bardsley , Charles Macartney , and Roy Minnett ) who had represented Australia in Test cricket whilst Western Australia had one ( Ernie Jones ) . Western Australia won by 5 runs . East Fremantle Football Club vacated the ground in 1950 , moving to new premises , located at Moss Street in East Fremantle . In 1954 the oval was used for a ceremonial parade as part of Queen Elizabeth IIs first visit to Fremantle . The Cycling Track and Cricket Pitch were removed in the 1960s due to the increasing demands of WAFL football . The ground remained relatively unchanged until 1968 when the South Fremantle Football Club acquired a portion of land freehold at the hospital end of the ground for the construction of social club , members pavilion and players changerooms . Further improvements were made to the ground with the growing demands of larger WAFL crowds in the 1960s and 1970s . These included a shelter behind the goals at the prison end of the ground and a large one at the hospital end of the ground named the Doig Pavilion . A three level press box was constructed adjacent to the Victoria Pavilion . The eastern outer area of the ground was also fully terraced with concrete kerbing so as to allow for greater crowd capacity . The late 1970s witnessed a peak in crowd attendance at Fremantle Oval with over 23,000 people attending the Foundation Day Derby in 1979 . Large crowds continued to flock to the ground into the early 1980s with the WAFL proving to be the most popular spectator sport in the State . From 1980 to 1985 the oval hosted Motorcross racing during the summer . Noise complaints from nearby Fremantle Hospital and the availability of more suitable venues lead to the racing moving . In 1986 the ground underwent its most dramatic structural change with the works related to the Parry Street extension , demolishing the historic Henderson Street and South Terrace entrance gates as well reducing the capacity of the ground on the western side . New entrance gates were built on Parry Street , however the South Terrace gates were never replaced . In 1987 , the entry of the West Coast Eagles into the expanded VFL competition lead to a dramatic decline in WAFL attendances . In 1995 this was compounded by the entry of the Fremantle Dockers into the AFL . Attendances dropped from an average of 8000 in the early 1980s to 3000 in the early 90s and 2000 in 1999 . The Fremantle Dockers established a base at the oval and in 1999 constructed a new training facility . This required the demolition of the Doig Pavilion and the levelling of the historic hospital end hill area that had once been one of the most popular positions for the general public to watch football matches from . In 2017 , the Dockers AFLW team began playing most home games at the oval . The oval also continues to host WAFL matches as well as AFL pre season games . It is also used a venue for conferences , rock concerts ( including the Big Day Out ) and exhibitions . Record crowd . 23,109 , when South Fremantle beat East Fremantle on 4 June 1979 .
[ "Fremantle Football Club" ]
[ { "text": "Fremantle Oval , also known by naming rights sponsorship as Fremantle Community Bank Oval , is a stadium in the centre of Fremantle , Western Australia , located on Parry Street . It currently has a capacity of 17,500 with terracing and a members area holding 750 , though capacity was capped at 10,000 for Fremantle AFLW games . Fremantle Oval was originally used for cricket , but in 1895 hosted its first game of Australian rules football and Australian Football quickly became the main attraction leading to the development of the ground . It is located between the Fremantle", "title": "Fremantle Oval" }, { "text": "Hospital , Fremantle Markets and the Fremantle Prison .", "title": "Fremantle Oval" }, { "text": " South Fremantle Football Club train and play their home WAFL matches at the ground and are one of the few sporting organisations in Western Australia to own their club rooms freehold , rather than on a long-term lease . Additionally , the oval is the primary home ground of the Fremantle Dockers womens team . The ground was also the training and administrative home of the Fremantle Football Club until February 2017 , and has also hosted pre-season matches featuring Fremantle .", "title": "Fremantle Oval" }, { "text": " Originally known as Barracks Green Field , the area was used by the Pensioner Guards who were used primarily as guards for Fremantle Prison which house convict and ticket of leave prisoners . In 1861 Manning raised a Volunteer defence force , who used the ground for manoeuvers , parades with volunteer bands providing entertainment .", "title": "History" }, { "text": "As Australian Rules Football developed in the late 19th century the ground became the base for the Fremantle Football Club and hosted many early WAFL as well as interstate games . Facilities remained relatively basic until 1897 when the Victoria Pavilion was built . The large stately structure provided seating for 500 people as well as club rooms located in the basement .", "title": "History" }, { "text": " By 1901 South Fremantle Football Club and East Fremantle Football Club were established as regular cotenants of Fremantle Oval . The oval also hosted Fremantle Cricket Club and a cycling track that was in regular use throughout the year . In March 1907 Western Australia hosted New South Wales in the ovals only recorded first-class cricket match . New South Wales had three players ( Warren Bardsley , Charles Macartney , and Roy Minnett ) who had represented Australia in Test cricket whilst Western Australia had one ( Ernie Jones ) . Western Australia won by 5 runs .", "title": "History" }, { "text": "East Fremantle Football Club vacated the ground in 1950 , moving to new premises , located at Moss Street in East Fremantle .", "title": "History" }, { "text": " In 1954 the oval was used for a ceremonial parade as part of Queen Elizabeth IIs first visit to Fremantle . The Cycling Track and Cricket Pitch were removed in the 1960s due to the increasing demands of WAFL football . The ground remained relatively unchanged until 1968 when the South Fremantle Football Club acquired a portion of land freehold at the hospital end of the ground for the construction of social club , members pavilion and players changerooms .", "title": "History" }, { "text": "Further improvements were made to the ground with the growing demands of larger WAFL crowds in the 1960s and 1970s . These included a shelter behind the goals at the prison end of the ground and a large one at the hospital end of the ground named the Doig Pavilion . A three level press box was constructed adjacent to the Victoria Pavilion . The eastern outer area of the ground was also fully terraced with concrete kerbing so as to allow for greater crowd capacity .", "title": "History" }, { "text": " The late 1970s witnessed a peak in crowd attendance at Fremantle Oval with over 23,000 people attending the Foundation Day Derby in 1979 . Large crowds continued to flock to the ground into the early 1980s with the WAFL proving to be the most popular spectator sport in the State . From 1980 to 1985 the oval hosted Motorcross racing during the summer . Noise complaints from nearby Fremantle Hospital and the availability of more suitable venues lead to the racing moving .", "title": "History" }, { "text": "In 1986 the ground underwent its most dramatic structural change with the works related to the Parry Street extension , demolishing the historic Henderson Street and South Terrace entrance gates as well reducing the capacity of the ground on the western side . New entrance gates were built on Parry Street , however the South Terrace gates were never replaced .", "title": "History" }, { "text": " In 1987 , the entry of the West Coast Eagles into the expanded VFL competition lead to a dramatic decline in WAFL attendances . In 1995 this was compounded by the entry of the Fremantle Dockers into the AFL . Attendances dropped from an average of 8000 in the early 1980s to 3000 in the early 90s and 2000 in 1999 .", "title": "History" }, { "text": "The Fremantle Dockers established a base at the oval and in 1999 constructed a new training facility . This required the demolition of the Doig Pavilion and the levelling of the historic hospital end hill area that had once been one of the most popular positions for the general public to watch football matches from .", "title": "History" }, { "text": " In 2017 , the Dockers AFLW team began playing most home games at the oval . The oval also continues to host WAFL matches as well as AFL pre season games . It is also used a venue for conferences , rock concerts ( including the Big Day Out ) and exhibitions .", "title": "History" }, { "text": " 23,109 , when South Fremantle beat East Fremantle on 4 June 1979 .", "title": "Record crowd" } ]
/wiki/Fremantle_Oval#P466#1
Who was the occupant of Fremantle Oval between Mar 1903 and Aug 1904?
Fremantle Oval Fremantle Oval , also known by naming rights sponsorship as Fremantle Community Bank Oval , is a stadium in the centre of Fremantle , Western Australia , located on Parry Street . It currently has a capacity of 17,500 with terracing and a members area holding 750 , though capacity was capped at 10,000 for Fremantle AFLW games . Fremantle Oval was originally used for cricket , but in 1895 hosted its first game of Australian rules football and Australian Football quickly became the main attraction leading to the development of the ground . It is located between the Fremantle Hospital , Fremantle Markets and the Fremantle Prison . South Fremantle Football Club train and play their home WAFL matches at the ground and are one of the few sporting organisations in Western Australia to own their club rooms freehold , rather than on a long-term lease . Additionally , the oval is the primary home ground of the Fremantle Dockers womens team . The ground was also the training and administrative home of the Fremantle Football Club until February 2017 , and has also hosted pre-season matches featuring Fremantle . History . Originally known as Barracks Green Field , the area was used by the Pensioner Guards who were used primarily as guards for Fremantle Prison which house convict and ticket of leave prisoners . In 1861 Manning raised a Volunteer defence force , who used the ground for manoeuvers , parades with volunteer bands providing entertainment . As Australian Rules Football developed in the late 19th century the ground became the base for the Fremantle Football Club and hosted many early WAFL as well as interstate games . Facilities remained relatively basic until 1897 when the Victoria Pavilion was built . The large stately structure provided seating for 500 people as well as club rooms located in the basement . By 1901 South Fremantle Football Club and East Fremantle Football Club were established as regular cotenants of Fremantle Oval . The oval also hosted Fremantle Cricket Club and a cycling track that was in regular use throughout the year . In March 1907 Western Australia hosted New South Wales in the ovals only recorded first-class cricket match . New South Wales had three players ( Warren Bardsley , Charles Macartney , and Roy Minnett ) who had represented Australia in Test cricket whilst Western Australia had one ( Ernie Jones ) . Western Australia won by 5 runs . East Fremantle Football Club vacated the ground in 1950 , moving to new premises , located at Moss Street in East Fremantle . In 1954 the oval was used for a ceremonial parade as part of Queen Elizabeth IIs first visit to Fremantle . The Cycling Track and Cricket Pitch were removed in the 1960s due to the increasing demands of WAFL football . The ground remained relatively unchanged until 1968 when the South Fremantle Football Club acquired a portion of land freehold at the hospital end of the ground for the construction of social club , members pavilion and players changerooms . Further improvements were made to the ground with the growing demands of larger WAFL crowds in the 1960s and 1970s . These included a shelter behind the goals at the prison end of the ground and a large one at the hospital end of the ground named the Doig Pavilion . A three level press box was constructed adjacent to the Victoria Pavilion . The eastern outer area of the ground was also fully terraced with concrete kerbing so as to allow for greater crowd capacity . The late 1970s witnessed a peak in crowd attendance at Fremantle Oval with over 23,000 people attending the Foundation Day Derby in 1979 . Large crowds continued to flock to the ground into the early 1980s with the WAFL proving to be the most popular spectator sport in the State . From 1980 to 1985 the oval hosted Motorcross racing during the summer . Noise complaints from nearby Fremantle Hospital and the availability of more suitable venues lead to the racing moving . In 1986 the ground underwent its most dramatic structural change with the works related to the Parry Street extension , demolishing the historic Henderson Street and South Terrace entrance gates as well reducing the capacity of the ground on the western side . New entrance gates were built on Parry Street , however the South Terrace gates were never replaced . In 1987 , the entry of the West Coast Eagles into the expanded VFL competition lead to a dramatic decline in WAFL attendances . In 1995 this was compounded by the entry of the Fremantle Dockers into the AFL . Attendances dropped from an average of 8000 in the early 1980s to 3000 in the early 90s and 2000 in 1999 . The Fremantle Dockers established a base at the oval and in 1999 constructed a new training facility . This required the demolition of the Doig Pavilion and the levelling of the historic hospital end hill area that had once been one of the most popular positions for the general public to watch football matches from . In 2017 , the Dockers AFLW team began playing most home games at the oval . The oval also continues to host WAFL matches as well as AFL pre season games . It is also used a venue for conferences , rock concerts ( including the Big Day Out ) and exhibitions . Record crowd . 23,109 , when South Fremantle beat East Fremantle on 4 June 1979 .
[ "" ]
[ { "text": "Fremantle Oval , also known by naming rights sponsorship as Fremantle Community Bank Oval , is a stadium in the centre of Fremantle , Western Australia , located on Parry Street . It currently has a capacity of 17,500 with terracing and a members area holding 750 , though capacity was capped at 10,000 for Fremantle AFLW games . Fremantle Oval was originally used for cricket , but in 1895 hosted its first game of Australian rules football and Australian Football quickly became the main attraction leading to the development of the ground . It is located between the Fremantle", "title": "Fremantle Oval" }, { "text": "Hospital , Fremantle Markets and the Fremantle Prison .", "title": "Fremantle Oval" }, { "text": " South Fremantle Football Club train and play their home WAFL matches at the ground and are one of the few sporting organisations in Western Australia to own their club rooms freehold , rather than on a long-term lease . Additionally , the oval is the primary home ground of the Fremantle Dockers womens team . The ground was also the training and administrative home of the Fremantle Football Club until February 2017 , and has also hosted pre-season matches featuring Fremantle .", "title": "Fremantle Oval" }, { "text": " Originally known as Barracks Green Field , the area was used by the Pensioner Guards who were used primarily as guards for Fremantle Prison which house convict and ticket of leave prisoners . In 1861 Manning raised a Volunteer defence force , who used the ground for manoeuvers , parades with volunteer bands providing entertainment .", "title": "History" }, { "text": "As Australian Rules Football developed in the late 19th century the ground became the base for the Fremantle Football Club and hosted many early WAFL as well as interstate games . Facilities remained relatively basic until 1897 when the Victoria Pavilion was built . The large stately structure provided seating for 500 people as well as club rooms located in the basement .", "title": "History" }, { "text": " By 1901 South Fremantle Football Club and East Fremantle Football Club were established as regular cotenants of Fremantle Oval . The oval also hosted Fremantle Cricket Club and a cycling track that was in regular use throughout the year . In March 1907 Western Australia hosted New South Wales in the ovals only recorded first-class cricket match . New South Wales had three players ( Warren Bardsley , Charles Macartney , and Roy Minnett ) who had represented Australia in Test cricket whilst Western Australia had one ( Ernie Jones ) . Western Australia won by 5 runs .", "title": "History" }, { "text": "East Fremantle Football Club vacated the ground in 1950 , moving to new premises , located at Moss Street in East Fremantle .", "title": "History" }, { "text": " In 1954 the oval was used for a ceremonial parade as part of Queen Elizabeth IIs first visit to Fremantle . The Cycling Track and Cricket Pitch were removed in the 1960s due to the increasing demands of WAFL football . The ground remained relatively unchanged until 1968 when the South Fremantle Football Club acquired a portion of land freehold at the hospital end of the ground for the construction of social club , members pavilion and players changerooms .", "title": "History" }, { "text": "Further improvements were made to the ground with the growing demands of larger WAFL crowds in the 1960s and 1970s . These included a shelter behind the goals at the prison end of the ground and a large one at the hospital end of the ground named the Doig Pavilion . A three level press box was constructed adjacent to the Victoria Pavilion . The eastern outer area of the ground was also fully terraced with concrete kerbing so as to allow for greater crowd capacity .", "title": "History" }, { "text": " The late 1970s witnessed a peak in crowd attendance at Fremantle Oval with over 23,000 people attending the Foundation Day Derby in 1979 . Large crowds continued to flock to the ground into the early 1980s with the WAFL proving to be the most popular spectator sport in the State . From 1980 to 1985 the oval hosted Motorcross racing during the summer . Noise complaints from nearby Fremantle Hospital and the availability of more suitable venues lead to the racing moving .", "title": "History" }, { "text": "In 1986 the ground underwent its most dramatic structural change with the works related to the Parry Street extension , demolishing the historic Henderson Street and South Terrace entrance gates as well reducing the capacity of the ground on the western side . New entrance gates were built on Parry Street , however the South Terrace gates were never replaced .", "title": "History" }, { "text": " In 1987 , the entry of the West Coast Eagles into the expanded VFL competition lead to a dramatic decline in WAFL attendances . In 1995 this was compounded by the entry of the Fremantle Dockers into the AFL . Attendances dropped from an average of 8000 in the early 1980s to 3000 in the early 90s and 2000 in 1999 .", "title": "History" }, { "text": "The Fremantle Dockers established a base at the oval and in 1999 constructed a new training facility . This required the demolition of the Doig Pavilion and the levelling of the historic hospital end hill area that had once been one of the most popular positions for the general public to watch football matches from .", "title": "History" }, { "text": " In 2017 , the Dockers AFLW team began playing most home games at the oval . The oval also continues to host WAFL matches as well as AFL pre season games . It is also used a venue for conferences , rock concerts ( including the Big Day Out ) and exhibitions .", "title": "History" }, { "text": " 23,109 , when South Fremantle beat East Fremantle on 4 June 1979 .", "title": "Record crowd" } ]
/wiki/Fremantle_Oval#P466#2
Who was the occupant of Fremantle Oval in 1905?
Fremantle Oval Fremantle Oval , also known by naming rights sponsorship as Fremantle Community Bank Oval , is a stadium in the centre of Fremantle , Western Australia , located on Parry Street . It currently has a capacity of 17,500 with terracing and a members area holding 750 , though capacity was capped at 10,000 for Fremantle AFLW games . Fremantle Oval was originally used for cricket , but in 1895 hosted its first game of Australian rules football and Australian Football quickly became the main attraction leading to the development of the ground . It is located between the Fremantle Hospital , Fremantle Markets and the Fremantle Prison . South Fremantle Football Club train and play their home WAFL matches at the ground and are one of the few sporting organisations in Western Australia to own their club rooms freehold , rather than on a long-term lease . Additionally , the oval is the primary home ground of the Fremantle Dockers womens team . The ground was also the training and administrative home of the Fremantle Football Club until February 2017 , and has also hosted pre-season matches featuring Fremantle . History . Originally known as Barracks Green Field , the area was used by the Pensioner Guards who were used primarily as guards for Fremantle Prison which house convict and ticket of leave prisoners . In 1861 Manning raised a Volunteer defence force , who used the ground for manoeuvers , parades with volunteer bands providing entertainment . As Australian Rules Football developed in the late 19th century the ground became the base for the Fremantle Football Club and hosted many early WAFL as well as interstate games . Facilities remained relatively basic until 1897 when the Victoria Pavilion was built . The large stately structure provided seating for 500 people as well as club rooms located in the basement . By 1901 South Fremantle Football Club and East Fremantle Football Club were established as regular cotenants of Fremantle Oval . The oval also hosted Fremantle Cricket Club and a cycling track that was in regular use throughout the year . In March 1907 Western Australia hosted New South Wales in the ovals only recorded first-class cricket match . New South Wales had three players ( Warren Bardsley , Charles Macartney , and Roy Minnett ) who had represented Australia in Test cricket whilst Western Australia had one ( Ernie Jones ) . Western Australia won by 5 runs . East Fremantle Football Club vacated the ground in 1950 , moving to new premises , located at Moss Street in East Fremantle . In 1954 the oval was used for a ceremonial parade as part of Queen Elizabeth IIs first visit to Fremantle . The Cycling Track and Cricket Pitch were removed in the 1960s due to the increasing demands of WAFL football . The ground remained relatively unchanged until 1968 when the South Fremantle Football Club acquired a portion of land freehold at the hospital end of the ground for the construction of social club , members pavilion and players changerooms . Further improvements were made to the ground with the growing demands of larger WAFL crowds in the 1960s and 1970s . These included a shelter behind the goals at the prison end of the ground and a large one at the hospital end of the ground named the Doig Pavilion . A three level press box was constructed adjacent to the Victoria Pavilion . The eastern outer area of the ground was also fully terraced with concrete kerbing so as to allow for greater crowd capacity . The late 1970s witnessed a peak in crowd attendance at Fremantle Oval with over 23,000 people attending the Foundation Day Derby in 1979 . Large crowds continued to flock to the ground into the early 1980s with the WAFL proving to be the most popular spectator sport in the State . From 1980 to 1985 the oval hosted Motorcross racing during the summer . Noise complaints from nearby Fremantle Hospital and the availability of more suitable venues lead to the racing moving . In 1986 the ground underwent its most dramatic structural change with the works related to the Parry Street extension , demolishing the historic Henderson Street and South Terrace entrance gates as well reducing the capacity of the ground on the western side . New entrance gates were built on Parry Street , however the South Terrace gates were never replaced . In 1987 , the entry of the West Coast Eagles into the expanded VFL competition lead to a dramatic decline in WAFL attendances . In 1995 this was compounded by the entry of the Fremantle Dockers into the AFL . Attendances dropped from an average of 8000 in the early 1980s to 3000 in the early 90s and 2000 in 1999 . The Fremantle Dockers established a base at the oval and in 1999 constructed a new training facility . This required the demolition of the Doig Pavilion and the levelling of the historic hospital end hill area that had once been one of the most popular positions for the general public to watch football matches from . In 2017 , the Dockers AFLW team began playing most home games at the oval . The oval also continues to host WAFL matches as well as AFL pre season games . It is also used a venue for conferences , rock concerts ( including the Big Day Out ) and exhibitions . Record crowd . 23,109 , when South Fremantle beat East Fremantle on 4 June 1979 .
[ "South Fremantle Football Club", "East Fremantle Football Club" ]
[ { "text": "Fremantle Oval , also known by naming rights sponsorship as Fremantle Community Bank Oval , is a stadium in the centre of Fremantle , Western Australia , located on Parry Street . It currently has a capacity of 17,500 with terracing and a members area holding 750 , though capacity was capped at 10,000 for Fremantle AFLW games . Fremantle Oval was originally used for cricket , but in 1895 hosted its first game of Australian rules football and Australian Football quickly became the main attraction leading to the development of the ground . It is located between the Fremantle", "title": "Fremantle Oval" }, { "text": "Hospital , Fremantle Markets and the Fremantle Prison .", "title": "Fremantle Oval" }, { "text": " South Fremantle Football Club train and play their home WAFL matches at the ground and are one of the few sporting organisations in Western Australia to own their club rooms freehold , rather than on a long-term lease . Additionally , the oval is the primary home ground of the Fremantle Dockers womens team . The ground was also the training and administrative home of the Fremantle Football Club until February 2017 , and has also hosted pre-season matches featuring Fremantle .", "title": "Fremantle Oval" }, { "text": " Originally known as Barracks Green Field , the area was used by the Pensioner Guards who were used primarily as guards for Fremantle Prison which house convict and ticket of leave prisoners . In 1861 Manning raised a Volunteer defence force , who used the ground for manoeuvers , parades with volunteer bands providing entertainment .", "title": "History" }, { "text": "As Australian Rules Football developed in the late 19th century the ground became the base for the Fremantle Football Club and hosted many early WAFL as well as interstate games . Facilities remained relatively basic until 1897 when the Victoria Pavilion was built . The large stately structure provided seating for 500 people as well as club rooms located in the basement .", "title": "History" }, { "text": " By 1901 South Fremantle Football Club and East Fremantle Football Club were established as regular cotenants of Fremantle Oval . The oval also hosted Fremantle Cricket Club and a cycling track that was in regular use throughout the year . In March 1907 Western Australia hosted New South Wales in the ovals only recorded first-class cricket match . New South Wales had three players ( Warren Bardsley , Charles Macartney , and Roy Minnett ) who had represented Australia in Test cricket whilst Western Australia had one ( Ernie Jones ) . Western Australia won by 5 runs .", "title": "History" }, { "text": "East Fremantle Football Club vacated the ground in 1950 , moving to new premises , located at Moss Street in East Fremantle .", "title": "History" }, { "text": " In 1954 the oval was used for a ceremonial parade as part of Queen Elizabeth IIs first visit to Fremantle . The Cycling Track and Cricket Pitch were removed in the 1960s due to the increasing demands of WAFL football . The ground remained relatively unchanged until 1968 when the South Fremantle Football Club acquired a portion of land freehold at the hospital end of the ground for the construction of social club , members pavilion and players changerooms .", "title": "History" }, { "text": "Further improvements were made to the ground with the growing demands of larger WAFL crowds in the 1960s and 1970s . These included a shelter behind the goals at the prison end of the ground and a large one at the hospital end of the ground named the Doig Pavilion . A three level press box was constructed adjacent to the Victoria Pavilion . The eastern outer area of the ground was also fully terraced with concrete kerbing so as to allow for greater crowd capacity .", "title": "History" }, { "text": " The late 1970s witnessed a peak in crowd attendance at Fremantle Oval with over 23,000 people attending the Foundation Day Derby in 1979 . Large crowds continued to flock to the ground into the early 1980s with the WAFL proving to be the most popular spectator sport in the State . From 1980 to 1985 the oval hosted Motorcross racing during the summer . Noise complaints from nearby Fremantle Hospital and the availability of more suitable venues lead to the racing moving .", "title": "History" }, { "text": "In 1986 the ground underwent its most dramatic structural change with the works related to the Parry Street extension , demolishing the historic Henderson Street and South Terrace entrance gates as well reducing the capacity of the ground on the western side . New entrance gates were built on Parry Street , however the South Terrace gates were never replaced .", "title": "History" }, { "text": " In 1987 , the entry of the West Coast Eagles into the expanded VFL competition lead to a dramatic decline in WAFL attendances . In 1995 this was compounded by the entry of the Fremantle Dockers into the AFL . Attendances dropped from an average of 8000 in the early 1980s to 3000 in the early 90s and 2000 in 1999 .", "title": "History" }, { "text": "The Fremantle Dockers established a base at the oval and in 1999 constructed a new training facility . This required the demolition of the Doig Pavilion and the levelling of the historic hospital end hill area that had once been one of the most popular positions for the general public to watch football matches from .", "title": "History" }, { "text": " In 2017 , the Dockers AFLW team began playing most home games at the oval . The oval also continues to host WAFL matches as well as AFL pre season games . It is also used a venue for conferences , rock concerts ( including the Big Day Out ) and exhibitions .", "title": "History" }, { "text": " 23,109 , when South Fremantle beat East Fremantle on 4 June 1979 .", "title": "Record crowd" } ]
/wiki/Fremantle_Oval#P466#3
Who was the occupant of Fremantle Oval in early 2010s?
Fremantle Oval Fremantle Oval , also known by naming rights sponsorship as Fremantle Community Bank Oval , is a stadium in the centre of Fremantle , Western Australia , located on Parry Street . It currently has a capacity of 17,500 with terracing and a members area holding 750 , though capacity was capped at 10,000 for Fremantle AFLW games . Fremantle Oval was originally used for cricket , but in 1895 hosted its first game of Australian rules football and Australian Football quickly became the main attraction leading to the development of the ground . It is located between the Fremantle Hospital , Fremantle Markets and the Fremantle Prison . South Fremantle Football Club train and play their home WAFL matches at the ground and are one of the few sporting organisations in Western Australia to own their club rooms freehold , rather than on a long-term lease . Additionally , the oval is the primary home ground of the Fremantle Dockers womens team . The ground was also the training and administrative home of the Fremantle Football Club until February 2017 , and has also hosted pre-season matches featuring Fremantle . History . Originally known as Barracks Green Field , the area was used by the Pensioner Guards who were used primarily as guards for Fremantle Prison which house convict and ticket of leave prisoners . In 1861 Manning raised a Volunteer defence force , who used the ground for manoeuvers , parades with volunteer bands providing entertainment . As Australian Rules Football developed in the late 19th century the ground became the base for the Fremantle Football Club and hosted many early WAFL as well as interstate games . Facilities remained relatively basic until 1897 when the Victoria Pavilion was built . The large stately structure provided seating for 500 people as well as club rooms located in the basement . By 1901 South Fremantle Football Club and East Fremantle Football Club were established as regular cotenants of Fremantle Oval . The oval also hosted Fremantle Cricket Club and a cycling track that was in regular use throughout the year . In March 1907 Western Australia hosted New South Wales in the ovals only recorded first-class cricket match . New South Wales had three players ( Warren Bardsley , Charles Macartney , and Roy Minnett ) who had represented Australia in Test cricket whilst Western Australia had one ( Ernie Jones ) . Western Australia won by 5 runs . East Fremantle Football Club vacated the ground in 1950 , moving to new premises , located at Moss Street in East Fremantle . In 1954 the oval was used for a ceremonial parade as part of Queen Elizabeth IIs first visit to Fremantle . The Cycling Track and Cricket Pitch were removed in the 1960s due to the increasing demands of WAFL football . The ground remained relatively unchanged until 1968 when the South Fremantle Football Club acquired a portion of land freehold at the hospital end of the ground for the construction of social club , members pavilion and players changerooms . Further improvements were made to the ground with the growing demands of larger WAFL crowds in the 1960s and 1970s . These included a shelter behind the goals at the prison end of the ground and a large one at the hospital end of the ground named the Doig Pavilion . A three level press box was constructed adjacent to the Victoria Pavilion . The eastern outer area of the ground was also fully terraced with concrete kerbing so as to allow for greater crowd capacity . The late 1970s witnessed a peak in crowd attendance at Fremantle Oval with over 23,000 people attending the Foundation Day Derby in 1979 . Large crowds continued to flock to the ground into the early 1980s with the WAFL proving to be the most popular spectator sport in the State . From 1980 to 1985 the oval hosted Motorcross racing during the summer . Noise complaints from nearby Fremantle Hospital and the availability of more suitable venues lead to the racing moving . In 1986 the ground underwent its most dramatic structural change with the works related to the Parry Street extension , demolishing the historic Henderson Street and South Terrace entrance gates as well reducing the capacity of the ground on the western side . New entrance gates were built on Parry Street , however the South Terrace gates were never replaced . In 1987 , the entry of the West Coast Eagles into the expanded VFL competition lead to a dramatic decline in WAFL attendances . In 1995 this was compounded by the entry of the Fremantle Dockers into the AFL . Attendances dropped from an average of 8000 in the early 1980s to 3000 in the early 90s and 2000 in 1999 . The Fremantle Dockers established a base at the oval and in 1999 constructed a new training facility . This required the demolition of the Doig Pavilion and the levelling of the historic hospital end hill area that had once been one of the most popular positions for the general public to watch football matches from . In 2017 , the Dockers AFLW team began playing most home games at the oval . The oval also continues to host WAFL matches as well as AFL pre season games . It is also used a venue for conferences , rock concerts ( including the Big Day Out ) and exhibitions . Record crowd . 23,109 , when South Fremantle beat East Fremantle on 4 June 1979 .
[ "" ]
[ { "text": "Fremantle Oval , also known by naming rights sponsorship as Fremantle Community Bank Oval , is a stadium in the centre of Fremantle , Western Australia , located on Parry Street . It currently has a capacity of 17,500 with terracing and a members area holding 750 , though capacity was capped at 10,000 for Fremantle AFLW games . Fremantle Oval was originally used for cricket , but in 1895 hosted its first game of Australian rules football and Australian Football quickly became the main attraction leading to the development of the ground . It is located between the Fremantle", "title": "Fremantle Oval" }, { "text": "Hospital , Fremantle Markets and the Fremantle Prison .", "title": "Fremantle Oval" }, { "text": " South Fremantle Football Club train and play their home WAFL matches at the ground and are one of the few sporting organisations in Western Australia to own their club rooms freehold , rather than on a long-term lease . Additionally , the oval is the primary home ground of the Fremantle Dockers womens team . The ground was also the training and administrative home of the Fremantle Football Club until February 2017 , and has also hosted pre-season matches featuring Fremantle .", "title": "Fremantle Oval" }, { "text": " Originally known as Barracks Green Field , the area was used by the Pensioner Guards who were used primarily as guards for Fremantle Prison which house convict and ticket of leave prisoners . In 1861 Manning raised a Volunteer defence force , who used the ground for manoeuvers , parades with volunteer bands providing entertainment .", "title": "History" }, { "text": "As Australian Rules Football developed in the late 19th century the ground became the base for the Fremantle Football Club and hosted many early WAFL as well as interstate games . Facilities remained relatively basic until 1897 when the Victoria Pavilion was built . The large stately structure provided seating for 500 people as well as club rooms located in the basement .", "title": "History" }, { "text": " By 1901 South Fremantle Football Club and East Fremantle Football Club were established as regular cotenants of Fremantle Oval . The oval also hosted Fremantle Cricket Club and a cycling track that was in regular use throughout the year . In March 1907 Western Australia hosted New South Wales in the ovals only recorded first-class cricket match . New South Wales had three players ( Warren Bardsley , Charles Macartney , and Roy Minnett ) who had represented Australia in Test cricket whilst Western Australia had one ( Ernie Jones ) . Western Australia won by 5 runs .", "title": "History" }, { "text": "East Fremantle Football Club vacated the ground in 1950 , moving to new premises , located at Moss Street in East Fremantle .", "title": "History" }, { "text": " In 1954 the oval was used for a ceremonial parade as part of Queen Elizabeth IIs first visit to Fremantle . The Cycling Track and Cricket Pitch were removed in the 1960s due to the increasing demands of WAFL football . The ground remained relatively unchanged until 1968 when the South Fremantle Football Club acquired a portion of land freehold at the hospital end of the ground for the construction of social club , members pavilion and players changerooms .", "title": "History" }, { "text": "Further improvements were made to the ground with the growing demands of larger WAFL crowds in the 1960s and 1970s . These included a shelter behind the goals at the prison end of the ground and a large one at the hospital end of the ground named the Doig Pavilion . A three level press box was constructed adjacent to the Victoria Pavilion . The eastern outer area of the ground was also fully terraced with concrete kerbing so as to allow for greater crowd capacity .", "title": "History" }, { "text": " The late 1970s witnessed a peak in crowd attendance at Fremantle Oval with over 23,000 people attending the Foundation Day Derby in 1979 . Large crowds continued to flock to the ground into the early 1980s with the WAFL proving to be the most popular spectator sport in the State . From 1980 to 1985 the oval hosted Motorcross racing during the summer . Noise complaints from nearby Fremantle Hospital and the availability of more suitable venues lead to the racing moving .", "title": "History" }, { "text": "In 1986 the ground underwent its most dramatic structural change with the works related to the Parry Street extension , demolishing the historic Henderson Street and South Terrace entrance gates as well reducing the capacity of the ground on the western side . New entrance gates were built on Parry Street , however the South Terrace gates were never replaced .", "title": "History" }, { "text": " In 1987 , the entry of the West Coast Eagles into the expanded VFL competition lead to a dramatic decline in WAFL attendances . In 1995 this was compounded by the entry of the Fremantle Dockers into the AFL . Attendances dropped from an average of 8000 in the early 1980s to 3000 in the early 90s and 2000 in 1999 .", "title": "History" }, { "text": "The Fremantle Dockers established a base at the oval and in 1999 constructed a new training facility . This required the demolition of the Doig Pavilion and the levelling of the historic hospital end hill area that had once been one of the most popular positions for the general public to watch football matches from .", "title": "History" }, { "text": " In 2017 , the Dockers AFLW team began playing most home games at the oval . The oval also continues to host WAFL matches as well as AFL pre season games . It is also used a venue for conferences , rock concerts ( including the Big Day Out ) and exhibitions .", "title": "History" }, { "text": " 23,109 , when South Fremantle beat East Fremantle on 4 June 1979 .", "title": "Record crowd" } ]
/wiki/Fremantle_Oval#P466#4
Who was the occupant of Fremantle Oval after Dec 2017?
Fremantle Oval Fremantle Oval , also known by naming rights sponsorship as Fremantle Community Bank Oval , is a stadium in the centre of Fremantle , Western Australia , located on Parry Street . It currently has a capacity of 17,500 with terracing and a members area holding 750 , though capacity was capped at 10,000 for Fremantle AFLW games . Fremantle Oval was originally used for cricket , but in 1895 hosted its first game of Australian rules football and Australian Football quickly became the main attraction leading to the development of the ground . It is located between the Fremantle Hospital , Fremantle Markets and the Fremantle Prison . South Fremantle Football Club train and play their home WAFL matches at the ground and are one of the few sporting organisations in Western Australia to own their club rooms freehold , rather than on a long-term lease . Additionally , the oval is the primary home ground of the Fremantle Dockers womens team . The ground was also the training and administrative home of the Fremantle Football Club until February 2017 , and has also hosted pre-season matches featuring Fremantle . History . Originally known as Barracks Green Field , the area was used by the Pensioner Guards who were used primarily as guards for Fremantle Prison which house convict and ticket of leave prisoners . In 1861 Manning raised a Volunteer defence force , who used the ground for manoeuvers , parades with volunteer bands providing entertainment . As Australian Rules Football developed in the late 19th century the ground became the base for the Fremantle Football Club and hosted many early WAFL as well as interstate games . Facilities remained relatively basic until 1897 when the Victoria Pavilion was built . The large stately structure provided seating for 500 people as well as club rooms located in the basement . By 1901 South Fremantle Football Club and East Fremantle Football Club were established as regular cotenants of Fremantle Oval . The oval also hosted Fremantle Cricket Club and a cycling track that was in regular use throughout the year . In March 1907 Western Australia hosted New South Wales in the ovals only recorded first-class cricket match . New South Wales had three players ( Warren Bardsley , Charles Macartney , and Roy Minnett ) who had represented Australia in Test cricket whilst Western Australia had one ( Ernie Jones ) . Western Australia won by 5 runs . East Fremantle Football Club vacated the ground in 1950 , moving to new premises , located at Moss Street in East Fremantle . In 1954 the oval was used for a ceremonial parade as part of Queen Elizabeth IIs first visit to Fremantle . The Cycling Track and Cricket Pitch were removed in the 1960s due to the increasing demands of WAFL football . The ground remained relatively unchanged until 1968 when the South Fremantle Football Club acquired a portion of land freehold at the hospital end of the ground for the construction of social club , members pavilion and players changerooms . Further improvements were made to the ground with the growing demands of larger WAFL crowds in the 1960s and 1970s . These included a shelter behind the goals at the prison end of the ground and a large one at the hospital end of the ground named the Doig Pavilion . A three level press box was constructed adjacent to the Victoria Pavilion . The eastern outer area of the ground was also fully terraced with concrete kerbing so as to allow for greater crowd capacity . The late 1970s witnessed a peak in crowd attendance at Fremantle Oval with over 23,000 people attending the Foundation Day Derby in 1979 . Large crowds continued to flock to the ground into the early 1980s with the WAFL proving to be the most popular spectator sport in the State . From 1980 to 1985 the oval hosted Motorcross racing during the summer . Noise complaints from nearby Fremantle Hospital and the availability of more suitable venues lead to the racing moving . In 1986 the ground underwent its most dramatic structural change with the works related to the Parry Street extension , demolishing the historic Henderson Street and South Terrace entrance gates as well reducing the capacity of the ground on the western side . New entrance gates were built on Parry Street , however the South Terrace gates were never replaced . In 1987 , the entry of the West Coast Eagles into the expanded VFL competition lead to a dramatic decline in WAFL attendances . In 1995 this was compounded by the entry of the Fremantle Dockers into the AFL . Attendances dropped from an average of 8000 in the early 1980s to 3000 in the early 90s and 2000 in 1999 . The Fremantle Dockers established a base at the oval and in 1999 constructed a new training facility . This required the demolition of the Doig Pavilion and the levelling of the historic hospital end hill area that had once been one of the most popular positions for the general public to watch football matches from . In 2017 , the Dockers AFLW team began playing most home games at the oval . The oval also continues to host WAFL matches as well as AFL pre season games . It is also used a venue for conferences , rock concerts ( including the Big Day Out ) and exhibitions . Record crowd . 23,109 , when South Fremantle beat East Fremantle on 4 June 1979 .
[ "Fremantle Dockers" ]
[ { "text": "Fremantle Oval , also known by naming rights sponsorship as Fremantle Community Bank Oval , is a stadium in the centre of Fremantle , Western Australia , located on Parry Street . It currently has a capacity of 17,500 with terracing and a members area holding 750 , though capacity was capped at 10,000 for Fremantle AFLW games . Fremantle Oval was originally used for cricket , but in 1895 hosted its first game of Australian rules football and Australian Football quickly became the main attraction leading to the development of the ground . It is located between the Fremantle", "title": "Fremantle Oval" }, { "text": "Hospital , Fremantle Markets and the Fremantle Prison .", "title": "Fremantle Oval" }, { "text": " South Fremantle Football Club train and play their home WAFL matches at the ground and are one of the few sporting organisations in Western Australia to own their club rooms freehold , rather than on a long-term lease . Additionally , the oval is the primary home ground of the Fremantle Dockers womens team . The ground was also the training and administrative home of the Fremantle Football Club until February 2017 , and has also hosted pre-season matches featuring Fremantle .", "title": "Fremantle Oval" }, { "text": " Originally known as Barracks Green Field , the area was used by the Pensioner Guards who were used primarily as guards for Fremantle Prison which house convict and ticket of leave prisoners . In 1861 Manning raised a Volunteer defence force , who used the ground for manoeuvers , parades with volunteer bands providing entertainment .", "title": "History" }, { "text": "As Australian Rules Football developed in the late 19th century the ground became the base for the Fremantle Football Club and hosted many early WAFL as well as interstate games . Facilities remained relatively basic until 1897 when the Victoria Pavilion was built . The large stately structure provided seating for 500 people as well as club rooms located in the basement .", "title": "History" }, { "text": " By 1901 South Fremantle Football Club and East Fremantle Football Club were established as regular cotenants of Fremantle Oval . The oval also hosted Fremantle Cricket Club and a cycling track that was in regular use throughout the year . In March 1907 Western Australia hosted New South Wales in the ovals only recorded first-class cricket match . New South Wales had three players ( Warren Bardsley , Charles Macartney , and Roy Minnett ) who had represented Australia in Test cricket whilst Western Australia had one ( Ernie Jones ) . Western Australia won by 5 runs .", "title": "History" }, { "text": "East Fremantle Football Club vacated the ground in 1950 , moving to new premises , located at Moss Street in East Fremantle .", "title": "History" }, { "text": " In 1954 the oval was used for a ceremonial parade as part of Queen Elizabeth IIs first visit to Fremantle . The Cycling Track and Cricket Pitch were removed in the 1960s due to the increasing demands of WAFL football . The ground remained relatively unchanged until 1968 when the South Fremantle Football Club acquired a portion of land freehold at the hospital end of the ground for the construction of social club , members pavilion and players changerooms .", "title": "History" }, { "text": "Further improvements were made to the ground with the growing demands of larger WAFL crowds in the 1960s and 1970s . These included a shelter behind the goals at the prison end of the ground and a large one at the hospital end of the ground named the Doig Pavilion . A three level press box was constructed adjacent to the Victoria Pavilion . The eastern outer area of the ground was also fully terraced with concrete kerbing so as to allow for greater crowd capacity .", "title": "History" }, { "text": " The late 1970s witnessed a peak in crowd attendance at Fremantle Oval with over 23,000 people attending the Foundation Day Derby in 1979 . Large crowds continued to flock to the ground into the early 1980s with the WAFL proving to be the most popular spectator sport in the State . From 1980 to 1985 the oval hosted Motorcross racing during the summer . Noise complaints from nearby Fremantle Hospital and the availability of more suitable venues lead to the racing moving .", "title": "History" }, { "text": "In 1986 the ground underwent its most dramatic structural change with the works related to the Parry Street extension , demolishing the historic Henderson Street and South Terrace entrance gates as well reducing the capacity of the ground on the western side . New entrance gates were built on Parry Street , however the South Terrace gates were never replaced .", "title": "History" }, { "text": " In 1987 , the entry of the West Coast Eagles into the expanded VFL competition lead to a dramatic decline in WAFL attendances . In 1995 this was compounded by the entry of the Fremantle Dockers into the AFL . Attendances dropped from an average of 8000 in the early 1980s to 3000 in the early 90s and 2000 in 1999 .", "title": "History" }, { "text": "The Fremantle Dockers established a base at the oval and in 1999 constructed a new training facility . This required the demolition of the Doig Pavilion and the levelling of the historic hospital end hill area that had once been one of the most popular positions for the general public to watch football matches from .", "title": "History" }, { "text": " In 2017 , the Dockers AFLW team began playing most home games at the oval . The oval also continues to host WAFL matches as well as AFL pre season games . It is also used a venue for conferences , rock concerts ( including the Big Day Out ) and exhibitions .", "title": "History" }, { "text": " 23,109 , when South Fremantle beat East Fremantle on 4 June 1979 .", "title": "Record crowd" } ]
/wiki/Luke_Brattan#P54#0
Which team did the player Luke Brattan belong to between Dec 2008 and 2009?
Luke Brattan Nathan Luke Brattan ( born 8 March 1990 ) is an Australian professional football player who plays for Sydney FC . Born in England , Brattan moved to Australia at a young age , playing youth football for Rochedale Rovers and Queensland Lions before making his professional debut for Brisbane Roar . He spent several seasons with the Roar before leaving the club in 2015 . He subsequently signed for Manchester City , spending the majority of his subsequent time on loan at partner club Melbourne City . Brattan appeared several times for the Australian under-20 side and has been called up to the squad of the Australian senior side . Early life . Brattan was born in Hull , England , but moved to Australia when he was six months old . His father Gary formerly played for Hull City . Club career . Brisbane Roar . Brattan made his senior debut as a 19-year-old in the Queensland Roars Against Racism clash against Scottish football giants Celtic in 2009 , displaying early potential . His debut A-League appearance was away to Perth Glory in December 2009 . Often described as one of the best passers of the ball at the club , Brattan finally nailed down a regular spot in the Brisbane Roar starting side after two seasons hampered by injury . He scored the winning goal against Melbourne Victory on 22 March 2014 to award Brisbane the Premiers Plate . In the 2013–14 season Brattan capped a great year by being named in the 2013–14 PFA A-League Team of the Season . Brattan was released by the club in the run up to the 2015–16 A-League season following disputes over unpaid superannuation . Manchester City . Following his release from Brisbane Roar , Brattan was linked with a move to English Premier League side Manchester City . On 26 October 2015 , Brattan completed the free transfer move to Manchester City on a four-year deal . Bolton Wanderers loan . On the same day of signing for Manchester City , he was immediately sent out on loan to Bolton Wanderers in the Championship until 3 January 2016 . However , the loan was cut short by two weeks and Brattan was recalled by his parent club without having played a single game for Bolton Wanderers . Melbourne City loan . In June 2016 , Brattan joined Melbourne City on a one-year loan deal . He made his first appearance in a City shirt in a 5–0 friendly match win over Port Melbourne SC on 20 July 2016 . On 1 August 2017 , Melbourne City announced that Brattans loan deal at the club had been extended for an additional year . On 5 July the club confirmed Brattans loan would be extended by a third season . On August 6 , 2018 , during the first half of the First Round match of 2018 FFA Cup against Brisbane Roar Brattan fell to the ground in a challenge with Stefan Mauk and was accidentally kicked in the head by the opposition player as Mauk kicked the ball away . When the club doctor suspected he had suffered a spinal injury , the game was suspended for 40 minutes as they awaited a specialist ambulance designed for transporting patients with head , neck or spine injuries . He was transported to Redcliffe Hospital . The 45 minutes of additional time at the end of the match was a figure that broke records and is one of the longest injury time periods in any major football competition . Sydney FC . In July 2019 , Brattan joined Sydney FC on a one-year contract . He scored his first goal for the club on 2 January 2021 against Wellington Phoenix . International career . Brattan was called up for the senior Australian team for the first time as an injury replacement for captain Mile Jedinak for the 2018 World Cup Qualifier against Bangladesh in Perth . Honours . Club . - Brisbane Roar - A-League Premiership : 2010–11 , 2013–14 - A-League Championship : 2010–11 , 2011–12 , 2013–14 - Melbourne City - FFA Cup : 2016 - Sydney FC - A-League Premiership : 2019–20 - A-League Championship : 2019–20 Individual . - PFA A-League Team of the Season : 2013–14 , 2017–18 , 2019–20 - Sydney FC Player of the Season : 2019–20
[ "Brisbane Roar" ]
[ { "text": " Nathan Luke Brattan ( born 8 March 1990 ) is an Australian professional football player who plays for Sydney FC . Born in England , Brattan moved to Australia at a young age , playing youth football for Rochedale Rovers and Queensland Lions before making his professional debut for Brisbane Roar . He spent several seasons with the Roar before leaving the club in 2015 . He subsequently signed for Manchester City , spending the majority of his subsequent time on loan at partner club Melbourne City .", "title": "Luke Brattan" }, { "text": "Brattan appeared several times for the Australian under-20 side and has been called up to the squad of the Australian senior side .", "title": "Luke Brattan" }, { "text": " Brattan was born in Hull , England , but moved to Australia when he was six months old . His father Gary formerly played for Hull City .", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": "Brattan made his senior debut as a 19-year-old in the Queensland Roars Against Racism clash against Scottish football giants Celtic in 2009 , displaying early potential . His debut A-League appearance was away to Perth Glory in December 2009 . Often described as one of the best passers of the ball at the club , Brattan finally nailed down a regular spot in the Brisbane Roar starting side after two seasons hampered by injury . He scored the winning goal against Melbourne Victory on 22 March 2014 to award Brisbane the Premiers Plate . In the 2013–14 season Brattan capped", "title": "Brisbane Roar" }, { "text": "a great year by being named in the 2013–14 PFA A-League Team of the Season .", "title": "Brisbane Roar" }, { "text": " Brattan was released by the club in the run up to the 2015–16 A-League season following disputes over unpaid superannuation .", "title": "Brisbane Roar" }, { "text": " Following his release from Brisbane Roar , Brattan was linked with a move to English Premier League side Manchester City . On 26 October 2015 , Brattan completed the free transfer move to Manchester City on a four-year deal .", "title": "Manchester City" }, { "text": " On the same day of signing for Manchester City , he was immediately sent out on loan to Bolton Wanderers in the Championship until 3 January 2016 . However , the loan was cut short by two weeks and Brattan was recalled by his parent club without having played a single game for Bolton Wanderers .", "title": "Bolton Wanderers loan" }, { "text": " In June 2016 , Brattan joined Melbourne City on a one-year loan deal . He made his first appearance in a City shirt in a 5–0 friendly match win over Port Melbourne SC on 20 July 2016 . On 1 August 2017 , Melbourne City announced that Brattans loan deal at the club had been extended for an additional year . On 5 July the club confirmed Brattans loan would be extended by a third season .", "title": "Melbourne City loan" }, { "text": "On August 6 , 2018 , during the first half of the First Round match of 2018 FFA Cup against Brisbane Roar Brattan fell to the ground in a challenge with Stefan Mauk and was accidentally kicked in the head by the opposition player as Mauk kicked the ball away . When the club doctor suspected he had suffered a spinal injury , the game was suspended for 40 minutes as they awaited a specialist ambulance designed for transporting patients with head , neck or spine injuries . He was transported to Redcliffe Hospital . The 45 minutes of additional", "title": "Melbourne City loan" }, { "text": "time at the end of the match was a figure that broke records and is one of the longest injury time periods in any major football competition .", "title": "Melbourne City loan" }, { "text": " In July 2019 , Brattan joined Sydney FC on a one-year contract . He scored his first goal for the club on 2 January 2021 against Wellington Phoenix .", "title": "Sydney FC" }, { "text": " Brattan was called up for the senior Australian team for the first time as an injury replacement for captain Mile Jedinak for the 2018 World Cup Qualifier against Bangladesh in Perth .", "title": "International career" }, { "text": " - Brisbane Roar - A-League Premiership : 2010–11 , 2013–14 - A-League Championship : 2010–11 , 2011–12 , 2013–14 - Melbourne City - FFA Cup : 2016 - Sydney FC - A-League Premiership : 2019–20 - A-League Championship : 2019–20", "title": "Club" }, { "text": " - PFA A-League Team of the Season : 2013–14 , 2017–18 , 2019–20 - Sydney FC Player of the Season : 2019–20", "title": "Individual" } ]
/wiki/Luke_Brattan#P54#1
Which team did the player Luke Brattan belong to in Oct 2015?
Luke Brattan Nathan Luke Brattan ( born 8 March 1990 ) is an Australian professional football player who plays for Sydney FC . Born in England , Brattan moved to Australia at a young age , playing youth football for Rochedale Rovers and Queensland Lions before making his professional debut for Brisbane Roar . He spent several seasons with the Roar before leaving the club in 2015 . He subsequently signed for Manchester City , spending the majority of his subsequent time on loan at partner club Melbourne City . Brattan appeared several times for the Australian under-20 side and has been called up to the squad of the Australian senior side . Early life . Brattan was born in Hull , England , but moved to Australia when he was six months old . His father Gary formerly played for Hull City . Club career . Brisbane Roar . Brattan made his senior debut as a 19-year-old in the Queensland Roars Against Racism clash against Scottish football giants Celtic in 2009 , displaying early potential . His debut A-League appearance was away to Perth Glory in December 2009 . Often described as one of the best passers of the ball at the club , Brattan finally nailed down a regular spot in the Brisbane Roar starting side after two seasons hampered by injury . He scored the winning goal against Melbourne Victory on 22 March 2014 to award Brisbane the Premiers Plate . In the 2013–14 season Brattan capped a great year by being named in the 2013–14 PFA A-League Team of the Season . Brattan was released by the club in the run up to the 2015–16 A-League season following disputes over unpaid superannuation . Manchester City . Following his release from Brisbane Roar , Brattan was linked with a move to English Premier League side Manchester City . On 26 October 2015 , Brattan completed the free transfer move to Manchester City on a four-year deal . Bolton Wanderers loan . On the same day of signing for Manchester City , he was immediately sent out on loan to Bolton Wanderers in the Championship until 3 January 2016 . However , the loan was cut short by two weeks and Brattan was recalled by his parent club without having played a single game for Bolton Wanderers . Melbourne City loan . In June 2016 , Brattan joined Melbourne City on a one-year loan deal . He made his first appearance in a City shirt in a 5–0 friendly match win over Port Melbourne SC on 20 July 2016 . On 1 August 2017 , Melbourne City announced that Brattans loan deal at the club had been extended for an additional year . On 5 July the club confirmed Brattans loan would be extended by a third season . On August 6 , 2018 , during the first half of the First Round match of 2018 FFA Cup against Brisbane Roar Brattan fell to the ground in a challenge with Stefan Mauk and was accidentally kicked in the head by the opposition player as Mauk kicked the ball away . When the club doctor suspected he had suffered a spinal injury , the game was suspended for 40 minutes as they awaited a specialist ambulance designed for transporting patients with head , neck or spine injuries . He was transported to Redcliffe Hospital . The 45 minutes of additional time at the end of the match was a figure that broke records and is one of the longest injury time periods in any major football competition . Sydney FC . In July 2019 , Brattan joined Sydney FC on a one-year contract . He scored his first goal for the club on 2 January 2021 against Wellington Phoenix . International career . Brattan was called up for the senior Australian team for the first time as an injury replacement for captain Mile Jedinak for the 2018 World Cup Qualifier against Bangladesh in Perth . Honours . Club . - Brisbane Roar - A-League Premiership : 2010–11 , 2013–14 - A-League Championship : 2010–11 , 2011–12 , 2013–14 - Melbourne City - FFA Cup : 2016 - Sydney FC - A-League Premiership : 2019–20 - A-League Championship : 2019–20 Individual . - PFA A-League Team of the Season : 2013–14 , 2017–18 , 2019–20 - Sydney FC Player of the Season : 2019–20
[ "Manchester City" ]
[ { "text": " Nathan Luke Brattan ( born 8 March 1990 ) is an Australian professional football player who plays for Sydney FC . Born in England , Brattan moved to Australia at a young age , playing youth football for Rochedale Rovers and Queensland Lions before making his professional debut for Brisbane Roar . He spent several seasons with the Roar before leaving the club in 2015 . He subsequently signed for Manchester City , spending the majority of his subsequent time on loan at partner club Melbourne City .", "title": "Luke Brattan" }, { "text": "Brattan appeared several times for the Australian under-20 side and has been called up to the squad of the Australian senior side .", "title": "Luke Brattan" }, { "text": " Brattan was born in Hull , England , but moved to Australia when he was six months old . His father Gary formerly played for Hull City .", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": "Brattan made his senior debut as a 19-year-old in the Queensland Roars Against Racism clash against Scottish football giants Celtic in 2009 , displaying early potential . His debut A-League appearance was away to Perth Glory in December 2009 . Often described as one of the best passers of the ball at the club , Brattan finally nailed down a regular spot in the Brisbane Roar starting side after two seasons hampered by injury . He scored the winning goal against Melbourne Victory on 22 March 2014 to award Brisbane the Premiers Plate . In the 2013–14 season Brattan capped", "title": "Brisbane Roar" }, { "text": "a great year by being named in the 2013–14 PFA A-League Team of the Season .", "title": "Brisbane Roar" }, { "text": " Brattan was released by the club in the run up to the 2015–16 A-League season following disputes over unpaid superannuation .", "title": "Brisbane Roar" }, { "text": " Following his release from Brisbane Roar , Brattan was linked with a move to English Premier League side Manchester City . On 26 October 2015 , Brattan completed the free transfer move to Manchester City on a four-year deal .", "title": "Manchester City" }, { "text": " On the same day of signing for Manchester City , he was immediately sent out on loan to Bolton Wanderers in the Championship until 3 January 2016 . However , the loan was cut short by two weeks and Brattan was recalled by his parent club without having played a single game for Bolton Wanderers .", "title": "Bolton Wanderers loan" }, { "text": " In June 2016 , Brattan joined Melbourne City on a one-year loan deal . He made his first appearance in a City shirt in a 5–0 friendly match win over Port Melbourne SC on 20 July 2016 . On 1 August 2017 , Melbourne City announced that Brattans loan deal at the club had been extended for an additional year . On 5 July the club confirmed Brattans loan would be extended by a third season .", "title": "Melbourne City loan" }, { "text": "On August 6 , 2018 , during the first half of the First Round match of 2018 FFA Cup against Brisbane Roar Brattan fell to the ground in a challenge with Stefan Mauk and was accidentally kicked in the head by the opposition player as Mauk kicked the ball away . When the club doctor suspected he had suffered a spinal injury , the game was suspended for 40 minutes as they awaited a specialist ambulance designed for transporting patients with head , neck or spine injuries . He was transported to Redcliffe Hospital . The 45 minutes of additional", "title": "Melbourne City loan" }, { "text": "time at the end of the match was a figure that broke records and is one of the longest injury time periods in any major football competition .", "title": "Melbourne City loan" }, { "text": " In July 2019 , Brattan joined Sydney FC on a one-year contract . He scored his first goal for the club on 2 January 2021 against Wellington Phoenix .", "title": "Sydney FC" }, { "text": " Brattan was called up for the senior Australian team for the first time as an injury replacement for captain Mile Jedinak for the 2018 World Cup Qualifier against Bangladesh in Perth .", "title": "International career" }, { "text": " - Brisbane Roar - A-League Premiership : 2010–11 , 2013–14 - A-League Championship : 2010–11 , 2011–12 , 2013–14 - Melbourne City - FFA Cup : 2016 - Sydney FC - A-League Premiership : 2019–20 - A-League Championship : 2019–20", "title": "Club" }, { "text": " - PFA A-League Team of the Season : 2013–14 , 2017–18 , 2019–20 - Sydney FC Player of the Season : 2019–20", "title": "Individual" } ]
/wiki/Luke_Brattan#P54#2
Which team did the player Luke Brattan belong to in Oct 2015?
Luke Brattan Nathan Luke Brattan ( born 8 March 1990 ) is an Australian professional football player who plays for Sydney FC . Born in England , Brattan moved to Australia at a young age , playing youth football for Rochedale Rovers and Queensland Lions before making his professional debut for Brisbane Roar . He spent several seasons with the Roar before leaving the club in 2015 . He subsequently signed for Manchester City , spending the majority of his subsequent time on loan at partner club Melbourne City . Brattan appeared several times for the Australian under-20 side and has been called up to the squad of the Australian senior side . Early life . Brattan was born in Hull , England , but moved to Australia when he was six months old . His father Gary formerly played for Hull City . Club career . Brisbane Roar . Brattan made his senior debut as a 19-year-old in the Queensland Roars Against Racism clash against Scottish football giants Celtic in 2009 , displaying early potential . His debut A-League appearance was away to Perth Glory in December 2009 . Often described as one of the best passers of the ball at the club , Brattan finally nailed down a regular spot in the Brisbane Roar starting side after two seasons hampered by injury . He scored the winning goal against Melbourne Victory on 22 March 2014 to award Brisbane the Premiers Plate . In the 2013–14 season Brattan capped a great year by being named in the 2013–14 PFA A-League Team of the Season . Brattan was released by the club in the run up to the 2015–16 A-League season following disputes over unpaid superannuation . Manchester City . Following his release from Brisbane Roar , Brattan was linked with a move to English Premier League side Manchester City . On 26 October 2015 , Brattan completed the free transfer move to Manchester City on a four-year deal . Bolton Wanderers loan . On the same day of signing for Manchester City , he was immediately sent out on loan to Bolton Wanderers in the Championship until 3 January 2016 . However , the loan was cut short by two weeks and Brattan was recalled by his parent club without having played a single game for Bolton Wanderers . Melbourne City loan . In June 2016 , Brattan joined Melbourne City on a one-year loan deal . He made his first appearance in a City shirt in a 5–0 friendly match win over Port Melbourne SC on 20 July 2016 . On 1 August 2017 , Melbourne City announced that Brattans loan deal at the club had been extended for an additional year . On 5 July the club confirmed Brattans loan would be extended by a third season . On August 6 , 2018 , during the first half of the First Round match of 2018 FFA Cup against Brisbane Roar Brattan fell to the ground in a challenge with Stefan Mauk and was accidentally kicked in the head by the opposition player as Mauk kicked the ball away . When the club doctor suspected he had suffered a spinal injury , the game was suspended for 40 minutes as they awaited a specialist ambulance designed for transporting patients with head , neck or spine injuries . He was transported to Redcliffe Hospital . The 45 minutes of additional time at the end of the match was a figure that broke records and is one of the longest injury time periods in any major football competition . Sydney FC . In July 2019 , Brattan joined Sydney FC on a one-year contract . He scored his first goal for the club on 2 January 2021 against Wellington Phoenix . International career . Brattan was called up for the senior Australian team for the first time as an injury replacement for captain Mile Jedinak for the 2018 World Cup Qualifier against Bangladesh in Perth . Honours . Club . - Brisbane Roar - A-League Premiership : 2010–11 , 2013–14 - A-League Championship : 2010–11 , 2011–12 , 2013–14 - Melbourne City - FFA Cup : 2016 - Sydney FC - A-League Premiership : 2019–20 - A-League Championship : 2019–20 Individual . - PFA A-League Team of the Season : 2013–14 , 2017–18 , 2019–20 - Sydney FC Player of the Season : 2019–20
[ "Bolton Wanderers" ]
[ { "text": " Nathan Luke Brattan ( born 8 March 1990 ) is an Australian professional football player who plays for Sydney FC . Born in England , Brattan moved to Australia at a young age , playing youth football for Rochedale Rovers and Queensland Lions before making his professional debut for Brisbane Roar . He spent several seasons with the Roar before leaving the club in 2015 . He subsequently signed for Manchester City , spending the majority of his subsequent time on loan at partner club Melbourne City .", "title": "Luke Brattan" }, { "text": "Brattan appeared several times for the Australian under-20 side and has been called up to the squad of the Australian senior side .", "title": "Luke Brattan" }, { "text": " Brattan was born in Hull , England , but moved to Australia when he was six months old . His father Gary formerly played for Hull City .", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": "Brattan made his senior debut as a 19-year-old in the Queensland Roars Against Racism clash against Scottish football giants Celtic in 2009 , displaying early potential . His debut A-League appearance was away to Perth Glory in December 2009 . Often described as one of the best passers of the ball at the club , Brattan finally nailed down a regular spot in the Brisbane Roar starting side after two seasons hampered by injury . He scored the winning goal against Melbourne Victory on 22 March 2014 to award Brisbane the Premiers Plate . In the 2013–14 season Brattan capped", "title": "Brisbane Roar" }, { "text": "a great year by being named in the 2013–14 PFA A-League Team of the Season .", "title": "Brisbane Roar" }, { "text": " Brattan was released by the club in the run up to the 2015–16 A-League season following disputes over unpaid superannuation .", "title": "Brisbane Roar" }, { "text": " Following his release from Brisbane Roar , Brattan was linked with a move to English Premier League side Manchester City . On 26 October 2015 , Brattan completed the free transfer move to Manchester City on a four-year deal .", "title": "Manchester City" }, { "text": " On the same day of signing for Manchester City , he was immediately sent out on loan to Bolton Wanderers in the Championship until 3 January 2016 . However , the loan was cut short by two weeks and Brattan was recalled by his parent club without having played a single game for Bolton Wanderers .", "title": "Bolton Wanderers loan" }, { "text": " In June 2016 , Brattan joined Melbourne City on a one-year loan deal . He made his first appearance in a City shirt in a 5–0 friendly match win over Port Melbourne SC on 20 July 2016 . On 1 August 2017 , Melbourne City announced that Brattans loan deal at the club had been extended for an additional year . On 5 July the club confirmed Brattans loan would be extended by a third season .", "title": "Melbourne City loan" }, { "text": "On August 6 , 2018 , during the first half of the First Round match of 2018 FFA Cup against Brisbane Roar Brattan fell to the ground in a challenge with Stefan Mauk and was accidentally kicked in the head by the opposition player as Mauk kicked the ball away . When the club doctor suspected he had suffered a spinal injury , the game was suspended for 40 minutes as they awaited a specialist ambulance designed for transporting patients with head , neck or spine injuries . He was transported to Redcliffe Hospital . The 45 minutes of additional", "title": "Melbourne City loan" }, { "text": "time at the end of the match was a figure that broke records and is one of the longest injury time periods in any major football competition .", "title": "Melbourne City loan" }, { "text": " In July 2019 , Brattan joined Sydney FC on a one-year contract . He scored his first goal for the club on 2 January 2021 against Wellington Phoenix .", "title": "Sydney FC" }, { "text": " Brattan was called up for the senior Australian team for the first time as an injury replacement for captain Mile Jedinak for the 2018 World Cup Qualifier against Bangladesh in Perth .", "title": "International career" }, { "text": " - Brisbane Roar - A-League Premiership : 2010–11 , 2013–14 - A-League Championship : 2010–11 , 2011–12 , 2013–14 - Melbourne City - FFA Cup : 2016 - Sydney FC - A-League Premiership : 2019–20 - A-League Championship : 2019–20", "title": "Club" }, { "text": " - PFA A-League Team of the Season : 2013–14 , 2017–18 , 2019–20 - Sydney FC Player of the Season : 2019–20", "title": "Individual" } ]
/wiki/Scott_Prince#P54#0
Scott Prince played for which team in Mar 1999?
Scott Prince Scott Prince ( born 27 February 1980 ) is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer who played as a in the 1990s , 2000s and 2010s . An Australian international and Queensland State of Origin representative , he played club football for the Wests Tigers ( whom he led to the 2005 premiership , winning the Clive Churchill Medal ) , the Gold Coast Titans , Brisbane Broncos and the North Queensland Cowboys . Background . Prince was born in Mount Isa , Queensland , Australia , and played junior rugby league for Town Lions in the Mount Isa competition . He attended high school at Ignatius Park College in Townsville where he went through the rugby league programme . North Queensland . He then began his NRL career by working his way up through the North Queensland Cowboys juniors before debuting in the top grade in the newly reunited competitions first season . Brisbane . Having won the 2000 NRL Premiership , the Broncos traveled to England to play against 2000s Super League V Champions , St Helens R.F.C . for the 2001 World Club Challenge , with Prince playing at halfback in Brisbanes loss . The Broncos were defeated by St Helens R.F.C . 18-20 after leading 12-6 at half-time . At the end of the 2002 season , Prince was named the Brisbane Broncos Clubman of the Year . Princes playing days at the Brisbane Broncos were marred by injury that severely limited his game time . Prince broke his leg on two separate occasions , leading to him being released by the club . Wests Tigers . Prince starred at the Wests Tigers , becoming captain of the club and making his debut for Queensland and Australia during his time at the club . He was selected as the Maroons halfback for all 3 games of the 2004 State of Origin series . Prince also captained Wests Tigers to their inaugural grand final win in 2005 , at the same time winning the Clive Churchill Medal for Man of the Match . That year he also became the first player from the joint venture Tigers club to earn an Australian representative debut . The following year , he played in the 2006 World Club Challenge , captaining the Tigers to 10-30 loss to the Bradford Bulls . Gold Coast . Prince returned to Queensland for NRL season 2007 to play for the newly established Gold Coast Titans , becoming only the second player ever to play for all three Queensland teams in the top-level : Brisbane , North Queensland and Gold Coast ( the first being Dale Shearer ) . He was named co-captain of the inaugural team with Luke Bailey . Prince was a star for the Gold Coast before his injury which kept him out for several weeks . Prince made a return for the Titans and they finished 12th on the ladder ; one win away from the Top 8 . Prince began 2008 as co-captain with Luke Bailey . It was announced that Prince would replace the injured Darren Lockyer in the second game of the 2008 Origin series . It was initially revealed by the selectors that they were reluctant to select Prince alongside fellow halfback Johnathan Thurston in the Queensland halves as they feared that both he and Thurston would get into each others ways during the game , however on the night both complemented each others game and led Queensland to a record win against the Blues ( Thurston , for his part was forced to shift to five-eighth to cover for Lockyers loss ) . Having replaced Darren Lockyer , Prince himself was injured early in game three of the series , breaking his left forearm , in a game Queensland won 16–10 to win a third consecutive series . In all Prince played five Origins , for three wins and two losses . In August 2008 , Prince was named in the preliminary 46-man Kangaroos squad for the 2008 Rugby League World Cup , and in October 2008 he was selected in the final 24-man Australia squad . He also played one match in the World Cup against England . In April 2009 , he was named in the preliminary 25 man squad to represent Queensland in the opening State of Origin match for 2009 . Prince finished the 2009 NRL season as the fifth highest point scorer in the league , with 172 points ( 7 tries , 72 goals ) . In 2009 Prince signed a new contract which would have kept him at the Gold Coast until 2014 . However he was released from his contract at the end of the 2012 season . Prince currently has many of the Gold Coast Titans individual records , such as the person with the most points scored ( 603 ) , most points in a match ( 20 ) and most points in a season ( 182 ) . Brisbane . Prince rejoined the Brisbane Broncos for the 2013 season . He announced his retirement from the NRL on 26 August 2013 , effective at seasons end . On 5 September , Prince played his 300th and last NRL game ; as well as his 50th game for the Brisbane Broncos at Suncorp Stadium . His final game was a 16-11 win over the Canterbury Bulldogs , where he made a try-saving tackle in the 15th minute and had kicked 2 goals successfully ( but missed one ) . At the end of his final game , his teammates rushed to hug him when the full-time siren sounded ; sending him out as a winner . Post-NRL . In 2019 Prince coached the Queensland Under 20s team alongside Paul Dyer , losing 36-10 to the New South Wales Under 20s at ANZ Stadium . In 2020 , Prince came out of retirement to play for the semi-professional Brisbane rugby league football club Fortitude Valley Diehards in the 2020 season of the Brisbane Rugby League premiership competition . He is contracted to play 10 games , plus the finals series , should the team make it that far . Career highlights . - Junior Club : Mount Isa Townies - High school : Ignatius Park College - Junior Kangaroos Selection : 1998 - First Grade Debut : 1998 – Round 4 , North Queensland Cowboys v Canberra Raiders at Dairy Farmers Stadium , Townsville , Queensland , 4 April . - Premierships : 2005 – Wests Tigers defeated North Queensland Cowboys 30 - 16 in the Grand Final , Stadium Australia , Sydney , 2 October . - Wests Tigers Club Captain : 2005 - Gold Coast Titans Captain : 2007-2012 - Prime Ministers XIII Debut : 2007 – Prime Ministers XIII v Papua New Guinea , Lloyd Robson Oval , Port Moresby , Papua New Guinea , 23 September . - Prime Ministers XIII Selection : 2007-2008 - Queensland Debut : 2004 – State of Origin Game 1 , Queensland v New South Wales , Stadium Australia , Sydney , 26 May . - Queensland Selection : 2004 , 2008 - Australia Test Debut : 2005 – Rugby League Tri-Nations , Australia v England , DW Stadium , Wigan , England , 5 November . - Australia Test Squad Selection : 2005 , 2008 - Indigenous All Stars Debut : 2010 – Indigenous All Stars v NRL All Stars , Skilled Park , Robina , Queensland , 13 February . - Indigenous All Stars Selection : 2010-2012 Honours . - 1998 North Queensland Cowboys Rookie of the Year - 2002 Brisbane Broncos Clubman of the Year - 2005 Dally M Awards Captain of the Year - 2005 Clive Churchill Medal winner - 2005 Provan-Summons Medal nominee - 2007 Dally M Player of the Year nominee ( equal 5th ) - 2008 RLIF Team of the Year ( at Halfback ) - 2010 Dally M Awards Halfback of the Year - 2010 RLIF Halfback of the Year External links . - Scott Prince at the Gold Coast Titans official website . - Personal website
[ "North Queensland Cowboys" ]
[ { "text": " Scott Prince ( born 27 February 1980 ) is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer who played as a in the 1990s , 2000s and 2010s . An Australian international and Queensland State of Origin representative , he played club football for the Wests Tigers ( whom he led to the 2005 premiership , winning the Clive Churchill Medal ) , the Gold Coast Titans , Brisbane Broncos and the North Queensland Cowboys .", "title": "Scott Prince" }, { "text": " Prince was born in Mount Isa , Queensland , Australia , and played junior rugby league for Town Lions in the Mount Isa competition . He attended high school at Ignatius Park College in Townsville where he went through the rugby league programme .", "title": "Background" }, { "text": " He then began his NRL career by working his way up through the North Queensland Cowboys juniors before debuting in the top grade in the newly reunited competitions first season .", "title": "North Queensland" }, { "text": "Having won the 2000 NRL Premiership , the Broncos traveled to England to play against 2000s Super League V Champions , St Helens R.F.C . for the 2001 World Club Challenge , with Prince playing at halfback in Brisbanes loss . The Broncos were defeated by St Helens R.F.C . 18-20 after leading 12-6 at half-time . At the end of the 2002 season , Prince was named the Brisbane Broncos Clubman of the Year . Princes playing days at the Brisbane Broncos were marred by injury that severely limited his game time . Prince broke his leg on two", "title": "Brisbane" }, { "text": "separate occasions , leading to him being released by the club .", "title": "Brisbane" }, { "text": "Prince starred at the Wests Tigers , becoming captain of the club and making his debut for Queensland and Australia during his time at the club . He was selected as the Maroons halfback for all 3 games of the 2004 State of Origin series . Prince also captained Wests Tigers to their inaugural grand final win in 2005 , at the same time winning the Clive Churchill Medal for Man of the Match . That year he also became the first player from the joint venture Tigers club to earn an Australian representative debut . The following year ,", "title": "Wests Tigers" }, { "text": "he played in the 2006 World Club Challenge , captaining the Tigers to 10-30 loss to the Bradford Bulls .", "title": "Wests Tigers" }, { "text": " Prince returned to Queensland for NRL season 2007 to play for the newly established Gold Coast Titans , becoming only the second player ever to play for all three Queensland teams in the top-level : Brisbane , North Queensland and Gold Coast ( the first being Dale Shearer ) . He was named co-captain of the inaugural team with Luke Bailey .", "title": "Gold Coast" }, { "text": "Prince was a star for the Gold Coast before his injury which kept him out for several weeks . Prince made a return for the Titans and they finished 12th on the ladder ; one win away from the Top 8 .", "title": "Gold Coast" }, { "text": "Prince began 2008 as co-captain with Luke Bailey . It was announced that Prince would replace the injured Darren Lockyer in the second game of the 2008 Origin series . It was initially revealed by the selectors that they were reluctant to select Prince alongside fellow halfback Johnathan Thurston in the Queensland halves as they feared that both he and Thurston would get into each others ways during the game , however on the night both complemented each others game and led Queensland to a record win against the Blues ( Thurston , for his part was forced to shift", "title": "Gold Coast" }, { "text": "to five-eighth to cover for Lockyers loss ) . Having replaced Darren Lockyer , Prince himself was injured early in game three of the series , breaking his left forearm , in a game Queensland won 16–10 to win a third consecutive series . In all Prince played five Origins , for three wins and two losses .", "title": "Gold Coast" }, { "text": " In August 2008 , Prince was named in the preliminary 46-man Kangaroos squad for the 2008 Rugby League World Cup , and in October 2008 he was selected in the final 24-man Australia squad . He also played one match in the World Cup against England .", "title": "Gold Coast" }, { "text": "In April 2009 , he was named in the preliminary 25 man squad to represent Queensland in the opening State of Origin match for 2009 . Prince finished the 2009 NRL season as the fifth highest point scorer in the league , with 172 points ( 7 tries , 72 goals ) .", "title": "Gold Coast" }, { "text": " In 2009 Prince signed a new contract which would have kept him at the Gold Coast until 2014 . However he was released from his contract at the end of the 2012 season . Prince currently has many of the Gold Coast Titans individual records , such as the person with the most points scored ( 603 ) , most points in a match ( 20 ) and most points in a season ( 182 ) .", "title": "Gold Coast" }, { "text": " Prince rejoined the Brisbane Broncos for the 2013 season . He announced his retirement from the NRL on 26 August 2013 , effective at seasons end .", "title": "Brisbane" }, { "text": "On 5 September , Prince played his 300th and last NRL game ; as well as his 50th game for the Brisbane Broncos at Suncorp Stadium . His final game was a 16-11 win over the Canterbury Bulldogs , where he made a try-saving tackle in the 15th minute and had kicked 2 goals successfully ( but missed one ) . At the end of his final game , his teammates rushed to hug him when the full-time siren sounded ; sending him out as a winner .", "title": "Brisbane" }, { "text": " In 2019 Prince coached the Queensland Under 20s team alongside Paul Dyer , losing 36-10 to the New South Wales Under 20s at ANZ Stadium . In 2020 , Prince came out of retirement to play for the semi-professional Brisbane rugby league football club Fortitude Valley Diehards in the 2020 season of the Brisbane Rugby League premiership competition . He is contracted to play 10 games , plus the finals series , should the team make it that far .", "title": "Post-NRL" }, { "text": " - Junior Club : Mount Isa Townies - High school : Ignatius Park College - Junior Kangaroos Selection : 1998 - First Grade Debut : 1998 – Round 4 , North Queensland Cowboys v Canberra Raiders at Dairy Farmers Stadium , Townsville , Queensland , 4 April . - Premierships : 2005 – Wests Tigers defeated North Queensland Cowboys 30 - 16 in the Grand Final , Stadium Australia , Sydney , 2 October . - Wests Tigers Club Captain : 2005 - Gold Coast Titans Captain : 2007-2012", "title": "Career highlights" }, { "text": "- Prime Ministers XIII Debut : 2007 – Prime Ministers XIII v Papua New Guinea , Lloyd Robson Oval , Port Moresby , Papua New Guinea , 23 September .", "title": "Career highlights" }, { "text": " - Prime Ministers XIII Selection : 2007-2008 - Queensland Debut : 2004 – State of Origin Game 1 , Queensland v New South Wales , Stadium Australia , Sydney , 26 May . - Queensland Selection : 2004 , 2008 - Australia Test Debut : 2005 – Rugby League Tri-Nations , Australia v England , DW Stadium , Wigan , England , 5 November . - Australia Test Squad Selection : 2005 , 2008", "title": "Career highlights" }, { "text": "- Indigenous All Stars Debut : 2010 – Indigenous All Stars v NRL All Stars , Skilled Park , Robina , Queensland , 13 February .", "title": "Career highlights" }, { "text": " - 1998 North Queensland Cowboys Rookie of the Year - 2002 Brisbane Broncos Clubman of the Year - 2005 Dally M Awards Captain of the Year - 2005 Clive Churchill Medal winner - 2005 Provan-Summons Medal nominee - 2007 Dally M Player of the Year nominee ( equal 5th ) - 2008 RLIF Team of the Year ( at Halfback ) - 2010 Dally M Awards Halfback of the Year - 2010 RLIF Halfback of the Year", "title": "Honours" }, { "text": " - Scott Prince at the Gold Coast Titans official website . - Personal website", "title": "External links" } ]
/wiki/Scott_Prince#P54#1
Scott Prince played for which team in Jan 2001?
Scott Prince Scott Prince ( born 27 February 1980 ) is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer who played as a in the 1990s , 2000s and 2010s . An Australian international and Queensland State of Origin representative , he played club football for the Wests Tigers ( whom he led to the 2005 premiership , winning the Clive Churchill Medal ) , the Gold Coast Titans , Brisbane Broncos and the North Queensland Cowboys . Background . Prince was born in Mount Isa , Queensland , Australia , and played junior rugby league for Town Lions in the Mount Isa competition . He attended high school at Ignatius Park College in Townsville where he went through the rugby league programme . North Queensland . He then began his NRL career by working his way up through the North Queensland Cowboys juniors before debuting in the top grade in the newly reunited competitions first season . Brisbane . Having won the 2000 NRL Premiership , the Broncos traveled to England to play against 2000s Super League V Champions , St Helens R.F.C . for the 2001 World Club Challenge , with Prince playing at halfback in Brisbanes loss . The Broncos were defeated by St Helens R.F.C . 18-20 after leading 12-6 at half-time . At the end of the 2002 season , Prince was named the Brisbane Broncos Clubman of the Year . Princes playing days at the Brisbane Broncos were marred by injury that severely limited his game time . Prince broke his leg on two separate occasions , leading to him being released by the club . Wests Tigers . Prince starred at the Wests Tigers , becoming captain of the club and making his debut for Queensland and Australia during his time at the club . He was selected as the Maroons halfback for all 3 games of the 2004 State of Origin series . Prince also captained Wests Tigers to their inaugural grand final win in 2005 , at the same time winning the Clive Churchill Medal for Man of the Match . That year he also became the first player from the joint venture Tigers club to earn an Australian representative debut . The following year , he played in the 2006 World Club Challenge , captaining the Tigers to 10-30 loss to the Bradford Bulls . Gold Coast . Prince returned to Queensland for NRL season 2007 to play for the newly established Gold Coast Titans , becoming only the second player ever to play for all three Queensland teams in the top-level : Brisbane , North Queensland and Gold Coast ( the first being Dale Shearer ) . He was named co-captain of the inaugural team with Luke Bailey . Prince was a star for the Gold Coast before his injury which kept him out for several weeks . Prince made a return for the Titans and they finished 12th on the ladder ; one win away from the Top 8 . Prince began 2008 as co-captain with Luke Bailey . It was announced that Prince would replace the injured Darren Lockyer in the second game of the 2008 Origin series . It was initially revealed by the selectors that they were reluctant to select Prince alongside fellow halfback Johnathan Thurston in the Queensland halves as they feared that both he and Thurston would get into each others ways during the game , however on the night both complemented each others game and led Queensland to a record win against the Blues ( Thurston , for his part was forced to shift to five-eighth to cover for Lockyers loss ) . Having replaced Darren Lockyer , Prince himself was injured early in game three of the series , breaking his left forearm , in a game Queensland won 16–10 to win a third consecutive series . In all Prince played five Origins , for three wins and two losses . In August 2008 , Prince was named in the preliminary 46-man Kangaroos squad for the 2008 Rugby League World Cup , and in October 2008 he was selected in the final 24-man Australia squad . He also played one match in the World Cup against England . In April 2009 , he was named in the preliminary 25 man squad to represent Queensland in the opening State of Origin match for 2009 . Prince finished the 2009 NRL season as the fifth highest point scorer in the league , with 172 points ( 7 tries , 72 goals ) . In 2009 Prince signed a new contract which would have kept him at the Gold Coast until 2014 . However he was released from his contract at the end of the 2012 season . Prince currently has many of the Gold Coast Titans individual records , such as the person with the most points scored ( 603 ) , most points in a match ( 20 ) and most points in a season ( 182 ) . Brisbane . Prince rejoined the Brisbane Broncos for the 2013 season . He announced his retirement from the NRL on 26 August 2013 , effective at seasons end . On 5 September , Prince played his 300th and last NRL game ; as well as his 50th game for the Brisbane Broncos at Suncorp Stadium . His final game was a 16-11 win over the Canterbury Bulldogs , where he made a try-saving tackle in the 15th minute and had kicked 2 goals successfully ( but missed one ) . At the end of his final game , his teammates rushed to hug him when the full-time siren sounded ; sending him out as a winner . Post-NRL . In 2019 Prince coached the Queensland Under 20s team alongside Paul Dyer , losing 36-10 to the New South Wales Under 20s at ANZ Stadium . In 2020 , Prince came out of retirement to play for the semi-professional Brisbane rugby league football club Fortitude Valley Diehards in the 2020 season of the Brisbane Rugby League premiership competition . He is contracted to play 10 games , plus the finals series , should the team make it that far . Career highlights . - Junior Club : Mount Isa Townies - High school : Ignatius Park College - Junior Kangaroos Selection : 1998 - First Grade Debut : 1998 – Round 4 , North Queensland Cowboys v Canberra Raiders at Dairy Farmers Stadium , Townsville , Queensland , 4 April . - Premierships : 2005 – Wests Tigers defeated North Queensland Cowboys 30 - 16 in the Grand Final , Stadium Australia , Sydney , 2 October . - Wests Tigers Club Captain : 2005 - Gold Coast Titans Captain : 2007-2012 - Prime Ministers XIII Debut : 2007 – Prime Ministers XIII v Papua New Guinea , Lloyd Robson Oval , Port Moresby , Papua New Guinea , 23 September . - Prime Ministers XIII Selection : 2007-2008 - Queensland Debut : 2004 – State of Origin Game 1 , Queensland v New South Wales , Stadium Australia , Sydney , 26 May . - Queensland Selection : 2004 , 2008 - Australia Test Debut : 2005 – Rugby League Tri-Nations , Australia v England , DW Stadium , Wigan , England , 5 November . - Australia Test Squad Selection : 2005 , 2008 - Indigenous All Stars Debut : 2010 – Indigenous All Stars v NRL All Stars , Skilled Park , Robina , Queensland , 13 February . - Indigenous All Stars Selection : 2010-2012 Honours . - 1998 North Queensland Cowboys Rookie of the Year - 2002 Brisbane Broncos Clubman of the Year - 2005 Dally M Awards Captain of the Year - 2005 Clive Churchill Medal winner - 2005 Provan-Summons Medal nominee - 2007 Dally M Player of the Year nominee ( equal 5th ) - 2008 RLIF Team of the Year ( at Halfback ) - 2010 Dally M Awards Halfback of the Year - 2010 RLIF Halfback of the Year External links . - Scott Prince at the Gold Coast Titans official website . - Personal website
[ "Brisbane Broncos" ]
[ { "text": " Scott Prince ( born 27 February 1980 ) is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer who played as a in the 1990s , 2000s and 2010s . An Australian international and Queensland State of Origin representative , he played club football for the Wests Tigers ( whom he led to the 2005 premiership , winning the Clive Churchill Medal ) , the Gold Coast Titans , Brisbane Broncos and the North Queensland Cowboys .", "title": "Scott Prince" }, { "text": " Prince was born in Mount Isa , Queensland , Australia , and played junior rugby league for Town Lions in the Mount Isa competition . He attended high school at Ignatius Park College in Townsville where he went through the rugby league programme .", "title": "Background" }, { "text": " He then began his NRL career by working his way up through the North Queensland Cowboys juniors before debuting in the top grade in the newly reunited competitions first season .", "title": "North Queensland" }, { "text": "Having won the 2000 NRL Premiership , the Broncos traveled to England to play against 2000s Super League V Champions , St Helens R.F.C . for the 2001 World Club Challenge , with Prince playing at halfback in Brisbanes loss . The Broncos were defeated by St Helens R.F.C . 18-20 after leading 12-6 at half-time . At the end of the 2002 season , Prince was named the Brisbane Broncos Clubman of the Year . Princes playing days at the Brisbane Broncos were marred by injury that severely limited his game time . Prince broke his leg on two", "title": "Brisbane" }, { "text": "separate occasions , leading to him being released by the club .", "title": "Brisbane" }, { "text": "Prince starred at the Wests Tigers , becoming captain of the club and making his debut for Queensland and Australia during his time at the club . He was selected as the Maroons halfback for all 3 games of the 2004 State of Origin series . Prince also captained Wests Tigers to their inaugural grand final win in 2005 , at the same time winning the Clive Churchill Medal for Man of the Match . That year he also became the first player from the joint venture Tigers club to earn an Australian representative debut . The following year ,", "title": "Wests Tigers" }, { "text": "he played in the 2006 World Club Challenge , captaining the Tigers to 10-30 loss to the Bradford Bulls .", "title": "Wests Tigers" }, { "text": " Prince returned to Queensland for NRL season 2007 to play for the newly established Gold Coast Titans , becoming only the second player ever to play for all three Queensland teams in the top-level : Brisbane , North Queensland and Gold Coast ( the first being Dale Shearer ) . He was named co-captain of the inaugural team with Luke Bailey .", "title": "Gold Coast" }, { "text": "Prince was a star for the Gold Coast before his injury which kept him out for several weeks . Prince made a return for the Titans and they finished 12th on the ladder ; one win away from the Top 8 .", "title": "Gold Coast" }, { "text": "Prince began 2008 as co-captain with Luke Bailey . It was announced that Prince would replace the injured Darren Lockyer in the second game of the 2008 Origin series . It was initially revealed by the selectors that they were reluctant to select Prince alongside fellow halfback Johnathan Thurston in the Queensland halves as they feared that both he and Thurston would get into each others ways during the game , however on the night both complemented each others game and led Queensland to a record win against the Blues ( Thurston , for his part was forced to shift", "title": "Gold Coast" }, { "text": "to five-eighth to cover for Lockyers loss ) . Having replaced Darren Lockyer , Prince himself was injured early in game three of the series , breaking his left forearm , in a game Queensland won 16–10 to win a third consecutive series . In all Prince played five Origins , for three wins and two losses .", "title": "Gold Coast" }, { "text": " In August 2008 , Prince was named in the preliminary 46-man Kangaroos squad for the 2008 Rugby League World Cup , and in October 2008 he was selected in the final 24-man Australia squad . He also played one match in the World Cup against England .", "title": "Gold Coast" }, { "text": "In April 2009 , he was named in the preliminary 25 man squad to represent Queensland in the opening State of Origin match for 2009 . Prince finished the 2009 NRL season as the fifth highest point scorer in the league , with 172 points ( 7 tries , 72 goals ) .", "title": "Gold Coast" }, { "text": " In 2009 Prince signed a new contract which would have kept him at the Gold Coast until 2014 . However he was released from his contract at the end of the 2012 season . Prince currently has many of the Gold Coast Titans individual records , such as the person with the most points scored ( 603 ) , most points in a match ( 20 ) and most points in a season ( 182 ) .", "title": "Gold Coast" }, { "text": " Prince rejoined the Brisbane Broncos for the 2013 season . He announced his retirement from the NRL on 26 August 2013 , effective at seasons end .", "title": "Brisbane" }, { "text": "On 5 September , Prince played his 300th and last NRL game ; as well as his 50th game for the Brisbane Broncos at Suncorp Stadium . His final game was a 16-11 win over the Canterbury Bulldogs , where he made a try-saving tackle in the 15th minute and had kicked 2 goals successfully ( but missed one ) . At the end of his final game , his teammates rushed to hug him when the full-time siren sounded ; sending him out as a winner .", "title": "Brisbane" }, { "text": " In 2019 Prince coached the Queensland Under 20s team alongside Paul Dyer , losing 36-10 to the New South Wales Under 20s at ANZ Stadium . In 2020 , Prince came out of retirement to play for the semi-professional Brisbane rugby league football club Fortitude Valley Diehards in the 2020 season of the Brisbane Rugby League premiership competition . He is contracted to play 10 games , plus the finals series , should the team make it that far .", "title": "Post-NRL" }, { "text": " - Junior Club : Mount Isa Townies - High school : Ignatius Park College - Junior Kangaroos Selection : 1998 - First Grade Debut : 1998 – Round 4 , North Queensland Cowboys v Canberra Raiders at Dairy Farmers Stadium , Townsville , Queensland , 4 April . - Premierships : 2005 – Wests Tigers defeated North Queensland Cowboys 30 - 16 in the Grand Final , Stadium Australia , Sydney , 2 October . - Wests Tigers Club Captain : 2005 - Gold Coast Titans Captain : 2007-2012", "title": "Career highlights" }, { "text": "- Prime Ministers XIII Debut : 2007 – Prime Ministers XIII v Papua New Guinea , Lloyd Robson Oval , Port Moresby , Papua New Guinea , 23 September .", "title": "Career highlights" }, { "text": " - Prime Ministers XIII Selection : 2007-2008 - Queensland Debut : 2004 – State of Origin Game 1 , Queensland v New South Wales , Stadium Australia , Sydney , 26 May . - Queensland Selection : 2004 , 2008 - Australia Test Debut : 2005 – Rugby League Tri-Nations , Australia v England , DW Stadium , Wigan , England , 5 November . - Australia Test Squad Selection : 2005 , 2008", "title": "Career highlights" }, { "text": "- Indigenous All Stars Debut : 2010 – Indigenous All Stars v NRL All Stars , Skilled Park , Robina , Queensland , 13 February .", "title": "Career highlights" }, { "text": " - 1998 North Queensland Cowboys Rookie of the Year - 2002 Brisbane Broncos Clubman of the Year - 2005 Dally M Awards Captain of the Year - 2005 Clive Churchill Medal winner - 2005 Provan-Summons Medal nominee - 2007 Dally M Player of the Year nominee ( equal 5th ) - 2008 RLIF Team of the Year ( at Halfback ) - 2010 Dally M Awards Halfback of the Year - 2010 RLIF Halfback of the Year", "title": "Honours" }, { "text": " - Scott Prince at the Gold Coast Titans official website . - Personal website", "title": "External links" } ]
/wiki/Scott_Prince#P54#2
Scott Prince played for which team between Mar 2004 and May 2004?
Scott Prince Scott Prince ( born 27 February 1980 ) is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer who played as a in the 1990s , 2000s and 2010s . An Australian international and Queensland State of Origin representative , he played club football for the Wests Tigers ( whom he led to the 2005 premiership , winning the Clive Churchill Medal ) , the Gold Coast Titans , Brisbane Broncos and the North Queensland Cowboys . Background . Prince was born in Mount Isa , Queensland , Australia , and played junior rugby league for Town Lions in the Mount Isa competition . He attended high school at Ignatius Park College in Townsville where he went through the rugby league programme . North Queensland . He then began his NRL career by working his way up through the North Queensland Cowboys juniors before debuting in the top grade in the newly reunited competitions first season . Brisbane . Having won the 2000 NRL Premiership , the Broncos traveled to England to play against 2000s Super League V Champions , St Helens R.F.C . for the 2001 World Club Challenge , with Prince playing at halfback in Brisbanes loss . The Broncos were defeated by St Helens R.F.C . 18-20 after leading 12-6 at half-time . At the end of the 2002 season , Prince was named the Brisbane Broncos Clubman of the Year . Princes playing days at the Brisbane Broncos were marred by injury that severely limited his game time . Prince broke his leg on two separate occasions , leading to him being released by the club . Wests Tigers . Prince starred at the Wests Tigers , becoming captain of the club and making his debut for Queensland and Australia during his time at the club . He was selected as the Maroons halfback for all 3 games of the 2004 State of Origin series . Prince also captained Wests Tigers to their inaugural grand final win in 2005 , at the same time winning the Clive Churchill Medal for Man of the Match . That year he also became the first player from the joint venture Tigers club to earn an Australian representative debut . The following year , he played in the 2006 World Club Challenge , captaining the Tigers to 10-30 loss to the Bradford Bulls . Gold Coast . Prince returned to Queensland for NRL season 2007 to play for the newly established Gold Coast Titans , becoming only the second player ever to play for all three Queensland teams in the top-level : Brisbane , North Queensland and Gold Coast ( the first being Dale Shearer ) . He was named co-captain of the inaugural team with Luke Bailey . Prince was a star for the Gold Coast before his injury which kept him out for several weeks . Prince made a return for the Titans and they finished 12th on the ladder ; one win away from the Top 8 . Prince began 2008 as co-captain with Luke Bailey . It was announced that Prince would replace the injured Darren Lockyer in the second game of the 2008 Origin series . It was initially revealed by the selectors that they were reluctant to select Prince alongside fellow halfback Johnathan Thurston in the Queensland halves as they feared that both he and Thurston would get into each others ways during the game , however on the night both complemented each others game and led Queensland to a record win against the Blues ( Thurston , for his part was forced to shift to five-eighth to cover for Lockyers loss ) . Having replaced Darren Lockyer , Prince himself was injured early in game three of the series , breaking his left forearm , in a game Queensland won 16–10 to win a third consecutive series . In all Prince played five Origins , for three wins and two losses . In August 2008 , Prince was named in the preliminary 46-man Kangaroos squad for the 2008 Rugby League World Cup , and in October 2008 he was selected in the final 24-man Australia squad . He also played one match in the World Cup against England . In April 2009 , he was named in the preliminary 25 man squad to represent Queensland in the opening State of Origin match for 2009 . Prince finished the 2009 NRL season as the fifth highest point scorer in the league , with 172 points ( 7 tries , 72 goals ) . In 2009 Prince signed a new contract which would have kept him at the Gold Coast until 2014 . However he was released from his contract at the end of the 2012 season . Prince currently has many of the Gold Coast Titans individual records , such as the person with the most points scored ( 603 ) , most points in a match ( 20 ) and most points in a season ( 182 ) . Brisbane . Prince rejoined the Brisbane Broncos for the 2013 season . He announced his retirement from the NRL on 26 August 2013 , effective at seasons end . On 5 September , Prince played his 300th and last NRL game ; as well as his 50th game for the Brisbane Broncos at Suncorp Stadium . His final game was a 16-11 win over the Canterbury Bulldogs , where he made a try-saving tackle in the 15th minute and had kicked 2 goals successfully ( but missed one ) . At the end of his final game , his teammates rushed to hug him when the full-time siren sounded ; sending him out as a winner . Post-NRL . In 2019 Prince coached the Queensland Under 20s team alongside Paul Dyer , losing 36-10 to the New South Wales Under 20s at ANZ Stadium . In 2020 , Prince came out of retirement to play for the semi-professional Brisbane rugby league football club Fortitude Valley Diehards in the 2020 season of the Brisbane Rugby League premiership competition . He is contracted to play 10 games , plus the finals series , should the team make it that far . Career highlights . - Junior Club : Mount Isa Townies - High school : Ignatius Park College - Junior Kangaroos Selection : 1998 - First Grade Debut : 1998 – Round 4 , North Queensland Cowboys v Canberra Raiders at Dairy Farmers Stadium , Townsville , Queensland , 4 April . - Premierships : 2005 – Wests Tigers defeated North Queensland Cowboys 30 - 16 in the Grand Final , Stadium Australia , Sydney , 2 October . - Wests Tigers Club Captain : 2005 - Gold Coast Titans Captain : 2007-2012 - Prime Ministers XIII Debut : 2007 – Prime Ministers XIII v Papua New Guinea , Lloyd Robson Oval , Port Moresby , Papua New Guinea , 23 September . - Prime Ministers XIII Selection : 2007-2008 - Queensland Debut : 2004 – State of Origin Game 1 , Queensland v New South Wales , Stadium Australia , Sydney , 26 May . - Queensland Selection : 2004 , 2008 - Australia Test Debut : 2005 – Rugby League Tri-Nations , Australia v England , DW Stadium , Wigan , England , 5 November . - Australia Test Squad Selection : 2005 , 2008 - Indigenous All Stars Debut : 2010 – Indigenous All Stars v NRL All Stars , Skilled Park , Robina , Queensland , 13 February . - Indigenous All Stars Selection : 2010-2012 Honours . - 1998 North Queensland Cowboys Rookie of the Year - 2002 Brisbane Broncos Clubman of the Year - 2005 Dally M Awards Captain of the Year - 2005 Clive Churchill Medal winner - 2005 Provan-Summons Medal nominee - 2007 Dally M Player of the Year nominee ( equal 5th ) - 2008 RLIF Team of the Year ( at Halfback ) - 2010 Dally M Awards Halfback of the Year - 2010 RLIF Halfback of the Year External links . - Scott Prince at the Gold Coast Titans official website . - Personal website
[ "Wests Tigers" ]
[ { "text": " Scott Prince ( born 27 February 1980 ) is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer who played as a in the 1990s , 2000s and 2010s . An Australian international and Queensland State of Origin representative , he played club football for the Wests Tigers ( whom he led to the 2005 premiership , winning the Clive Churchill Medal ) , the Gold Coast Titans , Brisbane Broncos and the North Queensland Cowboys .", "title": "Scott Prince" }, { "text": " Prince was born in Mount Isa , Queensland , Australia , and played junior rugby league for Town Lions in the Mount Isa competition . He attended high school at Ignatius Park College in Townsville where he went through the rugby league programme .", "title": "Background" }, { "text": " He then began his NRL career by working his way up through the North Queensland Cowboys juniors before debuting in the top grade in the newly reunited competitions first season .", "title": "North Queensland" }, { "text": "Having won the 2000 NRL Premiership , the Broncos traveled to England to play against 2000s Super League V Champions , St Helens R.F.C . for the 2001 World Club Challenge , with Prince playing at halfback in Brisbanes loss . The Broncos were defeated by St Helens R.F.C . 18-20 after leading 12-6 at half-time . At the end of the 2002 season , Prince was named the Brisbane Broncos Clubman of the Year . Princes playing days at the Brisbane Broncos were marred by injury that severely limited his game time . Prince broke his leg on two", "title": "Brisbane" }, { "text": "separate occasions , leading to him being released by the club .", "title": "Brisbane" }, { "text": "Prince starred at the Wests Tigers , becoming captain of the club and making his debut for Queensland and Australia during his time at the club . He was selected as the Maroons halfback for all 3 games of the 2004 State of Origin series . Prince also captained Wests Tigers to their inaugural grand final win in 2005 , at the same time winning the Clive Churchill Medal for Man of the Match . That year he also became the first player from the joint venture Tigers club to earn an Australian representative debut . The following year ,", "title": "Wests Tigers" }, { "text": "he played in the 2006 World Club Challenge , captaining the Tigers to 10-30 loss to the Bradford Bulls .", "title": "Wests Tigers" }, { "text": " Prince returned to Queensland for NRL season 2007 to play for the newly established Gold Coast Titans , becoming only the second player ever to play for all three Queensland teams in the top-level : Brisbane , North Queensland and Gold Coast ( the first being Dale Shearer ) . He was named co-captain of the inaugural team with Luke Bailey .", "title": "Gold Coast" }, { "text": "Prince was a star for the Gold Coast before his injury which kept him out for several weeks . Prince made a return for the Titans and they finished 12th on the ladder ; one win away from the Top 8 .", "title": "Gold Coast" }, { "text": "Prince began 2008 as co-captain with Luke Bailey . It was announced that Prince would replace the injured Darren Lockyer in the second game of the 2008 Origin series . It was initially revealed by the selectors that they were reluctant to select Prince alongside fellow halfback Johnathan Thurston in the Queensland halves as they feared that both he and Thurston would get into each others ways during the game , however on the night both complemented each others game and led Queensland to a record win against the Blues ( Thurston , for his part was forced to shift", "title": "Gold Coast" }, { "text": "to five-eighth to cover for Lockyers loss ) . Having replaced Darren Lockyer , Prince himself was injured early in game three of the series , breaking his left forearm , in a game Queensland won 16–10 to win a third consecutive series . In all Prince played five Origins , for three wins and two losses .", "title": "Gold Coast" }, { "text": " In August 2008 , Prince was named in the preliminary 46-man Kangaroos squad for the 2008 Rugby League World Cup , and in October 2008 he was selected in the final 24-man Australia squad . He also played one match in the World Cup against England .", "title": "Gold Coast" }, { "text": "In April 2009 , he was named in the preliminary 25 man squad to represent Queensland in the opening State of Origin match for 2009 . Prince finished the 2009 NRL season as the fifth highest point scorer in the league , with 172 points ( 7 tries , 72 goals ) .", "title": "Gold Coast" }, { "text": " In 2009 Prince signed a new contract which would have kept him at the Gold Coast until 2014 . However he was released from his contract at the end of the 2012 season . Prince currently has many of the Gold Coast Titans individual records , such as the person with the most points scored ( 603 ) , most points in a match ( 20 ) and most points in a season ( 182 ) .", "title": "Gold Coast" }, { "text": " Prince rejoined the Brisbane Broncos for the 2013 season . He announced his retirement from the NRL on 26 August 2013 , effective at seasons end .", "title": "Brisbane" }, { "text": "On 5 September , Prince played his 300th and last NRL game ; as well as his 50th game for the Brisbane Broncos at Suncorp Stadium . His final game was a 16-11 win over the Canterbury Bulldogs , where he made a try-saving tackle in the 15th minute and had kicked 2 goals successfully ( but missed one ) . At the end of his final game , his teammates rushed to hug him when the full-time siren sounded ; sending him out as a winner .", "title": "Brisbane" }, { "text": " In 2019 Prince coached the Queensland Under 20s team alongside Paul Dyer , losing 36-10 to the New South Wales Under 20s at ANZ Stadium . In 2020 , Prince came out of retirement to play for the semi-professional Brisbane rugby league football club Fortitude Valley Diehards in the 2020 season of the Brisbane Rugby League premiership competition . He is contracted to play 10 games , plus the finals series , should the team make it that far .", "title": "Post-NRL" }, { "text": " - Junior Club : Mount Isa Townies - High school : Ignatius Park College - Junior Kangaroos Selection : 1998 - First Grade Debut : 1998 – Round 4 , North Queensland Cowboys v Canberra Raiders at Dairy Farmers Stadium , Townsville , Queensland , 4 April . - Premierships : 2005 – Wests Tigers defeated North Queensland Cowboys 30 - 16 in the Grand Final , Stadium Australia , Sydney , 2 October . - Wests Tigers Club Captain : 2005 - Gold Coast Titans Captain : 2007-2012", "title": "Career highlights" }, { "text": "- Prime Ministers XIII Debut : 2007 – Prime Ministers XIII v Papua New Guinea , Lloyd Robson Oval , Port Moresby , Papua New Guinea , 23 September .", "title": "Career highlights" }, { "text": " - Prime Ministers XIII Selection : 2007-2008 - Queensland Debut : 2004 – State of Origin Game 1 , Queensland v New South Wales , Stadium Australia , Sydney , 26 May . - Queensland Selection : 2004 , 2008 - Australia Test Debut : 2005 – Rugby League Tri-Nations , Australia v England , DW Stadium , Wigan , England , 5 November . - Australia Test Squad Selection : 2005 , 2008", "title": "Career highlights" }, { "text": "- Indigenous All Stars Debut : 2010 – Indigenous All Stars v NRL All Stars , Skilled Park , Robina , Queensland , 13 February .", "title": "Career highlights" }, { "text": " - 1998 North Queensland Cowboys Rookie of the Year - 2002 Brisbane Broncos Clubman of the Year - 2005 Dally M Awards Captain of the Year - 2005 Clive Churchill Medal winner - 2005 Provan-Summons Medal nominee - 2007 Dally M Player of the Year nominee ( equal 5th ) - 2008 RLIF Team of the Year ( at Halfback ) - 2010 Dally M Awards Halfback of the Year - 2010 RLIF Halfback of the Year", "title": "Honours" }, { "text": " - Scott Prince at the Gold Coast Titans official website . - Personal website", "title": "External links" } ]
/wiki/Scott_Prince#P54#3
Scott Prince played for which team between Feb 2005 and May 2005?
Scott Prince Scott Prince ( born 27 February 1980 ) is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer who played as a in the 1990s , 2000s and 2010s . An Australian international and Queensland State of Origin representative , he played club football for the Wests Tigers ( whom he led to the 2005 premiership , winning the Clive Churchill Medal ) , the Gold Coast Titans , Brisbane Broncos and the North Queensland Cowboys . Background . Prince was born in Mount Isa , Queensland , Australia , and played junior rugby league for Town Lions in the Mount Isa competition . He attended high school at Ignatius Park College in Townsville where he went through the rugby league programme . North Queensland . He then began his NRL career by working his way up through the North Queensland Cowboys juniors before debuting in the top grade in the newly reunited competitions first season . Brisbane . Having won the 2000 NRL Premiership , the Broncos traveled to England to play against 2000s Super League V Champions , St Helens R.F.C . for the 2001 World Club Challenge , with Prince playing at halfback in Brisbanes loss . The Broncos were defeated by St Helens R.F.C . 18-20 after leading 12-6 at half-time . At the end of the 2002 season , Prince was named the Brisbane Broncos Clubman of the Year . Princes playing days at the Brisbane Broncos were marred by injury that severely limited his game time . Prince broke his leg on two separate occasions , leading to him being released by the club . Wests Tigers . Prince starred at the Wests Tigers , becoming captain of the club and making his debut for Queensland and Australia during his time at the club . He was selected as the Maroons halfback for all 3 games of the 2004 State of Origin series . Prince also captained Wests Tigers to their inaugural grand final win in 2005 , at the same time winning the Clive Churchill Medal for Man of the Match . That year he also became the first player from the joint venture Tigers club to earn an Australian representative debut . The following year , he played in the 2006 World Club Challenge , captaining the Tigers to 10-30 loss to the Bradford Bulls . Gold Coast . Prince returned to Queensland for NRL season 2007 to play for the newly established Gold Coast Titans , becoming only the second player ever to play for all three Queensland teams in the top-level : Brisbane , North Queensland and Gold Coast ( the first being Dale Shearer ) . He was named co-captain of the inaugural team with Luke Bailey . Prince was a star for the Gold Coast before his injury which kept him out for several weeks . Prince made a return for the Titans and they finished 12th on the ladder ; one win away from the Top 8 . Prince began 2008 as co-captain with Luke Bailey . It was announced that Prince would replace the injured Darren Lockyer in the second game of the 2008 Origin series . It was initially revealed by the selectors that they were reluctant to select Prince alongside fellow halfback Johnathan Thurston in the Queensland halves as they feared that both he and Thurston would get into each others ways during the game , however on the night both complemented each others game and led Queensland to a record win against the Blues ( Thurston , for his part was forced to shift to five-eighth to cover for Lockyers loss ) . Having replaced Darren Lockyer , Prince himself was injured early in game three of the series , breaking his left forearm , in a game Queensland won 16–10 to win a third consecutive series . In all Prince played five Origins , for three wins and two losses . In August 2008 , Prince was named in the preliminary 46-man Kangaroos squad for the 2008 Rugby League World Cup , and in October 2008 he was selected in the final 24-man Australia squad . He also played one match in the World Cup against England . In April 2009 , he was named in the preliminary 25 man squad to represent Queensland in the opening State of Origin match for 2009 . Prince finished the 2009 NRL season as the fifth highest point scorer in the league , with 172 points ( 7 tries , 72 goals ) . In 2009 Prince signed a new contract which would have kept him at the Gold Coast until 2014 . However he was released from his contract at the end of the 2012 season . Prince currently has many of the Gold Coast Titans individual records , such as the person with the most points scored ( 603 ) , most points in a match ( 20 ) and most points in a season ( 182 ) . Brisbane . Prince rejoined the Brisbane Broncos for the 2013 season . He announced his retirement from the NRL on 26 August 2013 , effective at seasons end . On 5 September , Prince played his 300th and last NRL game ; as well as his 50th game for the Brisbane Broncos at Suncorp Stadium . His final game was a 16-11 win over the Canterbury Bulldogs , where he made a try-saving tackle in the 15th minute and had kicked 2 goals successfully ( but missed one ) . At the end of his final game , his teammates rushed to hug him when the full-time siren sounded ; sending him out as a winner . Post-NRL . In 2019 Prince coached the Queensland Under 20s team alongside Paul Dyer , losing 36-10 to the New South Wales Under 20s at ANZ Stadium . In 2020 , Prince came out of retirement to play for the semi-professional Brisbane rugby league football club Fortitude Valley Diehards in the 2020 season of the Brisbane Rugby League premiership competition . He is contracted to play 10 games , plus the finals series , should the team make it that far . Career highlights . - Junior Club : Mount Isa Townies - High school : Ignatius Park College - Junior Kangaroos Selection : 1998 - First Grade Debut : 1998 – Round 4 , North Queensland Cowboys v Canberra Raiders at Dairy Farmers Stadium , Townsville , Queensland , 4 April . - Premierships : 2005 – Wests Tigers defeated North Queensland Cowboys 30 - 16 in the Grand Final , Stadium Australia , Sydney , 2 October . - Wests Tigers Club Captain : 2005 - Gold Coast Titans Captain : 2007-2012 - Prime Ministers XIII Debut : 2007 – Prime Ministers XIII v Papua New Guinea , Lloyd Robson Oval , Port Moresby , Papua New Guinea , 23 September . - Prime Ministers XIII Selection : 2007-2008 - Queensland Debut : 2004 – State of Origin Game 1 , Queensland v New South Wales , Stadium Australia , Sydney , 26 May . - Queensland Selection : 2004 , 2008 - Australia Test Debut : 2005 – Rugby League Tri-Nations , Australia v England , DW Stadium , Wigan , England , 5 November . - Australia Test Squad Selection : 2005 , 2008 - Indigenous All Stars Debut : 2010 – Indigenous All Stars v NRL All Stars , Skilled Park , Robina , Queensland , 13 February . - Indigenous All Stars Selection : 2010-2012 Honours . - 1998 North Queensland Cowboys Rookie of the Year - 2002 Brisbane Broncos Clubman of the Year - 2005 Dally M Awards Captain of the Year - 2005 Clive Churchill Medal winner - 2005 Provan-Summons Medal nominee - 2007 Dally M Player of the Year nominee ( equal 5th ) - 2008 RLIF Team of the Year ( at Halfback ) - 2010 Dally M Awards Halfback of the Year - 2010 RLIF Halfback of the Year External links . - Scott Prince at the Gold Coast Titans official website . - Personal website
[ "" ]
[ { "text": " Scott Prince ( born 27 February 1980 ) is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer who played as a in the 1990s , 2000s and 2010s . An Australian international and Queensland State of Origin representative , he played club football for the Wests Tigers ( whom he led to the 2005 premiership , winning the Clive Churchill Medal ) , the Gold Coast Titans , Brisbane Broncos and the North Queensland Cowboys .", "title": "Scott Prince" }, { "text": " Prince was born in Mount Isa , Queensland , Australia , and played junior rugby league for Town Lions in the Mount Isa competition . He attended high school at Ignatius Park College in Townsville where he went through the rugby league programme .", "title": "Background" }, { "text": " He then began his NRL career by working his way up through the North Queensland Cowboys juniors before debuting in the top grade in the newly reunited competitions first season .", "title": "North Queensland" }, { "text": "Having won the 2000 NRL Premiership , the Broncos traveled to England to play against 2000s Super League V Champions , St Helens R.F.C . for the 2001 World Club Challenge , with Prince playing at halfback in Brisbanes loss . The Broncos were defeated by St Helens R.F.C . 18-20 after leading 12-6 at half-time . At the end of the 2002 season , Prince was named the Brisbane Broncos Clubman of the Year . Princes playing days at the Brisbane Broncos were marred by injury that severely limited his game time . Prince broke his leg on two", "title": "Brisbane" }, { "text": "separate occasions , leading to him being released by the club .", "title": "Brisbane" }, { "text": "Prince starred at the Wests Tigers , becoming captain of the club and making his debut for Queensland and Australia during his time at the club . He was selected as the Maroons halfback for all 3 games of the 2004 State of Origin series . Prince also captained Wests Tigers to their inaugural grand final win in 2005 , at the same time winning the Clive Churchill Medal for Man of the Match . That year he also became the first player from the joint venture Tigers club to earn an Australian representative debut . The following year ,", "title": "Wests Tigers" }, { "text": "he played in the 2006 World Club Challenge , captaining the Tigers to 10-30 loss to the Bradford Bulls .", "title": "Wests Tigers" }, { "text": " Prince returned to Queensland for NRL season 2007 to play for the newly established Gold Coast Titans , becoming only the second player ever to play for all three Queensland teams in the top-level : Brisbane , North Queensland and Gold Coast ( the first being Dale Shearer ) . He was named co-captain of the inaugural team with Luke Bailey .", "title": "Gold Coast" }, { "text": "Prince was a star for the Gold Coast before his injury which kept him out for several weeks . Prince made a return for the Titans and they finished 12th on the ladder ; one win away from the Top 8 .", "title": "Gold Coast" }, { "text": "Prince began 2008 as co-captain with Luke Bailey . It was announced that Prince would replace the injured Darren Lockyer in the second game of the 2008 Origin series . It was initially revealed by the selectors that they were reluctant to select Prince alongside fellow halfback Johnathan Thurston in the Queensland halves as they feared that both he and Thurston would get into each others ways during the game , however on the night both complemented each others game and led Queensland to a record win against the Blues ( Thurston , for his part was forced to shift", "title": "Gold Coast" }, { "text": "to five-eighth to cover for Lockyers loss ) . Having replaced Darren Lockyer , Prince himself was injured early in game three of the series , breaking his left forearm , in a game Queensland won 16–10 to win a third consecutive series . In all Prince played five Origins , for three wins and two losses .", "title": "Gold Coast" }, { "text": " In August 2008 , Prince was named in the preliminary 46-man Kangaroos squad for the 2008 Rugby League World Cup , and in October 2008 he was selected in the final 24-man Australia squad . He also played one match in the World Cup against England .", "title": "Gold Coast" }, { "text": "In April 2009 , he was named in the preliminary 25 man squad to represent Queensland in the opening State of Origin match for 2009 . Prince finished the 2009 NRL season as the fifth highest point scorer in the league , with 172 points ( 7 tries , 72 goals ) .", "title": "Gold Coast" }, { "text": " In 2009 Prince signed a new contract which would have kept him at the Gold Coast until 2014 . However he was released from his contract at the end of the 2012 season . Prince currently has many of the Gold Coast Titans individual records , such as the person with the most points scored ( 603 ) , most points in a match ( 20 ) and most points in a season ( 182 ) .", "title": "Gold Coast" }, { "text": " Prince rejoined the Brisbane Broncos for the 2013 season . He announced his retirement from the NRL on 26 August 2013 , effective at seasons end .", "title": "Brisbane" }, { "text": "On 5 September , Prince played his 300th and last NRL game ; as well as his 50th game for the Brisbane Broncos at Suncorp Stadium . His final game was a 16-11 win over the Canterbury Bulldogs , where he made a try-saving tackle in the 15th minute and had kicked 2 goals successfully ( but missed one ) . At the end of his final game , his teammates rushed to hug him when the full-time siren sounded ; sending him out as a winner .", "title": "Brisbane" }, { "text": " In 2019 Prince coached the Queensland Under 20s team alongside Paul Dyer , losing 36-10 to the New South Wales Under 20s at ANZ Stadium . In 2020 , Prince came out of retirement to play for the semi-professional Brisbane rugby league football club Fortitude Valley Diehards in the 2020 season of the Brisbane Rugby League premiership competition . He is contracted to play 10 games , plus the finals series , should the team make it that far .", "title": "Post-NRL" }, { "text": " - Junior Club : Mount Isa Townies - High school : Ignatius Park College - Junior Kangaroos Selection : 1998 - First Grade Debut : 1998 – Round 4 , North Queensland Cowboys v Canberra Raiders at Dairy Farmers Stadium , Townsville , Queensland , 4 April . - Premierships : 2005 – Wests Tigers defeated North Queensland Cowboys 30 - 16 in the Grand Final , Stadium Australia , Sydney , 2 October . - Wests Tigers Club Captain : 2005 - Gold Coast Titans Captain : 2007-2012", "title": "Career highlights" }, { "text": "- Prime Ministers XIII Debut : 2007 – Prime Ministers XIII v Papua New Guinea , Lloyd Robson Oval , Port Moresby , Papua New Guinea , 23 September .", "title": "Career highlights" }, { "text": " - Prime Ministers XIII Selection : 2007-2008 - Queensland Debut : 2004 – State of Origin Game 1 , Queensland v New South Wales , Stadium Australia , Sydney , 26 May . - Queensland Selection : 2004 , 2008 - Australia Test Debut : 2005 – Rugby League Tri-Nations , Australia v England , DW Stadium , Wigan , England , 5 November . - Australia Test Squad Selection : 2005 , 2008", "title": "Career highlights" }, { "text": "- Indigenous All Stars Debut : 2010 – Indigenous All Stars v NRL All Stars , Skilled Park , Robina , Queensland , 13 February .", "title": "Career highlights" }, { "text": " - 1998 North Queensland Cowboys Rookie of the Year - 2002 Brisbane Broncos Clubman of the Year - 2005 Dally M Awards Captain of the Year - 2005 Clive Churchill Medal winner - 2005 Provan-Summons Medal nominee - 2007 Dally M Player of the Year nominee ( equal 5th ) - 2008 RLIF Team of the Year ( at Halfback ) - 2010 Dally M Awards Halfback of the Year - 2010 RLIF Halfback of the Year", "title": "Honours" }, { "text": " - Scott Prince at the Gold Coast Titans official website . - Personal website", "title": "External links" } ]
/wiki/Scott_Prince#P54#4
Scott Prince played for which team between Nov 2007 and Dec 2007?
Scott Prince Scott Prince ( born 27 February 1980 ) is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer who played as a in the 1990s , 2000s and 2010s . An Australian international and Queensland State of Origin representative , he played club football for the Wests Tigers ( whom he led to the 2005 premiership , winning the Clive Churchill Medal ) , the Gold Coast Titans , Brisbane Broncos and the North Queensland Cowboys . Background . Prince was born in Mount Isa , Queensland , Australia , and played junior rugby league for Town Lions in the Mount Isa competition . He attended high school at Ignatius Park College in Townsville where he went through the rugby league programme . North Queensland . He then began his NRL career by working his way up through the North Queensland Cowboys juniors before debuting in the top grade in the newly reunited competitions first season . Brisbane . Having won the 2000 NRL Premiership , the Broncos traveled to England to play against 2000s Super League V Champions , St Helens R.F.C . for the 2001 World Club Challenge , with Prince playing at halfback in Brisbanes loss . The Broncos were defeated by St Helens R.F.C . 18-20 after leading 12-6 at half-time . At the end of the 2002 season , Prince was named the Brisbane Broncos Clubman of the Year . Princes playing days at the Brisbane Broncos were marred by injury that severely limited his game time . Prince broke his leg on two separate occasions , leading to him being released by the club . Wests Tigers . Prince starred at the Wests Tigers , becoming captain of the club and making his debut for Queensland and Australia during his time at the club . He was selected as the Maroons halfback for all 3 games of the 2004 State of Origin series . Prince also captained Wests Tigers to their inaugural grand final win in 2005 , at the same time winning the Clive Churchill Medal for Man of the Match . That year he also became the first player from the joint venture Tigers club to earn an Australian representative debut . The following year , he played in the 2006 World Club Challenge , captaining the Tigers to 10-30 loss to the Bradford Bulls . Gold Coast . Prince returned to Queensland for NRL season 2007 to play for the newly established Gold Coast Titans , becoming only the second player ever to play for all three Queensland teams in the top-level : Brisbane , North Queensland and Gold Coast ( the first being Dale Shearer ) . He was named co-captain of the inaugural team with Luke Bailey . Prince was a star for the Gold Coast before his injury which kept him out for several weeks . Prince made a return for the Titans and they finished 12th on the ladder ; one win away from the Top 8 . Prince began 2008 as co-captain with Luke Bailey . It was announced that Prince would replace the injured Darren Lockyer in the second game of the 2008 Origin series . It was initially revealed by the selectors that they were reluctant to select Prince alongside fellow halfback Johnathan Thurston in the Queensland halves as they feared that both he and Thurston would get into each others ways during the game , however on the night both complemented each others game and led Queensland to a record win against the Blues ( Thurston , for his part was forced to shift to five-eighth to cover for Lockyers loss ) . Having replaced Darren Lockyer , Prince himself was injured early in game three of the series , breaking his left forearm , in a game Queensland won 16–10 to win a third consecutive series . In all Prince played five Origins , for three wins and two losses . In August 2008 , Prince was named in the preliminary 46-man Kangaroos squad for the 2008 Rugby League World Cup , and in October 2008 he was selected in the final 24-man Australia squad . He also played one match in the World Cup against England . In April 2009 , he was named in the preliminary 25 man squad to represent Queensland in the opening State of Origin match for 2009 . Prince finished the 2009 NRL season as the fifth highest point scorer in the league , with 172 points ( 7 tries , 72 goals ) . In 2009 Prince signed a new contract which would have kept him at the Gold Coast until 2014 . However he was released from his contract at the end of the 2012 season . Prince currently has many of the Gold Coast Titans individual records , such as the person with the most points scored ( 603 ) , most points in a match ( 20 ) and most points in a season ( 182 ) . Brisbane . Prince rejoined the Brisbane Broncos for the 2013 season . He announced his retirement from the NRL on 26 August 2013 , effective at seasons end . On 5 September , Prince played his 300th and last NRL game ; as well as his 50th game for the Brisbane Broncos at Suncorp Stadium . His final game was a 16-11 win over the Canterbury Bulldogs , where he made a try-saving tackle in the 15th minute and had kicked 2 goals successfully ( but missed one ) . At the end of his final game , his teammates rushed to hug him when the full-time siren sounded ; sending him out as a winner . Post-NRL . In 2019 Prince coached the Queensland Under 20s team alongside Paul Dyer , losing 36-10 to the New South Wales Under 20s at ANZ Stadium . In 2020 , Prince came out of retirement to play for the semi-professional Brisbane rugby league football club Fortitude Valley Diehards in the 2020 season of the Brisbane Rugby League premiership competition . He is contracted to play 10 games , plus the finals series , should the team make it that far . Career highlights . - Junior Club : Mount Isa Townies - High school : Ignatius Park College - Junior Kangaroos Selection : 1998 - First Grade Debut : 1998 – Round 4 , North Queensland Cowboys v Canberra Raiders at Dairy Farmers Stadium , Townsville , Queensland , 4 April . - Premierships : 2005 – Wests Tigers defeated North Queensland Cowboys 30 - 16 in the Grand Final , Stadium Australia , Sydney , 2 October . - Wests Tigers Club Captain : 2005 - Gold Coast Titans Captain : 2007-2012 - Prime Ministers XIII Debut : 2007 – Prime Ministers XIII v Papua New Guinea , Lloyd Robson Oval , Port Moresby , Papua New Guinea , 23 September . - Prime Ministers XIII Selection : 2007-2008 - Queensland Debut : 2004 – State of Origin Game 1 , Queensland v New South Wales , Stadium Australia , Sydney , 26 May . - Queensland Selection : 2004 , 2008 - Australia Test Debut : 2005 – Rugby League Tri-Nations , Australia v England , DW Stadium , Wigan , England , 5 November . - Australia Test Squad Selection : 2005 , 2008 - Indigenous All Stars Debut : 2010 – Indigenous All Stars v NRL All Stars , Skilled Park , Robina , Queensland , 13 February . - Indigenous All Stars Selection : 2010-2012 Honours . - 1998 North Queensland Cowboys Rookie of the Year - 2002 Brisbane Broncos Clubman of the Year - 2005 Dally M Awards Captain of the Year - 2005 Clive Churchill Medal winner - 2005 Provan-Summons Medal nominee - 2007 Dally M Player of the Year nominee ( equal 5th ) - 2008 RLIF Team of the Year ( at Halfback ) - 2010 Dally M Awards Halfback of the Year - 2010 RLIF Halfback of the Year External links . - Scott Prince at the Gold Coast Titans official website . - Personal website
[ "Gold Coast Titans" ]
[ { "text": " Scott Prince ( born 27 February 1980 ) is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer who played as a in the 1990s , 2000s and 2010s . An Australian international and Queensland State of Origin representative , he played club football for the Wests Tigers ( whom he led to the 2005 premiership , winning the Clive Churchill Medal ) , the Gold Coast Titans , Brisbane Broncos and the North Queensland Cowboys .", "title": "Scott Prince" }, { "text": " Prince was born in Mount Isa , Queensland , Australia , and played junior rugby league for Town Lions in the Mount Isa competition . He attended high school at Ignatius Park College in Townsville where he went through the rugby league programme .", "title": "Background" }, { "text": " He then began his NRL career by working his way up through the North Queensland Cowboys juniors before debuting in the top grade in the newly reunited competitions first season .", "title": "North Queensland" }, { "text": "Having won the 2000 NRL Premiership , the Broncos traveled to England to play against 2000s Super League V Champions , St Helens R.F.C . for the 2001 World Club Challenge , with Prince playing at halfback in Brisbanes loss . The Broncos were defeated by St Helens R.F.C . 18-20 after leading 12-6 at half-time . At the end of the 2002 season , Prince was named the Brisbane Broncos Clubman of the Year . Princes playing days at the Brisbane Broncos were marred by injury that severely limited his game time . Prince broke his leg on two", "title": "Brisbane" }, { "text": "separate occasions , leading to him being released by the club .", "title": "Brisbane" }, { "text": "Prince starred at the Wests Tigers , becoming captain of the club and making his debut for Queensland and Australia during his time at the club . He was selected as the Maroons halfback for all 3 games of the 2004 State of Origin series . Prince also captained Wests Tigers to their inaugural grand final win in 2005 , at the same time winning the Clive Churchill Medal for Man of the Match . That year he also became the first player from the joint venture Tigers club to earn an Australian representative debut . The following year ,", "title": "Wests Tigers" }, { "text": "he played in the 2006 World Club Challenge , captaining the Tigers to 10-30 loss to the Bradford Bulls .", "title": "Wests Tigers" }, { "text": " Prince returned to Queensland for NRL season 2007 to play for the newly established Gold Coast Titans , becoming only the second player ever to play for all three Queensland teams in the top-level : Brisbane , North Queensland and Gold Coast ( the first being Dale Shearer ) . He was named co-captain of the inaugural team with Luke Bailey .", "title": "Gold Coast" }, { "text": "Prince was a star for the Gold Coast before his injury which kept him out for several weeks . Prince made a return for the Titans and they finished 12th on the ladder ; one win away from the Top 8 .", "title": "Gold Coast" }, { "text": "Prince began 2008 as co-captain with Luke Bailey . It was announced that Prince would replace the injured Darren Lockyer in the second game of the 2008 Origin series . It was initially revealed by the selectors that they were reluctant to select Prince alongside fellow halfback Johnathan Thurston in the Queensland halves as they feared that both he and Thurston would get into each others ways during the game , however on the night both complemented each others game and led Queensland to a record win against the Blues ( Thurston , for his part was forced to shift", "title": "Gold Coast" }, { "text": "to five-eighth to cover for Lockyers loss ) . Having replaced Darren Lockyer , Prince himself was injured early in game three of the series , breaking his left forearm , in a game Queensland won 16–10 to win a third consecutive series . In all Prince played five Origins , for three wins and two losses .", "title": "Gold Coast" }, { "text": " In August 2008 , Prince was named in the preliminary 46-man Kangaroos squad for the 2008 Rugby League World Cup , and in October 2008 he was selected in the final 24-man Australia squad . He also played one match in the World Cup against England .", "title": "Gold Coast" }, { "text": "In April 2009 , he was named in the preliminary 25 man squad to represent Queensland in the opening State of Origin match for 2009 . Prince finished the 2009 NRL season as the fifth highest point scorer in the league , with 172 points ( 7 tries , 72 goals ) .", "title": "Gold Coast" }, { "text": " In 2009 Prince signed a new contract which would have kept him at the Gold Coast until 2014 . However he was released from his contract at the end of the 2012 season . Prince currently has many of the Gold Coast Titans individual records , such as the person with the most points scored ( 603 ) , most points in a match ( 20 ) and most points in a season ( 182 ) .", "title": "Gold Coast" }, { "text": " Prince rejoined the Brisbane Broncos for the 2013 season . He announced his retirement from the NRL on 26 August 2013 , effective at seasons end .", "title": "Brisbane" }, { "text": "On 5 September , Prince played his 300th and last NRL game ; as well as his 50th game for the Brisbane Broncos at Suncorp Stadium . His final game was a 16-11 win over the Canterbury Bulldogs , where he made a try-saving tackle in the 15th minute and had kicked 2 goals successfully ( but missed one ) . At the end of his final game , his teammates rushed to hug him when the full-time siren sounded ; sending him out as a winner .", "title": "Brisbane" }, { "text": " In 2019 Prince coached the Queensland Under 20s team alongside Paul Dyer , losing 36-10 to the New South Wales Under 20s at ANZ Stadium . In 2020 , Prince came out of retirement to play for the semi-professional Brisbane rugby league football club Fortitude Valley Diehards in the 2020 season of the Brisbane Rugby League premiership competition . He is contracted to play 10 games , plus the finals series , should the team make it that far .", "title": "Post-NRL" }, { "text": " - Junior Club : Mount Isa Townies - High school : Ignatius Park College - Junior Kangaroos Selection : 1998 - First Grade Debut : 1998 – Round 4 , North Queensland Cowboys v Canberra Raiders at Dairy Farmers Stadium , Townsville , Queensland , 4 April . - Premierships : 2005 – Wests Tigers defeated North Queensland Cowboys 30 - 16 in the Grand Final , Stadium Australia , Sydney , 2 October . - Wests Tigers Club Captain : 2005 - Gold Coast Titans Captain : 2007-2012", "title": "Career highlights" }, { "text": "- Prime Ministers XIII Debut : 2007 – Prime Ministers XIII v Papua New Guinea , Lloyd Robson Oval , Port Moresby , Papua New Guinea , 23 September .", "title": "Career highlights" }, { "text": " - Prime Ministers XIII Selection : 2007-2008 - Queensland Debut : 2004 – State of Origin Game 1 , Queensland v New South Wales , Stadium Australia , Sydney , 26 May . - Queensland Selection : 2004 , 2008 - Australia Test Debut : 2005 – Rugby League Tri-Nations , Australia v England , DW Stadium , Wigan , England , 5 November . - Australia Test Squad Selection : 2005 , 2008", "title": "Career highlights" }, { "text": "- Indigenous All Stars Debut : 2010 – Indigenous All Stars v NRL All Stars , Skilled Park , Robina , Queensland , 13 February .", "title": "Career highlights" }, { "text": " - 1998 North Queensland Cowboys Rookie of the Year - 2002 Brisbane Broncos Clubman of the Year - 2005 Dally M Awards Captain of the Year - 2005 Clive Churchill Medal winner - 2005 Provan-Summons Medal nominee - 2007 Dally M Player of the Year nominee ( equal 5th ) - 2008 RLIF Team of the Year ( at Halfback ) - 2010 Dally M Awards Halfback of the Year - 2010 RLIF Halfback of the Year", "title": "Honours" }, { "text": " - Scott Prince at the Gold Coast Titans official website . - Personal website", "title": "External links" } ]
/wiki/Scott_Prince#P54#5
Scott Prince played for which team between Jul 2013 and Oct 2013?
Scott Prince Scott Prince ( born 27 February 1980 ) is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer who played as a in the 1990s , 2000s and 2010s . An Australian international and Queensland State of Origin representative , he played club football for the Wests Tigers ( whom he led to the 2005 premiership , winning the Clive Churchill Medal ) , the Gold Coast Titans , Brisbane Broncos and the North Queensland Cowboys . Background . Prince was born in Mount Isa , Queensland , Australia , and played junior rugby league for Town Lions in the Mount Isa competition . He attended high school at Ignatius Park College in Townsville where he went through the rugby league programme . North Queensland . He then began his NRL career by working his way up through the North Queensland Cowboys juniors before debuting in the top grade in the newly reunited competitions first season . Brisbane . Having won the 2000 NRL Premiership , the Broncos traveled to England to play against 2000s Super League V Champions , St Helens R.F.C . for the 2001 World Club Challenge , with Prince playing at halfback in Brisbanes loss . The Broncos were defeated by St Helens R.F.C . 18-20 after leading 12-6 at half-time . At the end of the 2002 season , Prince was named the Brisbane Broncos Clubman of the Year . Princes playing days at the Brisbane Broncos were marred by injury that severely limited his game time . Prince broke his leg on two separate occasions , leading to him being released by the club . Wests Tigers . Prince starred at the Wests Tigers , becoming captain of the club and making his debut for Queensland and Australia during his time at the club . He was selected as the Maroons halfback for all 3 games of the 2004 State of Origin series . Prince also captained Wests Tigers to their inaugural grand final win in 2005 , at the same time winning the Clive Churchill Medal for Man of the Match . That year he also became the first player from the joint venture Tigers club to earn an Australian representative debut . The following year , he played in the 2006 World Club Challenge , captaining the Tigers to 10-30 loss to the Bradford Bulls . Gold Coast . Prince returned to Queensland for NRL season 2007 to play for the newly established Gold Coast Titans , becoming only the second player ever to play for all three Queensland teams in the top-level : Brisbane , North Queensland and Gold Coast ( the first being Dale Shearer ) . He was named co-captain of the inaugural team with Luke Bailey . Prince was a star for the Gold Coast before his injury which kept him out for several weeks . Prince made a return for the Titans and they finished 12th on the ladder ; one win away from the Top 8 . Prince began 2008 as co-captain with Luke Bailey . It was announced that Prince would replace the injured Darren Lockyer in the second game of the 2008 Origin series . It was initially revealed by the selectors that they were reluctant to select Prince alongside fellow halfback Johnathan Thurston in the Queensland halves as they feared that both he and Thurston would get into each others ways during the game , however on the night both complemented each others game and led Queensland to a record win against the Blues ( Thurston , for his part was forced to shift to five-eighth to cover for Lockyers loss ) . Having replaced Darren Lockyer , Prince himself was injured early in game three of the series , breaking his left forearm , in a game Queensland won 16–10 to win a third consecutive series . In all Prince played five Origins , for three wins and two losses . In August 2008 , Prince was named in the preliminary 46-man Kangaroos squad for the 2008 Rugby League World Cup , and in October 2008 he was selected in the final 24-man Australia squad . He also played one match in the World Cup against England . In April 2009 , he was named in the preliminary 25 man squad to represent Queensland in the opening State of Origin match for 2009 . Prince finished the 2009 NRL season as the fifth highest point scorer in the league , with 172 points ( 7 tries , 72 goals ) . In 2009 Prince signed a new contract which would have kept him at the Gold Coast until 2014 . However he was released from his contract at the end of the 2012 season . Prince currently has many of the Gold Coast Titans individual records , such as the person with the most points scored ( 603 ) , most points in a match ( 20 ) and most points in a season ( 182 ) . Brisbane . Prince rejoined the Brisbane Broncos for the 2013 season . He announced his retirement from the NRL on 26 August 2013 , effective at seasons end . On 5 September , Prince played his 300th and last NRL game ; as well as his 50th game for the Brisbane Broncos at Suncorp Stadium . His final game was a 16-11 win over the Canterbury Bulldogs , where he made a try-saving tackle in the 15th minute and had kicked 2 goals successfully ( but missed one ) . At the end of his final game , his teammates rushed to hug him when the full-time siren sounded ; sending him out as a winner . Post-NRL . In 2019 Prince coached the Queensland Under 20s team alongside Paul Dyer , losing 36-10 to the New South Wales Under 20s at ANZ Stadium . In 2020 , Prince came out of retirement to play for the semi-professional Brisbane rugby league football club Fortitude Valley Diehards in the 2020 season of the Brisbane Rugby League premiership competition . He is contracted to play 10 games , plus the finals series , should the team make it that far . Career highlights . - Junior Club : Mount Isa Townies - High school : Ignatius Park College - Junior Kangaroos Selection : 1998 - First Grade Debut : 1998 – Round 4 , North Queensland Cowboys v Canberra Raiders at Dairy Farmers Stadium , Townsville , Queensland , 4 April . - Premierships : 2005 – Wests Tigers defeated North Queensland Cowboys 30 - 16 in the Grand Final , Stadium Australia , Sydney , 2 October . - Wests Tigers Club Captain : 2005 - Gold Coast Titans Captain : 2007-2012 - Prime Ministers XIII Debut : 2007 – Prime Ministers XIII v Papua New Guinea , Lloyd Robson Oval , Port Moresby , Papua New Guinea , 23 September . - Prime Ministers XIII Selection : 2007-2008 - Queensland Debut : 2004 – State of Origin Game 1 , Queensland v New South Wales , Stadium Australia , Sydney , 26 May . - Queensland Selection : 2004 , 2008 - Australia Test Debut : 2005 – Rugby League Tri-Nations , Australia v England , DW Stadium , Wigan , England , 5 November . - Australia Test Squad Selection : 2005 , 2008 - Indigenous All Stars Debut : 2010 – Indigenous All Stars v NRL All Stars , Skilled Park , Robina , Queensland , 13 February . - Indigenous All Stars Selection : 2010-2012 Honours . - 1998 North Queensland Cowboys Rookie of the Year - 2002 Brisbane Broncos Clubman of the Year - 2005 Dally M Awards Captain of the Year - 2005 Clive Churchill Medal winner - 2005 Provan-Summons Medal nominee - 2007 Dally M Player of the Year nominee ( equal 5th ) - 2008 RLIF Team of the Year ( at Halfback ) - 2010 Dally M Awards Halfback of the Year - 2010 RLIF Halfback of the Year External links . - Scott Prince at the Gold Coast Titans official website . - Personal website
[ "Brisbane Broncos" ]
[ { "text": " Scott Prince ( born 27 February 1980 ) is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer who played as a in the 1990s , 2000s and 2010s . An Australian international and Queensland State of Origin representative , he played club football for the Wests Tigers ( whom he led to the 2005 premiership , winning the Clive Churchill Medal ) , the Gold Coast Titans , Brisbane Broncos and the North Queensland Cowboys .", "title": "Scott Prince" }, { "text": " Prince was born in Mount Isa , Queensland , Australia , and played junior rugby league for Town Lions in the Mount Isa competition . He attended high school at Ignatius Park College in Townsville where he went through the rugby league programme .", "title": "Background" }, { "text": " He then began his NRL career by working his way up through the North Queensland Cowboys juniors before debuting in the top grade in the newly reunited competitions first season .", "title": "North Queensland" }, { "text": "Having won the 2000 NRL Premiership , the Broncos traveled to England to play against 2000s Super League V Champions , St Helens R.F.C . for the 2001 World Club Challenge , with Prince playing at halfback in Brisbanes loss . The Broncos were defeated by St Helens R.F.C . 18-20 after leading 12-6 at half-time . At the end of the 2002 season , Prince was named the Brisbane Broncos Clubman of the Year . Princes playing days at the Brisbane Broncos were marred by injury that severely limited his game time . Prince broke his leg on two", "title": "Brisbane" }, { "text": "separate occasions , leading to him being released by the club .", "title": "Brisbane" }, { "text": "Prince starred at the Wests Tigers , becoming captain of the club and making his debut for Queensland and Australia during his time at the club . He was selected as the Maroons halfback for all 3 games of the 2004 State of Origin series . Prince also captained Wests Tigers to their inaugural grand final win in 2005 , at the same time winning the Clive Churchill Medal for Man of the Match . That year he also became the first player from the joint venture Tigers club to earn an Australian representative debut . The following year ,", "title": "Wests Tigers" }, { "text": "he played in the 2006 World Club Challenge , captaining the Tigers to 10-30 loss to the Bradford Bulls .", "title": "Wests Tigers" }, { "text": " Prince returned to Queensland for NRL season 2007 to play for the newly established Gold Coast Titans , becoming only the second player ever to play for all three Queensland teams in the top-level : Brisbane , North Queensland and Gold Coast ( the first being Dale Shearer ) . He was named co-captain of the inaugural team with Luke Bailey .", "title": "Gold Coast" }, { "text": "Prince was a star for the Gold Coast before his injury which kept him out for several weeks . Prince made a return for the Titans and they finished 12th on the ladder ; one win away from the Top 8 .", "title": "Gold Coast" }, { "text": "Prince began 2008 as co-captain with Luke Bailey . It was announced that Prince would replace the injured Darren Lockyer in the second game of the 2008 Origin series . It was initially revealed by the selectors that they were reluctant to select Prince alongside fellow halfback Johnathan Thurston in the Queensland halves as they feared that both he and Thurston would get into each others ways during the game , however on the night both complemented each others game and led Queensland to a record win against the Blues ( Thurston , for his part was forced to shift", "title": "Gold Coast" }, { "text": "to five-eighth to cover for Lockyers loss ) . Having replaced Darren Lockyer , Prince himself was injured early in game three of the series , breaking his left forearm , in a game Queensland won 16–10 to win a third consecutive series . In all Prince played five Origins , for three wins and two losses .", "title": "Gold Coast" }, { "text": " In August 2008 , Prince was named in the preliminary 46-man Kangaroos squad for the 2008 Rugby League World Cup , and in October 2008 he was selected in the final 24-man Australia squad . He also played one match in the World Cup against England .", "title": "Gold Coast" }, { "text": "In April 2009 , he was named in the preliminary 25 man squad to represent Queensland in the opening State of Origin match for 2009 . Prince finished the 2009 NRL season as the fifth highest point scorer in the league , with 172 points ( 7 tries , 72 goals ) .", "title": "Gold Coast" }, { "text": " In 2009 Prince signed a new contract which would have kept him at the Gold Coast until 2014 . However he was released from his contract at the end of the 2012 season . Prince currently has many of the Gold Coast Titans individual records , such as the person with the most points scored ( 603 ) , most points in a match ( 20 ) and most points in a season ( 182 ) .", "title": "Gold Coast" }, { "text": " Prince rejoined the Brisbane Broncos for the 2013 season . He announced his retirement from the NRL on 26 August 2013 , effective at seasons end .", "title": "Brisbane" }, { "text": "On 5 September , Prince played his 300th and last NRL game ; as well as his 50th game for the Brisbane Broncos at Suncorp Stadium . His final game was a 16-11 win over the Canterbury Bulldogs , where he made a try-saving tackle in the 15th minute and had kicked 2 goals successfully ( but missed one ) . At the end of his final game , his teammates rushed to hug him when the full-time siren sounded ; sending him out as a winner .", "title": "Brisbane" }, { "text": " In 2019 Prince coached the Queensland Under 20s team alongside Paul Dyer , losing 36-10 to the New South Wales Under 20s at ANZ Stadium . In 2020 , Prince came out of retirement to play for the semi-professional Brisbane rugby league football club Fortitude Valley Diehards in the 2020 season of the Brisbane Rugby League premiership competition . He is contracted to play 10 games , plus the finals series , should the team make it that far .", "title": "Post-NRL" }, { "text": " - Junior Club : Mount Isa Townies - High school : Ignatius Park College - Junior Kangaroos Selection : 1998 - First Grade Debut : 1998 – Round 4 , North Queensland Cowboys v Canberra Raiders at Dairy Farmers Stadium , Townsville , Queensland , 4 April . - Premierships : 2005 – Wests Tigers defeated North Queensland Cowboys 30 - 16 in the Grand Final , Stadium Australia , Sydney , 2 October . - Wests Tigers Club Captain : 2005 - Gold Coast Titans Captain : 2007-2012", "title": "Career highlights" }, { "text": "- Prime Ministers XIII Debut : 2007 – Prime Ministers XIII v Papua New Guinea , Lloyd Robson Oval , Port Moresby , Papua New Guinea , 23 September .", "title": "Career highlights" }, { "text": " - Prime Ministers XIII Selection : 2007-2008 - Queensland Debut : 2004 – State of Origin Game 1 , Queensland v New South Wales , Stadium Australia , Sydney , 26 May . - Queensland Selection : 2004 , 2008 - Australia Test Debut : 2005 – Rugby League Tri-Nations , Australia v England , DW Stadium , Wigan , England , 5 November . - Australia Test Squad Selection : 2005 , 2008", "title": "Career highlights" }, { "text": "- Indigenous All Stars Debut : 2010 – Indigenous All Stars v NRL All Stars , Skilled Park , Robina , Queensland , 13 February .", "title": "Career highlights" }, { "text": " - 1998 North Queensland Cowboys Rookie of the Year - 2002 Brisbane Broncos Clubman of the Year - 2005 Dally M Awards Captain of the Year - 2005 Clive Churchill Medal winner - 2005 Provan-Summons Medal nominee - 2007 Dally M Player of the Year nominee ( equal 5th ) - 2008 RLIF Team of the Year ( at Halfback ) - 2010 Dally M Awards Halfback of the Year - 2010 RLIF Halfback of the Year", "title": "Honours" }, { "text": " - Scott Prince at the Gold Coast Titans official website . - Personal website", "title": "External links" } ]
/wiki/Rom_Harré#P69#0
Where was Rom Harré educated between May 1948 and Oct 1948?
Rom Harré Horace Romano Rom Harré ( ; 18 December 1927 – 17 October 2019 ) , was a New Zealand-British philosopher and psychologist . Biography . Harré was born in Āpiti , in northern Manawatu , near Palmerston North , New Zealand , but held British citizenship . He studied chemical engineering and later graduated with a BSc in mathematics ( 1948 ) and a Masters in Philosophy ( 1952 ) , both at the University of New Zealand , now the University of Auckland . He taught mathematics at Kings College , Auckland ( 1948–53 ) and the University of Punjab in Lahore , Pakistan ( 1953–4 ) . He then studied at University College , Oxford , where he completed a B.Phil . under the supervision of J . L . Austin in 1956 . After a fellowship at the University of Birmingham he was lecturer at the University of Leicester from 1957 to 1959 . He returned to Oxford as the successor to Friedrich Waismann as University Lecturer in Philosophy of Science in 1960 . At Oxford , where he was a Fellow of Linacre College , he was active in the founding of the Honours School of Physics and Philosophy . He also played an important part in the discursive turn in social psychology , a field he came to in the middle of his career . After his retirement from Oxford in 1995 , he joined the psychology department of Georgetown University ( having previously taught at that university during Spring Semesters ) . There he continued as Distinguished Research Professor until he retired in 2016 . Harré gave yearly short courses as an Adjuct Professor at Binghamton University from 1975 through 1998 and occasional courses at both American University in Washington , D.C . and at George Mason University at Fairfax , Virginia . From 2009 until 2011 he served as Director of the Centre for Philosophy of Natural and Social Science at the London School of Economics in conjunction with his US post . He was Visiting Professor at many places , teaching courses at Aoyama University , Tokyo ; Universidad Santiago de Compostela , Spain ; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia , Lima , Peru ; Free University at Brussels ; Aarhus University in Denmark and elsewhere . Philosophical work . Harré was one of the worlds most prolific social scientists . He wrote on a wide variety of subjects including : philosophy of mathematics , philosophy of science , ontology , psychology , social psychology , chemistry , sociology and philosophy . He was an important early influence on the philosophical movement critical realism , publishing Causal Powers with E . H . Madden in 1975 . He supervised Roy Bhaskars doctoral studies , and continued to maintain close involvement with realism . He also supervised Patrick Baert , German Berrios , and Jonathan Smiths doctoral studies , respectively in social theory , history and epistemology of psychiatry , and social psychology . Another one of Harrés distinctive contributions was to the understanding of the social self in microsociology , which he called ethogenics : this method attempts to understand the systems of belief or means by which individuals can attach significance to their actions and form their identities , in addition to the structure of rules and cultural resources that underlie these actions . In his later years Harre returned to his first love of chemistry and became the honorary president of the International Society for the Philosophy of Chemistry . In addition to regular lectures and articles on the subject , he organized two international conferences on the philosophy of chemistry , one in Oxford and the second at the London School of Economics while he was the director of its Center for the Philosophy of Science . Personal life . Harré was the uncle of New Zealand politician and trade unionist Laila Harré and associate professor of psychology and environmentalist Niki Harré . Awards and honours . - Honorary doctorate , Helsinki ( 1986 ) - Honorary doctorate , Brussels ( 1986 ) - Honorary doctorate , Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia , Lima , Peru ( 1998 ) - Honorary doctorate , Aarhus University , Denmark ( 1998 ) - Lifetime Achievement Award from the American Psychological Association , Society for Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology ( 2010 ) - Honorary doctorate , Massey University , 2012 - Theodore Sarbin Award from the American Psychological Association , Society for Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology ( 2014 ) . Festschriftten . - Harré and his critics ( 1989 ) ( ed. ) R . Bhaskar Oxford : Blackwell - Rom Harrés scientific realism ( 1993 ) ( ed. ) , Tilburg : Tilburg University Press - International Studies in Philosophy of Science Harré number : 1995 ( ed. ) W . Newton-Smith - Dialectica : Harré number : 1997 ( ed. ) B . Muller . - The Second Cognitive Revolution : A Tribute to Rom Harré , ( 2019 ) ( ed. ) Christensen , Bo Allesøe Publications . Books - Harré , H . Rom with F.M . Moghaddam . Psychology for the Third Millennium . London and Los Angeles : Sage , 2012 . - Harré , H . Rom with P.Q . Pfordresser and S-L Tan . Introduction to the Psychology of Music . London : Psychology Press , 2010 . - Harré , H . Rom , Ed . L . van Langenhove . People and Societies . London : Routledge , 2010 . - Harré , H . Rom . Pavlov’s Dogs and Schrödinger’s Cat . Oxford : OUP ( Chinese edition ) , 2009 . - Harré , H . Rom . Key Thinkers in 20th Century Psychology . London : Sage , 2006 . - Harré H . Rom with Michael Tissaw . Wittgenstein and Psychology . Basingstoke , UK : Ashgate , 2005 . - Harré , H . Rom . Modeling : Gateway to the Unknown . Amsterdam and Oxford : Elsevier , 2005 . - Harré , H . Rom . Cognitive Science : A Philosophical Introduction . Los Angeles : Sage ( Chinese translation ) , 2002 . - Harré , H . Rom with J-M . Saguillo . Los problemas de la metafisica : Siglo XX . Madrid : Duque , 2001 . - Harré , H . Rom . One thousand years of philosophy . Oxford : Blackwell , 2000 . - Harré , H . Rom . The singular self . London and Los Angeles : Sage . Italian translation , 2000 , 1998 . - Harré , H . Rom with Muhlhausler , P. , Brockmeier , J . Greenspeak : A Study of Environmental Discourse . Los Angeles and London : Sage , 1998 . - Rom Harre with M . Krausz . Varieties of relativism . Oxford : Blackwell , 1995 . - Rom Harre with J . Arson and E Way . Realism rescued . London : Duckworth , 1994 . - Harré , H . Rom with Grant Gillet . The discursive mind . London : Sage ( Spanish translation ) , 1994 . - Harré , H . Rom . Social being : revised edition . Oxford : Blackwell , 1993 . - Harré , H . Rom . Laws of nature . London : Duckworth , 1993 . - Harré , H . Rom . Physical being : a theory for corporeal psychology . Oxford : Blackwell , 1991 . - Rom Harre with P Muhlhausler . Pronouns and people . Blackwell , Oxford , 1990 . - Rom Harre . Designing the discipline : a programme for psychology . Blackwell , Oxford , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom . Varieties of realism . Blackwell , Oxford , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom . The philosophies of science , 2nd Edition . Oxford , GB : Oxford University Press , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , Clarke , D. , & de Carlo , N. . Motives and mechanisms . London , UK : Metheun , 1985 . - Harré , H . Rom . Introduction to the logic of the sciences , 2nd Edition . London , UK : Macmillan , 1983 . - Rom Harre . Personal being:a theory for individual psychology . Blackwell , Oxford;1985 Harvard UP , Cambridge , Mass. , 1983 . - Harré , H . Rom . Twenty great scientific experiments . Phaidon Press , Oxford ( OPUS paperback , 1983 , American edition 1982 ) ( Spanish , Italian , Japanese ) , 1981 . - Harré , H . Rom . Social being : a theory for social psychology . Oxford , GB : Blackwell , 1979 . - Harré , H . Rom . Social being : a theory for social psychology . : Blackwell , Oxford ( Spanish translation ) , 1979 . - Harré , H . Rom , Marsh , P. , & Rosser , E. . The rules of disorder . London , UK : Routledge and Kegan Paul , 1977 . - Harré , H . Rom , Morgan , J. , & O’Neill , O. . Nicknames . London , UK : Routledge and Kegan Paul , 1977 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Madden , E.H. . Causal powers . Oxford , GB : Blackwell , 1975 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Secord , P.F. . The explanation of social behaviour . Oxford , GB : Blackwell , 1973 . - Harré , H . Rom . The philosophies of science . Oxford , GB : Oxford University Press , 1972 . - Harré , H . Rom . The method of science . London , UK : Wykelham Press , 1970 . - Harré , H . Rom . The principles of scientific thinking . London , UK : Macmillan , 1970 . - Waismann , F. , Harré , H . Rom , ed. . The Principles of Linguistic Philosophy . London : Macmillan , 1968 . - Harré , H . Rom . The anticipation of nature . London , UK : Hutchinson , 1965 . - Harré , H . Rom . Matter and method . London , UK : Macmillan , 1964 . - Harré , H . Rom . Theories and things . London , UK : Sheed and Ward , 1961 . - Harré , H . Rom . Introduction to the logic of the sciences . London , UK : Macmillan , 1960 . Edited books - Harré , H . Rom , & Jensen , C. , ed . Beyond Rationality . Newcastle , UK : Cambridge Scholars , 2012 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Moghaddam , F.M. , ed . Words of Conflict , Words of War . Santa Barbara , CA : Praeger , 2010 . - Harré , H . Rom , Moghaddam , F.M. , & Lee , N.P. , ed . Global Conflict Resolution through Positioning Analysis . New York , NY : Springer , 2008 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Moghaddam , F. , ed . The Self and Others . Westport , CT : Praeger , 2004 . - Harré , H . Rom , & van Langenhove , L . van , ed . Positioning Theory . Oxford , GB : Blackwell , 1998 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Parrott , W.G. , ed . The emotions . London , UK & Los Angeles , CA : Sage , 1996 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Stearns , P. , ed . Discursive psychology . London , UK & Los Angeles , CA : Sage , 1995 . - Harré , H . Rom , Smith , J. , & van Langenhove , L. , ed . Rethinking psychological methods . London , UK & Los Angeles , CA : Sage , 1995 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Harris , R. , ed . Philosophy and linguistics . Oxford , UK : Pergamon , 1993 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Anglo-Ukrainian studies in philosophy of science . Lampeter , PA : Edward Mellen , 1993 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Brown , H.R. , ed . Philosophical foundations of quantum field theory . Oxford , UK : Clarendon Press , 1988 . - Harré , H . Rom , van Langenhove , L. , & de Waele , J-M. , ed . Individual persons and their actions . Brussels , Belgium : Vrije Universiteit Press , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Lamb , R. , ed . Blackwell Dictionary of Social and Personality Psychology . Blackwell , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . The physical sciences since antiquity . London , UK : Croom Helm , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . The social construction of emotions . Oxford , GB : Blackwell , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Lamb , R. , ed . Blackwell Dictionary of Animal Behaviour and Ethology . Blackwell , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Lamb , R. , ed . Blackwell Dictionary of Educational and Developmental Psychology . Blackwell , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Lamb , R. , ed . Blackwell Dictionary of Clinical and Physiological Psychology . Blackwell , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Lamb , R. , ed . Blackwell Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Psychology . Blackwell , 1985 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Reynolds , V. , ed . The meaning of primate signals . Cambridge , GB : Cambridge University Press , 1983 . - Harré , H . Rom , & von Cranach , M. , ed . The analysis of action . Cambridge , GB : Cambridge University Press , 1982 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Jensen , U.J. , ed . The philosophy of evolution . Brighton , GB : Harvester Press , 1981 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Personality . Oxford , GB : Blackwell , 1976 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Life sentences . Chichester , UK : Wylie , 1976 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Problems of scientific revolution . Oxford , GB : Clarendon Press , 1975 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Some nineteenth century British scientists . Oxford , GB : Pergamon , 1969 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Scientific thought , 1900–1960 . Oxford , GB : Oxford University Press , 1969 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . How I see philosophy . London , UK : Macmillan , 1968 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . The sciences : their origins and methods . Glasgow : Blackie , 1967 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Early Seventeenth Century Scientists . Oxford : Pergamon Press , 1965 .
[ "New Zealand" ]
[ { "text": " Horace Romano Rom Harré ( ; 18 December 1927 – 17 October 2019 ) , was a New Zealand-British philosopher and psychologist .", "title": "Rom Harré" }, { "text": " Harré was born in Āpiti , in northern Manawatu , near Palmerston North , New Zealand , but held British citizenship . He studied chemical engineering and later graduated with a BSc in mathematics ( 1948 ) and a Masters in Philosophy ( 1952 ) , both at the University of New Zealand , now the University of Auckland .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "He taught mathematics at Kings College , Auckland ( 1948–53 ) and the University of Punjab in Lahore , Pakistan ( 1953–4 ) . He then studied at University College , Oxford , where he completed a B.Phil . under the supervision of J . L . Austin in 1956 . After a fellowship at the University of Birmingham he was lecturer at the University of Leicester from 1957 to 1959 .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "He returned to Oxford as the successor to Friedrich Waismann as University Lecturer in Philosophy of Science in 1960 . At Oxford , where he was a Fellow of Linacre College , he was active in the founding of the Honours School of Physics and Philosophy . He also played an important part in the discursive turn in social psychology , a field he came to in the middle of his career . After his retirement from Oxford in 1995 , he joined the psychology department of Georgetown University ( having previously taught at that university during Spring Semesters )", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": ". There he continued as Distinguished Research Professor until he retired in 2016 .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "Harré gave yearly short courses as an Adjuct Professor at Binghamton University from 1975 through 1998 and occasional courses at both American University in Washington , D.C . and at George Mason University at Fairfax , Virginia . From 2009 until 2011 he served as Director of the Centre for Philosophy of Natural and Social Science at the London School of Economics in conjunction with his US post . He was Visiting Professor at many places , teaching courses at Aoyama University , Tokyo ; Universidad Santiago de Compostela , Spain ; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia , Lima , Peru", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "; Free University at Brussels ; Aarhus University in Denmark and elsewhere .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "Harré was one of the worlds most prolific social scientists . He wrote on a wide variety of subjects including : philosophy of mathematics , philosophy of science , ontology , psychology , social psychology , chemistry , sociology and philosophy . He was an important early influence on the philosophical movement critical realism , publishing Causal Powers with E . H . Madden in 1975 . He supervised Roy Bhaskars doctoral studies , and continued to maintain close involvement with realism . He also supervised Patrick Baert , German Berrios , and Jonathan Smiths doctoral studies , respectively in", "title": "Philosophical work" }, { "text": "social theory , history and epistemology of psychiatry , and social psychology . Another one of Harrés distinctive contributions was to the understanding of the social self in microsociology , which he called ethogenics : this method attempts to understand the systems of belief or means by which individuals can attach significance to their actions and form their identities , in addition to the structure of rules and cultural resources that underlie these actions . In his later years Harre returned to his first love of chemistry and became the honorary president of the International Society for the Philosophy of", "title": "Philosophical work" }, { "text": "Chemistry . In addition to regular lectures and articles on the subject , he organized two international conferences on the philosophy of chemistry , one in Oxford and the second at the London School of Economics while he was the director of its Center for the Philosophy of Science .", "title": "Philosophical work" }, { "text": " Harré was the uncle of New Zealand politician and trade unionist Laila Harré and associate professor of psychology and environmentalist Niki Harré .", "title": "Personal life" }, { "text": " - Honorary doctorate , Helsinki ( 1986 ) - Honorary doctorate , Brussels ( 1986 ) - Honorary doctorate , Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia , Lima , Peru ( 1998 ) - Honorary doctorate , Aarhus University , Denmark ( 1998 ) - Lifetime Achievement Award from the American Psychological Association , Society for Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology ( 2010 ) - Honorary doctorate , Massey University , 2012 - Theodore Sarbin Award from the American Psychological Association , Society for Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology ( 2014 ) .", "title": "Awards and honours" }, { "text": " - Harré and his critics ( 1989 ) ( ed. ) R . Bhaskar Oxford : Blackwell - Rom Harrés scientific realism ( 1993 ) ( ed. ) , Tilburg : Tilburg University Press - International Studies in Philosophy of Science Harré number : 1995 ( ed. ) W . Newton-Smith - Dialectica : Harré number : 1997 ( ed. ) B . Muller . - The Second Cognitive Revolution : A Tribute to Rom Harré , ( 2019 ) ( ed. ) Christensen , Bo Allesøe", "title": "Festschriftten" }, { "text": " - Harré , H . Rom with F.M . Moghaddam . Psychology for the Third Millennium . London and Los Angeles : Sage , 2012 . - Harré , H . Rom with P.Q . Pfordresser and S-L Tan . Introduction to the Psychology of Music . London : Psychology Press , 2010 . - Harré , H . Rom , Ed . L . van Langenhove . People and Societies . London : Routledge , 2010 .", "title": "Books" }, { "text": "- Harré , H . Rom . Pavlov’s Dogs and Schrödinger’s Cat . Oxford : OUP ( Chinese edition ) , 2009 .", "title": "Books" }, { "text": " - Harré , H . Rom . Key Thinkers in 20th Century Psychology . London : Sage , 2006 . - Harré H . Rom with Michael Tissaw . Wittgenstein and Psychology . Basingstoke , UK : Ashgate , 2005 . - Harré , H . Rom . Modeling : Gateway to the Unknown . Amsterdam and Oxford : Elsevier , 2005 . - Harré , H . Rom . Cognitive Science : A Philosophical Introduction . Los Angeles : Sage ( Chinese translation ) , 2002 .", "title": "Books" }, { "text": "- Harré , H . Rom with J-M . Saguillo . Los problemas de la metafisica : Siglo XX . Madrid : Duque , 2001 .", "title": "Books" }, { "text": " - Harré , H . Rom . One thousand years of philosophy . Oxford : Blackwell , 2000 . - Harré , H . Rom . The singular self . London and Los Angeles : Sage . Italian translation , 2000 , 1998 . - Harré , H . Rom with Muhlhausler , P. , Brockmeier , J . Greenspeak : A Study of Environmental Discourse . Los Angeles and London : Sage , 1998 . - Rom Harre with M . Krausz . Varieties of relativism . Oxford : Blackwell , 1995 .", "title": "Books" }, { "text": "- Rom Harre with J . Arson and E Way . Realism rescued . London : Duckworth , 1994 .", "title": "Books" }, { "text": " - Harré , H . Rom with Grant Gillet . The discursive mind . London : Sage ( Spanish translation ) , 1994 . - Harré , H . Rom . Social being : revised edition . Oxford : Blackwell , 1993 . - Harré , H . Rom . Laws of nature . London : Duckworth , 1993 . - Harré , H . Rom . Physical being : a theory for corporeal psychology . Oxford : Blackwell , 1991 . - Rom Harre with P Muhlhausler . Pronouns and people . Blackwell , Oxford , 1990 .", "title": "Books" }, { "text": "- Rom Harre . Designing the discipline : a programme for psychology . Blackwell , Oxford , 1986 .", "title": "Books" }, { "text": " - Harré , H . Rom . Varieties of realism . Blackwell , Oxford , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom . The philosophies of science , 2nd Edition . Oxford , GB : Oxford University Press , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , Clarke , D. , & de Carlo , N. . Motives and mechanisms . London , UK : Metheun , 1985 . - Harré , H . Rom . Introduction to the logic of the sciences , 2nd Edition . London , UK : Macmillan , 1983 .", "title": "Books" }, { "text": "- Rom Harre . Personal being:a theory for individual psychology . Blackwell , Oxford;1985 Harvard UP , Cambridge , Mass. , 1983 .", "title": "Books" }, { "text": " - Harré , H . Rom . Twenty great scientific experiments . Phaidon Press , Oxford ( OPUS paperback , 1983 , American edition 1982 ) ( Spanish , Italian , Japanese ) , 1981 . - Harré , H . Rom . Social being : a theory for social psychology . Oxford , GB : Blackwell , 1979 . - Harré , H . Rom . Social being : a theory for social psychology . : Blackwell , Oxford ( Spanish translation ) , 1979 .", "title": "Books" }, { "text": "- Harré , H . Rom , Marsh , P. , & Rosser , E. . The rules of disorder . London , UK : Routledge and Kegan Paul , 1977 .", "title": "Books" }, { "text": " - Harré , H . Rom , Morgan , J. , & O’Neill , O. . Nicknames . London , UK : Routledge and Kegan Paul , 1977 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Madden , E.H. . Causal powers . Oxford , GB : Blackwell , 1975 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Secord , P.F. . The explanation of social behaviour . Oxford , GB : Blackwell , 1973 .", "title": "Books" }, { "text": "- Harré , H . Rom . The philosophies of science . Oxford , GB : Oxford University Press , 1972 .", "title": "Books" }, { "text": " - Harré , H . Rom . The method of science . London , UK : Wykelham Press , 1970 . - Harré , H . Rom . The principles of scientific thinking . London , UK : Macmillan , 1970 . - Waismann , F. , Harré , H . Rom , ed. . The Principles of Linguistic Philosophy . London : Macmillan , 1968 . - Harré , H . Rom . The anticipation of nature . London , UK : Hutchinson , 1965 .", "title": "Books" }, { "text": "- Harré , H . Rom . Matter and method . London , UK : Macmillan , 1964 .", "title": "Books" }, { "text": " - Harré , H . Rom . Theories and things . London , UK : Sheed and Ward , 1961 . - Harré , H . Rom . Introduction to the logic of the sciences . London , UK : Macmillan , 1960 .", "title": "Books" }, { "text": " - Harré , H . Rom , & Jensen , C. , ed . Beyond Rationality . Newcastle , UK : Cambridge Scholars , 2012 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Moghaddam , F.M. , ed . Words of Conflict , Words of War . Santa Barbara , CA : Praeger , 2010 . - Harré , H . Rom , Moghaddam , F.M. , & Lee , N.P. , ed . Global Conflict Resolution through Positioning Analysis . New York , NY : Springer , 2008 .", "title": "Edited books" }, { "text": "- Harré , H . Rom , & Moghaddam , F. , ed . The Self and Others . Westport , CT : Praeger , 2004 .", "title": "Edited books" }, { "text": " - Harré , H . Rom , & van Langenhove , L . van , ed . Positioning Theory . Oxford , GB : Blackwell , 1998 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Parrott , W.G. , ed . The emotions . London , UK & Los Angeles , CA : Sage , 1996 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Stearns , P. , ed . Discursive psychology . London , UK & Los Angeles , CA : Sage , 1995 .", "title": "Edited books" }, { "text": "- Harré , H . Rom , Smith , J. , & van Langenhove , L. , ed . Rethinking psychological methods . London , UK & Los Angeles , CA : Sage , 1995 .", "title": "Edited books" }, { "text": " - Harré , H . Rom , & Harris , R. , ed . Philosophy and linguistics . Oxford , UK : Pergamon , 1993 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Anglo-Ukrainian studies in philosophy of science . Lampeter , PA : Edward Mellen , 1993 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Brown , H.R. , ed . Philosophical foundations of quantum field theory . Oxford , UK : Clarendon Press , 1988 .", "title": "Edited books" }, { "text": "- Harré , H . Rom , van Langenhove , L. , & de Waele , J-M. , ed . Individual persons and their actions . Brussels , Belgium : Vrije Universiteit Press , 1986 .", "title": "Edited books" }, { "text": " - Harré , H . Rom , & Lamb , R. , ed . Blackwell Dictionary of Social and Personality Psychology . Blackwell , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . The physical sciences since antiquity . London , UK : Croom Helm , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . The social construction of emotions . Oxford , GB : Blackwell , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Lamb , R. , ed . Blackwell Dictionary of Animal Behaviour and Ethology . Blackwell , 1986 .", "title": "Edited books" }, { "text": "- Harré , H . Rom , & Lamb , R. , ed . Blackwell Dictionary of Educational and Developmental Psychology . Blackwell , 1986 .", "title": "Edited books" }, { "text": " - Harré , H . Rom , & Lamb , R. , ed . Blackwell Dictionary of Clinical and Physiological Psychology . Blackwell , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Lamb , R. , ed . Blackwell Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Psychology . Blackwell , 1985 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Reynolds , V. , ed . The meaning of primate signals . Cambridge , GB : Cambridge University Press , 1983 .", "title": "Edited books" }, { "text": "- Harré , H . Rom , & von Cranach , M. , ed . The analysis of action . Cambridge , GB : Cambridge University Press , 1982 .", "title": "Edited books" }, { "text": " - Harré , H . Rom , & Jensen , U.J. , ed . The philosophy of evolution . Brighton , GB : Harvester Press , 1981 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Personality . Oxford , GB : Blackwell , 1976 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Life sentences . Chichester , UK : Wylie , 1976 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Problems of scientific revolution . Oxford , GB : Clarendon Press , 1975 .", "title": "Edited books" }, { "text": "- Harré , H . Rom , ed . Some nineteenth century British scientists . Oxford , GB : Pergamon , 1969 .", "title": "Edited books" }, { "text": " - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Scientific thought , 1900–1960 . Oxford , GB : Oxford University Press , 1969 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . How I see philosophy . London , UK : Macmillan , 1968 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . The sciences : their origins and methods . Glasgow : Blackie , 1967 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Early Seventeenth Century Scientists . Oxford : Pergamon Press , 1965 .", "title": "Edited books" } ]
/wiki/Rom_Harré#P69#1
Where was Rom Harré educated between Jul 1952 and Oct 1952?
Rom Harré Horace Romano Rom Harré ( ; 18 December 1927 – 17 October 2019 ) , was a New Zealand-British philosopher and psychologist . Biography . Harré was born in Āpiti , in northern Manawatu , near Palmerston North , New Zealand , but held British citizenship . He studied chemical engineering and later graduated with a BSc in mathematics ( 1948 ) and a Masters in Philosophy ( 1952 ) , both at the University of New Zealand , now the University of Auckland . He taught mathematics at Kings College , Auckland ( 1948–53 ) and the University of Punjab in Lahore , Pakistan ( 1953–4 ) . He then studied at University College , Oxford , where he completed a B.Phil . under the supervision of J . L . Austin in 1956 . After a fellowship at the University of Birmingham he was lecturer at the University of Leicester from 1957 to 1959 . He returned to Oxford as the successor to Friedrich Waismann as University Lecturer in Philosophy of Science in 1960 . At Oxford , where he was a Fellow of Linacre College , he was active in the founding of the Honours School of Physics and Philosophy . He also played an important part in the discursive turn in social psychology , a field he came to in the middle of his career . After his retirement from Oxford in 1995 , he joined the psychology department of Georgetown University ( having previously taught at that university during Spring Semesters ) . There he continued as Distinguished Research Professor until he retired in 2016 . Harré gave yearly short courses as an Adjuct Professor at Binghamton University from 1975 through 1998 and occasional courses at both American University in Washington , D.C . and at George Mason University at Fairfax , Virginia . From 2009 until 2011 he served as Director of the Centre for Philosophy of Natural and Social Science at the London School of Economics in conjunction with his US post . He was Visiting Professor at many places , teaching courses at Aoyama University , Tokyo ; Universidad Santiago de Compostela , Spain ; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia , Lima , Peru ; Free University at Brussels ; Aarhus University in Denmark and elsewhere . Philosophical work . Harré was one of the worlds most prolific social scientists . He wrote on a wide variety of subjects including : philosophy of mathematics , philosophy of science , ontology , psychology , social psychology , chemistry , sociology and philosophy . He was an important early influence on the philosophical movement critical realism , publishing Causal Powers with E . H . Madden in 1975 . He supervised Roy Bhaskars doctoral studies , and continued to maintain close involvement with realism . He also supervised Patrick Baert , German Berrios , and Jonathan Smiths doctoral studies , respectively in social theory , history and epistemology of psychiatry , and social psychology . Another one of Harrés distinctive contributions was to the understanding of the social self in microsociology , which he called ethogenics : this method attempts to understand the systems of belief or means by which individuals can attach significance to their actions and form their identities , in addition to the structure of rules and cultural resources that underlie these actions . In his later years Harre returned to his first love of chemistry and became the honorary president of the International Society for the Philosophy of Chemistry . In addition to regular lectures and articles on the subject , he organized two international conferences on the philosophy of chemistry , one in Oxford and the second at the London School of Economics while he was the director of its Center for the Philosophy of Science . Personal life . Harré was the uncle of New Zealand politician and trade unionist Laila Harré and associate professor of psychology and environmentalist Niki Harré . Awards and honours . - Honorary doctorate , Helsinki ( 1986 ) - Honorary doctorate , Brussels ( 1986 ) - Honorary doctorate , Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia , Lima , Peru ( 1998 ) - Honorary doctorate , Aarhus University , Denmark ( 1998 ) - Lifetime Achievement Award from the American Psychological Association , Society for Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology ( 2010 ) - Honorary doctorate , Massey University , 2012 - Theodore Sarbin Award from the American Psychological Association , Society for Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology ( 2014 ) . Festschriftten . - Harré and his critics ( 1989 ) ( ed. ) R . Bhaskar Oxford : Blackwell - Rom Harrés scientific realism ( 1993 ) ( ed. ) , Tilburg : Tilburg University Press - International Studies in Philosophy of Science Harré number : 1995 ( ed. ) W . Newton-Smith - Dialectica : Harré number : 1997 ( ed. ) B . Muller . - The Second Cognitive Revolution : A Tribute to Rom Harré , ( 2019 ) ( ed. ) Christensen , Bo Allesøe Publications . Books - Harré , H . Rom with F.M . Moghaddam . Psychology for the Third Millennium . London and Los Angeles : Sage , 2012 . - Harré , H . Rom with P.Q . Pfordresser and S-L Tan . Introduction to the Psychology of Music . London : Psychology Press , 2010 . - Harré , H . Rom , Ed . L . van Langenhove . People and Societies . London : Routledge , 2010 . - Harré , H . Rom . Pavlov’s Dogs and Schrödinger’s Cat . Oxford : OUP ( Chinese edition ) , 2009 . - Harré , H . Rom . Key Thinkers in 20th Century Psychology . London : Sage , 2006 . - Harré H . Rom with Michael Tissaw . Wittgenstein and Psychology . Basingstoke , UK : Ashgate , 2005 . - Harré , H . Rom . Modeling : Gateway to the Unknown . Amsterdam and Oxford : Elsevier , 2005 . - Harré , H . Rom . Cognitive Science : A Philosophical Introduction . Los Angeles : Sage ( Chinese translation ) , 2002 . - Harré , H . Rom with J-M . Saguillo . Los problemas de la metafisica : Siglo XX . Madrid : Duque , 2001 . - Harré , H . Rom . One thousand years of philosophy . Oxford : Blackwell , 2000 . - Harré , H . Rom . The singular self . London and Los Angeles : Sage . Italian translation , 2000 , 1998 . - Harré , H . Rom with Muhlhausler , P. , Brockmeier , J . Greenspeak : A Study of Environmental Discourse . Los Angeles and London : Sage , 1998 . - Rom Harre with M . Krausz . Varieties of relativism . Oxford : Blackwell , 1995 . - Rom Harre with J . Arson and E Way . Realism rescued . London : Duckworth , 1994 . - Harré , H . Rom with Grant Gillet . The discursive mind . London : Sage ( Spanish translation ) , 1994 . - Harré , H . Rom . Social being : revised edition . Oxford : Blackwell , 1993 . - Harré , H . Rom . Laws of nature . London : Duckworth , 1993 . - Harré , H . Rom . Physical being : a theory for corporeal psychology . Oxford : Blackwell , 1991 . - Rom Harre with P Muhlhausler . Pronouns and people . Blackwell , Oxford , 1990 . - Rom Harre . Designing the discipline : a programme for psychology . Blackwell , Oxford , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom . Varieties of realism . Blackwell , Oxford , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom . The philosophies of science , 2nd Edition . Oxford , GB : Oxford University Press , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , Clarke , D. , & de Carlo , N. . Motives and mechanisms . London , UK : Metheun , 1985 . - Harré , H . Rom . Introduction to the logic of the sciences , 2nd Edition . London , UK : Macmillan , 1983 . - Rom Harre . Personal being:a theory for individual psychology . Blackwell , Oxford;1985 Harvard UP , Cambridge , Mass. , 1983 . - Harré , H . Rom . Twenty great scientific experiments . Phaidon Press , Oxford ( OPUS paperback , 1983 , American edition 1982 ) ( Spanish , Italian , Japanese ) , 1981 . - Harré , H . Rom . Social being : a theory for social psychology . Oxford , GB : Blackwell , 1979 . - Harré , H . Rom . Social being : a theory for social psychology . : Blackwell , Oxford ( Spanish translation ) , 1979 . - Harré , H . Rom , Marsh , P. , & Rosser , E. . The rules of disorder . London , UK : Routledge and Kegan Paul , 1977 . - Harré , H . Rom , Morgan , J. , & O’Neill , O. . Nicknames . London , UK : Routledge and Kegan Paul , 1977 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Madden , E.H. . Causal powers . Oxford , GB : Blackwell , 1975 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Secord , P.F. . The explanation of social behaviour . Oxford , GB : Blackwell , 1973 . - Harré , H . Rom . The philosophies of science . Oxford , GB : Oxford University Press , 1972 . - Harré , H . Rom . The method of science . London , UK : Wykelham Press , 1970 . - Harré , H . Rom . The principles of scientific thinking . London , UK : Macmillan , 1970 . - Waismann , F. , Harré , H . Rom , ed. . The Principles of Linguistic Philosophy . London : Macmillan , 1968 . - Harré , H . Rom . The anticipation of nature . London , UK : Hutchinson , 1965 . - Harré , H . Rom . Matter and method . London , UK : Macmillan , 1964 . - Harré , H . Rom . Theories and things . London , UK : Sheed and Ward , 1961 . - Harré , H . Rom . Introduction to the logic of the sciences . London , UK : Macmillan , 1960 . Edited books - Harré , H . Rom , & Jensen , C. , ed . Beyond Rationality . Newcastle , UK : Cambridge Scholars , 2012 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Moghaddam , F.M. , ed . Words of Conflict , Words of War . Santa Barbara , CA : Praeger , 2010 . - Harré , H . Rom , Moghaddam , F.M. , & Lee , N.P. , ed . Global Conflict Resolution through Positioning Analysis . New York , NY : Springer , 2008 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Moghaddam , F. , ed . The Self and Others . Westport , CT : Praeger , 2004 . - Harré , H . Rom , & van Langenhove , L . van , ed . Positioning Theory . Oxford , GB : Blackwell , 1998 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Parrott , W.G. , ed . The emotions . London , UK & Los Angeles , CA : Sage , 1996 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Stearns , P. , ed . Discursive psychology . London , UK & Los Angeles , CA : Sage , 1995 . - Harré , H . Rom , Smith , J. , & van Langenhove , L. , ed . Rethinking psychological methods . London , UK & Los Angeles , CA : Sage , 1995 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Harris , R. , ed . Philosophy and linguistics . Oxford , UK : Pergamon , 1993 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Anglo-Ukrainian studies in philosophy of science . Lampeter , PA : Edward Mellen , 1993 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Brown , H.R. , ed . Philosophical foundations of quantum field theory . Oxford , UK : Clarendon Press , 1988 . - Harré , H . Rom , van Langenhove , L. , & de Waele , J-M. , ed . Individual persons and their actions . Brussels , Belgium : Vrije Universiteit Press , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Lamb , R. , ed . Blackwell Dictionary of Social and Personality Psychology . Blackwell , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . The physical sciences since antiquity . London , UK : Croom Helm , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . The social construction of emotions . Oxford , GB : Blackwell , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Lamb , R. , ed . Blackwell Dictionary of Animal Behaviour and Ethology . Blackwell , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Lamb , R. , ed . Blackwell Dictionary of Educational and Developmental Psychology . Blackwell , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Lamb , R. , ed . Blackwell Dictionary of Clinical and Physiological Psychology . Blackwell , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Lamb , R. , ed . Blackwell Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Psychology . Blackwell , 1985 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Reynolds , V. , ed . The meaning of primate signals . Cambridge , GB : Cambridge University Press , 1983 . - Harré , H . Rom , & von Cranach , M. , ed . The analysis of action . Cambridge , GB : Cambridge University Press , 1982 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Jensen , U.J. , ed . The philosophy of evolution . Brighton , GB : Harvester Press , 1981 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Personality . Oxford , GB : Blackwell , 1976 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Life sentences . Chichester , UK : Wylie , 1976 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Problems of scientific revolution . Oxford , GB : Clarendon Press , 1975 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Some nineteenth century British scientists . Oxford , GB : Pergamon , 1969 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Scientific thought , 1900–1960 . Oxford , GB : Oxford University Press , 1969 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . How I see philosophy . London , UK : Macmillan , 1968 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . The sciences : their origins and methods . Glasgow : Blackie , 1967 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Early Seventeenth Century Scientists . Oxford : Pergamon Press , 1965 .
[ "University of New Zealand" ]
[ { "text": " Horace Romano Rom Harré ( ; 18 December 1927 – 17 October 2019 ) , was a New Zealand-British philosopher and psychologist .", "title": "Rom Harré" }, { "text": " Harré was born in Āpiti , in northern Manawatu , near Palmerston North , New Zealand , but held British citizenship . He studied chemical engineering and later graduated with a BSc in mathematics ( 1948 ) and a Masters in Philosophy ( 1952 ) , both at the University of New Zealand , now the University of Auckland .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "He taught mathematics at Kings College , Auckland ( 1948–53 ) and the University of Punjab in Lahore , Pakistan ( 1953–4 ) . He then studied at University College , Oxford , where he completed a B.Phil . under the supervision of J . L . Austin in 1956 . After a fellowship at the University of Birmingham he was lecturer at the University of Leicester from 1957 to 1959 .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "He returned to Oxford as the successor to Friedrich Waismann as University Lecturer in Philosophy of Science in 1960 . At Oxford , where he was a Fellow of Linacre College , he was active in the founding of the Honours School of Physics and Philosophy . He also played an important part in the discursive turn in social psychology , a field he came to in the middle of his career . After his retirement from Oxford in 1995 , he joined the psychology department of Georgetown University ( having previously taught at that university during Spring Semesters )", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": ". There he continued as Distinguished Research Professor until he retired in 2016 .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "Harré gave yearly short courses as an Adjuct Professor at Binghamton University from 1975 through 1998 and occasional courses at both American University in Washington , D.C . and at George Mason University at Fairfax , Virginia . From 2009 until 2011 he served as Director of the Centre for Philosophy of Natural and Social Science at the London School of Economics in conjunction with his US post . He was Visiting Professor at many places , teaching courses at Aoyama University , Tokyo ; Universidad Santiago de Compostela , Spain ; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia , Lima , Peru", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "; Free University at Brussels ; Aarhus University in Denmark and elsewhere .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "Harré was one of the worlds most prolific social scientists . He wrote on a wide variety of subjects including : philosophy of mathematics , philosophy of science , ontology , psychology , social psychology , chemistry , sociology and philosophy . He was an important early influence on the philosophical movement critical realism , publishing Causal Powers with E . H . Madden in 1975 . He supervised Roy Bhaskars doctoral studies , and continued to maintain close involvement with realism . He also supervised Patrick Baert , German Berrios , and Jonathan Smiths doctoral studies , respectively in", "title": "Philosophical work" }, { "text": "social theory , history and epistemology of psychiatry , and social psychology . Another one of Harrés distinctive contributions was to the understanding of the social self in microsociology , which he called ethogenics : this method attempts to understand the systems of belief or means by which individuals can attach significance to their actions and form their identities , in addition to the structure of rules and cultural resources that underlie these actions . In his later years Harre returned to his first love of chemistry and became the honorary president of the International Society for the Philosophy of", "title": "Philosophical work" }, { "text": "Chemistry . In addition to regular lectures and articles on the subject , he organized two international conferences on the philosophy of chemistry , one in Oxford and the second at the London School of Economics while he was the director of its Center for the Philosophy of Science .", "title": "Philosophical work" }, { "text": " Harré was the uncle of New Zealand politician and trade unionist Laila Harré and associate professor of psychology and environmentalist Niki Harré .", "title": "Personal life" }, { "text": " - Honorary doctorate , Helsinki ( 1986 ) - Honorary doctorate , Brussels ( 1986 ) - Honorary doctorate , Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia , Lima , Peru ( 1998 ) - Honorary doctorate , Aarhus University , Denmark ( 1998 ) - Lifetime Achievement Award from the American Psychological Association , Society for Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology ( 2010 ) - Honorary doctorate , Massey University , 2012 - Theodore Sarbin Award from the American Psychological Association , Society for Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology ( 2014 ) .", "title": "Awards and honours" }, { "text": " - Harré and his critics ( 1989 ) ( ed. ) R . Bhaskar Oxford : Blackwell - Rom Harrés scientific realism ( 1993 ) ( ed. ) , Tilburg : Tilburg University Press - International Studies in Philosophy of Science Harré number : 1995 ( ed. ) W . Newton-Smith - Dialectica : Harré number : 1997 ( ed. ) B . Muller . - The Second Cognitive Revolution : A Tribute to Rom Harré , ( 2019 ) ( ed. ) Christensen , Bo Allesøe", "title": "Festschriftten" }, { "text": " - Harré , H . Rom with F.M . Moghaddam . Psychology for the Third Millennium . London and Los Angeles : Sage , 2012 . - Harré , H . Rom with P.Q . Pfordresser and S-L Tan . Introduction to the Psychology of Music . London : Psychology Press , 2010 . - Harré , H . Rom , Ed . L . van Langenhove . People and Societies . London : Routledge , 2010 .", "title": "Books" }, { "text": "- Harré , H . Rom . Pavlov’s Dogs and Schrödinger’s Cat . Oxford : OUP ( Chinese edition ) , 2009 .", "title": "Books" }, { "text": " - Harré , H . Rom . Key Thinkers in 20th Century Psychology . London : Sage , 2006 . - Harré H . Rom with Michael Tissaw . Wittgenstein and Psychology . Basingstoke , UK : Ashgate , 2005 . - Harré , H . Rom . Modeling : Gateway to the Unknown . Amsterdam and Oxford : Elsevier , 2005 . - Harré , H . Rom . Cognitive Science : A Philosophical Introduction . Los Angeles : Sage ( Chinese translation ) , 2002 .", "title": "Books" }, { "text": "- Harré , H . Rom with J-M . Saguillo . Los problemas de la metafisica : Siglo XX . Madrid : Duque , 2001 .", "title": "Books" }, { "text": " - Harré , H . Rom . One thousand years of philosophy . Oxford : Blackwell , 2000 . - Harré , H . Rom . The singular self . London and Los Angeles : Sage . Italian translation , 2000 , 1998 . - Harré , H . Rom with Muhlhausler , P. , Brockmeier , J . Greenspeak : A Study of Environmental Discourse . Los Angeles and London : Sage , 1998 . - Rom Harre with M . Krausz . Varieties of relativism . Oxford : Blackwell , 1995 .", "title": "Books" }, { "text": "- Rom Harre with J . Arson and E Way . Realism rescued . London : Duckworth , 1994 .", "title": "Books" }, { "text": " - Harré , H . Rom with Grant Gillet . The discursive mind . London : Sage ( Spanish translation ) , 1994 . - Harré , H . Rom . Social being : revised edition . Oxford : Blackwell , 1993 . - Harré , H . Rom . Laws of nature . London : Duckworth , 1993 . - Harré , H . Rom . Physical being : a theory for corporeal psychology . Oxford : Blackwell , 1991 . - Rom Harre with P Muhlhausler . Pronouns and people . Blackwell , Oxford , 1990 .", "title": "Books" }, { "text": "- Rom Harre . Designing the discipline : a programme for psychology . Blackwell , Oxford , 1986 .", "title": "Books" }, { "text": " - Harré , H . Rom . Varieties of realism . Blackwell , Oxford , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom . The philosophies of science , 2nd Edition . Oxford , GB : Oxford University Press , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , Clarke , D. , & de Carlo , N. . Motives and mechanisms . London , UK : Metheun , 1985 . - Harré , H . Rom . Introduction to the logic of the sciences , 2nd Edition . London , UK : Macmillan , 1983 .", "title": "Books" }, { "text": "- Rom Harre . Personal being:a theory for individual psychology . Blackwell , Oxford;1985 Harvard UP , Cambridge , Mass. , 1983 .", "title": "Books" }, { "text": " - Harré , H . Rom . Twenty great scientific experiments . Phaidon Press , Oxford ( OPUS paperback , 1983 , American edition 1982 ) ( Spanish , Italian , Japanese ) , 1981 . - Harré , H . Rom . Social being : a theory for social psychology . Oxford , GB : Blackwell , 1979 . - Harré , H . Rom . Social being : a theory for social psychology . : Blackwell , Oxford ( Spanish translation ) , 1979 .", "title": "Books" }, { "text": "- Harré , H . Rom , Marsh , P. , & Rosser , E. . The rules of disorder . London , UK : Routledge and Kegan Paul , 1977 .", "title": "Books" }, { "text": " - Harré , H . Rom , Morgan , J. , & O’Neill , O. . Nicknames . London , UK : Routledge and Kegan Paul , 1977 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Madden , E.H. . Causal powers . Oxford , GB : Blackwell , 1975 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Secord , P.F. . The explanation of social behaviour . Oxford , GB : Blackwell , 1973 .", "title": "Books" }, { "text": "- Harré , H . Rom . The philosophies of science . Oxford , GB : Oxford University Press , 1972 .", "title": "Books" }, { "text": " - Harré , H . Rom . The method of science . London , UK : Wykelham Press , 1970 . - Harré , H . Rom . The principles of scientific thinking . London , UK : Macmillan , 1970 . - Waismann , F. , Harré , H . Rom , ed. . The Principles of Linguistic Philosophy . London : Macmillan , 1968 . - Harré , H . Rom . The anticipation of nature . London , UK : Hutchinson , 1965 .", "title": "Books" }, { "text": "- Harré , H . Rom . Matter and method . London , UK : Macmillan , 1964 .", "title": "Books" }, { "text": " - Harré , H . Rom . Theories and things . London , UK : Sheed and Ward , 1961 . - Harré , H . Rom . Introduction to the logic of the sciences . London , UK : Macmillan , 1960 .", "title": "Books" }, { "text": " - Harré , H . Rom , & Jensen , C. , ed . Beyond Rationality . Newcastle , UK : Cambridge Scholars , 2012 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Moghaddam , F.M. , ed . Words of Conflict , Words of War . Santa Barbara , CA : Praeger , 2010 . - Harré , H . Rom , Moghaddam , F.M. , & Lee , N.P. , ed . Global Conflict Resolution through Positioning Analysis . New York , NY : Springer , 2008 .", "title": "Edited books" }, { "text": "- Harré , H . Rom , & Moghaddam , F. , ed . The Self and Others . Westport , CT : Praeger , 2004 .", "title": "Edited books" }, { "text": " - Harré , H . Rom , & van Langenhove , L . van , ed . Positioning Theory . Oxford , GB : Blackwell , 1998 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Parrott , W.G. , ed . The emotions . London , UK & Los Angeles , CA : Sage , 1996 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Stearns , P. , ed . Discursive psychology . London , UK & Los Angeles , CA : Sage , 1995 .", "title": "Edited books" }, { "text": "- Harré , H . Rom , Smith , J. , & van Langenhove , L. , ed . Rethinking psychological methods . London , UK & Los Angeles , CA : Sage , 1995 .", "title": "Edited books" }, { "text": " - Harré , H . Rom , & Harris , R. , ed . Philosophy and linguistics . Oxford , UK : Pergamon , 1993 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Anglo-Ukrainian studies in philosophy of science . Lampeter , PA : Edward Mellen , 1993 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Brown , H.R. , ed . Philosophical foundations of quantum field theory . Oxford , UK : Clarendon Press , 1988 .", "title": "Edited books" }, { "text": "- Harré , H . Rom , van Langenhove , L. , & de Waele , J-M. , ed . Individual persons and their actions . Brussels , Belgium : Vrije Universiteit Press , 1986 .", "title": "Edited books" }, { "text": " - Harré , H . Rom , & Lamb , R. , ed . Blackwell Dictionary of Social and Personality Psychology . Blackwell , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . The physical sciences since antiquity . London , UK : Croom Helm , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . The social construction of emotions . Oxford , GB : Blackwell , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Lamb , R. , ed . Blackwell Dictionary of Animal Behaviour and Ethology . Blackwell , 1986 .", "title": "Edited books" }, { "text": "- Harré , H . Rom , & Lamb , R. , ed . Blackwell Dictionary of Educational and Developmental Psychology . Blackwell , 1986 .", "title": "Edited books" }, { "text": " - Harré , H . Rom , & Lamb , R. , ed . Blackwell Dictionary of Clinical and Physiological Psychology . Blackwell , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Lamb , R. , ed . Blackwell Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Psychology . Blackwell , 1985 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Reynolds , V. , ed . The meaning of primate signals . Cambridge , GB : Cambridge University Press , 1983 .", "title": "Edited books" }, { "text": "- Harré , H . Rom , & von Cranach , M. , ed . The analysis of action . Cambridge , GB : Cambridge University Press , 1982 .", "title": "Edited books" }, { "text": " - Harré , H . Rom , & Jensen , U.J. , ed . The philosophy of evolution . Brighton , GB : Harvester Press , 1981 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Personality . Oxford , GB : Blackwell , 1976 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Life sentences . Chichester , UK : Wylie , 1976 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Problems of scientific revolution . Oxford , GB : Clarendon Press , 1975 .", "title": "Edited books" }, { "text": "- Harré , H . Rom , ed . Some nineteenth century British scientists . Oxford , GB : Pergamon , 1969 .", "title": "Edited books" }, { "text": " - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Scientific thought , 1900–1960 . Oxford , GB : Oxford University Press , 1969 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . How I see philosophy . London , UK : Macmillan , 1968 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . The sciences : their origins and methods . Glasgow : Blackie , 1967 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Early Seventeenth Century Scientists . Oxford : Pergamon Press , 1965 .", "title": "Edited books" } ]
/wiki/Rom_Harré#P69#2
Where was Rom Harré educated in 1953?
Rom Harré Horace Romano Rom Harré ( ; 18 December 1927 – 17 October 2019 ) , was a New Zealand-British philosopher and psychologist . Biography . Harré was born in Āpiti , in northern Manawatu , near Palmerston North , New Zealand , but held British citizenship . He studied chemical engineering and later graduated with a BSc in mathematics ( 1948 ) and a Masters in Philosophy ( 1952 ) , both at the University of New Zealand , now the University of Auckland . He taught mathematics at Kings College , Auckland ( 1948–53 ) and the University of Punjab in Lahore , Pakistan ( 1953–4 ) . He then studied at University College , Oxford , where he completed a B.Phil . under the supervision of J . L . Austin in 1956 . After a fellowship at the University of Birmingham he was lecturer at the University of Leicester from 1957 to 1959 . He returned to Oxford as the successor to Friedrich Waismann as University Lecturer in Philosophy of Science in 1960 . At Oxford , where he was a Fellow of Linacre College , he was active in the founding of the Honours School of Physics and Philosophy . He also played an important part in the discursive turn in social psychology , a field he came to in the middle of his career . After his retirement from Oxford in 1995 , he joined the psychology department of Georgetown University ( having previously taught at that university during Spring Semesters ) . There he continued as Distinguished Research Professor until he retired in 2016 . Harré gave yearly short courses as an Adjuct Professor at Binghamton University from 1975 through 1998 and occasional courses at both American University in Washington , D.C . and at George Mason University at Fairfax , Virginia . From 2009 until 2011 he served as Director of the Centre for Philosophy of Natural and Social Science at the London School of Economics in conjunction with his US post . He was Visiting Professor at many places , teaching courses at Aoyama University , Tokyo ; Universidad Santiago de Compostela , Spain ; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia , Lima , Peru ; Free University at Brussels ; Aarhus University in Denmark and elsewhere . Philosophical work . Harré was one of the worlds most prolific social scientists . He wrote on a wide variety of subjects including : philosophy of mathematics , philosophy of science , ontology , psychology , social psychology , chemistry , sociology and philosophy . He was an important early influence on the philosophical movement critical realism , publishing Causal Powers with E . H . Madden in 1975 . He supervised Roy Bhaskars doctoral studies , and continued to maintain close involvement with realism . He also supervised Patrick Baert , German Berrios , and Jonathan Smiths doctoral studies , respectively in social theory , history and epistemology of psychiatry , and social psychology . Another one of Harrés distinctive contributions was to the understanding of the social self in microsociology , which he called ethogenics : this method attempts to understand the systems of belief or means by which individuals can attach significance to their actions and form their identities , in addition to the structure of rules and cultural resources that underlie these actions . In his later years Harre returned to his first love of chemistry and became the honorary president of the International Society for the Philosophy of Chemistry . In addition to regular lectures and articles on the subject , he organized two international conferences on the philosophy of chemistry , one in Oxford and the second at the London School of Economics while he was the director of its Center for the Philosophy of Science . Personal life . Harré was the uncle of New Zealand politician and trade unionist Laila Harré and associate professor of psychology and environmentalist Niki Harré . Awards and honours . - Honorary doctorate , Helsinki ( 1986 ) - Honorary doctorate , Brussels ( 1986 ) - Honorary doctorate , Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia , Lima , Peru ( 1998 ) - Honorary doctorate , Aarhus University , Denmark ( 1998 ) - Lifetime Achievement Award from the American Psychological Association , Society for Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology ( 2010 ) - Honorary doctorate , Massey University , 2012 - Theodore Sarbin Award from the American Psychological Association , Society for Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology ( 2014 ) . Festschriftten . - Harré and his critics ( 1989 ) ( ed. ) R . Bhaskar Oxford : Blackwell - Rom Harrés scientific realism ( 1993 ) ( ed. ) , Tilburg : Tilburg University Press - International Studies in Philosophy of Science Harré number : 1995 ( ed. ) W . Newton-Smith - Dialectica : Harré number : 1997 ( ed. ) B . Muller . - The Second Cognitive Revolution : A Tribute to Rom Harré , ( 2019 ) ( ed. ) Christensen , Bo Allesøe Publications . Books - Harré , H . Rom with F.M . Moghaddam . Psychology for the Third Millennium . London and Los Angeles : Sage , 2012 . - Harré , H . Rom with P.Q . Pfordresser and S-L Tan . Introduction to the Psychology of Music . London : Psychology Press , 2010 . - Harré , H . Rom , Ed . L . van Langenhove . People and Societies . London : Routledge , 2010 . - Harré , H . Rom . Pavlov’s Dogs and Schrödinger’s Cat . Oxford : OUP ( Chinese edition ) , 2009 . - Harré , H . Rom . Key Thinkers in 20th Century Psychology . London : Sage , 2006 . - Harré H . Rom with Michael Tissaw . Wittgenstein and Psychology . Basingstoke , UK : Ashgate , 2005 . - Harré , H . Rom . Modeling : Gateway to the Unknown . Amsterdam and Oxford : Elsevier , 2005 . - Harré , H . Rom . Cognitive Science : A Philosophical Introduction . Los Angeles : Sage ( Chinese translation ) , 2002 . - Harré , H . Rom with J-M . Saguillo . Los problemas de la metafisica : Siglo XX . Madrid : Duque , 2001 . - Harré , H . Rom . One thousand years of philosophy . Oxford : Blackwell , 2000 . - Harré , H . Rom . The singular self . London and Los Angeles : Sage . Italian translation , 2000 , 1998 . - Harré , H . Rom with Muhlhausler , P. , Brockmeier , J . Greenspeak : A Study of Environmental Discourse . Los Angeles and London : Sage , 1998 . - Rom Harre with M . Krausz . Varieties of relativism . Oxford : Blackwell , 1995 . - Rom Harre with J . Arson and E Way . Realism rescued . London : Duckworth , 1994 . - Harré , H . Rom with Grant Gillet . The discursive mind . London : Sage ( Spanish translation ) , 1994 . - Harré , H . Rom . Social being : revised edition . Oxford : Blackwell , 1993 . - Harré , H . Rom . Laws of nature . London : Duckworth , 1993 . - Harré , H . Rom . Physical being : a theory for corporeal psychology . Oxford : Blackwell , 1991 . - Rom Harre with P Muhlhausler . Pronouns and people . Blackwell , Oxford , 1990 . - Rom Harre . Designing the discipline : a programme for psychology . Blackwell , Oxford , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom . Varieties of realism . Blackwell , Oxford , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom . The philosophies of science , 2nd Edition . Oxford , GB : Oxford University Press , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , Clarke , D. , & de Carlo , N. . Motives and mechanisms . London , UK : Metheun , 1985 . - Harré , H . Rom . Introduction to the logic of the sciences , 2nd Edition . London , UK : Macmillan , 1983 . - Rom Harre . Personal being:a theory for individual psychology . Blackwell , Oxford;1985 Harvard UP , Cambridge , Mass. , 1983 . - Harré , H . Rom . Twenty great scientific experiments . Phaidon Press , Oxford ( OPUS paperback , 1983 , American edition 1982 ) ( Spanish , Italian , Japanese ) , 1981 . - Harré , H . Rom . Social being : a theory for social psychology . Oxford , GB : Blackwell , 1979 . - Harré , H . Rom . Social being : a theory for social psychology . : Blackwell , Oxford ( Spanish translation ) , 1979 . - Harré , H . Rom , Marsh , P. , & Rosser , E. . The rules of disorder . London , UK : Routledge and Kegan Paul , 1977 . - Harré , H . Rom , Morgan , J. , & O’Neill , O. . Nicknames . London , UK : Routledge and Kegan Paul , 1977 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Madden , E.H. . Causal powers . Oxford , GB : Blackwell , 1975 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Secord , P.F. . The explanation of social behaviour . Oxford , GB : Blackwell , 1973 . - Harré , H . Rom . The philosophies of science . Oxford , GB : Oxford University Press , 1972 . - Harré , H . Rom . The method of science . London , UK : Wykelham Press , 1970 . - Harré , H . Rom . The principles of scientific thinking . London , UK : Macmillan , 1970 . - Waismann , F. , Harré , H . Rom , ed. . The Principles of Linguistic Philosophy . London : Macmillan , 1968 . - Harré , H . Rom . The anticipation of nature . London , UK : Hutchinson , 1965 . - Harré , H . Rom . Matter and method . London , UK : Macmillan , 1964 . - Harré , H . Rom . Theories and things . London , UK : Sheed and Ward , 1961 . - Harré , H . Rom . Introduction to the logic of the sciences . London , UK : Macmillan , 1960 . Edited books - Harré , H . Rom , & Jensen , C. , ed . Beyond Rationality . Newcastle , UK : Cambridge Scholars , 2012 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Moghaddam , F.M. , ed . Words of Conflict , Words of War . Santa Barbara , CA : Praeger , 2010 . - Harré , H . Rom , Moghaddam , F.M. , & Lee , N.P. , ed . Global Conflict Resolution through Positioning Analysis . New York , NY : Springer , 2008 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Moghaddam , F. , ed . The Self and Others . Westport , CT : Praeger , 2004 . - Harré , H . Rom , & van Langenhove , L . van , ed . Positioning Theory . Oxford , GB : Blackwell , 1998 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Parrott , W.G. , ed . The emotions . London , UK & Los Angeles , CA : Sage , 1996 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Stearns , P. , ed . Discursive psychology . London , UK & Los Angeles , CA : Sage , 1995 . - Harré , H . Rom , Smith , J. , & van Langenhove , L. , ed . Rethinking psychological methods . London , UK & Los Angeles , CA : Sage , 1995 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Harris , R. , ed . Philosophy and linguistics . Oxford , UK : Pergamon , 1993 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Anglo-Ukrainian studies in philosophy of science . Lampeter , PA : Edward Mellen , 1993 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Brown , H.R. , ed . Philosophical foundations of quantum field theory . Oxford , UK : Clarendon Press , 1988 . - Harré , H . Rom , van Langenhove , L. , & de Waele , J-M. , ed . Individual persons and their actions . Brussels , Belgium : Vrije Universiteit Press , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Lamb , R. , ed . Blackwell Dictionary of Social and Personality Psychology . Blackwell , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . The physical sciences since antiquity . London , UK : Croom Helm , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . The social construction of emotions . Oxford , GB : Blackwell , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Lamb , R. , ed . Blackwell Dictionary of Animal Behaviour and Ethology . Blackwell , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Lamb , R. , ed . Blackwell Dictionary of Educational and Developmental Psychology . Blackwell , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Lamb , R. , ed . Blackwell Dictionary of Clinical and Physiological Psychology . Blackwell , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Lamb , R. , ed . Blackwell Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Psychology . Blackwell , 1985 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Reynolds , V. , ed . The meaning of primate signals . Cambridge , GB : Cambridge University Press , 1983 . - Harré , H . Rom , & von Cranach , M. , ed . The analysis of action . Cambridge , GB : Cambridge University Press , 1982 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Jensen , U.J. , ed . The philosophy of evolution . Brighton , GB : Harvester Press , 1981 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Personality . Oxford , GB : Blackwell , 1976 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Life sentences . Chichester , UK : Wylie , 1976 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Problems of scientific revolution . Oxford , GB : Clarendon Press , 1975 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Some nineteenth century British scientists . Oxford , GB : Pergamon , 1969 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Scientific thought , 1900–1960 . Oxford , GB : Oxford University Press , 1969 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . How I see philosophy . London , UK : Macmillan , 1968 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . The sciences : their origins and methods . Glasgow : Blackie , 1967 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Early Seventeenth Century Scientists . Oxford : Pergamon Press , 1965 .
[ "University College , Oxford" ]
[ { "text": " Horace Romano Rom Harré ( ; 18 December 1927 – 17 October 2019 ) , was a New Zealand-British philosopher and psychologist .", "title": "Rom Harré" }, { "text": " Harré was born in Āpiti , in northern Manawatu , near Palmerston North , New Zealand , but held British citizenship . He studied chemical engineering and later graduated with a BSc in mathematics ( 1948 ) and a Masters in Philosophy ( 1952 ) , both at the University of New Zealand , now the University of Auckland .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "He taught mathematics at Kings College , Auckland ( 1948–53 ) and the University of Punjab in Lahore , Pakistan ( 1953–4 ) . He then studied at University College , Oxford , where he completed a B.Phil . under the supervision of J . L . Austin in 1956 . After a fellowship at the University of Birmingham he was lecturer at the University of Leicester from 1957 to 1959 .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "He returned to Oxford as the successor to Friedrich Waismann as University Lecturer in Philosophy of Science in 1960 . At Oxford , where he was a Fellow of Linacre College , he was active in the founding of the Honours School of Physics and Philosophy . He also played an important part in the discursive turn in social psychology , a field he came to in the middle of his career . After his retirement from Oxford in 1995 , he joined the psychology department of Georgetown University ( having previously taught at that university during Spring Semesters )", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": ". There he continued as Distinguished Research Professor until he retired in 2016 .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "Harré gave yearly short courses as an Adjuct Professor at Binghamton University from 1975 through 1998 and occasional courses at both American University in Washington , D.C . and at George Mason University at Fairfax , Virginia . From 2009 until 2011 he served as Director of the Centre for Philosophy of Natural and Social Science at the London School of Economics in conjunction with his US post . He was Visiting Professor at many places , teaching courses at Aoyama University , Tokyo ; Universidad Santiago de Compostela , Spain ; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia , Lima , Peru", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "; Free University at Brussels ; Aarhus University in Denmark and elsewhere .", "title": "Biography" }, { "text": "Harré was one of the worlds most prolific social scientists . He wrote on a wide variety of subjects including : philosophy of mathematics , philosophy of science , ontology , psychology , social psychology , chemistry , sociology and philosophy . He was an important early influence on the philosophical movement critical realism , publishing Causal Powers with E . H . Madden in 1975 . He supervised Roy Bhaskars doctoral studies , and continued to maintain close involvement with realism . He also supervised Patrick Baert , German Berrios , and Jonathan Smiths doctoral studies , respectively in", "title": "Philosophical work" }, { "text": "social theory , history and epistemology of psychiatry , and social psychology . Another one of Harrés distinctive contributions was to the understanding of the social self in microsociology , which he called ethogenics : this method attempts to understand the systems of belief or means by which individuals can attach significance to their actions and form their identities , in addition to the structure of rules and cultural resources that underlie these actions . In his later years Harre returned to his first love of chemistry and became the honorary president of the International Society for the Philosophy of", "title": "Philosophical work" }, { "text": "Chemistry . In addition to regular lectures and articles on the subject , he organized two international conferences on the philosophy of chemistry , one in Oxford and the second at the London School of Economics while he was the director of its Center for the Philosophy of Science .", "title": "Philosophical work" }, { "text": " Harré was the uncle of New Zealand politician and trade unionist Laila Harré and associate professor of psychology and environmentalist Niki Harré .", "title": "Personal life" }, { "text": " - Honorary doctorate , Helsinki ( 1986 ) - Honorary doctorate , Brussels ( 1986 ) - Honorary doctorate , Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia , Lima , Peru ( 1998 ) - Honorary doctorate , Aarhus University , Denmark ( 1998 ) - Lifetime Achievement Award from the American Psychological Association , Society for Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology ( 2010 ) - Honorary doctorate , Massey University , 2012 - Theodore Sarbin Award from the American Psychological Association , Society for Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology ( 2014 ) .", "title": "Awards and honours" }, { "text": " - Harré and his critics ( 1989 ) ( ed. ) R . Bhaskar Oxford : Blackwell - Rom Harrés scientific realism ( 1993 ) ( ed. ) , Tilburg : Tilburg University Press - International Studies in Philosophy of Science Harré number : 1995 ( ed. ) W . Newton-Smith - Dialectica : Harré number : 1997 ( ed. ) B . Muller . - The Second Cognitive Revolution : A Tribute to Rom Harré , ( 2019 ) ( ed. ) Christensen , Bo Allesøe", "title": "Festschriftten" }, { "text": " - Harré , H . Rom with F.M . Moghaddam . Psychology for the Third Millennium . London and Los Angeles : Sage , 2012 . - Harré , H . Rom with P.Q . Pfordresser and S-L Tan . Introduction to the Psychology of Music . London : Psychology Press , 2010 . - Harré , H . Rom , Ed . L . van Langenhove . People and Societies . London : Routledge , 2010 .", "title": "Books" }, { "text": "- Harré , H . Rom . Pavlov’s Dogs and Schrödinger’s Cat . Oxford : OUP ( Chinese edition ) , 2009 .", "title": "Books" }, { "text": " - Harré , H . Rom . Key Thinkers in 20th Century Psychology . London : Sage , 2006 . - Harré H . Rom with Michael Tissaw . Wittgenstein and Psychology . Basingstoke , UK : Ashgate , 2005 . - Harré , H . Rom . Modeling : Gateway to the Unknown . Amsterdam and Oxford : Elsevier , 2005 . - Harré , H . Rom . Cognitive Science : A Philosophical Introduction . Los Angeles : Sage ( Chinese translation ) , 2002 .", "title": "Books" }, { "text": "- Harré , H . Rom with J-M . Saguillo . Los problemas de la metafisica : Siglo XX . Madrid : Duque , 2001 .", "title": "Books" }, { "text": " - Harré , H . Rom . One thousand years of philosophy . Oxford : Blackwell , 2000 . - Harré , H . Rom . The singular self . London and Los Angeles : Sage . Italian translation , 2000 , 1998 . - Harré , H . Rom with Muhlhausler , P. , Brockmeier , J . Greenspeak : A Study of Environmental Discourse . Los Angeles and London : Sage , 1998 . - Rom Harre with M . Krausz . Varieties of relativism . Oxford : Blackwell , 1995 .", "title": "Books" }, { "text": "- Rom Harre with J . Arson and E Way . Realism rescued . London : Duckworth , 1994 .", "title": "Books" }, { "text": " - Harré , H . Rom with Grant Gillet . The discursive mind . London : Sage ( Spanish translation ) , 1994 . - Harré , H . Rom . Social being : revised edition . Oxford : Blackwell , 1993 . - Harré , H . Rom . Laws of nature . London : Duckworth , 1993 . - Harré , H . Rom . Physical being : a theory for corporeal psychology . Oxford : Blackwell , 1991 . - Rom Harre with P Muhlhausler . Pronouns and people . Blackwell , Oxford , 1990 .", "title": "Books" }, { "text": "- Rom Harre . Designing the discipline : a programme for psychology . Blackwell , Oxford , 1986 .", "title": "Books" }, { "text": " - Harré , H . Rom . Varieties of realism . Blackwell , Oxford , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom . The philosophies of science , 2nd Edition . Oxford , GB : Oxford University Press , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , Clarke , D. , & de Carlo , N. . Motives and mechanisms . London , UK : Metheun , 1985 . - Harré , H . Rom . Introduction to the logic of the sciences , 2nd Edition . London , UK : Macmillan , 1983 .", "title": "Books" }, { "text": "- Rom Harre . Personal being:a theory for individual psychology . Blackwell , Oxford;1985 Harvard UP , Cambridge , Mass. , 1983 .", "title": "Books" }, { "text": " - Harré , H . Rom . Twenty great scientific experiments . Phaidon Press , Oxford ( OPUS paperback , 1983 , American edition 1982 ) ( Spanish , Italian , Japanese ) , 1981 . - Harré , H . Rom . Social being : a theory for social psychology . Oxford , GB : Blackwell , 1979 . - Harré , H . Rom . Social being : a theory for social psychology . : Blackwell , Oxford ( Spanish translation ) , 1979 .", "title": "Books" }, { "text": "- Harré , H . Rom , Marsh , P. , & Rosser , E. . The rules of disorder . London , UK : Routledge and Kegan Paul , 1977 .", "title": "Books" }, { "text": " - Harré , H . Rom , Morgan , J. , & O’Neill , O. . Nicknames . London , UK : Routledge and Kegan Paul , 1977 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Madden , E.H. . Causal powers . Oxford , GB : Blackwell , 1975 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Secord , P.F. . The explanation of social behaviour . Oxford , GB : Blackwell , 1973 .", "title": "Books" }, { "text": "- Harré , H . Rom . The philosophies of science . Oxford , GB : Oxford University Press , 1972 .", "title": "Books" }, { "text": " - Harré , H . Rom . The method of science . London , UK : Wykelham Press , 1970 . - Harré , H . Rom . The principles of scientific thinking . London , UK : Macmillan , 1970 . - Waismann , F. , Harré , H . Rom , ed. . The Principles of Linguistic Philosophy . London : Macmillan , 1968 . - Harré , H . Rom . The anticipation of nature . London , UK : Hutchinson , 1965 .", "title": "Books" }, { "text": "- Harré , H . Rom . Matter and method . London , UK : Macmillan , 1964 .", "title": "Books" }, { "text": " - Harré , H . Rom . Theories and things . London , UK : Sheed and Ward , 1961 . - Harré , H . Rom . Introduction to the logic of the sciences . London , UK : Macmillan , 1960 .", "title": "Books" }, { "text": " - Harré , H . Rom , & Jensen , C. , ed . Beyond Rationality . Newcastle , UK : Cambridge Scholars , 2012 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Moghaddam , F.M. , ed . Words of Conflict , Words of War . Santa Barbara , CA : Praeger , 2010 . - Harré , H . Rom , Moghaddam , F.M. , & Lee , N.P. , ed . Global Conflict Resolution through Positioning Analysis . New York , NY : Springer , 2008 .", "title": "Edited books" }, { "text": "- Harré , H . Rom , & Moghaddam , F. , ed . The Self and Others . Westport , CT : Praeger , 2004 .", "title": "Edited books" }, { "text": " - Harré , H . Rom , & van Langenhove , L . van , ed . Positioning Theory . Oxford , GB : Blackwell , 1998 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Parrott , W.G. , ed . The emotions . London , UK & Los Angeles , CA : Sage , 1996 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Stearns , P. , ed . Discursive psychology . London , UK & Los Angeles , CA : Sage , 1995 .", "title": "Edited books" }, { "text": "- Harré , H . Rom , Smith , J. , & van Langenhove , L. , ed . Rethinking psychological methods . London , UK & Los Angeles , CA : Sage , 1995 .", "title": "Edited books" }, { "text": " - Harré , H . Rom , & Harris , R. , ed . Philosophy and linguistics . Oxford , UK : Pergamon , 1993 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Anglo-Ukrainian studies in philosophy of science . Lampeter , PA : Edward Mellen , 1993 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Brown , H.R. , ed . Philosophical foundations of quantum field theory . Oxford , UK : Clarendon Press , 1988 .", "title": "Edited books" }, { "text": "- Harré , H . Rom , van Langenhove , L. , & de Waele , J-M. , ed . Individual persons and their actions . Brussels , Belgium : Vrije Universiteit Press , 1986 .", "title": "Edited books" }, { "text": " - Harré , H . Rom , & Lamb , R. , ed . Blackwell Dictionary of Social and Personality Psychology . Blackwell , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . The physical sciences since antiquity . London , UK : Croom Helm , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . The social construction of emotions . Oxford , GB : Blackwell , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Lamb , R. , ed . Blackwell Dictionary of Animal Behaviour and Ethology . Blackwell , 1986 .", "title": "Edited books" }, { "text": "- Harré , H . Rom , & Lamb , R. , ed . Blackwell Dictionary of Educational and Developmental Psychology . Blackwell , 1986 .", "title": "Edited books" }, { "text": " - Harré , H . Rom , & Lamb , R. , ed . Blackwell Dictionary of Clinical and Physiological Psychology . Blackwell , 1986 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Lamb , R. , ed . Blackwell Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Psychology . Blackwell , 1985 . - Harré , H . Rom , & Reynolds , V. , ed . The meaning of primate signals . Cambridge , GB : Cambridge University Press , 1983 .", "title": "Edited books" }, { "text": "- Harré , H . Rom , & von Cranach , M. , ed . The analysis of action . Cambridge , GB : Cambridge University Press , 1982 .", "title": "Edited books" }, { "text": " - Harré , H . Rom , & Jensen , U.J. , ed . The philosophy of evolution . Brighton , GB : Harvester Press , 1981 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Personality . Oxford , GB : Blackwell , 1976 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Life sentences . Chichester , UK : Wylie , 1976 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Problems of scientific revolution . Oxford , GB : Clarendon Press , 1975 .", "title": "Edited books" }, { "text": "- Harré , H . Rom , ed . Some nineteenth century British scientists . Oxford , GB : Pergamon , 1969 .", "title": "Edited books" }, { "text": " - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Scientific thought , 1900–1960 . Oxford , GB : Oxford University Press , 1969 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . How I see philosophy . London , UK : Macmillan , 1968 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . The sciences : their origins and methods . Glasgow : Blackie , 1967 . - Harré , H . Rom , ed . Early Seventeenth Century Scientists . Oxford : Pergamon Press , 1965 .", "title": "Edited books" } ]
/wiki/Henry_Kent_Hughes#P39#0
What position did Henry Kent Hughes take in Aug 1868?
Henry Kent Hughes Henry Kent Hughes ( c . 1814 – 30 August 1880 ) , usually referred to as H . Kent Hughes , was a pastoralist and politician who sat in the South Australian House of Assembly from 1868 to 1875 representing the seats of Victoria and later , Port Adelaide . Early life . Hughes was born in England , possibly the son of Thomas Hughes , dyer , of Bunhill Row . He married Jane Hilditch ( died 4 June 1890 ) . They travelled to South Australia on the barque Raleigh , arriving at Port Adelaide on 15 January 1851 . Hughes was , for a considerable period ( at least 1838 – 1844 ) in the colony of Victoria ; he was one of a party , with Peter Snodgrass MLC , a Mr . Murdoch , a Dr . Dixon and one James Murdoch , who pioneered settlement in the Goulburn Valley in Victoria . With two brothers he founded the property , later the town , of Avenel , often cited as named for a Gloucestershire village with which had a connection ( though information on its whereabouts is lacking ) , his previous property in England , or Sir Walter Scotts fictional castle and family , of which the White Lady of Avenel is the best known . There is also a reference to his property Dropmore which may or may not have been a separate holding . Around 1854 he formed a business association with the future premier of South Australia , John Hart , in the company Hart & Hughes with offices in Waymouth Street , Adelaide . They built Port Adelaides first flour mill , run by Hart and Company , of which he was a silent partner . In 1882 John Hart & Co . joined with Morgan , Connor & Glyde . W . Duffield & Co. , James Cowan & Co . and Harrold Brothers to form Adelaide Milling Co . or Adelaide Milling and Mercantile Company , with Connor as general manager until shortly before his death in 1926 . Hughes purchased extensive properties on the River Murray , including one near Wellington where he ran sheep in conjunction with his brother Edmund Chauntrell Hughes , S.M. , which was quite successful , largely because of careful breeding and the attention they paid to prevention of diseases . Politics . In 1868 he put himself forward as M.P . for the Assembly District of Victoria , and was elected on 7 May with John Riddoch as a colleague . He remained in Parliament for three years , and went out at the dissolution in 1870 , when he contested the seat of Port Adelaide and was elected with William Quin on 5 April 1870 . He was Treasurer of South Australia in the 1868 Strangways ministry and the Ayers ministry of 1872 . He left parliament at the dissolution of 1875 , then was elected to the Legislative Council in 1877 , but was forced in 1878 to resign on account of ill-health . He returned to England in an attempt to regain his health but died at Kew in 1880 . Among his bequests were £250 to the Orphans Home and £300 for St Peters Cathedral , Adelaide . His wife donated the tower clock on Saint Andrews Church , Walkerville in his memory . Other interests . He appears to have been a worshipper at Melbournes St . Peters Cathedral , briefly , around 1848 . He had a share in Section 2112 , Port Adelaide which was subdivided by Private Act in 1852 . He was a director of the National Bank His chief public service was to act as Secretary and Treasurer for the Church of Englands Orphans Home for Girls on Carrington Street . His wife , Jane , who survived him , was , with Julia Farr , one of the Homes founders . His home in Adelaide was Avenel , a ten-roomed residence on Robe Terrace , North Adelaide . Its 20 acres , Avenel Gardens , was subsequently owned by William Pope , founder of North Adelaide Golf Club , then subdivided in the 1890s .
[ "M.P . for the Assembly District of Victoria" ]
[ { "text": " Henry Kent Hughes ( c . 1814 – 30 August 1880 ) , usually referred to as H . Kent Hughes , was a pastoralist and politician who sat in the South Australian House of Assembly from 1868 to 1875 representing the seats of Victoria and later , Port Adelaide .", "title": "Henry Kent Hughes" }, { "text": " Hughes was born in England , possibly the son of Thomas Hughes , dyer , of Bunhill Row . He married Jane Hilditch ( died 4 June 1890 ) . They travelled to South Australia on the barque Raleigh , arriving at Port Adelaide on 15 January 1851 .", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": "Hughes was , for a considerable period ( at least 1838 – 1844 ) in the colony of Victoria ; he was one of a party , with Peter Snodgrass MLC , a Mr . Murdoch , a Dr . Dixon and one James Murdoch , who pioneered settlement in the Goulburn Valley in Victoria . With two brothers he founded the property , later the town , of Avenel , often cited as named for a Gloucestershire village with which had a connection ( though information on its whereabouts is lacking ) , his previous property in England ,", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": "or Sir Walter Scotts fictional castle and family , of which the White Lady of Avenel is the best known . There is also a reference to his property Dropmore which may or may not have been a separate holding .", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": "Around 1854 he formed a business association with the future premier of South Australia , John Hart , in the company Hart & Hughes with offices in Waymouth Street , Adelaide . They built Port Adelaides first flour mill , run by Hart and Company , of which he was a silent partner . In 1882 John Hart & Co . joined with Morgan , Connor & Glyde . W . Duffield & Co. , James Cowan & Co . and Harrold Brothers to form Adelaide Milling Co . or Adelaide Milling and Mercantile Company , with Connor as general", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": "manager until shortly before his death in 1926 .", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": " Hughes purchased extensive properties on the River Murray , including one near Wellington where he ran sheep in conjunction with his brother Edmund Chauntrell Hughes , S.M. , which was quite successful , largely because of careful breeding and the attention they paid to prevention of diseases .", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": "In 1868 he put himself forward as M.P . for the Assembly District of Victoria , and was elected on 7 May with John Riddoch as a colleague . He remained in Parliament for three years , and went out at the dissolution in 1870 , when he contested the seat of Port Adelaide and was elected with William Quin on 5 April 1870 . He was Treasurer of South Australia in the 1868 Strangways ministry and the Ayers ministry of 1872 . He left parliament at the dissolution of 1875 , then was elected to the Legislative Council in", "title": "Politics" }, { "text": "1877 , but was forced in 1878 to resign on account of ill-health . He returned to England in an attempt to regain his health but died at Kew in 1880 .", "title": "Politics" }, { "text": " Among his bequests were £250 to the Orphans Home and £300 for St Peters Cathedral , Adelaide . His wife donated the tower clock on Saint Andrews Church , Walkerville in his memory .", "title": "Politics" }, { "text": " He appears to have been a worshipper at Melbournes St . Peters Cathedral , briefly , around 1848 . He had a share in Section 2112 , Port Adelaide which was subdivided by Private Act in 1852 . He was a director of the National Bank His chief public service was to act as Secretary and Treasurer for the Church of Englands Orphans Home for Girls on Carrington Street . His wife , Jane , who survived him , was , with Julia Farr , one of the Homes founders .", "title": "Other interests" }, { "text": "His home in Adelaide was Avenel , a ten-roomed residence on Robe Terrace , North Adelaide . Its 20 acres , Avenel Gardens , was subsequently owned by William Pope , founder of North Adelaide Golf Club , then subdivided in the 1890s .", "title": "Other interests" } ]
/wiki/Henry_Kent_Hughes#P39#1
What position did Henry Kent Hughes take in Jun 1869?
Henry Kent Hughes Henry Kent Hughes ( c . 1814 – 30 August 1880 ) , usually referred to as H . Kent Hughes , was a pastoralist and politician who sat in the South Australian House of Assembly from 1868 to 1875 representing the seats of Victoria and later , Port Adelaide . Early life . Hughes was born in England , possibly the son of Thomas Hughes , dyer , of Bunhill Row . He married Jane Hilditch ( died 4 June 1890 ) . They travelled to South Australia on the barque Raleigh , arriving at Port Adelaide on 15 January 1851 . Hughes was , for a considerable period ( at least 1838 – 1844 ) in the colony of Victoria ; he was one of a party , with Peter Snodgrass MLC , a Mr . Murdoch , a Dr . Dixon and one James Murdoch , who pioneered settlement in the Goulburn Valley in Victoria . With two brothers he founded the property , later the town , of Avenel , often cited as named for a Gloucestershire village with which had a connection ( though information on its whereabouts is lacking ) , his previous property in England , or Sir Walter Scotts fictional castle and family , of which the White Lady of Avenel is the best known . There is also a reference to his property Dropmore which may or may not have been a separate holding . Around 1854 he formed a business association with the future premier of South Australia , John Hart , in the company Hart & Hughes with offices in Waymouth Street , Adelaide . They built Port Adelaides first flour mill , run by Hart and Company , of which he was a silent partner . In 1882 John Hart & Co . joined with Morgan , Connor & Glyde . W . Duffield & Co. , James Cowan & Co . and Harrold Brothers to form Adelaide Milling Co . or Adelaide Milling and Mercantile Company , with Connor as general manager until shortly before his death in 1926 . Hughes purchased extensive properties on the River Murray , including one near Wellington where he ran sheep in conjunction with his brother Edmund Chauntrell Hughes , S.M. , which was quite successful , largely because of careful breeding and the attention they paid to prevention of diseases . Politics . In 1868 he put himself forward as M.P . for the Assembly District of Victoria , and was elected on 7 May with John Riddoch as a colleague . He remained in Parliament for three years , and went out at the dissolution in 1870 , when he contested the seat of Port Adelaide and was elected with William Quin on 5 April 1870 . He was Treasurer of South Australia in the 1868 Strangways ministry and the Ayers ministry of 1872 . He left parliament at the dissolution of 1875 , then was elected to the Legislative Council in 1877 , but was forced in 1878 to resign on account of ill-health . He returned to England in an attempt to regain his health but died at Kew in 1880 . Among his bequests were £250 to the Orphans Home and £300 for St Peters Cathedral , Adelaide . His wife donated the tower clock on Saint Andrews Church , Walkerville in his memory . Other interests . He appears to have been a worshipper at Melbournes St . Peters Cathedral , briefly , around 1848 . He had a share in Section 2112 , Port Adelaide which was subdivided by Private Act in 1852 . He was a director of the National Bank His chief public service was to act as Secretary and Treasurer for the Church of Englands Orphans Home for Girls on Carrington Street . His wife , Jane , who survived him , was , with Julia Farr , one of the Homes founders . His home in Adelaide was Avenel , a ten-roomed residence on Robe Terrace , North Adelaide . Its 20 acres , Avenel Gardens , was subsequently owned by William Pope , founder of North Adelaide Golf Club , then subdivided in the 1890s .
[ "Treasurer of South Australia" ]
[ { "text": " Henry Kent Hughes ( c . 1814 – 30 August 1880 ) , usually referred to as H . Kent Hughes , was a pastoralist and politician who sat in the South Australian House of Assembly from 1868 to 1875 representing the seats of Victoria and later , Port Adelaide .", "title": "Henry Kent Hughes" }, { "text": " Hughes was born in England , possibly the son of Thomas Hughes , dyer , of Bunhill Row . He married Jane Hilditch ( died 4 June 1890 ) . They travelled to South Australia on the barque Raleigh , arriving at Port Adelaide on 15 January 1851 .", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": "Hughes was , for a considerable period ( at least 1838 – 1844 ) in the colony of Victoria ; he was one of a party , with Peter Snodgrass MLC , a Mr . Murdoch , a Dr . Dixon and one James Murdoch , who pioneered settlement in the Goulburn Valley in Victoria . With two brothers he founded the property , later the town , of Avenel , often cited as named for a Gloucestershire village with which had a connection ( though information on its whereabouts is lacking ) , his previous property in England ,", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": "or Sir Walter Scotts fictional castle and family , of which the White Lady of Avenel is the best known . There is also a reference to his property Dropmore which may or may not have been a separate holding .", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": "Around 1854 he formed a business association with the future premier of South Australia , John Hart , in the company Hart & Hughes with offices in Waymouth Street , Adelaide . They built Port Adelaides first flour mill , run by Hart and Company , of which he was a silent partner . In 1882 John Hart & Co . joined with Morgan , Connor & Glyde . W . Duffield & Co. , James Cowan & Co . and Harrold Brothers to form Adelaide Milling Co . or Adelaide Milling and Mercantile Company , with Connor as general", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": "manager until shortly before his death in 1926 .", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": " Hughes purchased extensive properties on the River Murray , including one near Wellington where he ran sheep in conjunction with his brother Edmund Chauntrell Hughes , S.M. , which was quite successful , largely because of careful breeding and the attention they paid to prevention of diseases .", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": "In 1868 he put himself forward as M.P . for the Assembly District of Victoria , and was elected on 7 May with John Riddoch as a colleague . He remained in Parliament for three years , and went out at the dissolution in 1870 , when he contested the seat of Port Adelaide and was elected with William Quin on 5 April 1870 . He was Treasurer of South Australia in the 1868 Strangways ministry and the Ayers ministry of 1872 . He left parliament at the dissolution of 1875 , then was elected to the Legislative Council in", "title": "Politics" }, { "text": "1877 , but was forced in 1878 to resign on account of ill-health . He returned to England in an attempt to regain his health but died at Kew in 1880 .", "title": "Politics" }, { "text": " Among his bequests were £250 to the Orphans Home and £300 for St Peters Cathedral , Adelaide . His wife donated the tower clock on Saint Andrews Church , Walkerville in his memory .", "title": "Politics" }, { "text": " He appears to have been a worshipper at Melbournes St . Peters Cathedral , briefly , around 1848 . He had a share in Section 2112 , Port Adelaide which was subdivided by Private Act in 1852 . He was a director of the National Bank His chief public service was to act as Secretary and Treasurer for the Church of Englands Orphans Home for Girls on Carrington Street . His wife , Jane , who survived him , was , with Julia Farr , one of the Homes founders .", "title": "Other interests" }, { "text": "His home in Adelaide was Avenel , a ten-roomed residence on Robe Terrace , North Adelaide . Its 20 acres , Avenel Gardens , was subsequently owned by William Pope , founder of North Adelaide Golf Club , then subdivided in the 1890s .", "title": "Other interests" } ]
/wiki/Henry_Kent_Hughes#P39#2
What position did Henry Kent Hughes take in Apr 1870?
Henry Kent Hughes Henry Kent Hughes ( c . 1814 – 30 August 1880 ) , usually referred to as H . Kent Hughes , was a pastoralist and politician who sat in the South Australian House of Assembly from 1868 to 1875 representing the seats of Victoria and later , Port Adelaide . Early life . Hughes was born in England , possibly the son of Thomas Hughes , dyer , of Bunhill Row . He married Jane Hilditch ( died 4 June 1890 ) . They travelled to South Australia on the barque Raleigh , arriving at Port Adelaide on 15 January 1851 . Hughes was , for a considerable period ( at least 1838 – 1844 ) in the colony of Victoria ; he was one of a party , with Peter Snodgrass MLC , a Mr . Murdoch , a Dr . Dixon and one James Murdoch , who pioneered settlement in the Goulburn Valley in Victoria . With two brothers he founded the property , later the town , of Avenel , often cited as named for a Gloucestershire village with which had a connection ( though information on its whereabouts is lacking ) , his previous property in England , or Sir Walter Scotts fictional castle and family , of which the White Lady of Avenel is the best known . There is also a reference to his property Dropmore which may or may not have been a separate holding . Around 1854 he formed a business association with the future premier of South Australia , John Hart , in the company Hart & Hughes with offices in Waymouth Street , Adelaide . They built Port Adelaides first flour mill , run by Hart and Company , of which he was a silent partner . In 1882 John Hart & Co . joined with Morgan , Connor & Glyde . W . Duffield & Co. , James Cowan & Co . and Harrold Brothers to form Adelaide Milling Co . or Adelaide Milling and Mercantile Company , with Connor as general manager until shortly before his death in 1926 . Hughes purchased extensive properties on the River Murray , including one near Wellington where he ran sheep in conjunction with his brother Edmund Chauntrell Hughes , S.M. , which was quite successful , largely because of careful breeding and the attention they paid to prevention of diseases . Politics . In 1868 he put himself forward as M.P . for the Assembly District of Victoria , and was elected on 7 May with John Riddoch as a colleague . He remained in Parliament for three years , and went out at the dissolution in 1870 , when he contested the seat of Port Adelaide and was elected with William Quin on 5 April 1870 . He was Treasurer of South Australia in the 1868 Strangways ministry and the Ayers ministry of 1872 . He left parliament at the dissolution of 1875 , then was elected to the Legislative Council in 1877 , but was forced in 1878 to resign on account of ill-health . He returned to England in an attempt to regain his health but died at Kew in 1880 . Among his bequests were £250 to the Orphans Home and £300 for St Peters Cathedral , Adelaide . His wife donated the tower clock on Saint Andrews Church , Walkerville in his memory . Other interests . He appears to have been a worshipper at Melbournes St . Peters Cathedral , briefly , around 1848 . He had a share in Section 2112 , Port Adelaide which was subdivided by Private Act in 1852 . He was a director of the National Bank His chief public service was to act as Secretary and Treasurer for the Church of Englands Orphans Home for Girls on Carrington Street . His wife , Jane , who survived him , was , with Julia Farr , one of the Homes founders . His home in Adelaide was Avenel , a ten-roomed residence on Robe Terrace , North Adelaide . Its 20 acres , Avenel Gardens , was subsequently owned by William Pope , founder of North Adelaide Golf Club , then subdivided in the 1890s .
[ "seat of Port Adelaide", "Treasurer of South Australia" ]
[ { "text": " Henry Kent Hughes ( c . 1814 – 30 August 1880 ) , usually referred to as H . Kent Hughes , was a pastoralist and politician who sat in the South Australian House of Assembly from 1868 to 1875 representing the seats of Victoria and later , Port Adelaide .", "title": "Henry Kent Hughes" }, { "text": " Hughes was born in England , possibly the son of Thomas Hughes , dyer , of Bunhill Row . He married Jane Hilditch ( died 4 June 1890 ) . They travelled to South Australia on the barque Raleigh , arriving at Port Adelaide on 15 January 1851 .", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": "Hughes was , for a considerable period ( at least 1838 – 1844 ) in the colony of Victoria ; he was one of a party , with Peter Snodgrass MLC , a Mr . Murdoch , a Dr . Dixon and one James Murdoch , who pioneered settlement in the Goulburn Valley in Victoria . With two brothers he founded the property , later the town , of Avenel , often cited as named for a Gloucestershire village with which had a connection ( though information on its whereabouts is lacking ) , his previous property in England ,", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": "or Sir Walter Scotts fictional castle and family , of which the White Lady of Avenel is the best known . There is also a reference to his property Dropmore which may or may not have been a separate holding .", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": "Around 1854 he formed a business association with the future premier of South Australia , John Hart , in the company Hart & Hughes with offices in Waymouth Street , Adelaide . They built Port Adelaides first flour mill , run by Hart and Company , of which he was a silent partner . In 1882 John Hart & Co . joined with Morgan , Connor & Glyde . W . Duffield & Co. , James Cowan & Co . and Harrold Brothers to form Adelaide Milling Co . or Adelaide Milling and Mercantile Company , with Connor as general", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": "manager until shortly before his death in 1926 .", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": " Hughes purchased extensive properties on the River Murray , including one near Wellington where he ran sheep in conjunction with his brother Edmund Chauntrell Hughes , S.M. , which was quite successful , largely because of careful breeding and the attention they paid to prevention of diseases .", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": "In 1868 he put himself forward as M.P . for the Assembly District of Victoria , and was elected on 7 May with John Riddoch as a colleague . He remained in Parliament for three years , and went out at the dissolution in 1870 , when he contested the seat of Port Adelaide and was elected with William Quin on 5 April 1870 . He was Treasurer of South Australia in the 1868 Strangways ministry and the Ayers ministry of 1872 . He left parliament at the dissolution of 1875 , then was elected to the Legislative Council in", "title": "Politics" }, { "text": "1877 , but was forced in 1878 to resign on account of ill-health . He returned to England in an attempt to regain his health but died at Kew in 1880 .", "title": "Politics" }, { "text": " Among his bequests were £250 to the Orphans Home and £300 for St Peters Cathedral , Adelaide . His wife donated the tower clock on Saint Andrews Church , Walkerville in his memory .", "title": "Politics" }, { "text": " He appears to have been a worshipper at Melbournes St . Peters Cathedral , briefly , around 1848 . He had a share in Section 2112 , Port Adelaide which was subdivided by Private Act in 1852 . He was a director of the National Bank His chief public service was to act as Secretary and Treasurer for the Church of Englands Orphans Home for Girls on Carrington Street . His wife , Jane , who survived him , was , with Julia Farr , one of the Homes founders .", "title": "Other interests" }, { "text": "His home in Adelaide was Avenel , a ten-roomed residence on Robe Terrace , North Adelaide . Its 20 acres , Avenel Gardens , was subsequently owned by William Pope , founder of North Adelaide Golf Club , then subdivided in the 1890s .", "title": "Other interests" } ]
/wiki/Henry_Kent_Hughes#P39#3
What position did Henry Kent Hughes take between Jan 1872 and Feb 1872?
Henry Kent Hughes Henry Kent Hughes ( c . 1814 – 30 August 1880 ) , usually referred to as H . Kent Hughes , was a pastoralist and politician who sat in the South Australian House of Assembly from 1868 to 1875 representing the seats of Victoria and later , Port Adelaide . Early life . Hughes was born in England , possibly the son of Thomas Hughes , dyer , of Bunhill Row . He married Jane Hilditch ( died 4 June 1890 ) . They travelled to South Australia on the barque Raleigh , arriving at Port Adelaide on 15 January 1851 . Hughes was , for a considerable period ( at least 1838 – 1844 ) in the colony of Victoria ; he was one of a party , with Peter Snodgrass MLC , a Mr . Murdoch , a Dr . Dixon and one James Murdoch , who pioneered settlement in the Goulburn Valley in Victoria . With two brothers he founded the property , later the town , of Avenel , often cited as named for a Gloucestershire village with which had a connection ( though information on its whereabouts is lacking ) , his previous property in England , or Sir Walter Scotts fictional castle and family , of which the White Lady of Avenel is the best known . There is also a reference to his property Dropmore which may or may not have been a separate holding . Around 1854 he formed a business association with the future premier of South Australia , John Hart , in the company Hart & Hughes with offices in Waymouth Street , Adelaide . They built Port Adelaides first flour mill , run by Hart and Company , of which he was a silent partner . In 1882 John Hart & Co . joined with Morgan , Connor & Glyde . W . Duffield & Co. , James Cowan & Co . and Harrold Brothers to form Adelaide Milling Co . or Adelaide Milling and Mercantile Company , with Connor as general manager until shortly before his death in 1926 . Hughes purchased extensive properties on the River Murray , including one near Wellington where he ran sheep in conjunction with his brother Edmund Chauntrell Hughes , S.M. , which was quite successful , largely because of careful breeding and the attention they paid to prevention of diseases . Politics . In 1868 he put himself forward as M.P . for the Assembly District of Victoria , and was elected on 7 May with John Riddoch as a colleague . He remained in Parliament for three years , and went out at the dissolution in 1870 , when he contested the seat of Port Adelaide and was elected with William Quin on 5 April 1870 . He was Treasurer of South Australia in the 1868 Strangways ministry and the Ayers ministry of 1872 . He left parliament at the dissolution of 1875 , then was elected to the Legislative Council in 1877 , but was forced in 1878 to resign on account of ill-health . He returned to England in an attempt to regain his health but died at Kew in 1880 . Among his bequests were £250 to the Orphans Home and £300 for St Peters Cathedral , Adelaide . His wife donated the tower clock on Saint Andrews Church , Walkerville in his memory . Other interests . He appears to have been a worshipper at Melbournes St . Peters Cathedral , briefly , around 1848 . He had a share in Section 2112 , Port Adelaide which was subdivided by Private Act in 1852 . He was a director of the National Bank His chief public service was to act as Secretary and Treasurer for the Church of Englands Orphans Home for Girls on Carrington Street . His wife , Jane , who survived him , was , with Julia Farr , one of the Homes founders . His home in Adelaide was Avenel , a ten-roomed residence on Robe Terrace , North Adelaide . Its 20 acres , Avenel Gardens , was subsequently owned by William Pope , founder of North Adelaide Golf Club , then subdivided in the 1890s .
[ "Treasurer of South Australia" ]
[ { "text": " Henry Kent Hughes ( c . 1814 – 30 August 1880 ) , usually referred to as H . Kent Hughes , was a pastoralist and politician who sat in the South Australian House of Assembly from 1868 to 1875 representing the seats of Victoria and later , Port Adelaide .", "title": "Henry Kent Hughes" }, { "text": " Hughes was born in England , possibly the son of Thomas Hughes , dyer , of Bunhill Row . He married Jane Hilditch ( died 4 June 1890 ) . They travelled to South Australia on the barque Raleigh , arriving at Port Adelaide on 15 January 1851 .", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": "Hughes was , for a considerable period ( at least 1838 – 1844 ) in the colony of Victoria ; he was one of a party , with Peter Snodgrass MLC , a Mr . Murdoch , a Dr . Dixon and one James Murdoch , who pioneered settlement in the Goulburn Valley in Victoria . With two brothers he founded the property , later the town , of Avenel , often cited as named for a Gloucestershire village with which had a connection ( though information on its whereabouts is lacking ) , his previous property in England ,", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": "or Sir Walter Scotts fictional castle and family , of which the White Lady of Avenel is the best known . There is also a reference to his property Dropmore which may or may not have been a separate holding .", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": "Around 1854 he formed a business association with the future premier of South Australia , John Hart , in the company Hart & Hughes with offices in Waymouth Street , Adelaide . They built Port Adelaides first flour mill , run by Hart and Company , of which he was a silent partner . In 1882 John Hart & Co . joined with Morgan , Connor & Glyde . W . Duffield & Co. , James Cowan & Co . and Harrold Brothers to form Adelaide Milling Co . or Adelaide Milling and Mercantile Company , with Connor as general", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": "manager until shortly before his death in 1926 .", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": " Hughes purchased extensive properties on the River Murray , including one near Wellington where he ran sheep in conjunction with his brother Edmund Chauntrell Hughes , S.M. , which was quite successful , largely because of careful breeding and the attention they paid to prevention of diseases .", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": "In 1868 he put himself forward as M.P . for the Assembly District of Victoria , and was elected on 7 May with John Riddoch as a colleague . He remained in Parliament for three years , and went out at the dissolution in 1870 , when he contested the seat of Port Adelaide and was elected with William Quin on 5 April 1870 . He was Treasurer of South Australia in the 1868 Strangways ministry and the Ayers ministry of 1872 . He left parliament at the dissolution of 1875 , then was elected to the Legislative Council in", "title": "Politics" }, { "text": "1877 , but was forced in 1878 to resign on account of ill-health . He returned to England in an attempt to regain his health but died at Kew in 1880 .", "title": "Politics" }, { "text": " Among his bequests were £250 to the Orphans Home and £300 for St Peters Cathedral , Adelaide . His wife donated the tower clock on Saint Andrews Church , Walkerville in his memory .", "title": "Politics" }, { "text": " He appears to have been a worshipper at Melbournes St . Peters Cathedral , briefly , around 1848 . He had a share in Section 2112 , Port Adelaide which was subdivided by Private Act in 1852 . He was a director of the National Bank His chief public service was to act as Secretary and Treasurer for the Church of Englands Orphans Home for Girls on Carrington Street . His wife , Jane , who survived him , was , with Julia Farr , one of the Homes founders .", "title": "Other interests" }, { "text": "His home in Adelaide was Avenel , a ten-roomed residence on Robe Terrace , North Adelaide . Its 20 acres , Avenel Gardens , was subsequently owned by William Pope , founder of North Adelaide Golf Club , then subdivided in the 1890s .", "title": "Other interests" } ]
/wiki/Henry_Kent_Hughes#P39#4
What position did Henry Kent Hughes take in Aug 1878?
Henry Kent Hughes Henry Kent Hughes ( c . 1814 – 30 August 1880 ) , usually referred to as H . Kent Hughes , was a pastoralist and politician who sat in the South Australian House of Assembly from 1868 to 1875 representing the seats of Victoria and later , Port Adelaide . Early life . Hughes was born in England , possibly the son of Thomas Hughes , dyer , of Bunhill Row . He married Jane Hilditch ( died 4 June 1890 ) . They travelled to South Australia on the barque Raleigh , arriving at Port Adelaide on 15 January 1851 . Hughes was , for a considerable period ( at least 1838 – 1844 ) in the colony of Victoria ; he was one of a party , with Peter Snodgrass MLC , a Mr . Murdoch , a Dr . Dixon and one James Murdoch , who pioneered settlement in the Goulburn Valley in Victoria . With two brothers he founded the property , later the town , of Avenel , often cited as named for a Gloucestershire village with which had a connection ( though information on its whereabouts is lacking ) , his previous property in England , or Sir Walter Scotts fictional castle and family , of which the White Lady of Avenel is the best known . There is also a reference to his property Dropmore which may or may not have been a separate holding . Around 1854 he formed a business association with the future premier of South Australia , John Hart , in the company Hart & Hughes with offices in Waymouth Street , Adelaide . They built Port Adelaides first flour mill , run by Hart and Company , of which he was a silent partner . In 1882 John Hart & Co . joined with Morgan , Connor & Glyde . W . Duffield & Co. , James Cowan & Co . and Harrold Brothers to form Adelaide Milling Co . or Adelaide Milling and Mercantile Company , with Connor as general manager until shortly before his death in 1926 . Hughes purchased extensive properties on the River Murray , including one near Wellington where he ran sheep in conjunction with his brother Edmund Chauntrell Hughes , S.M. , which was quite successful , largely because of careful breeding and the attention they paid to prevention of diseases . Politics . In 1868 he put himself forward as M.P . for the Assembly District of Victoria , and was elected on 7 May with John Riddoch as a colleague . He remained in Parliament for three years , and went out at the dissolution in 1870 , when he contested the seat of Port Adelaide and was elected with William Quin on 5 April 1870 . He was Treasurer of South Australia in the 1868 Strangways ministry and the Ayers ministry of 1872 . He left parliament at the dissolution of 1875 , then was elected to the Legislative Council in 1877 , but was forced in 1878 to resign on account of ill-health . He returned to England in an attempt to regain his health but died at Kew in 1880 . Among his bequests were £250 to the Orphans Home and £300 for St Peters Cathedral , Adelaide . His wife donated the tower clock on Saint Andrews Church , Walkerville in his memory . Other interests . He appears to have been a worshipper at Melbournes St . Peters Cathedral , briefly , around 1848 . He had a share in Section 2112 , Port Adelaide which was subdivided by Private Act in 1852 . He was a director of the National Bank His chief public service was to act as Secretary and Treasurer for the Church of Englands Orphans Home for Girls on Carrington Street . His wife , Jane , who survived him , was , with Julia Farr , one of the Homes founders . His home in Adelaide was Avenel , a ten-roomed residence on Robe Terrace , North Adelaide . Its 20 acres , Avenel Gardens , was subsequently owned by William Pope , founder of North Adelaide Golf Club , then subdivided in the 1890s .
[ "" ]
[ { "text": " Henry Kent Hughes ( c . 1814 – 30 August 1880 ) , usually referred to as H . Kent Hughes , was a pastoralist and politician who sat in the South Australian House of Assembly from 1868 to 1875 representing the seats of Victoria and later , Port Adelaide .", "title": "Henry Kent Hughes" }, { "text": " Hughes was born in England , possibly the son of Thomas Hughes , dyer , of Bunhill Row . He married Jane Hilditch ( died 4 June 1890 ) . They travelled to South Australia on the barque Raleigh , arriving at Port Adelaide on 15 January 1851 .", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": "Hughes was , for a considerable period ( at least 1838 – 1844 ) in the colony of Victoria ; he was one of a party , with Peter Snodgrass MLC , a Mr . Murdoch , a Dr . Dixon and one James Murdoch , who pioneered settlement in the Goulburn Valley in Victoria . With two brothers he founded the property , later the town , of Avenel , often cited as named for a Gloucestershire village with which had a connection ( though information on its whereabouts is lacking ) , his previous property in England ,", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": "or Sir Walter Scotts fictional castle and family , of which the White Lady of Avenel is the best known . There is also a reference to his property Dropmore which may or may not have been a separate holding .", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": "Around 1854 he formed a business association with the future premier of South Australia , John Hart , in the company Hart & Hughes with offices in Waymouth Street , Adelaide . They built Port Adelaides first flour mill , run by Hart and Company , of which he was a silent partner . In 1882 John Hart & Co . joined with Morgan , Connor & Glyde . W . Duffield & Co. , James Cowan & Co . and Harrold Brothers to form Adelaide Milling Co . or Adelaide Milling and Mercantile Company , with Connor as general", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": "manager until shortly before his death in 1926 .", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": " Hughes purchased extensive properties on the River Murray , including one near Wellington where he ran sheep in conjunction with his brother Edmund Chauntrell Hughes , S.M. , which was quite successful , largely because of careful breeding and the attention they paid to prevention of diseases .", "title": "Early life" }, { "text": "In 1868 he put himself forward as M.P . for the Assembly District of Victoria , and was elected on 7 May with John Riddoch as a colleague . He remained in Parliament for three years , and went out at the dissolution in 1870 , when he contested the seat of Port Adelaide and was elected with William Quin on 5 April 1870 . He was Treasurer of South Australia in the 1868 Strangways ministry and the Ayers ministry of 1872 . He left parliament at the dissolution of 1875 , then was elected to the Legislative Council in", "title": "Politics" }, { "text": "1877 , but was forced in 1878 to resign on account of ill-health . He returned to England in an attempt to regain his health but died at Kew in 1880 .", "title": "Politics" }, { "text": " Among his bequests were £250 to the Orphans Home and £300 for St Peters Cathedral , Adelaide . His wife donated the tower clock on Saint Andrews Church , Walkerville in his memory .", "title": "Politics" }, { "text": " He appears to have been a worshipper at Melbournes St . Peters Cathedral , briefly , around 1848 . He had a share in Section 2112 , Port Adelaide which was subdivided by Private Act in 1852 . He was a director of the National Bank His chief public service was to act as Secretary and Treasurer for the Church of Englands Orphans Home for Girls on Carrington Street . His wife , Jane , who survived him , was , with Julia Farr , one of the Homes founders .", "title": "Other interests" }, { "text": "His home in Adelaide was Avenel , a ten-roomed residence on Robe Terrace , North Adelaide . Its 20 acres , Avenel Gardens , was subsequently owned by William Pope , founder of North Adelaide Golf Club , then subdivided in the 1890s .", "title": "Other interests" } ]
/wiki/Customs_House,_Sydney#P1435#0
Which site was the heritage designation of Customs House, Sydney between Oct 1999 and Mar 2000?
Customs House , Sydney Customs House , Sydney is a heritage-listed museum space , visitor attraction , commercial building and performance space located in the Circular Quay area at 45 Alfred Street , in the Sydney central business district , in the City of Sydney local government area of New South Wales , Australia . The building served as a customs house prior to Federation and then as the head office of New South Wales operations of the Government of Australia agency Department of Trade and Customs ( and its successors ) until 1988 . The customs function relocated to a new site in 1990 . The initial designs were by Mortimer Lewis and it was built during 1845 by under the administration of Governor Sir George Gipps . It is also known as Customs House ( former ) and Site of former Customs House . The site was added to the Commonwealth Heritage List on 22 June 2004 ; and to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999 . Ownership was transferred to the City of Sydney Council in 1994 , when it became a venue for exhibitions and private functions . After being refurbished in 2003 , it has also become the new home of the City of Sydney Library . The ground floor of the building houses a scale model of Sydneys city centre viewed through a glass floor . The model was built by Modelcraft in 1998 and weighs one tonne . Images of the various versions of the building across its history are also displayed on the ground floor . History . People of the Eora tribe are said to have witnessed from the site , in 1788 , the landing of the First Fleet . Convict David OConnor was hanged on the site in 1790 and it is said that his ghost haunts the Customs House to this day , offering people rum . The first Customs house in Sydney was built in 1800 . Its location is presumed to be at or near the spot of the landing and official flagraising on the arrival of the First Fleet in 1788 . This event marked the foundation of the colony of New South Wales . The site has been occupied by buildings ever since . The driving force behind the construction of the later sandstone edifice on Circular Quay was Colonel John George Nathaniel Gibbes , the Collector of Customs for New South Wales for a record term of 25 years from 1834 to 1859 . Colonel Gibbes persuaded the Governor of New South Wales , Sir George Gipps , to begin construction of the Customs House in 1844 in response to Sydneys growing volume of maritime trade . The building project also doubled as an unemployment relief measure for stonemasons and laborers during an economic depression which was afflicting the colony at the time . The site at Circular Quay was chosen in 1843 to house the Customs Service for the rapidly growing colony . They were responsible for all imports and exports , excise on locally manufactured goods , immigration control , control of narcotic substances and morally corrupt goods such as books and films . During the war years this included items of enemy origin , or having socialistic or communistic tendencies . Accordingly , areas for storage , administration and public business were included in the original design of the building . As trade increased , so did pressures on space within the Customs House and two new wings were constructed between 1883 and 1889 . These wings provided accommodation for the Shipping Office and Maritime Board . The Customs House opened for business in 1845 and replaced cramped premises at The Rocks . It was partially dismantled and expanded to three levels under the supervision of the then Colonial Architect , James Barnet , in 1887 . Various additions were made over the next century , particularly during the period of World War I , but some significant vestiges of the original Gibbes-Lewis building remain . These demands increased again with the approach of Federation . Customs roles of immigration control and administration of tariffs were major reasons for Federation . They became , at this time , the major revenue raiser for the Commonwealth Government . Extensions were timed to coincide with the change in government . More floors were added to cope with new and expanding duties brought about by the massive political change . More revisions were made between 1915 and 1917 to further accommodate these changes and pressures brought about by the war . Few major structural changes have occurred between 1917 and 1995 . This reflects the movement of international shipping away from Circular Quay to other areas of the City and the State . From 15 June 1990 operations of the Customs Service were relocated to a new site . Ownership was then transferred from the Australian Government to the City of Sydney Council in 1994 . The building underwent several rounds of refurbishment . It was refurbished in 1996-7 to become a venue for exhibitions and private functions . A further round of refurbishment was completed in 1999 , converting the building into the tourism gateway to Sydney ahead of the 2000 Summer Olympics . The building contained galleries , a museum , bars , cafes and a restaurant , as well as performance and exhibition space . The City of Sydneys planning scale model of the City was also moved here from the Town Hall offices . After the Olympics , the building was further refurbished in 2003 to house the main City of Sydney Library , moved here from Town Hall . The site was refurbished and reopened in June 1997 as a combined commercial , performance , tourism and museum space . Description . The two-storey Georgian structure was designed by Mortimer Lewis and featured thirteen large and expensive windows in the facade to afford a clear view of shipping activity in Sydney Cove . Colonel Gibbes , who dwelt opposite Circular Quay on Kirribilli Point , was able to watch progress on the Customs Houses construction from the verandah of his private residence , Wotonga House ( now Admiralty House ) . The building is a composite load-bearing and framed structure . The external masonry walls range from thick , with internal walls approximately . Internal beams vary in fabric from wood to steel . The load-bearing masonry on the perimeter of the building and the steel-framed structure in the core are fairly readily separable in the upper reaches of the building , though the edges of concrete floors do bear on the earlier masonry at the perimeter of the framed structure of the core . The panel walls contained in the 1917 frame are of brick . Floors in the perimeter building are generally suspended timber , joisted with added steel beams , while the framed core has reinforced concrete two-way slabs . Lift shafts exist on the central axis of the building . The roof is a pitched roof on king-post trusses finished with Marseilles tiles of Australian make . Extensive box-gutters run around the perimeter of the 1903 roofs . Internal walls are finished with lime plaster , repaired with cement render . Some areas have significant plaster mouldings . Ceiling types are mixed . Window joinery , doors and architraves are generally french polished or varnished . Windows are timber , of french door and vertical sliding sash types , where overlooking the street . Condition . Recent conservation measures have returned the building to excellent physical condition . The archaeological potential is medium . Modifications and dates . - 1885-1887 : James Barnet architect . Original building partially dismantled and rebuilt to three storeys with side wings , to form a U-shape in plan . - 1896-1903 : W.L . Vernon architect . Two phases of alterations resulting in the addition of two new floors and a wing in the rear courtyard , forming an E-shape in plan . - 19151-17 : George Oakeshott architect . All building enclosed by the former U-shape was replaced by a framed structure . This opened the ground floor as a large space with a lightwell . A sixth storey comprising caretakers quarters was added . - 1925-1990 : various additions by the Commonwealth Department of Works . - 1996-7 : Conservation and Refurbishment Project - opened June 1997 . Heritage listing . On 22 June 2004 , the building was added to the Commonwealth Heritage List . The Sydney Customs House occupies a unique symbolic and physical position on the site of the First Fleet Landing . Its location is a physical reminder of the importance of Circular Quay as the original maritime centre for the colony . The Customs House contains parts of the oldest surviving building of its type in Australia , used continuously for 145 years . It is a physical record of the history of the Customs Service and its importance in the history of Australia . The Customs House embodies the work of three successive and individually distinguished government architects : Mortimer Lewis , James Barnet and Walter Liberty Vernon . Because of the scarcity of documentary evidence about the early stages of construction , the surviving building fabric from these stages constitutes the principal source of additional evidence about the early history of the building and its occupants . Customs House , Sydney was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999 having satisfied the following criteria . The place is important in demonstrating the course , or pattern , of cultural or natural history in New South Wales . The Sydney Customs House occupies a unique symbolic and physical position on the site of the First Fleet landing . This historical event has enormous significance to the history of Australia . Its location is a physical reminder of the importance of Circular Quay as the original maritime centre for the colony and is a significant symbol of British imperial sovereignty and colonial commercial expansion . The Customs Service was the only revenue collector in an outpost of Empire struggling for economic survival . It later became a watchdog over ideas , people and goods coming into the country . The internal and external growth and change of the building reflect these changes in use . The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales . The Customs House embodies the work of three successive and individually distinguished official architects of New South Wales . Although Walter Liberty Vernon and James Barnet greatly altered the work of Mortimer Lewis , they did so using similar external materials and proportions so as to generate an overall unity of construction . The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social , cultural or spiritual reasons . The site has significance as the initial point of European invasion of the lands of Aboriginal people . The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales . Because of the scarcity of documentary evidence about the early stages of construction , the surviving building fabric from these stages constitutes the principal source of additional evidence about the early history of the building and its occupants . The place possesses uncommon , rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales . This site has been ranked as extremely significant in its unique reflection of the commercial expansion of the colony and the nationally significant role of the Customs Service . This is especially true for the early phases of the buildings evolution .
[ "New South Wales State Heritage Register" ]
[ { "text": "Customs House , Sydney is a heritage-listed museum space , visitor attraction , commercial building and performance space located in the Circular Quay area at 45 Alfred Street , in the Sydney central business district , in the City of Sydney local government area of New South Wales , Australia . The building served as a customs house prior to Federation and then as the head office of New South Wales operations of the Government of Australia agency Department of Trade and Customs ( and its successors ) until 1988 . The customs function relocated to a new site in", "title": "Customs House , Sydney" }, { "text": "1990 . The initial designs were by Mortimer Lewis and it was built during 1845 by under the administration of Governor Sir George Gipps . It is also known as Customs House ( former ) and Site of former Customs House . The site was added to the Commonwealth Heritage List on 22 June 2004 ; and to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999 .", "title": "Customs House , Sydney" }, { "text": " Ownership was transferred to the City of Sydney Council in 1994 , when it became a venue for exhibitions and private functions . After being refurbished in 2003 , it has also become the new home of the City of Sydney Library . The ground floor of the building houses a scale model of Sydneys city centre viewed through a glass floor . The model was built by Modelcraft in 1998 and weighs one tonne . Images of the various versions of the building across its history are also displayed on the ground floor .", "title": "Customs House , Sydney" }, { "text": " People of the Eora tribe are said to have witnessed from the site , in 1788 , the landing of the First Fleet . Convict David OConnor was hanged on the site in 1790 and it is said that his ghost haunts the Customs House to this day , offering people rum .", "title": "History" }, { "text": "The first Customs house in Sydney was built in 1800 . Its location is presumed to be at or near the spot of the landing and official flagraising on the arrival of the First Fleet in 1788 . This event marked the foundation of the colony of New South Wales . The site has been occupied by buildings ever since .", "title": "History" }, { "text": "The driving force behind the construction of the later sandstone edifice on Circular Quay was Colonel John George Nathaniel Gibbes , the Collector of Customs for New South Wales for a record term of 25 years from 1834 to 1859 . Colonel Gibbes persuaded the Governor of New South Wales , Sir George Gipps , to begin construction of the Customs House in 1844 in response to Sydneys growing volume of maritime trade . The building project also doubled as an unemployment relief measure for stonemasons and laborers during an economic depression which was afflicting the colony at the time", "title": "History" }, { "text": ".", "title": "History" }, { "text": "The site at Circular Quay was chosen in 1843 to house the Customs Service for the rapidly growing colony . They were responsible for all imports and exports , excise on locally manufactured goods , immigration control , control of narcotic substances and morally corrupt goods such as books and films . During the war years this included items of enemy origin , or having socialistic or communistic tendencies . Accordingly , areas for storage , administration and public business were included in the original design of the building . As trade increased , so did pressures on space within", "title": "History" }, { "text": "the Customs House and two new wings were constructed between 1883 and 1889 . These wings provided accommodation for the Shipping Office and Maritime Board . The Customs House opened for business in 1845 and replaced cramped premises at The Rocks . It was partially dismantled and expanded to three levels under the supervision of the then Colonial Architect , James Barnet , in 1887 . Various additions were made over the next century , particularly during the period of World War I , but some significant vestiges of the original Gibbes-Lewis building remain .", "title": "History" }, { "text": " These demands increased again with the approach of Federation . Customs roles of immigration control and administration of tariffs were major reasons for Federation . They became , at this time , the major revenue raiser for the Commonwealth Government . Extensions were timed to coincide with the change in government . More floors were added to cope with new and expanding duties brought about by the massive political change . More revisions were made between 1915 and 1917 to further accommodate these changes and pressures brought about by the war .", "title": "History" }, { "text": "Few major structural changes have occurred between 1917 and 1995 . This reflects the movement of international shipping away from Circular Quay to other areas of the City and the State .", "title": "History" }, { "text": "From 15 June 1990 operations of the Customs Service were relocated to a new site . Ownership was then transferred from the Australian Government to the City of Sydney Council in 1994 . The building underwent several rounds of refurbishment . It was refurbished in 1996-7 to become a venue for exhibitions and private functions . A further round of refurbishment was completed in 1999 , converting the building into the tourism gateway to Sydney ahead of the 2000 Summer Olympics . The building contained galleries , a museum , bars , cafes and a restaurant , as well as", "title": "History" }, { "text": "performance and exhibition space . The City of Sydneys planning scale model of the City was also moved here from the Town Hall offices . After the Olympics , the building was further refurbished in 2003 to house the main City of Sydney Library , moved here from Town Hall . The site was refurbished and reopened in June 1997 as a combined commercial , performance , tourism and museum space .", "title": "History" }, { "text": " The two-storey Georgian structure was designed by Mortimer Lewis and featured thirteen large and expensive windows in the facade to afford a clear view of shipping activity in Sydney Cove . Colonel Gibbes , who dwelt opposite Circular Quay on Kirribilli Point , was able to watch progress on the Customs Houses construction from the verandah of his private residence , Wotonga House ( now Admiralty House ) .", "title": "Description" }, { "text": "The building is a composite load-bearing and framed structure . The external masonry walls range from thick , with internal walls approximately . Internal beams vary in fabric from wood to steel . The load-bearing masonry on the perimeter of the building and the steel-framed structure in the core are fairly readily separable in the upper reaches of the building , though the edges of concrete floors do bear on the earlier masonry at the perimeter of the framed structure of the core . The panel walls contained in the 1917 frame are of brick . Floors in the perimeter", "title": "Description" }, { "text": "building are generally suspended timber , joisted with added steel beams , while the framed core has reinforced concrete two-way slabs . Lift shafts exist on the central axis of the building .", "title": "Description" }, { "text": " The roof is a pitched roof on king-post trusses finished with Marseilles tiles of Australian make . Extensive box-gutters run around the perimeter of the 1903 roofs . Internal walls are finished with lime plaster , repaired with cement render . Some areas have significant plaster mouldings . Ceiling types are mixed . Window joinery , doors and architraves are generally french polished or varnished . Windows are timber , of french door and vertical sliding sash types , where overlooking the street .", "title": "Description" }, { "text": " Recent conservation measures have returned the building to excellent physical condition . The archaeological potential is medium .", "title": "Condition" }, { "text": " - 1885-1887 : James Barnet architect . Original building partially dismantled and rebuilt to three storeys with side wings , to form a U-shape in plan . - 1896-1903 : W.L . Vernon architect . Two phases of alterations resulting in the addition of two new floors and a wing in the rear courtyard , forming an E-shape in plan .", "title": "Modifications and dates" }, { "text": "- 19151-17 : George Oakeshott architect . All building enclosed by the former U-shape was replaced by a framed structure . This opened the ground floor as a large space with a lightwell . A sixth storey comprising caretakers quarters was added .", "title": "Modifications and dates" }, { "text": " - 1925-1990 : various additions by the Commonwealth Department of Works . - 1996-7 : Conservation and Refurbishment Project - opened June 1997 .", "title": "Modifications and dates" }, { "text": " On 22 June 2004 , the building was added to the Commonwealth Heritage List .", "title": "Heritage listing" }, { "text": "The Sydney Customs House occupies a unique symbolic and physical position on the site of the First Fleet Landing . Its location is a physical reminder of the importance of Circular Quay as the original maritime centre for the colony . The Customs House contains parts of the oldest surviving building of its type in Australia , used continuously for 145 years . It is a physical record of the history of the Customs Service and its importance in the history of Australia . The Customs House embodies the work of three successive and individually distinguished government architects : Mortimer", "title": "Heritage listing" }, { "text": "Lewis , James Barnet and Walter Liberty Vernon .", "title": "Heritage listing" }, { "text": " Because of the scarcity of documentary evidence about the early stages of construction , the surviving building fabric from these stages constitutes the principal source of additional evidence about the early history of the building and its occupants . Customs House , Sydney was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999 having satisfied the following criteria . The place is important in demonstrating the course , or pattern , of cultural or natural history in New South Wales .", "title": "Heritage listing" }, { "text": "The Sydney Customs House occupies a unique symbolic and physical position on the site of the First Fleet landing . This historical event has enormous significance to the history of Australia . Its location is a physical reminder of the importance of Circular Quay as the original maritime centre for the colony and is a significant symbol of British imperial sovereignty and colonial commercial expansion . The Customs Service was the only revenue collector in an outpost of Empire struggling for economic survival . It later became a watchdog over ideas , people and goods coming into the country .", "title": "Heritage listing" }, { "text": "The internal and external growth and change of the building reflect these changes in use .", "title": "Heritage listing" }, { "text": " The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales . The Customs House embodies the work of three successive and individually distinguished official architects of New South Wales . Although Walter Liberty Vernon and James Barnet greatly altered the work of Mortimer Lewis , they did so using similar external materials and proportions so as to generate an overall unity of construction .", "title": "Heritage listing" }, { "text": "The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social , cultural or spiritual reasons .", "title": "Heritage listing" }, { "text": " The site has significance as the initial point of European invasion of the lands of Aboriginal people . The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales . Because of the scarcity of documentary evidence about the early stages of construction , the surviving building fabric from these stages constitutes the principal source of additional evidence about the early history of the building and its occupants .", "title": "Heritage listing" }, { "text": "The place possesses uncommon , rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales .", "title": "Heritage listing" }, { "text": " This site has been ranked as extremely significant in its unique reflection of the commercial expansion of the colony and the nationally significant role of the Customs Service . This is especially true for the early phases of the buildings evolution .", "title": "Heritage listing" } ]
/wiki/Customs_House,_Sydney#P1435#1
Which site was the heritage designation of Customs House, Sydney in May 2003?
Customs House , Sydney Customs House , Sydney is a heritage-listed museum space , visitor attraction , commercial building and performance space located in the Circular Quay area at 45 Alfred Street , in the Sydney central business district , in the City of Sydney local government area of New South Wales , Australia . The building served as a customs house prior to Federation and then as the head office of New South Wales operations of the Government of Australia agency Department of Trade and Customs ( and its successors ) until 1988 . The customs function relocated to a new site in 1990 . The initial designs were by Mortimer Lewis and it was built during 1845 by under the administration of Governor Sir George Gipps . It is also known as Customs House ( former ) and Site of former Customs House . The site was added to the Commonwealth Heritage List on 22 June 2004 ; and to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999 . Ownership was transferred to the City of Sydney Council in 1994 , when it became a venue for exhibitions and private functions . After being refurbished in 2003 , it has also become the new home of the City of Sydney Library . The ground floor of the building houses a scale model of Sydneys city centre viewed through a glass floor . The model was built by Modelcraft in 1998 and weighs one tonne . Images of the various versions of the building across its history are also displayed on the ground floor . History . People of the Eora tribe are said to have witnessed from the site , in 1788 , the landing of the First Fleet . Convict David OConnor was hanged on the site in 1790 and it is said that his ghost haunts the Customs House to this day , offering people rum . The first Customs house in Sydney was built in 1800 . Its location is presumed to be at or near the spot of the landing and official flagraising on the arrival of the First Fleet in 1788 . This event marked the foundation of the colony of New South Wales . The site has been occupied by buildings ever since . The driving force behind the construction of the later sandstone edifice on Circular Quay was Colonel John George Nathaniel Gibbes , the Collector of Customs for New South Wales for a record term of 25 years from 1834 to 1859 . Colonel Gibbes persuaded the Governor of New South Wales , Sir George Gipps , to begin construction of the Customs House in 1844 in response to Sydneys growing volume of maritime trade . The building project also doubled as an unemployment relief measure for stonemasons and laborers during an economic depression which was afflicting the colony at the time . The site at Circular Quay was chosen in 1843 to house the Customs Service for the rapidly growing colony . They were responsible for all imports and exports , excise on locally manufactured goods , immigration control , control of narcotic substances and morally corrupt goods such as books and films . During the war years this included items of enemy origin , or having socialistic or communistic tendencies . Accordingly , areas for storage , administration and public business were included in the original design of the building . As trade increased , so did pressures on space within the Customs House and two new wings were constructed between 1883 and 1889 . These wings provided accommodation for the Shipping Office and Maritime Board . The Customs House opened for business in 1845 and replaced cramped premises at The Rocks . It was partially dismantled and expanded to three levels under the supervision of the then Colonial Architect , James Barnet , in 1887 . Various additions were made over the next century , particularly during the period of World War I , but some significant vestiges of the original Gibbes-Lewis building remain . These demands increased again with the approach of Federation . Customs roles of immigration control and administration of tariffs were major reasons for Federation . They became , at this time , the major revenue raiser for the Commonwealth Government . Extensions were timed to coincide with the change in government . More floors were added to cope with new and expanding duties brought about by the massive political change . More revisions were made between 1915 and 1917 to further accommodate these changes and pressures brought about by the war . Few major structural changes have occurred between 1917 and 1995 . This reflects the movement of international shipping away from Circular Quay to other areas of the City and the State . From 15 June 1990 operations of the Customs Service were relocated to a new site . Ownership was then transferred from the Australian Government to the City of Sydney Council in 1994 . The building underwent several rounds of refurbishment . It was refurbished in 1996-7 to become a venue for exhibitions and private functions . A further round of refurbishment was completed in 1999 , converting the building into the tourism gateway to Sydney ahead of the 2000 Summer Olympics . The building contained galleries , a museum , bars , cafes and a restaurant , as well as performance and exhibition space . The City of Sydneys planning scale model of the City was also moved here from the Town Hall offices . After the Olympics , the building was further refurbished in 2003 to house the main City of Sydney Library , moved here from Town Hall . The site was refurbished and reopened in June 1997 as a combined commercial , performance , tourism and museum space . Description . The two-storey Georgian structure was designed by Mortimer Lewis and featured thirteen large and expensive windows in the facade to afford a clear view of shipping activity in Sydney Cove . Colonel Gibbes , who dwelt opposite Circular Quay on Kirribilli Point , was able to watch progress on the Customs Houses construction from the verandah of his private residence , Wotonga House ( now Admiralty House ) . The building is a composite load-bearing and framed structure . The external masonry walls range from thick , with internal walls approximately . Internal beams vary in fabric from wood to steel . The load-bearing masonry on the perimeter of the building and the steel-framed structure in the core are fairly readily separable in the upper reaches of the building , though the edges of concrete floors do bear on the earlier masonry at the perimeter of the framed structure of the core . The panel walls contained in the 1917 frame are of brick . Floors in the perimeter building are generally suspended timber , joisted with added steel beams , while the framed core has reinforced concrete two-way slabs . Lift shafts exist on the central axis of the building . The roof is a pitched roof on king-post trusses finished with Marseilles tiles of Australian make . Extensive box-gutters run around the perimeter of the 1903 roofs . Internal walls are finished with lime plaster , repaired with cement render . Some areas have significant plaster mouldings . Ceiling types are mixed . Window joinery , doors and architraves are generally french polished or varnished . Windows are timber , of french door and vertical sliding sash types , where overlooking the street . Condition . Recent conservation measures have returned the building to excellent physical condition . The archaeological potential is medium . Modifications and dates . - 1885-1887 : James Barnet architect . Original building partially dismantled and rebuilt to three storeys with side wings , to form a U-shape in plan . - 1896-1903 : W.L . Vernon architect . Two phases of alterations resulting in the addition of two new floors and a wing in the rear courtyard , forming an E-shape in plan . - 19151-17 : George Oakeshott architect . All building enclosed by the former U-shape was replaced by a framed structure . This opened the ground floor as a large space with a lightwell . A sixth storey comprising caretakers quarters was added . - 1925-1990 : various additions by the Commonwealth Department of Works . - 1996-7 : Conservation and Refurbishment Project - opened June 1997 . Heritage listing . On 22 June 2004 , the building was added to the Commonwealth Heritage List . The Sydney Customs House occupies a unique symbolic and physical position on the site of the First Fleet Landing . Its location is a physical reminder of the importance of Circular Quay as the original maritime centre for the colony . The Customs House contains parts of the oldest surviving building of its type in Australia , used continuously for 145 years . It is a physical record of the history of the Customs Service and its importance in the history of Australia . The Customs House embodies the work of three successive and individually distinguished government architects : Mortimer Lewis , James Barnet and Walter Liberty Vernon . Because of the scarcity of documentary evidence about the early stages of construction , the surviving building fabric from these stages constitutes the principal source of additional evidence about the early history of the building and its occupants . Customs House , Sydney was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999 having satisfied the following criteria . The place is important in demonstrating the course , or pattern , of cultural or natural history in New South Wales . The Sydney Customs House occupies a unique symbolic and physical position on the site of the First Fleet landing . This historical event has enormous significance to the history of Australia . Its location is a physical reminder of the importance of Circular Quay as the original maritime centre for the colony and is a significant symbol of British imperial sovereignty and colonial commercial expansion . The Customs Service was the only revenue collector in an outpost of Empire struggling for economic survival . It later became a watchdog over ideas , people and goods coming into the country . The internal and external growth and change of the building reflect these changes in use . The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales . The Customs House embodies the work of three successive and individually distinguished official architects of New South Wales . Although Walter Liberty Vernon and James Barnet greatly altered the work of Mortimer Lewis , they did so using similar external materials and proportions so as to generate an overall unity of construction . The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social , cultural or spiritual reasons . The site has significance as the initial point of European invasion of the lands of Aboriginal people . The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales . Because of the scarcity of documentary evidence about the early stages of construction , the surviving building fabric from these stages constitutes the principal source of additional evidence about the early history of the building and its occupants . The place possesses uncommon , rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales . This site has been ranked as extremely significant in its unique reflection of the commercial expansion of the colony and the nationally significant role of the Customs Service . This is especially true for the early phases of the buildings evolution .
[ "" ]
[ { "text": "Customs House , Sydney is a heritage-listed museum space , visitor attraction , commercial building and performance space located in the Circular Quay area at 45 Alfred Street , in the Sydney central business district , in the City of Sydney local government area of New South Wales , Australia . The building served as a customs house prior to Federation and then as the head office of New South Wales operations of the Government of Australia agency Department of Trade and Customs ( and its successors ) until 1988 . The customs function relocated to a new site in", "title": "Customs House , Sydney" }, { "text": "1990 . The initial designs were by Mortimer Lewis and it was built during 1845 by under the administration of Governor Sir George Gipps . It is also known as Customs House ( former ) and Site of former Customs House . The site was added to the Commonwealth Heritage List on 22 June 2004 ; and to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999 .", "title": "Customs House , Sydney" }, { "text": " Ownership was transferred to the City of Sydney Council in 1994 , when it became a venue for exhibitions and private functions . After being refurbished in 2003 , it has also become the new home of the City of Sydney Library . The ground floor of the building houses a scale model of Sydneys city centre viewed through a glass floor . The model was built by Modelcraft in 1998 and weighs one tonne . Images of the various versions of the building across its history are also displayed on the ground floor .", "title": "Customs House , Sydney" }, { "text": " People of the Eora tribe are said to have witnessed from the site , in 1788 , the landing of the First Fleet . Convict David OConnor was hanged on the site in 1790 and it is said that his ghost haunts the Customs House to this day , offering people rum .", "title": "History" }, { "text": "The first Customs house in Sydney was built in 1800 . Its location is presumed to be at or near the spot of the landing and official flagraising on the arrival of the First Fleet in 1788 . This event marked the foundation of the colony of New South Wales . The site has been occupied by buildings ever since .", "title": "History" }, { "text": "The driving force behind the construction of the later sandstone edifice on Circular Quay was Colonel John George Nathaniel Gibbes , the Collector of Customs for New South Wales for a record term of 25 years from 1834 to 1859 . Colonel Gibbes persuaded the Governor of New South Wales , Sir George Gipps , to begin construction of the Customs House in 1844 in response to Sydneys growing volume of maritime trade . The building project also doubled as an unemployment relief measure for stonemasons and laborers during an economic depression which was afflicting the colony at the time", "title": "History" }, { "text": ".", "title": "History" }, { "text": "The site at Circular Quay was chosen in 1843 to house the Customs Service for the rapidly growing colony . They were responsible for all imports and exports , excise on locally manufactured goods , immigration control , control of narcotic substances and morally corrupt goods such as books and films . During the war years this included items of enemy origin , or having socialistic or communistic tendencies . Accordingly , areas for storage , administration and public business were included in the original design of the building . As trade increased , so did pressures on space within", "title": "History" }, { "text": "the Customs House and two new wings were constructed between 1883 and 1889 . These wings provided accommodation for the Shipping Office and Maritime Board . The Customs House opened for business in 1845 and replaced cramped premises at The Rocks . It was partially dismantled and expanded to three levels under the supervision of the then Colonial Architect , James Barnet , in 1887 . Various additions were made over the next century , particularly during the period of World War I , but some significant vestiges of the original Gibbes-Lewis building remain .", "title": "History" }, { "text": " These demands increased again with the approach of Federation . Customs roles of immigration control and administration of tariffs were major reasons for Federation . They became , at this time , the major revenue raiser for the Commonwealth Government . Extensions were timed to coincide with the change in government . More floors were added to cope with new and expanding duties brought about by the massive political change . More revisions were made between 1915 and 1917 to further accommodate these changes and pressures brought about by the war .", "title": "History" }, { "text": "Few major structural changes have occurred between 1917 and 1995 . This reflects the movement of international shipping away from Circular Quay to other areas of the City and the State .", "title": "History" }, { "text": "From 15 June 1990 operations of the Customs Service were relocated to a new site . Ownership was then transferred from the Australian Government to the City of Sydney Council in 1994 . The building underwent several rounds of refurbishment . It was refurbished in 1996-7 to become a venue for exhibitions and private functions . A further round of refurbishment was completed in 1999 , converting the building into the tourism gateway to Sydney ahead of the 2000 Summer Olympics . The building contained galleries , a museum , bars , cafes and a restaurant , as well as", "title": "History" }, { "text": "performance and exhibition space . The City of Sydneys planning scale model of the City was also moved here from the Town Hall offices . After the Olympics , the building was further refurbished in 2003 to house the main City of Sydney Library , moved here from Town Hall . The site was refurbished and reopened in June 1997 as a combined commercial , performance , tourism and museum space .", "title": "History" }, { "text": " The two-storey Georgian structure was designed by Mortimer Lewis and featured thirteen large and expensive windows in the facade to afford a clear view of shipping activity in Sydney Cove . Colonel Gibbes , who dwelt opposite Circular Quay on Kirribilli Point , was able to watch progress on the Customs Houses construction from the verandah of his private residence , Wotonga House ( now Admiralty House ) .", "title": "Description" }, { "text": "The building is a composite load-bearing and framed structure . The external masonry walls range from thick , with internal walls approximately . Internal beams vary in fabric from wood to steel . The load-bearing masonry on the perimeter of the building and the steel-framed structure in the core are fairly readily separable in the upper reaches of the building , though the edges of concrete floors do bear on the earlier masonry at the perimeter of the framed structure of the core . The panel walls contained in the 1917 frame are of brick . Floors in the perimeter", "title": "Description" }, { "text": "building are generally suspended timber , joisted with added steel beams , while the framed core has reinforced concrete two-way slabs . Lift shafts exist on the central axis of the building .", "title": "Description" }, { "text": " The roof is a pitched roof on king-post trusses finished with Marseilles tiles of Australian make . Extensive box-gutters run around the perimeter of the 1903 roofs . Internal walls are finished with lime plaster , repaired with cement render . Some areas have significant plaster mouldings . Ceiling types are mixed . Window joinery , doors and architraves are generally french polished or varnished . Windows are timber , of french door and vertical sliding sash types , where overlooking the street .", "title": "Description" }, { "text": " Recent conservation measures have returned the building to excellent physical condition . The archaeological potential is medium .", "title": "Condition" }, { "text": " - 1885-1887 : James Barnet architect . Original building partially dismantled and rebuilt to three storeys with side wings , to form a U-shape in plan . - 1896-1903 : W.L . Vernon architect . Two phases of alterations resulting in the addition of two new floors and a wing in the rear courtyard , forming an E-shape in plan .", "title": "Modifications and dates" }, { "text": "- 19151-17 : George Oakeshott architect . All building enclosed by the former U-shape was replaced by a framed structure . This opened the ground floor as a large space with a lightwell . A sixth storey comprising caretakers quarters was added .", "title": "Modifications and dates" }, { "text": " - 1925-1990 : various additions by the Commonwealth Department of Works . - 1996-7 : Conservation and Refurbishment Project - opened June 1997 .", "title": "Modifications and dates" }, { "text": " On 22 June 2004 , the building was added to the Commonwealth Heritage List .", "title": "Heritage listing" }, { "text": "The Sydney Customs House occupies a unique symbolic and physical position on the site of the First Fleet Landing . Its location is a physical reminder of the importance of Circular Quay as the original maritime centre for the colony . The Customs House contains parts of the oldest surviving building of its type in Australia , used continuously for 145 years . It is a physical record of the history of the Customs Service and its importance in the history of Australia . The Customs House embodies the work of three successive and individually distinguished government architects : Mortimer", "title": "Heritage listing" }, { "text": "Lewis , James Barnet and Walter Liberty Vernon .", "title": "Heritage listing" }, { "text": " Because of the scarcity of documentary evidence about the early stages of construction , the surviving building fabric from these stages constitutes the principal source of additional evidence about the early history of the building and its occupants . Customs House , Sydney was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999 having satisfied the following criteria . The place is important in demonstrating the course , or pattern , of cultural or natural history in New South Wales .", "title": "Heritage listing" }, { "text": "The Sydney Customs House occupies a unique symbolic and physical position on the site of the First Fleet landing . This historical event has enormous significance to the history of Australia . Its location is a physical reminder of the importance of Circular Quay as the original maritime centre for the colony and is a significant symbol of British imperial sovereignty and colonial commercial expansion . The Customs Service was the only revenue collector in an outpost of Empire struggling for economic survival . It later became a watchdog over ideas , people and goods coming into the country .", "title": "Heritage listing" }, { "text": "The internal and external growth and change of the building reflect these changes in use .", "title": "Heritage listing" }, { "text": " The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales . The Customs House embodies the work of three successive and individually distinguished official architects of New South Wales . Although Walter Liberty Vernon and James Barnet greatly altered the work of Mortimer Lewis , they did so using similar external materials and proportions so as to generate an overall unity of construction .", "title": "Heritage listing" }, { "text": "The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social , cultural or spiritual reasons .", "title": "Heritage listing" }, { "text": " The site has significance as the initial point of European invasion of the lands of Aboriginal people . The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales . Because of the scarcity of documentary evidence about the early stages of construction , the surviving building fabric from these stages constitutes the principal source of additional evidence about the early history of the building and its occupants .", "title": "Heritage listing" }, { "text": "The place possesses uncommon , rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales .", "title": "Heritage listing" }, { "text": " This site has been ranked as extremely significant in its unique reflection of the commercial expansion of the colony and the nationally significant role of the Customs Service . This is especially true for the early phases of the buildings evolution .", "title": "Heritage listing" } ]
/wiki/Customs_House,_Sydney#P1435#2
Which site was the heritage designation of Customs House, Sydney in May 2005?
Customs House , Sydney Customs House , Sydney is a heritage-listed museum space , visitor attraction , commercial building and performance space located in the Circular Quay area at 45 Alfred Street , in the Sydney central business district , in the City of Sydney local government area of New South Wales , Australia . The building served as a customs house prior to Federation and then as the head office of New South Wales operations of the Government of Australia agency Department of Trade and Customs ( and its successors ) until 1988 . The customs function relocated to a new site in 1990 . The initial designs were by Mortimer Lewis and it was built during 1845 by under the administration of Governor Sir George Gipps . It is also known as Customs House ( former ) and Site of former Customs House . The site was added to the Commonwealth Heritage List on 22 June 2004 ; and to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999 . Ownership was transferred to the City of Sydney Council in 1994 , when it became a venue for exhibitions and private functions . After being refurbished in 2003 , it has also become the new home of the City of Sydney Library . The ground floor of the building houses a scale model of Sydneys city centre viewed through a glass floor . The model was built by Modelcraft in 1998 and weighs one tonne . Images of the various versions of the building across its history are also displayed on the ground floor . History . People of the Eora tribe are said to have witnessed from the site , in 1788 , the landing of the First Fleet . Convict David OConnor was hanged on the site in 1790 and it is said that his ghost haunts the Customs House to this day , offering people rum . The first Customs house in Sydney was built in 1800 . Its location is presumed to be at or near the spot of the landing and official flagraising on the arrival of the First Fleet in 1788 . This event marked the foundation of the colony of New South Wales . The site has been occupied by buildings ever since . The driving force behind the construction of the later sandstone edifice on Circular Quay was Colonel John George Nathaniel Gibbes , the Collector of Customs for New South Wales for a record term of 25 years from 1834 to 1859 . Colonel Gibbes persuaded the Governor of New South Wales , Sir George Gipps , to begin construction of the Customs House in 1844 in response to Sydneys growing volume of maritime trade . The building project also doubled as an unemployment relief measure for stonemasons and laborers during an economic depression which was afflicting the colony at the time . The site at Circular Quay was chosen in 1843 to house the Customs Service for the rapidly growing colony . They were responsible for all imports and exports , excise on locally manufactured goods , immigration control , control of narcotic substances and morally corrupt goods such as books and films . During the war years this included items of enemy origin , or having socialistic or communistic tendencies . Accordingly , areas for storage , administration and public business were included in the original design of the building . As trade increased , so did pressures on space within the Customs House and two new wings were constructed between 1883 and 1889 . These wings provided accommodation for the Shipping Office and Maritime Board . The Customs House opened for business in 1845 and replaced cramped premises at The Rocks . It was partially dismantled and expanded to three levels under the supervision of the then Colonial Architect , James Barnet , in 1887 . Various additions were made over the next century , particularly during the period of World War I , but some significant vestiges of the original Gibbes-Lewis building remain . These demands increased again with the approach of Federation . Customs roles of immigration control and administration of tariffs were major reasons for Federation . They became , at this time , the major revenue raiser for the Commonwealth Government . Extensions were timed to coincide with the change in government . More floors were added to cope with new and expanding duties brought about by the massive political change . More revisions were made between 1915 and 1917 to further accommodate these changes and pressures brought about by the war . Few major structural changes have occurred between 1917 and 1995 . This reflects the movement of international shipping away from Circular Quay to other areas of the City and the State . From 15 June 1990 operations of the Customs Service were relocated to a new site . Ownership was then transferred from the Australian Government to the City of Sydney Council in 1994 . The building underwent several rounds of refurbishment . It was refurbished in 1996-7 to become a venue for exhibitions and private functions . A further round of refurbishment was completed in 1999 , converting the building into the tourism gateway to Sydney ahead of the 2000 Summer Olympics . The building contained galleries , a museum , bars , cafes and a restaurant , as well as performance and exhibition space . The City of Sydneys planning scale model of the City was also moved here from the Town Hall offices . After the Olympics , the building was further refurbished in 2003 to house the main City of Sydney Library , moved here from Town Hall . The site was refurbished and reopened in June 1997 as a combined commercial , performance , tourism and museum space . Description . The two-storey Georgian structure was designed by Mortimer Lewis and featured thirteen large and expensive windows in the facade to afford a clear view of shipping activity in Sydney Cove . Colonel Gibbes , who dwelt opposite Circular Quay on Kirribilli Point , was able to watch progress on the Customs Houses construction from the verandah of his private residence , Wotonga House ( now Admiralty House ) . The building is a composite load-bearing and framed structure . The external masonry walls range from thick , with internal walls approximately . Internal beams vary in fabric from wood to steel . The load-bearing masonry on the perimeter of the building and the steel-framed structure in the core are fairly readily separable in the upper reaches of the building , though the edges of concrete floors do bear on the earlier masonry at the perimeter of the framed structure of the core . The panel walls contained in the 1917 frame are of brick . Floors in the perimeter building are generally suspended timber , joisted with added steel beams , while the framed core has reinforced concrete two-way slabs . Lift shafts exist on the central axis of the building . The roof is a pitched roof on king-post trusses finished with Marseilles tiles of Australian make . Extensive box-gutters run around the perimeter of the 1903 roofs . Internal walls are finished with lime plaster , repaired with cement render . Some areas have significant plaster mouldings . Ceiling types are mixed . Window joinery , doors and architraves are generally french polished or varnished . Windows are timber , of french door and vertical sliding sash types , where overlooking the street . Condition . Recent conservation measures have returned the building to excellent physical condition . The archaeological potential is medium . Modifications and dates . - 1885-1887 : James Barnet architect . Original building partially dismantled and rebuilt to three storeys with side wings , to form a U-shape in plan . - 1896-1903 : W.L . Vernon architect . Two phases of alterations resulting in the addition of two new floors and a wing in the rear courtyard , forming an E-shape in plan . - 19151-17 : George Oakeshott architect . All building enclosed by the former U-shape was replaced by a framed structure . This opened the ground floor as a large space with a lightwell . A sixth storey comprising caretakers quarters was added . - 1925-1990 : various additions by the Commonwealth Department of Works . - 1996-7 : Conservation and Refurbishment Project - opened June 1997 . Heritage listing . On 22 June 2004 , the building was added to the Commonwealth Heritage List . The Sydney Customs House occupies a unique symbolic and physical position on the site of the First Fleet Landing . Its location is a physical reminder of the importance of Circular Quay as the original maritime centre for the colony . The Customs House contains parts of the oldest surviving building of its type in Australia , used continuously for 145 years . It is a physical record of the history of the Customs Service and its importance in the history of Australia . The Customs House embodies the work of three successive and individually distinguished government architects : Mortimer Lewis , James Barnet and Walter Liberty Vernon . Because of the scarcity of documentary evidence about the early stages of construction , the surviving building fabric from these stages constitutes the principal source of additional evidence about the early history of the building and its occupants . Customs House , Sydney was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999 having satisfied the following criteria . The place is important in demonstrating the course , or pattern , of cultural or natural history in New South Wales . The Sydney Customs House occupies a unique symbolic and physical position on the site of the First Fleet landing . This historical event has enormous significance to the history of Australia . Its location is a physical reminder of the importance of Circular Quay as the original maritime centre for the colony and is a significant symbol of British imperial sovereignty and colonial commercial expansion . The Customs Service was the only revenue collector in an outpost of Empire struggling for economic survival . It later became a watchdog over ideas , people and goods coming into the country . The internal and external growth and change of the building reflect these changes in use . The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales . The Customs House embodies the work of three successive and individually distinguished official architects of New South Wales . Although Walter Liberty Vernon and James Barnet greatly altered the work of Mortimer Lewis , they did so using similar external materials and proportions so as to generate an overall unity of construction . The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social , cultural or spiritual reasons . The site has significance as the initial point of European invasion of the lands of Aboriginal people . The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales . Because of the scarcity of documentary evidence about the early stages of construction , the surviving building fabric from these stages constitutes the principal source of additional evidence about the early history of the building and its occupants . The place possesses uncommon , rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales . This site has been ranked as extremely significant in its unique reflection of the commercial expansion of the colony and the nationally significant role of the Customs Service . This is especially true for the early phases of the buildings evolution .
[ "Commonwealth Heritage List" ]
[ { "text": "Customs House , Sydney is a heritage-listed museum space , visitor attraction , commercial building and performance space located in the Circular Quay area at 45 Alfred Street , in the Sydney central business district , in the City of Sydney local government area of New South Wales , Australia . The building served as a customs house prior to Federation and then as the head office of New South Wales operations of the Government of Australia agency Department of Trade and Customs ( and its successors ) until 1988 . The customs function relocated to a new site in", "title": "Customs House , Sydney" }, { "text": "1990 . The initial designs were by Mortimer Lewis and it was built during 1845 by under the administration of Governor Sir George Gipps . It is also known as Customs House ( former ) and Site of former Customs House . The site was added to the Commonwealth Heritage List on 22 June 2004 ; and to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999 .", "title": "Customs House , Sydney" }, { "text": " Ownership was transferred to the City of Sydney Council in 1994 , when it became a venue for exhibitions and private functions . After being refurbished in 2003 , it has also become the new home of the City of Sydney Library . The ground floor of the building houses a scale model of Sydneys city centre viewed through a glass floor . The model was built by Modelcraft in 1998 and weighs one tonne . Images of the various versions of the building across its history are also displayed on the ground floor .", "title": "Customs House , Sydney" }, { "text": " People of the Eora tribe are said to have witnessed from the site , in 1788 , the landing of the First Fleet . Convict David OConnor was hanged on the site in 1790 and it is said that his ghost haunts the Customs House to this day , offering people rum .", "title": "History" }, { "text": "The first Customs house in Sydney was built in 1800 . Its location is presumed to be at or near the spot of the landing and official flagraising on the arrival of the First Fleet in 1788 . This event marked the foundation of the colony of New South Wales . The site has been occupied by buildings ever since .", "title": "History" }, { "text": "The driving force behind the construction of the later sandstone edifice on Circular Quay was Colonel John George Nathaniel Gibbes , the Collector of Customs for New South Wales for a record term of 25 years from 1834 to 1859 . Colonel Gibbes persuaded the Governor of New South Wales , Sir George Gipps , to begin construction of the Customs House in 1844 in response to Sydneys growing volume of maritime trade . The building project also doubled as an unemployment relief measure for stonemasons and laborers during an economic depression which was afflicting the colony at the time", "title": "History" }, { "text": ".", "title": "History" }, { "text": "The site at Circular Quay was chosen in 1843 to house the Customs Service for the rapidly growing colony . They were responsible for all imports and exports , excise on locally manufactured goods , immigration control , control of narcotic substances and morally corrupt goods such as books and films . During the war years this included items of enemy origin , or having socialistic or communistic tendencies . Accordingly , areas for storage , administration and public business were included in the original design of the building . As trade increased , so did pressures on space within", "title": "History" }, { "text": "the Customs House and two new wings were constructed between 1883 and 1889 . These wings provided accommodation for the Shipping Office and Maritime Board . The Customs House opened for business in 1845 and replaced cramped premises at The Rocks . It was partially dismantled and expanded to three levels under the supervision of the then Colonial Architect , James Barnet , in 1887 . Various additions were made over the next century , particularly during the period of World War I , but some significant vestiges of the original Gibbes-Lewis building remain .", "title": "History" }, { "text": " These demands increased again with the approach of Federation . Customs roles of immigration control and administration of tariffs were major reasons for Federation . They became , at this time , the major revenue raiser for the Commonwealth Government . Extensions were timed to coincide with the change in government . More floors were added to cope with new and expanding duties brought about by the massive political change . More revisions were made between 1915 and 1917 to further accommodate these changes and pressures brought about by the war .", "title": "History" }, { "text": "Few major structural changes have occurred between 1917 and 1995 . This reflects the movement of international shipping away from Circular Quay to other areas of the City and the State .", "title": "History" }, { "text": "From 15 June 1990 operations of the Customs Service were relocated to a new site . Ownership was then transferred from the Australian Government to the City of Sydney Council in 1994 . The building underwent several rounds of refurbishment . It was refurbished in 1996-7 to become a venue for exhibitions and private functions . A further round of refurbishment was completed in 1999 , converting the building into the tourism gateway to Sydney ahead of the 2000 Summer Olympics . The building contained galleries , a museum , bars , cafes and a restaurant , as well as", "title": "History" }, { "text": "performance and exhibition space . The City of Sydneys planning scale model of the City was also moved here from the Town Hall offices . After the Olympics , the building was further refurbished in 2003 to house the main City of Sydney Library , moved here from Town Hall . The site was refurbished and reopened in June 1997 as a combined commercial , performance , tourism and museum space .", "title": "History" }, { "text": " The two-storey Georgian structure was designed by Mortimer Lewis and featured thirteen large and expensive windows in the facade to afford a clear view of shipping activity in Sydney Cove . Colonel Gibbes , who dwelt opposite Circular Quay on Kirribilli Point , was able to watch progress on the Customs Houses construction from the verandah of his private residence , Wotonga House ( now Admiralty House ) .", "title": "Description" }, { "text": "The building is a composite load-bearing and framed structure . The external masonry walls range from thick , with internal walls approximately . Internal beams vary in fabric from wood to steel . The load-bearing masonry on the perimeter of the building and the steel-framed structure in the core are fairly readily separable in the upper reaches of the building , though the edges of concrete floors do bear on the earlier masonry at the perimeter of the framed structure of the core . The panel walls contained in the 1917 frame are of brick . Floors in the perimeter", "title": "Description" }, { "text": "building are generally suspended timber , joisted with added steel beams , while the framed core has reinforced concrete two-way slabs . Lift shafts exist on the central axis of the building .", "title": "Description" }, { "text": " The roof is a pitched roof on king-post trusses finished with Marseilles tiles of Australian make . Extensive box-gutters run around the perimeter of the 1903 roofs . Internal walls are finished with lime plaster , repaired with cement render . Some areas have significant plaster mouldings . Ceiling types are mixed . Window joinery , doors and architraves are generally french polished or varnished . Windows are timber , of french door and vertical sliding sash types , where overlooking the street .", "title": "Description" }, { "text": " Recent conservation measures have returned the building to excellent physical condition . The archaeological potential is medium .", "title": "Condition" }, { "text": " - 1885-1887 : James Barnet architect . Original building partially dismantled and rebuilt to three storeys with side wings , to form a U-shape in plan . - 1896-1903 : W.L . Vernon architect . Two phases of alterations resulting in the addition of two new floors and a wing in the rear courtyard , forming an E-shape in plan .", "title": "Modifications and dates" }, { "text": "- 19151-17 : George Oakeshott architect . All building enclosed by the former U-shape was replaced by a framed structure . This opened the ground floor as a large space with a lightwell . A sixth storey comprising caretakers quarters was added .", "title": "Modifications and dates" }, { "text": " - 1925-1990 : various additions by the Commonwealth Department of Works . - 1996-7 : Conservation and Refurbishment Project - opened June 1997 .", "title": "Modifications and dates" }, { "text": " On 22 June 2004 , the building was added to the Commonwealth Heritage List .", "title": "Heritage listing" }, { "text": "The Sydney Customs House occupies a unique symbolic and physical position on the site of the First Fleet Landing . Its location is a physical reminder of the importance of Circular Quay as the original maritime centre for the colony . The Customs House contains parts of the oldest surviving building of its type in Australia , used continuously for 145 years . It is a physical record of the history of the Customs Service and its importance in the history of Australia . The Customs House embodies the work of three successive and individually distinguished government architects : Mortimer", "title": "Heritage listing" }, { "text": "Lewis , James Barnet and Walter Liberty Vernon .", "title": "Heritage listing" }, { "text": " Because of the scarcity of documentary evidence about the early stages of construction , the surviving building fabric from these stages constitutes the principal source of additional evidence about the early history of the building and its occupants . Customs House , Sydney was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999 having satisfied the following criteria . The place is important in demonstrating the course , or pattern , of cultural or natural history in New South Wales .", "title": "Heritage listing" }, { "text": "The Sydney Customs House occupies a unique symbolic and physical position on the site of the First Fleet landing . This historical event has enormous significance to the history of Australia . Its location is a physical reminder of the importance of Circular Quay as the original maritime centre for the colony and is a significant symbol of British imperial sovereignty and colonial commercial expansion . The Customs Service was the only revenue collector in an outpost of Empire struggling for economic survival . It later became a watchdog over ideas , people and goods coming into the country .", "title": "Heritage listing" }, { "text": "The internal and external growth and change of the building reflect these changes in use .", "title": "Heritage listing" }, { "text": " The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales . The Customs House embodies the work of three successive and individually distinguished official architects of New South Wales . Although Walter Liberty Vernon and James Barnet greatly altered the work of Mortimer Lewis , they did so using similar external materials and proportions so as to generate an overall unity of construction .", "title": "Heritage listing" }, { "text": "The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social , cultural or spiritual reasons .", "title": "Heritage listing" }, { "text": " The site has significance as the initial point of European invasion of the lands of Aboriginal people . The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales . Because of the scarcity of documentary evidence about the early stages of construction , the surviving building fabric from these stages constitutes the principal source of additional evidence about the early history of the building and its occupants .", "title": "Heritage listing" }, { "text": "The place possesses uncommon , rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales .", "title": "Heritage listing" }, { "text": " This site has been ranked as extremely significant in its unique reflection of the commercial expansion of the colony and the nationally significant role of the Customs Service . This is especially true for the early phases of the buildings evolution .", "title": "Heritage listing" } ]
/wiki/Ute_Vogt#P39#0
Which position did Ute Vogt hold before Jun 1996?
Ute Vogt Ute Vogt ( born 3 October 1964 ) is a German lawyer and politician of the Social Democratic Party ( SPD ) who has been serving as a member of the from 1994 until 2005 and since 2009 . Early life and education . Vogt was born in 1964 in Heidelberg . She studied at Heidelberg University and at the German University of Administrative Sciences , Speyer , and became a lawyer . Political career . Vogt joined the Social Democratic Party ( SPD ) in 1984 and became a city councillor in Wiesloch from 1989 until 1994 . Vogt was first elected to the in 1994 , representing Pforzheim . In parliament , she was a member of the Committee on Internal Affairs ( 1994-2001 ) and the Committee on Postal Services and Telecommunications ( 1998-2001 ) . From 1999 until 2001 , she also served on the parliamentary body in charge of appointing judges to the Highest Courts of Justice , namely the Federal Court of Justice ( BGH ) , the Federal Administrative Court ( BVerwG ) , the Federal Fiscal Court ( BFH ) , the Federal Labour Court ( BAG ) , and the Federal Social Court ( BSG ) . In 2000 , she became the first woman to chair the Committee on Internal Affairs . On the state level , Vogt was elected chairwoman of the SPD in Baden-Württemberg in 1999 , leading the party’s campaign for the 2001 state elections and – unsuccessfully – attempting to unseat incumbent Minister-President Erwin Teufel . From 2001 until 2005 elections , Vogt served alongside Fritz Rudolf Körper as Parliamentary State Secretary in the Federal Ministry of the Interior under minister Otto Schily in the government of Chancellor Gerhard Schröder . Also on the national level , Vogt was one of the deputy chairs of the SPD from 2003 until 2007 , under the leadership of successive chairmen Schröder ( 2003-2004 ) , Franz Müntefering ( 2004-2005 ) , Matthias Platzeck ( 2005-2006 ) and Kurt Beck ( 2006-2007 ) . When the Schröder government was voted out of office in 2005 , Vogt returned to state politics and became her party’s candidate to challenge Minister-President Günther Oettinger in Baden-Württemberg’s 2006 elections . From 2006 until 2008 , she chaired her parliamentary group in the Landtag of Baden-Württemberg . She resigned as the party’s chairwoman in the state after disappointing results in the 2009 German federal election and was replaced by Nils Schmid . Vogt returned to the in the 2009 elections , this time representing Stuttgart . In parliament , she joined the Committee on the Environment , Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety as well as a parliamentary inquiry into the Gorleben salt dome , a controversial proposed deep geological repository for radioactive waste . In the negotiations to form a Grand Coalition of the Christian Democrats ( CDU together with the Bavarian CSU ) and the SPD following the 2013 federal elections , Vogt led the SPD delegation in the working group on the environment and agriculture ; her co-chair from the Christian Democrats was Katherina Reiche . She subsequently served as deputy chairwoman of the SPD parliamentary group under the leadership of chairman Thomas Oppermann from 2013 until 2017 . In this capacity , from 2015 until 2016 , she was part of a government-appointed commission tasked with recommending how to safeguard the funding of fulfilling Germanys exit from nuclear energy , under the leadership of co-chairs Ole von Beust , Matthias Platzeck and Jürgen Trittin . Between 2018 and 2019 , Vogt was a member of the Committee on Economic Cooperation and Development . Since 2019 , she has been a member on the Committee on Internal Affairs again . Other activities . - Business Forum of the Social Democratic Party of Germany , Member of the Political Advisory Board ( since 2018 ) - German Committee for UNICEF , Member of the Board ( since 2018 ) - German Foundation for World Population ( DSW ) , Member of the Parliamentary Advisory Board - German Life Saving Association ( DLRG ) , Member - Eurosolar , Member - German United Services Trade Union ( ver.di ) , Membe
[ "" ]
[ { "text": " Ute Vogt ( born 3 October 1964 ) is a German lawyer and politician of the Social Democratic Party ( SPD ) who has been serving as a member of the from 1994 until 2005 and since 2009 . Early life and education . Vogt was born in 1964 in Heidelberg . She studied at Heidelberg University and at the German University of Administrative Sciences , Speyer , and became a lawyer .", "title": "Ute Vogt" }, { "text": " Vogt joined the Social Democratic Party ( SPD ) in 1984 and became a city councillor in Wiesloch from 1989 until 1994 .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "Vogt was first elected to the in 1994 , representing Pforzheim . In parliament , she was a member of the Committee on Internal Affairs ( 1994-2001 ) and the Committee on Postal Services and Telecommunications ( 1998-2001 ) . From 1999 until 2001 , she also served on the parliamentary body in charge of appointing judges to the Highest Courts of Justice , namely the Federal Court of Justice ( BGH ) , the Federal Administrative Court ( BVerwG ) , the Federal Fiscal Court ( BFH ) , the Federal Labour Court ( BAG ) , and the", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "Federal Social Court ( BSG ) . In 2000 , she became the first woman to chair the Committee on Internal Affairs .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": " On the state level , Vogt was elected chairwoman of the SPD in Baden-Württemberg in 1999 , leading the party’s campaign for the 2001 state elections and – unsuccessfully – attempting to unseat incumbent Minister-President Erwin Teufel . From 2001 until 2005 elections , Vogt served alongside Fritz Rudolf Körper as Parliamentary State Secretary in the Federal Ministry of the Interior under minister Otto Schily in the government of Chancellor Gerhard Schröder .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "Also on the national level , Vogt was one of the deputy chairs of the SPD from 2003 until 2007 , under the leadership of successive chairmen Schröder ( 2003-2004 ) , Franz Müntefering ( 2004-2005 ) , Matthias Platzeck ( 2005-2006 ) and Kurt Beck ( 2006-2007 ) .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": " When the Schröder government was voted out of office in 2005 , Vogt returned to state politics and became her party’s candidate to challenge Minister-President Günther Oettinger in Baden-Württemberg’s 2006 elections . From 2006 until 2008 , she chaired her parliamentary group in the Landtag of Baden-Württemberg . She resigned as the party’s chairwoman in the state after disappointing results in the 2009 German federal election and was replaced by Nils Schmid .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "Vogt returned to the in the 2009 elections , this time representing Stuttgart . In parliament , she joined the Committee on the Environment , Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety as well as a parliamentary inquiry into the Gorleben salt dome , a controversial proposed deep geological repository for radioactive waste .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "In the negotiations to form a Grand Coalition of the Christian Democrats ( CDU together with the Bavarian CSU ) and the SPD following the 2013 federal elections , Vogt led the SPD delegation in the working group on the environment and agriculture ; her co-chair from the Christian Democrats was Katherina Reiche . She subsequently served as deputy chairwoman of the SPD parliamentary group under the leadership of chairman Thomas Oppermann from 2013 until 2017 . In this capacity , from 2015 until 2016 , she was part of a government-appointed commission tasked with recommending how to safeguard the", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "funding of fulfilling Germanys exit from nuclear energy , under the leadership of co-chairs Ole von Beust , Matthias Platzeck and Jürgen Trittin .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": " Between 2018 and 2019 , Vogt was a member of the Committee on Economic Cooperation and Development . Since 2019 , she has been a member on the Committee on Internal Affairs again .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": " - Business Forum of the Social Democratic Party of Germany , Member of the Political Advisory Board ( since 2018 ) - German Committee for UNICEF , Member of the Board ( since 2018 ) - German Foundation for World Population ( DSW ) , Member of the Parliamentary Advisory Board - German Life Saving Association ( DLRG ) , Member - Eurosolar , Member - German United Services Trade Union ( ver.di ) , Membe", "title": "Other activities" } ]
/wiki/Ute_Vogt#P39#1
Which position did Ute Vogt hold between Oct 2018 and Dec 2018?
Ute Vogt Ute Vogt ( born 3 October 1964 ) is a German lawyer and politician of the Social Democratic Party ( SPD ) who has been serving as a member of the from 1994 until 2005 and since 2009 . Early life and education . Vogt was born in 1964 in Heidelberg . She studied at Heidelberg University and at the German University of Administrative Sciences , Speyer , and became a lawyer . Political career . Vogt joined the Social Democratic Party ( SPD ) in 1984 and became a city councillor in Wiesloch from 1989 until 1994 . Vogt was first elected to the in 1994 , representing Pforzheim . In parliament , she was a member of the Committee on Internal Affairs ( 1994-2001 ) and the Committee on Postal Services and Telecommunications ( 1998-2001 ) . From 1999 until 2001 , she also served on the parliamentary body in charge of appointing judges to the Highest Courts of Justice , namely the Federal Court of Justice ( BGH ) , the Federal Administrative Court ( BVerwG ) , the Federal Fiscal Court ( BFH ) , the Federal Labour Court ( BAG ) , and the Federal Social Court ( BSG ) . In 2000 , she became the first woman to chair the Committee on Internal Affairs . On the state level , Vogt was elected chairwoman of the SPD in Baden-Württemberg in 1999 , leading the party’s campaign for the 2001 state elections and – unsuccessfully – attempting to unseat incumbent Minister-President Erwin Teufel . From 2001 until 2005 elections , Vogt served alongside Fritz Rudolf Körper as Parliamentary State Secretary in the Federal Ministry of the Interior under minister Otto Schily in the government of Chancellor Gerhard Schröder . Also on the national level , Vogt was one of the deputy chairs of the SPD from 2003 until 2007 , under the leadership of successive chairmen Schröder ( 2003-2004 ) , Franz Müntefering ( 2004-2005 ) , Matthias Platzeck ( 2005-2006 ) and Kurt Beck ( 2006-2007 ) . When the Schröder government was voted out of office in 2005 , Vogt returned to state politics and became her party’s candidate to challenge Minister-President Günther Oettinger in Baden-Württemberg’s 2006 elections . From 2006 until 2008 , she chaired her parliamentary group in the Landtag of Baden-Württemberg . She resigned as the party’s chairwoman in the state after disappointing results in the 2009 German federal election and was replaced by Nils Schmid . Vogt returned to the in the 2009 elections , this time representing Stuttgart . In parliament , she joined the Committee on the Environment , Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety as well as a parliamentary inquiry into the Gorleben salt dome , a controversial proposed deep geological repository for radioactive waste . In the negotiations to form a Grand Coalition of the Christian Democrats ( CDU together with the Bavarian CSU ) and the SPD following the 2013 federal elections , Vogt led the SPD delegation in the working group on the environment and agriculture ; her co-chair from the Christian Democrats was Katherina Reiche . She subsequently served as deputy chairwoman of the SPD parliamentary group under the leadership of chairman Thomas Oppermann from 2013 until 2017 . In this capacity , from 2015 until 2016 , she was part of a government-appointed commission tasked with recommending how to safeguard the funding of fulfilling Germanys exit from nuclear energy , under the leadership of co-chairs Ole von Beust , Matthias Platzeck and Jürgen Trittin . Between 2018 and 2019 , Vogt was a member of the Committee on Economic Cooperation and Development . Since 2019 , she has been a member on the Committee on Internal Affairs again . Other activities . - Business Forum of the Social Democratic Party of Germany , Member of the Political Advisory Board ( since 2018 ) - German Committee for UNICEF , Member of the Board ( since 2018 ) - German Foundation for World Population ( DSW ) , Member of the Parliamentary Advisory Board - German Life Saving Association ( DLRG ) , Member - Eurosolar , Member - German United Services Trade Union ( ver.di ) , Membe
[ "" ]
[ { "text": " Ute Vogt ( born 3 October 1964 ) is a German lawyer and politician of the Social Democratic Party ( SPD ) who has been serving as a member of the from 1994 until 2005 and since 2009 . Early life and education . Vogt was born in 1964 in Heidelberg . She studied at Heidelberg University and at the German University of Administrative Sciences , Speyer , and became a lawyer .", "title": "Ute Vogt" }, { "text": " Vogt joined the Social Democratic Party ( SPD ) in 1984 and became a city councillor in Wiesloch from 1989 until 1994 .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "Vogt was first elected to the in 1994 , representing Pforzheim . In parliament , she was a member of the Committee on Internal Affairs ( 1994-2001 ) and the Committee on Postal Services and Telecommunications ( 1998-2001 ) . From 1999 until 2001 , she also served on the parliamentary body in charge of appointing judges to the Highest Courts of Justice , namely the Federal Court of Justice ( BGH ) , the Federal Administrative Court ( BVerwG ) , the Federal Fiscal Court ( BFH ) , the Federal Labour Court ( BAG ) , and the", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "Federal Social Court ( BSG ) . In 2000 , she became the first woman to chair the Committee on Internal Affairs .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": " On the state level , Vogt was elected chairwoman of the SPD in Baden-Württemberg in 1999 , leading the party’s campaign for the 2001 state elections and – unsuccessfully – attempting to unseat incumbent Minister-President Erwin Teufel . From 2001 until 2005 elections , Vogt served alongside Fritz Rudolf Körper as Parliamentary State Secretary in the Federal Ministry of the Interior under minister Otto Schily in the government of Chancellor Gerhard Schröder .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "Also on the national level , Vogt was one of the deputy chairs of the SPD from 2003 until 2007 , under the leadership of successive chairmen Schröder ( 2003-2004 ) , Franz Müntefering ( 2004-2005 ) , Matthias Platzeck ( 2005-2006 ) and Kurt Beck ( 2006-2007 ) .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": " When the Schröder government was voted out of office in 2005 , Vogt returned to state politics and became her party’s candidate to challenge Minister-President Günther Oettinger in Baden-Württemberg’s 2006 elections . From 2006 until 2008 , she chaired her parliamentary group in the Landtag of Baden-Württemberg . She resigned as the party’s chairwoman in the state after disappointing results in the 2009 German federal election and was replaced by Nils Schmid .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "Vogt returned to the in the 2009 elections , this time representing Stuttgart . In parliament , she joined the Committee on the Environment , Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety as well as a parliamentary inquiry into the Gorleben salt dome , a controversial proposed deep geological repository for radioactive waste .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "In the negotiations to form a Grand Coalition of the Christian Democrats ( CDU together with the Bavarian CSU ) and the SPD following the 2013 federal elections , Vogt led the SPD delegation in the working group on the environment and agriculture ; her co-chair from the Christian Democrats was Katherina Reiche . She subsequently served as deputy chairwoman of the SPD parliamentary group under the leadership of chairman Thomas Oppermann from 2013 until 2017 . In this capacity , from 2015 until 2016 , she was part of a government-appointed commission tasked with recommending how to safeguard the", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "funding of fulfilling Germanys exit from nuclear energy , under the leadership of co-chairs Ole von Beust , Matthias Platzeck and Jürgen Trittin .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": " Between 2018 and 2019 , Vogt was a member of the Committee on Economic Cooperation and Development . Since 2019 , she has been a member on the Committee on Internal Affairs again .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": " - Business Forum of the Social Democratic Party of Germany , Member of the Political Advisory Board ( since 2018 ) - German Committee for UNICEF , Member of the Board ( since 2018 ) - German Foundation for World Population ( DSW ) , Member of the Parliamentary Advisory Board - German Life Saving Association ( DLRG ) , Member - Eurosolar , Member - German United Services Trade Union ( ver.di ) , Membe", "title": "Other activities" } ]
/wiki/Ute_Vogt#P39#2
Which position did Ute Vogt hold between Aug 2019 and Nov 2019?
Ute Vogt Ute Vogt ( born 3 October 1964 ) is a German lawyer and politician of the Social Democratic Party ( SPD ) who has been serving as a member of the from 1994 until 2005 and since 2009 . Early life and education . Vogt was born in 1964 in Heidelberg . She studied at Heidelberg University and at the German University of Administrative Sciences , Speyer , and became a lawyer . Political career . Vogt joined the Social Democratic Party ( SPD ) in 1984 and became a city councillor in Wiesloch from 1989 until 1994 . Vogt was first elected to the in 1994 , representing Pforzheim . In parliament , she was a member of the Committee on Internal Affairs ( 1994-2001 ) and the Committee on Postal Services and Telecommunications ( 1998-2001 ) . From 1999 until 2001 , she also served on the parliamentary body in charge of appointing judges to the Highest Courts of Justice , namely the Federal Court of Justice ( BGH ) , the Federal Administrative Court ( BVerwG ) , the Federal Fiscal Court ( BFH ) , the Federal Labour Court ( BAG ) , and the Federal Social Court ( BSG ) . In 2000 , she became the first woman to chair the Committee on Internal Affairs . On the state level , Vogt was elected chairwoman of the SPD in Baden-Württemberg in 1999 , leading the party’s campaign for the 2001 state elections and – unsuccessfully – attempting to unseat incumbent Minister-President Erwin Teufel . From 2001 until 2005 elections , Vogt served alongside Fritz Rudolf Körper as Parliamentary State Secretary in the Federal Ministry of the Interior under minister Otto Schily in the government of Chancellor Gerhard Schröder . Also on the national level , Vogt was one of the deputy chairs of the SPD from 2003 until 2007 , under the leadership of successive chairmen Schröder ( 2003-2004 ) , Franz Müntefering ( 2004-2005 ) , Matthias Platzeck ( 2005-2006 ) and Kurt Beck ( 2006-2007 ) . When the Schröder government was voted out of office in 2005 , Vogt returned to state politics and became her party’s candidate to challenge Minister-President Günther Oettinger in Baden-Württemberg’s 2006 elections . From 2006 until 2008 , she chaired her parliamentary group in the Landtag of Baden-Württemberg . She resigned as the party’s chairwoman in the state after disappointing results in the 2009 German federal election and was replaced by Nils Schmid . Vogt returned to the in the 2009 elections , this time representing Stuttgart . In parliament , she joined the Committee on the Environment , Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety as well as a parliamentary inquiry into the Gorleben salt dome , a controversial proposed deep geological repository for radioactive waste . In the negotiations to form a Grand Coalition of the Christian Democrats ( CDU together with the Bavarian CSU ) and the SPD following the 2013 federal elections , Vogt led the SPD delegation in the working group on the environment and agriculture ; her co-chair from the Christian Democrats was Katherina Reiche . She subsequently served as deputy chairwoman of the SPD parliamentary group under the leadership of chairman Thomas Oppermann from 2013 until 2017 . In this capacity , from 2015 until 2016 , she was part of a government-appointed commission tasked with recommending how to safeguard the funding of fulfilling Germanys exit from nuclear energy , under the leadership of co-chairs Ole von Beust , Matthias Platzeck and Jürgen Trittin . Between 2018 and 2019 , Vogt was a member of the Committee on Economic Cooperation and Development . Since 2019 , she has been a member on the Committee on Internal Affairs again . Other activities . - Business Forum of the Social Democratic Party of Germany , Member of the Political Advisory Board ( since 2018 ) - German Committee for UNICEF , Member of the Board ( since 2018 ) - German Foundation for World Population ( DSW ) , Member of the Parliamentary Advisory Board - German Life Saving Association ( DLRG ) , Member - Eurosolar , Member - German United Services Trade Union ( ver.di ) , Membe
[ "" ]
[ { "text": " Ute Vogt ( born 3 October 1964 ) is a German lawyer and politician of the Social Democratic Party ( SPD ) who has been serving as a member of the from 1994 until 2005 and since 2009 . Early life and education . Vogt was born in 1964 in Heidelberg . She studied at Heidelberg University and at the German University of Administrative Sciences , Speyer , and became a lawyer .", "title": "Ute Vogt" }, { "text": " Vogt joined the Social Democratic Party ( SPD ) in 1984 and became a city councillor in Wiesloch from 1989 until 1994 .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "Vogt was first elected to the in 1994 , representing Pforzheim . In parliament , she was a member of the Committee on Internal Affairs ( 1994-2001 ) and the Committee on Postal Services and Telecommunications ( 1998-2001 ) . From 1999 until 2001 , she also served on the parliamentary body in charge of appointing judges to the Highest Courts of Justice , namely the Federal Court of Justice ( BGH ) , the Federal Administrative Court ( BVerwG ) , the Federal Fiscal Court ( BFH ) , the Federal Labour Court ( BAG ) , and the", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "Federal Social Court ( BSG ) . In 2000 , she became the first woman to chair the Committee on Internal Affairs .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": " On the state level , Vogt was elected chairwoman of the SPD in Baden-Württemberg in 1999 , leading the party’s campaign for the 2001 state elections and – unsuccessfully – attempting to unseat incumbent Minister-President Erwin Teufel . From 2001 until 2005 elections , Vogt served alongside Fritz Rudolf Körper as Parliamentary State Secretary in the Federal Ministry of the Interior under minister Otto Schily in the government of Chancellor Gerhard Schröder .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "Also on the national level , Vogt was one of the deputy chairs of the SPD from 2003 until 2007 , under the leadership of successive chairmen Schröder ( 2003-2004 ) , Franz Müntefering ( 2004-2005 ) , Matthias Platzeck ( 2005-2006 ) and Kurt Beck ( 2006-2007 ) .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": " When the Schröder government was voted out of office in 2005 , Vogt returned to state politics and became her party’s candidate to challenge Minister-President Günther Oettinger in Baden-Württemberg’s 2006 elections . From 2006 until 2008 , she chaired her parliamentary group in the Landtag of Baden-Württemberg . She resigned as the party’s chairwoman in the state after disappointing results in the 2009 German federal election and was replaced by Nils Schmid .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "Vogt returned to the in the 2009 elections , this time representing Stuttgart . In parliament , she joined the Committee on the Environment , Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety as well as a parliamentary inquiry into the Gorleben salt dome , a controversial proposed deep geological repository for radioactive waste .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "In the negotiations to form a Grand Coalition of the Christian Democrats ( CDU together with the Bavarian CSU ) and the SPD following the 2013 federal elections , Vogt led the SPD delegation in the working group on the environment and agriculture ; her co-chair from the Christian Democrats was Katherina Reiche . She subsequently served as deputy chairwoman of the SPD parliamentary group under the leadership of chairman Thomas Oppermann from 2013 until 2017 . In this capacity , from 2015 until 2016 , she was part of a government-appointed commission tasked with recommending how to safeguard the", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "funding of fulfilling Germanys exit from nuclear energy , under the leadership of co-chairs Ole von Beust , Matthias Platzeck and Jürgen Trittin .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": " Between 2018 and 2019 , Vogt was a member of the Committee on Economic Cooperation and Development . Since 2019 , she has been a member on the Committee on Internal Affairs again .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": " - Business Forum of the Social Democratic Party of Germany , Member of the Political Advisory Board ( since 2018 ) - German Committee for UNICEF , Member of the Board ( since 2018 ) - German Foundation for World Population ( DSW ) , Member of the Parliamentary Advisory Board - German Life Saving Association ( DLRG ) , Member - Eurosolar , Member - German United Services Trade Union ( ver.di ) , Membe", "title": "Other activities" } ]
/wiki/Pasqual_Maragall#P102#0
Which party was Pasqual Maragall a member of before Jun 1969?
Pasqual Maragall Pasqual Maragall i Mira ( ; born 13 January 1941 ) is a Spanish politician and former President of Generalitat de Catalunya . He had previously been Mayor of Barcelona , from 1982 to 1997 , and helped run the citys successful Olympic bid . Early life and education . He was born in Barcelona in 1941 as the third of eight siblings . His grandfather was the Catalan poet Joan Maragall . In 1965 , he married Diana Garrigosa , and he has two daughters and a son . He was an active member of the Workers Front of Catalonia and joined the left-wing anti-Franco movement Popular Liberation Front . He studied law and economics at the University of Barcelona between 1957 and 1964 . In 1965 , after his studies , he joined the Specialist Office of Barcelona City Council as an economist , work he combined with giving classes in economic theory at the Autonomous University of Barcelona , acting as assistant to the professor , . He also cooperated with the Studies Service of the , run by . Between 1971 and 1973 , he lived in New York City , where he gained a master of arts in economics from the New School University . Beginnings in politics . In 1973 , he came back to Barcelona and returned to the Barcelona City Council and to the UAB , where he gave classes on urban economics and international economics as temporary assistant lecturer . One year earlier , he supported Convergència Socialista de Catalunya , one of the founding groups of the PSC . In 1978 , at the Economics Faculty of the UAB , he presented his doctoral thesis The prices of urban land , The case of Barcelona ( 1948–1978 ) . In 1978 , he was a researcher and guest professor at the Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore . This university would later appoint him doctor honoris causa . First elections . He joined the PSC electoral list in the first democratic municipal election for Barcelona City Council in 1979 and this party won the most votes at the ballot box . His friend Narcís Serra became Mayor while he became tinent dalcalde ( Deputy Mayor ) for Administrative Reform , and later for Taxation . On 1 December 1982 he succeeded Narcís Serra as Mayor of Barcelona , since Serra was appointed minister of Defence by the new Socialist government of Felipe González . In 1986 , Barcelona was chosen to host the 1992 Summer Olympics Accordingly , the citys mayorPasqual Maragallpresided over the organising committee ( COOB92 ) . The Olympics provided the city with sorely needed infrastructure . Another Maragall initiative , the 2004 Universal Forum of Cultures , exhibited the same top-down approach . It is widely recognised , however , that the 92 Games helped Barcelona to redefine itself as one of the great cities of Europe . From 1991 to 1997 , he was President of the Council of Municipalities and Regions of Europe . He was also Vice-President of the International Union of Local Authorities and President of the Committee of the Regions of the European Union from 1996 to 1998 . Recent years . In 1997 , Pasqual Maragall resigned as Barcelonas mayor and returned to university lecturing in Rome and New York City . However , he came back to active politics and was elected as the PSC-CpC candidate for the presidency of the Generalitat in the 1999 election . In 2000 , he was elected President of the Partit dels Socialistes de Catalunya ( PSC-PSOE ) , and was a member of the Catalan Parliament from 1988 to 1995 . From 1999 to 2003 , he presided over the PSC-CpC parliamentary group . On 16 December 2003 , Maragall was elected President of the Generalitat by the Catalan Parliament after cliff-hanger negotiations with the ERC and ICV parties . He finally took office on 20 December . While generally popular as Mayor of Barcelona , Maragalls career as President of the coalition government was marked by a series of crises . A particularly severe one involved Chief Councilor Carods secret trip to France to unofficially negotiate with ETA . Others include : the stormy negotiations over a new Statute of Autonomy for Catalonia in which Maragall and the PSC hovered between a nationalist stance and giving in to the central government pressure ; the collapse of an entire city block in Barcelonas Carmel district following poorly planned and executed tunnelling work ; and a schemesupported by Maragalls governmentto build a tunnel for the AVE high-speed train under the shaky foundations of Barcelonas 19th-century city centre . In October 2005 Maragall met with objections regarding his plans for reshuffling the cabinet without consulting either his coalition partners or his party . The Presidents brother , Ernest Maragall , was tipped for a ministerial post in the reshuffle . Ernest , who held the post of Executive Secretary , was seen by critics as an apparatchik , and whipped up a storm of protest in June 2005 when he opposed plans to make Catalonias future anti-fraud department independent of the government . Pasqual Maragalls pledges to fight corruption and nepotism in public administration were one of the key planks in his 2003 campaign . On 21 June 2006 , Maragall announced that he would not be standing for reelection ( see 2006 Catalan Parliament election ) . He offered his support to new President José Montilla amongst controversy over Montillas non-Catalan heritage , stating that it did not make Catalonia less Catalan , and later commented that our new homeland is Europe . He later stated our new path is the Mediterranean . On 19 October 2007 , it was announced that he would not pay his PSOE membership fee anymore , ending three decades of activity within the party . The following day , he announced that he had been diagnosed with Alzheimers disease and that he was creating the Pasqual Maragall Foundation to fight against the illness . In 2007 he founded the Catalunya Europa Foundation , which develops work inspired by the thought and political work of Maragall , including the active involvement of Catalan society in a more united Europe , the global role of cities as spaces for social transformation , and lasting dialogue between Catalonia , Spain and Europe . In 2017 a collection of essays edited by Jaume Claret , Pasqual Maragall : Pensament i acció , was published by RBA Libros . Academics and colleagues of the politician discuss the essential points of his career : the city and the region , his vision of Catalonias place in Spain and in the world , government policies and the 1992 Olympic Games , among others . In 2020 , a documentary film directed by Josep M . Mañé and Francesca Català , Maragall i la Lluna , was released . The documentary starts with the experience of Lluna , a girl who was eight years old when , in 1993 , the then-mayor of Barcelona moved into her home to better understand the reality of the Roquetes neighborhood . Twenty-five years later , Lluna begins a search which starts with the memory of those days and leads her to discover Maragall through family members , acquaintances and politicians . External links . - Official website
[ "" ]
[ { "text": " Pasqual Maragall i Mira ( ; born 13 January 1941 ) is a Spanish politician and former President of Generalitat de Catalunya . He had previously been Mayor of Barcelona , from 1982 to 1997 , and helped run the citys successful Olympic bid . Early life and education .", "title": "Pasqual Maragall" }, { "text": "He was born in Barcelona in 1941 as the third of eight siblings . His grandfather was the Catalan poet Joan Maragall . In 1965 , he married Diana Garrigosa , and he has two daughters and a son . He was an active member of the Workers Front of Catalonia and joined the left-wing anti-Franco movement Popular Liberation Front . He studied law and economics at the University of Barcelona between 1957 and 1964 .", "title": "Pasqual Maragall" }, { "text": " In 1965 , after his studies , he joined the Specialist Office of Barcelona City Council as an economist , work he combined with giving classes in economic theory at the Autonomous University of Barcelona , acting as assistant to the professor , . He also cooperated with the Studies Service of the , run by . Between 1971 and 1973 , he lived in New York City , where he gained a master of arts in economics from the New School University .", "title": "Pasqual Maragall" }, { "text": "In 1973 , he came back to Barcelona and returned to the Barcelona City Council and to the UAB , where he gave classes on urban economics and international economics as temporary assistant lecturer . One year earlier , he supported Convergència Socialista de Catalunya , one of the founding groups of the PSC . In 1978 , at the Economics Faculty of the UAB , he presented his doctoral thesis The prices of urban land , The case of Barcelona ( 1948–1978 ) . In 1978 , he was a researcher and guest professor at the Johns Hopkins University", "title": "Beginnings in politics" }, { "text": "in Baltimore . This university would later appoint him doctor honoris causa .", "title": "Beginnings in politics" }, { "text": " He joined the PSC electoral list in the first democratic municipal election for Barcelona City Council in 1979 and this party won the most votes at the ballot box . His friend Narcís Serra became Mayor while he became tinent dalcalde ( Deputy Mayor ) for Administrative Reform , and later for Taxation . On 1 December 1982 he succeeded Narcís Serra as Mayor of Barcelona , since Serra was appointed minister of Defence by the new Socialist government of Felipe González .", "title": "First elections" }, { "text": "In 1986 , Barcelona was chosen to host the 1992 Summer Olympics Accordingly , the citys mayorPasqual Maragallpresided over the organising committee ( COOB92 ) . The Olympics provided the city with sorely needed infrastructure . Another Maragall initiative , the 2004 Universal Forum of Cultures , exhibited the same top-down approach . It is widely recognised , however , that the 92 Games helped Barcelona to redefine itself as one of the great cities of Europe .", "title": "First elections" }, { "text": " From 1991 to 1997 , he was President of the Council of Municipalities and Regions of Europe . He was also Vice-President of the International Union of Local Authorities and President of the Committee of the Regions of the European Union from 1996 to 1998 .", "title": "First elections" }, { "text": " In 1997 , Pasqual Maragall resigned as Barcelonas mayor and returned to university lecturing in Rome and New York City . However , he came back to active politics and was elected as the PSC-CpC candidate for the presidency of the Generalitat in the 1999 election . In 2000 , he was elected President of the Partit dels Socialistes de Catalunya ( PSC-PSOE ) , and was a member of the Catalan Parliament from 1988 to 1995 . From 1999 to 2003 , he presided over the PSC-CpC parliamentary group .", "title": "Recent years" }, { "text": "On 16 December 2003 , Maragall was elected President of the Generalitat by the Catalan Parliament after cliff-hanger negotiations with the ERC and ICV parties . He finally took office on 20 December . While generally popular as Mayor of Barcelona , Maragalls career as President of the coalition government was marked by a series of crises . A particularly severe one involved Chief Councilor Carods secret trip to France to unofficially negotiate with ETA . Others include : the stormy negotiations over a new Statute of Autonomy for Catalonia in which Maragall and the PSC hovered between a nationalist", "title": "Recent years" }, { "text": "stance and giving in to the central government pressure ; the collapse of an entire city block in Barcelonas Carmel district following poorly planned and executed tunnelling work ; and a schemesupported by Maragalls governmentto build a tunnel for the AVE high-speed train under the shaky foundations of Barcelonas 19th-century city centre . In October 2005 Maragall met with objections regarding his plans for reshuffling the cabinet without consulting either his coalition partners or his party . The Presidents brother , Ernest Maragall , was tipped for a ministerial post in the reshuffle . Ernest , who held the post", "title": "Recent years" }, { "text": "of Executive Secretary , was seen by critics as an apparatchik , and whipped up a storm of protest in June 2005 when he opposed plans to make Catalonias future anti-fraud department independent of the government . Pasqual Maragalls pledges to fight corruption and nepotism in public administration were one of the key planks in his 2003 campaign .", "title": "Recent years" }, { "text": "On 21 June 2006 , Maragall announced that he would not be standing for reelection ( see 2006 Catalan Parliament election ) . He offered his support to new President José Montilla amongst controversy over Montillas non-Catalan heritage , stating that it did not make Catalonia less Catalan , and later commented that our new homeland is Europe . He later stated our new path is the Mediterranean . On 19 October 2007 , it was announced that he would not pay his PSOE membership fee anymore , ending three decades of activity within the party . The following day", "title": "Recent years" }, { "text": ", he announced that he had been diagnosed with Alzheimers disease and that he was creating the Pasqual Maragall Foundation to fight against the illness .", "title": "Recent years" }, { "text": " In 2007 he founded the Catalunya Europa Foundation , which develops work inspired by the thought and political work of Maragall , including the active involvement of Catalan society in a more united Europe , the global role of cities as spaces for social transformation , and lasting dialogue between Catalonia , Spain and Europe .", "title": "Recent years" }, { "text": "In 2017 a collection of essays edited by Jaume Claret , Pasqual Maragall : Pensament i acció , was published by RBA Libros . Academics and colleagues of the politician discuss the essential points of his career : the city and the region , his vision of Catalonias place in Spain and in the world , government policies and the 1992 Olympic Games , among others .", "title": "Recent years" }, { "text": " In 2020 , a documentary film directed by Josep M . Mañé and Francesca Català , Maragall i la Lluna , was released . The documentary starts with the experience of Lluna , a girl who was eight years old when , in 1993 , the then-mayor of Barcelona moved into her home to better understand the reality of the Roquetes neighborhood . Twenty-five years later , Lluna begins a search which starts with the memory of those days and leads her to discover Maragall through family members , acquaintances and politicians .", "title": "Recent years" }, { "text": " - Official website", "title": "External links" } ]
/wiki/Pasqual_Maragall#P102#1
Which party was Pasqual Maragall a member of between Feb 1976 and Apr 1977?
Pasqual Maragall Pasqual Maragall i Mira ( ; born 13 January 1941 ) is a Spanish politician and former President of Generalitat de Catalunya . He had previously been Mayor of Barcelona , from 1982 to 1997 , and helped run the citys successful Olympic bid . Early life and education . He was born in Barcelona in 1941 as the third of eight siblings . His grandfather was the Catalan poet Joan Maragall . In 1965 , he married Diana Garrigosa , and he has two daughters and a son . He was an active member of the Workers Front of Catalonia and joined the left-wing anti-Franco movement Popular Liberation Front . He studied law and economics at the University of Barcelona between 1957 and 1964 . In 1965 , after his studies , he joined the Specialist Office of Barcelona City Council as an economist , work he combined with giving classes in economic theory at the Autonomous University of Barcelona , acting as assistant to the professor , . He also cooperated with the Studies Service of the , run by . Between 1971 and 1973 , he lived in New York City , where he gained a master of arts in economics from the New School University . Beginnings in politics . In 1973 , he came back to Barcelona and returned to the Barcelona City Council and to the UAB , where he gave classes on urban economics and international economics as temporary assistant lecturer . One year earlier , he supported Convergència Socialista de Catalunya , one of the founding groups of the PSC . In 1978 , at the Economics Faculty of the UAB , he presented his doctoral thesis The prices of urban land , The case of Barcelona ( 1948–1978 ) . In 1978 , he was a researcher and guest professor at the Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore . This university would later appoint him doctor honoris causa . First elections . He joined the PSC electoral list in the first democratic municipal election for Barcelona City Council in 1979 and this party won the most votes at the ballot box . His friend Narcís Serra became Mayor while he became tinent dalcalde ( Deputy Mayor ) for Administrative Reform , and later for Taxation . On 1 December 1982 he succeeded Narcís Serra as Mayor of Barcelona , since Serra was appointed minister of Defence by the new Socialist government of Felipe González . In 1986 , Barcelona was chosen to host the 1992 Summer Olympics Accordingly , the citys mayorPasqual Maragallpresided over the organising committee ( COOB92 ) . The Olympics provided the city with sorely needed infrastructure . Another Maragall initiative , the 2004 Universal Forum of Cultures , exhibited the same top-down approach . It is widely recognised , however , that the 92 Games helped Barcelona to redefine itself as one of the great cities of Europe . From 1991 to 1997 , he was President of the Council of Municipalities and Regions of Europe . He was also Vice-President of the International Union of Local Authorities and President of the Committee of the Regions of the European Union from 1996 to 1998 . Recent years . In 1997 , Pasqual Maragall resigned as Barcelonas mayor and returned to university lecturing in Rome and New York City . However , he came back to active politics and was elected as the PSC-CpC candidate for the presidency of the Generalitat in the 1999 election . In 2000 , he was elected President of the Partit dels Socialistes de Catalunya ( PSC-PSOE ) , and was a member of the Catalan Parliament from 1988 to 1995 . From 1999 to 2003 , he presided over the PSC-CpC parliamentary group . On 16 December 2003 , Maragall was elected President of the Generalitat by the Catalan Parliament after cliff-hanger negotiations with the ERC and ICV parties . He finally took office on 20 December . While generally popular as Mayor of Barcelona , Maragalls career as President of the coalition government was marked by a series of crises . A particularly severe one involved Chief Councilor Carods secret trip to France to unofficially negotiate with ETA . Others include : the stormy negotiations over a new Statute of Autonomy for Catalonia in which Maragall and the PSC hovered between a nationalist stance and giving in to the central government pressure ; the collapse of an entire city block in Barcelonas Carmel district following poorly planned and executed tunnelling work ; and a schemesupported by Maragalls governmentto build a tunnel for the AVE high-speed train under the shaky foundations of Barcelonas 19th-century city centre . In October 2005 Maragall met with objections regarding his plans for reshuffling the cabinet without consulting either his coalition partners or his party . The Presidents brother , Ernest Maragall , was tipped for a ministerial post in the reshuffle . Ernest , who held the post of Executive Secretary , was seen by critics as an apparatchik , and whipped up a storm of protest in June 2005 when he opposed plans to make Catalonias future anti-fraud department independent of the government . Pasqual Maragalls pledges to fight corruption and nepotism in public administration were one of the key planks in his 2003 campaign . On 21 June 2006 , Maragall announced that he would not be standing for reelection ( see 2006 Catalan Parliament election ) . He offered his support to new President José Montilla amongst controversy over Montillas non-Catalan heritage , stating that it did not make Catalonia less Catalan , and later commented that our new homeland is Europe . He later stated our new path is the Mediterranean . On 19 October 2007 , it was announced that he would not pay his PSOE membership fee anymore , ending three decades of activity within the party . The following day , he announced that he had been diagnosed with Alzheimers disease and that he was creating the Pasqual Maragall Foundation to fight against the illness . In 2007 he founded the Catalunya Europa Foundation , which develops work inspired by the thought and political work of Maragall , including the active involvement of Catalan society in a more united Europe , the global role of cities as spaces for social transformation , and lasting dialogue between Catalonia , Spain and Europe . In 2017 a collection of essays edited by Jaume Claret , Pasqual Maragall : Pensament i acció , was published by RBA Libros . Academics and colleagues of the politician discuss the essential points of his career : the city and the region , his vision of Catalonias place in Spain and in the world , government policies and the 1992 Olympic Games , among others . In 2020 , a documentary film directed by Josep M . Mañé and Francesca Català , Maragall i la Lluna , was released . The documentary starts with the experience of Lluna , a girl who was eight years old when , in 1993 , the then-mayor of Barcelona moved into her home to better understand the reality of the Roquetes neighborhood . Twenty-five years later , Lluna begins a search which starts with the memory of those days and leads her to discover Maragall through family members , acquaintances and politicians . External links . - Official website
[ "" ]
[ { "text": " Pasqual Maragall i Mira ( ; born 13 January 1941 ) is a Spanish politician and former President of Generalitat de Catalunya . He had previously been Mayor of Barcelona , from 1982 to 1997 , and helped run the citys successful Olympic bid . Early life and education .", "title": "Pasqual Maragall" }, { "text": "He was born in Barcelona in 1941 as the third of eight siblings . His grandfather was the Catalan poet Joan Maragall . In 1965 , he married Diana Garrigosa , and he has two daughters and a son . He was an active member of the Workers Front of Catalonia and joined the left-wing anti-Franco movement Popular Liberation Front . He studied law and economics at the University of Barcelona between 1957 and 1964 .", "title": "Pasqual Maragall" }, { "text": " In 1965 , after his studies , he joined the Specialist Office of Barcelona City Council as an economist , work he combined with giving classes in economic theory at the Autonomous University of Barcelona , acting as assistant to the professor , . He also cooperated with the Studies Service of the , run by . Between 1971 and 1973 , he lived in New York City , where he gained a master of arts in economics from the New School University .", "title": "Pasqual Maragall" }, { "text": "In 1973 , he came back to Barcelona and returned to the Barcelona City Council and to the UAB , where he gave classes on urban economics and international economics as temporary assistant lecturer . One year earlier , he supported Convergència Socialista de Catalunya , one of the founding groups of the PSC . In 1978 , at the Economics Faculty of the UAB , he presented his doctoral thesis The prices of urban land , The case of Barcelona ( 1948–1978 ) . In 1978 , he was a researcher and guest professor at the Johns Hopkins University", "title": "Beginnings in politics" }, { "text": "in Baltimore . This university would later appoint him doctor honoris causa .", "title": "Beginnings in politics" }, { "text": " He joined the PSC electoral list in the first democratic municipal election for Barcelona City Council in 1979 and this party won the most votes at the ballot box . His friend Narcís Serra became Mayor while he became tinent dalcalde ( Deputy Mayor ) for Administrative Reform , and later for Taxation . On 1 December 1982 he succeeded Narcís Serra as Mayor of Barcelona , since Serra was appointed minister of Defence by the new Socialist government of Felipe González .", "title": "First elections" }, { "text": "In 1986 , Barcelona was chosen to host the 1992 Summer Olympics Accordingly , the citys mayorPasqual Maragallpresided over the organising committee ( COOB92 ) . The Olympics provided the city with sorely needed infrastructure . Another Maragall initiative , the 2004 Universal Forum of Cultures , exhibited the same top-down approach . It is widely recognised , however , that the 92 Games helped Barcelona to redefine itself as one of the great cities of Europe .", "title": "First elections" }, { "text": " From 1991 to 1997 , he was President of the Council of Municipalities and Regions of Europe . He was also Vice-President of the International Union of Local Authorities and President of the Committee of the Regions of the European Union from 1996 to 1998 .", "title": "First elections" }, { "text": " In 1997 , Pasqual Maragall resigned as Barcelonas mayor and returned to university lecturing in Rome and New York City . However , he came back to active politics and was elected as the PSC-CpC candidate for the presidency of the Generalitat in the 1999 election . In 2000 , he was elected President of the Partit dels Socialistes de Catalunya ( PSC-PSOE ) , and was a member of the Catalan Parliament from 1988 to 1995 . From 1999 to 2003 , he presided over the PSC-CpC parliamentary group .", "title": "Recent years" }, { "text": "On 16 December 2003 , Maragall was elected President of the Generalitat by the Catalan Parliament after cliff-hanger negotiations with the ERC and ICV parties . He finally took office on 20 December . While generally popular as Mayor of Barcelona , Maragalls career as President of the coalition government was marked by a series of crises . A particularly severe one involved Chief Councilor Carods secret trip to France to unofficially negotiate with ETA . Others include : the stormy negotiations over a new Statute of Autonomy for Catalonia in which Maragall and the PSC hovered between a nationalist", "title": "Recent years" }, { "text": "stance and giving in to the central government pressure ; the collapse of an entire city block in Barcelonas Carmel district following poorly planned and executed tunnelling work ; and a schemesupported by Maragalls governmentto build a tunnel for the AVE high-speed train under the shaky foundations of Barcelonas 19th-century city centre . In October 2005 Maragall met with objections regarding his plans for reshuffling the cabinet without consulting either his coalition partners or his party . The Presidents brother , Ernest Maragall , was tipped for a ministerial post in the reshuffle . Ernest , who held the post", "title": "Recent years" }, { "text": "of Executive Secretary , was seen by critics as an apparatchik , and whipped up a storm of protest in June 2005 when he opposed plans to make Catalonias future anti-fraud department independent of the government . Pasqual Maragalls pledges to fight corruption and nepotism in public administration were one of the key planks in his 2003 campaign .", "title": "Recent years" }, { "text": "On 21 June 2006 , Maragall announced that he would not be standing for reelection ( see 2006 Catalan Parliament election ) . He offered his support to new President José Montilla amongst controversy over Montillas non-Catalan heritage , stating that it did not make Catalonia less Catalan , and later commented that our new homeland is Europe . He later stated our new path is the Mediterranean . On 19 October 2007 , it was announced that he would not pay his PSOE membership fee anymore , ending three decades of activity within the party . The following day", "title": "Recent years" }, { "text": ", he announced that he had been diagnosed with Alzheimers disease and that he was creating the Pasqual Maragall Foundation to fight against the illness .", "title": "Recent years" }, { "text": " In 2007 he founded the Catalunya Europa Foundation , which develops work inspired by the thought and political work of Maragall , including the active involvement of Catalan society in a more united Europe , the global role of cities as spaces for social transformation , and lasting dialogue between Catalonia , Spain and Europe .", "title": "Recent years" }, { "text": "In 2017 a collection of essays edited by Jaume Claret , Pasqual Maragall : Pensament i acció , was published by RBA Libros . Academics and colleagues of the politician discuss the essential points of his career : the city and the region , his vision of Catalonias place in Spain and in the world , government policies and the 1992 Olympic Games , among others .", "title": "Recent years" }, { "text": " In 2020 , a documentary film directed by Josep M . Mañé and Francesca Català , Maragall i la Lluna , was released . The documentary starts with the experience of Lluna , a girl who was eight years old when , in 1993 , the then-mayor of Barcelona moved into her home to better understand the reality of the Roquetes neighborhood . Twenty-five years later , Lluna begins a search which starts with the memory of those days and leads her to discover Maragall through family members , acquaintances and politicians .", "title": "Recent years" }, { "text": " - Official website", "title": "External links" } ]
/wiki/Pasqual_Maragall#P102#2
Which party was Pasqual Maragall a member of in early 2000s?
Pasqual Maragall Pasqual Maragall i Mira ( ; born 13 January 1941 ) is a Spanish politician and former President of Generalitat de Catalunya . He had previously been Mayor of Barcelona , from 1982 to 1997 , and helped run the citys successful Olympic bid . Early life and education . He was born in Barcelona in 1941 as the third of eight siblings . His grandfather was the Catalan poet Joan Maragall . In 1965 , he married Diana Garrigosa , and he has two daughters and a son . He was an active member of the Workers Front of Catalonia and joined the left-wing anti-Franco movement Popular Liberation Front . He studied law and economics at the University of Barcelona between 1957 and 1964 . In 1965 , after his studies , he joined the Specialist Office of Barcelona City Council as an economist , work he combined with giving classes in economic theory at the Autonomous University of Barcelona , acting as assistant to the professor , . He also cooperated with the Studies Service of the , run by . Between 1971 and 1973 , he lived in New York City , where he gained a master of arts in economics from the New School University . Beginnings in politics . In 1973 , he came back to Barcelona and returned to the Barcelona City Council and to the UAB , where he gave classes on urban economics and international economics as temporary assistant lecturer . One year earlier , he supported Convergència Socialista de Catalunya , one of the founding groups of the PSC . In 1978 , at the Economics Faculty of the UAB , he presented his doctoral thesis The prices of urban land , The case of Barcelona ( 1948–1978 ) . In 1978 , he was a researcher and guest professor at the Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore . This university would later appoint him doctor honoris causa . First elections . He joined the PSC electoral list in the first democratic municipal election for Barcelona City Council in 1979 and this party won the most votes at the ballot box . His friend Narcís Serra became Mayor while he became tinent dalcalde ( Deputy Mayor ) for Administrative Reform , and later for Taxation . On 1 December 1982 he succeeded Narcís Serra as Mayor of Barcelona , since Serra was appointed minister of Defence by the new Socialist government of Felipe González . In 1986 , Barcelona was chosen to host the 1992 Summer Olympics Accordingly , the citys mayorPasqual Maragallpresided over the organising committee ( COOB92 ) . The Olympics provided the city with sorely needed infrastructure . Another Maragall initiative , the 2004 Universal Forum of Cultures , exhibited the same top-down approach . It is widely recognised , however , that the 92 Games helped Barcelona to redefine itself as one of the great cities of Europe . From 1991 to 1997 , he was President of the Council of Municipalities and Regions of Europe . He was also Vice-President of the International Union of Local Authorities and President of the Committee of the Regions of the European Union from 1996 to 1998 . Recent years . In 1997 , Pasqual Maragall resigned as Barcelonas mayor and returned to university lecturing in Rome and New York City . However , he came back to active politics and was elected as the PSC-CpC candidate for the presidency of the Generalitat in the 1999 election . In 2000 , he was elected President of the Partit dels Socialistes de Catalunya ( PSC-PSOE ) , and was a member of the Catalan Parliament from 1988 to 1995 . From 1999 to 2003 , he presided over the PSC-CpC parliamentary group . On 16 December 2003 , Maragall was elected President of the Generalitat by the Catalan Parliament after cliff-hanger negotiations with the ERC and ICV parties . He finally took office on 20 December . While generally popular as Mayor of Barcelona , Maragalls career as President of the coalition government was marked by a series of crises . A particularly severe one involved Chief Councilor Carods secret trip to France to unofficially negotiate with ETA . Others include : the stormy negotiations over a new Statute of Autonomy for Catalonia in which Maragall and the PSC hovered between a nationalist stance and giving in to the central government pressure ; the collapse of an entire city block in Barcelonas Carmel district following poorly planned and executed tunnelling work ; and a schemesupported by Maragalls governmentto build a tunnel for the AVE high-speed train under the shaky foundations of Barcelonas 19th-century city centre . In October 2005 Maragall met with objections regarding his plans for reshuffling the cabinet without consulting either his coalition partners or his party . The Presidents brother , Ernest Maragall , was tipped for a ministerial post in the reshuffle . Ernest , who held the post of Executive Secretary , was seen by critics as an apparatchik , and whipped up a storm of protest in June 2005 when he opposed plans to make Catalonias future anti-fraud department independent of the government . Pasqual Maragalls pledges to fight corruption and nepotism in public administration were one of the key planks in his 2003 campaign . On 21 June 2006 , Maragall announced that he would not be standing for reelection ( see 2006 Catalan Parliament election ) . He offered his support to new President José Montilla amongst controversy over Montillas non-Catalan heritage , stating that it did not make Catalonia less Catalan , and later commented that our new homeland is Europe . He later stated our new path is the Mediterranean . On 19 October 2007 , it was announced that he would not pay his PSOE membership fee anymore , ending three decades of activity within the party . The following day , he announced that he had been diagnosed with Alzheimers disease and that he was creating the Pasqual Maragall Foundation to fight against the illness . In 2007 he founded the Catalunya Europa Foundation , which develops work inspired by the thought and political work of Maragall , including the active involvement of Catalan society in a more united Europe , the global role of cities as spaces for social transformation , and lasting dialogue between Catalonia , Spain and Europe . In 2017 a collection of essays edited by Jaume Claret , Pasqual Maragall : Pensament i acció , was published by RBA Libros . Academics and colleagues of the politician discuss the essential points of his career : the city and the region , his vision of Catalonias place in Spain and in the world , government policies and the 1992 Olympic Games , among others . In 2020 , a documentary film directed by Josep M . Mañé and Francesca Català , Maragall i la Lluna , was released . The documentary starts with the experience of Lluna , a girl who was eight years old when , in 1993 , the then-mayor of Barcelona moved into her home to better understand the reality of the Roquetes neighborhood . Twenty-five years later , Lluna begins a search which starts with the memory of those days and leads her to discover Maragall through family members , acquaintances and politicians . External links . - Official website
[ "Partit dels Socialistes de Catalunya" ]
[ { "text": " Pasqual Maragall i Mira ( ; born 13 January 1941 ) is a Spanish politician and former President of Generalitat de Catalunya . He had previously been Mayor of Barcelona , from 1982 to 1997 , and helped run the citys successful Olympic bid . Early life and education .", "title": "Pasqual Maragall" }, { "text": "He was born in Barcelona in 1941 as the third of eight siblings . His grandfather was the Catalan poet Joan Maragall . In 1965 , he married Diana Garrigosa , and he has two daughters and a son . He was an active member of the Workers Front of Catalonia and joined the left-wing anti-Franco movement Popular Liberation Front . He studied law and economics at the University of Barcelona between 1957 and 1964 .", "title": "Pasqual Maragall" }, { "text": " In 1965 , after his studies , he joined the Specialist Office of Barcelona City Council as an economist , work he combined with giving classes in economic theory at the Autonomous University of Barcelona , acting as assistant to the professor , . He also cooperated with the Studies Service of the , run by . Between 1971 and 1973 , he lived in New York City , where he gained a master of arts in economics from the New School University .", "title": "Pasqual Maragall" }, { "text": "In 1973 , he came back to Barcelona and returned to the Barcelona City Council and to the UAB , where he gave classes on urban economics and international economics as temporary assistant lecturer . One year earlier , he supported Convergència Socialista de Catalunya , one of the founding groups of the PSC . In 1978 , at the Economics Faculty of the UAB , he presented his doctoral thesis The prices of urban land , The case of Barcelona ( 1948–1978 ) . In 1978 , he was a researcher and guest professor at the Johns Hopkins University", "title": "Beginnings in politics" }, { "text": "in Baltimore . This university would later appoint him doctor honoris causa .", "title": "Beginnings in politics" }, { "text": " He joined the PSC electoral list in the first democratic municipal election for Barcelona City Council in 1979 and this party won the most votes at the ballot box . His friend Narcís Serra became Mayor while he became tinent dalcalde ( Deputy Mayor ) for Administrative Reform , and later for Taxation . On 1 December 1982 he succeeded Narcís Serra as Mayor of Barcelona , since Serra was appointed minister of Defence by the new Socialist government of Felipe González .", "title": "First elections" }, { "text": "In 1986 , Barcelona was chosen to host the 1992 Summer Olympics Accordingly , the citys mayorPasqual Maragallpresided over the organising committee ( COOB92 ) . The Olympics provided the city with sorely needed infrastructure . Another Maragall initiative , the 2004 Universal Forum of Cultures , exhibited the same top-down approach . It is widely recognised , however , that the 92 Games helped Barcelona to redefine itself as one of the great cities of Europe .", "title": "First elections" }, { "text": " From 1991 to 1997 , he was President of the Council of Municipalities and Regions of Europe . He was also Vice-President of the International Union of Local Authorities and President of the Committee of the Regions of the European Union from 1996 to 1998 .", "title": "First elections" }, { "text": " In 1997 , Pasqual Maragall resigned as Barcelonas mayor and returned to university lecturing in Rome and New York City . However , he came back to active politics and was elected as the PSC-CpC candidate for the presidency of the Generalitat in the 1999 election . In 2000 , he was elected President of the Partit dels Socialistes de Catalunya ( PSC-PSOE ) , and was a member of the Catalan Parliament from 1988 to 1995 . From 1999 to 2003 , he presided over the PSC-CpC parliamentary group .", "title": "Recent years" }, { "text": "On 16 December 2003 , Maragall was elected President of the Generalitat by the Catalan Parliament after cliff-hanger negotiations with the ERC and ICV parties . He finally took office on 20 December . While generally popular as Mayor of Barcelona , Maragalls career as President of the coalition government was marked by a series of crises . A particularly severe one involved Chief Councilor Carods secret trip to France to unofficially negotiate with ETA . Others include : the stormy negotiations over a new Statute of Autonomy for Catalonia in which Maragall and the PSC hovered between a nationalist", "title": "Recent years" }, { "text": "stance and giving in to the central government pressure ; the collapse of an entire city block in Barcelonas Carmel district following poorly planned and executed tunnelling work ; and a schemesupported by Maragalls governmentto build a tunnel for the AVE high-speed train under the shaky foundations of Barcelonas 19th-century city centre . In October 2005 Maragall met with objections regarding his plans for reshuffling the cabinet without consulting either his coalition partners or his party . The Presidents brother , Ernest Maragall , was tipped for a ministerial post in the reshuffle . Ernest , who held the post", "title": "Recent years" }, { "text": "of Executive Secretary , was seen by critics as an apparatchik , and whipped up a storm of protest in June 2005 when he opposed plans to make Catalonias future anti-fraud department independent of the government . Pasqual Maragalls pledges to fight corruption and nepotism in public administration were one of the key planks in his 2003 campaign .", "title": "Recent years" }, { "text": "On 21 June 2006 , Maragall announced that he would not be standing for reelection ( see 2006 Catalan Parliament election ) . He offered his support to new President José Montilla amongst controversy over Montillas non-Catalan heritage , stating that it did not make Catalonia less Catalan , and later commented that our new homeland is Europe . He later stated our new path is the Mediterranean . On 19 October 2007 , it was announced that he would not pay his PSOE membership fee anymore , ending three decades of activity within the party . The following day", "title": "Recent years" }, { "text": ", he announced that he had been diagnosed with Alzheimers disease and that he was creating the Pasqual Maragall Foundation to fight against the illness .", "title": "Recent years" }, { "text": " In 2007 he founded the Catalunya Europa Foundation , which develops work inspired by the thought and political work of Maragall , including the active involvement of Catalan society in a more united Europe , the global role of cities as spaces for social transformation , and lasting dialogue between Catalonia , Spain and Europe .", "title": "Recent years" }, { "text": "In 2017 a collection of essays edited by Jaume Claret , Pasqual Maragall : Pensament i acció , was published by RBA Libros . Academics and colleagues of the politician discuss the essential points of his career : the city and the region , his vision of Catalonias place in Spain and in the world , government policies and the 1992 Olympic Games , among others .", "title": "Recent years" }, { "text": " In 2020 , a documentary film directed by Josep M . Mañé and Francesca Català , Maragall i la Lluna , was released . The documentary starts with the experience of Lluna , a girl who was eight years old when , in 1993 , the then-mayor of Barcelona moved into her home to better understand the reality of the Roquetes neighborhood . Twenty-five years later , Lluna begins a search which starts with the memory of those days and leads her to discover Maragall through family members , acquaintances and politicians .", "title": "Recent years" }, { "text": " - Official website", "title": "External links" } ]
/wiki/James_Bryce,_1st_Viscount_Bryce#P39#0
What was the position of James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce before Jun 1886?
James Bryce , 1st Viscount Bryce James Bryce , 1st Viscount Bryce , ( 10 May 1838 – 22 January 1922 ) was an Ulster-born academic , jurist , historian , and Liberal politician . Background and education . Bryce was born in Arthur Street in Belfast , County Antrim , in Ulster , Ireland , the son of Margaret , daughter of James Young of Whiteabbey , and James Bryce , LLD , from near Coleraine , County Londonderry . The first eight years of his life were spent residing at his grandfathers Whiteabbey residence , often playing for hours on the tranquil picturesque shoreline . Annan Bryce was his younger brother . He was educated under his uncle Reuben John Bryce at the Belfast Academy , Glasgow High School , the University of Glasgow , the University of Heidelberg and Trinity College , Oxford . He was elected a fellow of Oriel College , Oxford , in 1862 and was called to the Bar , Lincolns Inn , in 1867 . His days as a student at the University of Heidelberg gave him a long-life admiration of German historical and legal scholarship . He became a believer in Teutonic freedom , an ill-defined concept that was held to bind the German Empire , Britain and the United States together . For him , the United States , the British Empire and Germany were natural friends . Academic career . Bryce was admitted to the Bar and practised law in London for a few years but was soon called back to Oxford to become Regius Professor of Civil Law , a position he held from 1870 to 1893 . From 1870 to 1875 he was also Professor of Jurisprudence at Owens College , Manchester . His reputation as an historian had been made as early as 1864 by his work on the Holy Roman Empire . In 1872 Bryce travelled to Iceland to see the land of the Icelandic sagas , as he was a great admirer of Njáls saga . In 1876 he ventured through the Russian empire to Mount Ararat , climbed above the tree line and found a piece of hand-hewn timber , long and thick . He agreed that the evidence fit the Armenian Churchs belief that it was from Noahs Ark and offered no other explanations . In 1872 Bryce , a proponent of higher education , particularly for women , joined the Central Committee of the National Union for Improving the Education of Women of All Classes ( NUIEWC ) . Member of Parliament . In 1880 Bryce , an ardent Liberal in politics , was elected to the House of Commons as member for the constituency of Tower Hamlets in London . In 1885 he was returned for South Aberdeen and he was re-elected there on succeeding occasions . He remained a Member of Parliament until 1907 . Bryces intellectual distinction and political industry made him a valuable member of the Liberal Party . As early as the late 1860s he served as Chairman of the Royal Commission on Secondary Education . In 1885 he was made Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs under William Ewart Gladstone but had to leave office after the Liberals were defeated in the general election later that year . In 1892 he joined Gladstones last cabinet as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and was sworn of the Privy Council at the same time . In 1894 Bryce was appointed President of the Board of Trade in the new cabinet of Lord Rosebery , but had to leave this office , along with the whole Liberal cabinet , the following year . The Liberals remained out of office for the next ten years . In 1897 , after a visit to South Africa , Bryce published a volume of Impressions of that country that had considerable influence in Liberal circles when the Second Boer War was being discussed . He devoted significant sections of the book to the recent history of South Africa , various social and economic details about the country , and his experiences while travelling with his party . The still radical Bryce was made Chief Secretary for Ireland in Prime Minister Sir Henry Campbell-Bannermans cabinet in 1905 and remained in office throughout 1906 . Bryce was critical of many of the social reforms proposed by this Liberal Government , including old-age pensions , the Trade Disputes Act and the redistributive Peoples Budget , which he regarded as making unwarranted concessions to socialism . Ambassador to the United States . In February 1907 Bryce was appointed British Ambassador to the United States . He held this office until 1913 , and was very efficient in strengthening Anglo-American ties and friendship . He made many personal friends among American politicians , such as President Theodore Roosevelt . The German ambassador in Washington , Graf Heinrich von Bernstorff , later stated how relieved he felt that Bryce was not his competitor for American sympathies during the First World War , even though Bernstorff helped to keep the United States from declaring war until 1917 . Bryce quickly became well known in America for his book The American Commonwealth ( 1888 ) , a thorough examination of the institutions of the United States from the point of view of a historian and constitutional lawyer . Bryce painstakingly reproduced the travels of Alexis de Tocqueville , who wrote Democracy in America ( 1835–1840 ) . Tocqueville had emphasised the egalitarianism of early-19th-century America , but Bryce was dismayed to find vast inequality : Sixty years ago , there were no great fortunes in America , few large fortunes , no poverty . Now there is some poverty .. . and a greater number of gigantic fortunes than in any other country of the world and As respects education .. . the profusion of…elementary schools tends to raise the mass to a higher point than in Europe .. . [ but ] there is an increasing class that has studied at the best universities . It appears that equality has diminished [ in this regard ] and will diminish further . The work was heavily used in academia , partly as a result of Bryces close friendships with men such as James B . Angell , President of the University of Michigan and successively Charles W . Eliot and Abbott Lawrence Lowell at Harvard . The work also became a key medium for certain Americans to popularise a view of American history as distinctively Anglo-Saxon . Peerage . In 1914 , after his retirement as Ambassador and his return to Britain , Bryce was raised to the peerage as Viscount Bryce of Dechmount in the County of Lanark . Thus he became a member of the House of Lords , the powers of which had been curtailed by the Parliament Act 1911 . First World War . Following the outbreak of the First World War Bryce was commissioned by Prime Minister H . H . Asquith to write what became known as The Bryce Report in which he described German atrocities in Belgium . The report was published in 1915 and was damning of German behaviour against civilians . Bryces account was confirmed by Vernon Lyman Kellogg , the Director of the American Commission for Relief in Belgium , who told the New York Times that the German military had enslaved hundreds of thousands of Belgian workers , and abused and maimed many of them in the process . Bryce strongly condemned the Armenian genocide in the Ottoman Empire mainly in 1915 . Bryce was the first person to speak on the subject in the House of Lords , in July 1915 . Later , with the assistance of the historian Arnold J . Toynbee , he produced a documentary record of the massacres that was published as a Blue Book by the British government in 1916 . In 1921 Bryce wrote that the Armenian genocide had also claimed half of the population of the Assyrians in the Ottoman Empire and that similar cruelties had been perpetrated upon them . Later life . During the last years of his life Bryce served as a judge at the International Court in The Hague , supported the establishment of the League of Nations and published a book , Modern Democracy ( 1921 ) , in which he was rather critical of post-war democracy . Honours and other public appointments . Bryce received numerous academic honours from home and foreign universities . In September 1901 , he received the degree of Doctor of Laws from Dartmouth College , and in October 1902 he received an honorary degree ( LLD ) from the University of St Andrews . He became a fellow of the Royal Society in 1894 . In earlier life , he was a notable mountain climber , ascending Mount Ararat in 1876 , and published a volume on Transcaucasia and Ararat in 1877 ; in 1899 to 1901 , he was the president of the Alpine Club . From his Caucasian journey , he brought back a deep distrust of Ottoman rule in Asia Minor and a distinct sympathy for the Armenian people . In 1882 , Bryce established the National Liberal Club , whose members , in its first three decades , included fellow founder Prime Minister Gladstone , George Bernard Shaw , David Lloyd George , H . H . Asquith and many other prominent Liberal candidates and MPs such as Winston Churchill and Bertrand Russell . In April 1882 Bryce was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society . In 1907 , he was made a Member of the Order of Merit by King Edward VII . At the Kings death , Bryce arranged his Washington Memorial Service . At the time of Bryces memorial service at Westminster Abbey , his wife , Elizabeth , received condolences from King George V , who regarded Lord Bryce as an old friend and trusted counsellor to whom I could always turn . Queen Victoria had said that Bryce was one of the best informed men on all subjects I have ever met . From 1907 through 1908 , Bryce served as the president of the American Political Science Association . He was the fourth person to hold this office . He was president of the British Academy from 1913 to 1917 . In 1919 he delivered the British Academys inaugural Raleigh Lecture on History , on World History . In 2013 , the Ulster History Circle unveiled a blue plaque dedicated to him , near his birthplace in Belfast . Personal life . Bryce married Elizabeth Marion , daughter of Thomas Ashton and sister of Lord Ashton , 1st Baron Ashton of Hyde , in 1889 . They had no children . Bryce died on 22 January 1922 , aged 83 , in Sidmouth , Devon , on the last of his lifelong travels . The viscountcy died with him . He was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium . There is a large monument to Viscount Bryce in the southwest section of the Grange Cemetery in Edinburgh , facing north at the west end of the central east–west avenue . It is presumed that his ashes are buried there . There is a bust of Viscount Bryce in Trinity Church on Broadway , near Wall Street . A similar bust is in the U.S . Capitol Building and there is a commemorative Bryce Park in Washington DC . Lady Bryce died in 1939 . Her papers are held at the Bodleian Library . In 1965 the James Bryce Chair of Government was endowed at the University of Glasgow . Government was changed to Politics in 1970 . Publications . - The Flora of the Island of Aran , 1859 - The Holy Roman Empire , 1864 - Report on the Condition of Education in Lancashire , 1867 - The Trade Marks Registration Act , with Introduction and Notes on Trade Mark Law , 1877 - Transcaucasia and Ararat , 1877 - The American Commonwealth , 1888 , Volume I , Volume II , Volume III - Impressions of South Africa , 1897 - Studies in History and Jurisprudence , 1901 , Volume I , Volume II - Studies in Contemporary Biography , 1903 - The Hindrances to Good Citizenship , 1909 Reissued by Transaction Publishers , 1993 , edited and with a new Introduction by Howard G . Schneiderman - South America : Observations and Impressions 1912 - The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire 1915–16 , 1916 - Essays and Addresses in War Time , 1918 - Modern Democracies , 1921 Volume I , Volume II His Studies in History and Jurisprudence ( 1901 ) and Studies in Contemporary Biography ( 1903 ) were republications of essays . Selected articles . - The Future of English Universities , The Fortnightly Review , Vol . XXXIX , 1883 . - An Ideal University , The Contemporary Review , Vol . XLV , June 1884 . - The Relations of History and Geography , The Contemporary Review , Vol . XLIX , January/June 1886 . - An Age of Discontent , The Contemporary Review , Vol . LIX , January 1891 . - The Migrations of the Races of Men Considered Historically , The Contemporary Review , Vol . LXII , July 1892 . - The Teaching of Civic Duty , Educational Review , Vol . VI , 1893 . - Equality , The Century ; A Popular Quarterly , Vol . LVI , No . 3 , July 1898 . - What is Progress? , The Atlantic Monthly , Vol . C , 1907 . Famous quotations . - Patriotism consists not in waving the flag , but in striving that our country shall be righteous as well as strong . - No government demands so much from the citizen as Democracy and none gives back so much . - Life is too short for reading inferior books . External links . - James Bryce , Two Historical Studies : The Ancient Roman Empire and the British Empire in India ; Diffusion of Roman and English Law Throughout the World ( 1914 ) - Text of the Bryce report on German atrocities - Viscount James Bryce at The Online Library of Liberty - James Bryce , preface to Shall This Nation Die? , by Joseph Naayem , New York : 1921 , quoted in Native Christians Massacred , The Ottoman Genocide of the Assyrians during World War I , 1.3 Genocide Studies and Prevention 326 ( 2006 ) - Atrocities Cured Pacifist , The New York Times , 20 April 1918 , at 11 - The American Commonwealth , with an Introduction by Gary L . McDowell ( Indianapolis : Liberty Fund , 1995 ) . 2 Vols . See original text in The Online Library of Liberty .
[ "Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs" ]
[ { "text": " James Bryce , 1st Viscount Bryce , ( 10 May 1838 – 22 January 1922 ) was an Ulster-born academic , jurist , historian , and Liberal politician .", "title": "James Bryce , 1st Viscount Bryce" }, { "text": "Bryce was born in Arthur Street in Belfast , County Antrim , in Ulster , Ireland , the son of Margaret , daughter of James Young of Whiteabbey , and James Bryce , LLD , from near Coleraine , County Londonderry . The first eight years of his life were spent residing at his grandfathers Whiteabbey residence , often playing for hours on the tranquil picturesque shoreline . Annan Bryce was his younger brother . He was educated under his uncle Reuben John Bryce at the Belfast Academy , Glasgow High School , the University of Glasgow , the University", "title": "Background and education" }, { "text": "of Heidelberg and Trinity College , Oxford .", "title": "Background and education" }, { "text": " He was elected a fellow of Oriel College , Oxford , in 1862 and was called to the Bar , Lincolns Inn , in 1867 . His days as a student at the University of Heidelberg gave him a long-life admiration of German historical and legal scholarship . He became a believer in Teutonic freedom , an ill-defined concept that was held to bind the German Empire , Britain and the United States together . For him , the United States , the British Empire and Germany were natural friends .", "title": "Background and education" }, { "text": " Bryce was admitted to the Bar and practised law in London for a few years but was soon called back to Oxford to become Regius Professor of Civil Law , a position he held from 1870 to 1893 . From 1870 to 1875 he was also Professor of Jurisprudence at Owens College , Manchester . His reputation as an historian had been made as early as 1864 by his work on the Holy Roman Empire .", "title": "Academic career" }, { "text": "In 1872 Bryce travelled to Iceland to see the land of the Icelandic sagas , as he was a great admirer of Njáls saga . In 1876 he ventured through the Russian empire to Mount Ararat , climbed above the tree line and found a piece of hand-hewn timber , long and thick . He agreed that the evidence fit the Armenian Churchs belief that it was from Noahs Ark and offered no other explanations .", "title": "Academic career" }, { "text": " In 1872 Bryce , a proponent of higher education , particularly for women , joined the Central Committee of the National Union for Improving the Education of Women of All Classes ( NUIEWC ) .", "title": "Academic career" }, { "text": " In 1880 Bryce , an ardent Liberal in politics , was elected to the House of Commons as member for the constituency of Tower Hamlets in London . In 1885 he was returned for South Aberdeen and he was re-elected there on succeeding occasions . He remained a Member of Parliament until 1907 .", "title": "Member of Parliament" }, { "text": "Bryces intellectual distinction and political industry made him a valuable member of the Liberal Party . As early as the late 1860s he served as Chairman of the Royal Commission on Secondary Education . In 1885 he was made Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs under William Ewart Gladstone but had to leave office after the Liberals were defeated in the general election later that year . In 1892 he joined Gladstones last cabinet as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and was sworn of the Privy Council at the same time .", "title": "Member of Parliament" }, { "text": " In 1894 Bryce was appointed President of the Board of Trade in the new cabinet of Lord Rosebery , but had to leave this office , along with the whole Liberal cabinet , the following year . The Liberals remained out of office for the next ten years .", "title": "Member of Parliament" }, { "text": "In 1897 , after a visit to South Africa , Bryce published a volume of Impressions of that country that had considerable influence in Liberal circles when the Second Boer War was being discussed . He devoted significant sections of the book to the recent history of South Africa , various social and economic details about the country , and his experiences while travelling with his party .", "title": "Member of Parliament" }, { "text": " The still radical Bryce was made Chief Secretary for Ireland in Prime Minister Sir Henry Campbell-Bannermans cabinet in 1905 and remained in office throughout 1906 . Bryce was critical of many of the social reforms proposed by this Liberal Government , including old-age pensions , the Trade Disputes Act and the redistributive Peoples Budget , which he regarded as making unwarranted concessions to socialism . Ambassador to the United States .", "title": "Member of Parliament" }, { "text": "In February 1907 Bryce was appointed British Ambassador to the United States . He held this office until 1913 , and was very efficient in strengthening Anglo-American ties and friendship . He made many personal friends among American politicians , such as President Theodore Roosevelt . The German ambassador in Washington , Graf Heinrich von Bernstorff , later stated how relieved he felt that Bryce was not his competitor for American sympathies during the First World War , even though Bernstorff helped to keep the United States from declaring war until 1917 .", "title": "Member of Parliament" }, { "text": "Bryce quickly became well known in America for his book The American Commonwealth ( 1888 ) , a thorough examination of the institutions of the United States from the point of view of a historian and constitutional lawyer . Bryce painstakingly reproduced the travels of Alexis de Tocqueville , who wrote Democracy in America ( 1835–1840 ) . Tocqueville had emphasised the egalitarianism of early-19th-century America , but Bryce was dismayed to find vast inequality : Sixty years ago , there were no great fortunes in America , few large fortunes , no poverty . Now there is some poverty", "title": "Member of Parliament" }, { "text": ".. . and a greater number of gigantic fortunes than in any other country of the world and As respects education .. . the profusion of…elementary schools tends to raise the mass to a higher point than in Europe .. . [ but ] there is an increasing class that has studied at the best universities . It appears that equality has diminished [ in this regard ] and will diminish further . The work was heavily used in academia , partly as a result of Bryces close friendships with men such as James B . Angell , President of", "title": "Member of Parliament" }, { "text": "the University of Michigan and successively Charles W . Eliot and Abbott Lawrence Lowell at Harvard . The work also became a key medium for certain Americans to popularise a view of American history as distinctively Anglo-Saxon .", "title": "Member of Parliament" }, { "text": " In 1914 , after his retirement as Ambassador and his return to Britain , Bryce was raised to the peerage as Viscount Bryce of Dechmount in the County of Lanark . Thus he became a member of the House of Lords , the powers of which had been curtailed by the Parliament Act 1911 .", "title": "Peerage" }, { "text": "Following the outbreak of the First World War Bryce was commissioned by Prime Minister H . H . Asquith to write what became known as The Bryce Report in which he described German atrocities in Belgium . The report was published in 1915 and was damning of German behaviour against civilians . Bryces account was confirmed by Vernon Lyman Kellogg , the Director of the American Commission for Relief in Belgium , who told the New York Times that the German military had enslaved hundreds of thousands of Belgian workers , and abused and maimed many of them in the", "title": "First World War" }, { "text": "process .", "title": "First World War" }, { "text": "Bryce strongly condemned the Armenian genocide in the Ottoman Empire mainly in 1915 . Bryce was the first person to speak on the subject in the House of Lords , in July 1915 . Later , with the assistance of the historian Arnold J . Toynbee , he produced a documentary record of the massacres that was published as a Blue Book by the British government in 1916 . In 1921 Bryce wrote that the Armenian genocide had also claimed half of the population of the Assyrians in the Ottoman Empire and that similar cruelties had been perpetrated upon them", "title": "First World War" }, { "text": ".", "title": "First World War" }, { "text": " During the last years of his life Bryce served as a judge at the International Court in The Hague , supported the establishment of the League of Nations and published a book , Modern Democracy ( 1921 ) , in which he was rather critical of post-war democracy . Honours and other public appointments .", "title": "Later life" }, { "text": "Bryce received numerous academic honours from home and foreign universities . In September 1901 , he received the degree of Doctor of Laws from Dartmouth College , and in October 1902 he received an honorary degree ( LLD ) from the University of St Andrews .", "title": "Later life" }, { "text": " He became a fellow of the Royal Society in 1894 . In earlier life , he was a notable mountain climber , ascending Mount Ararat in 1876 , and published a volume on Transcaucasia and Ararat in 1877 ; in 1899 to 1901 , he was the president of the Alpine Club . From his Caucasian journey , he brought back a deep distrust of Ottoman rule in Asia Minor and a distinct sympathy for the Armenian people .", "title": "Later life" }, { "text": "In 1882 , Bryce established the National Liberal Club , whose members , in its first three decades , included fellow founder Prime Minister Gladstone , George Bernard Shaw , David Lloyd George , H . H . Asquith and many other prominent Liberal candidates and MPs such as Winston Churchill and Bertrand Russell . In April 1882 Bryce was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society .", "title": "Later life" }, { "text": " In 1907 , he was made a Member of the Order of Merit by King Edward VII . At the Kings death , Bryce arranged his Washington Memorial Service . At the time of Bryces memorial service at Westminster Abbey , his wife , Elizabeth , received condolences from King George V , who regarded Lord Bryce as an old friend and trusted counsellor to whom I could always turn . Queen Victoria had said that Bryce was one of the best informed men on all subjects I have ever met .", "title": "Later life" }, { "text": "From 1907 through 1908 , Bryce served as the president of the American Political Science Association . He was the fourth person to hold this office . He was president of the British Academy from 1913 to 1917 . In 1919 he delivered the British Academys inaugural Raleigh Lecture on History , on World History . In 2013 , the Ulster History Circle unveiled a blue plaque dedicated to him , near his birthplace in Belfast .", "title": "Later life" }, { "text": " Bryce married Elizabeth Marion , daughter of Thomas Ashton and sister of Lord Ashton , 1st Baron Ashton of Hyde , in 1889 . They had no children . Bryce died on 22 January 1922 , aged 83 , in Sidmouth , Devon , on the last of his lifelong travels . The viscountcy died with him . He was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium .", "title": "Personal life" }, { "text": "There is a large monument to Viscount Bryce in the southwest section of the Grange Cemetery in Edinburgh , facing north at the west end of the central east–west avenue . It is presumed that his ashes are buried there .", "title": "Personal life" }, { "text": " There is a bust of Viscount Bryce in Trinity Church on Broadway , near Wall Street . A similar bust is in the U.S . Capitol Building and there is a commemorative Bryce Park in Washington DC . Lady Bryce died in 1939 . Her papers are held at the Bodleian Library . In 1965 the James Bryce Chair of Government was endowed at the University of Glasgow . Government was changed to Politics in 1970 .", "title": "Personal life" }, { "text": " - The Flora of the Island of Aran , 1859 - The Holy Roman Empire , 1864 - Report on the Condition of Education in Lancashire , 1867 - The Trade Marks Registration Act , with Introduction and Notes on Trade Mark Law , 1877 - Transcaucasia and Ararat , 1877 - The American Commonwealth , 1888 , Volume I , Volume II , Volume III - Impressions of South Africa , 1897 - Studies in History and Jurisprudence , 1901 , Volume I , Volume II - Studies in Contemporary Biography , 1903", "title": "Publications" }, { "text": "- The Hindrances to Good Citizenship , 1909 Reissued by Transaction Publishers , 1993 , edited and with a new Introduction by Howard G . Schneiderman", "title": "Publications" }, { "text": " - South America : Observations and Impressions 1912 - The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire 1915–16 , 1916 - Essays and Addresses in War Time , 1918 - Modern Democracies , 1921 Volume I , Volume II His Studies in History and Jurisprudence ( 1901 ) and Studies in Contemporary Biography ( 1903 ) were republications of essays .", "title": "Publications" }, { "text": " - The Future of English Universities , The Fortnightly Review , Vol . XXXIX , 1883 . - An Ideal University , The Contemporary Review , Vol . XLV , June 1884 . - The Relations of History and Geography , The Contemporary Review , Vol . XLIX , January/June 1886 . - An Age of Discontent , The Contemporary Review , Vol . LIX , January 1891 . - The Migrations of the Races of Men Considered Historically , The Contemporary Review , Vol . LXII , July 1892 .", "title": "Selected articles" }, { "text": "- The Teaching of Civic Duty , Educational Review , Vol . VI , 1893 .", "title": "Selected articles" }, { "text": " - Equality , The Century ; A Popular Quarterly , Vol . LVI , No . 3 , July 1898 . - What is Progress? , The Atlantic Monthly , Vol . C , 1907 .", "title": "Selected articles" }, { "text": " - Patriotism consists not in waving the flag , but in striving that our country shall be righteous as well as strong . - No government demands so much from the citizen as Democracy and none gives back so much . - Life is too short for reading inferior books .", "title": "Famous quotations" }, { "text": " - James Bryce , Two Historical Studies : The Ancient Roman Empire and the British Empire in India ; Diffusion of Roman and English Law Throughout the World ( 1914 ) - Text of the Bryce report on German atrocities - Viscount James Bryce at The Online Library of Liberty - James Bryce , preface to Shall This Nation Die? , by Joseph Naayem , New York : 1921 , quoted in Native Christians Massacred , The Ottoman Genocide of the Assyrians during World War I , 1.3 Genocide Studies and Prevention 326 ( 2006 )", "title": "External links" }, { "text": "- Atrocities Cured Pacifist , The New York Times , 20 April 1918 , at 11", "title": "External links" }, { "text": " - The American Commonwealth , with an Introduction by Gary L . McDowell ( Indianapolis : Liberty Fund , 1995 ) . 2 Vols . See original text in The Online Library of Liberty .", "title": "External links" } ]
/wiki/James_Bryce,_1st_Viscount_Bryce#P39#1
What was the position of James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce between Oct 1892 and Dec 1892?
James Bryce , 1st Viscount Bryce James Bryce , 1st Viscount Bryce , ( 10 May 1838 – 22 January 1922 ) was an Ulster-born academic , jurist , historian , and Liberal politician . Background and education . Bryce was born in Arthur Street in Belfast , County Antrim , in Ulster , Ireland , the son of Margaret , daughter of James Young of Whiteabbey , and James Bryce , LLD , from near Coleraine , County Londonderry . The first eight years of his life were spent residing at his grandfathers Whiteabbey residence , often playing for hours on the tranquil picturesque shoreline . Annan Bryce was his younger brother . He was educated under his uncle Reuben John Bryce at the Belfast Academy , Glasgow High School , the University of Glasgow , the University of Heidelberg and Trinity College , Oxford . He was elected a fellow of Oriel College , Oxford , in 1862 and was called to the Bar , Lincolns Inn , in 1867 . His days as a student at the University of Heidelberg gave him a long-life admiration of German historical and legal scholarship . He became a believer in Teutonic freedom , an ill-defined concept that was held to bind the German Empire , Britain and the United States together . For him , the United States , the British Empire and Germany were natural friends . Academic career . Bryce was admitted to the Bar and practised law in London for a few years but was soon called back to Oxford to become Regius Professor of Civil Law , a position he held from 1870 to 1893 . From 1870 to 1875 he was also Professor of Jurisprudence at Owens College , Manchester . His reputation as an historian had been made as early as 1864 by his work on the Holy Roman Empire . In 1872 Bryce travelled to Iceland to see the land of the Icelandic sagas , as he was a great admirer of Njáls saga . In 1876 he ventured through the Russian empire to Mount Ararat , climbed above the tree line and found a piece of hand-hewn timber , long and thick . He agreed that the evidence fit the Armenian Churchs belief that it was from Noahs Ark and offered no other explanations . In 1872 Bryce , a proponent of higher education , particularly for women , joined the Central Committee of the National Union for Improving the Education of Women of All Classes ( NUIEWC ) . Member of Parliament . In 1880 Bryce , an ardent Liberal in politics , was elected to the House of Commons as member for the constituency of Tower Hamlets in London . In 1885 he was returned for South Aberdeen and he was re-elected there on succeeding occasions . He remained a Member of Parliament until 1907 . Bryces intellectual distinction and political industry made him a valuable member of the Liberal Party . As early as the late 1860s he served as Chairman of the Royal Commission on Secondary Education . In 1885 he was made Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs under William Ewart Gladstone but had to leave office after the Liberals were defeated in the general election later that year . In 1892 he joined Gladstones last cabinet as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and was sworn of the Privy Council at the same time . In 1894 Bryce was appointed President of the Board of Trade in the new cabinet of Lord Rosebery , but had to leave this office , along with the whole Liberal cabinet , the following year . The Liberals remained out of office for the next ten years . In 1897 , after a visit to South Africa , Bryce published a volume of Impressions of that country that had considerable influence in Liberal circles when the Second Boer War was being discussed . He devoted significant sections of the book to the recent history of South Africa , various social and economic details about the country , and his experiences while travelling with his party . The still radical Bryce was made Chief Secretary for Ireland in Prime Minister Sir Henry Campbell-Bannermans cabinet in 1905 and remained in office throughout 1906 . Bryce was critical of many of the social reforms proposed by this Liberal Government , including old-age pensions , the Trade Disputes Act and the redistributive Peoples Budget , which he regarded as making unwarranted concessions to socialism . Ambassador to the United States . In February 1907 Bryce was appointed British Ambassador to the United States . He held this office until 1913 , and was very efficient in strengthening Anglo-American ties and friendship . He made many personal friends among American politicians , such as President Theodore Roosevelt . The German ambassador in Washington , Graf Heinrich von Bernstorff , later stated how relieved he felt that Bryce was not his competitor for American sympathies during the First World War , even though Bernstorff helped to keep the United States from declaring war until 1917 . Bryce quickly became well known in America for his book The American Commonwealth ( 1888 ) , a thorough examination of the institutions of the United States from the point of view of a historian and constitutional lawyer . Bryce painstakingly reproduced the travels of Alexis de Tocqueville , who wrote Democracy in America ( 1835–1840 ) . Tocqueville had emphasised the egalitarianism of early-19th-century America , but Bryce was dismayed to find vast inequality : Sixty years ago , there were no great fortunes in America , few large fortunes , no poverty . Now there is some poverty .. . and a greater number of gigantic fortunes than in any other country of the world and As respects education .. . the profusion of…elementary schools tends to raise the mass to a higher point than in Europe .. . [ but ] there is an increasing class that has studied at the best universities . It appears that equality has diminished [ in this regard ] and will diminish further . The work was heavily used in academia , partly as a result of Bryces close friendships with men such as James B . Angell , President of the University of Michigan and successively Charles W . Eliot and Abbott Lawrence Lowell at Harvard . The work also became a key medium for certain Americans to popularise a view of American history as distinctively Anglo-Saxon . Peerage . In 1914 , after his retirement as Ambassador and his return to Britain , Bryce was raised to the peerage as Viscount Bryce of Dechmount in the County of Lanark . Thus he became a member of the House of Lords , the powers of which had been curtailed by the Parliament Act 1911 . First World War . Following the outbreak of the First World War Bryce was commissioned by Prime Minister H . H . Asquith to write what became known as The Bryce Report in which he described German atrocities in Belgium . The report was published in 1915 and was damning of German behaviour against civilians . Bryces account was confirmed by Vernon Lyman Kellogg , the Director of the American Commission for Relief in Belgium , who told the New York Times that the German military had enslaved hundreds of thousands of Belgian workers , and abused and maimed many of them in the process . Bryce strongly condemned the Armenian genocide in the Ottoman Empire mainly in 1915 . Bryce was the first person to speak on the subject in the House of Lords , in July 1915 . Later , with the assistance of the historian Arnold J . Toynbee , he produced a documentary record of the massacres that was published as a Blue Book by the British government in 1916 . In 1921 Bryce wrote that the Armenian genocide had also claimed half of the population of the Assyrians in the Ottoman Empire and that similar cruelties had been perpetrated upon them . Later life . During the last years of his life Bryce served as a judge at the International Court in The Hague , supported the establishment of the League of Nations and published a book , Modern Democracy ( 1921 ) , in which he was rather critical of post-war democracy . Honours and other public appointments . Bryce received numerous academic honours from home and foreign universities . In September 1901 , he received the degree of Doctor of Laws from Dartmouth College , and in October 1902 he received an honorary degree ( LLD ) from the University of St Andrews . He became a fellow of the Royal Society in 1894 . In earlier life , he was a notable mountain climber , ascending Mount Ararat in 1876 , and published a volume on Transcaucasia and Ararat in 1877 ; in 1899 to 1901 , he was the president of the Alpine Club . From his Caucasian journey , he brought back a deep distrust of Ottoman rule in Asia Minor and a distinct sympathy for the Armenian people . In 1882 , Bryce established the National Liberal Club , whose members , in its first three decades , included fellow founder Prime Minister Gladstone , George Bernard Shaw , David Lloyd George , H . H . Asquith and many other prominent Liberal candidates and MPs such as Winston Churchill and Bertrand Russell . In April 1882 Bryce was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society . In 1907 , he was made a Member of the Order of Merit by King Edward VII . At the Kings death , Bryce arranged his Washington Memorial Service . At the time of Bryces memorial service at Westminster Abbey , his wife , Elizabeth , received condolences from King George V , who regarded Lord Bryce as an old friend and trusted counsellor to whom I could always turn . Queen Victoria had said that Bryce was one of the best informed men on all subjects I have ever met . From 1907 through 1908 , Bryce served as the president of the American Political Science Association . He was the fourth person to hold this office . He was president of the British Academy from 1913 to 1917 . In 1919 he delivered the British Academys inaugural Raleigh Lecture on History , on World History . In 2013 , the Ulster History Circle unveiled a blue plaque dedicated to him , near his birthplace in Belfast . Personal life . Bryce married Elizabeth Marion , daughter of Thomas Ashton and sister of Lord Ashton , 1st Baron Ashton of Hyde , in 1889 . They had no children . Bryce died on 22 January 1922 , aged 83 , in Sidmouth , Devon , on the last of his lifelong travels . The viscountcy died with him . He was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium . There is a large monument to Viscount Bryce in the southwest section of the Grange Cemetery in Edinburgh , facing north at the west end of the central east–west avenue . It is presumed that his ashes are buried there . There is a bust of Viscount Bryce in Trinity Church on Broadway , near Wall Street . A similar bust is in the U.S . Capitol Building and there is a commemorative Bryce Park in Washington DC . Lady Bryce died in 1939 . Her papers are held at the Bodleian Library . In 1965 the James Bryce Chair of Government was endowed at the University of Glasgow . Government was changed to Politics in 1970 . Publications . - The Flora of the Island of Aran , 1859 - The Holy Roman Empire , 1864 - Report on the Condition of Education in Lancashire , 1867 - The Trade Marks Registration Act , with Introduction and Notes on Trade Mark Law , 1877 - Transcaucasia and Ararat , 1877 - The American Commonwealth , 1888 , Volume I , Volume II , Volume III - Impressions of South Africa , 1897 - Studies in History and Jurisprudence , 1901 , Volume I , Volume II - Studies in Contemporary Biography , 1903 - The Hindrances to Good Citizenship , 1909 Reissued by Transaction Publishers , 1993 , edited and with a new Introduction by Howard G . Schneiderman - South America : Observations and Impressions 1912 - The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire 1915–16 , 1916 - Essays and Addresses in War Time , 1918 - Modern Democracies , 1921 Volume I , Volume II His Studies in History and Jurisprudence ( 1901 ) and Studies in Contemporary Biography ( 1903 ) were republications of essays . Selected articles . - The Future of English Universities , The Fortnightly Review , Vol . XXXIX , 1883 . - An Ideal University , The Contemporary Review , Vol . XLV , June 1884 . - The Relations of History and Geography , The Contemporary Review , Vol . XLIX , January/June 1886 . - An Age of Discontent , The Contemporary Review , Vol . LIX , January 1891 . - The Migrations of the Races of Men Considered Historically , The Contemporary Review , Vol . LXII , July 1892 . - The Teaching of Civic Duty , Educational Review , Vol . VI , 1893 . - Equality , The Century ; A Popular Quarterly , Vol . LVI , No . 3 , July 1898 . - What is Progress? , The Atlantic Monthly , Vol . C , 1907 . Famous quotations . - Patriotism consists not in waving the flag , but in striving that our country shall be righteous as well as strong . - No government demands so much from the citizen as Democracy and none gives back so much . - Life is too short for reading inferior books . External links . - James Bryce , Two Historical Studies : The Ancient Roman Empire and the British Empire in India ; Diffusion of Roman and English Law Throughout the World ( 1914 ) - Text of the Bryce report on German atrocities - Viscount James Bryce at The Online Library of Liberty - James Bryce , preface to Shall This Nation Die? , by Joseph Naayem , New York : 1921 , quoted in Native Christians Massacred , The Ottoman Genocide of the Assyrians during World War I , 1.3 Genocide Studies and Prevention 326 ( 2006 ) - Atrocities Cured Pacifist , The New York Times , 20 April 1918 , at 11 - The American Commonwealth , with an Introduction by Gary L . McDowell ( Indianapolis : Liberty Fund , 1995 ) . 2 Vols . See original text in The Online Library of Liberty .
[ "Chancellor of the Duchy" ]
[ { "text": " James Bryce , 1st Viscount Bryce , ( 10 May 1838 – 22 January 1922 ) was an Ulster-born academic , jurist , historian , and Liberal politician .", "title": "James Bryce , 1st Viscount Bryce" }, { "text": "Bryce was born in Arthur Street in Belfast , County Antrim , in Ulster , Ireland , the son of Margaret , daughter of James Young of Whiteabbey , and James Bryce , LLD , from near Coleraine , County Londonderry . The first eight years of his life were spent residing at his grandfathers Whiteabbey residence , often playing for hours on the tranquil picturesque shoreline . Annan Bryce was his younger brother . He was educated under his uncle Reuben John Bryce at the Belfast Academy , Glasgow High School , the University of Glasgow , the University", "title": "Background and education" }, { "text": "of Heidelberg and Trinity College , Oxford .", "title": "Background and education" }, { "text": " He was elected a fellow of Oriel College , Oxford , in 1862 and was called to the Bar , Lincolns Inn , in 1867 . His days as a student at the University of Heidelberg gave him a long-life admiration of German historical and legal scholarship . He became a believer in Teutonic freedom , an ill-defined concept that was held to bind the German Empire , Britain and the United States together . For him , the United States , the British Empire and Germany were natural friends .", "title": "Background and education" }, { "text": " Bryce was admitted to the Bar and practised law in London for a few years but was soon called back to Oxford to become Regius Professor of Civil Law , a position he held from 1870 to 1893 . From 1870 to 1875 he was also Professor of Jurisprudence at Owens College , Manchester . His reputation as an historian had been made as early as 1864 by his work on the Holy Roman Empire .", "title": "Academic career" }, { "text": "In 1872 Bryce travelled to Iceland to see the land of the Icelandic sagas , as he was a great admirer of Njáls saga . In 1876 he ventured through the Russian empire to Mount Ararat , climbed above the tree line and found a piece of hand-hewn timber , long and thick . He agreed that the evidence fit the Armenian Churchs belief that it was from Noahs Ark and offered no other explanations .", "title": "Academic career" }, { "text": " In 1872 Bryce , a proponent of higher education , particularly for women , joined the Central Committee of the National Union for Improving the Education of Women of All Classes ( NUIEWC ) .", "title": "Academic career" }, { "text": " In 1880 Bryce , an ardent Liberal in politics , was elected to the House of Commons as member for the constituency of Tower Hamlets in London . In 1885 he was returned for South Aberdeen and he was re-elected there on succeeding occasions . He remained a Member of Parliament until 1907 .", "title": "Member of Parliament" }, { "text": "Bryces intellectual distinction and political industry made him a valuable member of the Liberal Party . As early as the late 1860s he served as Chairman of the Royal Commission on Secondary Education . In 1885 he was made Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs under William Ewart Gladstone but had to leave office after the Liberals were defeated in the general election later that year . In 1892 he joined Gladstones last cabinet as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and was sworn of the Privy Council at the same time .", "title": "Member of Parliament" }, { "text": " In 1894 Bryce was appointed President of the Board of Trade in the new cabinet of Lord Rosebery , but had to leave this office , along with the whole Liberal cabinet , the following year . The Liberals remained out of office for the next ten years .", "title": "Member of Parliament" }, { "text": "In 1897 , after a visit to South Africa , Bryce published a volume of Impressions of that country that had considerable influence in Liberal circles when the Second Boer War was being discussed . He devoted significant sections of the book to the recent history of South Africa , various social and economic details about the country , and his experiences while travelling with his party .", "title": "Member of Parliament" }, { "text": " The still radical Bryce was made Chief Secretary for Ireland in Prime Minister Sir Henry Campbell-Bannermans cabinet in 1905 and remained in office throughout 1906 . Bryce was critical of many of the social reforms proposed by this Liberal Government , including old-age pensions , the Trade Disputes Act and the redistributive Peoples Budget , which he regarded as making unwarranted concessions to socialism . Ambassador to the United States .", "title": "Member of Parliament" }, { "text": "In February 1907 Bryce was appointed British Ambassador to the United States . He held this office until 1913 , and was very efficient in strengthening Anglo-American ties and friendship . He made many personal friends among American politicians , such as President Theodore Roosevelt . The German ambassador in Washington , Graf Heinrich von Bernstorff , later stated how relieved he felt that Bryce was not his competitor for American sympathies during the First World War , even though Bernstorff helped to keep the United States from declaring war until 1917 .", "title": "Member of Parliament" }, { "text": "Bryce quickly became well known in America for his book The American Commonwealth ( 1888 ) , a thorough examination of the institutions of the United States from the point of view of a historian and constitutional lawyer . Bryce painstakingly reproduced the travels of Alexis de Tocqueville , who wrote Democracy in America ( 1835–1840 ) . Tocqueville had emphasised the egalitarianism of early-19th-century America , but Bryce was dismayed to find vast inequality : Sixty years ago , there were no great fortunes in America , few large fortunes , no poverty . Now there is some poverty", "title": "Member of Parliament" }, { "text": ".. . and a greater number of gigantic fortunes than in any other country of the world and As respects education .. . the profusion of…elementary schools tends to raise the mass to a higher point than in Europe .. . [ but ] there is an increasing class that has studied at the best universities . It appears that equality has diminished [ in this regard ] and will diminish further . The work was heavily used in academia , partly as a result of Bryces close friendships with men such as James B . Angell , President of", "title": "Member of Parliament" }, { "text": "the University of Michigan and successively Charles W . Eliot and Abbott Lawrence Lowell at Harvard . The work also became a key medium for certain Americans to popularise a view of American history as distinctively Anglo-Saxon .", "title": "Member of Parliament" }, { "text": " In 1914 , after his retirement as Ambassador and his return to Britain , Bryce was raised to the peerage as Viscount Bryce of Dechmount in the County of Lanark . Thus he became a member of the House of Lords , the powers of which had been curtailed by the Parliament Act 1911 .", "title": "Peerage" }, { "text": "Following the outbreak of the First World War Bryce was commissioned by Prime Minister H . H . Asquith to write what became known as The Bryce Report in which he described German atrocities in Belgium . The report was published in 1915 and was damning of German behaviour against civilians . Bryces account was confirmed by Vernon Lyman Kellogg , the Director of the American Commission for Relief in Belgium , who told the New York Times that the German military had enslaved hundreds of thousands of Belgian workers , and abused and maimed many of them in the", "title": "First World War" }, { "text": "process .", "title": "First World War" }, { "text": "Bryce strongly condemned the Armenian genocide in the Ottoman Empire mainly in 1915 . Bryce was the first person to speak on the subject in the House of Lords , in July 1915 . Later , with the assistance of the historian Arnold J . Toynbee , he produced a documentary record of the massacres that was published as a Blue Book by the British government in 1916 . In 1921 Bryce wrote that the Armenian genocide had also claimed half of the population of the Assyrians in the Ottoman Empire and that similar cruelties had been perpetrated upon them", "title": "First World War" }, { "text": ".", "title": "First World War" }, { "text": " During the last years of his life Bryce served as a judge at the International Court in The Hague , supported the establishment of the League of Nations and published a book , Modern Democracy ( 1921 ) , in which he was rather critical of post-war democracy . Honours and other public appointments .", "title": "Later life" }, { "text": "Bryce received numerous academic honours from home and foreign universities . In September 1901 , he received the degree of Doctor of Laws from Dartmouth College , and in October 1902 he received an honorary degree ( LLD ) from the University of St Andrews .", "title": "Later life" }, { "text": " He became a fellow of the Royal Society in 1894 . In earlier life , he was a notable mountain climber , ascending Mount Ararat in 1876 , and published a volume on Transcaucasia and Ararat in 1877 ; in 1899 to 1901 , he was the president of the Alpine Club . From his Caucasian journey , he brought back a deep distrust of Ottoman rule in Asia Minor and a distinct sympathy for the Armenian people .", "title": "Later life" }, { "text": "In 1882 , Bryce established the National Liberal Club , whose members , in its first three decades , included fellow founder Prime Minister Gladstone , George Bernard Shaw , David Lloyd George , H . H . Asquith and many other prominent Liberal candidates and MPs such as Winston Churchill and Bertrand Russell . In April 1882 Bryce was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society .", "title": "Later life" }, { "text": " In 1907 , he was made a Member of the Order of Merit by King Edward VII . At the Kings death , Bryce arranged his Washington Memorial Service . At the time of Bryces memorial service at Westminster Abbey , his wife , Elizabeth , received condolences from King George V , who regarded Lord Bryce as an old friend and trusted counsellor to whom I could always turn . Queen Victoria had said that Bryce was one of the best informed men on all subjects I have ever met .", "title": "Later life" }, { "text": "From 1907 through 1908 , Bryce served as the president of the American Political Science Association . He was the fourth person to hold this office . He was president of the British Academy from 1913 to 1917 . In 1919 he delivered the British Academys inaugural Raleigh Lecture on History , on World History . In 2013 , the Ulster History Circle unveiled a blue plaque dedicated to him , near his birthplace in Belfast .", "title": "Later life" }, { "text": " Bryce married Elizabeth Marion , daughter of Thomas Ashton and sister of Lord Ashton , 1st Baron Ashton of Hyde , in 1889 . They had no children . Bryce died on 22 January 1922 , aged 83 , in Sidmouth , Devon , on the last of his lifelong travels . The viscountcy died with him . He was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium .", "title": "Personal life" }, { "text": "There is a large monument to Viscount Bryce in the southwest section of the Grange Cemetery in Edinburgh , facing north at the west end of the central east–west avenue . It is presumed that his ashes are buried there .", "title": "Personal life" }, { "text": " There is a bust of Viscount Bryce in Trinity Church on Broadway , near Wall Street . A similar bust is in the U.S . Capitol Building and there is a commemorative Bryce Park in Washington DC . Lady Bryce died in 1939 . Her papers are held at the Bodleian Library . In 1965 the James Bryce Chair of Government was endowed at the University of Glasgow . Government was changed to Politics in 1970 .", "title": "Personal life" }, { "text": " - The Flora of the Island of Aran , 1859 - The Holy Roman Empire , 1864 - Report on the Condition of Education in Lancashire , 1867 - The Trade Marks Registration Act , with Introduction and Notes on Trade Mark Law , 1877 - Transcaucasia and Ararat , 1877 - The American Commonwealth , 1888 , Volume I , Volume II , Volume III - Impressions of South Africa , 1897 - Studies in History and Jurisprudence , 1901 , Volume I , Volume II - Studies in Contemporary Biography , 1903", "title": "Publications" }, { "text": "- The Hindrances to Good Citizenship , 1909 Reissued by Transaction Publishers , 1993 , edited and with a new Introduction by Howard G . Schneiderman", "title": "Publications" }, { "text": " - South America : Observations and Impressions 1912 - The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire 1915–16 , 1916 - Essays and Addresses in War Time , 1918 - Modern Democracies , 1921 Volume I , Volume II His Studies in History and Jurisprudence ( 1901 ) and Studies in Contemporary Biography ( 1903 ) were republications of essays .", "title": "Publications" }, { "text": " - The Future of English Universities , The Fortnightly Review , Vol . XXXIX , 1883 . - An Ideal University , The Contemporary Review , Vol . XLV , June 1884 . - The Relations of History and Geography , The Contemporary Review , Vol . XLIX , January/June 1886 . - An Age of Discontent , The Contemporary Review , Vol . LIX , January 1891 . - The Migrations of the Races of Men Considered Historically , The Contemporary Review , Vol . LXII , July 1892 .", "title": "Selected articles" }, { "text": "- The Teaching of Civic Duty , Educational Review , Vol . VI , 1893 .", "title": "Selected articles" }, { "text": " - Equality , The Century ; A Popular Quarterly , Vol . LVI , No . 3 , July 1898 . - What is Progress? , The Atlantic Monthly , Vol . C , 1907 .", "title": "Selected articles" }, { "text": " - Patriotism consists not in waving the flag , but in striving that our country shall be righteous as well as strong . - No government demands so much from the citizen as Democracy and none gives back so much . - Life is too short for reading inferior books .", "title": "Famous quotations" }, { "text": " - James Bryce , Two Historical Studies : The Ancient Roman Empire and the British Empire in India ; Diffusion of Roman and English Law Throughout the World ( 1914 ) - Text of the Bryce report on German atrocities - Viscount James Bryce at The Online Library of Liberty - James Bryce , preface to Shall This Nation Die? , by Joseph Naayem , New York : 1921 , quoted in Native Christians Massacred , The Ottoman Genocide of the Assyrians during World War I , 1.3 Genocide Studies and Prevention 326 ( 2006 )", "title": "External links" }, { "text": "- Atrocities Cured Pacifist , The New York Times , 20 April 1918 , at 11", "title": "External links" }, { "text": " - The American Commonwealth , with an Introduction by Gary L . McDowell ( Indianapolis : Liberty Fund , 1995 ) . 2 Vols . See original text in The Online Library of Liberty .", "title": "External links" } ]
/wiki/James_Bryce,_1st_Viscount_Bryce#P39#2
What was the position of James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce in Jan 1895?
James Bryce , 1st Viscount Bryce James Bryce , 1st Viscount Bryce , ( 10 May 1838 – 22 January 1922 ) was an Ulster-born academic , jurist , historian , and Liberal politician . Background and education . Bryce was born in Arthur Street in Belfast , County Antrim , in Ulster , Ireland , the son of Margaret , daughter of James Young of Whiteabbey , and James Bryce , LLD , from near Coleraine , County Londonderry . The first eight years of his life were spent residing at his grandfathers Whiteabbey residence , often playing for hours on the tranquil picturesque shoreline . Annan Bryce was his younger brother . He was educated under his uncle Reuben John Bryce at the Belfast Academy , Glasgow High School , the University of Glasgow , the University of Heidelberg and Trinity College , Oxford . He was elected a fellow of Oriel College , Oxford , in 1862 and was called to the Bar , Lincolns Inn , in 1867 . His days as a student at the University of Heidelberg gave him a long-life admiration of German historical and legal scholarship . He became a believer in Teutonic freedom , an ill-defined concept that was held to bind the German Empire , Britain and the United States together . For him , the United States , the British Empire and Germany were natural friends . Academic career . Bryce was admitted to the Bar and practised law in London for a few years but was soon called back to Oxford to become Regius Professor of Civil Law , a position he held from 1870 to 1893 . From 1870 to 1875 he was also Professor of Jurisprudence at Owens College , Manchester . His reputation as an historian had been made as early as 1864 by his work on the Holy Roman Empire . In 1872 Bryce travelled to Iceland to see the land of the Icelandic sagas , as he was a great admirer of Njáls saga . In 1876 he ventured through the Russian empire to Mount Ararat , climbed above the tree line and found a piece of hand-hewn timber , long and thick . He agreed that the evidence fit the Armenian Churchs belief that it was from Noahs Ark and offered no other explanations . In 1872 Bryce , a proponent of higher education , particularly for women , joined the Central Committee of the National Union for Improving the Education of Women of All Classes ( NUIEWC ) . Member of Parliament . In 1880 Bryce , an ardent Liberal in politics , was elected to the House of Commons as member for the constituency of Tower Hamlets in London . In 1885 he was returned for South Aberdeen and he was re-elected there on succeeding occasions . He remained a Member of Parliament until 1907 . Bryces intellectual distinction and political industry made him a valuable member of the Liberal Party . As early as the late 1860s he served as Chairman of the Royal Commission on Secondary Education . In 1885 he was made Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs under William Ewart Gladstone but had to leave office after the Liberals were defeated in the general election later that year . In 1892 he joined Gladstones last cabinet as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and was sworn of the Privy Council at the same time . In 1894 Bryce was appointed President of the Board of Trade in the new cabinet of Lord Rosebery , but had to leave this office , along with the whole Liberal cabinet , the following year . The Liberals remained out of office for the next ten years . In 1897 , after a visit to South Africa , Bryce published a volume of Impressions of that country that had considerable influence in Liberal circles when the Second Boer War was being discussed . He devoted significant sections of the book to the recent history of South Africa , various social and economic details about the country , and his experiences while travelling with his party . The still radical Bryce was made Chief Secretary for Ireland in Prime Minister Sir Henry Campbell-Bannermans cabinet in 1905 and remained in office throughout 1906 . Bryce was critical of many of the social reforms proposed by this Liberal Government , including old-age pensions , the Trade Disputes Act and the redistributive Peoples Budget , which he regarded as making unwarranted concessions to socialism . Ambassador to the United States . In February 1907 Bryce was appointed British Ambassador to the United States . He held this office until 1913 , and was very efficient in strengthening Anglo-American ties and friendship . He made many personal friends among American politicians , such as President Theodore Roosevelt . The German ambassador in Washington , Graf Heinrich von Bernstorff , later stated how relieved he felt that Bryce was not his competitor for American sympathies during the First World War , even though Bernstorff helped to keep the United States from declaring war until 1917 . Bryce quickly became well known in America for his book The American Commonwealth ( 1888 ) , a thorough examination of the institutions of the United States from the point of view of a historian and constitutional lawyer . Bryce painstakingly reproduced the travels of Alexis de Tocqueville , who wrote Democracy in America ( 1835–1840 ) . Tocqueville had emphasised the egalitarianism of early-19th-century America , but Bryce was dismayed to find vast inequality : Sixty years ago , there were no great fortunes in America , few large fortunes , no poverty . Now there is some poverty .. . and a greater number of gigantic fortunes than in any other country of the world and As respects education .. . the profusion of…elementary schools tends to raise the mass to a higher point than in Europe .. . [ but ] there is an increasing class that has studied at the best universities . It appears that equality has diminished [ in this regard ] and will diminish further . The work was heavily used in academia , partly as a result of Bryces close friendships with men such as James B . Angell , President of the University of Michigan and successively Charles W . Eliot and Abbott Lawrence Lowell at Harvard . The work also became a key medium for certain Americans to popularise a view of American history as distinctively Anglo-Saxon . Peerage . In 1914 , after his retirement as Ambassador and his return to Britain , Bryce was raised to the peerage as Viscount Bryce of Dechmount in the County of Lanark . Thus he became a member of the House of Lords , the powers of which had been curtailed by the Parliament Act 1911 . First World War . Following the outbreak of the First World War Bryce was commissioned by Prime Minister H . H . Asquith to write what became known as The Bryce Report in which he described German atrocities in Belgium . The report was published in 1915 and was damning of German behaviour against civilians . Bryces account was confirmed by Vernon Lyman Kellogg , the Director of the American Commission for Relief in Belgium , who told the New York Times that the German military had enslaved hundreds of thousands of Belgian workers , and abused and maimed many of them in the process . Bryce strongly condemned the Armenian genocide in the Ottoman Empire mainly in 1915 . Bryce was the first person to speak on the subject in the House of Lords , in July 1915 . Later , with the assistance of the historian Arnold J . Toynbee , he produced a documentary record of the massacres that was published as a Blue Book by the British government in 1916 . In 1921 Bryce wrote that the Armenian genocide had also claimed half of the population of the Assyrians in the Ottoman Empire and that similar cruelties had been perpetrated upon them . Later life . During the last years of his life Bryce served as a judge at the International Court in The Hague , supported the establishment of the League of Nations and published a book , Modern Democracy ( 1921 ) , in which he was rather critical of post-war democracy . Honours and other public appointments . Bryce received numerous academic honours from home and foreign universities . In September 1901 , he received the degree of Doctor of Laws from Dartmouth College , and in October 1902 he received an honorary degree ( LLD ) from the University of St Andrews . He became a fellow of the Royal Society in 1894 . In earlier life , he was a notable mountain climber , ascending Mount Ararat in 1876 , and published a volume on Transcaucasia and Ararat in 1877 ; in 1899 to 1901 , he was the president of the Alpine Club . From his Caucasian journey , he brought back a deep distrust of Ottoman rule in Asia Minor and a distinct sympathy for the Armenian people . In 1882 , Bryce established the National Liberal Club , whose members , in its first three decades , included fellow founder Prime Minister Gladstone , George Bernard Shaw , David Lloyd George , H . H . Asquith and many other prominent Liberal candidates and MPs such as Winston Churchill and Bertrand Russell . In April 1882 Bryce was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society . In 1907 , he was made a Member of the Order of Merit by King Edward VII . At the Kings death , Bryce arranged his Washington Memorial Service . At the time of Bryces memorial service at Westminster Abbey , his wife , Elizabeth , received condolences from King George V , who regarded Lord Bryce as an old friend and trusted counsellor to whom I could always turn . Queen Victoria had said that Bryce was one of the best informed men on all subjects I have ever met . From 1907 through 1908 , Bryce served as the president of the American Political Science Association . He was the fourth person to hold this office . He was president of the British Academy from 1913 to 1917 . In 1919 he delivered the British Academys inaugural Raleigh Lecture on History , on World History . In 2013 , the Ulster History Circle unveiled a blue plaque dedicated to him , near his birthplace in Belfast . Personal life . Bryce married Elizabeth Marion , daughter of Thomas Ashton and sister of Lord Ashton , 1st Baron Ashton of Hyde , in 1889 . They had no children . Bryce died on 22 January 1922 , aged 83 , in Sidmouth , Devon , on the last of his lifelong travels . The viscountcy died with him . He was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium . There is a large monument to Viscount Bryce in the southwest section of the Grange Cemetery in Edinburgh , facing north at the west end of the central east–west avenue . It is presumed that his ashes are buried there . There is a bust of Viscount Bryce in Trinity Church on Broadway , near Wall Street . A similar bust is in the U.S . Capitol Building and there is a commemorative Bryce Park in Washington DC . Lady Bryce died in 1939 . Her papers are held at the Bodleian Library . In 1965 the James Bryce Chair of Government was endowed at the University of Glasgow . Government was changed to Politics in 1970 . Publications . - The Flora of the Island of Aran , 1859 - The Holy Roman Empire , 1864 - Report on the Condition of Education in Lancashire , 1867 - The Trade Marks Registration Act , with Introduction and Notes on Trade Mark Law , 1877 - Transcaucasia and Ararat , 1877 - The American Commonwealth , 1888 , Volume I , Volume II , Volume III - Impressions of South Africa , 1897 - Studies in History and Jurisprudence , 1901 , Volume I , Volume II - Studies in Contemporary Biography , 1903 - The Hindrances to Good Citizenship , 1909 Reissued by Transaction Publishers , 1993 , edited and with a new Introduction by Howard G . Schneiderman - South America : Observations and Impressions 1912 - The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire 1915–16 , 1916 - Essays and Addresses in War Time , 1918 - Modern Democracies , 1921 Volume I , Volume II His Studies in History and Jurisprudence ( 1901 ) and Studies in Contemporary Biography ( 1903 ) were republications of essays . Selected articles . - The Future of English Universities , The Fortnightly Review , Vol . XXXIX , 1883 . - An Ideal University , The Contemporary Review , Vol . XLV , June 1884 . - The Relations of History and Geography , The Contemporary Review , Vol . XLIX , January/June 1886 . - An Age of Discontent , The Contemporary Review , Vol . LIX , January 1891 . - The Migrations of the Races of Men Considered Historically , The Contemporary Review , Vol . LXII , July 1892 . - The Teaching of Civic Duty , Educational Review , Vol . VI , 1893 . - Equality , The Century ; A Popular Quarterly , Vol . LVI , No . 3 , July 1898 . - What is Progress? , The Atlantic Monthly , Vol . C , 1907 . Famous quotations . - Patriotism consists not in waving the flag , but in striving that our country shall be righteous as well as strong . - No government demands so much from the citizen as Democracy and none gives back so much . - Life is too short for reading inferior books . External links . - James Bryce , Two Historical Studies : The Ancient Roman Empire and the British Empire in India ; Diffusion of Roman and English Law Throughout the World ( 1914 ) - Text of the Bryce report on German atrocities - Viscount James Bryce at The Online Library of Liberty - James Bryce , preface to Shall This Nation Die? , by Joseph Naayem , New York : 1921 , quoted in Native Christians Massacred , The Ottoman Genocide of the Assyrians during World War I , 1.3 Genocide Studies and Prevention 326 ( 2006 ) - Atrocities Cured Pacifist , The New York Times , 20 April 1918 , at 11 - The American Commonwealth , with an Introduction by Gary L . McDowell ( Indianapolis : Liberty Fund , 1995 ) . 2 Vols . See original text in The Online Library of Liberty .
[ "President of the Board of Trade" ]
[ { "text": " James Bryce , 1st Viscount Bryce , ( 10 May 1838 – 22 January 1922 ) was an Ulster-born academic , jurist , historian , and Liberal politician .", "title": "James Bryce , 1st Viscount Bryce" }, { "text": "Bryce was born in Arthur Street in Belfast , County Antrim , in Ulster , Ireland , the son of Margaret , daughter of James Young of Whiteabbey , and James Bryce , LLD , from near Coleraine , County Londonderry . The first eight years of his life were spent residing at his grandfathers Whiteabbey residence , often playing for hours on the tranquil picturesque shoreline . Annan Bryce was his younger brother . He was educated under his uncle Reuben John Bryce at the Belfast Academy , Glasgow High School , the University of Glasgow , the University", "title": "Background and education" }, { "text": "of Heidelberg and Trinity College , Oxford .", "title": "Background and education" }, { "text": " He was elected a fellow of Oriel College , Oxford , in 1862 and was called to the Bar , Lincolns Inn , in 1867 . His days as a student at the University of Heidelberg gave him a long-life admiration of German historical and legal scholarship . He became a believer in Teutonic freedom , an ill-defined concept that was held to bind the German Empire , Britain and the United States together . For him , the United States , the British Empire and Germany were natural friends .", "title": "Background and education" }, { "text": " Bryce was admitted to the Bar and practised law in London for a few years but was soon called back to Oxford to become Regius Professor of Civil Law , a position he held from 1870 to 1893 . From 1870 to 1875 he was also Professor of Jurisprudence at Owens College , Manchester . His reputation as an historian had been made as early as 1864 by his work on the Holy Roman Empire .", "title": "Academic career" }, { "text": "In 1872 Bryce travelled to Iceland to see the land of the Icelandic sagas , as he was a great admirer of Njáls saga . In 1876 he ventured through the Russian empire to Mount Ararat , climbed above the tree line and found a piece of hand-hewn timber , long and thick . He agreed that the evidence fit the Armenian Churchs belief that it was from Noahs Ark and offered no other explanations .", "title": "Academic career" }, { "text": " In 1872 Bryce , a proponent of higher education , particularly for women , joined the Central Committee of the National Union for Improving the Education of Women of All Classes ( NUIEWC ) .", "title": "Academic career" }, { "text": " In 1880 Bryce , an ardent Liberal in politics , was elected to the House of Commons as member for the constituency of Tower Hamlets in London . In 1885 he was returned for South Aberdeen and he was re-elected there on succeeding occasions . He remained a Member of Parliament until 1907 .", "title": "Member of Parliament" }, { "text": "Bryces intellectual distinction and political industry made him a valuable member of the Liberal Party . As early as the late 1860s he served as Chairman of the Royal Commission on Secondary Education . In 1885 he was made Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs under William Ewart Gladstone but had to leave office after the Liberals were defeated in the general election later that year . In 1892 he joined Gladstones last cabinet as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and was sworn of the Privy Council at the same time .", "title": "Member of Parliament" }, { "text": " In 1894 Bryce was appointed President of the Board of Trade in the new cabinet of Lord Rosebery , but had to leave this office , along with the whole Liberal cabinet , the following year . The Liberals remained out of office for the next ten years .", "title": "Member of Parliament" }, { "text": "In 1897 , after a visit to South Africa , Bryce published a volume of Impressions of that country that had considerable influence in Liberal circles when the Second Boer War was being discussed . He devoted significant sections of the book to the recent history of South Africa , various social and economic details about the country , and his experiences while travelling with his party .", "title": "Member of Parliament" }, { "text": " The still radical Bryce was made Chief Secretary for Ireland in Prime Minister Sir Henry Campbell-Bannermans cabinet in 1905 and remained in office throughout 1906 . Bryce was critical of many of the social reforms proposed by this Liberal Government , including old-age pensions , the Trade Disputes Act and the redistributive Peoples Budget , which he regarded as making unwarranted concessions to socialism . Ambassador to the United States .", "title": "Member of Parliament" }, { "text": "In February 1907 Bryce was appointed British Ambassador to the United States . He held this office until 1913 , and was very efficient in strengthening Anglo-American ties and friendship . He made many personal friends among American politicians , such as President Theodore Roosevelt . The German ambassador in Washington , Graf Heinrich von Bernstorff , later stated how relieved he felt that Bryce was not his competitor for American sympathies during the First World War , even though Bernstorff helped to keep the United States from declaring war until 1917 .", "title": "Member of Parliament" }, { "text": "Bryce quickly became well known in America for his book The American Commonwealth ( 1888 ) , a thorough examination of the institutions of the United States from the point of view of a historian and constitutional lawyer . Bryce painstakingly reproduced the travels of Alexis de Tocqueville , who wrote Democracy in America ( 1835–1840 ) . Tocqueville had emphasised the egalitarianism of early-19th-century America , but Bryce was dismayed to find vast inequality : Sixty years ago , there were no great fortunes in America , few large fortunes , no poverty . Now there is some poverty", "title": "Member of Parliament" }, { "text": ".. . and a greater number of gigantic fortunes than in any other country of the world and As respects education .. . the profusion of…elementary schools tends to raise the mass to a higher point than in Europe .. . [ but ] there is an increasing class that has studied at the best universities . It appears that equality has diminished [ in this regard ] and will diminish further . The work was heavily used in academia , partly as a result of Bryces close friendships with men such as James B . Angell , President of", "title": "Member of Parliament" }, { "text": "the University of Michigan and successively Charles W . Eliot and Abbott Lawrence Lowell at Harvard . The work also became a key medium for certain Americans to popularise a view of American history as distinctively Anglo-Saxon .", "title": "Member of Parliament" }, { "text": " In 1914 , after his retirement as Ambassador and his return to Britain , Bryce was raised to the peerage as Viscount Bryce of Dechmount in the County of Lanark . Thus he became a member of the House of Lords , the powers of which had been curtailed by the Parliament Act 1911 .", "title": "Peerage" }, { "text": "Following the outbreak of the First World War Bryce was commissioned by Prime Minister H . H . Asquith to write what became known as The Bryce Report in which he described German atrocities in Belgium . The report was published in 1915 and was damning of German behaviour against civilians . Bryces account was confirmed by Vernon Lyman Kellogg , the Director of the American Commission for Relief in Belgium , who told the New York Times that the German military had enslaved hundreds of thousands of Belgian workers , and abused and maimed many of them in the", "title": "First World War" }, { "text": "process .", "title": "First World War" }, { "text": "Bryce strongly condemned the Armenian genocide in the Ottoman Empire mainly in 1915 . Bryce was the first person to speak on the subject in the House of Lords , in July 1915 . Later , with the assistance of the historian Arnold J . Toynbee , he produced a documentary record of the massacres that was published as a Blue Book by the British government in 1916 . In 1921 Bryce wrote that the Armenian genocide had also claimed half of the population of the Assyrians in the Ottoman Empire and that similar cruelties had been perpetrated upon them", "title": "First World War" }, { "text": ".", "title": "First World War" }, { "text": " During the last years of his life Bryce served as a judge at the International Court in The Hague , supported the establishment of the League of Nations and published a book , Modern Democracy ( 1921 ) , in which he was rather critical of post-war democracy . Honours and other public appointments .", "title": "Later life" }, { "text": "Bryce received numerous academic honours from home and foreign universities . In September 1901 , he received the degree of Doctor of Laws from Dartmouth College , and in October 1902 he received an honorary degree ( LLD ) from the University of St Andrews .", "title": "Later life" }, { "text": " He became a fellow of the Royal Society in 1894 . In earlier life , he was a notable mountain climber , ascending Mount Ararat in 1876 , and published a volume on Transcaucasia and Ararat in 1877 ; in 1899 to 1901 , he was the president of the Alpine Club . From his Caucasian journey , he brought back a deep distrust of Ottoman rule in Asia Minor and a distinct sympathy for the Armenian people .", "title": "Later life" }, { "text": "In 1882 , Bryce established the National Liberal Club , whose members , in its first three decades , included fellow founder Prime Minister Gladstone , George Bernard Shaw , David Lloyd George , H . H . Asquith and many other prominent Liberal candidates and MPs such as Winston Churchill and Bertrand Russell . In April 1882 Bryce was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society .", "title": "Later life" }, { "text": " In 1907 , he was made a Member of the Order of Merit by King Edward VII . At the Kings death , Bryce arranged his Washington Memorial Service . At the time of Bryces memorial service at Westminster Abbey , his wife , Elizabeth , received condolences from King George V , who regarded Lord Bryce as an old friend and trusted counsellor to whom I could always turn . Queen Victoria had said that Bryce was one of the best informed men on all subjects I have ever met .", "title": "Later life" }, { "text": "From 1907 through 1908 , Bryce served as the president of the American Political Science Association . He was the fourth person to hold this office . He was president of the British Academy from 1913 to 1917 . In 1919 he delivered the British Academys inaugural Raleigh Lecture on History , on World History . In 2013 , the Ulster History Circle unveiled a blue plaque dedicated to him , near his birthplace in Belfast .", "title": "Later life" }, { "text": " Bryce married Elizabeth Marion , daughter of Thomas Ashton and sister of Lord Ashton , 1st Baron Ashton of Hyde , in 1889 . They had no children . Bryce died on 22 January 1922 , aged 83 , in Sidmouth , Devon , on the last of his lifelong travels . The viscountcy died with him . He was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium .", "title": "Personal life" }, { "text": "There is a large monument to Viscount Bryce in the southwest section of the Grange Cemetery in Edinburgh , facing north at the west end of the central east–west avenue . It is presumed that his ashes are buried there .", "title": "Personal life" }, { "text": " There is a bust of Viscount Bryce in Trinity Church on Broadway , near Wall Street . A similar bust is in the U.S . Capitol Building and there is a commemorative Bryce Park in Washington DC . Lady Bryce died in 1939 . Her papers are held at the Bodleian Library . In 1965 the James Bryce Chair of Government was endowed at the University of Glasgow . Government was changed to Politics in 1970 .", "title": "Personal life" }, { "text": " - The Flora of the Island of Aran , 1859 - The Holy Roman Empire , 1864 - Report on the Condition of Education in Lancashire , 1867 - The Trade Marks Registration Act , with Introduction and Notes on Trade Mark Law , 1877 - Transcaucasia and Ararat , 1877 - The American Commonwealth , 1888 , Volume I , Volume II , Volume III - Impressions of South Africa , 1897 - Studies in History and Jurisprudence , 1901 , Volume I , Volume II - Studies in Contemporary Biography , 1903", "title": "Publications" }, { "text": "- The Hindrances to Good Citizenship , 1909 Reissued by Transaction Publishers , 1993 , edited and with a new Introduction by Howard G . Schneiderman", "title": "Publications" }, { "text": " - South America : Observations and Impressions 1912 - The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire 1915–16 , 1916 - Essays and Addresses in War Time , 1918 - Modern Democracies , 1921 Volume I , Volume II His Studies in History and Jurisprudence ( 1901 ) and Studies in Contemporary Biography ( 1903 ) were republications of essays .", "title": "Publications" }, { "text": " - The Future of English Universities , The Fortnightly Review , Vol . XXXIX , 1883 . - An Ideal University , The Contemporary Review , Vol . XLV , June 1884 . - The Relations of History and Geography , The Contemporary Review , Vol . XLIX , January/June 1886 . - An Age of Discontent , The Contemporary Review , Vol . LIX , January 1891 . - The Migrations of the Races of Men Considered Historically , The Contemporary Review , Vol . LXII , July 1892 .", "title": "Selected articles" }, { "text": "- The Teaching of Civic Duty , Educational Review , Vol . VI , 1893 .", "title": "Selected articles" }, { "text": " - Equality , The Century ; A Popular Quarterly , Vol . LVI , No . 3 , July 1898 . - What is Progress? , The Atlantic Monthly , Vol . C , 1907 .", "title": "Selected articles" }, { "text": " - Patriotism consists not in waving the flag , but in striving that our country shall be righteous as well as strong . - No government demands so much from the citizen as Democracy and none gives back so much . - Life is too short for reading inferior books .", "title": "Famous quotations" }, { "text": " - James Bryce , Two Historical Studies : The Ancient Roman Empire and the British Empire in India ; Diffusion of Roman and English Law Throughout the World ( 1914 ) - Text of the Bryce report on German atrocities - Viscount James Bryce at The Online Library of Liberty - James Bryce , preface to Shall This Nation Die? , by Joseph Naayem , New York : 1921 , quoted in Native Christians Massacred , The Ottoman Genocide of the Assyrians during World War I , 1.3 Genocide Studies and Prevention 326 ( 2006 )", "title": "External links" }, { "text": "- Atrocities Cured Pacifist , The New York Times , 20 April 1918 , at 11", "title": "External links" }, { "text": " - The American Commonwealth , with an Introduction by Gary L . McDowell ( Indianapolis : Liberty Fund , 1995 ) . 2 Vols . See original text in The Online Library of Liberty .", "title": "External links" } ]
/wiki/James_Bryce,_1st_Viscount_Bryce#P39#3
What was the position of James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce in Mar 1901?
James Bryce , 1st Viscount Bryce James Bryce , 1st Viscount Bryce , ( 10 May 1838 – 22 January 1922 ) was an Ulster-born academic , jurist , historian , and Liberal politician . Background and education . Bryce was born in Arthur Street in Belfast , County Antrim , in Ulster , Ireland , the son of Margaret , daughter of James Young of Whiteabbey , and James Bryce , LLD , from near Coleraine , County Londonderry . The first eight years of his life were spent residing at his grandfathers Whiteabbey residence , often playing for hours on the tranquil picturesque shoreline . Annan Bryce was his younger brother . He was educated under his uncle Reuben John Bryce at the Belfast Academy , Glasgow High School , the University of Glasgow , the University of Heidelberg and Trinity College , Oxford . He was elected a fellow of Oriel College , Oxford , in 1862 and was called to the Bar , Lincolns Inn , in 1867 . His days as a student at the University of Heidelberg gave him a long-life admiration of German historical and legal scholarship . He became a believer in Teutonic freedom , an ill-defined concept that was held to bind the German Empire , Britain and the United States together . For him , the United States , the British Empire and Germany were natural friends . Academic career . Bryce was admitted to the Bar and practised law in London for a few years but was soon called back to Oxford to become Regius Professor of Civil Law , a position he held from 1870 to 1893 . From 1870 to 1875 he was also Professor of Jurisprudence at Owens College , Manchester . His reputation as an historian had been made as early as 1864 by his work on the Holy Roman Empire . In 1872 Bryce travelled to Iceland to see the land of the Icelandic sagas , as he was a great admirer of Njáls saga . In 1876 he ventured through the Russian empire to Mount Ararat , climbed above the tree line and found a piece of hand-hewn timber , long and thick . He agreed that the evidence fit the Armenian Churchs belief that it was from Noahs Ark and offered no other explanations . In 1872 Bryce , a proponent of higher education , particularly for women , joined the Central Committee of the National Union for Improving the Education of Women of All Classes ( NUIEWC ) . Member of Parliament . In 1880 Bryce , an ardent Liberal in politics , was elected to the House of Commons as member for the constituency of Tower Hamlets in London . In 1885 he was returned for South Aberdeen and he was re-elected there on succeeding occasions . He remained a Member of Parliament until 1907 . Bryces intellectual distinction and political industry made him a valuable member of the Liberal Party . As early as the late 1860s he served as Chairman of the Royal Commission on Secondary Education . In 1885 he was made Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs under William Ewart Gladstone but had to leave office after the Liberals were defeated in the general election later that year . In 1892 he joined Gladstones last cabinet as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and was sworn of the Privy Council at the same time . In 1894 Bryce was appointed President of the Board of Trade in the new cabinet of Lord Rosebery , but had to leave this office , along with the whole Liberal cabinet , the following year . The Liberals remained out of office for the next ten years . In 1897 , after a visit to South Africa , Bryce published a volume of Impressions of that country that had considerable influence in Liberal circles when the Second Boer War was being discussed . He devoted significant sections of the book to the recent history of South Africa , various social and economic details about the country , and his experiences while travelling with his party . The still radical Bryce was made Chief Secretary for Ireland in Prime Minister Sir Henry Campbell-Bannermans cabinet in 1905 and remained in office throughout 1906 . Bryce was critical of many of the social reforms proposed by this Liberal Government , including old-age pensions , the Trade Disputes Act and the redistributive Peoples Budget , which he regarded as making unwarranted concessions to socialism . Ambassador to the United States . In February 1907 Bryce was appointed British Ambassador to the United States . He held this office until 1913 , and was very efficient in strengthening Anglo-American ties and friendship . He made many personal friends among American politicians , such as President Theodore Roosevelt . The German ambassador in Washington , Graf Heinrich von Bernstorff , later stated how relieved he felt that Bryce was not his competitor for American sympathies during the First World War , even though Bernstorff helped to keep the United States from declaring war until 1917 . Bryce quickly became well known in America for his book The American Commonwealth ( 1888 ) , a thorough examination of the institutions of the United States from the point of view of a historian and constitutional lawyer . Bryce painstakingly reproduced the travels of Alexis de Tocqueville , who wrote Democracy in America ( 1835–1840 ) . Tocqueville had emphasised the egalitarianism of early-19th-century America , but Bryce was dismayed to find vast inequality : Sixty years ago , there were no great fortunes in America , few large fortunes , no poverty . Now there is some poverty .. . and a greater number of gigantic fortunes than in any other country of the world and As respects education .. . the profusion of…elementary schools tends to raise the mass to a higher point than in Europe .. . [ but ] there is an increasing class that has studied at the best universities . It appears that equality has diminished [ in this regard ] and will diminish further . The work was heavily used in academia , partly as a result of Bryces close friendships with men such as James B . Angell , President of the University of Michigan and successively Charles W . Eliot and Abbott Lawrence Lowell at Harvard . The work also became a key medium for certain Americans to popularise a view of American history as distinctively Anglo-Saxon . Peerage . In 1914 , after his retirement as Ambassador and his return to Britain , Bryce was raised to the peerage as Viscount Bryce of Dechmount in the County of Lanark . Thus he became a member of the House of Lords , the powers of which had been curtailed by the Parliament Act 1911 . First World War . Following the outbreak of the First World War Bryce was commissioned by Prime Minister H . H . Asquith to write what became known as The Bryce Report in which he described German atrocities in Belgium . The report was published in 1915 and was damning of German behaviour against civilians . Bryces account was confirmed by Vernon Lyman Kellogg , the Director of the American Commission for Relief in Belgium , who told the New York Times that the German military had enslaved hundreds of thousands of Belgian workers , and abused and maimed many of them in the process . Bryce strongly condemned the Armenian genocide in the Ottoman Empire mainly in 1915 . Bryce was the first person to speak on the subject in the House of Lords , in July 1915 . Later , with the assistance of the historian Arnold J . Toynbee , he produced a documentary record of the massacres that was published as a Blue Book by the British government in 1916 . In 1921 Bryce wrote that the Armenian genocide had also claimed half of the population of the Assyrians in the Ottoman Empire and that similar cruelties had been perpetrated upon them . Later life . During the last years of his life Bryce served as a judge at the International Court in The Hague , supported the establishment of the League of Nations and published a book , Modern Democracy ( 1921 ) , in which he was rather critical of post-war democracy . Honours and other public appointments . Bryce received numerous academic honours from home and foreign universities . In September 1901 , he received the degree of Doctor of Laws from Dartmouth College , and in October 1902 he received an honorary degree ( LLD ) from the University of St Andrews . He became a fellow of the Royal Society in 1894 . In earlier life , he was a notable mountain climber , ascending Mount Ararat in 1876 , and published a volume on Transcaucasia and Ararat in 1877 ; in 1899 to 1901 , he was the president of the Alpine Club . From his Caucasian journey , he brought back a deep distrust of Ottoman rule in Asia Minor and a distinct sympathy for the Armenian people . In 1882 , Bryce established the National Liberal Club , whose members , in its first three decades , included fellow founder Prime Minister Gladstone , George Bernard Shaw , David Lloyd George , H . H . Asquith and many other prominent Liberal candidates and MPs such as Winston Churchill and Bertrand Russell . In April 1882 Bryce was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society . In 1907 , he was made a Member of the Order of Merit by King Edward VII . At the Kings death , Bryce arranged his Washington Memorial Service . At the time of Bryces memorial service at Westminster Abbey , his wife , Elizabeth , received condolences from King George V , who regarded Lord Bryce as an old friend and trusted counsellor to whom I could always turn . Queen Victoria had said that Bryce was one of the best informed men on all subjects I have ever met . From 1907 through 1908 , Bryce served as the president of the American Political Science Association . He was the fourth person to hold this office . He was president of the British Academy from 1913 to 1917 . In 1919 he delivered the British Academys inaugural Raleigh Lecture on History , on World History . In 2013 , the Ulster History Circle unveiled a blue plaque dedicated to him , near his birthplace in Belfast . Personal life . Bryce married Elizabeth Marion , daughter of Thomas Ashton and sister of Lord Ashton , 1st Baron Ashton of Hyde , in 1889 . They had no children . Bryce died on 22 January 1922 , aged 83 , in Sidmouth , Devon , on the last of his lifelong travels . The viscountcy died with him . He was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium . There is a large monument to Viscount Bryce in the southwest section of the Grange Cemetery in Edinburgh , facing north at the west end of the central east–west avenue . It is presumed that his ashes are buried there . There is a bust of Viscount Bryce in Trinity Church on Broadway , near Wall Street . A similar bust is in the U.S . Capitol Building and there is a commemorative Bryce Park in Washington DC . Lady Bryce died in 1939 . Her papers are held at the Bodleian Library . In 1965 the James Bryce Chair of Government was endowed at the University of Glasgow . Government was changed to Politics in 1970 . Publications . - The Flora of the Island of Aran , 1859 - The Holy Roman Empire , 1864 - Report on the Condition of Education in Lancashire , 1867 - The Trade Marks Registration Act , with Introduction and Notes on Trade Mark Law , 1877 - Transcaucasia and Ararat , 1877 - The American Commonwealth , 1888 , Volume I , Volume II , Volume III - Impressions of South Africa , 1897 - Studies in History and Jurisprudence , 1901 , Volume I , Volume II - Studies in Contemporary Biography , 1903 - The Hindrances to Good Citizenship , 1909 Reissued by Transaction Publishers , 1993 , edited and with a new Introduction by Howard G . Schneiderman - South America : Observations and Impressions 1912 - The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire 1915–16 , 1916 - Essays and Addresses in War Time , 1918 - Modern Democracies , 1921 Volume I , Volume II His Studies in History and Jurisprudence ( 1901 ) and Studies in Contemporary Biography ( 1903 ) were republications of essays . Selected articles . - The Future of English Universities , The Fortnightly Review , Vol . XXXIX , 1883 . - An Ideal University , The Contemporary Review , Vol . XLV , June 1884 . - The Relations of History and Geography , The Contemporary Review , Vol . XLIX , January/June 1886 . - An Age of Discontent , The Contemporary Review , Vol . LIX , January 1891 . - The Migrations of the Races of Men Considered Historically , The Contemporary Review , Vol . LXII , July 1892 . - The Teaching of Civic Duty , Educational Review , Vol . VI , 1893 . - Equality , The Century ; A Popular Quarterly , Vol . LVI , No . 3 , July 1898 . - What is Progress? , The Atlantic Monthly , Vol . C , 1907 . Famous quotations . - Patriotism consists not in waving the flag , but in striving that our country shall be righteous as well as strong . - No government demands so much from the citizen as Democracy and none gives back so much . - Life is too short for reading inferior books . External links . - James Bryce , Two Historical Studies : The Ancient Roman Empire and the British Empire in India ; Diffusion of Roman and English Law Throughout the World ( 1914 ) - Text of the Bryce report on German atrocities - Viscount James Bryce at The Online Library of Liberty - James Bryce , preface to Shall This Nation Die? , by Joseph Naayem , New York : 1921 , quoted in Native Christians Massacred , The Ottoman Genocide of the Assyrians during World War I , 1.3 Genocide Studies and Prevention 326 ( 2006 ) - Atrocities Cured Pacifist , The New York Times , 20 April 1918 , at 11 - The American Commonwealth , with an Introduction by Gary L . McDowell ( Indianapolis : Liberty Fund , 1995 ) . 2 Vols . See original text in The Online Library of Liberty .
[ "Chief Secretary for Ireland", "Member of Parliament" ]
[ { "text": " James Bryce , 1st Viscount Bryce , ( 10 May 1838 – 22 January 1922 ) was an Ulster-born academic , jurist , historian , and Liberal politician .", "title": "James Bryce , 1st Viscount Bryce" }, { "text": "Bryce was born in Arthur Street in Belfast , County Antrim , in Ulster , Ireland , the son of Margaret , daughter of James Young of Whiteabbey , and James Bryce , LLD , from near Coleraine , County Londonderry . The first eight years of his life were spent residing at his grandfathers Whiteabbey residence , often playing for hours on the tranquil picturesque shoreline . Annan Bryce was his younger brother . He was educated under his uncle Reuben John Bryce at the Belfast Academy , Glasgow High School , the University of Glasgow , the University", "title": "Background and education" }, { "text": "of Heidelberg and Trinity College , Oxford .", "title": "Background and education" }, { "text": " He was elected a fellow of Oriel College , Oxford , in 1862 and was called to the Bar , Lincolns Inn , in 1867 . His days as a student at the University of Heidelberg gave him a long-life admiration of German historical and legal scholarship . He became a believer in Teutonic freedom , an ill-defined concept that was held to bind the German Empire , Britain and the United States together . For him , the United States , the British Empire and Germany were natural friends .", "title": "Background and education" }, { "text": " Bryce was admitted to the Bar and practised law in London for a few years but was soon called back to Oxford to become Regius Professor of Civil Law , a position he held from 1870 to 1893 . From 1870 to 1875 he was also Professor of Jurisprudence at Owens College , Manchester . His reputation as an historian had been made as early as 1864 by his work on the Holy Roman Empire .", "title": "Academic career" }, { "text": "In 1872 Bryce travelled to Iceland to see the land of the Icelandic sagas , as he was a great admirer of Njáls saga . In 1876 he ventured through the Russian empire to Mount Ararat , climbed above the tree line and found a piece of hand-hewn timber , long and thick . He agreed that the evidence fit the Armenian Churchs belief that it was from Noahs Ark and offered no other explanations .", "title": "Academic career" }, { "text": " In 1872 Bryce , a proponent of higher education , particularly for women , joined the Central Committee of the National Union for Improving the Education of Women of All Classes ( NUIEWC ) .", "title": "Academic career" }, { "text": " In 1880 Bryce , an ardent Liberal in politics , was elected to the House of Commons as member for the constituency of Tower Hamlets in London . In 1885 he was returned for South Aberdeen and he was re-elected there on succeeding occasions . He remained a Member of Parliament until 1907 .", "title": "Member of Parliament" }, { "text": "Bryces intellectual distinction and political industry made him a valuable member of the Liberal Party . As early as the late 1860s he served as Chairman of the Royal Commission on Secondary Education . In 1885 he was made Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs under William Ewart Gladstone but had to leave office after the Liberals were defeated in the general election later that year . In 1892 he joined Gladstones last cabinet as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and was sworn of the Privy Council at the same time .", "title": "Member of Parliament" }, { "text": " In 1894 Bryce was appointed President of the Board of Trade in the new cabinet of Lord Rosebery , but had to leave this office , along with the whole Liberal cabinet , the following year . The Liberals remained out of office for the next ten years .", "title": "Member of Parliament" }, { "text": "In 1897 , after a visit to South Africa , Bryce published a volume of Impressions of that country that had considerable influence in Liberal circles when the Second Boer War was being discussed . He devoted significant sections of the book to the recent history of South Africa , various social and economic details about the country , and his experiences while travelling with his party .", "title": "Member of Parliament" }, { "text": " The still radical Bryce was made Chief Secretary for Ireland in Prime Minister Sir Henry Campbell-Bannermans cabinet in 1905 and remained in office throughout 1906 . Bryce was critical of many of the social reforms proposed by this Liberal Government , including old-age pensions , the Trade Disputes Act and the redistributive Peoples Budget , which he regarded as making unwarranted concessions to socialism . Ambassador to the United States .", "title": "Member of Parliament" }, { "text": "In February 1907 Bryce was appointed British Ambassador to the United States . He held this office until 1913 , and was very efficient in strengthening Anglo-American ties and friendship . He made many personal friends among American politicians , such as President Theodore Roosevelt . The German ambassador in Washington , Graf Heinrich von Bernstorff , later stated how relieved he felt that Bryce was not his competitor for American sympathies during the First World War , even though Bernstorff helped to keep the United States from declaring war until 1917 .", "title": "Member of Parliament" }, { "text": "Bryce quickly became well known in America for his book The American Commonwealth ( 1888 ) , a thorough examination of the institutions of the United States from the point of view of a historian and constitutional lawyer . Bryce painstakingly reproduced the travels of Alexis de Tocqueville , who wrote Democracy in America ( 1835–1840 ) . Tocqueville had emphasised the egalitarianism of early-19th-century America , but Bryce was dismayed to find vast inequality : Sixty years ago , there were no great fortunes in America , few large fortunes , no poverty . Now there is some poverty", "title": "Member of Parliament" }, { "text": ".. . and a greater number of gigantic fortunes than in any other country of the world and As respects education .. . the profusion of…elementary schools tends to raise the mass to a higher point than in Europe .. . [ but ] there is an increasing class that has studied at the best universities . It appears that equality has diminished [ in this regard ] and will diminish further . The work was heavily used in academia , partly as a result of Bryces close friendships with men such as James B . Angell , President of", "title": "Member of Parliament" }, { "text": "the University of Michigan and successively Charles W . Eliot and Abbott Lawrence Lowell at Harvard . The work also became a key medium for certain Americans to popularise a view of American history as distinctively Anglo-Saxon .", "title": "Member of Parliament" }, { "text": " In 1914 , after his retirement as Ambassador and his return to Britain , Bryce was raised to the peerage as Viscount Bryce of Dechmount in the County of Lanark . Thus he became a member of the House of Lords , the powers of which had been curtailed by the Parliament Act 1911 .", "title": "Peerage" }, { "text": "Following the outbreak of the First World War Bryce was commissioned by Prime Minister H . H . Asquith to write what became known as The Bryce Report in which he described German atrocities in Belgium . The report was published in 1915 and was damning of German behaviour against civilians . Bryces account was confirmed by Vernon Lyman Kellogg , the Director of the American Commission for Relief in Belgium , who told the New York Times that the German military had enslaved hundreds of thousands of Belgian workers , and abused and maimed many of them in the", "title": "First World War" }, { "text": "process .", "title": "First World War" }, { "text": "Bryce strongly condemned the Armenian genocide in the Ottoman Empire mainly in 1915 . Bryce was the first person to speak on the subject in the House of Lords , in July 1915 . Later , with the assistance of the historian Arnold J . Toynbee , he produced a documentary record of the massacres that was published as a Blue Book by the British government in 1916 . In 1921 Bryce wrote that the Armenian genocide had also claimed half of the population of the Assyrians in the Ottoman Empire and that similar cruelties had been perpetrated upon them", "title": "First World War" }, { "text": ".", "title": "First World War" }, { "text": " During the last years of his life Bryce served as a judge at the International Court in The Hague , supported the establishment of the League of Nations and published a book , Modern Democracy ( 1921 ) , in which he was rather critical of post-war democracy . Honours and other public appointments .", "title": "Later life" }, { "text": "Bryce received numerous academic honours from home and foreign universities . In September 1901 , he received the degree of Doctor of Laws from Dartmouth College , and in October 1902 he received an honorary degree ( LLD ) from the University of St Andrews .", "title": "Later life" }, { "text": " He became a fellow of the Royal Society in 1894 . In earlier life , he was a notable mountain climber , ascending Mount Ararat in 1876 , and published a volume on Transcaucasia and Ararat in 1877 ; in 1899 to 1901 , he was the president of the Alpine Club . From his Caucasian journey , he brought back a deep distrust of Ottoman rule in Asia Minor and a distinct sympathy for the Armenian people .", "title": "Later life" }, { "text": "In 1882 , Bryce established the National Liberal Club , whose members , in its first three decades , included fellow founder Prime Minister Gladstone , George Bernard Shaw , David Lloyd George , H . H . Asquith and many other prominent Liberal candidates and MPs such as Winston Churchill and Bertrand Russell . In April 1882 Bryce was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society .", "title": "Later life" }, { "text": " In 1907 , he was made a Member of the Order of Merit by King Edward VII . At the Kings death , Bryce arranged his Washington Memorial Service . At the time of Bryces memorial service at Westminster Abbey , his wife , Elizabeth , received condolences from King George V , who regarded Lord Bryce as an old friend and trusted counsellor to whom I could always turn . Queen Victoria had said that Bryce was one of the best informed men on all subjects I have ever met .", "title": "Later life" }, { "text": "From 1907 through 1908 , Bryce served as the president of the American Political Science Association . He was the fourth person to hold this office . He was president of the British Academy from 1913 to 1917 . In 1919 he delivered the British Academys inaugural Raleigh Lecture on History , on World History . In 2013 , the Ulster History Circle unveiled a blue plaque dedicated to him , near his birthplace in Belfast .", "title": "Later life" }, { "text": " Bryce married Elizabeth Marion , daughter of Thomas Ashton and sister of Lord Ashton , 1st Baron Ashton of Hyde , in 1889 . They had no children . Bryce died on 22 January 1922 , aged 83 , in Sidmouth , Devon , on the last of his lifelong travels . The viscountcy died with him . He was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium .", "title": "Personal life" }, { "text": "There is a large monument to Viscount Bryce in the southwest section of the Grange Cemetery in Edinburgh , facing north at the west end of the central east–west avenue . It is presumed that his ashes are buried there .", "title": "Personal life" }, { "text": " There is a bust of Viscount Bryce in Trinity Church on Broadway , near Wall Street . A similar bust is in the U.S . Capitol Building and there is a commemorative Bryce Park in Washington DC . Lady Bryce died in 1939 . Her papers are held at the Bodleian Library . In 1965 the James Bryce Chair of Government was endowed at the University of Glasgow . Government was changed to Politics in 1970 .", "title": "Personal life" }, { "text": " - The Flora of the Island of Aran , 1859 - The Holy Roman Empire , 1864 - Report on the Condition of Education in Lancashire , 1867 - The Trade Marks Registration Act , with Introduction and Notes on Trade Mark Law , 1877 - Transcaucasia and Ararat , 1877 - The American Commonwealth , 1888 , Volume I , Volume II , Volume III - Impressions of South Africa , 1897 - Studies in History and Jurisprudence , 1901 , Volume I , Volume II - Studies in Contemporary Biography , 1903", "title": "Publications" }, { "text": "- The Hindrances to Good Citizenship , 1909 Reissued by Transaction Publishers , 1993 , edited and with a new Introduction by Howard G . Schneiderman", "title": "Publications" }, { "text": " - South America : Observations and Impressions 1912 - The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire 1915–16 , 1916 - Essays and Addresses in War Time , 1918 - Modern Democracies , 1921 Volume I , Volume II His Studies in History and Jurisprudence ( 1901 ) and Studies in Contemporary Biography ( 1903 ) were republications of essays .", "title": "Publications" }, { "text": " - The Future of English Universities , The Fortnightly Review , Vol . XXXIX , 1883 . - An Ideal University , The Contemporary Review , Vol . XLV , June 1884 . - The Relations of History and Geography , The Contemporary Review , Vol . XLIX , January/June 1886 . - An Age of Discontent , The Contemporary Review , Vol . LIX , January 1891 . - The Migrations of the Races of Men Considered Historically , The Contemporary Review , Vol . LXII , July 1892 .", "title": "Selected articles" }, { "text": "- The Teaching of Civic Duty , Educational Review , Vol . VI , 1893 .", "title": "Selected articles" }, { "text": " - Equality , The Century ; A Popular Quarterly , Vol . LVI , No . 3 , July 1898 . - What is Progress? , The Atlantic Monthly , Vol . C , 1907 .", "title": "Selected articles" }, { "text": " - Patriotism consists not in waving the flag , but in striving that our country shall be righteous as well as strong . - No government demands so much from the citizen as Democracy and none gives back so much . - Life is too short for reading inferior books .", "title": "Famous quotations" }, { "text": " - James Bryce , Two Historical Studies : The Ancient Roman Empire and the British Empire in India ; Diffusion of Roman and English Law Throughout the World ( 1914 ) - Text of the Bryce report on German atrocities - Viscount James Bryce at The Online Library of Liberty - James Bryce , preface to Shall This Nation Die? , by Joseph Naayem , New York : 1921 , quoted in Native Christians Massacred , The Ottoman Genocide of the Assyrians during World War I , 1.3 Genocide Studies and Prevention 326 ( 2006 )", "title": "External links" }, { "text": "- Atrocities Cured Pacifist , The New York Times , 20 April 1918 , at 11", "title": "External links" }, { "text": " - The American Commonwealth , with an Introduction by Gary L . McDowell ( Indianapolis : Liberty Fund , 1995 ) . 2 Vols . See original text in The Online Library of Liberty .", "title": "External links" } ]
/wiki/James_Bryce,_1st_Viscount_Bryce#P39#4
What was the position of James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce after Apr 1906?
James Bryce , 1st Viscount Bryce James Bryce , 1st Viscount Bryce , ( 10 May 1838 – 22 January 1922 ) was an Ulster-born academic , jurist , historian , and Liberal politician . Background and education . Bryce was born in Arthur Street in Belfast , County Antrim , in Ulster , Ireland , the son of Margaret , daughter of James Young of Whiteabbey , and James Bryce , LLD , from near Coleraine , County Londonderry . The first eight years of his life were spent residing at his grandfathers Whiteabbey residence , often playing for hours on the tranquil picturesque shoreline . Annan Bryce was his younger brother . He was educated under his uncle Reuben John Bryce at the Belfast Academy , Glasgow High School , the University of Glasgow , the University of Heidelberg and Trinity College , Oxford . He was elected a fellow of Oriel College , Oxford , in 1862 and was called to the Bar , Lincolns Inn , in 1867 . His days as a student at the University of Heidelberg gave him a long-life admiration of German historical and legal scholarship . He became a believer in Teutonic freedom , an ill-defined concept that was held to bind the German Empire , Britain and the United States together . For him , the United States , the British Empire and Germany were natural friends . Academic career . Bryce was admitted to the Bar and practised law in London for a few years but was soon called back to Oxford to become Regius Professor of Civil Law , a position he held from 1870 to 1893 . From 1870 to 1875 he was also Professor of Jurisprudence at Owens College , Manchester . His reputation as an historian had been made as early as 1864 by his work on the Holy Roman Empire . In 1872 Bryce travelled to Iceland to see the land of the Icelandic sagas , as he was a great admirer of Njáls saga . In 1876 he ventured through the Russian empire to Mount Ararat , climbed above the tree line and found a piece of hand-hewn timber , long and thick . He agreed that the evidence fit the Armenian Churchs belief that it was from Noahs Ark and offered no other explanations . In 1872 Bryce , a proponent of higher education , particularly for women , joined the Central Committee of the National Union for Improving the Education of Women of All Classes ( NUIEWC ) . Member of Parliament . In 1880 Bryce , an ardent Liberal in politics , was elected to the House of Commons as member for the constituency of Tower Hamlets in London . In 1885 he was returned for South Aberdeen and he was re-elected there on succeeding occasions . He remained a Member of Parliament until 1907 . Bryces intellectual distinction and political industry made him a valuable member of the Liberal Party . As early as the late 1860s he served as Chairman of the Royal Commission on Secondary Education . In 1885 he was made Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs under William Ewart Gladstone but had to leave office after the Liberals were defeated in the general election later that year . In 1892 he joined Gladstones last cabinet as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and was sworn of the Privy Council at the same time . In 1894 Bryce was appointed President of the Board of Trade in the new cabinet of Lord Rosebery , but had to leave this office , along with the whole Liberal cabinet , the following year . The Liberals remained out of office for the next ten years . In 1897 , after a visit to South Africa , Bryce published a volume of Impressions of that country that had considerable influence in Liberal circles when the Second Boer War was being discussed . He devoted significant sections of the book to the recent history of South Africa , various social and economic details about the country , and his experiences while travelling with his party . The still radical Bryce was made Chief Secretary for Ireland in Prime Minister Sir Henry Campbell-Bannermans cabinet in 1905 and remained in office throughout 1906 . Bryce was critical of many of the social reforms proposed by this Liberal Government , including old-age pensions , the Trade Disputes Act and the redistributive Peoples Budget , which he regarded as making unwarranted concessions to socialism . Ambassador to the United States . In February 1907 Bryce was appointed British Ambassador to the United States . He held this office until 1913 , and was very efficient in strengthening Anglo-American ties and friendship . He made many personal friends among American politicians , such as President Theodore Roosevelt . The German ambassador in Washington , Graf Heinrich von Bernstorff , later stated how relieved he felt that Bryce was not his competitor for American sympathies during the First World War , even though Bernstorff helped to keep the United States from declaring war until 1917 . Bryce quickly became well known in America for his book The American Commonwealth ( 1888 ) , a thorough examination of the institutions of the United States from the point of view of a historian and constitutional lawyer . Bryce painstakingly reproduced the travels of Alexis de Tocqueville , who wrote Democracy in America ( 1835–1840 ) . Tocqueville had emphasised the egalitarianism of early-19th-century America , but Bryce was dismayed to find vast inequality : Sixty years ago , there were no great fortunes in America , few large fortunes , no poverty . Now there is some poverty .. . and a greater number of gigantic fortunes than in any other country of the world and As respects education .. . the profusion of…elementary schools tends to raise the mass to a higher point than in Europe .. . [ but ] there is an increasing class that has studied at the best universities . It appears that equality has diminished [ in this regard ] and will diminish further . The work was heavily used in academia , partly as a result of Bryces close friendships with men such as James B . Angell , President of the University of Michigan and successively Charles W . Eliot and Abbott Lawrence Lowell at Harvard . The work also became a key medium for certain Americans to popularise a view of American history as distinctively Anglo-Saxon . Peerage . In 1914 , after his retirement as Ambassador and his return to Britain , Bryce was raised to the peerage as Viscount Bryce of Dechmount in the County of Lanark . Thus he became a member of the House of Lords , the powers of which had been curtailed by the Parliament Act 1911 . First World War . Following the outbreak of the First World War Bryce was commissioned by Prime Minister H . H . Asquith to write what became known as The Bryce Report in which he described German atrocities in Belgium . The report was published in 1915 and was damning of German behaviour against civilians . Bryces account was confirmed by Vernon Lyman Kellogg , the Director of the American Commission for Relief in Belgium , who told the New York Times that the German military had enslaved hundreds of thousands of Belgian workers , and abused and maimed many of them in the process . Bryce strongly condemned the Armenian genocide in the Ottoman Empire mainly in 1915 . Bryce was the first person to speak on the subject in the House of Lords , in July 1915 . Later , with the assistance of the historian Arnold J . Toynbee , he produced a documentary record of the massacres that was published as a Blue Book by the British government in 1916 . In 1921 Bryce wrote that the Armenian genocide had also claimed half of the population of the Assyrians in the Ottoman Empire and that similar cruelties had been perpetrated upon them . Later life . During the last years of his life Bryce served as a judge at the International Court in The Hague , supported the establishment of the League of Nations and published a book , Modern Democracy ( 1921 ) , in which he was rather critical of post-war democracy . Honours and other public appointments . Bryce received numerous academic honours from home and foreign universities . In September 1901 , he received the degree of Doctor of Laws from Dartmouth College , and in October 1902 he received an honorary degree ( LLD ) from the University of St Andrews . He became a fellow of the Royal Society in 1894 . In earlier life , he was a notable mountain climber , ascending Mount Ararat in 1876 , and published a volume on Transcaucasia and Ararat in 1877 ; in 1899 to 1901 , he was the president of the Alpine Club . From his Caucasian journey , he brought back a deep distrust of Ottoman rule in Asia Minor and a distinct sympathy for the Armenian people . In 1882 , Bryce established the National Liberal Club , whose members , in its first three decades , included fellow founder Prime Minister Gladstone , George Bernard Shaw , David Lloyd George , H . H . Asquith and many other prominent Liberal candidates and MPs such as Winston Churchill and Bertrand Russell . In April 1882 Bryce was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society . In 1907 , he was made a Member of the Order of Merit by King Edward VII . At the Kings death , Bryce arranged his Washington Memorial Service . At the time of Bryces memorial service at Westminster Abbey , his wife , Elizabeth , received condolences from King George V , who regarded Lord Bryce as an old friend and trusted counsellor to whom I could always turn . Queen Victoria had said that Bryce was one of the best informed men on all subjects I have ever met . From 1907 through 1908 , Bryce served as the president of the American Political Science Association . He was the fourth person to hold this office . He was president of the British Academy from 1913 to 1917 . In 1919 he delivered the British Academys inaugural Raleigh Lecture on History , on World History . In 2013 , the Ulster History Circle unveiled a blue plaque dedicated to him , near his birthplace in Belfast . Personal life . Bryce married Elizabeth Marion , daughter of Thomas Ashton and sister of Lord Ashton , 1st Baron Ashton of Hyde , in 1889 . They had no children . Bryce died on 22 January 1922 , aged 83 , in Sidmouth , Devon , on the last of his lifelong travels . The viscountcy died with him . He was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium . There is a large monument to Viscount Bryce in the southwest section of the Grange Cemetery in Edinburgh , facing north at the west end of the central east–west avenue . It is presumed that his ashes are buried there . There is a bust of Viscount Bryce in Trinity Church on Broadway , near Wall Street . A similar bust is in the U.S . Capitol Building and there is a commemorative Bryce Park in Washington DC . Lady Bryce died in 1939 . Her papers are held at the Bodleian Library . In 1965 the James Bryce Chair of Government was endowed at the University of Glasgow . Government was changed to Politics in 1970 . Publications . - The Flora of the Island of Aran , 1859 - The Holy Roman Empire , 1864 - Report on the Condition of Education in Lancashire , 1867 - The Trade Marks Registration Act , with Introduction and Notes on Trade Mark Law , 1877 - Transcaucasia and Ararat , 1877 - The American Commonwealth , 1888 , Volume I , Volume II , Volume III - Impressions of South Africa , 1897 - Studies in History and Jurisprudence , 1901 , Volume I , Volume II - Studies in Contemporary Biography , 1903 - The Hindrances to Good Citizenship , 1909 Reissued by Transaction Publishers , 1993 , edited and with a new Introduction by Howard G . Schneiderman - South America : Observations and Impressions 1912 - The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire 1915–16 , 1916 - Essays and Addresses in War Time , 1918 - Modern Democracies , 1921 Volume I , Volume II His Studies in History and Jurisprudence ( 1901 ) and Studies in Contemporary Biography ( 1903 ) were republications of essays . Selected articles . - The Future of English Universities , The Fortnightly Review , Vol . XXXIX , 1883 . - An Ideal University , The Contemporary Review , Vol . XLV , June 1884 . - The Relations of History and Geography , The Contemporary Review , Vol . XLIX , January/June 1886 . - An Age of Discontent , The Contemporary Review , Vol . LIX , January 1891 . - The Migrations of the Races of Men Considered Historically , The Contemporary Review , Vol . LXII , July 1892 . - The Teaching of Civic Duty , Educational Review , Vol . VI , 1893 . - Equality , The Century ; A Popular Quarterly , Vol . LVI , No . 3 , July 1898 . - What is Progress? , The Atlantic Monthly , Vol . C , 1907 . Famous quotations . - Patriotism consists not in waving the flag , but in striving that our country shall be righteous as well as strong . - No government demands so much from the citizen as Democracy and none gives back so much . - Life is too short for reading inferior books . External links . - James Bryce , Two Historical Studies : The Ancient Roman Empire and the British Empire in India ; Diffusion of Roman and English Law Throughout the World ( 1914 ) - Text of the Bryce report on German atrocities - Viscount James Bryce at The Online Library of Liberty - James Bryce , preface to Shall This Nation Die? , by Joseph Naayem , New York : 1921 , quoted in Native Christians Massacred , The Ottoman Genocide of the Assyrians during World War I , 1.3 Genocide Studies and Prevention 326 ( 2006 ) - Atrocities Cured Pacifist , The New York Times , 20 April 1918 , at 11 - The American Commonwealth , with an Introduction by Gary L . McDowell ( Indianapolis : Liberty Fund , 1995 ) . 2 Vols . See original text in The Online Library of Liberty .
[ "Member of Parliament" ]
[ { "text": " James Bryce , 1st Viscount Bryce , ( 10 May 1838 – 22 January 1922 ) was an Ulster-born academic , jurist , historian , and Liberal politician .", "title": "James Bryce , 1st Viscount Bryce" }, { "text": "Bryce was born in Arthur Street in Belfast , County Antrim , in Ulster , Ireland , the son of Margaret , daughter of James Young of Whiteabbey , and James Bryce , LLD , from near Coleraine , County Londonderry . The first eight years of his life were spent residing at his grandfathers Whiteabbey residence , often playing for hours on the tranquil picturesque shoreline . Annan Bryce was his younger brother . He was educated under his uncle Reuben John Bryce at the Belfast Academy , Glasgow High School , the University of Glasgow , the University", "title": "Background and education" }, { "text": "of Heidelberg and Trinity College , Oxford .", "title": "Background and education" }, { "text": " He was elected a fellow of Oriel College , Oxford , in 1862 and was called to the Bar , Lincolns Inn , in 1867 . His days as a student at the University of Heidelberg gave him a long-life admiration of German historical and legal scholarship . He became a believer in Teutonic freedom , an ill-defined concept that was held to bind the German Empire , Britain and the United States together . For him , the United States , the British Empire and Germany were natural friends .", "title": "Background and education" }, { "text": " Bryce was admitted to the Bar and practised law in London for a few years but was soon called back to Oxford to become Regius Professor of Civil Law , a position he held from 1870 to 1893 . From 1870 to 1875 he was also Professor of Jurisprudence at Owens College , Manchester . His reputation as an historian had been made as early as 1864 by his work on the Holy Roman Empire .", "title": "Academic career" }, { "text": "In 1872 Bryce travelled to Iceland to see the land of the Icelandic sagas , as he was a great admirer of Njáls saga . In 1876 he ventured through the Russian empire to Mount Ararat , climbed above the tree line and found a piece of hand-hewn timber , long and thick . He agreed that the evidence fit the Armenian Churchs belief that it was from Noahs Ark and offered no other explanations .", "title": "Academic career" }, { "text": " In 1872 Bryce , a proponent of higher education , particularly for women , joined the Central Committee of the National Union for Improving the Education of Women of All Classes ( NUIEWC ) .", "title": "Academic career" }, { "text": " In 1880 Bryce , an ardent Liberal in politics , was elected to the House of Commons as member for the constituency of Tower Hamlets in London . In 1885 he was returned for South Aberdeen and he was re-elected there on succeeding occasions . He remained a Member of Parliament until 1907 .", "title": "Member of Parliament" }, { "text": "Bryces intellectual distinction and political industry made him a valuable member of the Liberal Party . As early as the late 1860s he served as Chairman of the Royal Commission on Secondary Education . In 1885 he was made Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs under William Ewart Gladstone but had to leave office after the Liberals were defeated in the general election later that year . In 1892 he joined Gladstones last cabinet as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and was sworn of the Privy Council at the same time .", "title": "Member of Parliament" }, { "text": " In 1894 Bryce was appointed President of the Board of Trade in the new cabinet of Lord Rosebery , but had to leave this office , along with the whole Liberal cabinet , the following year . The Liberals remained out of office for the next ten years .", "title": "Member of Parliament" }, { "text": "In 1897 , after a visit to South Africa , Bryce published a volume of Impressions of that country that had considerable influence in Liberal circles when the Second Boer War was being discussed . He devoted significant sections of the book to the recent history of South Africa , various social and economic details about the country , and his experiences while travelling with his party .", "title": "Member of Parliament" }, { "text": " The still radical Bryce was made Chief Secretary for Ireland in Prime Minister Sir Henry Campbell-Bannermans cabinet in 1905 and remained in office throughout 1906 . Bryce was critical of many of the social reforms proposed by this Liberal Government , including old-age pensions , the Trade Disputes Act and the redistributive Peoples Budget , which he regarded as making unwarranted concessions to socialism . Ambassador to the United States .", "title": "Member of Parliament" }, { "text": "In February 1907 Bryce was appointed British Ambassador to the United States . He held this office until 1913 , and was very efficient in strengthening Anglo-American ties and friendship . He made many personal friends among American politicians , such as President Theodore Roosevelt . The German ambassador in Washington , Graf Heinrich von Bernstorff , later stated how relieved he felt that Bryce was not his competitor for American sympathies during the First World War , even though Bernstorff helped to keep the United States from declaring war until 1917 .", "title": "Member of Parliament" }, { "text": "Bryce quickly became well known in America for his book The American Commonwealth ( 1888 ) , a thorough examination of the institutions of the United States from the point of view of a historian and constitutional lawyer . Bryce painstakingly reproduced the travels of Alexis de Tocqueville , who wrote Democracy in America ( 1835–1840 ) . Tocqueville had emphasised the egalitarianism of early-19th-century America , but Bryce was dismayed to find vast inequality : Sixty years ago , there were no great fortunes in America , few large fortunes , no poverty . Now there is some poverty", "title": "Member of Parliament" }, { "text": ".. . and a greater number of gigantic fortunes than in any other country of the world and As respects education .. . the profusion of…elementary schools tends to raise the mass to a higher point than in Europe .. . [ but ] there is an increasing class that has studied at the best universities . It appears that equality has diminished [ in this regard ] and will diminish further . The work was heavily used in academia , partly as a result of Bryces close friendships with men such as James B . Angell , President of", "title": "Member of Parliament" }, { "text": "the University of Michigan and successively Charles W . Eliot and Abbott Lawrence Lowell at Harvard . The work also became a key medium for certain Americans to popularise a view of American history as distinctively Anglo-Saxon .", "title": "Member of Parliament" }, { "text": " In 1914 , after his retirement as Ambassador and his return to Britain , Bryce was raised to the peerage as Viscount Bryce of Dechmount in the County of Lanark . Thus he became a member of the House of Lords , the powers of which had been curtailed by the Parliament Act 1911 .", "title": "Peerage" }, { "text": "Following the outbreak of the First World War Bryce was commissioned by Prime Minister H . H . Asquith to write what became known as The Bryce Report in which he described German atrocities in Belgium . The report was published in 1915 and was damning of German behaviour against civilians . Bryces account was confirmed by Vernon Lyman Kellogg , the Director of the American Commission for Relief in Belgium , who told the New York Times that the German military had enslaved hundreds of thousands of Belgian workers , and abused and maimed many of them in the", "title": "First World War" }, { "text": "process .", "title": "First World War" }, { "text": "Bryce strongly condemned the Armenian genocide in the Ottoman Empire mainly in 1915 . Bryce was the first person to speak on the subject in the House of Lords , in July 1915 . Later , with the assistance of the historian Arnold J . Toynbee , he produced a documentary record of the massacres that was published as a Blue Book by the British government in 1916 . In 1921 Bryce wrote that the Armenian genocide had also claimed half of the population of the Assyrians in the Ottoman Empire and that similar cruelties had been perpetrated upon them", "title": "First World War" }, { "text": ".", "title": "First World War" }, { "text": " During the last years of his life Bryce served as a judge at the International Court in The Hague , supported the establishment of the League of Nations and published a book , Modern Democracy ( 1921 ) , in which he was rather critical of post-war democracy . Honours and other public appointments .", "title": "Later life" }, { "text": "Bryce received numerous academic honours from home and foreign universities . In September 1901 , he received the degree of Doctor of Laws from Dartmouth College , and in October 1902 he received an honorary degree ( LLD ) from the University of St Andrews .", "title": "Later life" }, { "text": " He became a fellow of the Royal Society in 1894 . In earlier life , he was a notable mountain climber , ascending Mount Ararat in 1876 , and published a volume on Transcaucasia and Ararat in 1877 ; in 1899 to 1901 , he was the president of the Alpine Club . From his Caucasian journey , he brought back a deep distrust of Ottoman rule in Asia Minor and a distinct sympathy for the Armenian people .", "title": "Later life" }, { "text": "In 1882 , Bryce established the National Liberal Club , whose members , in its first three decades , included fellow founder Prime Minister Gladstone , George Bernard Shaw , David Lloyd George , H . H . Asquith and many other prominent Liberal candidates and MPs such as Winston Churchill and Bertrand Russell . In April 1882 Bryce was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society .", "title": "Later life" }, { "text": " In 1907 , he was made a Member of the Order of Merit by King Edward VII . At the Kings death , Bryce arranged his Washington Memorial Service . At the time of Bryces memorial service at Westminster Abbey , his wife , Elizabeth , received condolences from King George V , who regarded Lord Bryce as an old friend and trusted counsellor to whom I could always turn . Queen Victoria had said that Bryce was one of the best informed men on all subjects I have ever met .", "title": "Later life" }, { "text": "From 1907 through 1908 , Bryce served as the president of the American Political Science Association . He was the fourth person to hold this office . He was president of the British Academy from 1913 to 1917 . In 1919 he delivered the British Academys inaugural Raleigh Lecture on History , on World History . In 2013 , the Ulster History Circle unveiled a blue plaque dedicated to him , near his birthplace in Belfast .", "title": "Later life" }, { "text": " Bryce married Elizabeth Marion , daughter of Thomas Ashton and sister of Lord Ashton , 1st Baron Ashton of Hyde , in 1889 . They had no children . Bryce died on 22 January 1922 , aged 83 , in Sidmouth , Devon , on the last of his lifelong travels . The viscountcy died with him . He was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium .", "title": "Personal life" }, { "text": "There is a large monument to Viscount Bryce in the southwest section of the Grange Cemetery in Edinburgh , facing north at the west end of the central east–west avenue . It is presumed that his ashes are buried there .", "title": "Personal life" }, { "text": " There is a bust of Viscount Bryce in Trinity Church on Broadway , near Wall Street . A similar bust is in the U.S . Capitol Building and there is a commemorative Bryce Park in Washington DC . Lady Bryce died in 1939 . Her papers are held at the Bodleian Library . In 1965 the James Bryce Chair of Government was endowed at the University of Glasgow . Government was changed to Politics in 1970 .", "title": "Personal life" }, { "text": " - The Flora of the Island of Aran , 1859 - The Holy Roman Empire , 1864 - Report on the Condition of Education in Lancashire , 1867 - The Trade Marks Registration Act , with Introduction and Notes on Trade Mark Law , 1877 - Transcaucasia and Ararat , 1877 - The American Commonwealth , 1888 , Volume I , Volume II , Volume III - Impressions of South Africa , 1897 - Studies in History and Jurisprudence , 1901 , Volume I , Volume II - Studies in Contemporary Biography , 1903", "title": "Publications" }, { "text": "- The Hindrances to Good Citizenship , 1909 Reissued by Transaction Publishers , 1993 , edited and with a new Introduction by Howard G . Schneiderman", "title": "Publications" }, { "text": " - South America : Observations and Impressions 1912 - The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire 1915–16 , 1916 - Essays and Addresses in War Time , 1918 - Modern Democracies , 1921 Volume I , Volume II His Studies in History and Jurisprudence ( 1901 ) and Studies in Contemporary Biography ( 1903 ) were republications of essays .", "title": "Publications" }, { "text": " - The Future of English Universities , The Fortnightly Review , Vol . XXXIX , 1883 . - An Ideal University , The Contemporary Review , Vol . XLV , June 1884 . - The Relations of History and Geography , The Contemporary Review , Vol . XLIX , January/June 1886 . - An Age of Discontent , The Contemporary Review , Vol . LIX , January 1891 . - The Migrations of the Races of Men Considered Historically , The Contemporary Review , Vol . LXII , July 1892 .", "title": "Selected articles" }, { "text": "- The Teaching of Civic Duty , Educational Review , Vol . VI , 1893 .", "title": "Selected articles" }, { "text": " - Equality , The Century ; A Popular Quarterly , Vol . LVI , No . 3 , July 1898 . - What is Progress? , The Atlantic Monthly , Vol . C , 1907 .", "title": "Selected articles" }, { "text": " - Patriotism consists not in waving the flag , but in striving that our country shall be righteous as well as strong . - No government demands so much from the citizen as Democracy and none gives back so much . - Life is too short for reading inferior books .", "title": "Famous quotations" }, { "text": " - James Bryce , Two Historical Studies : The Ancient Roman Empire and the British Empire in India ; Diffusion of Roman and English Law Throughout the World ( 1914 ) - Text of the Bryce report on German atrocities - Viscount James Bryce at The Online Library of Liberty - James Bryce , preface to Shall This Nation Die? , by Joseph Naayem , New York : 1921 , quoted in Native Christians Massacred , The Ottoman Genocide of the Assyrians during World War I , 1.3 Genocide Studies and Prevention 326 ( 2006 )", "title": "External links" }, { "text": "- Atrocities Cured Pacifist , The New York Times , 20 April 1918 , at 11", "title": "External links" }, { "text": " - The American Commonwealth , with an Introduction by Gary L . McDowell ( Indianapolis : Liberty Fund , 1995 ) . 2 Vols . See original text in The Online Library of Liberty .", "title": "External links" } ]
/wiki/Edward_Aveling#P108#0
Which employer did Edward Aveling work for between Jun 1876 and Jul 1877?
Edward Aveling Edward Bibbins Aveling ( 29 November 1849 – 2 August 1898 ) was a prominent English biology instructor and popular spokesman for Darwinian evolution , atheism , and socialism . Aveling was the author of numerous books and pamphlets and was a founding member of the Socialist League and the Independent Labour Party . For many years he was the partner of Eleanor Marx , the youngest daughter of Karl Marx . Biography . Early years . Aveling was born on 29 November 1849 in Stoke Newington , the fifth of eight children of Rev . Thomas William Baxter Aveling ( 1815–1884 ) , a Congregationalist minister , and his wife , Mary Ann ( d . 1877 ) , daughter of Thomas Goodall , farmer and innkeeper , of Wisbech , Cambridgeshire . Aveling attended Taunton School , and in 1867 began to study medicine at University College London . He graduated with a BSc degree in zoology in 1870 . Aveling began teaching biology and lecturing in science at Kings College London but was unable to advance due to his atheism and avowed leftist views . He subsequently lectured on anatomy and biology at the London Hospital until 1882 . On 30 July 1872 , Aveling married the heiress Isabel Campbell Frank ( 22 November 1849 – 12 September 1892 ) , but the marriage lasted only two years before they separated amicably . According to Aveling , the cause of the split was that Isabel could not abide his atheist views , although there were rumours that he had married her for her money . They did not divorce and the marriage ended with her death . From 1872 to 1876 Aveling was a teacher of elementary physics and botany at the North London Collegiate School for Girls . In 1880 , Aveling delivered over a hundred freethought lectures and was made a vice-president of the National Secular Society . He edited the secular humanist magazine , The Freethinker when its founding editor George William Foote was imprisoned for blasphemy in 1883 . Political career . In November 1882 he was elected to represent Westminster on the London School Board . In 1884 , Aveling became the partner of Eleanor Tussy Marx , the daughter of Karl Marx , and thus was thrust into the inner circle of British socialism . Later in 1884 , Aveling and Eleanor were both elected to the executive council of the Social Democratic Federation . This position proved temporary , because the couple separated from the SDF at the end of the year along with William Morris and Belfort Bax in the acrimonious split which formed the Socialist League . In 1884 , Frederick Engels enlisted Aveling to help in translating the first volume of Karl Marxs book Das Kapital . Aveling also achieved some success as a playwright under the pen-name Alec Nelson . In the autumn of 1886 , Aveling and Eleanor Marx toured the United States , lecturing on behalf of the Socialist Labor Party . After their return , they wrote a book for British readers detailing the situation of the left-wing political movement and trade unions in the US , which they said was populated by unconscious socialists , people who shared socialist values but disclaimed socialist ideas . Aveling and Marx wrote : The mass of American Workers had scarcely any more conception of the meaning of Socialism than had their betters . They also had been grievously misled by capitalist papers and capitalist economists and preachers . Hence it came to pass that after most of our meetings we were met by Knights of Labour , Central Labour Union men , and members of other working-class organisations , who told us that they , entering the place antagonists to Socialism as they fancied , had discovered that for a long time past they had been holding its ideas . During his time in the Socialist League Aveling wrote and translated various socialist texts but nonetheless remained personally unpopular in the movement , the object of a steady steam of gossip and accusations . In August 1888 , the branch to which Aveling and Marx belonged separated from the anarchist-dominated Socialist League in favour of an independent existence as the Bloomsbury Socialist Society . After leaving the Socialist League , Aveling became active in the Gasworkers Union , for whom he served as an auditor . Aveling was a founding member and was elected to the National Administrative Council of the Independent Labour Party by the 1893 Conference which established the organisation . He left that group to rejoin the Marxist Social Democratic Federation in 1896 , despite his long-standing personal and political quarrel with SDF leader Henry Hyndman . Playwright . Under the pen name Alec Nelson , Aveling wrote several successful plays , including an adaptation of Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter that premiered in London in May 1888 . By August , he was supervising the mounting of three different plays in New York , Chicago , and , in the words of Engels , God knows where besides . Writings on science . From his standpoint as a comparative anatomist Aveling easily accepted Darwins theory of evolution by natural selection . As an atheist he eagerly promoted the division between some evolutionists and some Christians . His colourful writings on Darwinism were widely read by the general public . However , some of the arguments that he constructed himself were not widely accepted amongst the scientific community ; he says , for example , that the special creation of a species of animal or plant is not thinkable because it would contravene the principle that both matter and energy are conserved . Later life , death , and legacy . In 1897 , Aveling left Marx and on 8 June that year secretly married an actress , Eva Frye , using his pen-name Alec Nelson . He returned to Marx in September when he was suffering from kidney disease . After nursing him for some time , Eleanor Marx committed suicide mainly due to his infidelity . A coroners inquest delivered a verdict of suicide while in a state of temporary insanity , clearing Aveling of criminal wrongdoing , but he was widely reviled throughout the socialist community as having caused Eleanor to take her life . It has even been suggested that Aveling might have murdered her . Aveling died four months later , on 2 August 1898 , in Battersea of kidney disease . He was 48 . His body was cremated at Woking Crematorium , Surrey , three days later . Despite his prominence as a member of the fledgling British Marxist movement , no representatives of the Socialist or labour movements were present at the funeral due to the widely held belief that he was responsible for Eleanor Marxs death . Aveling was also disliked by many of his contemporaries for his tendency to borrow money from everyone . A biographer of Eleanor wrote in 1976 : The truth is that in moral terms Aveling presented something akin to an optical illusion : looked at in one light , he could be seen as feckless , happy-go-lucky but fundamentally sound ; in another , as an unmitigated scoundrel . What , however , could not escape notice from any angle was his infinite propensity to borrow money , which age could not wither nor — more surprisingly — custom stale . He might be cheated...so that resigning from the Secular Society he was loaded with debt . Yet this hardly accounts for his habit of borrowing from the rich , the poor and the positively indigent for trifling amounts — though sometimes cleaning them out — since he never at any time — and this in an age of ostentatious spenders.. . — lived in a style above that of any other middle-class socialist who had neither business interests nor inherited wealth . * * * It is not uncommon to come across individuals from whose company and a small sum of money one simultaneously parts . This compulsion to borrow is not easy to explain in those who are neither on their beam ends nor aspire to high living . Although he had numerous relationships with women , as far as is known , Aveling had no children . Publications by Edward Aveling . Writings . - Why I Dare Not Be a Christian . London : Freethought Publishing Co. , n.d . [ 1881 ] . - Irreligion of Science . London : Freethought Publishing Co. , n.d . [ 1881 ] . - The Wickedness of God . London : Freethought Publishing Co. , n.d . [ 1881 ] . - The Creed of an Atheist . London : Freethought Publishing Co. , n.d . [ 1881 ] . - The Students Darwin . London : Freethought Publishing Co. , 1881 . - The Plays of Shakspere.. . : The Substance of Four Lectures Delivered at the Hall of Science , London . London : Freethought Publishing Co. , n.d . [ 1881 ] . - Biological Discoveries and Problems . London : Freethought Publishing Co. , n.d . [ c . 1881 ] . - God Dies , Nature Remains . London : Freethought Publishing Co. , n.d . [ c . 1881 ] . - Science and Secularism . London : Freethought Publishing Co. , 1882 . - Botanical Tables : For the Use of Students . London : Freethought Publishing Co. , n.d . [ 1882 ] . - A Godless Life : The Happiest and Most Useful . London , A . Besant and C . Bradlaugh , 1882 . - Science and Religion . London , A . Besant and C . Bradlaugh , n.d . [ 1882 ] . - On Superstition . London , A . Besant and C . Bradlaugh , n.d . [ c . 1882 ] . - The Borderland Between Living and Non-Living Things : A Lecture Delivered Before the Sunday Lecture Society , on Sunday Afternoon , 5 November 1882.. . London : Sunday Lecture Society , 1882 . - General Biology : Theoretical and Practical . London : n.p. , 1882 . - The Religious Views of Charles Darwin . London : Freethought Publishing Company , 1883 . - The Darwinian Theory . London : Progressive Publishing Company , n.d . [ c . 1883 ] . - Christianity and Capitalism . With Charles L Marson and Stewart D Headlam . London : Modern Press , 1884 . - The Curse of Capital . London : Freethought Publishing Co. , 1884 . - The Darwinian Theory : Its Meaning , Difficulties , Evidence , History . London : Progressive Publishing Co. , 1884 . - The Origin of Man . London : Progressive Publishing Co. , 1884 . - The Factory Hell . with Eleanor Marx Aveling . London : Socialist League Office , 1885 . - Monkeys , Apes and Men . London : Progressive Publishing Co. , 1885 . - The Woman Question . With Eleanor Marx Aveling . London : Swan Sonnenschein & Co. , 1886 . - Chemistry of the Non-Metallics . London : J . Hughes , 1886 . - Natural Philosophy for London University Matriculation . London : n.p. , 1886 . - Darwin Made Easy . London : Progressive Publishing Co. , 1887 . - Mechanics and Experimental Science as Required for the Matriculation Examination of the University of London. . London : n.p. , 1887 . - The Working Class Movement in America . With Eleanor Marx Aveling . London : Swan Sonnenschein & Co. , 1887 . Second Edition , 1891 . - Shelleys Socialism : Two Lectures . With Eleanor Marx Aveling . London : privately published , 1888 . - Key to Mechanics . London : Chapman and Hall , 1888 . - Key to Chemistry . London : Chapman and Hall , 1888 . - Mechanics , and Light and Heat : For London University Matriculation . London : W . Stewart & Co. , n.d . [ 1888 ] . - Mechanics and Experimental Science as Required for the Matriculation Examination of the University of London : Magnetism and Electricity . London : Chapman and Hall , 1889 . - An Introduction to the Study of Botany . London : Swan Sonnenschein & Co. , 1891 . - The Students Marx : An Introduction to the Study of Karl Marx Capital . London : Swan Sonnenschein & Co. , 1892 . - An Introduction to the Study of Geology , Specially Adapted for the Use of Candidates for the London B.Sc . and the Science and Art Department Examinations . London : Swan Sonnenschein & Co. , 1893 . - Wilhelm Liebknecht and the Social-Democratic Movement in Germany . London : Twentieth Century Press , n.d . [ 1896 ] . - Charles Darwin and Karl Marx : A Comparison . London : Twentieth Century Press , n.d . [ c . 1897 ] . Translations . - L.A . Tikhomirov , Russia : Political and Social . London : Swan Sonnenschein & Co. , 1888 . External links . - Ernst Haeckel , The Pedigree of Man : And Other Essays . London : Freethought Pub. , tr . by E.B . Aveling ( 1883 ) . - Edward Aveling biography , Spartacus Educational . Retrieved 14 September 2009 .
[ "" ]
[ { "text": " Edward Bibbins Aveling ( 29 November 1849 – 2 August 1898 ) was a prominent English biology instructor and popular spokesman for Darwinian evolution , atheism , and socialism . Aveling was the author of numerous books and pamphlets and was a founding member of the Socialist League and the Independent Labour Party . For many years he was the partner of Eleanor Marx , the youngest daughter of Karl Marx .", "title": "Edward Aveling" }, { "text": " Aveling was born on 29 November 1849 in Stoke Newington , the fifth of eight children of Rev . Thomas William Baxter Aveling ( 1815–1884 ) , a Congregationalist minister , and his wife , Mary Ann ( d . 1877 ) , daughter of Thomas Goodall , farmer and innkeeper , of Wisbech , Cambridgeshire .", "title": "Early years" }, { "text": "Aveling attended Taunton School , and in 1867 began to study medicine at University College London . He graduated with a BSc degree in zoology in 1870 . Aveling began teaching biology and lecturing in science at Kings College London but was unable to advance due to his atheism and avowed leftist views . He subsequently lectured on anatomy and biology at the London Hospital until 1882 .", "title": "Early years" }, { "text": " On 30 July 1872 , Aveling married the heiress Isabel Campbell Frank ( 22 November 1849 – 12 September 1892 ) , but the marriage lasted only two years before they separated amicably . According to Aveling , the cause of the split was that Isabel could not abide his atheist views , although there were rumours that he had married her for her money . They did not divorce and the marriage ended with her death .", "title": "Early years" }, { "text": "From 1872 to 1876 Aveling was a teacher of elementary physics and botany at the North London Collegiate School for Girls .", "title": "Early years" }, { "text": " In 1880 , Aveling delivered over a hundred freethought lectures and was made a vice-president of the National Secular Society . He edited the secular humanist magazine , The Freethinker when its founding editor George William Foote was imprisoned for blasphemy in 1883 .", "title": "Early years" }, { "text": " In November 1882 he was elected to represent Westminster on the London School Board .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "In 1884 , Aveling became the partner of Eleanor Tussy Marx , the daughter of Karl Marx , and thus was thrust into the inner circle of British socialism . Later in 1884 , Aveling and Eleanor were both elected to the executive council of the Social Democratic Federation . This position proved temporary , because the couple separated from the SDF at the end of the year along with William Morris and Belfort Bax in the acrimonious split which formed the Socialist League .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": " In 1884 , Frederick Engels enlisted Aveling to help in translating the first volume of Karl Marxs book Das Kapital . Aveling also achieved some success as a playwright under the pen-name Alec Nelson .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "In the autumn of 1886 , Aveling and Eleanor Marx toured the United States , lecturing on behalf of the Socialist Labor Party . After their return , they wrote a book for British readers detailing the situation of the left-wing political movement and trade unions in the US , which they said was populated by unconscious socialists , people who shared socialist values but disclaimed socialist ideas . Aveling and Marx wrote :", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": " The mass of American Workers had scarcely any more conception of the meaning of Socialism than had their betters . They also had been grievously misled by capitalist papers and capitalist economists and preachers . Hence it came to pass that after most of our meetings we were met by Knights of Labour , Central Labour Union men , and members of other working-class organisations , who told us that they , entering the place antagonists to Socialism as they fancied , had discovered that for a long time past they had been holding its ideas .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "During his time in the Socialist League Aveling wrote and translated various socialist texts but nonetheless remained personally unpopular in the movement , the object of a steady steam of gossip and accusations .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": " In August 1888 , the branch to which Aveling and Marx belonged separated from the anarchist-dominated Socialist League in favour of an independent existence as the Bloomsbury Socialist Society . After leaving the Socialist League , Aveling became active in the Gasworkers Union , for whom he served as an auditor .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "Aveling was a founding member and was elected to the National Administrative Council of the Independent Labour Party by the 1893 Conference which established the organisation . He left that group to rejoin the Marxist Social Democratic Federation in 1896 , despite his long-standing personal and political quarrel with SDF leader Henry Hyndman .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": " Under the pen name Alec Nelson , Aveling wrote several successful plays , including an adaptation of Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter that premiered in London in May 1888 . By August , he was supervising the mounting of three different plays in New York , Chicago , and , in the words of Engels , God knows where besides .", "title": "Playwright" }, { "text": " From his standpoint as a comparative anatomist Aveling easily accepted Darwins theory of evolution by natural selection . As an atheist he eagerly promoted the division between some evolutionists and some Christians . His colourful writings on Darwinism were widely read by the general public . However , some of the arguments that he constructed himself were not widely accepted amongst the scientific community ; he says , for example , that the special creation of a species of animal or plant is not thinkable because it would contravene the principle that both matter and energy are conserved .", "title": "Writings on science" }, { "text": "Later life , death , and legacy .", "title": "Writings on science" }, { "text": "In 1897 , Aveling left Marx and on 8 June that year secretly married an actress , Eva Frye , using his pen-name Alec Nelson . He returned to Marx in September when he was suffering from kidney disease . After nursing him for some time , Eleanor Marx committed suicide mainly due to his infidelity . A coroners inquest delivered a verdict of suicide while in a state of temporary insanity , clearing Aveling of criminal wrongdoing , but he was widely reviled throughout the socialist community as having caused Eleanor to take her life . It has even", "title": "Writings on science" }, { "text": "been suggested that Aveling might have murdered her . Aveling died four months later , on 2 August 1898 , in Battersea of kidney disease . He was 48 . His body was cremated at Woking Crematorium , Surrey , three days later .", "title": "Writings on science" }, { "text": " Despite his prominence as a member of the fledgling British Marxist movement , no representatives of the Socialist or labour movements were present at the funeral due to the widely held belief that he was responsible for Eleanor Marxs death . Aveling was also disliked by many of his contemporaries for his tendency to borrow money from everyone . A biographer of Eleanor wrote in 1976 :", "title": "Writings on science" }, { "text": "The truth is that in moral terms Aveling presented something akin to an optical illusion : looked at in one light , he could be seen as feckless , happy-go-lucky but fundamentally sound ; in another , as an unmitigated scoundrel . What , however , could not escape notice from any angle was his infinite propensity to borrow money , which age could not wither nor — more surprisingly — custom stale . He might be cheated...so that resigning from the Secular Society he was loaded with debt . Yet this hardly accounts for his habit of borrowing from", "title": "Writings on science" }, { "text": "the rich , the poor and the positively indigent for trifling amounts — though sometimes cleaning them out — since he never at any time — and this in an age of ostentatious spenders.. . — lived in a style above that of any other middle-class socialist who had neither business interests nor inherited wealth . * * *", "title": "Writings on science" }, { "text": " It is not uncommon to come across individuals from whose company and a small sum of money one simultaneously parts . This compulsion to borrow is not easy to explain in those who are neither on their beam ends nor aspire to high living . Although he had numerous relationships with women , as far as is known , Aveling had no children . Publications by Edward Aveling .", "title": "Writings on science" }, { "text": " - Why I Dare Not Be a Christian . London : Freethought Publishing Co. , n.d . [ 1881 ] . - Irreligion of Science . London : Freethought Publishing Co. , n.d . [ 1881 ] . - The Wickedness of God . London : Freethought Publishing Co. , n.d . [ 1881 ] . - The Creed of an Atheist . London : Freethought Publishing Co. , n.d . [ 1881 ] . - The Students Darwin . London : Freethought Publishing Co. , 1881 .", "title": "Writings" }, { "text": "- The Plays of Shakspere.. . : The Substance of Four Lectures Delivered at the Hall of Science , London . London : Freethought Publishing Co. , n.d . [ 1881 ] .", "title": "Writings" }, { "text": " - Biological Discoveries and Problems . London : Freethought Publishing Co. , n.d . [ c . 1881 ] . - God Dies , Nature Remains . London : Freethought Publishing Co. , n.d . [ c . 1881 ] . - Science and Secularism . London : Freethought Publishing Co. , 1882 . - Botanical Tables : For the Use of Students . London : Freethought Publishing Co. , n.d . [ 1882 ] . - A Godless Life : The Happiest and Most Useful . London , A . Besant and C . Bradlaugh , 1882 .", "title": "Writings" }, { "text": "- Science and Religion . London , A . Besant and C . Bradlaugh , n.d . [ 1882 ] .", "title": "Writings" }, { "text": " - On Superstition . London , A . Besant and C . Bradlaugh , n.d . [ c . 1882 ] . - The Borderland Between Living and Non-Living Things : A Lecture Delivered Before the Sunday Lecture Society , on Sunday Afternoon , 5 November 1882.. . London : Sunday Lecture Society , 1882 . - General Biology : Theoretical and Practical . London : n.p. , 1882 . - The Religious Views of Charles Darwin . London : Freethought Publishing Company , 1883 .", "title": "Writings" }, { "text": "- The Darwinian Theory . London : Progressive Publishing Company , n.d . [ c . 1883 ] .", "title": "Writings" }, { "text": " - Christianity and Capitalism . With Charles L Marson and Stewart D Headlam . London : Modern Press , 1884 . - The Curse of Capital . London : Freethought Publishing Co. , 1884 . - The Darwinian Theory : Its Meaning , Difficulties , Evidence , History . London : Progressive Publishing Co. , 1884 . - The Origin of Man . London : Progressive Publishing Co. , 1884 . - The Factory Hell . with Eleanor Marx Aveling . London : Socialist League Office , 1885 .", "title": "Writings" }, { "text": "- Monkeys , Apes and Men . London : Progressive Publishing Co. , 1885 .", "title": "Writings" }, { "text": " - The Woman Question . With Eleanor Marx Aveling . London : Swan Sonnenschein & Co. , 1886 . - Chemistry of the Non-Metallics . London : J . Hughes , 1886 . - Natural Philosophy for London University Matriculation . London : n.p. , 1886 . - Darwin Made Easy . London : Progressive Publishing Co. , 1887 . - Mechanics and Experimental Science as Required for the Matriculation Examination of the University of London. . London : n.p. , 1887 .", "title": "Writings" }, { "text": "- The Working Class Movement in America . With Eleanor Marx Aveling . London : Swan Sonnenschein & Co. , 1887 . Second Edition , 1891 .", "title": "Writings" }, { "text": " - Shelleys Socialism : Two Lectures . With Eleanor Marx Aveling . London : privately published , 1888 . - Key to Mechanics . London : Chapman and Hall , 1888 . - Key to Chemistry . London : Chapman and Hall , 1888 . - Mechanics , and Light and Heat : For London University Matriculation . London : W . Stewart & Co. , n.d . [ 1888 ] .", "title": "Writings" }, { "text": "- Mechanics and Experimental Science as Required for the Matriculation Examination of the University of London : Magnetism and Electricity . London : Chapman and Hall , 1889 .", "title": "Writings" }, { "text": " - An Introduction to the Study of Botany . London : Swan Sonnenschein & Co. , 1891 . - The Students Marx : An Introduction to the Study of Karl Marx Capital . London : Swan Sonnenschein & Co. , 1892 . - An Introduction to the Study of Geology , Specially Adapted for the Use of Candidates for the London B.Sc . and the Science and Art Department Examinations . London : Swan Sonnenschein & Co. , 1893 .", "title": "Writings" }, { "text": "- Wilhelm Liebknecht and the Social-Democratic Movement in Germany . London : Twentieth Century Press , n.d . [ 1896 ] .", "title": "Writings" }, { "text": " - Charles Darwin and Karl Marx : A Comparison . London : Twentieth Century Press , n.d . [ c . 1897 ] .", "title": "Writings" }, { "text": " - L.A . Tikhomirov , Russia : Political and Social . London : Swan Sonnenschein & Co. , 1888 .", "title": "Translations" }, { "text": " - Ernst Haeckel , The Pedigree of Man : And Other Essays . London : Freethought Pub. , tr . by E.B . Aveling ( 1883 ) . - Edward Aveling biography , Spartacus Educational . Retrieved 14 September 2009 .", "title": "External links" } ]
/wiki/Edward_Aveling#P108#1
Which employer did Edward Aveling work for between Jul 1975 and Oct 1975?
Edward Aveling Edward Bibbins Aveling ( 29 November 1849 – 2 August 1898 ) was a prominent English biology instructor and popular spokesman for Darwinian evolution , atheism , and socialism . Aveling was the author of numerous books and pamphlets and was a founding member of the Socialist League and the Independent Labour Party . For many years he was the partner of Eleanor Marx , the youngest daughter of Karl Marx . Biography . Early years . Aveling was born on 29 November 1849 in Stoke Newington , the fifth of eight children of Rev . Thomas William Baxter Aveling ( 1815–1884 ) , a Congregationalist minister , and his wife , Mary Ann ( d . 1877 ) , daughter of Thomas Goodall , farmer and innkeeper , of Wisbech , Cambridgeshire . Aveling attended Taunton School , and in 1867 began to study medicine at University College London . He graduated with a BSc degree in zoology in 1870 . Aveling began teaching biology and lecturing in science at Kings College London but was unable to advance due to his atheism and avowed leftist views . He subsequently lectured on anatomy and biology at the London Hospital until 1882 . On 30 July 1872 , Aveling married the heiress Isabel Campbell Frank ( 22 November 1849 – 12 September 1892 ) , but the marriage lasted only two years before they separated amicably . According to Aveling , the cause of the split was that Isabel could not abide his atheist views , although there were rumours that he had married her for her money . They did not divorce and the marriage ended with her death . From 1872 to 1876 Aveling was a teacher of elementary physics and botany at the North London Collegiate School for Girls . In 1880 , Aveling delivered over a hundred freethought lectures and was made a vice-president of the National Secular Society . He edited the secular humanist magazine , The Freethinker when its founding editor George William Foote was imprisoned for blasphemy in 1883 . Political career . In November 1882 he was elected to represent Westminster on the London School Board . In 1884 , Aveling became the partner of Eleanor Tussy Marx , the daughter of Karl Marx , and thus was thrust into the inner circle of British socialism . Later in 1884 , Aveling and Eleanor were both elected to the executive council of the Social Democratic Federation . This position proved temporary , because the couple separated from the SDF at the end of the year along with William Morris and Belfort Bax in the acrimonious split which formed the Socialist League . In 1884 , Frederick Engels enlisted Aveling to help in translating the first volume of Karl Marxs book Das Kapital . Aveling also achieved some success as a playwright under the pen-name Alec Nelson . In the autumn of 1886 , Aveling and Eleanor Marx toured the United States , lecturing on behalf of the Socialist Labor Party . After their return , they wrote a book for British readers detailing the situation of the left-wing political movement and trade unions in the US , which they said was populated by unconscious socialists , people who shared socialist values but disclaimed socialist ideas . Aveling and Marx wrote : The mass of American Workers had scarcely any more conception of the meaning of Socialism than had their betters . They also had been grievously misled by capitalist papers and capitalist economists and preachers . Hence it came to pass that after most of our meetings we were met by Knights of Labour , Central Labour Union men , and members of other working-class organisations , who told us that they , entering the place antagonists to Socialism as they fancied , had discovered that for a long time past they had been holding its ideas . During his time in the Socialist League Aveling wrote and translated various socialist texts but nonetheless remained personally unpopular in the movement , the object of a steady steam of gossip and accusations . In August 1888 , the branch to which Aveling and Marx belonged separated from the anarchist-dominated Socialist League in favour of an independent existence as the Bloomsbury Socialist Society . After leaving the Socialist League , Aveling became active in the Gasworkers Union , for whom he served as an auditor . Aveling was a founding member and was elected to the National Administrative Council of the Independent Labour Party by the 1893 Conference which established the organisation . He left that group to rejoin the Marxist Social Democratic Federation in 1896 , despite his long-standing personal and political quarrel with SDF leader Henry Hyndman . Playwright . Under the pen name Alec Nelson , Aveling wrote several successful plays , including an adaptation of Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter that premiered in London in May 1888 . By August , he was supervising the mounting of three different plays in New York , Chicago , and , in the words of Engels , God knows where besides . Writings on science . From his standpoint as a comparative anatomist Aveling easily accepted Darwins theory of evolution by natural selection . As an atheist he eagerly promoted the division between some evolutionists and some Christians . His colourful writings on Darwinism were widely read by the general public . However , some of the arguments that he constructed himself were not widely accepted amongst the scientific community ; he says , for example , that the special creation of a species of animal or plant is not thinkable because it would contravene the principle that both matter and energy are conserved . Later life , death , and legacy . In 1897 , Aveling left Marx and on 8 June that year secretly married an actress , Eva Frye , using his pen-name Alec Nelson . He returned to Marx in September when he was suffering from kidney disease . After nursing him for some time , Eleanor Marx committed suicide mainly due to his infidelity . A coroners inquest delivered a verdict of suicide while in a state of temporary insanity , clearing Aveling of criminal wrongdoing , but he was widely reviled throughout the socialist community as having caused Eleanor to take her life . It has even been suggested that Aveling might have murdered her . Aveling died four months later , on 2 August 1898 , in Battersea of kidney disease . He was 48 . His body was cremated at Woking Crematorium , Surrey , three days later . Despite his prominence as a member of the fledgling British Marxist movement , no representatives of the Socialist or labour movements were present at the funeral due to the widely held belief that he was responsible for Eleanor Marxs death . Aveling was also disliked by many of his contemporaries for his tendency to borrow money from everyone . A biographer of Eleanor wrote in 1976 : The truth is that in moral terms Aveling presented something akin to an optical illusion : looked at in one light , he could be seen as feckless , happy-go-lucky but fundamentally sound ; in another , as an unmitigated scoundrel . What , however , could not escape notice from any angle was his infinite propensity to borrow money , which age could not wither nor — more surprisingly — custom stale . He might be cheated...so that resigning from the Secular Society he was loaded with debt . Yet this hardly accounts for his habit of borrowing from the rich , the poor and the positively indigent for trifling amounts — though sometimes cleaning them out — since he never at any time — and this in an age of ostentatious spenders.. . — lived in a style above that of any other middle-class socialist who had neither business interests nor inherited wealth . * * * It is not uncommon to come across individuals from whose company and a small sum of money one simultaneously parts . This compulsion to borrow is not easy to explain in those who are neither on their beam ends nor aspire to high living . Although he had numerous relationships with women , as far as is known , Aveling had no children . Publications by Edward Aveling . Writings . - Why I Dare Not Be a Christian . London : Freethought Publishing Co. , n.d . [ 1881 ] . - Irreligion of Science . London : Freethought Publishing Co. , n.d . [ 1881 ] . - The Wickedness of God . London : Freethought Publishing Co. , n.d . [ 1881 ] . - The Creed of an Atheist . London : Freethought Publishing Co. , n.d . [ 1881 ] . - The Students Darwin . London : Freethought Publishing Co. , 1881 . - The Plays of Shakspere.. . : The Substance of Four Lectures Delivered at the Hall of Science , London . London : Freethought Publishing Co. , n.d . [ 1881 ] . - Biological Discoveries and Problems . London : Freethought Publishing Co. , n.d . [ c . 1881 ] . - God Dies , Nature Remains . London : Freethought Publishing Co. , n.d . [ c . 1881 ] . - Science and Secularism . London : Freethought Publishing Co. , 1882 . - Botanical Tables : For the Use of Students . London : Freethought Publishing Co. , n.d . [ 1882 ] . - A Godless Life : The Happiest and Most Useful . London , A . Besant and C . Bradlaugh , 1882 . - Science and Religion . London , A . Besant and C . Bradlaugh , n.d . [ 1882 ] . - On Superstition . London , A . Besant and C . Bradlaugh , n.d . [ c . 1882 ] . - The Borderland Between Living and Non-Living Things : A Lecture Delivered Before the Sunday Lecture Society , on Sunday Afternoon , 5 November 1882.. . London : Sunday Lecture Society , 1882 . - General Biology : Theoretical and Practical . London : n.p. , 1882 . - The Religious Views of Charles Darwin . London : Freethought Publishing Company , 1883 . - The Darwinian Theory . London : Progressive Publishing Company , n.d . [ c . 1883 ] . - Christianity and Capitalism . With Charles L Marson and Stewart D Headlam . London : Modern Press , 1884 . - The Curse of Capital . London : Freethought Publishing Co. , 1884 . - The Darwinian Theory : Its Meaning , Difficulties , Evidence , History . London : Progressive Publishing Co. , 1884 . - The Origin of Man . London : Progressive Publishing Co. , 1884 . - The Factory Hell . with Eleanor Marx Aveling . London : Socialist League Office , 1885 . - Monkeys , Apes and Men . London : Progressive Publishing Co. , 1885 . - The Woman Question . With Eleanor Marx Aveling . London : Swan Sonnenschein & Co. , 1886 . - Chemistry of the Non-Metallics . London : J . Hughes , 1886 . - Natural Philosophy for London University Matriculation . London : n.p. , 1886 . - Darwin Made Easy . London : Progressive Publishing Co. , 1887 . - Mechanics and Experimental Science as Required for the Matriculation Examination of the University of London. . London : n.p. , 1887 . - The Working Class Movement in America . With Eleanor Marx Aveling . London : Swan Sonnenschein & Co. , 1887 . Second Edition , 1891 . - Shelleys Socialism : Two Lectures . With Eleanor Marx Aveling . London : privately published , 1888 . - Key to Mechanics . London : Chapman and Hall , 1888 . - Key to Chemistry . London : Chapman and Hall , 1888 . - Mechanics , and Light and Heat : For London University Matriculation . London : W . Stewart & Co. , n.d . [ 1888 ] . - Mechanics and Experimental Science as Required for the Matriculation Examination of the University of London : Magnetism and Electricity . London : Chapman and Hall , 1889 . - An Introduction to the Study of Botany . London : Swan Sonnenschein & Co. , 1891 . - The Students Marx : An Introduction to the Study of Karl Marx Capital . London : Swan Sonnenschein & Co. , 1892 . - An Introduction to the Study of Geology , Specially Adapted for the Use of Candidates for the London B.Sc . and the Science and Art Department Examinations . London : Swan Sonnenschein & Co. , 1893 . - Wilhelm Liebknecht and the Social-Democratic Movement in Germany . London : Twentieth Century Press , n.d . [ 1896 ] . - Charles Darwin and Karl Marx : A Comparison . London : Twentieth Century Press , n.d . [ c . 1897 ] . Translations . - L.A . Tikhomirov , Russia : Political and Social . London : Swan Sonnenschein & Co. , 1888 . External links . - Ernst Haeckel , The Pedigree of Man : And Other Essays . London : Freethought Pub. , tr . by E.B . Aveling ( 1883 ) . - Edward Aveling biography , Spartacus Educational . Retrieved 14 September 2009 .
[ "" ]
[ { "text": " Edward Bibbins Aveling ( 29 November 1849 – 2 August 1898 ) was a prominent English biology instructor and popular spokesman for Darwinian evolution , atheism , and socialism . Aveling was the author of numerous books and pamphlets and was a founding member of the Socialist League and the Independent Labour Party . For many years he was the partner of Eleanor Marx , the youngest daughter of Karl Marx .", "title": "Edward Aveling" }, { "text": " Aveling was born on 29 November 1849 in Stoke Newington , the fifth of eight children of Rev . Thomas William Baxter Aveling ( 1815–1884 ) , a Congregationalist minister , and his wife , Mary Ann ( d . 1877 ) , daughter of Thomas Goodall , farmer and innkeeper , of Wisbech , Cambridgeshire .", "title": "Early years" }, { "text": "Aveling attended Taunton School , and in 1867 began to study medicine at University College London . He graduated with a BSc degree in zoology in 1870 . Aveling began teaching biology and lecturing in science at Kings College London but was unable to advance due to his atheism and avowed leftist views . He subsequently lectured on anatomy and biology at the London Hospital until 1882 .", "title": "Early years" }, { "text": " On 30 July 1872 , Aveling married the heiress Isabel Campbell Frank ( 22 November 1849 – 12 September 1892 ) , but the marriage lasted only two years before they separated amicably . According to Aveling , the cause of the split was that Isabel could not abide his atheist views , although there were rumours that he had married her for her money . They did not divorce and the marriage ended with her death .", "title": "Early years" }, { "text": "From 1872 to 1876 Aveling was a teacher of elementary physics and botany at the North London Collegiate School for Girls .", "title": "Early years" }, { "text": " In 1880 , Aveling delivered over a hundred freethought lectures and was made a vice-president of the National Secular Society . He edited the secular humanist magazine , The Freethinker when its founding editor George William Foote was imprisoned for blasphemy in 1883 .", "title": "Early years" }, { "text": " In November 1882 he was elected to represent Westminster on the London School Board .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "In 1884 , Aveling became the partner of Eleanor Tussy Marx , the daughter of Karl Marx , and thus was thrust into the inner circle of British socialism . Later in 1884 , Aveling and Eleanor were both elected to the executive council of the Social Democratic Federation . This position proved temporary , because the couple separated from the SDF at the end of the year along with William Morris and Belfort Bax in the acrimonious split which formed the Socialist League .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": " In 1884 , Frederick Engels enlisted Aveling to help in translating the first volume of Karl Marxs book Das Kapital . Aveling also achieved some success as a playwright under the pen-name Alec Nelson .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "In the autumn of 1886 , Aveling and Eleanor Marx toured the United States , lecturing on behalf of the Socialist Labor Party . After their return , they wrote a book for British readers detailing the situation of the left-wing political movement and trade unions in the US , which they said was populated by unconscious socialists , people who shared socialist values but disclaimed socialist ideas . Aveling and Marx wrote :", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": " The mass of American Workers had scarcely any more conception of the meaning of Socialism than had their betters . They also had been grievously misled by capitalist papers and capitalist economists and preachers . Hence it came to pass that after most of our meetings we were met by Knights of Labour , Central Labour Union men , and members of other working-class organisations , who told us that they , entering the place antagonists to Socialism as they fancied , had discovered that for a long time past they had been holding its ideas .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "During his time in the Socialist League Aveling wrote and translated various socialist texts but nonetheless remained personally unpopular in the movement , the object of a steady steam of gossip and accusations .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": " In August 1888 , the branch to which Aveling and Marx belonged separated from the anarchist-dominated Socialist League in favour of an independent existence as the Bloomsbury Socialist Society . After leaving the Socialist League , Aveling became active in the Gasworkers Union , for whom he served as an auditor .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "Aveling was a founding member and was elected to the National Administrative Council of the Independent Labour Party by the 1893 Conference which established the organisation . He left that group to rejoin the Marxist Social Democratic Federation in 1896 , despite his long-standing personal and political quarrel with SDF leader Henry Hyndman .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": " Under the pen name Alec Nelson , Aveling wrote several successful plays , including an adaptation of Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter that premiered in London in May 1888 . By August , he was supervising the mounting of three different plays in New York , Chicago , and , in the words of Engels , God knows where besides .", "title": "Playwright" }, { "text": " From his standpoint as a comparative anatomist Aveling easily accepted Darwins theory of evolution by natural selection . As an atheist he eagerly promoted the division between some evolutionists and some Christians . His colourful writings on Darwinism were widely read by the general public . However , some of the arguments that he constructed himself were not widely accepted amongst the scientific community ; he says , for example , that the special creation of a species of animal or plant is not thinkable because it would contravene the principle that both matter and energy are conserved .", "title": "Writings on science" }, { "text": "Later life , death , and legacy .", "title": "Writings on science" }, { "text": "In 1897 , Aveling left Marx and on 8 June that year secretly married an actress , Eva Frye , using his pen-name Alec Nelson . He returned to Marx in September when he was suffering from kidney disease . After nursing him for some time , Eleanor Marx committed suicide mainly due to his infidelity . A coroners inquest delivered a verdict of suicide while in a state of temporary insanity , clearing Aveling of criminal wrongdoing , but he was widely reviled throughout the socialist community as having caused Eleanor to take her life . It has even", "title": "Writings on science" }, { "text": "been suggested that Aveling might have murdered her . Aveling died four months later , on 2 August 1898 , in Battersea of kidney disease . He was 48 . His body was cremated at Woking Crematorium , Surrey , three days later .", "title": "Writings on science" }, { "text": " Despite his prominence as a member of the fledgling British Marxist movement , no representatives of the Socialist or labour movements were present at the funeral due to the widely held belief that he was responsible for Eleanor Marxs death . Aveling was also disliked by many of his contemporaries for his tendency to borrow money from everyone . A biographer of Eleanor wrote in 1976 :", "title": "Writings on science" }, { "text": "The truth is that in moral terms Aveling presented something akin to an optical illusion : looked at in one light , he could be seen as feckless , happy-go-lucky but fundamentally sound ; in another , as an unmitigated scoundrel . What , however , could not escape notice from any angle was his infinite propensity to borrow money , which age could not wither nor — more surprisingly — custom stale . He might be cheated...so that resigning from the Secular Society he was loaded with debt . Yet this hardly accounts for his habit of borrowing from", "title": "Writings on science" }, { "text": "the rich , the poor and the positively indigent for trifling amounts — though sometimes cleaning them out — since he never at any time — and this in an age of ostentatious spenders.. . — lived in a style above that of any other middle-class socialist who had neither business interests nor inherited wealth . * * *", "title": "Writings on science" }, { "text": " It is not uncommon to come across individuals from whose company and a small sum of money one simultaneously parts . This compulsion to borrow is not easy to explain in those who are neither on their beam ends nor aspire to high living . Although he had numerous relationships with women , as far as is known , Aveling had no children . Publications by Edward Aveling .", "title": "Writings on science" }, { "text": " - Why I Dare Not Be a Christian . London : Freethought Publishing Co. , n.d . [ 1881 ] . - Irreligion of Science . London : Freethought Publishing Co. , n.d . [ 1881 ] . - The Wickedness of God . London : Freethought Publishing Co. , n.d . [ 1881 ] . - The Creed of an Atheist . London : Freethought Publishing Co. , n.d . [ 1881 ] . - The Students Darwin . London : Freethought Publishing Co. , 1881 .", "title": "Writings" }, { "text": "- The Plays of Shakspere.. . : The Substance of Four Lectures Delivered at the Hall of Science , London . London : Freethought Publishing Co. , n.d . [ 1881 ] .", "title": "Writings" }, { "text": " - Biological Discoveries and Problems . London : Freethought Publishing Co. , n.d . [ c . 1881 ] . - God Dies , Nature Remains . London : Freethought Publishing Co. , n.d . [ c . 1881 ] . - Science and Secularism . London : Freethought Publishing Co. , 1882 . - Botanical Tables : For the Use of Students . London : Freethought Publishing Co. , n.d . [ 1882 ] . - A Godless Life : The Happiest and Most Useful . London , A . Besant and C . Bradlaugh , 1882 .", "title": "Writings" }, { "text": "- Science and Religion . London , A . Besant and C . Bradlaugh , n.d . [ 1882 ] .", "title": "Writings" }, { "text": " - On Superstition . London , A . Besant and C . Bradlaugh , n.d . [ c . 1882 ] . - The Borderland Between Living and Non-Living Things : A Lecture Delivered Before the Sunday Lecture Society , on Sunday Afternoon , 5 November 1882.. . London : Sunday Lecture Society , 1882 . - General Biology : Theoretical and Practical . London : n.p. , 1882 . - The Religious Views of Charles Darwin . London : Freethought Publishing Company , 1883 .", "title": "Writings" }, { "text": "- The Darwinian Theory . London : Progressive Publishing Company , n.d . [ c . 1883 ] .", "title": "Writings" }, { "text": " - Christianity and Capitalism . With Charles L Marson and Stewart D Headlam . London : Modern Press , 1884 . - The Curse of Capital . London : Freethought Publishing Co. , 1884 . - The Darwinian Theory : Its Meaning , Difficulties , Evidence , History . London : Progressive Publishing Co. , 1884 . - The Origin of Man . London : Progressive Publishing Co. , 1884 . - The Factory Hell . with Eleanor Marx Aveling . London : Socialist League Office , 1885 .", "title": "Writings" }, { "text": "- Monkeys , Apes and Men . London : Progressive Publishing Co. , 1885 .", "title": "Writings" }, { "text": " - The Woman Question . With Eleanor Marx Aveling . London : Swan Sonnenschein & Co. , 1886 . - Chemistry of the Non-Metallics . London : J . Hughes , 1886 . - Natural Philosophy for London University Matriculation . London : n.p. , 1886 . - Darwin Made Easy . London : Progressive Publishing Co. , 1887 . - Mechanics and Experimental Science as Required for the Matriculation Examination of the University of London. . London : n.p. , 1887 .", "title": "Writings" }, { "text": "- The Working Class Movement in America . With Eleanor Marx Aveling . London : Swan Sonnenschein & Co. , 1887 . Second Edition , 1891 .", "title": "Writings" }, { "text": " - Shelleys Socialism : Two Lectures . With Eleanor Marx Aveling . London : privately published , 1888 . - Key to Mechanics . London : Chapman and Hall , 1888 . - Key to Chemistry . London : Chapman and Hall , 1888 . - Mechanics , and Light and Heat : For London University Matriculation . London : W . Stewart & Co. , n.d . [ 1888 ] .", "title": "Writings" }, { "text": "- Mechanics and Experimental Science as Required for the Matriculation Examination of the University of London : Magnetism and Electricity . London : Chapman and Hall , 1889 .", "title": "Writings" }, { "text": " - An Introduction to the Study of Botany . London : Swan Sonnenschein & Co. , 1891 . - The Students Marx : An Introduction to the Study of Karl Marx Capital . London : Swan Sonnenschein & Co. , 1892 . - An Introduction to the Study of Geology , Specially Adapted for the Use of Candidates for the London B.Sc . and the Science and Art Department Examinations . London : Swan Sonnenschein & Co. , 1893 .", "title": "Writings" }, { "text": "- Wilhelm Liebknecht and the Social-Democratic Movement in Germany . London : Twentieth Century Press , n.d . [ 1896 ] .", "title": "Writings" }, { "text": " - Charles Darwin and Karl Marx : A Comparison . London : Twentieth Century Press , n.d . [ c . 1897 ] .", "title": "Writings" }, { "text": " - L.A . Tikhomirov , Russia : Political and Social . London : Swan Sonnenschein & Co. , 1888 .", "title": "Translations" }, { "text": " - Ernst Haeckel , The Pedigree of Man : And Other Essays . London : Freethought Pub. , tr . by E.B . Aveling ( 1883 ) . - Edward Aveling biography , Spartacus Educational . Retrieved 14 September 2009 .", "title": "External links" } ]
/wiki/Edward_Aveling#P108#2
Which employer did Edward Aveling work for before Mar 1873?
Edward Aveling Edward Bibbins Aveling ( 29 November 1849 – 2 August 1898 ) was a prominent English biology instructor and popular spokesman for Darwinian evolution , atheism , and socialism . Aveling was the author of numerous books and pamphlets and was a founding member of the Socialist League and the Independent Labour Party . For many years he was the partner of Eleanor Marx , the youngest daughter of Karl Marx . Biography . Early years . Aveling was born on 29 November 1849 in Stoke Newington , the fifth of eight children of Rev . Thomas William Baxter Aveling ( 1815–1884 ) , a Congregationalist minister , and his wife , Mary Ann ( d . 1877 ) , daughter of Thomas Goodall , farmer and innkeeper , of Wisbech , Cambridgeshire . Aveling attended Taunton School , and in 1867 began to study medicine at University College London . He graduated with a BSc degree in zoology in 1870 . Aveling began teaching biology and lecturing in science at Kings College London but was unable to advance due to his atheism and avowed leftist views . He subsequently lectured on anatomy and biology at the London Hospital until 1882 . On 30 July 1872 , Aveling married the heiress Isabel Campbell Frank ( 22 November 1849 – 12 September 1892 ) , but the marriage lasted only two years before they separated amicably . According to Aveling , the cause of the split was that Isabel could not abide his atheist views , although there were rumours that he had married her for her money . They did not divorce and the marriage ended with her death . From 1872 to 1876 Aveling was a teacher of elementary physics and botany at the North London Collegiate School for Girls . In 1880 , Aveling delivered over a hundred freethought lectures and was made a vice-president of the National Secular Society . He edited the secular humanist magazine , The Freethinker when its founding editor George William Foote was imprisoned for blasphemy in 1883 . Political career . In November 1882 he was elected to represent Westminster on the London School Board . In 1884 , Aveling became the partner of Eleanor Tussy Marx , the daughter of Karl Marx , and thus was thrust into the inner circle of British socialism . Later in 1884 , Aveling and Eleanor were both elected to the executive council of the Social Democratic Federation . This position proved temporary , because the couple separated from the SDF at the end of the year along with William Morris and Belfort Bax in the acrimonious split which formed the Socialist League . In 1884 , Frederick Engels enlisted Aveling to help in translating the first volume of Karl Marxs book Das Kapital . Aveling also achieved some success as a playwright under the pen-name Alec Nelson . In the autumn of 1886 , Aveling and Eleanor Marx toured the United States , lecturing on behalf of the Socialist Labor Party . After their return , they wrote a book for British readers detailing the situation of the left-wing political movement and trade unions in the US , which they said was populated by unconscious socialists , people who shared socialist values but disclaimed socialist ideas . Aveling and Marx wrote : The mass of American Workers had scarcely any more conception of the meaning of Socialism than had their betters . They also had been grievously misled by capitalist papers and capitalist economists and preachers . Hence it came to pass that after most of our meetings we were met by Knights of Labour , Central Labour Union men , and members of other working-class organisations , who told us that they , entering the place antagonists to Socialism as they fancied , had discovered that for a long time past they had been holding its ideas . During his time in the Socialist League Aveling wrote and translated various socialist texts but nonetheless remained personally unpopular in the movement , the object of a steady steam of gossip and accusations . In August 1888 , the branch to which Aveling and Marx belonged separated from the anarchist-dominated Socialist League in favour of an independent existence as the Bloomsbury Socialist Society . After leaving the Socialist League , Aveling became active in the Gasworkers Union , for whom he served as an auditor . Aveling was a founding member and was elected to the National Administrative Council of the Independent Labour Party by the 1893 Conference which established the organisation . He left that group to rejoin the Marxist Social Democratic Federation in 1896 , despite his long-standing personal and political quarrel with SDF leader Henry Hyndman . Playwright . Under the pen name Alec Nelson , Aveling wrote several successful plays , including an adaptation of Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter that premiered in London in May 1888 . By August , he was supervising the mounting of three different plays in New York , Chicago , and , in the words of Engels , God knows where besides . Writings on science . From his standpoint as a comparative anatomist Aveling easily accepted Darwins theory of evolution by natural selection . As an atheist he eagerly promoted the division between some evolutionists and some Christians . His colourful writings on Darwinism were widely read by the general public . However , some of the arguments that he constructed himself were not widely accepted amongst the scientific community ; he says , for example , that the special creation of a species of animal or plant is not thinkable because it would contravene the principle that both matter and energy are conserved . Later life , death , and legacy . In 1897 , Aveling left Marx and on 8 June that year secretly married an actress , Eva Frye , using his pen-name Alec Nelson . He returned to Marx in September when he was suffering from kidney disease . After nursing him for some time , Eleanor Marx committed suicide mainly due to his infidelity . A coroners inquest delivered a verdict of suicide while in a state of temporary insanity , clearing Aveling of criminal wrongdoing , but he was widely reviled throughout the socialist community as having caused Eleanor to take her life . It has even been suggested that Aveling might have murdered her . Aveling died four months later , on 2 August 1898 , in Battersea of kidney disease . He was 48 . His body was cremated at Woking Crematorium , Surrey , three days later . Despite his prominence as a member of the fledgling British Marxist movement , no representatives of the Socialist or labour movements were present at the funeral due to the widely held belief that he was responsible for Eleanor Marxs death . Aveling was also disliked by many of his contemporaries for his tendency to borrow money from everyone . A biographer of Eleanor wrote in 1976 : The truth is that in moral terms Aveling presented something akin to an optical illusion : looked at in one light , he could be seen as feckless , happy-go-lucky but fundamentally sound ; in another , as an unmitigated scoundrel . What , however , could not escape notice from any angle was his infinite propensity to borrow money , which age could not wither nor — more surprisingly — custom stale . He might be cheated...so that resigning from the Secular Society he was loaded with debt . Yet this hardly accounts for his habit of borrowing from the rich , the poor and the positively indigent for trifling amounts — though sometimes cleaning them out — since he never at any time — and this in an age of ostentatious spenders.. . — lived in a style above that of any other middle-class socialist who had neither business interests nor inherited wealth . * * * It is not uncommon to come across individuals from whose company and a small sum of money one simultaneously parts . This compulsion to borrow is not easy to explain in those who are neither on their beam ends nor aspire to high living . Although he had numerous relationships with women , as far as is known , Aveling had no children . Publications by Edward Aveling . Writings . - Why I Dare Not Be a Christian . London : Freethought Publishing Co. , n.d . [ 1881 ] . - Irreligion of Science . London : Freethought Publishing Co. , n.d . [ 1881 ] . - The Wickedness of God . London : Freethought Publishing Co. , n.d . [ 1881 ] . - The Creed of an Atheist . London : Freethought Publishing Co. , n.d . [ 1881 ] . - The Students Darwin . London : Freethought Publishing Co. , 1881 . - The Plays of Shakspere.. . : The Substance of Four Lectures Delivered at the Hall of Science , London . London : Freethought Publishing Co. , n.d . [ 1881 ] . - Biological Discoveries and Problems . London : Freethought Publishing Co. , n.d . [ c . 1881 ] . - God Dies , Nature Remains . London : Freethought Publishing Co. , n.d . [ c . 1881 ] . - Science and Secularism . London : Freethought Publishing Co. , 1882 . - Botanical Tables : For the Use of Students . London : Freethought Publishing Co. , n.d . [ 1882 ] . - A Godless Life : The Happiest and Most Useful . London , A . Besant and C . Bradlaugh , 1882 . - Science and Religion . London , A . Besant and C . Bradlaugh , n.d . [ 1882 ] . - On Superstition . London , A . Besant and C . Bradlaugh , n.d . [ c . 1882 ] . - The Borderland Between Living and Non-Living Things : A Lecture Delivered Before the Sunday Lecture Society , on Sunday Afternoon , 5 November 1882.. . London : Sunday Lecture Society , 1882 . - General Biology : Theoretical and Practical . London : n.p. , 1882 . - The Religious Views of Charles Darwin . London : Freethought Publishing Company , 1883 . - The Darwinian Theory . London : Progressive Publishing Company , n.d . [ c . 1883 ] . - Christianity and Capitalism . With Charles L Marson and Stewart D Headlam . London : Modern Press , 1884 . - The Curse of Capital . London : Freethought Publishing Co. , 1884 . - The Darwinian Theory : Its Meaning , Difficulties , Evidence , History . London : Progressive Publishing Co. , 1884 . - The Origin of Man . London : Progressive Publishing Co. , 1884 . - The Factory Hell . with Eleanor Marx Aveling . London : Socialist League Office , 1885 . - Monkeys , Apes and Men . London : Progressive Publishing Co. , 1885 . - The Woman Question . With Eleanor Marx Aveling . London : Swan Sonnenschein & Co. , 1886 . - Chemistry of the Non-Metallics . London : J . Hughes , 1886 . - Natural Philosophy for London University Matriculation . London : n.p. , 1886 . - Darwin Made Easy . London : Progressive Publishing Co. , 1887 . - Mechanics and Experimental Science as Required for the Matriculation Examination of the University of London. . London : n.p. , 1887 . - The Working Class Movement in America . With Eleanor Marx Aveling . London : Swan Sonnenschein & Co. , 1887 . Second Edition , 1891 . - Shelleys Socialism : Two Lectures . With Eleanor Marx Aveling . London : privately published , 1888 . - Key to Mechanics . London : Chapman and Hall , 1888 . - Key to Chemistry . London : Chapman and Hall , 1888 . - Mechanics , and Light and Heat : For London University Matriculation . London : W . Stewart & Co. , n.d . [ 1888 ] . - Mechanics and Experimental Science as Required for the Matriculation Examination of the University of London : Magnetism and Electricity . London : Chapman and Hall , 1889 . - An Introduction to the Study of Botany . London : Swan Sonnenschein & Co. , 1891 . - The Students Marx : An Introduction to the Study of Karl Marx Capital . London : Swan Sonnenschein & Co. , 1892 . - An Introduction to the Study of Geology , Specially Adapted for the Use of Candidates for the London B.Sc . and the Science and Art Department Examinations . London : Swan Sonnenschein & Co. , 1893 . - Wilhelm Liebknecht and the Social-Democratic Movement in Germany . London : Twentieth Century Press , n.d . [ 1896 ] . - Charles Darwin and Karl Marx : A Comparison . London : Twentieth Century Press , n.d . [ c . 1897 ] . Translations . - L.A . Tikhomirov , Russia : Political and Social . London : Swan Sonnenschein & Co. , 1888 . External links . - Ernst Haeckel , The Pedigree of Man : And Other Essays . London : Freethought Pub. , tr . by E.B . Aveling ( 1883 ) . - Edward Aveling biography , Spartacus Educational . Retrieved 14 September 2009 .
[ "" ]
[ { "text": " Edward Bibbins Aveling ( 29 November 1849 – 2 August 1898 ) was a prominent English biology instructor and popular spokesman for Darwinian evolution , atheism , and socialism . Aveling was the author of numerous books and pamphlets and was a founding member of the Socialist League and the Independent Labour Party . For many years he was the partner of Eleanor Marx , the youngest daughter of Karl Marx .", "title": "Edward Aveling" }, { "text": " Aveling was born on 29 November 1849 in Stoke Newington , the fifth of eight children of Rev . Thomas William Baxter Aveling ( 1815–1884 ) , a Congregationalist minister , and his wife , Mary Ann ( d . 1877 ) , daughter of Thomas Goodall , farmer and innkeeper , of Wisbech , Cambridgeshire .", "title": "Early years" }, { "text": "Aveling attended Taunton School , and in 1867 began to study medicine at University College London . He graduated with a BSc degree in zoology in 1870 . Aveling began teaching biology and lecturing in science at Kings College London but was unable to advance due to his atheism and avowed leftist views . He subsequently lectured on anatomy and biology at the London Hospital until 1882 .", "title": "Early years" }, { "text": " On 30 July 1872 , Aveling married the heiress Isabel Campbell Frank ( 22 November 1849 – 12 September 1892 ) , but the marriage lasted only two years before they separated amicably . According to Aveling , the cause of the split was that Isabel could not abide his atheist views , although there were rumours that he had married her for her money . They did not divorce and the marriage ended with her death .", "title": "Early years" }, { "text": "From 1872 to 1876 Aveling was a teacher of elementary physics and botany at the North London Collegiate School for Girls .", "title": "Early years" }, { "text": " In 1880 , Aveling delivered over a hundred freethought lectures and was made a vice-president of the National Secular Society . He edited the secular humanist magazine , The Freethinker when its founding editor George William Foote was imprisoned for blasphemy in 1883 .", "title": "Early years" }, { "text": " In November 1882 he was elected to represent Westminster on the London School Board .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "In 1884 , Aveling became the partner of Eleanor Tussy Marx , the daughter of Karl Marx , and thus was thrust into the inner circle of British socialism . Later in 1884 , Aveling and Eleanor were both elected to the executive council of the Social Democratic Federation . This position proved temporary , because the couple separated from the SDF at the end of the year along with William Morris and Belfort Bax in the acrimonious split which formed the Socialist League .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": " In 1884 , Frederick Engels enlisted Aveling to help in translating the first volume of Karl Marxs book Das Kapital . Aveling also achieved some success as a playwright under the pen-name Alec Nelson .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "In the autumn of 1886 , Aveling and Eleanor Marx toured the United States , lecturing on behalf of the Socialist Labor Party . After their return , they wrote a book for British readers detailing the situation of the left-wing political movement and trade unions in the US , which they said was populated by unconscious socialists , people who shared socialist values but disclaimed socialist ideas . Aveling and Marx wrote :", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": " The mass of American Workers had scarcely any more conception of the meaning of Socialism than had their betters . They also had been grievously misled by capitalist papers and capitalist economists and preachers . Hence it came to pass that after most of our meetings we were met by Knights of Labour , Central Labour Union men , and members of other working-class organisations , who told us that they , entering the place antagonists to Socialism as they fancied , had discovered that for a long time past they had been holding its ideas .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "During his time in the Socialist League Aveling wrote and translated various socialist texts but nonetheless remained personally unpopular in the movement , the object of a steady steam of gossip and accusations .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": " In August 1888 , the branch to which Aveling and Marx belonged separated from the anarchist-dominated Socialist League in favour of an independent existence as the Bloomsbury Socialist Society . After leaving the Socialist League , Aveling became active in the Gasworkers Union , for whom he served as an auditor .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": "Aveling was a founding member and was elected to the National Administrative Council of the Independent Labour Party by the 1893 Conference which established the organisation . He left that group to rejoin the Marxist Social Democratic Federation in 1896 , despite his long-standing personal and political quarrel with SDF leader Henry Hyndman .", "title": "Political career" }, { "text": " Under the pen name Alec Nelson , Aveling wrote several successful plays , including an adaptation of Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter that premiered in London in May 1888 . By August , he was supervising the mounting of three different plays in New York , Chicago , and , in the words of Engels , God knows where besides .", "title": "Playwright" }, { "text": " From his standpoint as a comparative anatomist Aveling easily accepted Darwins theory of evolution by natural selection . As an atheist he eagerly promoted the division between some evolutionists and some Christians . His colourful writings on Darwinism were widely read by the general public . However , some of the arguments that he constructed himself were not widely accepted amongst the scientific community ; he says , for example , that the special creation of a species of animal or plant is not thinkable because it would contravene the principle that both matter and energy are conserved .", "title": "Writings on science" }, { "text": "Later life , death , and legacy .", "title": "Writings on science" }, { "text": "In 1897 , Aveling left Marx and on 8 June that year secretly married an actress , Eva Frye , using his pen-name Alec Nelson . He returned to Marx in September when he was suffering from kidney disease . After nursing him for some time , Eleanor Marx committed suicide mainly due to his infidelity . A coroners inquest delivered a verdict of suicide while in a state of temporary insanity , clearing Aveling of criminal wrongdoing , but he was widely reviled throughout the socialist community as having caused Eleanor to take her life . It has even", "title": "Writings on science" }, { "text": "been suggested that Aveling might have murdered her . Aveling died four months later , on 2 August 1898 , in Battersea of kidney disease . He was 48 . His body was cremated at Woking Crematorium , Surrey , three days later .", "title": "Writings on science" }, { "text": " Despite his prominence as a member of the fledgling British Marxist movement , no representatives of the Socialist or labour movements were present at the funeral due to the widely held belief that he was responsible for Eleanor Marxs death . Aveling was also disliked by many of his contemporaries for his tendency to borrow money from everyone . A biographer of Eleanor wrote in 1976 :", "title": "Writings on science" }, { "text": "The truth is that in moral terms Aveling presented something akin to an optical illusion : looked at in one light , he could be seen as feckless , happy-go-lucky but fundamentally sound ; in another , as an unmitigated scoundrel . What , however , could not escape notice from any angle was his infinite propensity to borrow money , which age could not wither nor — more surprisingly — custom stale . He might be cheated...so that resigning from the Secular Society he was loaded with debt . Yet this hardly accounts for his habit of borrowing from", "title": "Writings on science" }, { "text": "the rich , the poor and the positively indigent for trifling amounts — though sometimes cleaning them out — since he never at any time — and this in an age of ostentatious spenders.. . — lived in a style above that of any other middle-class socialist who had neither business interests nor inherited wealth . * * *", "title": "Writings on science" }, { "text": " It is not uncommon to come across individuals from whose company and a small sum of money one simultaneously parts . This compulsion to borrow is not easy to explain in those who are neither on their beam ends nor aspire to high living . Although he had numerous relationships with women , as far as is known , Aveling had no children . Publications by Edward Aveling .", "title": "Writings on science" }, { "text": " - Why I Dare Not Be a Christian . London : Freethought Publishing Co. , n.d . [ 1881 ] . - Irreligion of Science . London : Freethought Publishing Co. , n.d . [ 1881 ] . - The Wickedness of God . London : Freethought Publishing Co. , n.d . [ 1881 ] . - The Creed of an Atheist . London : Freethought Publishing Co. , n.d . [ 1881 ] . - The Students Darwin . London : Freethought Publishing Co. , 1881 .", "title": "Writings" }, { "text": "- The Plays of Shakspere.. . : The Substance of Four Lectures Delivered at the Hall of Science , London . London : Freethought Publishing Co. , n.d . [ 1881 ] .", "title": "Writings" }, { "text": " - Biological Discoveries and Problems . London : Freethought Publishing Co. , n.d . [ c . 1881 ] . - God Dies , Nature Remains . London : Freethought Publishing Co. , n.d . [ c . 1881 ] . - Science and Secularism . London : Freethought Publishing Co. , 1882 . - Botanical Tables : For the Use of Students . London : Freethought Publishing Co. , n.d . [ 1882 ] . - A Godless Life : The Happiest and Most Useful . London , A . Besant and C . Bradlaugh , 1882 .", "title": "Writings" }, { "text": "- Science and Religion . London , A . Besant and C . Bradlaugh , n.d . [ 1882 ] .", "title": "Writings" }, { "text": " - On Superstition . London , A . Besant and C . Bradlaugh , n.d . [ c . 1882 ] . - The Borderland Between Living and Non-Living Things : A Lecture Delivered Before the Sunday Lecture Society , on Sunday Afternoon , 5 November 1882.. . London : Sunday Lecture Society , 1882 . - General Biology : Theoretical and Practical . London : n.p. , 1882 . - The Religious Views of Charles Darwin . London : Freethought Publishing Company , 1883 .", "title": "Writings" }, { "text": "- The Darwinian Theory . London : Progressive Publishing Company , n.d . [ c . 1883 ] .", "title": "Writings" }, { "text": " - Christianity and Capitalism . With Charles L Marson and Stewart D Headlam . London : Modern Press , 1884 . - The Curse of Capital . London : Freethought Publishing Co. , 1884 . - The Darwinian Theory : Its Meaning , Difficulties , Evidence , History . London : Progressive Publishing Co. , 1884 . - The Origin of Man . London : Progressive Publishing Co. , 1884 . - The Factory Hell . with Eleanor Marx Aveling . London : Socialist League Office , 1885 .", "title": "Writings" }, { "text": "- Monkeys , Apes and Men . London : Progressive Publishing Co. , 1885 .", "title": "Writings" }, { "text": " - The Woman Question . With Eleanor Marx Aveling . London : Swan Sonnenschein & Co. , 1886 . - Chemistry of the Non-Metallics . London : J . Hughes , 1886 . - Natural Philosophy for London University Matriculation . London : n.p. , 1886 . - Darwin Made Easy . London : Progressive Publishing Co. , 1887 . - Mechanics and Experimental Science as Required for the Matriculation Examination of the University of London. . London : n.p. , 1887 .", "title": "Writings" }, { "text": "- The Working Class Movement in America . With Eleanor Marx Aveling . London : Swan Sonnenschein & Co. , 1887 . Second Edition , 1891 .", "title": "Writings" }, { "text": " - Shelleys Socialism : Two Lectures . With Eleanor Marx Aveling . London : privately published , 1888 . - Key to Mechanics . London : Chapman and Hall , 1888 . - Key to Chemistry . London : Chapman and Hall , 1888 . - Mechanics , and Light and Heat : For London University Matriculation . London : W . Stewart & Co. , n.d . [ 1888 ] .", "title": "Writings" }, { "text": "- Mechanics and Experimental Science as Required for the Matriculation Examination of the University of London : Magnetism and Electricity . London : Chapman and Hall , 1889 .", "title": "Writings" }, { "text": " - An Introduction to the Study of Botany . London : Swan Sonnenschein & Co. , 1891 . - The Students Marx : An Introduction to the Study of Karl Marx Capital . London : Swan Sonnenschein & Co. , 1892 . - An Introduction to the Study of Geology , Specially Adapted for the Use of Candidates for the London B.Sc . and the Science and Art Department Examinations . London : Swan Sonnenschein & Co. , 1893 .", "title": "Writings" }, { "text": "- Wilhelm Liebknecht and the Social-Democratic Movement in Germany . London : Twentieth Century Press , n.d . [ 1896 ] .", "title": "Writings" }, { "text": " - Charles Darwin and Karl Marx : A Comparison . London : Twentieth Century Press , n.d . [ c . 1897 ] .", "title": "Writings" }, { "text": " - L.A . Tikhomirov , Russia : Political and Social . London : Swan Sonnenschein & Co. , 1888 .", "title": "Translations" }, { "text": " - Ernst Haeckel , The Pedigree of Man : And Other Essays . London : Freethought Pub. , tr . by E.B . Aveling ( 1883 ) . - Edward Aveling biography , Spartacus Educational . Retrieved 14 September 2009 .", "title": "External links" } ]
/wiki/GCR_Class_9K#P137#0
What was the operator of GCR Class 9K in Mar 1912?
GCR Class 9K The Great Central Railway 9K and 9L classes were two related classes of 4-4-2T Atlantic steam locomotives . They were both intended for suburban passenger services . After the 1923 Grouping , they served the LNER as classes C13 and C14 . Their designer was John G . Robinson . The design was based on the earlier Pollitt Class 9G 2-4-2T locomotives , but with a lengthened boiler and a leading bogie to carry it . This extension of running gear also resembled an early Robinson design for the Irish Waterford , Limerick and Western Railway . All passed into British Railways service and the first was not withdrawn until 1952 . Most were withdrawn between 1955 and 1959 . The last examples of each class , 9K 67417 and 9L 67450 , were scrapped in 1960.<ref & Asher , Locomotives of British Railways , LNER C13/C14 ></ref> None were preserved . GCR 9K / LNER C13 . Forty locomotives were built to the 9K class , in four batches between 1903 and 1905 . The GCR installed water troughs around the same time as this class was built . They were fitted with water scoops , but these were little used by the 1930s and so were removed . In 1933 , six locomotives were fitted for push-pull working , according to the GCR mechanical system . These were converted to the LNER vacuum system and in 1941 , two others were converted . Superheating . One example , No . 18 was experimentally superheated in 1915 . From 1926 to 1935 the entire class was superheated . During this time , the original saturated locomotives were classified as C13/1 and the superheated rebuilds as C13/2 . Some locomotives were rebuilt further as C13/3 , with shortened chimneys and domes to fit within the LNER loading gauge . By 1938 , all locomotives had been rebuilt to the C13/3 standard and so the distinguishing sub-classes were abandoned . Service . The 9K class was built for the London suburban services , running from the GCRs Marylebone terminus . Within a few years , the timing of these suburban trains was facing competition from electric services . Competing with these required faster acceleration and the more powerful 4-6-2T Class 9N was introduced . From 1922 they were dispersed away from London through the GCR network , to South Yorkshire between Manchester , Sheffield and Mexborough . Most notably , many of them went to Wrexham where they were based successfully until the 1950s . The South Yorkshire engines gradually moved to Gorton locomotive shed , from where they were used on Manchester suburban services , and destinations as far as Hayfield and Macclesfield , later joined by the 9Ls , until they were both replaced by DMUs after post-1955 dieselisation . All passed into British Railways service and survived until at least 1952 . but were withdrawn between 1955 and 1959 . The last No 67417 was scrapped in 1960 . None were preserved . The class was successful throughout its working life and is considered to be one of Robinsons best designs . GCR 9L / LNER C14 . A further twelve locomotives were built by Beyer , Peacock & Co . in 1907 . These were of basically the same design , but had enlarged water and coal capacity . They were designated 9L by the GCR and later C14 by the LNER . The side tanks were enlarged for an extra 375 gallons , by widening their side plates . Overall width across the tanks increased from 8 6 to 8 9 . This gives rise to a visible recognition feature in photographs : the 9K have tank and cab sides in a flat plane , the 9L tank sides project slightly . Coal capacity was also increased by raising the rear wall of the bunker with a semicircular extension . The boilers were the same as for the 9K . All were built with saturated boilers and , as for the 9Ks , were rebuilt with superheating as their boilers were replaced . The first to be superheated was Nº 1122 in 1914 , although this was not a new boiler and only lasted until 1923 when it was replaced by a saturated boiler . All were converted under LNER ownership , from 1926 to 1935 . Water pick-up gear and shortened chimneys to fit the LNER loading gauge were removed and changed as for the 9K class . Service . The 9L class was built for the London suburban services from Marylebone and they were based at Neasden shed . With the introduction of the Class 9Ns , the 9Ls were moved to stopping services on the Great Central Main Line and by 1922 they were based around Nottingham , with one of the twelve stabled at Woodford and some occasional allocations to Hitchin and Hatfield . From 1934 , they were dispersed , some to East Anglia and others to the West Riding and Manchester . After Nationalisation , they were once again working suburban passenger services with the 9Ks , out of Manchester . Nearly all were scrapped in 1957 , following the introduction of DMUs for the suburban services . The last Nº 67450 survived until 1960 . None were preserved . Accidents and incidents . - On 8 June 1939 , locomotive No . 5020 was hauling a passenger train which departed from station , Lancashire against a danger signal . It was in collision with another passenger train and was derailed . Several people were injured .
[ "Great Central Railway" ]
[ { "text": " The Great Central Railway 9K and 9L classes were two related classes of 4-4-2T Atlantic steam locomotives . They were both intended for suburban passenger services . After the 1923 Grouping , they served the LNER as classes C13 and C14 . Their designer was John G . Robinson . The design was based on the earlier Pollitt Class 9G 2-4-2T locomotives , but with a lengthened boiler and a leading bogie to carry it . This extension of running gear also resembled an early Robinson design for the Irish Waterford , Limerick and Western Railway .", "title": "GCR Class 9K" }, { "text": "All passed into British Railways service and the first was not withdrawn until 1952 . Most were withdrawn between 1955 and 1959 . The last examples of each class , 9K 67417 and 9L 67450 , were scrapped in 1960.<ref & Asher , Locomotives of British Railways , LNER C13/C14 ></ref> None were preserved .", "title": "GCR Class 9K" }, { "text": " GCR 9K / LNER C13 . Forty locomotives were built to the 9K class , in four batches between 1903 and 1905 . The GCR installed water troughs around the same time as this class was built . They were fitted with water scoops , but these were little used by the 1930s and so were removed . In 1933 , six locomotives were fitted for push-pull working , according to the GCR mechanical system . These were converted to the LNER vacuum system and in 1941 , two others were converted .", "title": "GCR Class 9K" }, { "text": " One example , No . 18 was experimentally superheated in 1915 . From 1926 to 1935 the entire class was superheated . During this time , the original saturated locomotives were classified as C13/1 and the superheated rebuilds as C13/2 . Some locomotives were rebuilt further as C13/3 , with shortened chimneys and domes to fit within the LNER loading gauge . By 1938 , all locomotives had been rebuilt to the C13/3 standard and so the distinguishing sub-classes were abandoned .", "title": "Superheating" }, { "text": " The 9K class was built for the London suburban services , running from the GCRs Marylebone terminus . Within a few years , the timing of these suburban trains was facing competition from electric services . Competing with these required faster acceleration and the more powerful 4-6-2T Class 9N was introduced .", "title": "Service" }, { "text": "From 1922 they were dispersed away from London through the GCR network , to South Yorkshire between Manchester , Sheffield and Mexborough . Most notably , many of them went to Wrexham where they were based successfully until the 1950s . The South Yorkshire engines gradually moved to Gorton locomotive shed , from where they were used on Manchester suburban services , and destinations as far as Hayfield and Macclesfield , later joined by the 9Ls , until they were both replaced by DMUs after post-1955 dieselisation .", "title": "Service" }, { "text": " All passed into British Railways service and survived until at least 1952 . but were withdrawn between 1955 and 1959 . The last No 67417 was scrapped in 1960 . None were preserved . The class was successful throughout its working life and is considered to be one of Robinsons best designs . GCR 9L / LNER C14 .", "title": "Service" }, { "text": "A further twelve locomotives were built by Beyer , Peacock & Co . in 1907 . These were of basically the same design , but had enlarged water and coal capacity . They were designated 9L by the GCR and later C14 by the LNER .", "title": "Service" }, { "text": " The side tanks were enlarged for an extra 375 gallons , by widening their side plates . Overall width across the tanks increased from 8 6 to 8 9 . This gives rise to a visible recognition feature in photographs : the 9K have tank and cab sides in a flat plane , the 9L tank sides project slightly . Coal capacity was also increased by raising the rear wall of the bunker with a semicircular extension .", "title": "Service" }, { "text": "The boilers were the same as for the 9K . All were built with saturated boilers and , as for the 9Ks , were rebuilt with superheating as their boilers were replaced . The first to be superheated was Nº 1122 in 1914 , although this was not a new boiler and only lasted until 1923 when it was replaced by a saturated boiler . All were converted under LNER ownership , from 1926 to 1935 . Water pick-up gear and shortened chimneys to fit the LNER loading gauge were removed and changed as for the 9K class .", "title": "Service" }, { "text": " The 9L class was built for the London suburban services from Marylebone and they were based at Neasden shed . With the introduction of the Class 9Ns , the 9Ls were moved to stopping services on the Great Central Main Line and by 1922 they were based around Nottingham , with one of the twelve stabled at Woodford and some occasional allocations to Hitchin and Hatfield .", "title": "Service" }, { "text": "From 1934 , they were dispersed , some to East Anglia and others to the West Riding and Manchester . After Nationalisation , they were once again working suburban passenger services with the 9Ks , out of Manchester .", "title": "Service" }, { "text": " Nearly all were scrapped in 1957 , following the introduction of DMUs for the suburban services . The last Nº 67450 survived until 1960 . None were preserved .", "title": "Service" }, { "text": " - On 8 June 1939 , locomotive No . 5020 was hauling a passenger train which departed from station , Lancashire against a danger signal . It was in collision with another passenger train and was derailed . Several people were injured .", "title": "Accidents and incidents" } ]
/wiki/GCR_Class_9K#P137#1
What was the operator of GCR Class 9K in late 1920s?
GCR Class 9K The Great Central Railway 9K and 9L classes were two related classes of 4-4-2T Atlantic steam locomotives . They were both intended for suburban passenger services . After the 1923 Grouping , they served the LNER as classes C13 and C14 . Their designer was John G . Robinson . The design was based on the earlier Pollitt Class 9G 2-4-2T locomotives , but with a lengthened boiler and a leading bogie to carry it . This extension of running gear also resembled an early Robinson design for the Irish Waterford , Limerick and Western Railway . All passed into British Railways service and the first was not withdrawn until 1952 . Most were withdrawn between 1955 and 1959 . The last examples of each class , 9K 67417 and 9L 67450 , were scrapped in 1960.<ref & Asher , Locomotives of British Railways , LNER C13/C14 ></ref> None were preserved . GCR 9K / LNER C13 . Forty locomotives were built to the 9K class , in four batches between 1903 and 1905 . The GCR installed water troughs around the same time as this class was built . They were fitted with water scoops , but these were little used by the 1930s and so were removed . In 1933 , six locomotives were fitted for push-pull working , according to the GCR mechanical system . These were converted to the LNER vacuum system and in 1941 , two others were converted . Superheating . One example , No . 18 was experimentally superheated in 1915 . From 1926 to 1935 the entire class was superheated . During this time , the original saturated locomotives were classified as C13/1 and the superheated rebuilds as C13/2 . Some locomotives were rebuilt further as C13/3 , with shortened chimneys and domes to fit within the LNER loading gauge . By 1938 , all locomotives had been rebuilt to the C13/3 standard and so the distinguishing sub-classes were abandoned . Service . The 9K class was built for the London suburban services , running from the GCRs Marylebone terminus . Within a few years , the timing of these suburban trains was facing competition from electric services . Competing with these required faster acceleration and the more powerful 4-6-2T Class 9N was introduced . From 1922 they were dispersed away from London through the GCR network , to South Yorkshire between Manchester , Sheffield and Mexborough . Most notably , many of them went to Wrexham where they were based successfully until the 1950s . The South Yorkshire engines gradually moved to Gorton locomotive shed , from where they were used on Manchester suburban services , and destinations as far as Hayfield and Macclesfield , later joined by the 9Ls , until they were both replaced by DMUs after post-1955 dieselisation . All passed into British Railways service and survived until at least 1952 . but were withdrawn between 1955 and 1959 . The last No 67417 was scrapped in 1960 . None were preserved . The class was successful throughout its working life and is considered to be one of Robinsons best designs . GCR 9L / LNER C14 . A further twelve locomotives were built by Beyer , Peacock & Co . in 1907 . These were of basically the same design , but had enlarged water and coal capacity . They were designated 9L by the GCR and later C14 by the LNER . The side tanks were enlarged for an extra 375 gallons , by widening their side plates . Overall width across the tanks increased from 8 6 to 8 9 . This gives rise to a visible recognition feature in photographs : the 9K have tank and cab sides in a flat plane , the 9L tank sides project slightly . Coal capacity was also increased by raising the rear wall of the bunker with a semicircular extension . The boilers were the same as for the 9K . All were built with saturated boilers and , as for the 9Ks , were rebuilt with superheating as their boilers were replaced . The first to be superheated was Nº 1122 in 1914 , although this was not a new boiler and only lasted until 1923 when it was replaced by a saturated boiler . All were converted under LNER ownership , from 1926 to 1935 . Water pick-up gear and shortened chimneys to fit the LNER loading gauge were removed and changed as for the 9K class . Service . The 9L class was built for the London suburban services from Marylebone and they were based at Neasden shed . With the introduction of the Class 9Ns , the 9Ls were moved to stopping services on the Great Central Main Line and by 1922 they were based around Nottingham , with one of the twelve stabled at Woodford and some occasional allocations to Hitchin and Hatfield . From 1934 , they were dispersed , some to East Anglia and others to the West Riding and Manchester . After Nationalisation , they were once again working suburban passenger services with the 9Ks , out of Manchester . Nearly all were scrapped in 1957 , following the introduction of DMUs for the suburban services . The last Nº 67450 survived until 1960 . None were preserved . Accidents and incidents . - On 8 June 1939 , locomotive No . 5020 was hauling a passenger train which departed from station , Lancashire against a danger signal . It was in collision with another passenger train and was derailed . Several people were injured .
[ "" ]
[ { "text": " The Great Central Railway 9K and 9L classes were two related classes of 4-4-2T Atlantic steam locomotives . They were both intended for suburban passenger services . After the 1923 Grouping , they served the LNER as classes C13 and C14 . Their designer was John G . Robinson . The design was based on the earlier Pollitt Class 9G 2-4-2T locomotives , but with a lengthened boiler and a leading bogie to carry it . This extension of running gear also resembled an early Robinson design for the Irish Waterford , Limerick and Western Railway .", "title": "GCR Class 9K" }, { "text": "All passed into British Railways service and the first was not withdrawn until 1952 . Most were withdrawn between 1955 and 1959 . The last examples of each class , 9K 67417 and 9L 67450 , were scrapped in 1960.<ref & Asher , Locomotives of British Railways , LNER C13/C14 ></ref> None were preserved .", "title": "GCR Class 9K" }, { "text": " GCR 9K / LNER C13 . Forty locomotives were built to the 9K class , in four batches between 1903 and 1905 . The GCR installed water troughs around the same time as this class was built . They were fitted with water scoops , but these were little used by the 1930s and so were removed . In 1933 , six locomotives were fitted for push-pull working , according to the GCR mechanical system . These were converted to the LNER vacuum system and in 1941 , two others were converted .", "title": "GCR Class 9K" }, { "text": " One example , No . 18 was experimentally superheated in 1915 . From 1926 to 1935 the entire class was superheated . During this time , the original saturated locomotives were classified as C13/1 and the superheated rebuilds as C13/2 . Some locomotives were rebuilt further as C13/3 , with shortened chimneys and domes to fit within the LNER loading gauge . By 1938 , all locomotives had been rebuilt to the C13/3 standard and so the distinguishing sub-classes were abandoned .", "title": "Superheating" }, { "text": " The 9K class was built for the London suburban services , running from the GCRs Marylebone terminus . Within a few years , the timing of these suburban trains was facing competition from electric services . Competing with these required faster acceleration and the more powerful 4-6-2T Class 9N was introduced .", "title": "Service" }, { "text": "From 1922 they were dispersed away from London through the GCR network , to South Yorkshire between Manchester , Sheffield and Mexborough . Most notably , many of them went to Wrexham where they were based successfully until the 1950s . The South Yorkshire engines gradually moved to Gorton locomotive shed , from where they were used on Manchester suburban services , and destinations as far as Hayfield and Macclesfield , later joined by the 9Ls , until they were both replaced by DMUs after post-1955 dieselisation .", "title": "Service" }, { "text": " All passed into British Railways service and survived until at least 1952 . but were withdrawn between 1955 and 1959 . The last No 67417 was scrapped in 1960 . None were preserved . The class was successful throughout its working life and is considered to be one of Robinsons best designs . GCR 9L / LNER C14 .", "title": "Service" }, { "text": "A further twelve locomotives were built by Beyer , Peacock & Co . in 1907 . These were of basically the same design , but had enlarged water and coal capacity . They were designated 9L by the GCR and later C14 by the LNER .", "title": "Service" }, { "text": " The side tanks were enlarged for an extra 375 gallons , by widening their side plates . Overall width across the tanks increased from 8 6 to 8 9 . This gives rise to a visible recognition feature in photographs : the 9K have tank and cab sides in a flat plane , the 9L tank sides project slightly . Coal capacity was also increased by raising the rear wall of the bunker with a semicircular extension .", "title": "Service" }, { "text": "The boilers were the same as for the 9K . All were built with saturated boilers and , as for the 9Ks , were rebuilt with superheating as their boilers were replaced . The first to be superheated was Nº 1122 in 1914 , although this was not a new boiler and only lasted until 1923 when it was replaced by a saturated boiler . All were converted under LNER ownership , from 1926 to 1935 . Water pick-up gear and shortened chimneys to fit the LNER loading gauge were removed and changed as for the 9K class .", "title": "Service" }, { "text": " The 9L class was built for the London suburban services from Marylebone and they were based at Neasden shed . With the introduction of the Class 9Ns , the 9Ls were moved to stopping services on the Great Central Main Line and by 1922 they were based around Nottingham , with one of the twelve stabled at Woodford and some occasional allocations to Hitchin and Hatfield .", "title": "Service" }, { "text": "From 1934 , they were dispersed , some to East Anglia and others to the West Riding and Manchester . After Nationalisation , they were once again working suburban passenger services with the 9Ks , out of Manchester .", "title": "Service" }, { "text": " Nearly all were scrapped in 1957 , following the introduction of DMUs for the suburban services . The last Nº 67450 survived until 1960 . None were preserved .", "title": "Service" }, { "text": " - On 8 June 1939 , locomotive No . 5020 was hauling a passenger train which departed from station , Lancashire against a danger signal . It was in collision with another passenger train and was derailed . Several people were injured .", "title": "Accidents and incidents" } ]
/wiki/GCR_Class_9K#P137#2
What was the operator of GCR Class 9K between Dec 1955 and Jun 1956?
GCR Class 9K The Great Central Railway 9K and 9L classes were two related classes of 4-4-2T Atlantic steam locomotives . They were both intended for suburban passenger services . After the 1923 Grouping , they served the LNER as classes C13 and C14 . Their designer was John G . Robinson . The design was based on the earlier Pollitt Class 9G 2-4-2T locomotives , but with a lengthened boiler and a leading bogie to carry it . This extension of running gear also resembled an early Robinson design for the Irish Waterford , Limerick and Western Railway . All passed into British Railways service and the first was not withdrawn until 1952 . Most were withdrawn between 1955 and 1959 . The last examples of each class , 9K 67417 and 9L 67450 , were scrapped in 1960.<ref & Asher , Locomotives of British Railways , LNER C13/C14 ></ref> None were preserved . GCR 9K / LNER C13 . Forty locomotives were built to the 9K class , in four batches between 1903 and 1905 . The GCR installed water troughs around the same time as this class was built . They were fitted with water scoops , but these were little used by the 1930s and so were removed . In 1933 , six locomotives were fitted for push-pull working , according to the GCR mechanical system . These were converted to the LNER vacuum system and in 1941 , two others were converted . Superheating . One example , No . 18 was experimentally superheated in 1915 . From 1926 to 1935 the entire class was superheated . During this time , the original saturated locomotives were classified as C13/1 and the superheated rebuilds as C13/2 . Some locomotives were rebuilt further as C13/3 , with shortened chimneys and domes to fit within the LNER loading gauge . By 1938 , all locomotives had been rebuilt to the C13/3 standard and so the distinguishing sub-classes were abandoned . Service . The 9K class was built for the London suburban services , running from the GCRs Marylebone terminus . Within a few years , the timing of these suburban trains was facing competition from electric services . Competing with these required faster acceleration and the more powerful 4-6-2T Class 9N was introduced . From 1922 they were dispersed away from London through the GCR network , to South Yorkshire between Manchester , Sheffield and Mexborough . Most notably , many of them went to Wrexham where they were based successfully until the 1950s . The South Yorkshire engines gradually moved to Gorton locomotive shed , from where they were used on Manchester suburban services , and destinations as far as Hayfield and Macclesfield , later joined by the 9Ls , until they were both replaced by DMUs after post-1955 dieselisation . All passed into British Railways service and survived until at least 1952 . but were withdrawn between 1955 and 1959 . The last No 67417 was scrapped in 1960 . None were preserved . The class was successful throughout its working life and is considered to be one of Robinsons best designs . GCR 9L / LNER C14 . A further twelve locomotives were built by Beyer , Peacock & Co . in 1907 . These were of basically the same design , but had enlarged water and coal capacity . They were designated 9L by the GCR and later C14 by the LNER . The side tanks were enlarged for an extra 375 gallons , by widening their side plates . Overall width across the tanks increased from 8 6 to 8 9 . This gives rise to a visible recognition feature in photographs : the 9K have tank and cab sides in a flat plane , the 9L tank sides project slightly . Coal capacity was also increased by raising the rear wall of the bunker with a semicircular extension . The boilers were the same as for the 9K . All were built with saturated boilers and , as for the 9Ks , were rebuilt with superheating as their boilers were replaced . The first to be superheated was Nº 1122 in 1914 , although this was not a new boiler and only lasted until 1923 when it was replaced by a saturated boiler . All were converted under LNER ownership , from 1926 to 1935 . Water pick-up gear and shortened chimneys to fit the LNER loading gauge were removed and changed as for the 9K class . Service . The 9L class was built for the London suburban services from Marylebone and they were based at Neasden shed . With the introduction of the Class 9Ns , the 9Ls were moved to stopping services on the Great Central Main Line and by 1922 they were based around Nottingham , with one of the twelve stabled at Woodford and some occasional allocations to Hitchin and Hatfield . From 1934 , they were dispersed , some to East Anglia and others to the West Riding and Manchester . After Nationalisation , they were once again working suburban passenger services with the 9Ks , out of Manchester . Nearly all were scrapped in 1957 , following the introduction of DMUs for the suburban services . The last Nº 67450 survived until 1960 . None were preserved . Accidents and incidents . - On 8 June 1939 , locomotive No . 5020 was hauling a passenger train which departed from station , Lancashire against a danger signal . It was in collision with another passenger train and was derailed . Several people were injured .
[ "British Railways" ]
[ { "text": " The Great Central Railway 9K and 9L classes were two related classes of 4-4-2T Atlantic steam locomotives . They were both intended for suburban passenger services . After the 1923 Grouping , they served the LNER as classes C13 and C14 . Their designer was John G . Robinson . The design was based on the earlier Pollitt Class 9G 2-4-2T locomotives , but with a lengthened boiler and a leading bogie to carry it . This extension of running gear also resembled an early Robinson design for the Irish Waterford , Limerick and Western Railway .", "title": "GCR Class 9K" }, { "text": "All passed into British Railways service and the first was not withdrawn until 1952 . Most were withdrawn between 1955 and 1959 . The last examples of each class , 9K 67417 and 9L 67450 , were scrapped in 1960.<ref & Asher , Locomotives of British Railways , LNER C13/C14 ></ref> None were preserved .", "title": "GCR Class 9K" }, { "text": " GCR 9K / LNER C13 . Forty locomotives were built to the 9K class , in four batches between 1903 and 1905 . The GCR installed water troughs around the same time as this class was built . They were fitted with water scoops , but these were little used by the 1930s and so were removed . In 1933 , six locomotives were fitted for push-pull working , according to the GCR mechanical system . These were converted to the LNER vacuum system and in 1941 , two others were converted .", "title": "GCR Class 9K" }, { "text": " One example , No . 18 was experimentally superheated in 1915 . From 1926 to 1935 the entire class was superheated . During this time , the original saturated locomotives were classified as C13/1 and the superheated rebuilds as C13/2 . Some locomotives were rebuilt further as C13/3 , with shortened chimneys and domes to fit within the LNER loading gauge . By 1938 , all locomotives had been rebuilt to the C13/3 standard and so the distinguishing sub-classes were abandoned .", "title": "Superheating" }, { "text": " The 9K class was built for the London suburban services , running from the GCRs Marylebone terminus . Within a few years , the timing of these suburban trains was facing competition from electric services . Competing with these required faster acceleration and the more powerful 4-6-2T Class 9N was introduced .", "title": "Service" }, { "text": "From 1922 they were dispersed away from London through the GCR network , to South Yorkshire between Manchester , Sheffield and Mexborough . Most notably , many of them went to Wrexham where they were based successfully until the 1950s . The South Yorkshire engines gradually moved to Gorton locomotive shed , from where they were used on Manchester suburban services , and destinations as far as Hayfield and Macclesfield , later joined by the 9Ls , until they were both replaced by DMUs after post-1955 dieselisation .", "title": "Service" }, { "text": " All passed into British Railways service and survived until at least 1952 . but were withdrawn between 1955 and 1959 . The last No 67417 was scrapped in 1960 . None were preserved . The class was successful throughout its working life and is considered to be one of Robinsons best designs . GCR 9L / LNER C14 .", "title": "Service" }, { "text": "A further twelve locomotives were built by Beyer , Peacock & Co . in 1907 . These were of basically the same design , but had enlarged water and coal capacity . They were designated 9L by the GCR and later C14 by the LNER .", "title": "Service" }, { "text": " The side tanks were enlarged for an extra 375 gallons , by widening their side plates . Overall width across the tanks increased from 8 6 to 8 9 . This gives rise to a visible recognition feature in photographs : the 9K have tank and cab sides in a flat plane , the 9L tank sides project slightly . Coal capacity was also increased by raising the rear wall of the bunker with a semicircular extension .", "title": "Service" }, { "text": "The boilers were the same as for the 9K . All were built with saturated boilers and , as for the 9Ks , were rebuilt with superheating as their boilers were replaced . The first to be superheated was Nº 1122 in 1914 , although this was not a new boiler and only lasted until 1923 when it was replaced by a saturated boiler . All were converted under LNER ownership , from 1926 to 1935 . Water pick-up gear and shortened chimneys to fit the LNER loading gauge were removed and changed as for the 9K class .", "title": "Service" }, { "text": " The 9L class was built for the London suburban services from Marylebone and they were based at Neasden shed . With the introduction of the Class 9Ns , the 9Ls were moved to stopping services on the Great Central Main Line and by 1922 they were based around Nottingham , with one of the twelve stabled at Woodford and some occasional allocations to Hitchin and Hatfield .", "title": "Service" }, { "text": "From 1934 , they were dispersed , some to East Anglia and others to the West Riding and Manchester . After Nationalisation , they were once again working suburban passenger services with the 9Ks , out of Manchester .", "title": "Service" }, { "text": " Nearly all were scrapped in 1957 , following the introduction of DMUs for the suburban services . The last Nº 67450 survived until 1960 . None were preserved .", "title": "Service" }, { "text": " - On 8 June 1939 , locomotive No . 5020 was hauling a passenger train which departed from station , Lancashire against a danger signal . It was in collision with another passenger train and was derailed . Several people were injured .", "title": "Accidents and incidents" } ]
/wiki/Prunella_Stack#P26#0
Who was Prunella Stack 's spouse between Nov 1938 and Jul 1946?
Prunella Stack Ann Prunella Stack OBE ( 28 July 1914 – 30 December 2010 ) was a British fitness pioneer and womens rights activist . She was head of the Womens League of Health and Beauty which her mother Mary had founded in 1931 . In 1953 she led a multiracial team to the coronation in London . Career . Her mother developed an exercise system that was brought to a mass market as the Womens League of Health & Beauty . Stack had participated in these exercises since a young child and became an instructor . She and her maternal aunt Norah Cruickshank headed the league from 1936 after the death of her mother . Stack undertook teaching , performing and public speaking while Cruickshank dealt with administration and public relations . She expanded the League in both the UK and British Empire as well as collaborating with the governments National Fitness Council ( 1937 - 1939 ) to promote physical fitness . One of the characteristics of the League was co-operation between participants in large-scale displays . In 1938 she visited Czechoslovakia to see Sokol gymnastics and also led League delegations to Hamburg in Germany and Helsinki Finland . The League contracted in scale during the Second World War and although Stack continued to teach and be involved with the organisation , others were prominent in the continuation of the League . In 1945 she was elected as a Conservative councillor on Kensington Borough Countil for Redcliff ward . She continued as a councillor for two years . In 1950 she moved to South Africa with her second husband and opened multiracial exercise classes , bringing a multiracial team to the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II in 1953 against authority requirements . She returned to live in the UK in 1956 and continued working on womens fitness , remaining president through a name change to the Fitness League in 1999 , and as more commercial fitness organisations came to the fore . The League staged a display in the Albert Hall in 2010 to celebrate its 80th anniversary . She was a member of the Management Committee of the Outward Bound Trust at its inception in 1946 , initially led the Advisory Committee on running Outward Bound courses for girls ( that led to course for them being introduced in the early 1950s ) and became vice-president of the Outward Bound Trust in 1980 . She was awarded an OBE in 1980 . Personal life . Stack was born in India , the daughter of a Sandhurst-trained 8th Gurkha Rifles officer , Captain Edward Hugh Bagot Stack ( 1885-1914 ) , and his Irish wife , Mary Bagot Stack . Her father , born in Shillong in 1885 , came from a line of Britons who had served in British India , her paternal grandfather having been the Indian Civil Service officer Edward Stack . At the onset of the First World War in 1914 , her father was posted to France , while Stack and her mother embarked on a voyage to England ; by the time of their arrival , news had arrived of her fathers death in action at the Battle of La Bassee . He is buried in Nord-Pas-de-Calais , France . She lived with her mother , maternal aunts and cousins in London during her childhood , visiting family in Ireland and the Isle of Skye for holidays . She was trained in her mothers exercise system from childhood and was included in lecture-demonstrations . In 1924 they moved from Maida Vale to a large house in Holland Park adjacent to the Ilchester estate where her mother started the Bagot Stack Health School . Stack attended Norland Place School , and then from the age of 13 attended her mothers school for training in dance and exercise , and also a private tutor for academic studies . From September 1930 , aged 16 , she attended the Abbey girls boarding school in Malvern Wells for a year and gained perspective from a more conventional school life . This time initiated a love of the countryside as well as her decision to continue involvement with her mothers organisation , now called the Womens League of Health and Beauty . In 1936 , during a visit to a social event in Oxford , she met a South African Rhodes Scholar medical student , Alfred ( Ally ) Albers , who would eventually become her second husband . They met and took holidays together intermittently until her first marriage . In 1937 she opened a swimming pool for a girls school in Dorset and met Lord David Douglas-Hamilton among the other guests . She subsequently met him at other events , and spent time with him and his family , including visiting Dorset , Scotland and Austria . This included climbing in mountains . She also met Kurt Hahn in his company . In 1938 she made the decision to accept the hand in marriage of Douglas-Hamilton and the wedding took place in Glasgow Cathedral . They had two sons , Diarmaid Douglas-Hamilton and Iain Douglas-Hamilton . Douglas-Hamilton , then a squadron leader in the Royal Air Force , was killed in 1944 when his damaged airplane crashed following enemy action over France . In 1950 , Stack married the surgeon Ally Albers in South Africa . Albers died in a climbing accident in 1951 , while climbing Table Mountain accompanied by his wife . In 1964 , she married Brian Power . He had been born and spent his childhood in Tianjin , China to Irish/British parents who lived in the British Concession . In 1936 he went to study law at Kings College , University of London , planning to return to China . However , when the second world war broke out he joined the Royal Irish Fusiliers in the British Army in 1940 and then remained in the UK working as a barrister . He died in 2008 .
[ "Douglas-Hamilton" ]
[ { "text": " Ann Prunella Stack OBE ( 28 July 1914 – 30 December 2010 ) was a British fitness pioneer and womens rights activist . She was head of the Womens League of Health and Beauty which her mother Mary had founded in 1931 . In 1953 she led a multiracial team to the coronation in London .", "title": "Prunella Stack" }, { "text": "Her mother developed an exercise system that was brought to a mass market as the Womens League of Health & Beauty . Stack had participated in these exercises since a young child and became an instructor . She and her maternal aunt Norah Cruickshank headed the league from 1936 after the death of her mother . Stack undertook teaching , performing and public speaking while Cruickshank dealt with administration and public relations . She expanded the League in both the UK and British Empire as well as collaborating with the governments National Fitness Council ( 1937 - 1939 ) to", "title": "Career" }, { "text": "promote physical fitness . One of the characteristics of the League was co-operation between participants in large-scale displays . In 1938 she visited Czechoslovakia to see Sokol gymnastics and also led League delegations to Hamburg in Germany and Helsinki Finland . The League contracted in scale during the Second World War and although Stack continued to teach and be involved with the organisation , others were prominent in the continuation of the League .", "title": "Career" }, { "text": " In 1945 she was elected as a Conservative councillor on Kensington Borough Countil for Redcliff ward . She continued as a councillor for two years .", "title": "Career" }, { "text": "In 1950 she moved to South Africa with her second husband and opened multiracial exercise classes , bringing a multiracial team to the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II in 1953 against authority requirements . She returned to live in the UK in 1956 and continued working on womens fitness , remaining president through a name change to the Fitness League in 1999 , and as more commercial fitness organisations came to the fore . The League staged a display in the Albert Hall in 2010 to celebrate its 80th anniversary .", "title": "Career" }, { "text": " She was a member of the Management Committee of the Outward Bound Trust at its inception in 1946 , initially led the Advisory Committee on running Outward Bound courses for girls ( that led to course for them being introduced in the early 1950s ) and became vice-president of the Outward Bound Trust in 1980 . She was awarded an OBE in 1980 .", "title": "Career" }, { "text": "Stack was born in India , the daughter of a Sandhurst-trained 8th Gurkha Rifles officer , Captain Edward Hugh Bagot Stack ( 1885-1914 ) , and his Irish wife , Mary Bagot Stack . Her father , born in Shillong in 1885 , came from a line of Britons who had served in British India , her paternal grandfather having been the Indian Civil Service officer Edward Stack . At the onset of the First World War in 1914 , her father was posted to France , while Stack and her mother embarked on a voyage to England ; by", "title": "Personal life" }, { "text": "the time of their arrival , news had arrived of her fathers death in action at the Battle of La Bassee . He is buried in Nord-Pas-de-Calais , France .", "title": "Personal life" }, { "text": "She lived with her mother , maternal aunts and cousins in London during her childhood , visiting family in Ireland and the Isle of Skye for holidays . She was trained in her mothers exercise system from childhood and was included in lecture-demonstrations . In 1924 they moved from Maida Vale to a large house in Holland Park adjacent to the Ilchester estate where her mother started the Bagot Stack Health School . Stack attended Norland Place School , and then from the age of 13 attended her mothers school for training in dance and exercise , and also a", "title": "Personal life" }, { "text": "private tutor for academic studies . From September 1930 , aged 16 , she attended the Abbey girls boarding school in Malvern Wells for a year and gained perspective from a more conventional school life . This time initiated a love of the countryside as well as her decision to continue involvement with her mothers organisation , now called the Womens League of Health and Beauty . In 1936 , during a visit to a social event in Oxford , she met a South African Rhodes Scholar medical student , Alfred ( Ally ) Albers , who would eventually become", "title": "Personal life" }, { "text": "her second husband . They met and took holidays together intermittently until her first marriage .", "title": "Personal life" }, { "text": "In 1937 she opened a swimming pool for a girls school in Dorset and met Lord David Douglas-Hamilton among the other guests . She subsequently met him at other events , and spent time with him and his family , including visiting Dorset , Scotland and Austria . This included climbing in mountains . She also met Kurt Hahn in his company . In 1938 she made the decision to accept the hand in marriage of Douglas-Hamilton and the wedding took place in Glasgow Cathedral . They had two sons , Diarmaid Douglas-Hamilton and Iain Douglas-Hamilton . Douglas-Hamilton , then", "title": "Personal life" }, { "text": "a squadron leader in the Royal Air Force , was killed in 1944 when his damaged airplane crashed following enemy action over France .", "title": "Personal life" }, { "text": "In 1950 , Stack married the surgeon Ally Albers in South Africa . Albers died in a climbing accident in 1951 , while climbing Table Mountain accompanied by his wife . In 1964 , she married Brian Power . He had been born and spent his childhood in Tianjin , China to Irish/British parents who lived in the British Concession . In 1936 he went to study law at Kings College , University of London , planning to return to China . However , when the second world war broke out he joined the Royal Irish Fusiliers in the British", "title": "Personal life" }, { "text": "Army in 1940 and then remained in the UK working as a barrister . He died in 2008 .", "title": "Personal life" } ]
/wiki/Prunella_Stack#P26#1
Who was Prunella Stack 's spouse between Jan 1964 and Feb 1964?
Prunella Stack Ann Prunella Stack OBE ( 28 July 1914 – 30 December 2010 ) was a British fitness pioneer and womens rights activist . She was head of the Womens League of Health and Beauty which her mother Mary had founded in 1931 . In 1953 she led a multiracial team to the coronation in London . Career . Her mother developed an exercise system that was brought to a mass market as the Womens League of Health & Beauty . Stack had participated in these exercises since a young child and became an instructor . She and her maternal aunt Norah Cruickshank headed the league from 1936 after the death of her mother . Stack undertook teaching , performing and public speaking while Cruickshank dealt with administration and public relations . She expanded the League in both the UK and British Empire as well as collaborating with the governments National Fitness Council ( 1937 - 1939 ) to promote physical fitness . One of the characteristics of the League was co-operation between participants in large-scale displays . In 1938 she visited Czechoslovakia to see Sokol gymnastics and also led League delegations to Hamburg in Germany and Helsinki Finland . The League contracted in scale during the Second World War and although Stack continued to teach and be involved with the organisation , others were prominent in the continuation of the League . In 1945 she was elected as a Conservative councillor on Kensington Borough Countil for Redcliff ward . She continued as a councillor for two years . In 1950 she moved to South Africa with her second husband and opened multiracial exercise classes , bringing a multiracial team to the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II in 1953 against authority requirements . She returned to live in the UK in 1956 and continued working on womens fitness , remaining president through a name change to the Fitness League in 1999 , and as more commercial fitness organisations came to the fore . The League staged a display in the Albert Hall in 2010 to celebrate its 80th anniversary . She was a member of the Management Committee of the Outward Bound Trust at its inception in 1946 , initially led the Advisory Committee on running Outward Bound courses for girls ( that led to course for them being introduced in the early 1950s ) and became vice-president of the Outward Bound Trust in 1980 . She was awarded an OBE in 1980 . Personal life . Stack was born in India , the daughter of a Sandhurst-trained 8th Gurkha Rifles officer , Captain Edward Hugh Bagot Stack ( 1885-1914 ) , and his Irish wife , Mary Bagot Stack . Her father , born in Shillong in 1885 , came from a line of Britons who had served in British India , her paternal grandfather having been the Indian Civil Service officer Edward Stack . At the onset of the First World War in 1914 , her father was posted to France , while Stack and her mother embarked on a voyage to England ; by the time of their arrival , news had arrived of her fathers death in action at the Battle of La Bassee . He is buried in Nord-Pas-de-Calais , France . She lived with her mother , maternal aunts and cousins in London during her childhood , visiting family in Ireland and the Isle of Skye for holidays . She was trained in her mothers exercise system from childhood and was included in lecture-demonstrations . In 1924 they moved from Maida Vale to a large house in Holland Park adjacent to the Ilchester estate where her mother started the Bagot Stack Health School . Stack attended Norland Place School , and then from the age of 13 attended her mothers school for training in dance and exercise , and also a private tutor for academic studies . From September 1930 , aged 16 , she attended the Abbey girls boarding school in Malvern Wells for a year and gained perspective from a more conventional school life . This time initiated a love of the countryside as well as her decision to continue involvement with her mothers organisation , now called the Womens League of Health and Beauty . In 1936 , during a visit to a social event in Oxford , she met a South African Rhodes Scholar medical student , Alfred ( Ally ) Albers , who would eventually become her second husband . They met and took holidays together intermittently until her first marriage . In 1937 she opened a swimming pool for a girls school in Dorset and met Lord David Douglas-Hamilton among the other guests . She subsequently met him at other events , and spent time with him and his family , including visiting Dorset , Scotland and Austria . This included climbing in mountains . She also met Kurt Hahn in his company . In 1938 she made the decision to accept the hand in marriage of Douglas-Hamilton and the wedding took place in Glasgow Cathedral . They had two sons , Diarmaid Douglas-Hamilton and Iain Douglas-Hamilton . Douglas-Hamilton , then a squadron leader in the Royal Air Force , was killed in 1944 when his damaged airplane crashed following enemy action over France . In 1950 , Stack married the surgeon Ally Albers in South Africa . Albers died in a climbing accident in 1951 , while climbing Table Mountain accompanied by his wife . In 1964 , she married Brian Power . He had been born and spent his childhood in Tianjin , China to Irish/British parents who lived in the British Concession . In 1936 he went to study law at Kings College , University of London , planning to return to China . However , when the second world war broke out he joined the Royal Irish Fusiliers in the British Army in 1940 and then remained in the UK working as a barrister . He died in 2008 .
[ "Ally Albers" ]
[ { "text": " Ann Prunella Stack OBE ( 28 July 1914 – 30 December 2010 ) was a British fitness pioneer and womens rights activist . She was head of the Womens League of Health and Beauty which her mother Mary had founded in 1931 . In 1953 she led a multiracial team to the coronation in London .", "title": "Prunella Stack" }, { "text": "Her mother developed an exercise system that was brought to a mass market as the Womens League of Health & Beauty . Stack had participated in these exercises since a young child and became an instructor . She and her maternal aunt Norah Cruickshank headed the league from 1936 after the death of her mother . Stack undertook teaching , performing and public speaking while Cruickshank dealt with administration and public relations . She expanded the League in both the UK and British Empire as well as collaborating with the governments National Fitness Council ( 1937 - 1939 ) to", "title": "Career" }, { "text": "promote physical fitness . One of the characteristics of the League was co-operation between participants in large-scale displays . In 1938 she visited Czechoslovakia to see Sokol gymnastics and also led League delegations to Hamburg in Germany and Helsinki Finland . The League contracted in scale during the Second World War and although Stack continued to teach and be involved with the organisation , others were prominent in the continuation of the League .", "title": "Career" }, { "text": " In 1945 she was elected as a Conservative councillor on Kensington Borough Countil for Redcliff ward . She continued as a councillor for two years .", "title": "Career" }, { "text": "In 1950 she moved to South Africa with her second husband and opened multiracial exercise classes , bringing a multiracial team to the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II in 1953 against authority requirements . She returned to live in the UK in 1956 and continued working on womens fitness , remaining president through a name change to the Fitness League in 1999 , and as more commercial fitness organisations came to the fore . The League staged a display in the Albert Hall in 2010 to celebrate its 80th anniversary .", "title": "Career" }, { "text": " She was a member of the Management Committee of the Outward Bound Trust at its inception in 1946 , initially led the Advisory Committee on running Outward Bound courses for girls ( that led to course for them being introduced in the early 1950s ) and became vice-president of the Outward Bound Trust in 1980 . She was awarded an OBE in 1980 .", "title": "Career" }, { "text": "Stack was born in India , the daughter of a Sandhurst-trained 8th Gurkha Rifles officer , Captain Edward Hugh Bagot Stack ( 1885-1914 ) , and his Irish wife , Mary Bagot Stack . Her father , born in Shillong in 1885 , came from a line of Britons who had served in British India , her paternal grandfather having been the Indian Civil Service officer Edward Stack . At the onset of the First World War in 1914 , her father was posted to France , while Stack and her mother embarked on a voyage to England ; by", "title": "Personal life" }, { "text": "the time of their arrival , news had arrived of her fathers death in action at the Battle of La Bassee . He is buried in Nord-Pas-de-Calais , France .", "title": "Personal life" }, { "text": "She lived with her mother , maternal aunts and cousins in London during her childhood , visiting family in Ireland and the Isle of Skye for holidays . She was trained in her mothers exercise system from childhood and was included in lecture-demonstrations . In 1924 they moved from Maida Vale to a large house in Holland Park adjacent to the Ilchester estate where her mother started the Bagot Stack Health School . Stack attended Norland Place School , and then from the age of 13 attended her mothers school for training in dance and exercise , and also a", "title": "Personal life" }, { "text": "private tutor for academic studies . From September 1930 , aged 16 , she attended the Abbey girls boarding school in Malvern Wells for a year and gained perspective from a more conventional school life . This time initiated a love of the countryside as well as her decision to continue involvement with her mothers organisation , now called the Womens League of Health and Beauty . In 1936 , during a visit to a social event in Oxford , she met a South African Rhodes Scholar medical student , Alfred ( Ally ) Albers , who would eventually become", "title": "Personal life" }, { "text": "her second husband . They met and took holidays together intermittently until her first marriage .", "title": "Personal life" }, { "text": "In 1937 she opened a swimming pool for a girls school in Dorset and met Lord David Douglas-Hamilton among the other guests . She subsequently met him at other events , and spent time with him and his family , including visiting Dorset , Scotland and Austria . This included climbing in mountains . She also met Kurt Hahn in his company . In 1938 she made the decision to accept the hand in marriage of Douglas-Hamilton and the wedding took place in Glasgow Cathedral . They had two sons , Diarmaid Douglas-Hamilton and Iain Douglas-Hamilton . Douglas-Hamilton , then", "title": "Personal life" }, { "text": "a squadron leader in the Royal Air Force , was killed in 1944 when his damaged airplane crashed following enemy action over France .", "title": "Personal life" }, { "text": "In 1950 , Stack married the surgeon Ally Albers in South Africa . Albers died in a climbing accident in 1951 , while climbing Table Mountain accompanied by his wife . In 1964 , she married Brian Power . He had been born and spent his childhood in Tianjin , China to Irish/British parents who lived in the British Concession . In 1936 he went to study law at Kings College , University of London , planning to return to China . However , when the second world war broke out he joined the Royal Irish Fusiliers in the British", "title": "Personal life" }, { "text": "Army in 1940 and then remained in the UK working as a barrister . He died in 2008 .", "title": "Personal life" } ]
/wiki/Prunella_Stack#P26#2
Who was Prunella Stack 's spouse between Nov 1964 and Jan 1965?
Prunella Stack Ann Prunella Stack OBE ( 28 July 1914 – 30 December 2010 ) was a British fitness pioneer and womens rights activist . She was head of the Womens League of Health and Beauty which her mother Mary had founded in 1931 . In 1953 she led a multiracial team to the coronation in London . Career . Her mother developed an exercise system that was brought to a mass market as the Womens League of Health & Beauty . Stack had participated in these exercises since a young child and became an instructor . She and her maternal aunt Norah Cruickshank headed the league from 1936 after the death of her mother . Stack undertook teaching , performing and public speaking while Cruickshank dealt with administration and public relations . She expanded the League in both the UK and British Empire as well as collaborating with the governments National Fitness Council ( 1937 - 1939 ) to promote physical fitness . One of the characteristics of the League was co-operation between participants in large-scale displays . In 1938 she visited Czechoslovakia to see Sokol gymnastics and also led League delegations to Hamburg in Germany and Helsinki Finland . The League contracted in scale during the Second World War and although Stack continued to teach and be involved with the organisation , others were prominent in the continuation of the League . In 1945 she was elected as a Conservative councillor on Kensington Borough Countil for Redcliff ward . She continued as a councillor for two years . In 1950 she moved to South Africa with her second husband and opened multiracial exercise classes , bringing a multiracial team to the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II in 1953 against authority requirements . She returned to live in the UK in 1956 and continued working on womens fitness , remaining president through a name change to the Fitness League in 1999 , and as more commercial fitness organisations came to the fore . The League staged a display in the Albert Hall in 2010 to celebrate its 80th anniversary . She was a member of the Management Committee of the Outward Bound Trust at its inception in 1946 , initially led the Advisory Committee on running Outward Bound courses for girls ( that led to course for them being introduced in the early 1950s ) and became vice-president of the Outward Bound Trust in 1980 . She was awarded an OBE in 1980 . Personal life . Stack was born in India , the daughter of a Sandhurst-trained 8th Gurkha Rifles officer , Captain Edward Hugh Bagot Stack ( 1885-1914 ) , and his Irish wife , Mary Bagot Stack . Her father , born in Shillong in 1885 , came from a line of Britons who had served in British India , her paternal grandfather having been the Indian Civil Service officer Edward Stack . At the onset of the First World War in 1914 , her father was posted to France , while Stack and her mother embarked on a voyage to England ; by the time of their arrival , news had arrived of her fathers death in action at the Battle of La Bassee . He is buried in Nord-Pas-de-Calais , France . She lived with her mother , maternal aunts and cousins in London during her childhood , visiting family in Ireland and the Isle of Skye for holidays . She was trained in her mothers exercise system from childhood and was included in lecture-demonstrations . In 1924 they moved from Maida Vale to a large house in Holland Park adjacent to the Ilchester estate where her mother started the Bagot Stack Health School . Stack attended Norland Place School , and then from the age of 13 attended her mothers school for training in dance and exercise , and also a private tutor for academic studies . From September 1930 , aged 16 , she attended the Abbey girls boarding school in Malvern Wells for a year and gained perspective from a more conventional school life . This time initiated a love of the countryside as well as her decision to continue involvement with her mothers organisation , now called the Womens League of Health and Beauty . In 1936 , during a visit to a social event in Oxford , she met a South African Rhodes Scholar medical student , Alfred ( Ally ) Albers , who would eventually become her second husband . They met and took holidays together intermittently until her first marriage . In 1937 she opened a swimming pool for a girls school in Dorset and met Lord David Douglas-Hamilton among the other guests . She subsequently met him at other events , and spent time with him and his family , including visiting Dorset , Scotland and Austria . This included climbing in mountains . She also met Kurt Hahn in his company . In 1938 she made the decision to accept the hand in marriage of Douglas-Hamilton and the wedding took place in Glasgow Cathedral . They had two sons , Diarmaid Douglas-Hamilton and Iain Douglas-Hamilton . Douglas-Hamilton , then a squadron leader in the Royal Air Force , was killed in 1944 when his damaged airplane crashed following enemy action over France . In 1950 , Stack married the surgeon Ally Albers in South Africa . Albers died in a climbing accident in 1951 , while climbing Table Mountain accompanied by his wife . In 1964 , she married Brian Power . He had been born and spent his childhood in Tianjin , China to Irish/British parents who lived in the British Concession . In 1936 he went to study law at Kings College , University of London , planning to return to China . However , when the second world war broke out he joined the Royal Irish Fusiliers in the British Army in 1940 and then remained in the UK working as a barrister . He died in 2008 .
[ "Brian Power" ]
[ { "text": " Ann Prunella Stack OBE ( 28 July 1914 – 30 December 2010 ) was a British fitness pioneer and womens rights activist . She was head of the Womens League of Health and Beauty which her mother Mary had founded in 1931 . In 1953 she led a multiracial team to the coronation in London .", "title": "Prunella Stack" }, { "text": "Her mother developed an exercise system that was brought to a mass market as the Womens League of Health & Beauty . Stack had participated in these exercises since a young child and became an instructor . She and her maternal aunt Norah Cruickshank headed the league from 1936 after the death of her mother . Stack undertook teaching , performing and public speaking while Cruickshank dealt with administration and public relations . She expanded the League in both the UK and British Empire as well as collaborating with the governments National Fitness Council ( 1937 - 1939 ) to", "title": "Career" }, { "text": "promote physical fitness . One of the characteristics of the League was co-operation between participants in large-scale displays . In 1938 she visited Czechoslovakia to see Sokol gymnastics and also led League delegations to Hamburg in Germany and Helsinki Finland . The League contracted in scale during the Second World War and although Stack continued to teach and be involved with the organisation , others were prominent in the continuation of the League .", "title": "Career" }, { "text": " In 1945 she was elected as a Conservative councillor on Kensington Borough Countil for Redcliff ward . She continued as a councillor for two years .", "title": "Career" }, { "text": "In 1950 she moved to South Africa with her second husband and opened multiracial exercise classes , bringing a multiracial team to the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II in 1953 against authority requirements . She returned to live in the UK in 1956 and continued working on womens fitness , remaining president through a name change to the Fitness League in 1999 , and as more commercial fitness organisations came to the fore . The League staged a display in the Albert Hall in 2010 to celebrate its 80th anniversary .", "title": "Career" }, { "text": " She was a member of the Management Committee of the Outward Bound Trust at its inception in 1946 , initially led the Advisory Committee on running Outward Bound courses for girls ( that led to course for them being introduced in the early 1950s ) and became vice-president of the Outward Bound Trust in 1980 . She was awarded an OBE in 1980 .", "title": "Career" }, { "text": "Stack was born in India , the daughter of a Sandhurst-trained 8th Gurkha Rifles officer , Captain Edward Hugh Bagot Stack ( 1885-1914 ) , and his Irish wife , Mary Bagot Stack . Her father , born in Shillong in 1885 , came from a line of Britons who had served in British India , her paternal grandfather having been the Indian Civil Service officer Edward Stack . At the onset of the First World War in 1914 , her father was posted to France , while Stack and her mother embarked on a voyage to England ; by", "title": "Personal life" }, { "text": "the time of their arrival , news had arrived of her fathers death in action at the Battle of La Bassee . He is buried in Nord-Pas-de-Calais , France .", "title": "Personal life" }, { "text": "She lived with her mother , maternal aunts and cousins in London during her childhood , visiting family in Ireland and the Isle of Skye for holidays . She was trained in her mothers exercise system from childhood and was included in lecture-demonstrations . In 1924 they moved from Maida Vale to a large house in Holland Park adjacent to the Ilchester estate where her mother started the Bagot Stack Health School . Stack attended Norland Place School , and then from the age of 13 attended her mothers school for training in dance and exercise , and also a", "title": "Personal life" }, { "text": "private tutor for academic studies . From September 1930 , aged 16 , she attended the Abbey girls boarding school in Malvern Wells for a year and gained perspective from a more conventional school life . This time initiated a love of the countryside as well as her decision to continue involvement with her mothers organisation , now called the Womens League of Health and Beauty . In 1936 , during a visit to a social event in Oxford , she met a South African Rhodes Scholar medical student , Alfred ( Ally ) Albers , who would eventually become", "title": "Personal life" }, { "text": "her second husband . They met and took holidays together intermittently until her first marriage .", "title": "Personal life" }, { "text": "In 1937 she opened a swimming pool for a girls school in Dorset and met Lord David Douglas-Hamilton among the other guests . She subsequently met him at other events , and spent time with him and his family , including visiting Dorset , Scotland and Austria . This included climbing in mountains . She also met Kurt Hahn in his company . In 1938 she made the decision to accept the hand in marriage of Douglas-Hamilton and the wedding took place in Glasgow Cathedral . They had two sons , Diarmaid Douglas-Hamilton and Iain Douglas-Hamilton . Douglas-Hamilton , then", "title": "Personal life" }, { "text": "a squadron leader in the Royal Air Force , was killed in 1944 when his damaged airplane crashed following enemy action over France .", "title": "Personal life" }, { "text": "In 1950 , Stack married the surgeon Ally Albers in South Africa . Albers died in a climbing accident in 1951 , while climbing Table Mountain accompanied by his wife . In 1964 , she married Brian Power . He had been born and spent his childhood in Tianjin , China to Irish/British parents who lived in the British Concession . In 1936 he went to study law at Kings College , University of London , planning to return to China . However , when the second world war broke out he joined the Royal Irish Fusiliers in the British", "title": "Personal life" }, { "text": "Army in 1940 and then remained in the UK working as a barrister . He died in 2008 .", "title": "Personal life" } ]
/wiki/Gary_Pearson_(footballer)#P54#0
Which team did the player Gary Pearson (footballer) belong to between Oct 1995 and Dec 1995?
Gary Pearson ( footballer ) Gary Pearson ( born 7 December 1976 ) is an English former professional footballer and now a manager . He played as a defender and a midfielder for Sheffield United , Stalybridge Celtic , Gateshead , Spennymoor United , Seaham Red Star , Whitby Town , Durham City , Darlington , York City , Bedlington Terriers , Horden Colliery Welfare , Sunderland Nissan , Spennymoor Town and Crook Town . Playing career . Born in Seaham , County Durham , Pearson started his career with the Sheffield United youth system and signed a professional contract with the club on 3 July 1995 . After three years with United he dropped into non-League football after signing for Stalybridge Celtic on 22 March 1996 . He was with Football Conference side Gateshead for two seasons ; in 1996–97 he made 34 appearances and scored two goals and in 1997–98 he made four appearances and scored one goal . He then had spells with Spennymoor United and Seaham Red Star before joining Whitby Town in 1999 after playing for them in a pre-season friendly.<ref Season Archive></ref> Pearson played for Durham City during the 2000–01 season before returning to Whitby in April 2001.<ref Season Archive></ref> He joined Third Division Darlington on a one-year contract with the option of another year on 6 August 2001 after a trial . He made his debut in Darlingtons 2–1 home victory over Macclesfield Town on 16 October 2001 , but was substituted for Phil Brumwell in the 32nd minute . Pearson impressed as a substitute in Darlingtons 2–0 defeat at Peterborough United in the FA Cup on 21 January 2002 , leading to a run of six matches in the team before picking up an injury . During this period he scored his first goal for the club with a 25-yard free kick in a 3–2 home defeat to Luton Town on 26 January 2002 . He finished his first season at Darlington with 11 appearances and one goal . Pearson struggled to enter the team early in the 2002–03 season with injuries , eventually making his first appearance in a 2–0 win at Wrexham in the FA Cup on 16 November 2002 . He established himself in the starting line-up in the final third of the season and on 12 April 2003 scored his first goal of the season in a 5–1 victory over Shrewsbury Town with a 35-yard shot that made its way through a crowded penalty area . He completed the season with one goal in 22 appearances . Pearson was a regular for Darlington in the early stages of the 2003–04 season and scored his first goal of the campaign in a 4–2 defeat at Rochdale on 30 August 2003 . Because of injury troubles he was mostly a substitute for the rest of the season , which he finished with 19 appearances and one goal . Pearson signed for newly relegated Conference National side York City on a one-year contract on 5 July 2004 . He was sent off for violent conduct in the 69th minute of Yorks opening match of the 2004–05 season , a 2–0 away defeat to Aldershot Town on 14 August 2004 . A shoulder injury kept him out of the team from early November 2004 onwards and was released by the club on 17 March 2005 , although he was told he could return for pre-season . He had made 13 appearances for York . He re-signed for former club Durham City in June 2005 before joining Northern League outfit Bedlington Terriers in January 2006 , making his debut in a 5–1 defeat at West Auckland Town . Pearson was re-signed by Gateshead , by this time in the Northern Premier League Premier Division , on 31 March 2006 . He made six appearances for Gateshead before the end of the 2005–06 season . He signed for Horden Colliery Welfare as a player-coach in July 2006 and later that year was playing for Sunderland Nissan and remained with them until 2009 , when the club folded . He spent the following two seasons with Spennymoor Town . Coaching and managerial career . Pearson started the 2011–12 season as player-coach at Crook Town , before taking over as manager in December 2011 . He resigned in May 2014 to take over at Ryhope Colliery Welfare . Style of play . Pearson played as a centre-back and a central midfielder , being noted for his robust tackling and committed play . Personal life . Pearson played alongside his brother Alan during spells with Seaham Red Star and Durham City .
[ "Sheffield United", "Stalybridge Celtic" ]
[ { "text": " Gary Pearson ( born 7 December 1976 ) is an English former professional footballer and now a manager . He played as a defender and a midfielder for Sheffield United , Stalybridge Celtic , Gateshead , Spennymoor United , Seaham Red Star , Whitby Town , Durham City , Darlington , York City , Bedlington Terriers , Horden Colliery Welfare , Sunderland Nissan , Spennymoor Town and Crook Town .", "title": "Gary Pearson ( footballer )" }, { "text": "Born in Seaham , County Durham , Pearson started his career with the Sheffield United youth system and signed a professional contract with the club on 3 July 1995 . After three years with United he dropped into non-League football after signing for Stalybridge Celtic on 22 March 1996 . He was with Football Conference side Gateshead for two seasons ; in 1996–97 he made 34 appearances and scored two goals and in 1997–98 he made four appearances and scored one goal . He then had spells with Spennymoor United and Seaham Red Star before joining Whitby Town in 1999", "title": "Playing career" }, { "text": "after playing for them in a pre-season friendly.<ref Season Archive></ref> Pearson played for Durham City during the 2000–01 season before returning to Whitby in April 2001.<ref Season Archive></ref>", "title": "Playing career" }, { "text": "He joined Third Division Darlington on a one-year contract with the option of another year on 6 August 2001 after a trial . He made his debut in Darlingtons 2–1 home victory over Macclesfield Town on 16 October 2001 , but was substituted for Phil Brumwell in the 32nd minute . Pearson impressed as a substitute in Darlingtons 2–0 defeat at Peterborough United in the FA Cup on 21 January 2002 , leading to a run of six matches in the team before picking up an injury . During this period he scored his first goal for the club with", "title": "Playing career" }, { "text": "a 25-yard free kick in a 3–2 home defeat to Luton Town on 26 January 2002 . He finished his first season at Darlington with 11 appearances and one goal .", "title": "Playing career" }, { "text": "Pearson struggled to enter the team early in the 2002–03 season with injuries , eventually making his first appearance in a 2–0 win at Wrexham in the FA Cup on 16 November 2002 . He established himself in the starting line-up in the final third of the season and on 12 April 2003 scored his first goal of the season in a 5–1 victory over Shrewsbury Town with a 35-yard shot that made its way through a crowded penalty area . He completed the season with one goal in 22 appearances . Pearson was a regular for Darlington in the", "title": "Playing career" }, { "text": "early stages of the 2003–04 season and scored his first goal of the campaign in a 4–2 defeat at Rochdale on 30 August 2003 . Because of injury troubles he was mostly a substitute for the rest of the season , which he finished with 19 appearances and one goal .", "title": "Playing career" }, { "text": " Pearson signed for newly relegated Conference National side York City on a one-year contract on 5 July 2004 . He was sent off for violent conduct in the 69th minute of Yorks opening match of the 2004–05 season , a 2–0 away defeat to Aldershot Town on 14 August 2004 . A shoulder injury kept him out of the team from early November 2004 onwards and was released by the club on 17 March 2005 , although he was told he could return for pre-season . He had made 13 appearances for York .", "title": "Playing career" }, { "text": "He re-signed for former club Durham City in June 2005 before joining Northern League outfit Bedlington Terriers in January 2006 , making his debut in a 5–1 defeat at West Auckland Town . Pearson was re-signed by Gateshead , by this time in the Northern Premier League Premier Division , on 31 March 2006 . He made six appearances for Gateshead before the end of the 2005–06 season . He signed for Horden Colliery Welfare as a player-coach in July 2006 and later that year was playing for Sunderland Nissan and remained with them until 2009 , when the club", "title": "Playing career" }, { "text": "folded . He spent the following two seasons with Spennymoor Town .", "title": "Playing career" }, { "text": " Coaching and managerial career . Pearson started the 2011–12 season as player-coach at Crook Town , before taking over as manager in December 2011 . He resigned in May 2014 to take over at Ryhope Colliery Welfare .", "title": "Playing career" }, { "text": " Pearson played as a centre-back and a central midfielder , being noted for his robust tackling and committed play .", "title": "Style of play" }, { "text": " Pearson played alongside his brother Alan during spells with Seaham Red Star and Durham City .", "title": "Personal life" } ]
/wiki/Gary_Pearson_(footballer)#P54#1
Which team did the player Gary Pearson (footballer) belong to between Jan 1996 and Aug 1996?
Gary Pearson ( footballer ) Gary Pearson ( born 7 December 1976 ) is an English former professional footballer and now a manager . He played as a defender and a midfielder for Sheffield United , Stalybridge Celtic , Gateshead , Spennymoor United , Seaham Red Star , Whitby Town , Durham City , Darlington , York City , Bedlington Terriers , Horden Colliery Welfare , Sunderland Nissan , Spennymoor Town and Crook Town . Playing career . Born in Seaham , County Durham , Pearson started his career with the Sheffield United youth system and signed a professional contract with the club on 3 July 1995 . After three years with United he dropped into non-League football after signing for Stalybridge Celtic on 22 March 1996 . He was with Football Conference side Gateshead for two seasons ; in 1996–97 he made 34 appearances and scored two goals and in 1997–98 he made four appearances and scored one goal . He then had spells with Spennymoor United and Seaham Red Star before joining Whitby Town in 1999 after playing for them in a pre-season friendly.<ref Season Archive></ref> Pearson played for Durham City during the 2000–01 season before returning to Whitby in April 2001.<ref Season Archive></ref> He joined Third Division Darlington on a one-year contract with the option of another year on 6 August 2001 after a trial . He made his debut in Darlingtons 2–1 home victory over Macclesfield Town on 16 October 2001 , but was substituted for Phil Brumwell in the 32nd minute . Pearson impressed as a substitute in Darlingtons 2–0 defeat at Peterborough United in the FA Cup on 21 January 2002 , leading to a run of six matches in the team before picking up an injury . During this period he scored his first goal for the club with a 25-yard free kick in a 3–2 home defeat to Luton Town on 26 January 2002 . He finished his first season at Darlington with 11 appearances and one goal . Pearson struggled to enter the team early in the 2002–03 season with injuries , eventually making his first appearance in a 2–0 win at Wrexham in the FA Cup on 16 November 2002 . He established himself in the starting line-up in the final third of the season and on 12 April 2003 scored his first goal of the season in a 5–1 victory over Shrewsbury Town with a 35-yard shot that made its way through a crowded penalty area . He completed the season with one goal in 22 appearances . Pearson was a regular for Darlington in the early stages of the 2003–04 season and scored his first goal of the campaign in a 4–2 defeat at Rochdale on 30 August 2003 . Because of injury troubles he was mostly a substitute for the rest of the season , which he finished with 19 appearances and one goal . Pearson signed for newly relegated Conference National side York City on a one-year contract on 5 July 2004 . He was sent off for violent conduct in the 69th minute of Yorks opening match of the 2004–05 season , a 2–0 away defeat to Aldershot Town on 14 August 2004 . A shoulder injury kept him out of the team from early November 2004 onwards and was released by the club on 17 March 2005 , although he was told he could return for pre-season . He had made 13 appearances for York . He re-signed for former club Durham City in June 2005 before joining Northern League outfit Bedlington Terriers in January 2006 , making his debut in a 5–1 defeat at West Auckland Town . Pearson was re-signed by Gateshead , by this time in the Northern Premier League Premier Division , on 31 March 2006 . He made six appearances for Gateshead before the end of the 2005–06 season . He signed for Horden Colliery Welfare as a player-coach in July 2006 and later that year was playing for Sunderland Nissan and remained with them until 2009 , when the club folded . He spent the following two seasons with Spennymoor Town . Coaching and managerial career . Pearson started the 2011–12 season as player-coach at Crook Town , before taking over as manager in December 2011 . He resigned in May 2014 to take over at Ryhope Colliery Welfare . Style of play . Pearson played as a centre-back and a central midfielder , being noted for his robust tackling and committed play . Personal life . Pearson played alongside his brother Alan during spells with Seaham Red Star and Durham City .
[ "Gateshead", "Spennymoor United", "Seaham Red Star" ]
[ { "text": " Gary Pearson ( born 7 December 1976 ) is an English former professional footballer and now a manager . He played as a defender and a midfielder for Sheffield United , Stalybridge Celtic , Gateshead , Spennymoor United , Seaham Red Star , Whitby Town , Durham City , Darlington , York City , Bedlington Terriers , Horden Colliery Welfare , Sunderland Nissan , Spennymoor Town and Crook Town .", "title": "Gary Pearson ( footballer )" }, { "text": "Born in Seaham , County Durham , Pearson started his career with the Sheffield United youth system and signed a professional contract with the club on 3 July 1995 . After three years with United he dropped into non-League football after signing for Stalybridge Celtic on 22 March 1996 . He was with Football Conference side Gateshead for two seasons ; in 1996–97 he made 34 appearances and scored two goals and in 1997–98 he made four appearances and scored one goal . He then had spells with Spennymoor United and Seaham Red Star before joining Whitby Town in 1999", "title": "Playing career" }, { "text": "after playing for them in a pre-season friendly.<ref Season Archive></ref> Pearson played for Durham City during the 2000–01 season before returning to Whitby in April 2001.<ref Season Archive></ref>", "title": "Playing career" }, { "text": "He joined Third Division Darlington on a one-year contract with the option of another year on 6 August 2001 after a trial . He made his debut in Darlingtons 2–1 home victory over Macclesfield Town on 16 October 2001 , but was substituted for Phil Brumwell in the 32nd minute . Pearson impressed as a substitute in Darlingtons 2–0 defeat at Peterborough United in the FA Cup on 21 January 2002 , leading to a run of six matches in the team before picking up an injury . During this period he scored his first goal for the club with", "title": "Playing career" }, { "text": "a 25-yard free kick in a 3–2 home defeat to Luton Town on 26 January 2002 . He finished his first season at Darlington with 11 appearances and one goal .", "title": "Playing career" }, { "text": "Pearson struggled to enter the team early in the 2002–03 season with injuries , eventually making his first appearance in a 2–0 win at Wrexham in the FA Cup on 16 November 2002 . He established himself in the starting line-up in the final third of the season and on 12 April 2003 scored his first goal of the season in a 5–1 victory over Shrewsbury Town with a 35-yard shot that made its way through a crowded penalty area . He completed the season with one goal in 22 appearances . Pearson was a regular for Darlington in the", "title": "Playing career" }, { "text": "early stages of the 2003–04 season and scored his first goal of the campaign in a 4–2 defeat at Rochdale on 30 August 2003 . Because of injury troubles he was mostly a substitute for the rest of the season , which he finished with 19 appearances and one goal .", "title": "Playing career" }, { "text": " Pearson signed for newly relegated Conference National side York City on a one-year contract on 5 July 2004 . He was sent off for violent conduct in the 69th minute of Yorks opening match of the 2004–05 season , a 2–0 away defeat to Aldershot Town on 14 August 2004 . A shoulder injury kept him out of the team from early November 2004 onwards and was released by the club on 17 March 2005 , although he was told he could return for pre-season . He had made 13 appearances for York .", "title": "Playing career" }, { "text": "He re-signed for former club Durham City in June 2005 before joining Northern League outfit Bedlington Terriers in January 2006 , making his debut in a 5–1 defeat at West Auckland Town . Pearson was re-signed by Gateshead , by this time in the Northern Premier League Premier Division , on 31 March 2006 . He made six appearances for Gateshead before the end of the 2005–06 season . He signed for Horden Colliery Welfare as a player-coach in July 2006 and later that year was playing for Sunderland Nissan and remained with them until 2009 , when the club", "title": "Playing career" }, { "text": "folded . He spent the following two seasons with Spennymoor Town .", "title": "Playing career" }, { "text": " Coaching and managerial career . Pearson started the 2011–12 season as player-coach at Crook Town , before taking over as manager in December 2011 . He resigned in May 2014 to take over at Ryhope Colliery Welfare .", "title": "Playing career" }, { "text": " Pearson played as a centre-back and a central midfielder , being noted for his robust tackling and committed play .", "title": "Style of play" }, { "text": " Pearson played alongside his brother Alan during spells with Seaham Red Star and Durham City .", "title": "Personal life" } ]
/wiki/Gary_Pearson_(footballer)#P54#2
Which team did the player Gary Pearson (footballer) belong to between Apr 1999 and Jun 1999?
Gary Pearson ( footballer ) Gary Pearson ( born 7 December 1976 ) is an English former professional footballer and now a manager . He played as a defender and a midfielder for Sheffield United , Stalybridge Celtic , Gateshead , Spennymoor United , Seaham Red Star , Whitby Town , Durham City , Darlington , York City , Bedlington Terriers , Horden Colliery Welfare , Sunderland Nissan , Spennymoor Town and Crook Town . Playing career . Born in Seaham , County Durham , Pearson started his career with the Sheffield United youth system and signed a professional contract with the club on 3 July 1995 . After three years with United he dropped into non-League football after signing for Stalybridge Celtic on 22 March 1996 . He was with Football Conference side Gateshead for two seasons ; in 1996–97 he made 34 appearances and scored two goals and in 1997–98 he made four appearances and scored one goal . He then had spells with Spennymoor United and Seaham Red Star before joining Whitby Town in 1999 after playing for them in a pre-season friendly.<ref Season Archive></ref> Pearson played for Durham City during the 2000–01 season before returning to Whitby in April 2001.<ref Season Archive></ref> He joined Third Division Darlington on a one-year contract with the option of another year on 6 August 2001 after a trial . He made his debut in Darlingtons 2–1 home victory over Macclesfield Town on 16 October 2001 , but was substituted for Phil Brumwell in the 32nd minute . Pearson impressed as a substitute in Darlingtons 2–0 defeat at Peterborough United in the FA Cup on 21 January 2002 , leading to a run of six matches in the team before picking up an injury . During this period he scored his first goal for the club with a 25-yard free kick in a 3–2 home defeat to Luton Town on 26 January 2002 . He finished his first season at Darlington with 11 appearances and one goal . Pearson struggled to enter the team early in the 2002–03 season with injuries , eventually making his first appearance in a 2–0 win at Wrexham in the FA Cup on 16 November 2002 . He established himself in the starting line-up in the final third of the season and on 12 April 2003 scored his first goal of the season in a 5–1 victory over Shrewsbury Town with a 35-yard shot that made its way through a crowded penalty area . He completed the season with one goal in 22 appearances . Pearson was a regular for Darlington in the early stages of the 2003–04 season and scored his first goal of the campaign in a 4–2 defeat at Rochdale on 30 August 2003 . Because of injury troubles he was mostly a substitute for the rest of the season , which he finished with 19 appearances and one goal . Pearson signed for newly relegated Conference National side York City on a one-year contract on 5 July 2004 . He was sent off for violent conduct in the 69th minute of Yorks opening match of the 2004–05 season , a 2–0 away defeat to Aldershot Town on 14 August 2004 . A shoulder injury kept him out of the team from early November 2004 onwards and was released by the club on 17 March 2005 , although he was told he could return for pre-season . He had made 13 appearances for York . He re-signed for former club Durham City in June 2005 before joining Northern League outfit Bedlington Terriers in January 2006 , making his debut in a 5–1 defeat at West Auckland Town . Pearson was re-signed by Gateshead , by this time in the Northern Premier League Premier Division , on 31 March 2006 . He made six appearances for Gateshead before the end of the 2005–06 season . He signed for Horden Colliery Welfare as a player-coach in July 2006 and later that year was playing for Sunderland Nissan and remained with them until 2009 , when the club folded . He spent the following two seasons with Spennymoor Town . Coaching and managerial career . Pearson started the 2011–12 season as player-coach at Crook Town , before taking over as manager in December 2011 . He resigned in May 2014 to take over at Ryhope Colliery Welfare . Style of play . Pearson played as a centre-back and a central midfielder , being noted for his robust tackling and committed play . Personal life . Pearson played alongside his brother Alan during spells with Seaham Red Star and Durham City .
[ "Whitby Town" ]
[ { "text": " Gary Pearson ( born 7 December 1976 ) is an English former professional footballer and now a manager . He played as a defender and a midfielder for Sheffield United , Stalybridge Celtic , Gateshead , Spennymoor United , Seaham Red Star , Whitby Town , Durham City , Darlington , York City , Bedlington Terriers , Horden Colliery Welfare , Sunderland Nissan , Spennymoor Town and Crook Town .", "title": "Gary Pearson ( footballer )" }, { "text": "Born in Seaham , County Durham , Pearson started his career with the Sheffield United youth system and signed a professional contract with the club on 3 July 1995 . After three years with United he dropped into non-League football after signing for Stalybridge Celtic on 22 March 1996 . He was with Football Conference side Gateshead for two seasons ; in 1996–97 he made 34 appearances and scored two goals and in 1997–98 he made four appearances and scored one goal . He then had spells with Spennymoor United and Seaham Red Star before joining Whitby Town in 1999", "title": "Playing career" }, { "text": "after playing for them in a pre-season friendly.<ref Season Archive></ref> Pearson played for Durham City during the 2000–01 season before returning to Whitby in April 2001.<ref Season Archive></ref>", "title": "Playing career" }, { "text": "He joined Third Division Darlington on a one-year contract with the option of another year on 6 August 2001 after a trial . He made his debut in Darlingtons 2–1 home victory over Macclesfield Town on 16 October 2001 , but was substituted for Phil Brumwell in the 32nd minute . Pearson impressed as a substitute in Darlingtons 2–0 defeat at Peterborough United in the FA Cup on 21 January 2002 , leading to a run of six matches in the team before picking up an injury . During this period he scored his first goal for the club with", "title": "Playing career" }, { "text": "a 25-yard free kick in a 3–2 home defeat to Luton Town on 26 January 2002 . He finished his first season at Darlington with 11 appearances and one goal .", "title": "Playing career" }, { "text": "Pearson struggled to enter the team early in the 2002–03 season with injuries , eventually making his first appearance in a 2–0 win at Wrexham in the FA Cup on 16 November 2002 . He established himself in the starting line-up in the final third of the season and on 12 April 2003 scored his first goal of the season in a 5–1 victory over Shrewsbury Town with a 35-yard shot that made its way through a crowded penalty area . He completed the season with one goal in 22 appearances . Pearson was a regular for Darlington in the", "title": "Playing career" }, { "text": "early stages of the 2003–04 season and scored his first goal of the campaign in a 4–2 defeat at Rochdale on 30 August 2003 . Because of injury troubles he was mostly a substitute for the rest of the season , which he finished with 19 appearances and one goal .", "title": "Playing career" }, { "text": " Pearson signed for newly relegated Conference National side York City on a one-year contract on 5 July 2004 . He was sent off for violent conduct in the 69th minute of Yorks opening match of the 2004–05 season , a 2–0 away defeat to Aldershot Town on 14 August 2004 . A shoulder injury kept him out of the team from early November 2004 onwards and was released by the club on 17 March 2005 , although he was told he could return for pre-season . He had made 13 appearances for York .", "title": "Playing career" }, { "text": "He re-signed for former club Durham City in June 2005 before joining Northern League outfit Bedlington Terriers in January 2006 , making his debut in a 5–1 defeat at West Auckland Town . Pearson was re-signed by Gateshead , by this time in the Northern Premier League Premier Division , on 31 March 2006 . He made six appearances for Gateshead before the end of the 2005–06 season . He signed for Horden Colliery Welfare as a player-coach in July 2006 and later that year was playing for Sunderland Nissan and remained with them until 2009 , when the club", "title": "Playing career" }, { "text": "folded . He spent the following two seasons with Spennymoor Town .", "title": "Playing career" }, { "text": " Coaching and managerial career . Pearson started the 2011–12 season as player-coach at Crook Town , before taking over as manager in December 2011 . He resigned in May 2014 to take over at Ryhope Colliery Welfare .", "title": "Playing career" }, { "text": " Pearson played as a centre-back and a central midfielder , being noted for his robust tackling and committed play .", "title": "Style of play" }, { "text": " Pearson played alongside his brother Alan during spells with Seaham Red Star and Durham City .", "title": "Personal life" } ]
/wiki/Gary_Pearson_(footballer)#P54#3
Which team did the player Gary Pearson (footballer) belong to between Sep 2000 and Nov 2000?
Gary Pearson ( footballer ) Gary Pearson ( born 7 December 1976 ) is an English former professional footballer and now a manager . He played as a defender and a midfielder for Sheffield United , Stalybridge Celtic , Gateshead , Spennymoor United , Seaham Red Star , Whitby Town , Durham City , Darlington , York City , Bedlington Terriers , Horden Colliery Welfare , Sunderland Nissan , Spennymoor Town and Crook Town . Playing career . Born in Seaham , County Durham , Pearson started his career with the Sheffield United youth system and signed a professional contract with the club on 3 July 1995 . After three years with United he dropped into non-League football after signing for Stalybridge Celtic on 22 March 1996 . He was with Football Conference side Gateshead for two seasons ; in 1996–97 he made 34 appearances and scored two goals and in 1997–98 he made four appearances and scored one goal . He then had spells with Spennymoor United and Seaham Red Star before joining Whitby Town in 1999 after playing for them in a pre-season friendly.<ref Season Archive></ref> Pearson played for Durham City during the 2000–01 season before returning to Whitby in April 2001.<ref Season Archive></ref> He joined Third Division Darlington on a one-year contract with the option of another year on 6 August 2001 after a trial . He made his debut in Darlingtons 2–1 home victory over Macclesfield Town on 16 October 2001 , but was substituted for Phil Brumwell in the 32nd minute . Pearson impressed as a substitute in Darlingtons 2–0 defeat at Peterborough United in the FA Cup on 21 January 2002 , leading to a run of six matches in the team before picking up an injury . During this period he scored his first goal for the club with a 25-yard free kick in a 3–2 home defeat to Luton Town on 26 January 2002 . He finished his first season at Darlington with 11 appearances and one goal . Pearson struggled to enter the team early in the 2002–03 season with injuries , eventually making his first appearance in a 2–0 win at Wrexham in the FA Cup on 16 November 2002 . He established himself in the starting line-up in the final third of the season and on 12 April 2003 scored his first goal of the season in a 5–1 victory over Shrewsbury Town with a 35-yard shot that made its way through a crowded penalty area . He completed the season with one goal in 22 appearances . Pearson was a regular for Darlington in the early stages of the 2003–04 season and scored his first goal of the campaign in a 4–2 defeat at Rochdale on 30 August 2003 . Because of injury troubles he was mostly a substitute for the rest of the season , which he finished with 19 appearances and one goal . Pearson signed for newly relegated Conference National side York City on a one-year contract on 5 July 2004 . He was sent off for violent conduct in the 69th minute of Yorks opening match of the 2004–05 season , a 2–0 away defeat to Aldershot Town on 14 August 2004 . A shoulder injury kept him out of the team from early November 2004 onwards and was released by the club on 17 March 2005 , although he was told he could return for pre-season . He had made 13 appearances for York . He re-signed for former club Durham City in June 2005 before joining Northern League outfit Bedlington Terriers in January 2006 , making his debut in a 5–1 defeat at West Auckland Town . Pearson was re-signed by Gateshead , by this time in the Northern Premier League Premier Division , on 31 March 2006 . He made six appearances for Gateshead before the end of the 2005–06 season . He signed for Horden Colliery Welfare as a player-coach in July 2006 and later that year was playing for Sunderland Nissan and remained with them until 2009 , when the club folded . He spent the following two seasons with Spennymoor Town . Coaching and managerial career . Pearson started the 2011–12 season as player-coach at Crook Town , before taking over as manager in December 2011 . He resigned in May 2014 to take over at Ryhope Colliery Welfare . Style of play . Pearson played as a centre-back and a central midfielder , being noted for his robust tackling and committed play . Personal life . Pearson played alongside his brother Alan during spells with Seaham Red Star and Durham City .
[ "Durham City", "Whitby" ]
[ { "text": " Gary Pearson ( born 7 December 1976 ) is an English former professional footballer and now a manager . He played as a defender and a midfielder for Sheffield United , Stalybridge Celtic , Gateshead , Spennymoor United , Seaham Red Star , Whitby Town , Durham City , Darlington , York City , Bedlington Terriers , Horden Colliery Welfare , Sunderland Nissan , Spennymoor Town and Crook Town .", "title": "Gary Pearson ( footballer )" }, { "text": "Born in Seaham , County Durham , Pearson started his career with the Sheffield United youth system and signed a professional contract with the club on 3 July 1995 . After three years with United he dropped into non-League football after signing for Stalybridge Celtic on 22 March 1996 . He was with Football Conference side Gateshead for two seasons ; in 1996–97 he made 34 appearances and scored two goals and in 1997–98 he made four appearances and scored one goal . He then had spells with Spennymoor United and Seaham Red Star before joining Whitby Town in 1999", "title": "Playing career" }, { "text": "after playing for them in a pre-season friendly.<ref Season Archive></ref> Pearson played for Durham City during the 2000–01 season before returning to Whitby in April 2001.<ref Season Archive></ref>", "title": "Playing career" }, { "text": "He joined Third Division Darlington on a one-year contract with the option of another year on 6 August 2001 after a trial . He made his debut in Darlingtons 2–1 home victory over Macclesfield Town on 16 October 2001 , but was substituted for Phil Brumwell in the 32nd minute . Pearson impressed as a substitute in Darlingtons 2–0 defeat at Peterborough United in the FA Cup on 21 January 2002 , leading to a run of six matches in the team before picking up an injury . During this period he scored his first goal for the club with", "title": "Playing career" }, { "text": "a 25-yard free kick in a 3–2 home defeat to Luton Town on 26 January 2002 . He finished his first season at Darlington with 11 appearances and one goal .", "title": "Playing career" }, { "text": "Pearson struggled to enter the team early in the 2002–03 season with injuries , eventually making his first appearance in a 2–0 win at Wrexham in the FA Cup on 16 November 2002 . He established himself in the starting line-up in the final third of the season and on 12 April 2003 scored his first goal of the season in a 5–1 victory over Shrewsbury Town with a 35-yard shot that made its way through a crowded penalty area . He completed the season with one goal in 22 appearances . Pearson was a regular for Darlington in the", "title": "Playing career" }, { "text": "early stages of the 2003–04 season and scored his first goal of the campaign in a 4–2 defeat at Rochdale on 30 August 2003 . Because of injury troubles he was mostly a substitute for the rest of the season , which he finished with 19 appearances and one goal .", "title": "Playing career" }, { "text": " Pearson signed for newly relegated Conference National side York City on a one-year contract on 5 July 2004 . He was sent off for violent conduct in the 69th minute of Yorks opening match of the 2004–05 season , a 2–0 away defeat to Aldershot Town on 14 August 2004 . A shoulder injury kept him out of the team from early November 2004 onwards and was released by the club on 17 March 2005 , although he was told he could return for pre-season . He had made 13 appearances for York .", "title": "Playing career" }, { "text": "He re-signed for former club Durham City in June 2005 before joining Northern League outfit Bedlington Terriers in January 2006 , making his debut in a 5–1 defeat at West Auckland Town . Pearson was re-signed by Gateshead , by this time in the Northern Premier League Premier Division , on 31 March 2006 . He made six appearances for Gateshead before the end of the 2005–06 season . He signed for Horden Colliery Welfare as a player-coach in July 2006 and later that year was playing for Sunderland Nissan and remained with them until 2009 , when the club", "title": "Playing career" }, { "text": "folded . He spent the following two seasons with Spennymoor Town .", "title": "Playing career" }, { "text": " Coaching and managerial career . Pearson started the 2011–12 season as player-coach at Crook Town , before taking over as manager in December 2011 . He resigned in May 2014 to take over at Ryhope Colliery Welfare .", "title": "Playing career" }, { "text": " Pearson played as a centre-back and a central midfielder , being noted for his robust tackling and committed play .", "title": "Style of play" }, { "text": " Pearson played alongside his brother Alan during spells with Seaham Red Star and Durham City .", "title": "Personal life" } ]
/wiki/Gary_Pearson_(footballer)#P54#4
Which team did the player Gary Pearson (footballer) belong to between Sep 2003 and Nov 2003?
Gary Pearson ( footballer ) Gary Pearson ( born 7 December 1976 ) is an English former professional footballer and now a manager . He played as a defender and a midfielder for Sheffield United , Stalybridge Celtic , Gateshead , Spennymoor United , Seaham Red Star , Whitby Town , Durham City , Darlington , York City , Bedlington Terriers , Horden Colliery Welfare , Sunderland Nissan , Spennymoor Town and Crook Town . Playing career . Born in Seaham , County Durham , Pearson started his career with the Sheffield United youth system and signed a professional contract with the club on 3 July 1995 . After three years with United he dropped into non-League football after signing for Stalybridge Celtic on 22 March 1996 . He was with Football Conference side Gateshead for two seasons ; in 1996–97 he made 34 appearances and scored two goals and in 1997–98 he made four appearances and scored one goal . He then had spells with Spennymoor United and Seaham Red Star before joining Whitby Town in 1999 after playing for them in a pre-season friendly.<ref Season Archive></ref> Pearson played for Durham City during the 2000–01 season before returning to Whitby in April 2001.<ref Season Archive></ref> He joined Third Division Darlington on a one-year contract with the option of another year on 6 August 2001 after a trial . He made his debut in Darlingtons 2–1 home victory over Macclesfield Town on 16 October 2001 , but was substituted for Phil Brumwell in the 32nd minute . Pearson impressed as a substitute in Darlingtons 2–0 defeat at Peterborough United in the FA Cup on 21 January 2002 , leading to a run of six matches in the team before picking up an injury . During this period he scored his first goal for the club with a 25-yard free kick in a 3–2 home defeat to Luton Town on 26 January 2002 . He finished his first season at Darlington with 11 appearances and one goal . Pearson struggled to enter the team early in the 2002–03 season with injuries , eventually making his first appearance in a 2–0 win at Wrexham in the FA Cup on 16 November 2002 . He established himself in the starting line-up in the final third of the season and on 12 April 2003 scored his first goal of the season in a 5–1 victory over Shrewsbury Town with a 35-yard shot that made its way through a crowded penalty area . He completed the season with one goal in 22 appearances . Pearson was a regular for Darlington in the early stages of the 2003–04 season and scored his first goal of the campaign in a 4–2 defeat at Rochdale on 30 August 2003 . Because of injury troubles he was mostly a substitute for the rest of the season , which he finished with 19 appearances and one goal . Pearson signed for newly relegated Conference National side York City on a one-year contract on 5 July 2004 . He was sent off for violent conduct in the 69th minute of Yorks opening match of the 2004–05 season , a 2–0 away defeat to Aldershot Town on 14 August 2004 . A shoulder injury kept him out of the team from early November 2004 onwards and was released by the club on 17 March 2005 , although he was told he could return for pre-season . He had made 13 appearances for York . He re-signed for former club Durham City in June 2005 before joining Northern League outfit Bedlington Terriers in January 2006 , making his debut in a 5–1 defeat at West Auckland Town . Pearson was re-signed by Gateshead , by this time in the Northern Premier League Premier Division , on 31 March 2006 . He made six appearances for Gateshead before the end of the 2005–06 season . He signed for Horden Colliery Welfare as a player-coach in July 2006 and later that year was playing for Sunderland Nissan and remained with them until 2009 , when the club folded . He spent the following two seasons with Spennymoor Town . Coaching and managerial career . Pearson started the 2011–12 season as player-coach at Crook Town , before taking over as manager in December 2011 . He resigned in May 2014 to take over at Ryhope Colliery Welfare . Style of play . Pearson played as a centre-back and a central midfielder , being noted for his robust tackling and committed play . Personal life . Pearson played alongside his brother Alan during spells with Seaham Red Star and Durham City .
[ "Darlington" ]
[ { "text": " Gary Pearson ( born 7 December 1976 ) is an English former professional footballer and now a manager . He played as a defender and a midfielder for Sheffield United , Stalybridge Celtic , Gateshead , Spennymoor United , Seaham Red Star , Whitby Town , Durham City , Darlington , York City , Bedlington Terriers , Horden Colliery Welfare , Sunderland Nissan , Spennymoor Town and Crook Town .", "title": "Gary Pearson ( footballer )" }, { "text": "Born in Seaham , County Durham , Pearson started his career with the Sheffield United youth system and signed a professional contract with the club on 3 July 1995 . After three years with United he dropped into non-League football after signing for Stalybridge Celtic on 22 March 1996 . He was with Football Conference side Gateshead for two seasons ; in 1996–97 he made 34 appearances and scored two goals and in 1997–98 he made four appearances and scored one goal . He then had spells with Spennymoor United and Seaham Red Star before joining Whitby Town in 1999", "title": "Playing career" }, { "text": "after playing for them in a pre-season friendly.<ref Season Archive></ref> Pearson played for Durham City during the 2000–01 season before returning to Whitby in April 2001.<ref Season Archive></ref>", "title": "Playing career" }, { "text": "He joined Third Division Darlington on a one-year contract with the option of another year on 6 August 2001 after a trial . He made his debut in Darlingtons 2–1 home victory over Macclesfield Town on 16 October 2001 , but was substituted for Phil Brumwell in the 32nd minute . Pearson impressed as a substitute in Darlingtons 2–0 defeat at Peterborough United in the FA Cup on 21 January 2002 , leading to a run of six matches in the team before picking up an injury . During this period he scored his first goal for the club with", "title": "Playing career" }, { "text": "a 25-yard free kick in a 3–2 home defeat to Luton Town on 26 January 2002 . He finished his first season at Darlington with 11 appearances and one goal .", "title": "Playing career" }, { "text": "Pearson struggled to enter the team early in the 2002–03 season with injuries , eventually making his first appearance in a 2–0 win at Wrexham in the FA Cup on 16 November 2002 . He established himself in the starting line-up in the final third of the season and on 12 April 2003 scored his first goal of the season in a 5–1 victory over Shrewsbury Town with a 35-yard shot that made its way through a crowded penalty area . He completed the season with one goal in 22 appearances . Pearson was a regular for Darlington in the", "title": "Playing career" }, { "text": "early stages of the 2003–04 season and scored his first goal of the campaign in a 4–2 defeat at Rochdale on 30 August 2003 . Because of injury troubles he was mostly a substitute for the rest of the season , which he finished with 19 appearances and one goal .", "title": "Playing career" }, { "text": " Pearson signed for newly relegated Conference National side York City on a one-year contract on 5 July 2004 . He was sent off for violent conduct in the 69th minute of Yorks opening match of the 2004–05 season , a 2–0 away defeat to Aldershot Town on 14 August 2004 . A shoulder injury kept him out of the team from early November 2004 onwards and was released by the club on 17 March 2005 , although he was told he could return for pre-season . He had made 13 appearances for York .", "title": "Playing career" }, { "text": "He re-signed for former club Durham City in June 2005 before joining Northern League outfit Bedlington Terriers in January 2006 , making his debut in a 5–1 defeat at West Auckland Town . Pearson was re-signed by Gateshead , by this time in the Northern Premier League Premier Division , on 31 March 2006 . He made six appearances for Gateshead before the end of the 2005–06 season . He signed for Horden Colliery Welfare as a player-coach in July 2006 and later that year was playing for Sunderland Nissan and remained with them until 2009 , when the club", "title": "Playing career" }, { "text": "folded . He spent the following two seasons with Spennymoor Town .", "title": "Playing career" }, { "text": " Coaching and managerial career . Pearson started the 2011–12 season as player-coach at Crook Town , before taking over as manager in December 2011 . He resigned in May 2014 to take over at Ryhope Colliery Welfare .", "title": "Playing career" }, { "text": " Pearson played as a centre-back and a central midfielder , being noted for his robust tackling and committed play .", "title": "Style of play" }, { "text": " Pearson played alongside his brother Alan during spells with Seaham Red Star and Durham City .", "title": "Personal life" } ]
/wiki/Gary_Pearson_(footballer)#P54#5
Which team did the player Gary Pearson (footballer) belong to in Jun 2004?
Gary Pearson ( footballer ) Gary Pearson ( born 7 December 1976 ) is an English former professional footballer and now a manager . He played as a defender and a midfielder for Sheffield United , Stalybridge Celtic , Gateshead , Spennymoor United , Seaham Red Star , Whitby Town , Durham City , Darlington , York City , Bedlington Terriers , Horden Colliery Welfare , Sunderland Nissan , Spennymoor Town and Crook Town . Playing career . Born in Seaham , County Durham , Pearson started his career with the Sheffield United youth system and signed a professional contract with the club on 3 July 1995 . After three years with United he dropped into non-League football after signing for Stalybridge Celtic on 22 March 1996 . He was with Football Conference side Gateshead for two seasons ; in 1996–97 he made 34 appearances and scored two goals and in 1997–98 he made four appearances and scored one goal . He then had spells with Spennymoor United and Seaham Red Star before joining Whitby Town in 1999 after playing for them in a pre-season friendly.<ref Season Archive></ref> Pearson played for Durham City during the 2000–01 season before returning to Whitby in April 2001.<ref Season Archive></ref> He joined Third Division Darlington on a one-year contract with the option of another year on 6 August 2001 after a trial . He made his debut in Darlingtons 2–1 home victory over Macclesfield Town on 16 October 2001 , but was substituted for Phil Brumwell in the 32nd minute . Pearson impressed as a substitute in Darlingtons 2–0 defeat at Peterborough United in the FA Cup on 21 January 2002 , leading to a run of six matches in the team before picking up an injury . During this period he scored his first goal for the club with a 25-yard free kick in a 3–2 home defeat to Luton Town on 26 January 2002 . He finished his first season at Darlington with 11 appearances and one goal . Pearson struggled to enter the team early in the 2002–03 season with injuries , eventually making his first appearance in a 2–0 win at Wrexham in the FA Cup on 16 November 2002 . He established himself in the starting line-up in the final third of the season and on 12 April 2003 scored his first goal of the season in a 5–1 victory over Shrewsbury Town with a 35-yard shot that made its way through a crowded penalty area . He completed the season with one goal in 22 appearances . Pearson was a regular for Darlington in the early stages of the 2003–04 season and scored his first goal of the campaign in a 4–2 defeat at Rochdale on 30 August 2003 . Because of injury troubles he was mostly a substitute for the rest of the season , which he finished with 19 appearances and one goal . Pearson signed for newly relegated Conference National side York City on a one-year contract on 5 July 2004 . He was sent off for violent conduct in the 69th minute of Yorks opening match of the 2004–05 season , a 2–0 away defeat to Aldershot Town on 14 August 2004 . A shoulder injury kept him out of the team from early November 2004 onwards and was released by the club on 17 March 2005 , although he was told he could return for pre-season . He had made 13 appearances for York . He re-signed for former club Durham City in June 2005 before joining Northern League outfit Bedlington Terriers in January 2006 , making his debut in a 5–1 defeat at West Auckland Town . Pearson was re-signed by Gateshead , by this time in the Northern Premier League Premier Division , on 31 March 2006 . He made six appearances for Gateshead before the end of the 2005–06 season . He signed for Horden Colliery Welfare as a player-coach in July 2006 and later that year was playing for Sunderland Nissan and remained with them until 2009 , when the club folded . He spent the following two seasons with Spennymoor Town . Coaching and managerial career . Pearson started the 2011–12 season as player-coach at Crook Town , before taking over as manager in December 2011 . He resigned in May 2014 to take over at Ryhope Colliery Welfare . Style of play . Pearson played as a centre-back and a central midfielder , being noted for his robust tackling and committed play . Personal life . Pearson played alongside his brother Alan during spells with Seaham Red Star and Durham City .
[ "York City", "Durham City" ]
[ { "text": " Gary Pearson ( born 7 December 1976 ) is an English former professional footballer and now a manager . He played as a defender and a midfielder for Sheffield United , Stalybridge Celtic , Gateshead , Spennymoor United , Seaham Red Star , Whitby Town , Durham City , Darlington , York City , Bedlington Terriers , Horden Colliery Welfare , Sunderland Nissan , Spennymoor Town and Crook Town .", "title": "Gary Pearson ( footballer )" }, { "text": "Born in Seaham , County Durham , Pearson started his career with the Sheffield United youth system and signed a professional contract with the club on 3 July 1995 . After three years with United he dropped into non-League football after signing for Stalybridge Celtic on 22 March 1996 . He was with Football Conference side Gateshead for two seasons ; in 1996–97 he made 34 appearances and scored two goals and in 1997–98 he made four appearances and scored one goal . He then had spells with Spennymoor United and Seaham Red Star before joining Whitby Town in 1999", "title": "Playing career" }, { "text": "after playing for them in a pre-season friendly.<ref Season Archive></ref> Pearson played for Durham City during the 2000–01 season before returning to Whitby in April 2001.<ref Season Archive></ref>", "title": "Playing career" }, { "text": "He joined Third Division Darlington on a one-year contract with the option of another year on 6 August 2001 after a trial . He made his debut in Darlingtons 2–1 home victory over Macclesfield Town on 16 October 2001 , but was substituted for Phil Brumwell in the 32nd minute . Pearson impressed as a substitute in Darlingtons 2–0 defeat at Peterborough United in the FA Cup on 21 January 2002 , leading to a run of six matches in the team before picking up an injury . During this period he scored his first goal for the club with", "title": "Playing career" }, { "text": "a 25-yard free kick in a 3–2 home defeat to Luton Town on 26 January 2002 . He finished his first season at Darlington with 11 appearances and one goal .", "title": "Playing career" }, { "text": "Pearson struggled to enter the team early in the 2002–03 season with injuries , eventually making his first appearance in a 2–0 win at Wrexham in the FA Cup on 16 November 2002 . He established himself in the starting line-up in the final third of the season and on 12 April 2003 scored his first goal of the season in a 5–1 victory over Shrewsbury Town with a 35-yard shot that made its way through a crowded penalty area . He completed the season with one goal in 22 appearances . Pearson was a regular for Darlington in the", "title": "Playing career" }, { "text": "early stages of the 2003–04 season and scored his first goal of the campaign in a 4–2 defeat at Rochdale on 30 August 2003 . Because of injury troubles he was mostly a substitute for the rest of the season , which he finished with 19 appearances and one goal .", "title": "Playing career" }, { "text": " Pearson signed for newly relegated Conference National side York City on a one-year contract on 5 July 2004 . He was sent off for violent conduct in the 69th minute of Yorks opening match of the 2004–05 season , a 2–0 away defeat to Aldershot Town on 14 August 2004 . A shoulder injury kept him out of the team from early November 2004 onwards and was released by the club on 17 March 2005 , although he was told he could return for pre-season . He had made 13 appearances for York .", "title": "Playing career" }, { "text": "He re-signed for former club Durham City in June 2005 before joining Northern League outfit Bedlington Terriers in January 2006 , making his debut in a 5–1 defeat at West Auckland Town . Pearson was re-signed by Gateshead , by this time in the Northern Premier League Premier Division , on 31 March 2006 . He made six appearances for Gateshead before the end of the 2005–06 season . He signed for Horden Colliery Welfare as a player-coach in July 2006 and later that year was playing for Sunderland Nissan and remained with them until 2009 , when the club", "title": "Playing career" }, { "text": "folded . He spent the following two seasons with Spennymoor Town .", "title": "Playing career" }, { "text": " Coaching and managerial career . Pearson started the 2011–12 season as player-coach at Crook Town , before taking over as manager in December 2011 . He resigned in May 2014 to take over at Ryhope Colliery Welfare .", "title": "Playing career" }, { "text": " Pearson played as a centre-back and a central midfielder , being noted for his robust tackling and committed play .", "title": "Style of play" }, { "text": " Pearson played alongside his brother Alan during spells with Seaham Red Star and Durham City .", "title": "Personal life" } ]
/wiki/Bingolotto#P449#0
Who was the original broadcaster of Bingolotto in late 1990s?
Bingolotto Bingolotto is a Swedish primetime television game show lottery that was first broadcast 1989 on local TV and since 1991 nationwide on the Swedish network TV4 . The show is a collaboration work between Swedish TV channel TV4 , the Swedish lottery game company Folkspel and the Swedish sports life . The show premiered on 16 January 1989 on the local TV channel Kållevisionen with the highly popular Leif Loket Olsson as show host . Since the beginning , the show has given 16 billion Swedish krona to the Swedish sports life centre . 1989–1999 : Early rise , success . In January 1989 , Bingolotto premiered and Olsson introduced the game show to the people in the Gothenburg area . The programme became very popular in this area and 10,000 lottery tickets were sold to every episode between 1989 and 1991 . In the autumn of 1990 , the game shows owner and C.E.O . Gert Eklund started his collaboration with TV4 to start broadcasting the show nationwide . Olsson , who had built the game and company together with Eklund in 1988 , owned a 25 percent share of the game but was bought of the company in 1999 . On 19 October 1991 , Bingolotto premiered nationwide on TV4 with the popular Leif Loket Olsson as show host . The premiere episode was watched by 1.3 million viewers in Sweden , a very high and surprising viewing figure . From October 1991 to March 1992 , Bingolotto had raised viewing figures from 1.3 million viewers to 2.1 million viewers . The success of the show was positively associated with the popularity of host Leif Loket Olsson . In 1992 , Loket received the television award The Lennart Hyland TV Prize for Best Male Show Host of the Year . Loket received this prize again in 1994 and 1997 . In 1993 , Loket received the prize Årets Göteborgare ( Gothenburg Citizen of the Year ) . In 1994 , Olsson attracted 3.5 million viewers to watch every single program throughout the whole year , a record-high viewing figure . In 1995 , Olsson attracted 4.5 million viewers to every programme , the highest viewing figure that has been registered in Swedish TV . In 1999 , Olsson left the show and was replaced by Lasse Kronér . The viewing figure crashed immediately down to only 900,000 viewers per programme and the viewers and fans of the show wanted Loket to return . In January 2004 , Kronér was fired and Loket was asked to return briefly to fill in for him . The price of the lottery ticket has been between 25 and 50 Swedish kronor , and in March 2005 , one billion tickets had been sold since the beginning . The surplus is given to Swedish sport associations , a fact which is commonly believed to have increased the penetration of the show . 31.5 million Swedish kronor ( approx £2.5 million ) is the highest won prize ever in the history of Bingolotto . It was won by a woman from Vara , Sweden . Leif Loket Olsson hosted the show from 1989 to 1999 ( and for a short period in 2004 ) . Since Olssons retirement , the show has been hosted by entertainer and musician Lars Kronér , skiing athlete Gunde Svan , and TV-personality Rickard Olsson , of which none has been able to maintain the shows earlier popularity . A significant rise in popularity developed when the singer Lotta Engberg took over the hosting in fall 2008 . From fall 2011 is the show hosting by Jan Bylund . Fore beginning the program shows in TV4 , after 2008 the program is on TV4 Plus . On 12 September 2011 change the channel name to Sjuan ( The Seven ) . In August 2015 was the program back on TV4 with Ingvar Oldsberg as host . Clips from Bingolotto are featured in the video of Madonnas 1998 song Ray of Light , directed by Swede Jonas Åkerlund . and in the 1998 film Show Me Love . In both cases clips from the period when Leif Loket Olsson hosted the show were used . A UK version was also produced , see BingoLotto ( UK ) . Both TV programs have had as media consultant professor Charlie Medina . Music . The programmes contains music pauses , where an artist or group appears . During the Leif Loket Olsson leadership era , Bingolotto was strongly dominated by dansband music . Later , other popular music also has become more common .
[ "TV4" ]
[ { "text": " Bingolotto is a Swedish primetime television game show lottery that was first broadcast 1989 on local TV and since 1991 nationwide on the Swedish network TV4 . The show is a collaboration work between Swedish TV channel TV4 , the Swedish lottery game company Folkspel and the Swedish sports life . The show premiered on 16 January 1989 on the local TV channel Kållevisionen with the highly popular Leif Loket Olsson as show host . Since the beginning , the show has given 16 billion Swedish krona to the Swedish sports life centre .", "title": "Bingolotto" }, { "text": "1989–1999 : Early rise , success .", "title": "Bingolotto" }, { "text": "In January 1989 , Bingolotto premiered and Olsson introduced the game show to the people in the Gothenburg area . The programme became very popular in this area and 10,000 lottery tickets were sold to every episode between 1989 and 1991 . In the autumn of 1990 , the game shows owner and C.E.O . Gert Eklund started his collaboration with TV4 to start broadcasting the show nationwide . Olsson , who had built the game and company together with Eklund in 1988 , owned a 25 percent share of the game but was bought of the company in 1999", "title": "Bingolotto" }, { "text": ".", "title": "Bingolotto" }, { "text": " On 19 October 1991 , Bingolotto premiered nationwide on TV4 with the popular Leif Loket Olsson as show host . The premiere episode was watched by 1.3 million viewers in Sweden , a very high and surprising viewing figure . From October 1991 to March 1992 , Bingolotto had raised viewing figures from 1.3 million viewers to 2.1 million viewers . The success of the show was positively associated with the popularity of host Leif Loket Olsson .", "title": "Bingolotto" }, { "text": "In 1992 , Loket received the television award The Lennart Hyland TV Prize for Best Male Show Host of the Year . Loket received this prize again in 1994 and 1997 . In 1993 , Loket received the prize Årets Göteborgare ( Gothenburg Citizen of the Year ) .", "title": "Bingolotto" }, { "text": " In 1994 , Olsson attracted 3.5 million viewers to watch every single program throughout the whole year , a record-high viewing figure . In 1995 , Olsson attracted 4.5 million viewers to every programme , the highest viewing figure that has been registered in Swedish TV .", "title": "Bingolotto" }, { "text": "In 1999 , Olsson left the show and was replaced by Lasse Kronér . The viewing figure crashed immediately down to only 900,000 viewers per programme and the viewers and fans of the show wanted Loket to return . In January 2004 , Kronér was fired and Loket was asked to return briefly to fill in for him .", "title": "Bingolotto" }, { "text": " The price of the lottery ticket has been between 25 and 50 Swedish kronor , and in March 2005 , one billion tickets had been sold since the beginning . The surplus is given to Swedish sport associations , a fact which is commonly believed to have increased the penetration of the show . 31.5 million Swedish kronor ( approx £2.5 million ) is the highest won prize ever in the history of Bingolotto . It was won by a woman from Vara , Sweden .", "title": "Bingolotto" }, { "text": "Leif Loket Olsson hosted the show from 1989 to 1999 ( and for a short period in 2004 ) . Since Olssons retirement , the show has been hosted by entertainer and musician Lars Kronér , skiing athlete Gunde Svan , and TV-personality Rickard Olsson , of which none has been able to maintain the shows earlier popularity . A significant rise in popularity developed when the singer Lotta Engberg took over the hosting in fall 2008 . From fall 2011 is the show hosting by Jan Bylund . Fore beginning the program shows in TV4 , after 2008 the", "title": "Bingolotto" }, { "text": "program is on TV4 Plus . On 12 September 2011 change the channel name to Sjuan ( The Seven ) . In August 2015 was the program back on TV4 with Ingvar Oldsberg as host .", "title": "Bingolotto" }, { "text": " Clips from Bingolotto are featured in the video of Madonnas 1998 song Ray of Light , directed by Swede Jonas Åkerlund . and in the 1998 film Show Me Love . In both cases clips from the period when Leif Loket Olsson hosted the show were used . A UK version was also produced , see BingoLotto ( UK ) . Both TV programs have had as media consultant professor Charlie Medina .", "title": "Bingolotto" }, { "text": " The programmes contains music pauses , where an artist or group appears . During the Leif Loket Olsson leadership era , Bingolotto was strongly dominated by dansband music . Later , other popular music also has become more common .", "title": "Music" } ]